title: Comparative chlorine and temperature tolerance of the oyster Crassostrea madrasensis: implications for cooling system fouling.
abstract: Crassostrea madrasensis is an important fouling oyster in tropical industrial cooling water systems. C. madrasensis individuals attach to surfaces by cementing one of their two valves to the substratum. Therefore, oyster fouling creates more problems than mussel fouling in the cooling conduits of power stations, because unlike the latter, the shell of the former remains attached to the substratum even after the death of the animal. However, there are no published reports on the tolerance of this species to chlorination and heat treatment. The mortality pattern and physiological behaviour (oxygen consumption and filtration rate) of three size groups (13 mm, 44 mm and 64 mm mean shell length) of C. madrasensis were studied at different residual chlorine concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 to 5 mg 1-1) and temperatures (30 degrees C to 45 degrees C). The effect of shell size (= age) on C. madrasensis mortality in the presence of chlorine and taking into account temperature was significant, with the largest size group oysters showing highest resistance. At 1 mg l-1 residual chlorine, the 13 mm and 64 mm size group oysters, took 504 h (21 d) and 744 h (31 d), respectively to reach 100% mortality. At 39 degrees C, the 13 mm size group oysters took 218 min to reach 100% mortality, whereas the 64 mm size group oysters took 325 min. The oxygen consumption and filtration rate of C. madrasensis showed progressive reduction with increasing residual chlorine concentrations. However, the filtration rate and oxygen consumption responses of C. madrasensis were not significantly different between 30 degrees C (control) and 37.5 degrees C. There was a sharp decrease in the filtration rate and oxygen consumption at 38.5 degrees C. A comparison of the present mortality data with previous reports on other bivalves suggests that the chlorine tolerance of C. madrasensis lies in between that of Perna viridis and Perna perna, while its temperature tolerance is significantly higher than that of the other two bivalve species. However, in power station heat exchangers, where simultaneous chlorine and thermal stresses are existent, C. madrasensis may have an edge over other common foulants, because of its high temperature tolerance.
authors: Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Section Aquatic Animal Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands. raju@sci.kun.nl
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rajagopal
authors: V P
authors: VP
authors: Venugopalan
authors: G
authors: G
authors: van der Velde
authors: H A
authors: HA
authors: Jenner
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005374:Filtration; D007221:Industry; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012623:Seawater; D013696:Temperature; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine