title: [Male gonadal dose in adjuvant 3-d-pelvic irradiation after anterior resection of rectal cancer. Influence to fertility].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal cancer is a common malignant disease and occurs not infrequently in younger men. We verified the dose to the testes from scattered radiation in adjuvant pelvic irradiation following anterior resection of rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the scattered gonadal dose of 18 patients in vivo with thermoluminescence detectors, which were fixed on four defined points on the scrotum during radiation on three consecutive days. All patients were treated three-dimensionally planned using a three-field box lying in prone position in a bellyboard. A total dose of 50.4 Gy was given in 28 fractions of 1.8 Gy. From 45 up to 50.4 Gy the radiation fields were modified to lateral-opposing fields which were shortened from the top to protect the small bowel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gonadal dose per fraction of all patients was 0.057 Gy (median 0.05 Gy) with a range between 0.035 and 0.114 Gy. The standard deviation was 0.02 Gy. The calculated cumulative mean gonadal dose after 28 fractions was 1.60 Gy (0.98-3.19 Gy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Germinal epithelium is very sensitive to low-dose irradiation, according to a negative fractionation effect. It is known that gonadal total doses of 1 Gy with single doses of 0.03-0.05 Gy can result in a temporary azoospermia with following recovery in most cases. If gonadal total doses exceed 1.5 Gy a substantial increase in irreversible azoospermia must be expected. With respect to the data reported in the literature our measured mean gonadal total dose of 1.60 Gy will lead with high probability to an irreversible infertility. Because of the small number of patients in our study, the data must be interpreted with caution, however, it is very important in patient's informed consent to draw attention to the high risk of infertility. The possibility of sperm cryoconservation should be discussed with the patient.
authors: Abteilung für Klinische Radiologie, Radiologische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg. marc.piroth@rwth-aachen.de
authors: Marc D
authors: MD
authors: Piroth
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Hensley
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Wannenmacher
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Zierhut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000209:etiology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005472:Fluorouracil