title: Identification of novel genes regulated by IL-12, IL-4, or TGF-beta during the early polarization of CD4+ lymphocytes.
abstract: Th1 and Th2 cells arise from a common precursor cell in response to triggering through the TCR and cytokine receptors for IL-12 or IL-4. This leads to activation of complex signaling pathways, which are not known in detail. Disturbances in the balance between type 1 and type 2 responses can lead to certain immune-mediated diseases. Thus, it is important to understand how Th1 and Th2 cells are generated. To clarify the mechanisms as to how IL-12 and IL-4 induce Th1 and Th2 differentiation and how TGF-beta can inhibit this process, we have used oligonucleotide arrays to examine the early polarization of Th1 and Th2 cells in the presence and absence of TGF-beta. In addition to genes previously implicated in the process, we have identified 20 genes with various known and unknown functions not previously associated with Th1/2 polarization. We have also further determined which genes are targets of IL-12, IL-4, and TGF-beta regulation in the cells induced to polarize to Th1 and Th2 directions. Interestingly, a subset of the genes was coregulated by IL-12 or IL-4 and TGF-beta. Among these genes are candidates that may modulate the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
authors: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Abo Akademi, Turku, Finland. riikka.lund@btk.utu.fi
authors: Riikka
authors: R
authors: Lund
authors: Tero
authors: T
authors: Aittokallio
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Nevalainen
authors: Riitta
authors: R
authors: Lahesmaa
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000502:physiology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494749:GATA3 protein, human; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma