title: Broadening the criteria for avoiding staging bone scans in prostate cancer: a retrospective study of patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if it is possible to exclude staging bone scans in a greater proportion of patients if more consideration is given to T stage and Gleason score, as recent guidelines from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence state that routine staging bone scans for prostate cancer are unnecessary in patients with a prostate specific antigen level (PSA) of < 10 ng/mL and Gleason scores of < 8.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified a cohort of consecutive patients with untreated prostate cancer who had a staging isotope bone scan between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2000, who were not on hormone therapy, who had their PSA estimated within 30 days of the scan, and who had histologically confirmed prostate cancer on biopsy reviewed at the Royal Marsden. Data were analysed according to Gleason score, major Gleason grade, clinical T-stage and PSA level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 420 patients were identified who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion; 67 scans (16%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 13-20%) were positive. Of the 187 scans taken in patients with a PSA level of <or= 20 ng/mL, stage < T4 and Gleason < 8 (with major Gleason grade < 4), two (1%, 0.3-4%) were reported as positive, giving a negative predictive value of 99% (95% CI 98.5-99.5%) for these criteria for avoiding the need for staging bone scans. In 116 patients (28%) with Gleason score 7, of whom 28 (24%) had positive scans, there was a statistically significant association between positive scans and a major Gleason pattern of 4 compared with 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isotope bone scans are an unnecessary part of staging of prostate cancer if the PSA level is <or= 20 ng/mL, stage < T4 and Gleason score < 8, and should be omitted unless the major Gleason pattern is 4. The present results suggest that by considering the Gleason score and T stage, a larger proportion of patients with prostate cancer than previously thought could avoid a staging bone scan.
authors: Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK. drjoesullivan@ireland.com
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: O'Sullivan
authors: A R
authors: AR
authors: Norman
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Cook
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fisher
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Dearnaley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen