title: Lateral tunnel versus extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure: a concurrent comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of the lateral tunnel (LT) and extracardiac conduit (ECC) Fontan procedures at a single institution over the same time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1995 through October 2002, 70 Fontan procedures were performed: 37 LT and 33 ECC. All were fenestrated; 96% were staged with a prior superior cavopulmonary connection. Compared with the ECC patients, the LT patients were younger (2.7 +/- 1.1 vs 3.9 +/- 2.5 years; p = 0.01), had a higher incidence of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (57% vs 21%; p < 0.01), and a longer aortic cross-clamp time (55 +/- 13 vs 26 +/- 15 min; p < 0.01). Weight, gender, preoperative cardiac catheterization values, and cardiopulmonary bypass time did not differ between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative mortality was 2.8%, 1 patient in each group (p = 1.0). Over the first 24 hours following operation the mean Fontan pressure, transpulmonary gradient, and common atrial pressure did not differ between LT and ECC patients. The median duration of mechanical ventilation (LT 12 vs ECC 18 hours), intensive care unit stay (LT 2 vs ECC 3 days), chest tube drainage (LT 10 vs ECC 8 days), and hospital stay (LT 11 vs ECC 12 days) did not differ. The ECC patients had a higher incidence of sinus node dysfunction both in the postoperative period (27% vs LT 8%; p = 0.09), and persisting at hospital discharge (10% vs LT 0%; p = 0.02). Mean follow-up was 3.6 +/- 1.6 years in LT, and 3.0 +/- 2.2 years in ECC patients (p = 0.2). There was one late death. Actuarial survival at 5 years is 97% for LT, and 91% for ECC patients (p = 0.4); 96% of patients are in NYHA class I, and 4% in class II, with no difference between groups. Sinus node dysfunction was seen during follow-up in 15% LT vs 28% ECC patients (p = 0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LT and ECC approaches had comparable early and mid-term outcomes, including operative morbidity and mortality, postoperative hemodynamics, resource use, and mid-term survival and functional status. ECC patients had a higher incidence of sinus node dysfunction early after operation.
authors: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charelston, USA.
authors: S Prathap
authors: SP
authors: Kumar
authors: Catherine S
authors: CS
authors: Rubinstein
authors: Janet M
authors: JM
authors: Simsic
authors: Ashby B
authors: AB
authors: Taylor
authors: J Philip
authors: JP
authors: Saul
authors: Scott M
authors: SM
authors: Bradley
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011336:Probability; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018785:Tricuspid Atresia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery