title: TRUS staging and follow-up in patients with anal canal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to define the role of grey-scale transrectal ultrasound in the evaluation, staging and follow-up of patients with histologically diagnosed anal canal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients underwent digital rectal examination, anoscopy, abdomino-pelvic CT, inguinal and transrectal ultrasound; Fifty-five received combined chemoradiotherapy, whereas 21 received only radiotherapy due to clinical contraindications to chemotherapy. Before and after treatment TNM and UT staging were compared. After treatment we evaluated the sensitivity of transrectal ultrasound in the differentiation of post-radiation fibrosis from residual tumor/local relapse (gold standard: histological analysis). Ultrasound examination was carried out to assess inguinal and perirectal lymph node involvement, and Computed Tomography to detect abdominal lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all stages, except stage 4, there were differences between TNM and UT staging, as TNM is often understaged. After treatment ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 71 percent in the differentiation of fibrosis from residual tumor (the results were confirmed by histopathologic analysis), of 93 percent in the identification of perirectal lymph nodes and of 95 percent in the identification of inguinal lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transrectal ultrasound is very useful in the staging and follow-up of anal canal carcinoma, in the evaluation of initial tumor volume and reduction after therapy. Ultrasound is useful in the distinction of fibrosis from residual tumor after therapy and as biopsy guidance.
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy. FrancescoM.Drudi@uniroma1.it
authors: Francesco M
authors: FM
authors: Drudi
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Raffetto
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: De Rubeis
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Santarelli
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Padula
authors: Palma
authors: P
authors: Mendicino
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Maurizi Enrici
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Passariello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D014463:Ultrasonography