Where should implants be anchored in the humeral head?
To determine histomorphometric and bone strength distribution of the proximal humerus, analyses were done on 24 freshly harvested human cadaveric humeri. Median ages of 46 and 69 years were recorded respectively for the male group (n = 11; minimum, 34 years; maximum, 76 years) and the female group (n = 13; minimum, 46 years; maximum, 90 years). The humeral head was sliced into four equal horizontal levels (Levels 1-4). Five regions of interest were defined in each cutting plane: anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, and central. Histomorphometric analyses evaluated structural parameters (tissue volume to bone volume ratio, trabecular thickness), connectivity (number of nodes, node to node length), and trabecular orientation (mean bone length). The peak values of histomorphometric parameters and bone strength were identified for the cranial section and decreased caudally. The medial and dorsal aspects of the proximal humeral head were found to be the areas of highest bone strength. The trabecular network formed a pattern that connected the center of the gleaned cavity. The structural and connectivity parameters, bone strength, and trabecular orientation showed region- and level-related characteristics. Knowledge of distribution, microstructure, and quality of bone in the humeral head allows the remaining bone stock to be used effectively, even in elderly patients, with a minimally invasive approach and maximum mechanical stability.
Hepp
Pierre
P
Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Leipzig, Germany. hepp@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
Lill
Helmut
H
Bail
Hermann
H
Korner
Jan
J
Niederhagen
Manuel
M
Haas
Norbert P
NP
Josten
Christoph
C
Duda
Georg N
GN
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006652:Histological Techniques; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013718:Tensile Strength