title: Linoleic acid, but not oleic acid, upregulates the production of interleukin-8 by human intestinal smooth muscle cells isolated from patients with Crohn's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of unknown etiology. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA), could be involved in the inflammatory response through stimulation of the neutrophil chemokine, IL-8.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human intestinal smooth muscle (HISM) cells were isolated from normal patients and patients with Crohn's disease and cultured for 24h with LA or OA in the presence or absence of oxidative stress. The concentrations of IL-8 were measured in the media and cellular oxidative stress was quantitated by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous production of IL-8 was significantly higher in HISM cells isolated from Crohn's bowel compared to control bowel. LA caused a marked, nine-fold, increase in IL-8 secretion by Crohn's cells, an effect that could be simulated in normal HISM cells by co-incubation of LA with an oxidizing solution (Ox) composed of hypoxanthine+xanthine oxidase+FeSO(4) (OxLA). These effects were inhibited by vitamins C and E. Treatment of Crohn's cells with OxLA did not further increase IL-8 over that of LA alone. The effect of LA alone was not associated with an increase in cellular oxidative stress as quantitated by TBARSs. In contrast to the results with LA, treatment with OA or OxOA did not increase IL-8 in either normal or Crohn's cells. In addition, OA protected Crohn's cells from the increase in TBARSs induced by Ox. In contrast to IL-8, spontaneous production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) was significantly lower in Crohn's HISM cells as compared to normal cells and exposure to OxLA did not increase its production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA, but not OA, increased the production of IL-8 by HISM cells. These results suggest that replacement of LA by OA in the diet of Crohn's patients and increased intake of a diet rich in antioxidants could be beneficial in decreasing inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease.
authors: Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Alzoghaibi
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Walsh
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Willey
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Fowler
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Graham
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002469:Cell Separation; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016209:Interleukin-8; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid