title: First human experiments with a novel non-invasive, non-optical continuous glucose monitoring system.
abstract: This paper describes a non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on impedance spectroscopy. Changes in the glucose concentrations can be monitored by varying the frequency in the radio band over a range, optimised to measure the impact of glucose on the impedance pattern. A number of clinical-experimental studies (hyperglycaemic excursions) were performed with healthy subjects in order to prove the applicability of this approach. The sensor used in these experiments is the size of a wristwatch and holds an open resonant circuit coupled to the skin and a circuit, performing an impedance measurement. In most cases, the experiments showed a good correlation between changes in blood glucose and the sensor recordings. A detailed description of the trials is presented. The results of this first series of experiments can be considered as a proof of concept for this novel non-invasive monitoring approach. Nevertheless, partly due to the indirect measurement, a considerable number of questions remain to be clarified.
authors: Pendragon Medical, Hagenholzstrasse 81a, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland. andreas.caduff@pendragonmedical.com
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Caduff
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hirt
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Feldman
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Ali
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Heinemann
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose