title: Gender differences in unipolar depression: a general population survey of adults between age 18 to 64 of German nationality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies from different epidemiological backgrounds have shown that unipolar depression is more prevalent in females than in males. This study examines gender differences in depression in a sample of 4075 probands recruited representatively from the general population in the northern German epidemiological catchment area of Lübeck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probands were interviewed with M-CIDI by lay interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Being married only seems to increase the female depression risk when having children, while higher education reduced female excess; both male and female risk for depression raised sharply in separated, divorced and widowed probands. Not being employed was associated with an increased risk in male depression whereas in females risk was nearly unchanged. The gender ratio increased with the minimum number of depressive symptoms. Female excess was not reduced by a higher degree of subjective impairment or melancholic features. Females also predominated in longer episode durations. Female excess in the total group emerged beginning from adolescence with a tendency for a male excess in the prepubescent ages. No birth cohort effect was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional design of this study precluded causal analysis of reported associations and some retrospective assessments are error-prone because of recall bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We support previous findings of variations in gender differences in depression, however observed social parameter influences underline the need for a more detailed analysis of subgroups and underlying psychological mechanisms.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Rostocker Chaussee 70, 18437, Stralsund, Germany. lucht@mail.uni-greifswald.de
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lucht
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Schaub
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Meyer
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Hapke
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Rumpf
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bartels
authors: J
authors: J
authors: von Houwald
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Barnow
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Freyberger
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dilling
authors: U
authors: U
authors: John
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012924:Social Conditions