title: Chloramphenicol and florfenicol susceptibility of fish-pathogenic bacteria isolated in France: comparison of minimum inhibitory concentration, using recommended provisory standards for fish bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the distribution of antimicrobial resistance to phenicols in the fish pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida, motile Aeromonas, Yersinia ruckeri, lactic bacteria and the nutritionally fastidious Flavobacterium psychrophilum. The last species was screened on two media (diluted Mueller-Hinton and peptone-enriched Anacker and Ordal), both supplemented with horse serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessment, using the agar dilution method according to proposed standards, confirmed that chloramphenicol resistance was more frequent and expressed at higher levels than florfenicol resistance. A significant resistant population, highlighted by the bimodal distribution of MICs, was detected only for chloramphenicol in A. salmonicida. No link could be found with the geographical origin of the isolates or fish species. Other cases of resistance appeared randomly distributed or related to the natural properties of the bacterial species. Although the two media used for testing F. psychrophilum resulted in comparable performances in dilution methods, Anacker and Ordal was more adapted to disc diffusion tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite wide use, resistance to florfenicol does not seem to occur frequently in French fish farms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to maintain a surveillance, as development of florfenicol resistance has occasionally been documented. For this purpose, and for the species studied in this work, the recently proposed standards appear generally well-adapted.
authors: Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Equipe Infection et Immunité des Poissons, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France. michel@jouy.inra.fr
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Michel
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kerouault
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D003470:Culture Media; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D005398:Fisheries; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D002701:Chloramphenicol; C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol