title: Surgical management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A retrospective review was carried out of consecutive cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-related perforation to identify risk factors and technique affecting surgical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients (0.45%) out of 4030 ERCP performed were operated on for ERCP-related perforation at Singapore General Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group's median age was 72.5 years and 14 patients had ductal stone disease. Five perforations were discovered at ERCP while 10 required computed tomography for diagnosis. Eight patients were operated on within 24 h whereas 10 patients had surgery after 24 h. Five of six with type I (lateral duodenal) perforations had early surgery versus one of seven with type II (peri-Vaterian; P = 0.03). There were four type III (bile duct) perforations and one type IV (retroperitoneal air). Five of six patients with type I perforation had simple repair compared with five of seven type II requiring the complex duodenal diversion procedure (P = 0.10). Three patients (16.7%) succumbed after surgery due to sepsis and myocardial infarction. Advanced age>70 years resulted in higher mortality of 30% versus none in patients <70 years (P = 0.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis is important but difficult especially for the type II perforations. Duodenal diversion is used more frequently in patients with type II perforations and those operated on late. Advanced age contributes to poorer outcome in surgical treatment of ERCP perforations.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Madhukumar
authors: M
authors: Preetha
authors: Yaw-Fui A
authors: YF
authors: Chung
authors: Weng-Hoong
authors: WH
authors: Chan
authors: Hock-Soo
authors: HS
authors: Ong
authors: Pierce K H
authors: PK
authors: Chow
authors: Wai-Keong
authors: WK
authors: Wong
authors: London L P J
authors: LL
authors: Ooi
authors: Khee-Chee
authors: KC
authors: Soo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D015984:Causality; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies