title: Ontogeny of cholinergic regulation of fetal upper gastrointestinal motility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the fetal rabbit immediately prior to birth (day 30; 0.97 gestation), intragastric atropine suppresses upper gastrointestinal (GI) motility, indicating that cholinergic receptors are expressed and functional at birth. To explore the developmental timing of upper GI cholinergic receptor function, we assessed the effect of intragastric atropine administration in rabbit fetuses during the last 10% of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rabbits were studied at day 27, day 28 and day 29 of their normal 31-day gestation. In each litter, two fetuses were selected as study fetuses and two as control fetuses. Under ultrasound guidance, fluorescein and either atropine (0.04 microg/g fetal body weight) or normal saline were injected into the fetal stomach. Two hours after injection, fetuses were delivered and the small intestine was harvested. The per cent motility was calculated as the fluorescein travel distance, which was measured by ultraviolet light optical density, divided by the total small intestinal length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal body weight, small intestinal length and per cent motility increased from day 27 to day 29 (p < 0.01). There were no differences in fetal body weight and small intestinal length between atropine and control groups. Atropine significantly decreased per cent motility (versus control values) in fetuses at day 29 and day 28 (56.1 +/- 13.5 vs. 66.1 +/- 11.7% and 59.7 +/- 15.6 vs. 68.3 +/- 11.7%, respectively; p < 0.05), but not at day 27 (52.4 +/- 12.9 vs. 52.8 +/- 11.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that upper GI functional cholinergic receptors develop between 0.87 and 0.90 of rabbit gestation. Extrapolation to human development suggests that reduced GI motility in preterm human infants results, in part, from immature GI cholinergic receptors.
authors: Division of Pediatric Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Oyachi
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Acosta
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Cho
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Atkinson
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Buchmiller-Crair
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D019793:Fluorescein; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D001285:Atropine; D019793:Fluorescein