title: Annuloplasty ring selection for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: lessons from the ovine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) is poorly understood and repair operations are often unsatisfactory. This study elucidates the mechanism of CIMR in an ovine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sonomicrometry array localization measured the three-dimensional geometry of the mitral annulus and subvalvular apparatus in five sheep before and 8 weeks after a posterior infarction of the left ventricle that produced progressive severe CIMR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End systolic annular area increased from 647 +/- 44 mm(2) to 1,094 +/- 173 mm(2) (p = 0.01). Annular dilatation occurred equally along the anterior (47.0 +/- 5.6 mm to 60.2 +/- 4.9 mm, p = 0.001) and posterior (53.8 +/- 3.1 mm to 68.5 +/- 8.4 mm, p = 0.005) portions of the annulus. The tip of the anterior papillary muscle moved away from both the anterior and posterior commissures by 5.2 +/- 3.2 mm (p = 0.021) and 7.3 +/- 2.2 mm (p = 0.002), respectively. The distance from the tip of the posterior papillary muscle to the anterior commissure increased by 11.0 +/- 5.7 mm (p = 0.032) while the distance from the tip of the posterior papillary muscle to the posterior commissure remained constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive dilatation of both the anterior and posterior mitral annuli, increased annular area, and asymmetric ventricular dilatation combine to cause CIMR by distortion of mitral valve geometry and tethering of leaflet coaptation. Therefore complete ring annuloplasty may be superior to partial annuloplasty in the treatment of CIMR.
authors: Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. gormanj@uphs.upenn.edu
authors: Joseph H
authors: JH
authors: Gorman
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Gorman
authors: Benjamin M
authors: BM
authors: Jackson
authors: Yoshiharu
authors: Y
authors: Enomoto
authors: Martin G
authors: MG
authors: St John-Sutton
authors: L Henry
authors: LH
authors: Edmunds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology