title: Waist-to-hip ratio and breast cancer mortality.
abstract: High insulin levels have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer and poorer survival after a breast cancer diagnosis. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a marker for insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that elevated WHR is directly related to breast cancer mortality. For identification of modifiable factors affecting survival, data were collected on 603 patients with incident breast cancer who visited the Vancouver Cancer Centre of the British Columbia Cancer Agency (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) in 1991-1992, including body measurements and information on demographic, medical, reproductive, and dietary factors. These patients were followed for up to 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to relate the variables to breast cancer mortality (n = 112). After adjustment for age, body mass index, family history, estrogen receptor (ER) status, tumor stage at diagnosis, and systemic treatment (chemotherapy or tamoxifen), WHR was directly related to breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women (for highest quartile vs. lowest, relative risk = 3.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 10.4) but not in premenopausal women (relative risk = 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.4, 3.4). Stratification according to ER status showed that the increased mortality was restricted to ER-positive postmenopausal women. Elevated WHR was confirmed as a predictor of breast cancer mortality, with menopausal status and ER status at diagnosis found to be important modifiers of that relation.
authors: Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. mborugia@bccancer.bc.ca
authors: Marilyn J
authors: MJ
authors: Borugian
authors: Samuel B
authors: SB
authors: Sheps
authors: Charmaine
authors: C
authors: Kim-Sing
authors: Ivo A
authors: IA
authors: Olivotto
authors: Cheri
authors: C
authors: Van Patten
authors: Bruce P
authors: BP
authors: Dunn
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Coldman
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Potter
authors: Richard P
authors: RP
authors: Gallagher
authors: T Gregory
authors: TG
authors: Hislop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017697:Premenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen