title: Effect of carotid artery stenting on the external carotid artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the fate of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) after stenting of the internal carotid artery (ICA) compared with the contralateral ECA.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-one ipsilateral ECAs in 112 consecutive patients who underwent carotid artery Wallstent placement were prospectively studied with color-coded duplex sonographic scanning (CCDS) and compared with 83 contralateral ECAs over 2 years. CCDS was scheduled for the day before (day 0), the day after (day 1) and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after stenting. Development of ECA occlusive disease was evaluated with ECA-common carotid artery flow ratio (peak systolic velocity). For estimation of ECA stenosis 70% or greater, flow ratio 4.1 was used as the cutoff point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before and after stenting, two and three (one additional) ECA occlusions were seen. Median grade of ECA stenosis on day 1 did not significantly change at angiography (P = 1.0; tendency of increase) or CCDS (P =.27; tendency of decrease).At follow-up (day 1-24 months, CCDS only), frequency of stenosis 70% or greater in the ipsilateral ECA was 21 of 120 (17.5%) on day 1 and 41 of 107 (38.32%) at 24 months, and 3 of 107 (2.5%) and 5 of 107 (4.67%) ECA occlusions were registered at the two time points. Progression of disease, as demonstrated by increase in flow ratio over time, was much more pronounced in the ipsilateral ECAs compared with the contralateral ECAs (P =.0002). In stented ICA, 2 (1.85%) asymptomatic recurrent stenoses 70% or greater were found at CCDS. One of three patients with new ECA occlusions reported jaw claudication for 10 days. Perioperative stroke (one major, four minor) occurred in 5 of 121 patients (4.46%). Two minor strokes caused by embolization occurred during the first year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The more pronounced progression of arteriosclerotic disease at the orifice of the ipsilateral ECAs during the first year after carotid stenting might be due to local factors of the ICA stent. Its clinical significance in respect to the effect of the ECA as collateral supply to the brain might depend on the incidence of carotid stent rerecurrent stenosis, which was low in the present study.
authors: Department of Medical Angiology, General Hospital of Vienna, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria. andrea.willfort@akh-wien.de
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Willfort-Ehringer
authors: Ramazanali
authors: R
authors: Ahmadi
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Gruber
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Gschwandtner
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Haumer
authors: Gottfried
authors: G
authors: Heinz
authors: Wilfried
authors: W
authors: Lang
authors: Herbert
authors: H
authors: Ehringer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*