title: The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 -675 4G/5G genotype influences the risk of myocardial infarction associated with elevated plasma proinsulin and insulin concentrations in men from Europe: the HIFMECH study.
abstract: Although the potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the development of coronary artery disease is strongly supported by its biological characteristics, results of clinical studies remain controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether plasma PAI-1 concentrations and the -675 4G/5G polymorphism located in the PAI-1 gene could constitute risk markers for myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a European case-control study, the HIFMECH study, comparing 598 men with MI and 653 age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin resistance explained a major part of the variation in PAI-1 (24%) whereas inflammation had only a minor contribution (0.01%). For both cases and controls plasma PAI-1 concentrations were significantly higher in the North than the South, and in both regions were higher in individuals with MI compared with control subjects [overall odds ratio (OR) for a 1 SD increase=1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34, 1.77]. This difference was observed in all the centers studied. Overall, the difference between cases and control subjects remained significant after controlling for inflammation variables (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.08, 1.57), but lost significance after controlling for insulin resistance variables (OR=1.17, 95% CI 0.98, 1.40). The 4G allele was associated with significantly higher PAI-1 levels in cases but not controls and, taken independently, did not modify the risk of MI (P=0.9). However, a significant interaction was observed with both insulin or proinsulin and the risk of MI (P=0.05 and 0.02, respectively), but not with triglycerides or body mass index (BMI). The insulin or proinsulin effect on risk was observed only in the carriers of the 4G/4G genotype. This interaction appeared not to be mediated by plasma PAI-1 antigen concentrations (P=0.01 and 0.02 after adjustment for PAI-1 plasma levels). The interaction with proinsulin but not insulin remained statistically significant after further adjustment for other factors associated with insulin resistance (triglycerides and BMI) and C-reactive protein (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that PAI-1 has a role in risk of MI in the presence of underlying insulin resistance. A significant interaction between insulin or proinsulin and the -675 4G/5G polymorphism was observed in risk for MI. The mechanisms for these interactions remain to be determined.
authors: Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Timone, Inserm EPI 99-36, Marseilles, France. ijuhan@ap-hm.fr
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Juhan-Vague
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Morange
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Frere
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Aillaud
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Alessi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hawe
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Boquist
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Tornvall
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Yudkin
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Tremoli
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Margaglione
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Di Minno
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hamsten
authors: S E
authors: SE
authors: Humphries
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011384:Proinsulin