Pulmonary hemorrhage induced by jararhagin, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom.
Jararhagin is the most important hemorrhagic component in the venom of the snake Bothrops jararaca, a species of medical importance in South America. It is a P-III zinc-dependent metalloproteinase comprising catalytic, disintegrin-like, and cysteine-rich domains. Jararhagin injected intravenously into mice induced rapid and prominent bleeding in the lungs, whereas other organs were devoid of overt hemorrhagic manifestations. This action depends on the proteolytic activity of jararhagin, since it was abrogated by the synthetic inhibitor batimastat. There were conspicuous ultrastructural alterations in cells at the alveolo-capillary unit, i.e., capillary endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes, with a characteristic pattern of "regional alveolar damage" associated with extravasation. These pathological effects were observed under conditions in which the whole blood clotting time, bleeding time, and fibrinogen levels were not affected. 125I-labeled jararhagin is concentrated mainly in liver and kidneys after iv injection, with little radioactivity observed in the lungs, thereby indicating that the predominance of pulmonary microvascular damage is not due to a preferential concentration of this enzyme in the lungs. Despite the fact that jararhagin is complexed by plasma proteins after iv injection, its hemorrhagic activity was not inhibited by the plasma proteinase inhibitor alpha(2)-macroglobulin, and was only partially reduced by normal mouse serum, suggesting that resistance to inhibition may contribute to its ability to cause pulmonary hemorrhage.
Escalante
Teresa
T
Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbíología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Núñez
Javier
J
Moura da Silva
Ana M
AM
Rucavado
Alexandra
A
Theakston
R David G
RD
Gutiérrez
José María
JM
D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D017837:Bothrops / Q000378:metabolism; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097146:Bothrops jararaca Venom
D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D000097146:Bothrops jararaca Venom; C080985:batimastat