title: Prostate cancer in Klinefelter syndrome during hormonal replacement therapy.
abstract: Prostate cancer detection is a rare occurrence in patients with Klinefelter syndrome, in whom chronically low circulating androgen levels are common findings. Administration of exogenous testosterone has increasingly been used to treat young adolescents diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome and documented androgen deficiency. Although testosterone replacement in adult patients has been associated with prostatic enlargement, it remains unknown whether chronic supplementation of exogenous testosterone to pubescent males with hypogonadism results in early prostate carcinogenesis. We report a first case of prostate cancer in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome who had undergone long-term testosterone replacement therapy since childhood for chronically depressed levels of testosterone.
authors: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1501, USA.
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Hwang
authors: Pathirage G
authors: PG
authors: Dharmawardana
authors: Edward M
authors: EM
authors: Uchio
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Wynberg
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone