title: Medicare and medicaid costs for schizophrenia patients by age cohort compared with costs for depression, dementia, and medically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors describe per-capita Medicaid and Medicare expenditures across age cohorts for individuals with schizophrenia and compare expenditures for patients with schizophrenia and those with depression, dementia, and non-psychiatric medical disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicaid and Medicare claims were identified for dually-eligible beneficiaries ages 19+ in New Hampshire during 1999 (schizophrenia: N=1,423; depression: N=2,219; dementia: N=1,942; medical disorders alone: N=4,260). Annual per-capita weighted average expenditures were calculated for inpatient, outpatient, home-health, nursing home, pharmacy, physician, and other services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest per-capita expenditures for individuals with schizophrenia were among older beneficiaries ($39,154 for ages 65-74 and $43,461 for ages 75+), versus younger beneficiaries ($25,633 for ages 19-44 and $31,529 for ages 45-64). Outpatient services were the highest expenditure among younger adults (ages 19-64), whereas nursing home services were the highest expenditure for ages 65+. Total expenditures for individuals with schizophrenia exceeded those for individuals with depression, dementia, or medical disorders across all age cohorts except age 45-64, where dementia expenditures were highest. Among individuals age 65-74, per-capita expenditures for schizophrenia were $11,304 higher than for depression and $28,256 higher than for medical disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schizophrenia is one of the most expensive disorders across the adult lifespan, and expenditures increase across age cohorts. Effective interventions are needed that improve independent functioning in older age, in conjunction with innovative models of home- and community-based services that decrease high use of and expenditures for nursing homes.
authors: Departments of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA. stephen.j.bartels@dartmouth.edu
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Bartels
authors: Robin E
authors: RE
authors: Clark
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Peacock
authors: Aricca R
authors: AR
authors: Dums
authors: Sarah I
authors: SI
authors: Pratt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics*; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009513:New Hampshire; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States