title: Tissue chemoablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the state of the art of tissue chemoablation in animal and human organs and cancers. We also describe our experience with the feasibility, predictability, and reproducibility of necrosis produced by needle chemoablative therapies including ethanol, hypertonic saline, and acetic acid solutions as well as gels in a porcine renal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was performed for articles on animal and human tissue chemoablation published since 1965. In addition, at Washington University, experimental chemoablation was performed in pigs with 95% ethanol (4 mL), 24% hypertonic saline (4 mL), or 50% acetic acid (4 mL) solutions as well as in gel form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is extensive literature on the use of chemoablation for liver metastases; recently, chemoablation of the prostate has become an area of research. Human studies have been limited to patients who are not surgical candidates or to investigational procedures performed prior to definitive prostatic surgery. Animal studies of renal chemoablation as a sole therapy have produced mixed results. In our studies, only acetic acid provided complete necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, ethanol chemoablation has been shown to be feasible and reproducible only for metastatic hepatic carcinoma. In urology, chemoablation is still very much in the investigational stage for both the prostate and the kidney. A significant drawback is that even in the gel form, the spread of the chemoablative substance through the tissue is irregular and unpredictable. In the future, chemoablation may become a more effective modality by combining it with radiofrequency or other energy sources.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 92868, USA.
authors: Jamil
authors: J
authors: Rehman
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Landman
authors: Chandrum
authors: C
authors: Sundaram
authors: Ralph V
authors: RV
authors: Clayman
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009336:Necrosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012996:Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012997:Solvents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D019342:Acetic Acid