title: Neuroblastoma mass screening in late infancy: insights into the biology of neuroblastic tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroblastoma screening in early infancy has detected predominantly "favorable" tumors. We postponed screening to an age between 7 and 12 months to test whether this shift of screening age might influence the detection rate of genetically/clinically unfavorable tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 10-year period, 313,860 infants were screened by analysis of urine catecholamines. When a neuroblastoma was diagnosed, at least two different areas from every tumor were analyzed for genetic features (MYCN amplification, 1p status, ploidy). Furthermore, neuroblastoma incidence and mortality of the screened group and the cohort of 572,483 children not participating in the screening program were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six neuroblastomas were detected by mass screening. In 17 tumors (37%) at least one of the biologic features was "unfavorable." In 10 of 17 patients, one or more of these alterations were only focally present (tumor heterogeneity). In the screened cohort, neuroblastoma incidence was significantly higher when compared with unscreened children (18.2 v 11.2/100,000 births), while there was a trend towards lower incidence of stage 4 over 1 year (2.2 v 3.8). Mortality was not significantly different (0.96 v 1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to other neuroblastoma screening programs, more than one-third of patients were found with unfavorable genetic markers in our study. The high proportion of focal alterations suggests that biologically young neuroblastomas may consist of genetically favorable and unfavorable parts/areas/clones. We conclude that at least one-third of neuroblastomas detected by screening in late infancy are anticipated cases. This, however, does not result in significantly reduced mortality.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Graz, Graz; Austria. reinhold.kerbl@uni-graz.at
authors: Reinhold
authors: R
authors: Kerbl
authors: Christian E
authors: CE
authors: Urban
authors: Inge M
authors: IM
authors: Ambros
authors: Hans J
authors: HJ
authors: Dornbusch
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Schwinger
authors: Herwig
authors: H
authors: Lackner
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ladenstein
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Strenger
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Gadner
authors: Peter F
authors: PF
authors: Ambros
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000652:urine; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011003:Ploidies; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C459801:MYCN protein, human; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins