title: Risk assessment for osteoporosis by quantitative ultrasound of the heel in ankylosing spondylitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this cross-sectional cohort study is to assess the potential of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus in pre-screening for vertebral/non-vertebral fractures, and in discriminating osteoporotic from normal bone density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS); a second objective is to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in this patient group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included are 50 consecutive AS patients with no history of osteoporosis: mean (SD) age 52 (12) yrs, range 26-75 yr; female/male ratio 15/35. The mean (SD) DEXA T score in the lumbar spine (AP view) was -0.82 (1.73), mean (SD) DEXA T score in femoral neck -1.46 (1.12). The mean (SD) calcaneal QUS T score was -0.73 (0.95). In our population of AS patients the prevalence of femoral neck osteoporosis according to the WHO definition (DEXA T < -2.5) was 20%. Osteoporosis criteria were met at the femoral neck in 10 (20%) patients, and 7 of them (70%) were correctly diagnosed using QUS, with T < -1.0 as cut-off value; normal bone density at the femoral neck was found in 15 AS patients (30%), yet in 2 of them the calcaneal QUS T was < -1.0. In AS the 20% pretest probability of having femoral neck osteoporosis increased using calcaneal QUS, with a cut-off level T < -1.0 (70% sensitivity, 68% specificity), and then rose to 35% as the predictive value of a positive test, yielding a net result of QUS testing of +15%. The predictive value of a negative QUS test result was 90%, which makes QUS applicable to exclude severe osteoporosis. Vertebral and/or non-vertebral fractures occurred in 12 out of 50 AS patients (24%); 5 of them (10%) were associated with osteoporosis as defined by WHO criteria measured via DEXA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of QUS is similar to DEXA in finding patients with osteoporosis-associated fractures: the sensitivity of QUS T < -1.0 in finding the fracture is 80%, and the sensitivity of femoral neck DEXA T < -2.5 in finding fractured patients is 60%. We conclude that both osteoporosis and fractures are common sequelae in AS. Calcaneal QUS offers a promising approach to screen for osteoporosis, and may be applied to exclude osteoporosis-associated high fracture risk in AS.
authors: Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Department of Rheumatology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. T.Jansen@znb.nl
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Jansen
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Aarts
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zanen
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Bruyn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography