title: "Hydrocephalus-parkinsonism complex": progressive hydrocephalus as a factor affecting extrapyramidal tract disorder-an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To experimentally clarify the symptomatological and pathophysiological aspects of a newly proposed clinical entity, we produced an experimental rat "hydrocephalus-parkinsonism complex" model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Twenty rats were treated with only kaolin as controls. Hemiparkinsonism was induced in the other 40 rats by stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) directly into the right substantia nigra. Twenty of these 40 rats were then treated with an injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna 3 days after the induction of parkinsonism. Neurological features were assessed weekly for 1 to 6 weeks after 6-OHDA injection by an apomorphine-induced turning test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate was 25% in the rats injected with kaolin and 10% in those with the 6-OHDA injection. The frequency of the induction of parkinsonism-like signs was minimal in the first 2 weeks and reached a maximum point 4 weeks after the 6-OHDA injection. In contrast, the rats injected with both 6-OHDA and kaolin developed hemiparkinsonism-like signs in the early stage of the progression of hydrocephalus, and the peak incidence was reached in the 2nd week after induction ( p<0.05 compared with the 6-OHDA group). The severity of the neurological disturbance was also significantly more prominent in the latter group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the hydrodynamic effect in the early period of ventriculomegaly is the mechanism for signs of parkinsonism in 6-OHDA-treated rats. It could be concluded that the hydrocephalic state aggravates parkinsonism, if any as the associated condition, and it may be a new clinical entity of hydrocephalus symptomatology with a specific pathophysiology.
authors: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi Shinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461 Tokyo, Japan. shizuo.prof.oi@jikei.ac.jp
authors: Shizuo
authors: S
authors: Oi
authors: Dong Seok
authors: DS
authors: Kim
authors: Mitsuru
authors: M
authors: Hidaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007616:Kaolin; D008297:Male; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000633:toxicity; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012399:Rotation; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007616:Kaolin; D016627:Oxidopamine; D001058:Apomorphine