title: Evaluation of fluorescent probe surface intensities as an indicator of transdermal permeant distributions using wide-area two-photon fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: The application of high-speed two-photon fluorescence microscopy (HTPM) to examine transdermal transport processes has enabled the noninvasive visualization of permeant spatial distributions over a larger, more clinically relevant wide area of the skin. Earlier studies demonstrated that the transdermal fluorescent probe distribution over a 2 x 2 mm skin area was well represented by a significantly reduced sampling of the 400 microscale skin sites (100 x 100 microm) constituting the wide area. In the present study, the 400 microscale skin sites are considered individually, and the site-to-site variability in permeant distributions is used as a model to reflect the range in experimentally measured skin permeabilities resulting from the inherent stratum corneum structural heterogeneity. The correlation established between the permeant surface intensity and the corresponding permeant intensity gradient at each skin site provides an indication of the potential for screening transdermal permeant distributions solely based on the evaluation of microscale permeant surface intensities. The strong linear correlation between the intensity gradient and the surface intensity for the hydrophilic model permeant, sulforhodamine B, demonstrated that surface intensities provide a robust indicator of the corresponding transdermal probe distributions at the microscale. For the hydrophobic model permeant, rhodamine B hexyl ester, however, weak correlations were observed between these two parameters. This result suggests that the stratum corneum microscale surface intensity does not validly capture the corresponding intensity gradients for the entire range of skin permeabilities typically encountered as a result of the inherent stratum corneum heterogeneity.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors: Betty
authors: B
authors: Yu
authors: Ki Hean
authors: KH
authors: Kim
authors: Peter T C
authors: PT
authors: So
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Blankschtein
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Langer
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations