title: Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer--biological factors.
abstract: Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. High abortion and fetal mortality rates are commonly observed. These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. Various strategies have been used to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer, however, significant breakthroughs are yet to happen. In this review we will discuss studies conducted, in our laboratories and those of others, to gain a better understanding of nuclear reprogramming. Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other species, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle.
authors: Center for Regenerative Biology/Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4243, USA. xtian@canr.uconn.edu
authors: X Cindy
authors: XC
authors: Tian
authors: Chikara
authors: C
authors: Kubota
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Enright
authors: Xiangzhong
authors: X
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000209:etiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D019976:Cloning, Organism / Q000379:methods*; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D009928:Organ Specificity; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000166:cytology; D010920:Placenta / Q000002:abnormalities; D011247:Pregnancy; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free