title: Pharmaceuticals, direct-fed microbials, and enzymes for enhancing growth and feed efficiency of beef.
abstract: This article provides a brief review of the types of products commonly used in one or more countries of North America to enhance the performance of growing beef cattle. Performance-enhancing products primarily target metabolism (e.g., anabolic implants, zilpaterol, and melengestrol acetate) or gut function (e.g., ionophores, low-level antibiotics, direct-fed microbials, and enzymes). Using currently available performance-enhancing products, rate and efficiency of growth typically are improved from 5% to 20% and 3% to 10%, respectively.
authors: birkeloc@datawest.net
authors: Carl P
authors: CP
authors: Birkelo
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development*; D004343:Drug Implants; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004798:Enzymes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008460:Meat / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004343:Drug Implants; D004798:Enzymes; D006133:Growth Substances