title: Single agent thalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia.
abstract: Thalidomide is a putative anti-angiogenesis agent that has significant anti-tumour activity in haematological malignancies with increased bone marrow angiogenesis, including multiple myeloma (MM) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Increased levels of the mitogen for angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), correlate with worse survival in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A phase II trial of thalidomide was conducted in patients with relapsed- or refractory-AML previously treated with cytarabine-containing regimens. A total of 16 patients with refractory- or relapsed-AML were treated with thalidomide 200-800 mg orally daily (median dose 400 mg daily) for a median of 27 d (range, 3-94 d). Overall, one patient (6%) achieved complete remission (CR) lasting for 36 months, and two patients had a transient reduction in marrow blasts from 8% and 7% to less than 5% in both cases. There was no correlation between reduction in levels of angiogenesis markers and response. Toxicities related to thalidomide were significant, and precluded dose escalation beyond 400 mg orally daily in most patients. Although there appears to be some evidence of biological activity, single agent thalidomide is not an optimal choice of therapy for salvaging patients with relapsed- or refractory-AML. Thalidomide analogues with more potent immunomodulatory activities and more favourable toxicity profiles may offer more promise as anti-AML therapy.
authors: Department of Leukemia, M D Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA. debthomas@mdanderson.org
authors: Deborah A
authors: DA
authors: Thomas
authors: Elihu
authors: E
authors: Estey
authors: Francis J
authors: FJ
authors: Giles
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Faderl
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Cortes
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Keating
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: O'Brien
authors: Maher
authors: M
authors: Albitar
authors: Hagop
authors: H
authors: Kantarjian
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic / Q000097:blood; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D013792:Thalidomide; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; C046366:angiogenin; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic