title: A modified test for patellar instability: the biomechanical basis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) Determine if displacement of the patella in a distal lateral direction results in a more sensitive method to show deficiency of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), the primary restraint to lateral patellar dislocation, than the traditional patellar apprehension test in a direct lateral direction. (2) Determine objective criteria for defining a positive patellar instability test rather than subjective evaluation of apprehension.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten above-the-knee amputation specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Force-displacement curves with direct lateral patellar displacement were compared with curves with distal lateral patellar displacement before and after sectioning the MPFL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After dividing the MPFL, average terminal restraining force to distal lateral patellar displacement declined by 53% (P=0.024), but force declined only by 30% (P=0.09) with lateral displacement. The greatest difference in terminal slope (eg, end point) was with the MPFL intact with lateral displacement compared with distal lateral displacement with the ligament divided (P=8.67x10(-5)). The terminal slope declined after ligament division with lateral (P=0.07) and distal lateral patellar displacement (P=0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Displacement of the patella in a distal lateral direction is a more sensitive maneuver to detect disruption of the MPFL, the primary soft tissue restraint, than with traditional lateral displacement. With the knee flexed 30 degrees and patella displaced 2 cm, objective criteria for a positive patellar instability test include greater ease of patellar translation and a softer end point compared with a normal, contralateral knee.
authors: Gundersen Lutheran Sports Medicine, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA. smtanner@gundluth.org
authors: Suzanne M
authors: SM
authors: Tanner
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Garth
authors: Ramona
authors: R
authors: Soileau
authors: Jack E
authors: JE
authors: Lemons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology