title: Ultrasonic scaler tip performance under various load conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this investigation was to assess the effect of loading on ultrasonic scaler tip displacement amplitude, using a scanning laser vibrometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four generators were selected for this investigation including: Cavitron Select (Dentsply), Cavitron SPS (Dentsply), Piezon Master 400 (EMS) and Mini Piezon (EMS). The insert designs used with these generators included the TFI-10 and TFI-3 (with the Dentsply generators) and P-tip (with the EMS generators). The insert tips were contacted against tooth surfaces with loads of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 N. The scanning laser vibrometer was then used to scan the vibrating scalers at various generator power settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tips generally showed an increase in displacement amplitude with increasing power setting, although this increase was often nonlinear. Displacement amplitudes of like tips were generally found to be significantly different from each other at all loads. For individual inserts, loading caused a significant difference in tip response from the unloaded situation and also between loads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation has demonstrated that there is a high variability associated with dental ultrasonic scaler inserts. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of this variability as it may affect both clinical procedures and future research.
authors: School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Lea
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Landini
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Walmsley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003762:Dental Instruments; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014732:Vibration