title: Meta-analysis of placebo rates in major depressive disorder trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placebo effects in major depressive disorder (MDD) have received much interest in the medical literature. However, few quantitative analyses have been done in homogeneous populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine efficacy rates for placebo in patients with MDD; to quantify the correlation between efficacy and publication year, as well as between placebo and drug response rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searching MEDLINE (1966-December 2000), EMBASE (1998-February 2001), HealthSTAR (1975-December 2000), and Cochrane (1980-December 2000) databases, randomized, placebo-controlled trials were retrieved including patients with MDD as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd and 4th editions criteria, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score >/=18 or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score >/=16, reporting successes as 50% decreases in scores after 6-8 weeks of treatment. Response rates were summarized using a random effects meta-analysis for per protocol (PP) and intent-to-treat (ITT) results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 24 of 134 potential studies examining 4459 patients, 1786 on placebo and 2673 on an antidepressant. Placebo response rates were 45.5% (PP) and 26.9% (ITT). Correlations were significant between year and rates (PP rho 0.448, p = 0.042; ITT rho 0.557; p = 0.006), but not for active drugs. Placebo and drug rates were correlated (PP r 0.397, p = 0.020; ITT r 0.539; p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These placebo rates confirm those reported previously, but were from a homogeneous population. Although statistically significant, the correlation between drug and placebo rates was lower than others reported. During the study period, placebo rates increased linearly; active drugs did not. Correlations between placebo and drug response rates reflected moderate to strong effect sizes. We suggest that current methodology has been unsuccessful in achieving unbiased double-blind conditions not influenced by extra-trial factors, including time.
authors: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Pieter
authors: P
authors: Stolk
authors: Maarten J
authors: MJ
authors: Ten Berg
authors: Michiel E H
authors: ME
authors: Hemels
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Einarson
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents