title: MR analysis of the transverse ligament in the late stage of whiplash injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse and classify structural changes in the transverse ligament in the late stage of whiplash injury by use of high-resolution MRI, and to evaluate the reliability of our classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two whiplash-injured (2-9 years previously, mean 6 years) and 30 non-injured individuals underwent proton-weighted MR imaging of the craniovertebral junction in three orthogonal planes. Structural changes in the transverse ligaments were graded twice (grades 1-3) based on increased signal, independently by 3 radiologists with a 4-month interval. Inter- and intraobserver statistics were calculated by ordinary and weighted kappa (K).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Image quality was excellent in 109 cases and slightly reduced in 13. Twenty-two out of 30 ligaments in the control group were classified as normal (73%) compared with only 32 out of 92 in the injured group (36%). Two or all 3 observers agreed in their grading in 101 out of 122 ligaments (83%). Intraobserver agreement (weighted K) was fair to good (0.33-0.73). Pair-wise interobserver agreement was fair (0.24-0.39). Reasons for divergent grading were insufficient knowledge of normal variations, low signal intensity in the peridental soft tissue obscuring the ligament and interpretation flaw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whiplash trauma can damage the transverse ligament. By use of high-resolution proton-weighted MR images such lesions can be detected and classified. The reliability of this classification still needs improvement.
authors: Section of Neuroradiology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. jostein.krakenes@helsebergen.no
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Krakenes
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Kaale
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Nordli
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Moen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Rorvik
authors: N E
authors: NE
authors: Gilhus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D015588:Observer Variation; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000473:pathology*