Very-low-birth-weight children at school age: academic achievement, behavior and self-esteem and relation to risk factors.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate school performance, behavior and self-esteem of children with very low birth weight (VLBW).


METHODS
All children with birth weight below 1501 g (VLBW) and normal birth weight controls, born in the south-east region of Sweden during a 15-month period in 1987-88, were enrolled in a prospective follow-up study. At the age of 9 years, 81% and 82%, respectively, were re-examined regarding growth, neurofunctional classification, academic achievement tests, need for special education and behavioral problems. At 12 years, 89% and 76%, respectively, were re-examined regarding growth, neurofunctional classification, visual acuity and self-esteem.


RESULTS
VLBW children were shorter and lighter, and differed from the controls with regard to neurological functional classification. They produced poorer results in most academic achievement tests. When the comparison was restricted to children with normal intelligence, almost all the differences in other academic achievements disappeared. VLBW children had more reading difficulties but were less often than expected defined as dyslexics compared to control children. We did not find any major disparity in visual acuity and self-esteem between the groups. Low Apgar scores, intracranial hemorrhage and the need for mechanical ventilation neonatally were associated with poorer results in most outcome measures. Neurofunctional assessments in early childhood were associated with most outcome measures. The mother's education was related to delayed reading skills and need for special education.


CONCLUSIONS
Although VLBW children performed less well in most academic achievement tests and on some behavioral subscales, those who had a normal intellectual capacity did not differ in any important aspects from the controls.
Finnström
O
O
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
Gäddlin
P O
PO
Leijon
I
I
Samuelsson
S
S
Wadsby
M
M
D000124:Achievement; D000886:Anthropometry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology