title: Respiratory inductance plethysmography in healthy 3- to 5-year-old children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the challenges of using standard measurements such as spirometry to measure respiratory function in 3- to 5-year-old children, there may be a role for respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP), which is noninvasive and requires minimal subject cooperation. In this study, we described normative values of thoracoabdominal motion and timing mechanics in 3- to 5-year-old children, and hypothesized positional dependence of these measurements in this age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured relative thoracoabdominal motion during tidal breathing using the phase angle (Phi), the labored breathing index, and the phase relation during the total breath and timing mechanics with the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (TPTEF/TE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Preschools within the greater Philadelphia area and the Pulmonary Office of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty healthy children between 3 years and 5 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  RIP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All measures varied with position. Thoracoabdominal motion was nearly synchronous in the sitting position and most asynchronous in the supine position (Phi, 15.7 +/- 4.0 degrees vs 56.1 +/- 4.3 degrees, respectively; p < 0.001). This also led to an increase in the TPTEF/TE from the sitting to the supine positions (30.3 +/- 1.4% vs 37.0 +/- 1.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Measurements of thoracoabdominal motion and timing mechanics did not change with age, weight, height, or gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the positional dependence of these measurements is due to the alteration in respiratory mechanics between the sitting, standing, and supine positions. We further conclude that if RIP is to be a useful longitudinal measure of respiratory function in this age range, comparison measurements should be made in the same position.
authors: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mayero@email.chop.edu
authors: Oscar H
authors: OH
authors: Mayer
authors: Russell G
authors: RG
authors: Clayton
authors: Abbas F
authors: AF
authors: Jawad
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: McDonough
authors: Julian L
authors: JL
authors: Allen
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000502:physiology