title: Surgery for Parkinson disease in the United States, 1996 to 2000: practice patterns, short-term outcomes, and hospital charges in a nationwide sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The surgical treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) has undergone a dramatic shift, from stereotactic ablative procedures toward deep brain stimulaion (DBS). The authors studied this process by investigating practice patterns, mortality and morbidity rates, and hospital charges as reflected in the records of a representative sample of US hospitals between 1996 and 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study by using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database; 1761 operations at 71 hospitals were studied. Projected to the US population, there were 1650 inpatient procedures performed for PD per year (pallidotomies, thalamotomies, and DBS), with no significant change in the annual number of procedures during the study period. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.2%, discharge other than to home was 8.1%, and the rate of neurological complications was 1.8%, with no significant differences between procedures. In multivariate analyses, hospitals with larger annual caseloads had lower mortality rates (p = 0.002) and better outcomes at hospital discharge (p = 0.007). Placement of deep brain stimulators comprised 0% of operations in 1996 and 88% in 2000. Factors predicting placement of these devices in analyses adjusted for year of surgery included younger age, Caucasian race, private insurance, residence in higher-income areas, hospital teaching status, and smaller annual hospital caseload. In multivariate analysis, total hospital charges were 2.2 times higher for DBS (median dollar 36,000 compared with dollar 12,000, p < 0.001), whereas charges were lower at higher-volume hospitals (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical treatment of PD in the US changed significantly between 1996 and 2000. Larger-volume hospitals had superior short-term outcomes and lower charges. Future studies should address long-term functional end points, cost/benefit comparisons, and inequities in access to care.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: Emad N
authors: EN
authors: Eskandar
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Flaherty
authors: G Rees
authors: GR
authors: Cosgrove
authors: Leslie A
authors: LA
authors: Shinobu
authors: Fred G
authors: FG
authors: Barker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology