title: Lethal and sub-lethal impacts of pulsed laser irradiations on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite.
abstract: Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of laser irradiation on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Research pertaining to fouling invertebrate larvae-laser interaction is sparse and, hence, data on this aspect were thought significant in order to consider pulsed low power laser irradiations as a possible future antifouling tool. Lethal and sub-lethal impacts of four very low laser fluences, viz. 0.013, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 J cm-2 for three different durations, viz. 2, 10 and 30 s were investigated. Three growth stages of barnacle larvae, viz. nauplii stage II, nauplii stage IV and cyprids were exposed to the mentioned laser fluences for different durations. While lethal impact was assessed immediately after and 1 d after irradiation, sub-lethal impacts were studied by monitoring the success rate of the irradiated nauplii in reaching the cyprid stage. In addition, the swimming speed of VIth stage nauplii after irradiation was studied. In the case of cyprids, in addition to the mortality measurement immediately after and 1 d after irradiation, the settlement rate was investigated. In all the above experiments, non-irradiated larvae served as controls. The results showed an increase in mortality with increasing laser fluence and duration of irradiation. Irradiation for 2 s resulted in significant mortality in nauplii, while it was less in the case of cyprids. In IInd stage nauplii, the mortality immediately after irradiation for 2 s varied from 14.8 +/- 2.12 to 97.1 +/- 4.1% for laser fluences of 0.013 and 0.1 J cm-2, respectively. However, in cyprids, the mortality immediately after irradiation for 2 s varied from 12.2 +/- 3 to 13.4 +/- 1.2% for fluences of 0.013 and 0.1 J cm-2, respectively. The mortality in IVth stage nauplii was less than that for IInd stage nauplii but more than that for cyprids. There was a significant increase in mortality with time after irradiation. The formation of cyprids from the irradiated larvae was significantly less than that observed for non-irradiated larvae. Also, the irradiated larvae showed a significantly slower swimming speed compared to the control samples. The settlement rate in cyprids was reduced significantly by the laser irradiation. This was true even for the lowest fluence and shortest period of irradiation tested. Thus, the results of the experiment showed that even a low power pulsed laser irradiation of 0.013 J cm-2 for 2 s can cause significant damage to fouling barnacle larvae.
authors: Marine Eco-materials Research Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan. n-kanavillil@aist.go.jp
authors: Kanavillil
authors: K
authors: Nandakumar
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Obika
authors: Tatsuya
authors: T
authors: Shinozaki
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Ooie
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Utsumi
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Yano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007814:Larva / Q000528:radiation effects; D007834:Lasers; D012623:Seawater; D001468:Thoracica / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors