title: Errors of binocular fixation are common in normal subjects during natural conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the accuracy of fixation after symmetrical vergence eye movements along the midline during natural full-field viewing conditions using a video method of eye position measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The accuracy of binocular fixation after symmetrical vergence eye movements during natural conditions was measured on 29 young adults using a precise head-mounted video eye movement measuring system. All subjects had normal binocular vision and good visual acuity. Measurements were taken for both near and far fixation after vergence changes of 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees using three rates of change, approximately 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude of the vergence movement tended to be hypometric, resulting in underconvergence for near fixations, and overconvergence for distance fixation. For far fixations, most errors (82%) were from -120 to +120 min arc, and for near, most errors (85%) were from -30 to +120 min arc. For far fixations, there was a significant effect of the size of vergence change (F1,28 = 61.8; p < 0.001), the rate of change (F1,28 = 7.08; p = 0.013), and the interaction between these two factors (F1,28 = 7.17; p = 0.012) on resulting errors, with the eyes showing greater overconvergence on the target for the larger and faster fixation changes. For near fixations, there was a significant effect (F1,28 = 15.9; p < 0.001) for the angle of change with the faster vergence changes producing relatively more convergence, thus reducing the mean vergence error. No subject reported diplopia during any conditions despite our measures showing vergence errors of up to 5 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vergence errors of up to +/-2 degrees, without diplopia, were common in subjects with normal binocular single vision. Errors of 5 degrees were rare but present. In all, the largest number of errors occurred as a failure of divergence for far fixations, consistent with previous studies that have suggested differences in the neural control of pathways for convergence and divergence, or possibly caused by differences in the anatomical properties of the medial and lateral rectus muscles and their associated fascia. The absence of diplopia during the period of fixation could only be partly associated with the visual suppression associated with vergence eye movements that has been reported by others because it was still present after the vergence movement was completed. The natural viewing conditions in this study that included a full visual field and multiple disparities may have contributed to this effect.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. e.cornell@fhs.usyd.edu.au
authors: Elaine D
authors: ED
authors: Cornell
authors: Hamish G
authors: HG
authors: Macdougall
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Predebon
authors: Ian S
authors: IS
authors: Curthoys
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015357:Vision Disparity / Q000502:physiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology