title: NOS inhibitors exhibit antinociceptive properties in the rat formalin test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the systemic and nociceptive effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors in the modulation of acute pain in rats subjected to the formalin test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin 5% was injected in the hind paw in the presence and absence of NOS inhibitors (e.g., 7-nitro indazole, N-nitro-L-arginine and aminoguanidine). Catheters were chronically implanted to continuously record mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). MAP, HR and paw lifting time were recorded at control and every five minutes for 35 min following formalin and NOS inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formalin injected into the rat hind paw induced a biphasic nociceptive behaviour: an initial acute phase (phase 1: during zero to five minutes after the formalin injection) followed by a prolonged tonic response (phase 2: beginning about ten minutes after the formalin injection). Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of the inducible NOS and 7-nitro indazole, an inhibitor of the neuronal NOS, did not affect phase 1, whereas N-nitro-L-arginine, a non-selective NOS inhibitor decreased it (49%). All three NOS inhibitors diminished nociceptive behaviours during phase 2. L-arginine reversed antinociceptive effects of N-nitro-L-arginine in phase 1 and in phase 2. Pressor effects induced by formalin in phase 1 were abolished following all three NOS inhibitors. During phase 2, formalin-induced pressor effects remained unaffected by N-nitro-L-arginine and aminoguanidine but were inhibited by 7-nitro indazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that NO is predominantly generated by vascular endothelial NOS in phase 1 and phase 2, whereas the neuronal NOS and the inducible NOS exhibit antinociceptive effects through a non-NO related pathway in phases 1 and 2 in rats subjected to the formalin test.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors: Marie-Françoise
authors: MF
authors: Doursout
authors: Yangyan
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Jacques E
authors: JE
authors: Chelly
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006146:Guanidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007191:Indazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D007191:Indazoles; D005557:Formaldehyde; D019335:Nitroarginine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine; C080122:7-nitroindazole