title: Recurrent thromboembolism in infants and children suffering from symptomatic neonatal arterial stroke: a prospective follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was performed to evaluate the rate of recurrent symptomatic thromboembolism with respect to prothrombotic risk factors and underlying clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a series of 215 consecutively enrolled neonates with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), the factor V G1691A mutation, factor II G20210A variant, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) T677T genotype, lipoprotein (Lp) (a), antithrombin, protein C, protein S, and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were investigated. Patient median follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 1 to 8 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 7 infants and children (3.3%) showed recurrent symptomatic thromboembolism (AIS, n=4; venous sinus thrombosis, n=2; deep vein thrombosis of the leg, n=1). The factor V mutation, factor II variant, elevated Lp(a) >30 mg/dL, protein C deficiency, and protein S or antithrombin deficiency were associated with first stroke onset. In 5 of 7 cases (71.4%), prothrombotic risk factors [MTHFR T677T, elevated Lp(a), hyperhomocysteinemia, protein C deficiency] were involved at the time of recurrence. Furthermore, a second thromboembolic event was triggered additionally by underlying diseases (71%), eg, cardiac malformation and immobilization, diarrhea, mastoiditis, and moyamoya syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data shown here give evidence that symptomatic recurrent thromboembolism is not common in children with neonatal AIS. The risk of a second event, however, is increased when underlying diseases occur and prothrombotic risk factors are involved.
authors: Department of Paediatrics, University of Munich, Germany.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Kurnik
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Kosch
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Sträter
authors: Rosemarie
authors: R
authors: Schobess
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Heller
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Nowak-Göttl
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D020765:Intracranial Arterial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data