title: Implementation of systems strategies for breast and cervical cancer screening services in health maintenance organizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the systems strategies used to reduce failures in delivery of breast and cervical cancer screening services in HMOs with high performance rates for these services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven HMOs participated in an assessment of their breast and cervical cancer screening policies and procedures. Current clinical practice guidelines were analyzed, and key informants were interviewed about organizational policies and procedures that ensure initial screening and follow-up of abnormal results. Data were analyzed across plans for several theoretically relevant domains, including leadership and policies, clinical decision support, delivery system design, clinical information systems, and patient self-management support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Practice guidelines were fundamentally similar across plans for both cancer screenings, although operationalization of risk and formatting of the written documents differed. These plans adopted a wide array of strategies, particularly in the clinical decision support, clinical information systems, and patient self-management support domains, but there is room for improvement. Differences among plans and between strategies for breast and cervical cancer screening provide new understanding of how to approach this problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organizations seeking to improve performance of breast and cervical cancer screening should consider multiple strategies aimed at multiple targets and should ensure that strategies used for one type of cancer are considered for others.
authors: Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Meyers Primary Care Institute/University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. karin.goins@umassmed.edu
authors: Karin Valentine
authors: KV
authors: Goins
authors: Jane G
authors: JG
authors: Zapka
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Geiger
authors: Leif I
authors: LI
authors: Solberg
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Taplin
authors: Marianne Ulcickas
authors: MU
authors: Yood
authors: Joyce
authors: J
authors: Gilbert
authors: Judy
authors: J
authors: Mouchawar
authors: Carol P
authors: CP
authors: Somkin
authors: Sheila
authors: S
authors: Weinmann
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D016134:Organizational Policy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control