title: Smoking cessation attempts in relation to prior health care charges: the effect of antecedent smoking-related symptoms?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesize that elevated charges among former smokers reflect differential cessation of sicker individuals. We ascertained the relationship between prior health care charges and time to smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study using panel survey data and administrative health plan records.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large managed care organization in Minnesota.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified random sample of 8000 health plan members 40 years and older, yielding 611 current smokers at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking cessation measured via self-report survey. Health care charges, mortality, and disenrollment data derived from automated health plan databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among smoking adults without chronic disease diagnoses at baseline, a first attempt at quitting smoking was positively associated with the presence of any inpatient charges (relative risk [RR], 1.9; p < .05) or any emergency department or urgent care charges (RR, 1.4; p < .10). We also observed positive associations between total charges and ambulatory charges in the top textile (RR, 1.5 and 1.6, respectively; p < .05) with a first attempt at quitting smoking, further suggesting graded relationships. Among smoking adults with one or more of four chronic disease diagnoses at baseline, being in the top two tertiles of total charges or ambulatory care charges was predictive of a subsequent attempt at quitting smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher health care charges, particularly from ambulatory (primary care clinic) settings, predicted smoking cessation among both individuals with and without chronic diseases. These charges may be proxies for other factors, such as smoking-related symptoms or physician advice or messaging regarding smoking cessation.
authors: HealthPartners Research Foundation, 8100 34th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55440-1524, USA.
authors: Brian C
authors: BC
authors: Martinson
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: O'Connor
authors: Nicolaas P
authors: NP
authors: Pronk
authors: Sharon J
authors: SJ
authors: Rolnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics*; D006306:Health Surveys; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics*