title: Biomechanical comparisons of three posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction procedures with load-controlled and displacement-controlled cyclic tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical behaviors of posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions under cyclic loading have not been sufficiently clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Biomechanical behaviors of the reconstruction that involves use of flexor tendons and an Endobutton are significantly different under cyclic loading from behaviors of the two standard reconstructions in which bone-patellar tendon-bone graft is used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a porcine model, the tendon/Endobutton reconstruction, the tendon-bone/interference screw reconstruction, and the tendon-bone/tibial-inlay reconstruction were biomechanically compared by using two cyclic tests. In each group of 15 specimens, 5 knees underwent tensile testing without cyclic loading, and the remaining 10 underwent the same tensile test after 5000 cycles of load-controlled or displacement-controlled loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 5000th cycle, the peak displacement or the peak load was affected by each type of cyclic loading to a significantly greater degree in the knees with the tendon/Endobutton procedure than in the knees reconstructed with the other two procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plastic deformation occurred more easily during cyclic loading in the knees with the tendon/Endobutton reconstruction than in the knees with the tendon-bone reconstructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the tendon/Endobutton reconstruction is used, a longer period of postoperative immobilization is necessary.
authors: Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: Nobuto
authors: N
authors: Kitamura
authors: Kazunori
authors: K
authors: Yasuda
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Yamanaka
authors: Harukazu
authors: H
authors: Tohyama
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016896:Treatment Outcome