title: Protective effect of glycine in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycine has a protective effect in renal and skeletal muscle ischemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycine in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 1 hour of mesenteric ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Control animals received normal saline solution intravenously at 0.01 mL/g of body weight/h during ischemia and reperfusion. Treated animals received glycine at 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg/g of body weight, dissolved in saline solution and infused at 0.01 mL/g/h for 2 hours. Animals were killed at the end of the experiment, and proximal, middle, and distal segments of the small bowel were isolated. Sections of the segments stained with hematoxylin-eosin were subjected to histologic examination (as per modified Chiu grading system) and morphometric analysis consisting of measurement of bowel wall, muscularis and mucosal thickness, epithelial coverage, and villar circumference. Isometric tension responses to electrical stimulation (10, 30, 50, 100 Hz), high doses of potassium (120 mmol/L), and carbachol (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 micromol/L) were recorded in a multimuscle chamber. Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired t test and one-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The middle and distal segments of the small bowel in glycine-treated animals showed better histologic grade compared with saline solution-treated control rats (P <.05). At morphometric analysis, total thickness, mucosal thickness, and villar circumference ratio were well preserved in the middle and distal segments of the small bowel in the glycine-treated group (P <.05). No significant differences were observed in the proximal bowel segments between glycine-treated and control animals, because the proximal segment was not subjected to much ischemia. No differences were noted in percentage of epithelial coverage. Isometric tension responses evoked by electrical stimulation were greater (P <.05) in the middle and distal segments treated with glycine as compared with control segments. Carbachol-evoked contractions were stronger (P <.05) in the small bowel segments of animals treated with glycine. The responses evoked by 120 mmol/L of potassium were stronger in the distal segments of the small bowel in the glycine-treated group (P <.05). This cytoprotective effect of glycine was not dose-dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycine improved mucosal viability in the ischemia and reperfusion injury rat model. Mucosal thickness and villous circumference ratio were reliable objective parameters for evaluation of intestinal ischemia injury. Glycine improved the contractile responses of the bowel segments also, probably by altering the physiologic mechanisms underlying force generation. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of the cytoprotective action of glycine.
authors: Department of Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA.
authors: Sreedhar
authors: S
authors: Kallakuri
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Ascher
authors: Murali
authors: M
authors: Pagala
authors: Prasad
authors: P
authors: Gade
authors: Anil
authors: A
authors: Hingorani
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Scheinman
authors: Khodadad
authors: K
authors: Mehraein
authors: Theresa
authors: T
authors: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005998:Glycine