title: Relationship between infectious burden, systemic inflammatory response, and risk of stable coronary artery disease: role of confounding and reference group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to assess the association between seropositivity to various infectious agents and stable coronary artery disease (CAD), controlling simultaneously for a variety of potential confounders. We also investigated whether the choice of a larger reference group might affect the results, and whether or not seropositivity to multiple agents was associated with a systemic inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the simultaneous prevalence of antibodies against Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus in 312 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 479 age and sex matched controls. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, PAI-1-activity, D-dimer, von Willebrand Factor, plasma viscosity, and a complete blood cell count were determined in all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seropositivity to all of the four agents was 21.8% in cases and 13.6% in controls (P=0.0003). We found a dose-response relationship between combined IgG-seropositivity to H. pylori, Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus and odds for the presence of angiographically confirmed stable CAD which, however, was strongly reduced after controlling for a variety of potential confounders. The dose-response pattern was no longer evident if a more stable reference group (subjects seropositive for two agents) was used instead of the relatively small reference group with zero or one seropositivity. We found no consistent pattern between IgG-seropositivity to several pathogens and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on serological evidence of various infectious agents, this study suggests that the aggregate number of persistent infections is not independently associated with an increased risk for CAD if control for confounding and use of a stable reference group are guaranteed.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Dietrich
authors: D
authors: Rothenbacher
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Brenner
authors: Albrecht
authors: A
authors: Hoffmeister
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Mertens
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Persson
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002689:Chlamydia / Q000276:immunology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000276:immunology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018836:Inflammation Mediators