title: Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers.
abstract: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been demonstrated to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms and cognitive impairment in humans. The NMDA receptor has been strongly implicated in memory, but research to date on the effects of NMDA antagonists has examined only some aspects of human memory functions. This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent groups design with 54 healthy volunteers to examine the effects of infusions of two doses (0.4, 0.8 mg/kg) of the NMDA antagonist ketamine upon the five human memory systems, aspects of executive functioning and schizophrenia-like and dissociative symptoms. Ketamine produced a dose-dependent impairment to episodic and working memory and a slowing of semantic processing. Ketamine also impaired recognition memory and procedural learning. Attention, perceptual priming and executive functioning were not affected following the drug. In addition, ketamine induced schizophrenia-like and dissociative symptoms, which were not correlated with the cognitive measures. These data suggest that, in humans, ketamine produces a selective pattern of impairments to working, episodic, and procedural memory but not to perceptual priming, attention or aspects of executive functioning.
authors: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Sub-Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University College London, London, England. c.morgan@ucl.ac.uk
authors: Celia J A
authors: CJ
authors: Morgan
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Mofeez
authors: Brigitta
authors: B
authors: Brandner
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Bromley
authors: H Valerie
authors: HV
authors: Curran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D032882:Comprehension / Q000187:drug effects; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012660:Semantics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine