title: Diltiazem co-treatment in renal transplant patients receiving microemulsion cyclosporin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Usage of cyclosporin (the Hong Kong Hospital Authority's single largest item of drug expenditure) continues to increase, mainly due to increasing numbers of renal allograft patients taking it as long-term antirejection therapy. Diltiazem, an antihypertensive agent, interferes with the first pass extraction of oral cyclosporin, thus serving to conserve its dosage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In renal transplant patients, to assess whether diltiazem co-treatment could achieve worthwhile dosage conservation of Neoral (a relatively new microemulsified cyclosporin formulation), safely.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was undertaken at three local hospitals. Renal transplant recipients receiving Neoral as prophylactic immunosuppression were randomized to two treatment arms. Active treatment consisted of diltiazem tablets 30 or 60 mg twice daily for patients weighing < 60 or >or= 60 kg, respectively. One hundred and ten eligible patients gave their informed consent, and were followed up for at least six months. The mean difference in the dollar cost in the sixth month was the primary outcome. Secondary/ancillary outcomes included changes in cyclosporin dosage and blood level, and untoward clinical events including rejection. Outcomes were evaluated by intention to treat analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During weeks 23-26 (sixth month) post randomization, diltiazem co-treatment yielded an estimated average cost saving per patient on drugs of 15%[the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference being HK dollars 609 +/- 517 or pound 50 +/- 42], with no apparent excess of untoward or adverse events, complications, hospitalization, outpatient visits, or inferior quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This diltiazem co-treatment regime applied to the nearly 1800 surviving renal allograft patients followed up in Hospital Authority hospitals could have saved approximately HK dollars 14.3 million ( pound 1.17 million) annually, without adverse sequelae.
authors: Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors: Cyrus R
authors: CR
authors: Kumana
authors: Matthew K L
authors: MK
authors: Tong
authors: Chun-Sang
authors: CS
authors: Li
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Lauder
authors: Joseph S K
authors: JS
authors: Lee
authors: Maybelle
authors: M
authors: Kou
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Walley
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Haycox
authors: Tak Mao
authors: TM
authors: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017046:Cost Savings; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D004110:Diltiazem