title: A preoperative clinical prognostic model for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a model to predict the outcome before surgery for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 660 patients with non-metastatic RCC, operated at three European medical institutes, were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the clinical and pathological variables affecting disease-free survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) follow-up was 42 (2-180) months; the disease recurred in 110 patients (16%). The 2- and 5-year overall survival was 87% and 54%, respectively. Five variables were significant in the univariate analysis, i.e. clinical presentation, clinical and pathological size, tumour grade and stage (P < 0.05). The preoperative variables, e.g. clinical presentation and clinical tumour size, were retained from the multivariate model. A recurrence risk formula (RRF) was constructed from this model, as (1.28 x presentation (asymptomatic = 0; symptomatic = 1) + (0.13 x clinical size)). Using this equation, the 2- and 5-year disease-free survival was 96% and 93% for an RRF of < or = 1.2 and 83% and 68% for an RRF of > 1.2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A formula was developed which, independent of stage, can be used to predict the rate of treatment failure in patients who undergo nephrectomy for non-metastatic RCC. The RRF might be useful for more accurate sub-grouping of good-prognosis patients, and for counselling patients before surgery, their personalized follow-up or adjuvant treatment once available.
authors: Department of Urology, Medical School of University Federico II, Naples, Italy. lucacindolo@virgilio.it
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Cindolo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: de la Taille
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Messina
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Romis
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Abbou
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Altieri
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rodriguez
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Patard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome