title: Informed consent for medical procedures: local and national practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No studies have assessed whether clinicians obtain informed consent for invasive medical procedures, and there are no explicit national standards to guide the process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Informed consent practices are inconsistent for commonly performed invasive medical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple questionnaire was electronically mailed and/or faxed to training program directors of critical care medicine and internal medicine departments, and to ICU directors in the state of Connecticut. The questionnaire listed common invasive medical procedures and asked the respondents to check those for which practitioners routinely obtain informed consent in their hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three samples, national intensivists (88 respondents), Connecticut intensivists (29 respondents), and national internists (56 respondents) demonstrated heterogeneity of consenting practices. The rate of obtaining consent for common vascular access procedures ranged from 20 to 90%. The rates of obtaining consent for Foley catheterization and nasogastric intubation were uniformly < 10%, and those for endoscopic procedures were > 90%. Separate consent (beyond the general consent to treat) was not uniformly obtained for the transfusion of blood products (range, 74 to 93%) and common diagnostic medical procedures (eg, thoracentesis, paracentesis, or lumbar puncture; range, 77 to 96%). Surgical intensivists reported that the obtaining of consent for invasive procedures was less routine compared to medical intensivists. Lower rates of consent were noted by those respondents who used a "blanket" consent form, which was signed at the time of hospital admission, to cover subsequent procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this relatively small sample, there was no uniform practice of informed consent for commonly performed invasive medical procedures. Consent was routinely obtained for GI endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and medical research, and was not obtained for Foley catheterization and nasogastric intubation. The obtaining of consent for vascular cannulation and diagnostic procedures was not routine in the ICUs of a substantial number of respondents. Explicit standards that delineate specifically which procedures require consent may be required to assure more uniform practices.
authors: Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Bridgeport Hospital and Yale University School of Medicine, Bridgeport, CT 06610, USA. pcmant@bpthosp.org
authors: Constantine A
authors: CA
authors: Manthous
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: DeGirolamo
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Haddad
authors: Yaw
authors: Y
authors: Amoateng-Adjepong
mesh_terms: D003237:Connecticut; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States