title: A pilot investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation upon low back pain in people with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the hypoalgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) upon low back pain (LBP) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen people with MS were recruited and randomly allocated to one of the following groups under double blind conditions (n = 5 per group): TENS 1 (4 Hz, 200 micros), TENS 2 (110 Hz, 200 micros), placebo TENS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment was applied for 45 minutes three times a week for six weeks with a four-week follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following outcome measures were taken at weeks 1, 6, and 10: visual analogue scale (VAS) (for current LBP, right leg pain, left leg pain); Leeds Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Questionnaire; Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire; Short Form-36 (SF-36) Version 1; and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). VAS for current LBP, right and left leg pain were also taken before and after treatment, and once a week during the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed no statistically significant effects for any of the data. However, both active treatment groups showed a trend of improvement in the majority of the outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active TENS was more effective than placebo TENS in decreasing VAS scores following each treatment although results were not statistically significant. Further work in this area is warranted and should include a larger number of participants in the form of a randomized controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of this modality.
authors: Division of Physiotherapy Education, University of Nottingham, Northern Ireland.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Al-Smadi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Warke
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Wilson
authors: A F L
authors: AF
authors: Cramp
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Noble
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Walsh
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Lowe-Strong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome