title: Ultra-sonic nebulizers as a potential source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in a university tertiary care hospital.
abstract: An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occurred on a head and neck surgical (HNS) ward of a university hospital in Amsterdam. The outbreak lasted from May 2000 until November 2000, and MRSA spread to two intensive care units. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that a single clone was responsible for the outbreak. Phage-typing indicated that this clone was of a type that was uncommon in The Netherlands. Strict isolation of patients, according to the Dutch national guidelines, was instituted. During the outbreak, surveillance culture specimens, from patients, healthcare workers, and the environment, were obtained at regular intervals. MRSA was found in the dust filters of nebulizers through which air from the room was filtered and subsequently humidified. These nebulizers were used to humidify tracheostomies. The dust filters were not maintained according to the guidelines. Restricted use and cleaning and disinfection of all ultra-sonic nebulizers led to termination of the outbreak. The outbreak illustrates that to terminate transmission of outbreak strains of MRSA, meticulous measures are necessary, which not only include strict isolation precautions, but also decontamination of the environment. In addition, it demonstrates the necessity of adhering to cleaning and disinfection guidelines for all medical and nursing equipment used in the hospital.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. schultsz@hcm.vnn.vn
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Schultsz
authors: H H M
authors: HH
authors: Meester
authors: A M H
authors: AM
authors: Kranenburg
authors: P H M
authors: PH
authors: Savelkoul
authors: L E A
authors: LE
authors: Boeijen-Donkers
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Kaiser
authors: R
authors: R
authors: de Bree
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Snow
authors: C J M E
authors: CJ
authors: Vandenbroucke-Grauls
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000382:microbiology*; D009426:Netherlands; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*