title: Tidal volume, cardiac output and functional residual capacity determine end-tidal CO2 transient during standing up in humans.
abstract: In man assuming the upright position, end-tidal P(CO(2)) (P(ETCO(2))) decreases. With the rising interest in cerebral autoregulation during posture change, which is known to be affected by P(ETCO(2)), we sought to determine the factors leading to hypocapnia during standing up from the supine position. To study the contribution of an increase in tidal volume (V(T)) and breathing frequency, a decrease in stroke volume (SV), a ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) gradient and an increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) to hypocapnia in the standing position, we developed a mathematical model of the lung to follow breath-to-breath variations in P(ETCO(2)). A gravity-induced apical-to-basal V/Q gradient in the lung was modelled using nine lung segments. We tested the model using an eight-subject data set with measurements of V(T), pulmonary O(2) uptake and breath-to-breath lumped SV. On average, the P(ETCO(2)) decreased from 40 mmHg to 36 mmHg after 150 s standing. Results show that the model is able to track breath-to-breath P(ETCO(2)) variations (r(2)= 0.74, P P 0.05). Model parameter sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the decrease in P(ETCO(2)) during standing is due primarily to increased V(T), and transiently to decreased SV and increased FRC; a slight gravity-induced V/Q mismatch also contributes to the hypocapnia. The influence of cardiac output on hypocapnia in the standing position was verified in experiments on human subjects, where first breathing alone, and then breathing, FRC and V/Q were controlled.
authors: Department of Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.gisolf@amc.uva.nl
authors: Janneke
authors: J
authors: Gisolf
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Wilders
authors: Rogier V
authors: RV
authors: Immink
authors: Johannes J
authors: JJ
authors: van Lieshout
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Karemaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005652:Functional Residual Capacity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide