title: Injurious ventilation strategies cause systemic release of IL-6 and MIP-2 in rats in vivo.
abstract: In vivo experiments showed no increased production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in response to injurious ventilation strategies in otherwise untreated animals. Because interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) are more sensitive markers of ventilation-induced cytokine release, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were examined for these mediators. Eighty-five adult rats were randomized to three different ventilation strategies. Rats were ventilated with low pressures and low tidal volumes [13/3; peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)/positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in cmH2O], the second group of rats was ventilated with high pressures and low PEEP resulting in high tidal volumes (32/6), and the third group was ventilated with the same high pressures but without PEEP (32/0). Animals were ventilated either for 90 or 240 min, subsequently serum and BAL were collected for analyses on IL-6 and MIP-2 content. Non-ventilated animals served as healthy controls. Ventilation with 32/0 for 90 or 240 min, led to increased serum IL-6 levels. Serum MIP-2 levels were increased by ventilation with 32/6 (90 min) and 32/0 (240 min). Ventilation under any condition, even at 13/3, resulted in elevated MIP-2 levels in the BAL fluid. Even at normal pressures pulmonary MIP-2 levels were increased, suggesting that ventilation may promote pro-inflammatory responses in healthy subjects.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC-Faculty, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jack J
authors: JJ
authors: Haitsma
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Uhlig
authors: Serge J
authors: SJ
authors: Verbrugge
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Göggel
authors: Davey L H
authors: DL
authors: Poelma
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Lachmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6