title: Comparison of oral vs intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients with excessive anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of patients with excessive anticoagulation is routinely done by intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1). Oral administration of phytonadione has been shown to be an effective alternative to the intravenous route, but these methods have never been compared directly. Our objective was to compare efficacy and safety of intravenous vs oral phytonadione treatment in patients with excessive anticoagulation without bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a prospective randomized controlled trial of consecutive patients presenting with excessive anticoagulation without major bleeding. Patients with a baseline international normalized ratio (INR) of 6 to 10 (n = 44, 47 episodes) received either intravenous or oral phytonadione (0.5 mg or 2.5 mg, respectively), and patients with an INR greater than 10 (n = 17, 19 episodes) received 1 mg or 5 mg, respectively. Efficacy and safety end points were sequential INR changes and the proportion of patients achieving therapeutic range (INR, 2-4), overcorrection (INR<2.0), or undercorrection (INR>4.0) INR values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six episodes of excessive anticoagulation were studied. In patients with baseline INR 6-10 the response to intravenous phytonadione was more rapid than in the oral group, and the proportion of patients reaching therapeutic range INR at 6 hours (11/24 vs 0/23) and at 12 hours (16/24 vs 8/23) was significantly higher. However, mean +/- SD INR values were similar for both groups at 24 hours (2.9 +/- 0.8 vs 2.6 +/- 0.8). Patients in the intravenous group tended to be more often (7/24 vs 2/23) overcorrected (INR<2). In patients with baseline INR values greater than 10 efficacy and safety were comparable for both routes of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of phytonadione had similar efficacy and safety as intravenously administered phytonadione and may be suitable for treatment of patients with excessive anticoagulation.
authors: Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation Clinic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors: Aharon
authors: A
authors: Lubetsky
authors: Hagith
authors: H
authors: Yonath
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Olchovsky
authors: Ronen
authors: R
authors: Loebstein
authors: Hillel
authors: H
authors: Halkin
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ezra
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D010837:Vitamin K 1