title: Inflammation and bone resorption as independent factors of accelerated arterial wall thickening in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently reported that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA). The present longitudinal study was performed to determine whether the change in arterial thickness was accelerated in RA patients and to determine which factor was important in the progression of arterial wall changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 62 female RA patients with stable disease activity and 63 healthy female controls. IMT of the CCA was measured twice by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. The second examination was performed 18-36 months after the first, and changes were expressed as millimeters of increase per year. Baseline examinations included blood markers of inflammation and urinary calcium excretion (expressed as the calcium-to-creatinine ratio).
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA patients showed a significantly greater increase in IMT of the CCA compared with controls. In univariate analyses of the RA patient data, the C-reactive protein (CRP) level correlated with the increase in CCA IMT. Other markers of inflammation (the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell and platelet counts) also showed significant positive associations with the annual increase in CCA IMT in multiple regression models when adjusted for age, smoking status, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol level. The urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio was also significantly associated with an increase in CCA IMT. Moreover, both the CRP level and the urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio were significantly and independently associated with the increase in IMT of the CCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with RA have a higher rate of increase in thickening of the arterial wall. Inflammation and calcium mobilization are factors closely associated with the accelerated arterial wall changes.
authors: Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Mayumi
authors: M
authors: Nagata-Sakurai
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Inaba
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Goto
authors: Yasuro
authors: Y
authors: Kumeda
authors: Yutaka
authors: Y
authors: Furumitsu
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Inui
authors: Hidenori
authors: H
authors: Koyama
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Emoto
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Ishimura
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Shoji
authors: Yoshiki
authors: Y
authors: Nishizawa
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000652:urine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002118:Calcium