Evaluating chronic venous disease with a new venous severity scoring system.
BACKGROUND
The Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) has been proposed by the American Venous Forum as an objective means to clinically assess venous disease more completely than with the clinical CEAP classification. However, validation of the VCSS against an objective test is lacking. The purpose of this study was to test the VCSS against abnormalities found on venous ultrasound (US) scans.


METHODS
As part of a screening project in a large kindred population with protein C deficiency, VCSS and venous US scanning were performed in 210 patients (420 limbs). A single examiner scored the VCSS (0-3) clinically for pain, varicose veins, edema, skin pigmentation, inflammation, induration, ulcer duration and size, and compressive therapy. Another experienced examiner, blinded to the subject's medical history, performed a US examination of the deep and superficial venous system, with a hand-carried US system. The relationship between US and VCSS scores was analyzed by calculating an odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI).


RESULTS
Of the 420 limbs screened, VCSS was 0 in 283 limbs, and VCSS was 1 or greater in the following categories: pain, 63 limbs; varicose veins, 70 limbs; edema, 51 limbs; skin pigmentation, 17 limbs; inflammation, 2 limbs; induration, 8 limbs; and compressive therapy, 9 limbs. The highest total score in any limb was 8. A clear association was seen with the VCSS and abnormalities found on US scans. When the score was dichotomized (0 = normal, 1 = any abnormality), it was a strong predictor of US scan abnormalities; limbs with VCSS greater than 0 had a 26-fold greater chance of US scan abnormalities than did limbs with VCSS = 0 (OR, 26.5; 95% CI, 11-64). With ultrasonography as the standard, sensitivity of VCSS compared with US scans was 89.3%, and specificity was 76.1%. Negative predictive value of VCSS = 0 was 97.9%, and positive predictive value for any positive score was 36.5%


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study are based on a large kindred population with a higher risk for venous disease than found in the general population. Though the VCSS was devised to quantify the severity of chronic venous disease, this study found it a useful screening tool. The VCSS showed good association with abnormalities on US scans, and when VCSS = 0 there is a high likelihood that the patient does not have venous disease. This simple test may prove valuable in clinical practice.
Ricci
Michael A
MA
Department of Surgery, Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, 05405-0068, USA. michael.ricci@uvm.edu
Emmerich
Joseph
J
Callas
Peter W
PW
Rosendaal
Frits R
FR
Stanley
Andrew C
AC
Naud
Shelly
S
Vossen
Carla
C
Bovill
Edwin G
EG
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D010375:Pedigree; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020151:Protein C Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods*; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology