title: Low-volume resuscitation with a polymerized bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution (HBOC-201) provides adequate tissue oxygenation for survival in a porcine model of controlled hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have shown in a previous work that HBOC-201 is able to reverse anaerobic metabolism at low volumes in a porcine model of controlled hemorrhage. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that low-volume resuscitation with HBOC-201 in a porcine model of controlled hemorrhage provides adequate tissue oxygenation to limit end-organ damage and allow for survival of the animal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Yorkshire swine (55-65 kg) were rapidly hemorrhaged to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30 mm Hg, maintained hypotensive for 45 minutes, and then divided into four groups. The first group, Shed Blood (BL), was resuscitated with shed blood to baseline MAP. A second group, Shed Blood (60), underwent resuscitation for four hours at an MAP of 60 mm Hg with shed blood. The third group, LR + Blood, was resuscitated with lactated Ringer's (maximum, 40 mL/kg) followed by shed blood to baseline MAP. The final group, HBOC (60), underwent resuscitation for 4 hours at an MAP of 60 mm Hg with HBOC-201. Hemodynamic variables, urine output, blood gas analyses, lactate levels, and jejunal oximetry were followed throughout the experiment. Animals were allowed to survive and underwent necropsy on postinjury day 3. Histologic comparisons were made. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance/Duncan's multiple range test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived the hemorrhage/resuscitation. One animal in the LR + Blood group died on postinjury day 1. Heart rate, MAP, and arterial pH were similar between groups. Cardiac output was significantly lower throughout resuscitation in the HBOC (60) group. Jejunal oximetry was similar throughout the experiment in all groups, revealing a decline in Po2 during hemorrhage and return to baseline or near baseline during resuscitation. There was no evidence of renal dysfunction. Histologically, one animal in the LR + Blood group and four of six animals in the HBOC (60) group demonstrated mild hepatocellular damage. All other tissues examined were found to have no significant abnormalities. Elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were noted when comparing the HBOC (60) group to the Shed Blood (BL) and Shed Blood (60) groups on day 2. Significant decreases in hemoglobin levels were noted in the HBOC (60) group compared with all other groups beginning on day 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-volume resuscitation with HBOC-201 provides adequate tissue oxygenation for survival in a porcine model of controlled hemorrhagic shock with no long-term organ dysfunction identified. Although some animals did show mild hepatocellular damage with elevations of aspartate aminotransferase at day 2, these findings did not appear to have clinical relevance, and the enzyme elevations were trending toward normal by the third postoperative day. Decreases in hemoglobin levels at the later time points were expected, given the half-life of the product.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Wilford Hall Medical Center, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Lackland AFB, Texas 78236, USA. gregory.york@worldnet.att.net
authors: Gregory B
authors: GB
authors: York
authors: Jeffrey S
authors: JS
authors: Eggers
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Smith
authors: Donald H
authors: DH
authors: Jenkins
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: McNeil
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Mueller
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Josephs
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: Kerby
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; C096798:HBOC 201; D003404:Creatinine