title: Molecular basis of rifampicin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular basis of rifampicin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations in the rifampicin-resistance determining region of the rpoB gene of H. influenzae were analysed by gene amplification and sequencing in 12 rifampicin resistant, one intermediate and four susceptible isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All clinical resistant isolates except one had at least one amino acid substitution in the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase. Eleven resistant isolates had amino acid changes at codons 513, 516, 518, 526 and 533 of cluster I, with the most common amino acid substitution being Asp-516-->Val. Only one resistant isolate also had a second mutation Asn-518-->Asp in cluster I; transformants obtained with DNA of this isolate also had both mutations. All the amino acid changes in cluster I were detected in isolates with a high level of rifampicin resistance (MIC > or =32 mg/L), except the Asp-516-->Ala mutation in a low-level resistant isolate (MIC 4 mg/L). Only one serotype f isolate with an MIC of 2 mg/L had a mutation in cluster II. Cluster III presented no amino acid changes. In in vitro-generated high-level rifampicin-resistant mutants, only amino acid changes at codons 516 and 526 were seen, with new amino acid changes appearing at codon 526 of cluster I, while His-526-->Asn was associated with low-level resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rifampicin resistance in H. influenzae is due to point mutations in the rpoB gene, and the resistance levels are dependent on both the location and the nature of amino acid substitution.
authors: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda a Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Cruchaga
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Pérez-Vázquez
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Román
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Campos
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014169:Transformation, Bacterial
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D003062:Codon; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; C105078:RNA polymerase beta subunit; D012293:Rifampin