title: Temporal changes in ventricular function assessed echocardiographically in conscious and anesthetized mice.
abstract: The mouse is an important model system for cardiovascular biology, with echocardiography a critical tool for noninvasive measurement of cardiac morphology and function. The feasibility and short-term temporal consistency of repeated echocardiographic measurements in conscious mice has not been previously evaluated. We performed serial 2-dimensional guided M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements at 5- to 10-minute intervals over 60 minutes in conscious mice and in mice treated with 1 of 3 anesthetic regimens: ketamine and acepromazine (n = 14); pentobarbital (n = 14); and ketamine and xylazine (n = 13). Unanesthetized mice received intraperitoneal saline (n = 6) or no injection (n = 7). In sequentially repeated measurements over 1 hour in conscious mice, none of the measured or derived echocardiographic parameters differed from baseline, whereas all 3 anesthetic regimens produced significant, prolonged, and temporally variable decreases in heart rate and fractional shortening. The relationship between heart rate and fractional shortening was not altered by anesthetic choice. Serial echocardiographic assessments of cardiac function, dimension, and mass can be performed with high reproducibility in conscious mice.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA. jeff.rottman@vanderbilt.edu
authors: Jeffrey N
authors: JN
authors: Rottman
authors: Gemin
authors: G
authors: Ni
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Khoo
authors: Zhizhang
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Anderson
authors: Ernest C
authors: EC
authors: Madu
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000367:Age Factors; D000758:Anesthesia; D000777:Anesthetics; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000777:Anesthetics; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D014991:Xylazine; D000075:Acepromazine; D007649:Ketamine