title: Are the results of the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and its subtests related to achievement test scores?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although visual analysis, motor coordination, and visual-motor integration can each affect performance on a test of visual motor integration, previous studies have not reported the relative importance of these components to the relation between visual motor integration and learning readiness, reading, and math. This investigation relates academic achievement in reading and math to performance on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) and its subtests, Visual Perception and Motor Coordination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VMI was administered to 155 children in second through fourth grades (7 to 10 years of age; mean, 8.4 +/- 1.0 years). The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test and Stanford Achievement Test were administered by the school.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was found in performance on the VMI and Visual Perception and Motor Coordination subtests between children in the upper and lower quartiles in reading (p = 0.020, p < 0.001, and p = 0.027, respectively) and math achievement (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, and p = 0.01, respectively). The VMI standard score was significantly correlated with Stanford total math standard score (p = 0.001) and a trend toward significance was found for Stanford reading score (p = 0.050) while partially controlling for verbal school ability and age. In addition, Visual Perception and Motor Coordination standard scores were significantly related to Stanford math (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) and reading score (p = 0.008 and p = 0.027, respectively) after partially controlling for verbal school ability and age. Multiple linear regressions controlling for performance on the VMI and each subtest, as well as age and verbal cognitive ability, showed a significant relation between the Visual Perception subtest score and math achievement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual perceptual ability should be assessed in children with poor math and/or reading achievement.
authors: The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43218, USA. kulp.6@osu.edu
authors: Jennifer Mazzola
authors: JM
authors: Sortor
authors: Marjean Taylor
authors: MT
authors: Kulp
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D009048:Motor Skills; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading