title: A review of the effects of chronic exercise and physical fitness level on resting pharmacokinetics.
abstract: Pharmacological intervention in cooperation with physical activity is currently being used in the prevention and treatment of diseases like cardiovascular disease and obesity. Physical activity, both acute and chronic, can cause changes in physiology that can alter the observed pharmacokinetics of drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to focus on how chronic exercise can change pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic exercise can affect drug absorption by the increase in collateral blood flow and absorption may also be affected by changes in gastrointestinal transit times. Chronic exercise may affect volume of distribution of drugs by the increases in lean body mass, decreased fat mass, increased plasma protein and increased plasma volume that occurs with physical conditioning. Changes in hepatic clearance of drugs may explain the differences in systemic clearance seen when comparing physically trained subjects to sedentary ones. Some studies have shown that hepatic enzymes are increased with training but other studies have found no change or lower activities. Finally, renal elimination of drugs may be altered by changes in protein binding but there is little evidence that renal elimination of drugs changes with long-term exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, changes in pharmacokinetics associated with chronic exercise can differ from those during acute exercise and in sedentary subjects. The differences between the physically active and sedentary individuals may require individualization of dosing regimens. It should be noted that there are no standardized protocols to evaluate the influence of exercise on drug disposition.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, J.H.M.H.C., Gainesville, Florida, USA. apersky@email.unc.edu
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Persky
authors: N D
authors: ND
authors: Eddington
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Derendorf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution