title: The effect of breathing hyperoxic gas during simulated submarine escape on venous gas emboli and decompression illness.
abstract: Raised internal pressure in a distressed submarine rapidly increases the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) following submarine escape. The hypothesis that breathing a hyperoxic gas during escape may reduce the risk of DCS was tested using goats. Shallow air saturation and simulated submarine escape dives were carried out either singularly or in combination (saturation, escape, or saturation followed by escape) using air or 60% / 40% oxygen (O2) / nitrogen (N2) mixture as breathing gas during the escapes. Post-surfacing, animals were observed for signs of DCI and O2 toxicity. Precordial Doppler ultrasound was used to score venous gas emboli (VGE) using the Kisman Masurel (KM) scale. Following escape from 2.5 MPa, the rate at which VGE disappeared in the hyperoxic group (n = 8) was significantly faster(p < 0.05) than the air group (n = 7). One case of pulmonary barotrauma with arterial gas embolism occurred in the air group, but no cases of DCS were observed. After saturation at 0.18 MPa followed by escape from 2.5 MPa, DCS occurred in four of 15 animals in the air group and in two of 16 animals in the hyperoxic group. The rate of disappearance of VGE was significantly faster (p < 0.01) in the hyperoxic group. O2 toxicity was not discernible in any of the animals.
authors: Centre for Human Sciences, QinetiQ Alverstoke, Fort Road, Gosport, Hampshire, PO12 2DU, United Kingdom.
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Blogg
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gennser
authors: G A M
authors: GA
authors: Loveman
authors: F M
authors: FM
authors: Seddon
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Thacker
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000209:etiology; D003664:Decompression; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006610:High Pressure Neurological Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen