title: Manual and automated AgNOR count in differentiating reactive mesothelial from metastatic malignant cells in serous effusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from malignant cells in serous effusions using manual and automated methods of enumeration of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 38 samples of benign (19 cases) and malignant (19 cases) serous effusions were included. AgNOR stain was used in each case along with routine Papanicolaou stain. The smears were examined under an oil immersion objective, and AgNOR dots were counted by direct observation independently by 2 observers. Automated AgNOR counting and morphometry were performed with a Quantimet 600 image cytometer (Leica, Cambridge, England). At least 100 cells were counted in each case. The number of AgNOR dots in individual cells, AgNOR area, nuclear area, AgNOR vs. nuclear area and nuclear perimeter were measured. Data on benign and malignant cells were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AgNOR dots were discrete and smaller in benign effusion cases as compared to coarse and aggregated in malignant effusion cases. In benign reactive effusion cases the mean number of AgNOR dots per nucleus was 2.33 +/- 0.71 and 2.83 +/- 1.15 by the manual and automated method, respectively, whereas that for malignant effusion cases was 7.48 +/- 2.51 and 8.09 +/- 1.69 by the manual and automated method, respectively. Mean total AgNOR areas in benign and malignant groups were 4.77 +/- 2.66 microns 2 and 38.22 +/- 13.71 microns 2, respectively. Mean nuclear area, nuclear perimeter and ratio of AgNORs vs. nuclear area were 48.72 +/- 19.30 microns 2, 24.68 +/- 10.25 microns and .098 in benign effusion cases as compared to 174.25 +/- 82.36 microns 2, 69.03 +/- 27.23 microns and 0.22 in malignant effusion samples. All these values were significantly higher (P < .001, Student's t test) in malignant cells as compared to benign reactive cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AgNOR dot enumeration, AgNOR area and ratio of AgNORs to nuclear area are valuable adjuncts to cytomorphology in differentiating reactive mesothelial cells from malignant cells in serous effusions. Automated AgNOR counting is rapid and less cumbersome.
authors: Department of Cytology and Gynaecologic Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors: Sambit K
authors: SK
authors: Mohanty
authors: Pranab
authors: P
authors: Dey
authors: Puja
authors: P
authors: Rana
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D001331:Automation; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018301:Neoplasms, Mesothelial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009697:Nucleolus Organizer Region / Q000473:pathology*; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016622:Silver Staining