title: Renal tubular dysfunction in children living in the Aral Sea Region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Aral Sea region is a natural area seriously polluted by human activities. Recent surveillance revealed the increased prevalence of diverse chronic diseases in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the function of renal tubules, which are most at risk of damage as a result of heavy metal intoxication, in children of the Aral Sea region.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 205 children living in Kazalinsk, close to the Aral Sea, and a group of 187 children living in Zhanakorgan, far from the Aral Sea, were examined by means of random urine samples. Both urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG; U/mmol Cr) and beta2 microglobulin (BMG; microg/mmol Cr) were calculated for each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean urinary NAG and BMG were both significantly higher in Kazalinsk than in Zhanakorgan (NAG: 0.77 (0.58) and 0.62 (0.37) U/mmol Cr; BMG: 41.8 (54.8) and 22.5 (20.4) microg/mmol Cr, respectively; mean (SD), p < 0.01). The number of children with abnormal values of NAG (>1.5 U/mmol Cr) was significantly more prevalent in Kazalinsk than in Zhanakorgan (7.9% and 2.6%, respectively, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal tubular function of children around the Aral Sea region is profoundly impaired. This should be taken into account when considering the health problems of this area.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. kkaneko@med.juntendo.ac.jp
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kaneko
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Chiba
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hashizume
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Kunii
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sasaki
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Shimoda
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yamashiro
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Caypil
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dauletbaev
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014873:Water Pollutants; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase