title: Effect of the angle between the optical axis of the endoscope and the instruments' plane on monitor image and surgical performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to examine the effect of the angle between optical axis of the endoscope and the instruments' plane (OAIP) on the monitor display angle (approach angle between the two instruments on a two-dimensional monitor) and endoscopic task performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were carried out in the Advanced Dundee Endoscopic Psychomotor Tester (ADEPT) using a standard two-dimensional video endoscopic system. In the first experiment, the monitor display angle was measured during use, with OAIP angles ranging between 0 and 80 degrees (at 10 degrees increments) and manipulation angles varying between 45 and 120 degrees (at 15 degrees increments). In the second experiment, 10 surgeons tied 500 intracorporeal knots with OAIP angles of 0 degrees (optical axis in the same plane as the instruments), +15 degrees and +30 degrees (viewing above the instruments' plane), and -15 and -30 degrees (optical axis looking from below instruments' plane). The end points were the execution time and knot quality score (KQS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first experiment, instruments entered the visual field from lateral sides of the monitor with an apparent 180 degrees monitor display angle with a 0 degrees OAIP angle, whereas the monitor display angle approached the actual manipulation angle between the two needle drivers when an 80 degrees OAIP angle was used. In the second experiment, the instruments appeared to enter the image field from the side of the surgeon when the endoscope viewed the instruments from above, whereas instruments entered the field from the opposite side to the surgeon when the endoscope viewed instruments' plane from below. As a result, use of 0 and +15 degrees OATP angles yielded significantly shorter execution times: 70 s compared to 83, 93, and 77 s for +30, -30, and -15 degrees OAIP angles ( p < 0.001), with KQS of 39 degrees and 40 vs 38, 36, and 34%, respectively ( p = 0.257).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The angle between the optical axis of the endoscope and instruments' plane determines how the instruments appear to enter the operative field. The monitor display angle between the instruments is different from the real manipulation angle unless the OAIP angle is near 80 degrees. The apparent entry of instruments into the operative field becomes intuitive for the surgeon only if the endoscope is viewing from above or in the same plane as the instruments. Hence, the best performance for endoscopic knot tying is obtained with this configuration, and execution time increases significantly with viewing from below the instruments' plane.
authors: Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors: P V
authors: PV
authors: Patil
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Hanna
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013536:Suture Techniques; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation*