title: Immunomodulation by lead.
abstract: Lead, a potential human carcinogen, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant in the industrial environment that poses a serious threat to human health. This toxic lead can modulate the immune response of animals as well as humans. In some instances, the immune system appears to be exquisitely sensitive to lead as compared with other toxicological parameters. Both stimulation and suppression of immune response have been demonstrated in lead exposed animals and humans depending on the T helper (Th)1 vs Th2 response. Although the majority of data accumulated to date pertains to the effects of lead in small laboratory rodents, there is little reason to believe that similar quantifiable effects do not occur in domestic and food-producing animals owing to basic functional similarities of the immune system of mammals. In this review, we have discussed the immunomodulatory role of the toxic heavy metal, lead, on cellular and humoral components of the immune system with particular reference to effector cells such as B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and soluble mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide (NO).
authors: Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. singh@afrri.usuhs.mil
authors: Vijay K
authors: VK
authors: Singh
authors: Kamla P
authors: KP
authors: Mishra
authors: Reena
authors: R
authors: Rani
authors: Virendra S
authors: VS
authors: Yadav
authors: Sudhir K
authors: SK
authors: Awasthi
authors: Satyendra K
authors: SK
authors: Garg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D009569:Nitric Oxide