Estrogen and bone--a reproductive and locomotive perspective.
The primary function of the skeleton is locomotion, and the primary function of estrogen is reproduction. When the skeleton is considered within this locomotive context, the onset of estrogen secretion at puberty leads to packing of mechanically excess mineral into female bones for reproductive needs. Accordingly, the unpacking of this reproductive safety deposit at menopause denotes the origin of type I osteoporosis.


BACKGROUND
According to the prevailing unitary model of involutional osteoporosis, female postmenopausal bone loss can be described as having an initial accelerated, transient phase (type I), followed by a gradual continuous phase (type II). Estrogen withdrawal is generally accepted as the primary cause of the type I osteoporosis. Thus, the quest to uncover the origin of type I osteoporosis has focused on the estrogen withdrawal-related skeletal changes at and around the menopause. However, considering that the cyclical secretion of estrogen normally begins in early adolescence and continues over the entire fertile period, one could argue that focusing on perimenopause alone may be too narrow.


METHODS
This is not a systematic review of the literature on the skeletal function of estrogen(s), but rather, an introduction of a novel structure- and locomotion-oriented perspective to this particular issue through pertinent experimental and clinical studies.


CONCLUSIONS
When considering locomotion as the primary function of the skeleton and integrating the classic findings of the pubertal effects of estrogen on female bones and the more recent hypothesis-driven experimental and clinical studies on estrogen and mechanical loading on bone within this context, a novel evolution-based explanation for the role of estrogen in controlling female bone mass can be outlined: the onset of estrogen secretion at puberty induces packing of mechanically excess bone into female skeleton for needs of reproduction (pregnancy and lactation). Accordingly, the unpacking of this reproductive safety deposit of calcium at menopause denotes the accelerated phase of bone loss and thus the origin of type I osteoporosis.
Järvinen
Teppo L N
TL
Medical School, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. teppo.jarvinen@uta.fi
Kannus
Pekka
P
Sievänen
Harri
H
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; D011627:Puberty; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
D004967:Estrogens; D002118:Calcium