title: Climbing exercise increases bone mass and trabecular bone turnover through transient regulation of marrow osteogenic and osteoclastogenic potentials in mice.
abstract: To investigate the relationship between the effects of bone turnover and bone marrow cell development in bone cells, we developed a mouse voluntary climbing exercise model. Climbing exercise increased bone volume and transient osteogenic potential of bone marrow. This model would be suitable for investigating the mechanistic roles of mechanical loading.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The relationship between bone mass gain and local bone formation and resorption in mechanically loaded bone is not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five C57BL/6J mice, 8 weeks of age, were assigned to five groups: a baseline control and two groups each of ground control and climbing exercise mice for 2 and 4 weeks. Mice were housed in a 100-cm tower and had to climb toward a bottle placed at the top to drink water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the ground control, bone mineral density of the left femur increased in the climbing mice at 4 weeks. At 2 and 4 weeks, bone formation rate (BFR/BS) of periosteal surface, the cross-sectional area, and moment of inertia were increased in the climbing mice, whereas BFR/BS and eroded surface (ES/BS) of endosteal surface did not differ. The trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibia increased in climbing mice, and osteoclast surface (Oc.S/BS) and osteoclast number decreased at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, there were increases in BV/TV and parameters of bone formation, including mineralized surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate. In marrow cell cultures from the tibia, the number of alkaline phosphatase+ colony forming units-fibroblastic and the area of mineralized nodule formation in climbing mice were increased, and the number of osteoclast-like TRACP+ multinucleated cells was lower at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, these parameters recovered to the levels of the ground controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that climbing increased trabecular bone volume and reduced bone resorption, with a subsequent increase in bone formation. Intermittent climbing downregulates marrow osteoclastogenic cells and upregulates osteogenic cells initially, but further exercise seemed to desensitize them. Cortical envelopes were enlarged earlier, but the response seems to differ from trabecular bone.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors: Toshiharu
authors: T
authors: Mori
authors: Nobukazu
authors: N
authors: Okimoto
authors: Akinori
authors: A
authors: Sakai
authors: Yuichi
authors: Y
authors: Okazaki
authors: Nariaki
authors: N
authors: Nakura
authors: Takuya
authors: T
authors: Notomi
authors: Toshitaka
authors: T
authors: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009929:Organ Size; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*