title: Neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological study of opioid pathways in the mesencephalic tectum: effect of mu(1)- and kappa-opioid receptor blockade on escape behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus.
abstract: Deep layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC), the dorsal and ventral periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and inferior colliculus (IC) are midbrain structures involved in the generation of defensive behavior. beta-Endorphin and Leu-enkephalin are some neurotransmitters that may modulate such behavior in mammals. Light microscopy immunocytochemistry with streptavidin method was used for the localization of the putative cells of defensive behavior with antibodies for endogenous opioids in rat brainstem. Midbrain structures showed positive neurons to beta-endorphin and Leu-enkephalin in similar distributions in the experimental animals, but we also noted the presence of varicose fibers positive to endogenous opioids in the PAG. Neuroanatomical techniques showed varicose fibers from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus to ventral aspects of the PAG, at more caudal levels. Naloxonazine and nor-binaltorphimine, competitive antagonists that block mu(1)- and kappa-opioid receptors, were then used in the present work to investigate the involvement of opioid peptide neural system in the control of the fear-induced reactions evoked by electrical stimulation of the neural substrates of the inferior colliculus. The fear-like responses were measured by electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, eliciting the escape behavior, which is characterized by vigorous running and jumping. Central administration of opioid antagonists (2.5 microg/0.2 microl and 5.0 microg/0.2 microl) was performed in non-anesthetized animals (Rattus norvegicus), and the behavioral manifestations of fear were registered after 10 min, 2 h, and 24 h of the pretreatment. Naloxonazine caused an increase of the defensive threshold, as compared to control, suggesting an antiaversive effect of the antagonism on mu(1)-opioid receptor. This finding was corroborated with central administration of nor-binaltorphimine, which also induced a decrease of the fear-like responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus, since the threshold of the escape behavior was increased 2 and 24 h after the blockade of kappa-opioid receptor. These results indicate that endogenous opioids may be involved in the modulation of fear in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Although the acute treatment (after 10 min) of both naloxonazine and nor-binaltorphimine causes nonspecific effect on opioid receptors, we must consider the involvement of mu(1)- and kappa-opioid receptors in the antiaversive influence of the opioidergic interneurons in the dorsal mesencephalon, at caudal level, after chronic (2-24 h) treatment of these opioid antagonists. The neuroanatomical study of the connections between the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and the periaqueductal gray matter showed neuronal fibers with varicosities and with terminal bottons, both in the pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus and in ventral and dorsal parts of caudal aspects of the periaqueductal gray matter.
authors: Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14049-900, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors: M Y
authors: MY
authors: Osaki
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Castellan-Baldan
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Calvo
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Carvalho
authors: T T
authors: TT
authors: Felippotti
authors: R
authors: R
authors: de Oliveira
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Ubiali
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Paschoalin-Maurin
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Elias-Filho
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Motta
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: da Silva
authors: N C
authors: NC
authors: Coimbra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C076397:biotinylated dextran amine; D009270:Naloxone; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D009271:Naltrexone; D001710:Biotin; C034643:naloxonazine