Ability of tetrahydrobiopterin analogues to support catalysis by inducible nitric oxide synthase: formation of a pterin radical is required for enzyme activity.
Pterin-free inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was reconstituted with tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) or tetrahydrobiopterin analogues (5-methyl-H(4)B and 4-amino-H(4)B), and the ability of bound 5-methyl-H(4)B and 4-amino-H(4)B to support catalysis by either full-length iNOS (FLiNOS) or the isolated heme domain (HDiNOS) was examined. In a single turnover with HDiNOS, 5-methyl-H(4)B forms a very stable radical, 5-methyl-H(3)B(*), that accumulates in the arginine reaction to approximately 60% of the HDiNOS concentration and decays approximately 400-fold more slowly than H(3)B(*) (0.0003 vs 0.12 s(-1)). The amount of radical (5-methyl-H(3)B(*) or H(3)B(*)) observed in the NHA reaction is very small (<3% of HDiNOS). The activity of 5-methyl-H(4)B-saturated FLiNOS and HDiNOS is similar to that when H(4)B is bound: arginine is hydroxylated to NHA, and NHA is oxidized exclusively to citrulline and (*)NO. A pterin radical was not observed with 4-amino-H(4)B- or pterin-free HDiNOS with either substrate. The catalytic activity of 4-amino-H(4)B-bound FLiNOS and HDiNOS resembles that of pterin-free iNOS: the hydroxylation of arginine is very unfavorable (<2% that of H(4)B-bound iNOS), and NHA is oxidized to a mixture of amino acid products (citrulline and cyanoornithine) and NO(-) rather than (*)NO. These results demonstrate that the bound pterin cofactor undergoes a one-electron oxidation (to form a pterin radical), which is essential to its ability to support normal NOS turnover. Although binding of H(4)B also stabilizes the NOS structure and active site, the most critical role of the pterin cofactor in NOS appears to be in electron transfer.
Hurshman
Amy R
AR
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0606, USA.
Krebs
Carsten
C
Edmondson
Dale E
DE
Marletta
Michael A
MA
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D001665:Binding Sites; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D004227:Dithionite / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D005615:Freezing; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000737:chemistry*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011622:Pterins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
D000596:Amino Acids; D005609:Free Radicals; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D011622:Pterins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004227:Dithionite; C106930:4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin; D001708:Biopterins; D006418:Heme; C068309:N(omega)-hydroxyarginine; C073313:5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-methanopterin; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C003402:sapropterin