title: A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and clinical data suggest that fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion to induce lung growth may improve the outcome of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. We performed a randomized, controlled trial comparing fetal tracheal occlusion with standard postnatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women carrying fetuses that were between 22 and 27 weeks of gestation and that had severe, left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (liver herniation and a lung-to-head ratio below 1.4), with no other detectable anomalies, were randomly assigned to fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion or standard care. The primary outcome was survival at the age of 90 days; the secondary outcomes were measures of maternal and neonatal morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 28 women who met the entry criteria, 24 agreed to randomization. Enrollment was stopped after 24 patients had been enrolled because of the unexpectedly high survival rate with standard care and the conclusion of the data safety monitoring board that further recruitment would not result in significant differences between the groups. Eight of 11 fetuses (73 percent) in the tracheal-occlusion group and 10 of 13 (77 percent) in the group that received standard care survived to 90 days of age (P=1.00). The severity of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia at randomization, as measured by the lung-to-head ratio, was inversely related to survival in both groups. Premature rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery were more common in the group receiving the intervention than in the group receiving standard care (mean [+/-SD] gestational age at delivery, 30.8+/-2.0 weeks vs. 37.0+/-1.5 weeks; P<0.001). The rates of neonatal morbidity did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheal occlusion did not improve survival or morbidity rates in this cohort of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
authors: Fetal Treatment Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0570, USA.
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Harrison
authors: Roberta L
authors: RL
authors: Keller
authors: Samuel B
authors: SB
authors: Hawgood
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Kitterman
authors: Per L
authors: PL
authors: Sandberg
authors: Diana L
authors: DL
authors: Farmer
authors: Hanmin
authors: H
authors: Lee
authors: Roy A
authors: RA
authors: Filly
authors: Jody A
authors: JA
authors: Farrell
authors: Craig T
authors: CT
authors: Albanese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000209:etiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome