title: Dietary flaxseed meal reduces proteinuria and ameliorates nephropathy in an animal model of type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence is emerging that varying the type or source of dietary protein intake can have beneficial effects on chronic renal disease. Consumption of soybean and soy-based food products, as the source of plant protein, can retard the development and progression of chronic renal disease. We studied the obese spontaneously hypertensive/NIH-corpulent (SHR/N-cp) rat, a model of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus that consistently develops nephropathy resembling diabetic nephropathy. We specifically sought to determine whether changing the source of protein intake from animal protein, casein, to plant protein in the form of either soy protein concentrate or flaxseed protein in the diet has a different impact on renal function and nephropathy in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male obese SHR/N-cp rats were randomly assigned to one of three diets containing either 20% casein, 20% soy protein concentrate, or 20% flaxseed meal. Except for the protein source, all three diets were identical and contained similar amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. All animals were maintained on these diets for 6 months. At the end of the study, blood sampling and 24-hour urine collections were performed for renal functional measurements, and the kidneys were harvested and examined for histologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three groups had similar amounts of food intake and body weight gain and exhibited fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Plasma glucose levels did not differ among the three groups, but plasma insulin concentration was significantly lower in rats fed flaxseed meal than those fed either casein or soy protein concentrate. Mean plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance, and urinary urea excretion also did not differ significantly between the three groups. By contrast, urinary protein excretion was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in rats fed flaxseed than in rats fed either casein or soy protein concentrate. Morphologic analysis of renal structural lesions showed that the percentage of abnormal glomeruli with mesangial expansion and the tubulointerstitial score (an index of severity of tubulointerstitial damage) were significantly reduced in rats fed flaxmeal compared to those fed casein or soy protein concentrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that dietary protein substitution with flaxseed meal reduces proteinuria and glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in obese SHR/N-cp rats and that flaxseed meal is more effective than soy protein in reducing proteinuria and renal histologic abnormalities in this model. The reduction in proteinuria and renal injury was independent of the amount of protein intake and glycemic control. Which dietary component(s) present in flaxseed meal is (are) responsible for the renal protective effect remains to be determined.
authors: Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA. mvelasquez@mfa.gwu.edu
authors: Manuel T
authors: MT
authors: Velasquez
authors: Sam J
authors: SJ
authors: Bhathena
authors: Tedine
authors: T
authors: Ranich
authors: Arnold M
authors: AM
authors: Schwartz
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Kardon
authors: Ali A
authors: AA
authors: Ali
authors: Christian C
authors: CC
authors: Haudenschild
authors: Carl T
authors: CT
authors: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating; D019597:Flax; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity; D009929:Organ Size; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D003404:Creatinine