title: Regulation of outgrowth and apoptosis for the terminal appendage: external genitalia development by concerted actions of BMP signaling [corrected].
abstract: Extra-corporal fertilization depends on the formation of copulatory organs: the external genitalia. Coordinated growth and differentiation of the genital tubercle (GT), an embryonic anlage of external genitalia, generates a proximodistally elongated structure suitable for copulation, erection, uresis and ejaculation. Despite recent progress in molecular embryology, few attempts have been made to elucidate the molecular developmental processes of external genitalia formation. Bone morphogenetic protein genes (Bmp genes) and their antagonists were spatiotemporally expressed during GT development. Exogenously applied BMP increased apoptosis of GT and inhibited its outgrowth. It has been shown that the distal urethral epithelium (DUE), distal epithelia marked by the Fgf8 expression, may control the initial GT outgrowth. Exogenously applied BMP4 downregulated the expression of Fgf8 and Wnt5a, concomitant with increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation of the GT mesenchyme. Furthermore, noggin mutants and Bmpr1a conditional mutant mice displayed hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the external genitalia respectively. noggin mutant mice exhibited downregulation of Wnt5a and Fgf8 expression with decreased cell proliferation. Consistent with such findings, Wnt5a mutant mice displayed GT agenesis with decreased cell proliferation. By contrast, Bmpr1a mutant mice displayed decreased apoptosis and augmented Fgf8 expression in the DUE associated with GT hyperplasia. These results suggest that some of the Bmp genes could negatively affect proximodistally oriented outgrowth of GT with regulatory functions on cell proliferation and apoptosis. The DUE region can be marked only until 14.0 dpc (days post coitum) in mouse development, while GT outgrowth continues thereafter. Possible signaling crosstalk among the whole distal GT regions were also investigated.
authors: Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Suzuki
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Bachiller
authors: YiPing P
authors: YP
authors: Chen
authors: Mami
authors: M
authors: Kamikawa
authors: Hidenao
authors: H
authors: Ogi
authors: Ryama
authors: R
authors: Haraguchi
authors: Yukiko
authors: Y
authors: Ogino
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Minami
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Mishina
authors: Kyung
authors: K
authors: Ahn
authors: E Bryan
authors: EB
authors: Crenshaw
authors: Gen
authors: G
authors: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016923:Cell Death; D002455:Cell Division; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics*; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005835:Genitalia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000071818:Wnt-5a Protein; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; C496457:Fgf8 protein, mouse; C438615:Wnt5a protein, mouse