Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw wastewater in Milwaukee: implications for understanding outbreak occurrence and transmission dynamics.
Six Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 50 of 179 Milwaukee wastewater samples collected weekly over a year. Of the eight subtypes of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum present, allele Ib was found in 14 of 16 samples, and its sequence was identical to that of the subtype in human samples from the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.
Zhou
Ling
L
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
Singh
Ajaib
A
Jiang
Jianlin
J
Xiao
Lihua
L
D000818:Animals; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011634:Public Health; D014505:Urban Population; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014922:Wisconsin
D014867:Water