[Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus].
"Common" type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease. Hyperglycemia is related to a decrease in glucose peripheral uptake, and to an increase in hepatic glucose production, due to reduced insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Multiple insulin secretory defects are present, including loss of basal pulsatility, lack of early phase of insulin secretion after intravenous glucose administration, decreased basal and stimulated plasma insulin concentrations, excess in prohormone secretion, and progressive decrease in insulin secretory capacity with time. These genetically determined abnormalities appear early in the course of the disease. Insulin resistance affects muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. For the same plasma insulin levels, peripheral glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production suppressibility are lower in diabetic patients than in controls. It results from aging of the population and from "western" lifestyle, with progressive increase in mean body weight, due to excess in energy intake, decreased energy expenses and low physical activity level.
The role of beta-cell dysfunction, as well as the interplay between insulin secretory defect and insulin resistance are now better understood. In subjects with normal beta-cell function, increase in insulin needs secondary to insulin resistance is compensated by an increase in insulin secretion adjusted to maintain plasma glucose levels to normal. In subjects genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes, failure of beta-cell to compensate for increased needs is responsible for a progressive elevation in plasma glucose levels, then for overt type 2 diabetes. This adaptative phenomenon is called beta-cell compensation of insulin resistance. The lack of compensation is responsible for type 2 diabetes. When permanent hyperglycemia is present, progressive insulin secretory failure with time ensues, due to glucotoxicity and to lipotoxicity.


CONCLUSIONS
Simple changes in lifestyle, such regular moderate physical activity, and control of body weight, should permit to avoid the explosion in prevalence of type 2 diabetes. This has been evidenced by the results of prospective studies aiming at preventing conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes. In patients with permanent hyperglycemia not controlled by lifestyle changes, metabolic defects are the targets of specific therapy intervention with antidiabetic oral agents, such as insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, and inhibitors of hepatic glucose production.
Guillausseau
P-J
PJ
Service de médecine interne B, hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise-Paré, 75475 Paris 10, France. pierre-jean.guillausseau@lrb.ap-hop-paris.fr
Laloi-Michelin
M
M
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000502:physiology; D008019:Life Style; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
D007328:Insulin