title: Impact of chest wall and lung invasion on outcome of stage I-II Hodgkin's lymphoma after combined modality therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of extranodal chest wall and lung invasion on the prognosis of patients with clinical Stage I-II Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with combined modality therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome of 324 patients with clinical Stage I-II Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with combined modality therapy between 1981 and 1996 was analyzed. Twenty-two patients had chest wall invasion and 40 had invasion of lung parenchyma. The chemotherapy regimens used were ABVD in 182 patients (56%), MOPP/ABV(D) in 45 (14%), MOPP in 86 (27%), and other chemotherapy regimens in 11 patients (3%). This was followed by mantle/mediastinal radiotherapy (RT) in 163 patients (50%), extended-field RT in 135 patients (42%), and infradiaphragmatic RT in 26 patients (8%). The impact of chest wall and lung invasion on local relapse, disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 8.3 years, the 5-year cause-specific and overall survival rate of the entire cohort was 93% and 90%, respectively. Compared with patients with no extranodal involvement, patients with chest wall invasion had significantly worse local control (89% vs. 68%, p = 0.005), disease-free survival (84% vs. 59%, p = 0.016), and cause-specific survival (94% vs. 86%, p = 0.009). Overall survival was also worse among patients with chest wall invasion, but not significantly so (90% vs. 82%, p = 0.10). Among the 16 patients with chest wall invasion but without lung invasion, 7 progressed during treatment or relapsed, 6 with local failure (crude relapse rate 44%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 19-68%), and 5 died (crude death rate 31%, 95% CI 9-54%). After adjusting for other significant prognostic factors, patients with chest wall invasion had significantly worse local control (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.3), disease-free survival (hazard ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8), and cause-specific survival (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-6.8). Lung invasion was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chest wall invasion is an adverse prognostic factor among clinical Stage I-II Hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated with combined modality therapy, although we did not find a worse outcome for patients with lung invasion. Efforts to reduce treatment intensity in these patients should be undertaken with caution, recognizing their increased risk of local relapse.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. david.hodgson@rmp.uhn.on.ca
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Hodgson
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Tsang
authors: Melania
authors: M
authors: Pintilie
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Sun
authors: Woodrow
authors: W
authors: Wells
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Crump
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Gospodarowicz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011344:Procarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000473:pathology*; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin; D011344:Procarbazine; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D014750:Vincristine; D014747:Vinblastine; D003606:Dacarbazine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D011241:Prednisone