title: Subclinical nephrotoxicity caused by smoking and occupational silica exposure among Egyptian industrial workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present work was to investigate early signs of subclinical renal alterations due to silica exposure and smoking among non-silicotics and silicotics by measuring urinary indicators of nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects comprised 29 non-silicotics (9 non-smokers, 20 smokers), 24 silicotics (9 non-smokers, 15 smokers), and 28 referents (9 non-smokers, 19 smokers). Measured urinary parameters were concentrations of total protein, microalbumin, retinol-binding protein, and activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, we measured levels of urinary silicon and creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with referents, both non-silicotics and silicotics excreted significant high levels of all measured parameters. Smokers in each investigated group also showed increased levels (although not significant) of renal parameters in comparison to corresponding non-smokers. Among non-silicotics, the present results showed that elevation of measured urinary parameters was significantly associated with work duration, while only urinary excretion of glutathione S-transferase was associated with work duration among silicotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms that silica may lead to subclinical signs of nephrotoxicity, and that smoking also has a nephrotoxic effect on kidney and is synergistic to nephrotoxicity of silica exposure. Additionally, the study suggests that renal alterations may occur prior to pulmonary involvement.
authors: Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. elsafty54@yahoo.com
authors: Ibrahim A M
authors: IA
authors: EL-Safty
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Gadallah
authors: Ahmed E
authors: AE
authors: Shouman
authors: Dalia E
authors: DE
authors: Nessim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004534:Egypt; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide