title: Cross-regional survey of seasonal affective disorders in adults and high-school students in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Asian countries, there is no epidemiological report on seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in different age groups and different geographic regions surveyed at the same time. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rates of SAD and risk factors for SAD in adults and high-school students, with special reference to the difference of winter SAD between northern and southern regions in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3237 high-school students and 4858 workers living in Japan (31.3-43.5 degrees N) responded to this epidemiological survey using Japanese version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence rates of winter SAD (subsyndromal winter SAD) and summer SAD (subsyndromal summer SAD) in high-school students were 0.91(2.21) and 0.81(2.57)%, respectively. In workers, these rates were 0.45(1.16) and 0.43(0.71)%, respectively. Although no regional difference was noted in high-school students with winter seasonal type, the estimated odds ratio of this type for northern workers was nearly 3-fold higher than the southern counterparts. The prevalence rates of each seasonal type were not significantly different between two sexes in both age groups. No clear dependence on latitude was seen with regard to summer SAD in both age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of climate on SAD could not be entirely excluded from geophysical factor as indexed by latitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAD was less common in adults than in high-school students. While latitude was a major determinant of winter type in adults, socio-cultural factors or other contributing factors might affect the development of this type in high-school students.
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. m_imai@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Imai
authors: Yuhei
authors: Y
authors: Kayukawa
authors: Tatsuro
authors: T
authors: Ohta
authors: Lan
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Takeo
authors: T
authors: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D012621:Seasons; D013334:Students