title: The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during most pregnancies. Their persistence for years occurs in only some women and has been associated with several autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether pregnancy history influences the persistence of fetal microchimeric cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all reports of studies on fetal cell microchimerism, defined as male DNA in maternal tissue, that describe individual pregnancy histories, disease diagnoses, and microchimerism status. The total numbers of pregnancies, births, and sons, the history of fetal loss (spontaneous abortion and elective termination), and the presence of a maternal autoimmune disease were tested as factors potentially associated with persistent microchimerism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-four subjects from 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only fetal loss was significantly associated with the presence of microchimerism (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-6.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that fetomaternal cell trafficking following fetal loss may be important for the engraftment of microchimeric cells in maternal tissue. This may be due to an increased amount of fetomaternal transfusion or to transfer of a cell type that is more likely to engraft. We recommend that investigators in future studies on microchimerism report detailed pregnancy information, since these data are critical for the understanding of factors that influence the development of fetal cell microchimerism.
authors: Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors: Kiarash
authors: K
authors: Khosrotehrani
authors: Kirby L
authors: KL
authors: Johnson
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Lau
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Dupuy
authors: Dong Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Cha
authors: Diana W
authors: DW
authors: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002678:Chimera / Q000276:immunology; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000150:complications*; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D004247:DNA