title: Sutures and suture anchors: update 2003.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate recently introduced sutures and suture anchors for single-pull load-to-failure strength and failure mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an established protocol in fresh porcine femurs, anchors were tested in diaphyseal cortex, metaphyseal cortex, and cancellous troughs after threading them with either steel sutures or strong synthetic material to reduce the likelihood of suture breakage as a mode of failure. An Instron machine (Instron, Canton, MA) applied tensile loads parallel to the axis of insertion at a rate of 12.5 mm/second until failure, and mean anchor failure strengths were calculated. Mode of failure was recorded (anchor pullout, suture eyelet cutout, or wire breakage). Anchors tested included the RotorloC (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA), TwinFix Ti 3.5, TwinFix Ti 5.0, and TwinFix AB (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy), Super Revo and UltraSorb (Linvatec, Largo, FL), Duet (Bionx Implants, Blue Bell, PA), AlloAnchor RC (Regeneration Technologies, Alachua, FL), Opus Magnum anchor (Opus Medical, San Juan Capistrano, CA), and the BioCorkscrew 5.0 and BioCorkscrew 6.5 (Arthrex, Naples, FL). Sutures tested were No.2 and No. 5 Ethibond (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), No. 2 Panacryl (Mitek, a division of Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), and Nos. 2, 5, and 2-0 Fiberwire (Arthrex, Naples, FL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sutures all broke in the midpoint of their tested strand away from the grips. The No. 2 Ethibond failed at a mean of 21 lb (92 N); No. 5 Ethibond failed at a mean of 44 lb (193 N); No. 2, No. 5, and No. 2-0 Fiberwire at means of 44 lb (188 N), 112 lb (483N), and 19 lb (82 N), respectively; and No. 2 Panacryl at a mean of 22 lb (99 N). The suture anchors all failed at levels higher than the associated sutures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screw anchors showed higher load to failure values than nonscrew designs, and the new biodegradable anchors showed failure loads lower than the anchors. All anchors were stronger than the suture for which they are designed.
authors: Plano Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Plano, Texas 75093, USA.
authors: F Alan
authors: FA
authors: Barber
authors: Morley A
authors: MA
authors: Herbert
authors: David P
authors: DP
authors: Richards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005269:Femur; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008422:Materials Testing; D009757:Nylons; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C014534:Ethibond; D009757:Nylons; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D013193:Stainless Steel