title: Extreme subcutaneous insulin resistance: a misunderstood syndrome.
abstract: Extreme subcutaneous insulin resistance (SIR) is a rare syndrome characterized by severe resistance to subcutaneous insulin with normal intravenous insulin sensitivity. Its pathophysiology is unknown, though an increased insulin degrading activity has been suggested. We report the case of a 35 year-old female patient with type I diabetes since the age of 3. Despite five shots of insulin/day, the patient progressively developed permanent ketosis related to severe acquired SIR with insulin doses as high as 500 U/day. Subcutaneous infusion of insulin and lispro insulin through an external pump did not improve resistance: HbA(1c) levels remained between 14 and 18% (N<6.5%). After numerous ketoacidotic episodes, continuous ambulatory intravenous insulin infusion was attempted through a central port due to a lack of peripheral venous access. HbAlc improved (8.5%) and daily insulin needs decreased to below 40U. However, the treatment had to be discontinued because of thrombosis and infection at different times. Intraperitoneal insulin infusion with an external pump was then proposed. HbAlc improved to 8% during 18 months but several episodes of catheter infection and encapsulation led to its removal. An intraperitoneal pump was surgically implanted, leading to the stabilization of HbA(1c) to around 8%. An insulin degradation assay did not demonstrate any excess of insulin degrading activity in the patient's or controls' subcutaneous tissue; nevertheless, excessive amounts of insulin were found in the patient's derm compared to controls. This case report of acquired SIR raises the question of its treatment and mechanisms. Regarding treatment, intraperitoneal delivery of insulin appears to be the best solution, but the mechanisms underlying SIR still remain unclear.
authors: Laboratory of Endocrinology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Soudan
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Girardot
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fermon
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Verlet
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Pattou
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Vantyghem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D007657:Ketone Bodies