title: V(D)J recombination frequencies can be profoundly affected by changes in the spacer sequence.
abstract: Each V, D, and J gene segment is flanked by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), composed of a conserved heptamer and nonamer separated by a 12- or 23-bp spacer. Variations from consensus in the heptamer or nonamer at specific positions can dramatically affect recombination frequency, but until recently, it had been generally held that only the length of the spacer, but not its sequence, affects the efficacy of V(D)J recombination. In this study, we show several examples in which the spacer sequence can significantly affect recombination frequencies. We show that the difference in spacer sequence alone of two V(H)S107 genes affects recombination frequency in recombination substrates to a similar extent as the bias observed in vivo. We show that individual positions in the spacer can affect recombination frequency, and those positions can often be predicted by their frequency in a database of RSS. Importantly, we further show that a spacer sequence that has an infrequently observed nucleotide at each position is essentially unable to support recombination in an extrachromosmal substrate assay, despite being flanked by a consensus heptamer and nonamer. This infrequent spacer sequence RSS shows only a 2-fold reduction of binding of RAG proteins, but the in vitro cleavage of this RSS is approximately 9-fold reduced compared with a good RSS. These data demonstrate that the spacer sequence should be considered to play an important role in the recombination efficacy of an RSS, and that the effect of the spacer occurs primarily subsequent to RAG binding.
authors: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: Alina
authors: A
authors: Montalbano
authors: Kisani M
authors: KM
authors: Ogwaro
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Tang
authors: Adam G W
authors: AG
authors: Matthews
authors: Mani
authors: M
authors: Larijani
authors: Marjorie A
authors: MA
authors: Oettinger
authors: Ann J
authors: AJ
authors: Feeney
mesh_terms: D000916:Antibody Diversity / Q000235:genetics; D001482:Base Composition; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015322:Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte; D015329:Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007133:Immunoglobulin Joining Region / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007133:Immunoglobulin Joining Region; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C499311:RAG2 protein, human; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; C064655:V(D)J recombination activating protein 2; C064658:RAG-1 protein