title: Influence of the hormonal changes during the normal menstrual cycle in healthy young women on soluble adhesion molecules, plasma homocysteine, free radical markers and lipoprotein fractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Female sex hormones are known to exert a protective role on the vascular endothelial function, but the exact mechanisms of such protection is not known. We aimed to study the possible regulatory role of the female sex hormones changes during the normal menstrual cycle on soluble adhesion molecules E-selectin and ICAM-1, plasma homocyteine, free radical markers and lipoproteins in healthy young women.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  a cross sectional study of healthy female volunteers studied during a single normal menstrual cycle at 3 specific time points.
  
  
  METHODS
  North Staffordshire Hospitals NHS Trust.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 healthy young menstruating women, aged (mean +/- SEM) 34 +/- 1 years, with normal menstruation, defined as a menstrual cycle of 21-35 days were studied at 3 time points of the same menstrual cycle. First in the early follicular phase (M-phase), at mid-follicular phase (F-phase), and during the luteal phase (L-phase).
  
  
  METHODS
  none.
  
  
  METHODS
  serum levels of soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, plasma homocysteine, vitamin E and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as lipoprotein fractions were measured at each time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percentage change for E-selectin between the M-phase and L-phase, F-phase and L-phase were 6% and 4%, respectively, p<0.005, p<0.066. Levels of ICAM-1, vitamin E and malondialdehyde did not vary through the cycle. Homocysteine was not different between M-phase and F-phase (10.39 +/- 0.68 micromol/l vs 10.33 +/- 0.65), nor between M-phase and L-phase (10.39+/-0.68 vs 9.77 +/- 0.75 micromol/l). Although the mean percentage decrease in homocysteine between F- and L-phases was significant (5.36 +/- 0.53%, p=0.029), the absolute decrease in concentrations was not (p=0.07). There were no cyclical changes in total, LDL, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apo A-I, apo B or Lp(a). Using a linear regression model, after correction for age, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR), oestrogen levels were the only predictor of E-selectin during the L-phase p<0.005. There were no significant correlations between oestrogen with lipids, apolipoproteins or homocysteine. There was an interesting significant univariate correlation between homocysteine with low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apo B throughout all phases of the cycle, which persisted after correction for the effects of age, BMI, WHR and smoking history. Multiple regression analysis with all these factors showed homocysteine to be a significant predictor of apo B concentration during M (p=0.030) and L-phases (p=0.023) of the cycle and of LDL cholesterol in the M-phase (p=0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female sex hormones may have small, though significant modulating role on E-selectin and homocysteine metabolism in healthy premenopausal women. Furthermore, the correlation between homocysteine, LDL and apo B levels suggests that induction of cholesterol synthesis by homocysteine, shown previously in vitro, may be of relevance in vivo.
authors: Department of Medicine, North Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. tarikelhadd@aol.com
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Elhadd
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Neary
authors: T A M
authors: TA
authors: Abdu
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Kennedy
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hill
authors: M
authors: M
authors: McLaren
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Akber
authors: J J F
authors: JJ
authors: Belch
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D005609:Free Radicals; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D008055:Lipids; D006710:Homocysteine; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol