title: Active intervention in patients with whiplash-associated disorders improves long-term prognosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: METHODS
  Three-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial in 97 patients exposed to whiplash trauma in motor vehicle collisions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the long-term efficacy of active intervention with that of standard intervention and the effect of early versus delayed initiation of intervention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is no strong evidence for many treatments for whiplash-associated disorders. Some studies provide weak evidence supporting active intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to an intervention using frequent active cervical rotation complemented by assessment and treatment according to McKenzie's principles or to a standard intervention of initial rest, recommended soft collar, and gradual self-mobilization. To test the time factor, interventions were either made within 96 hours or delayed 14 days from collision. The effects of the two interventions and the time factor on pain intensity, cervical range of motion, and sick leave were analyzed at 6 months and 3 years. Cervical range of motion at 3 years was also compared with that in matched, unexposed individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain intensity and sick leave were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced if patients received active intervention compared with standard intervention. Delaying intervention 2 weeks did not affect outcome variables. However, at 3 years, only patients receiving early active intervention had a total cervical range of motion similar to that of matched unexposed individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with whiplash-associated disorders, active intervention is more effective in reducing pain intensity and sick leave, and in retaining/regaining total range of motion than a standard intervention. Active intervention can be carried out as home exercises initiated and supported by appropriately trained health professionals.
authors: Institute of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden. mark@rosenfeld.se.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Rosenfeld
authors: Aris
authors: A
authors: Seferiadis
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Carlsson
authors: Ronny
authors: R
authors: Gunnarsson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*