title: Diagnosing infertility in a district general hospital: a case-note and cost analysis.
abstract: This study aimed to observe diagnostic work-up and cost evaluation of infertile couples to identify opportunities for improvement. One hundred and seventy-four new referrals to the gynaecology clinic in a District General Hospital during 1996 and 1997 provided the cohort for analysis. Data from case notes were transferred on to data collection sheets. Data were inputted into SPSS for analysis. Primary infertility accounted for 62% of couples. One hundred and forty-two couples (81.6%) had a definitive diagnosis, and the analyses relate to these couples only. There was no single investigation performed on the whole cohort studied. Semen analysis was undertaken in 80.3% of the couples; couples with suspected male infertility were over four times more likely to have had more than two semen tests (P = 0.0005); 77.5% of couples had FSH and LH tests; and midluteal progesterone was tested in 76.1%. An increased intensity of FSH-LH hormone testing was associated with couples with anovulation (chi(2) = 6.79, P = 0.03). Serial repeat progesterone tended to be given to women with irregular or prolonged cycles (35 days or more), although this tendency was not statistically significant. The most common test for tubal patency was hysterosalpingography. Higher costs are generally associated with diagnosing endometriosis and tubal factor because of the relatively high cost of laparoscopy. The average cost of diagnosis for each patient was pound 365 and ranged from pound 64 to pound 851. In conclusion, a standard protocol of basic investigative procedures should be offered in secondary centres to all couples. Avoiding duplication and unnecessary investigations (for example, serial progesterone) may reduce costs, although offering all couples a standard protocol of tests would probably offset this observation.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK.
authors: Kamal
authors: K
authors: Ojha
authors: Zoe
authors: Z
authors: Philips
authors: Ferdinand J
authors: FJ
authors: Darne
mesh_terms: D000858:Anovulation / Q000175:diagnosis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005186:Fallopian Tube Patency Tests / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000191:economics; D007246:Infertility / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics; D008183:Luteal Phase; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012661:Semen; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone