title: Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper briefly reviews current explanations for corneal transparency and uses a well-developed model to try to explain the increased light scattering either accompanying corneal swelling or following phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK).
  
  
  METHODS
  The direct summation of fields (DSF) method was used to compute light transmission as a function of wavelength. The method requires input of a number of structural parameters. Some of these were obtained from electron micrographs and others were calculated from X-ray diffraction data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By swelling sections of stroma cut from different depths in the tissue, we have shown that fluid entering the cornea causes more swelling in the posterior lamellae than in the anterior lamellae. Furthermore, posterior lamellae can reach a higher final hydration than anterior lamellae. Collagen-free regions ('lakes') exist in corneas swollen in vitro and in Fuch's dystrophy corneas, many of which may be caused by the death of cells. The DSF method shows that local fibril disordering, increased refractive index mismatch, and increased corneal thickness together can account for a 20% increase in light scattering in a Fuch's dystrophy cornea at H=5.8 compared to the normal cornea. Additional scattering is probably caused by 'lakes'. The DSF method applied to PTK rabbit stroma with high levels of haze suggests that the newly deposited collagen is not the cause of the increased light scattering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluid is not uniformly distributed within the corneal stroma when the cornea swells. Increased hydration of posterior lamellae may be because of known differences in the glycosaminoglycans between the anterior and posterior stroma. Lamellar interweave in the anterior stroma probably limits the extent to which the constituent lamellae can swell. The DSF method can be used to account for increased light scattering in oedematous corneas but cannot account for haze following PTK.
authors: Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Meekkm@cf.ac.uk
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Meek
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Leonard
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Connon
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dennis
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Khan
mesh_terms: D015715:Corneal Edema / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008954:Models, Biological; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012542:Scattering, Radiation