[One cannot be careful enough in the choice of one's parents--on the biopsychosocial development of adaptation systems for distress in Homo sapiens].
Actual results of brain research show that we might have more than one system to cope with distress. The most archaic one might be the system freeze/dissociation. The second one is the system attachment/relationship/herd/support. Articles by Allan N. Schore show that the central regulation of the self, the affects, and the interpersonal relations are impaired permanently by relational traumata/attachment traumata during early childhood. Jaak Panksepp differentiates the distress systems panic versus fear. On the one side we find the cluster panic--periaqueductal gray PAG--lateral septum--gyrus cinguli--glutamate--opioids--attachment--parasympathetic autonomic nerve system--trophotorphic state--hypometabolism--freeze reaction--dissociation, on the other side the cluster fear--enemy--sympathetic autonomic nerve system--ergotrophic state--hypermetabolism--fight and flight--cognition and learning. It can be helpful for therapy strategies to differentiate these systems.
Sachsse
Ulrich
U
Fachklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Rosdorfer Weg 70, 37081 Göttingen. Ulrich.Sachsse@nlkh-goettingen.niedersachsen.de
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002667:Child Reactive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D019962:Reactive Attachment Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology