title: Failure of intraoperative jugular bulb S-100B and neuron-specific enolase sampling to predict cognitive injury after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive decline occurs in 25% of patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Elevated serum concentrations of S-100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) occur after stroke, and serum S-100B levels at 24 hours are associated with clinical outcome after both stroke and CEA. We hypothesized that we could detect acute elevations in serum levels of these markers obtained intraoperatively from the jugular bulb (JB) and that these elevations would predict cognitive dysfunction postoperatively as measured by neuropsychometric test performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients scheduled for elective CEA were assessed with a battery of neuropsychometric tests before and 1 day after surgery. Before the carotid artery was clamped, a 6-French Fogarty catheter was inserted into the facial vein and threaded 6 cm rostrally into the JB. Serum samples were withdrawn from this catheter and simultaneously from a radial arterial catheter (A-line) at three time points: before clamping, 15 minutes into clamping, and after unclamping the carotid artery. Concentrations between groups were compared by analysis of variance and paired t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total deficit scores were significantly worse in 13 (30%) of the 43 patients 1 day after surgery. There was a trend toward elevations in JB concentrations of S-100B relative to A-line levels 15 minutes after cross-clamping (11% elevation, P = 0.079, paired t test). In addition, 15 minutes after clamping of the carotid artery, levels of S-100B from the JB were significantly elevated compared with levels at baseline (P = 0.040, one-way analysis of variance). No significant changes were found between any time point in levels of S-100B from the A-line blood or of NSE from either the JB or the A-line. Subtle cognitive decline after CEA was not correlated with intraoperative levels of S-100B or NSE, but there was a weak, statistically nonsignificant, association between a rise in 15-minute S-100B levels and cognitive injury that was not seen with JB samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although intraoperative levels of S-100B and NSE from the JB failed to predict cognitive injury, carotid cross-clamping, independent of injury, seems to be associated with early elevations in S-100B.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Daniel H
authors: DH
authors: Sahlein
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Heyer
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Rampersad
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Winfree
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Solomon
authors: Alan I
authors: AI
authors: Benvenisty
authors: Donald O
authors: DO
authors: Quest
authors: Evelyn
authors: E
authors: Du
authors: E Sander
authors: ES
authors: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase