title: Management of anemia in erythropoietin-resistant hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is administered to patients with end-stage renal disease for treatment of anemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of a structured team approach to anemia management in rHuEPO-resistant hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an 8-month prospective, open-label, quality-improvement initiative. Nineteen patients in a 160-bed hemodialysis unit receiving rHuEPO doses >300 units/kg/wk were defined as rHuEPO-resistant. Hemoglobin (Hb), iron indices, parathyroid hormone, folate, B12, aluminum, and reticulocyte counts were determined at baseline. The former 3 parameters were followed every 6, 12, and 26 weeks, respectively. Vascular access flow was regularly assessed via ultrasonic dilution methodology. Target Hb was 12.0-13.5 g/dL. All factors potentially contributing to rHuEPO resistance were assessed and, if possible, treated every 6 weeks by a dedicated anemia team. Downward rHuEPO dosage adjustments of 12.5-25% to the closest 1000 units were considered if underlying causes of rHuEPO resistance could not be identified or reversed, or if the Hb rose beyond the target level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysfunctional vascular access and iron deficiency were the predominant treatable factors associated with rHuEPO resistance. At 8 months, mean rHuEPO dosage decreased significantly from 469 to 319 units/kg/wk (p < 0.001) and mean Hb increased significantly from 10.6 to 11.6 g/dL (p = 0.023). Eight-month cost savings approximated $45 000 (CDN$).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured team approach to the management of rHuEPO-resistant patients was successful in significantly lowering rHuEPO dosage with improvement in serum Hb at a substantial cost savings.
authors: Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Services Unit, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Anne E
authors: AE
authors: Dar Santos
authors: Karen F
authors: KF
authors: Shalansky
authors: Jacek P
authors: JP
authors: Jastrzebski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D019468:Disease Management; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin