title: The effects of augmented kinematic feedback on motor skill learning in rifle shooting.
abstract: In this study, we examined the effects of augmented kinematic knowledge of performance (KP) on shooting performance and learning. Knowledge of performance described the aiming trajectory of the rifle barrel. The effects of knowledge of performance were evaluated in terms of shooting accuracy (shooting score), variability of the shooting score (root mean square error) and rifle stability (x- and y-deviation of rifle movement). The participants (n = 40) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: no-KP, 50% KP, 100% KP and a control group. The three experimental groups performed 480 shots during a 4 week acquisition phase in which feedback was provided. No-feedback retention tests were administered at 2 and 10 days after acquisition. There were no differences between groups during acquisition. In the 2 day retention test, the mean shooting score of the group receiving 100% knowledge of performance was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Furthermore, variability in shooting score for the 100% KP group was lower than that for the 50% KP and control groups. No significant differences were found in rifle stability between the experimental groups. In summary, a high frequency of kinematic knowledge of performance improved shooting accuracy, but the effect appeared to be temporal, disappearing in the 10 day retention test. Given that a parallel effect was not found in rifle stability, future research should focus on examining the reasons for this improvement in shooting score.
authors: KIHU-Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland. kaisu.mononen@kihu.jyu.fi
authors: Kaisu
authors: K
authors: Mononen
authors: Jukka T
authors: JT
authors: Viitasalo
authors: Niilo
authors: N
authors: Konttinen
authors: Pertti
authors: P
authors: Era
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology*; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis