title: Comparison of physician- and pharmacist-managed warfarin sodium treatment in open heart surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of pharmacists and physicians in obtaining therapeutic anticoagulation on initiation of warfarin sodium therapy immediately following prosthetic cardiac valve insertion. Secondary objectives were the percentage of days with an international normalized ratio (INR) greater than four, the percentage of days with an INR less than two, the time to stabilize the INR within the therapeutic range, and the percentage of patients experiencing at least one major bleed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a before and after comparison using a retrospective chart review of patients who received warfarin sodium following cardiac valve surgery. Physicians dosed independently and pharmacists used a warfarin sodium nomogram to manage patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 227 patients (physician group, n=130; pharmacist group, n=97) satisfied the inclusion criteria. No differences were found between the two groups in the percentage of days in the therapeutic range (P=0.27), the percentage of days with INR less than two (P=0.06), the percentage of patients discharged before their INR stabilized (P=0.91) or the percentage of patients with a major bleed (P=0.72). The pharmacist group had 5.9% fewer days (P<0.001) with an INR greater than four than the physician group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriately trained pharmacists appear equally safe and effective as physicians when managing warfarin sodium therapy in patients who have undergone cardiac valve replacement.
authors: St Paul's Hospital Pharmacy Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. nlegal@cw.bc.ca
authors: Nicol
authors: N
authors: Tschol
authors: Debbie K S
authors: DK
authors: Lai
authors: Jessica A
authors: JA
authors: Tilley
authors: Hubert
authors: H
authors: Wong
authors: Glen R
authors: GR
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000379:methods; D010820:Physicians; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin