title: Pattern of medical charges after quitting smoking among those with and without arthritis, allergies, or back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the time frame of changes in medical charges after smoking cessation among (1) those with arthritis, allergies, or back pain and (2) those with none of these chronic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using smoking status determined in 1996 and 4-year average medical charges measured from 1996 to 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide manufacturing corporation (General Motors Corporation).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20,332 employees and spouses who completed a health risk appraisal in 1996 were younger than 64 years, were enrolled in indemnity or preferred provider organization health insurance plans during 1996 to 1999, and self-reported no preexisting primary diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were categorized according to 1996 self-reported smoking status into six subgroups: current smokers, former smokers by years since cessation (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and > or = 15 years), and never smokers. Average annual medical charges (1996-1999) among those with chronic conditions (arthritis, allergies, or back pain; N = 11,921) or without chronic conditions (N = 8411) were examined independently. Never smokers in each group were compared to respective smoker and former smoker subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smokers and former smokers without chronic conditions who quit fewer than 5 years earlier had higher medical charges compared with never smokers ($2613 and $3356 vs. $2203, respectively). Among those with chronic conditions, current smokers, former smokers who quit 0 to 4 years ago, and former smokers who quit 5 to 9 years ago had higher medical charges than never smokers ($4208, $4027, and $4050 vs. $3108, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It took approximately 5 years for former smokers without chronic conditions and nearly 10 years for former smokers with chronic conditions to reduce their medical charges to levels close to their respective never smokers. Health promotion practitioners and other decision makers should consider the impact of chronic conditions on the course of medical savings when implementing smoking cessation programs at the worksite.
authors: Health Management Research Center, University of Michigan, 1027 E Huron St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1688, USA.
authors: Shirley
authors: S
authors: Musich
authors: Stephanie D
authors: SD
authors: Faruzzi
authors: Chifung
authors: C
authors: Lu
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: McDonald
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Hirschland
authors: Dee W
authors: DW
authors: Edington
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D001168:Arthritis / Q000191:economics*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000191:economics*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004526:Efficiency; D005251:Fees, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006293:Health Promotion; D006302:Health Services Research; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009786:Occupational Health Services; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014481:United States