title: Assessment of oedema in stroke patients: comparison of visual inspection by therapists and volumetric assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the agreement of assessment of hand oedema in stroke patients by clinical judgement and by use of a hand volumeter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 88 rehabilitation patients with stroke received both assessments. Experienced physical therapists classified oedema as 'none', 'minor' or 'severe'. Swelling was independently measured with a hand volumeter. Population data were used to adjust volumeter reading differences for handedness and side of paresis, and to define a cut-off point for oedema of 2 SD of the population distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on volumetric assessment, 33% of patients had oedema. Physical therapists classified 50% of patients as having minor or severe oedema. Results of both methods were clearly related, but agreement between the assessments was not more than 'fair' (67% agreement; Kappa 0.34). The level of agreement was not substantially affected by the cut-off point used for the volumeter score, the time between both assessments or by the side of paresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agreement between clinical and volumetric assessment of hand oedema in stroke patients is less than desirable. Volumetric assessment of oedema is recommended for research purposes.
authors: Rehabilitation Centre De Hoogstraat, Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.Post@dehoogstraat.nl
authors: M W M
authors: MW
authors: Post
authors: J M A
authors: JM
authors: Visser-Meily
authors: H G M
authors: HG
authors: Boomkamp-Koppen
authors: A J H
authors: AJ
authors: Prevo
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty; D012372:ROC Curve; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water