title: Outcomes-based pharmacist reimbursement: reimbursing pharmacists for cognitive services part 1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) Describe the structure of an outcomes-based method of pharmacist reimbursement for cognitive services, (2) outline the structure of an intervention program, (3) explain a mechanism to increase the provision of pharmacists. cognitive services, and (4) summarize findings from the first year of operations of this outcomes-based pharmacist reimbursement program (OBPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional descriptive study was completed using the claims submitted by pharmacists to summarize findings from the first year of operations of this OBPR. The program involves collaboration between pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) and community pharmacists to improve medication use. Pharmacists were reimbursed for (1) converting therapeutic regimens to generic drugs or preferred formulary medications when a prescriber contact is required; (2) conducting patient education and follow-up after initiation of new medications, changes in drug therapy, or following an over-the-counter (OTC) consultation; and (3) resolving drug-therapy problems. An efficient, no-cost billing system was created. Pharmacies participating in this program are located in cities throughout Iowa, ranging in population from a few hundred to more than 100,000. The main outcome measures were descriptive statistics of prescriptions, intervention claims, and pharmacist participation in the program. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the first year of claims. Comparisons of averages were completed with t tests. Chi-square tests were used to compare frequency distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis for the first year of operation, July 1, 2000, through June 30, 2001, showed that 11,326 enrollees obtained 124,768 prescriptions. The majority of individuals (n=8335, 74%) received some intervention service. The majority (90%) of intervention services were patient education and follow-up on new prescriptions or changes in prescriptions. More than 200 individuals had drug-related problems. There was variability in the level of service per pharmacy as the median number of intervention services was 30, while the mean was 113?188, among those providing any interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This unique system of outcomes-based pharmacist reimbursement permits community pharmacists to document and bill for cognitive services. It has demonstrated that PBMs and community pharmacists can work together to improve drug therapy, and it may reduce health care costs.
authors: College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA. karen-farris@uiowa.edu
authors: Karen B
authors: KB
authors: Farris
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