title: Delivery of antimicrobials into parasites.
abstract: To eliminate apicomplexan parasites, inhibitory compounds must cross host cell, parasitophorous vacuole, and parasite membranes and cyst walls, making delivery challenging. Here, we show that short oligomers of arginine enter Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites. Triclosan, which inhibits enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR), conjugated to arginine oligomers enters extracellular tachyzoites, host cells, tachyzoites inside parasitophorous vacuoles within host cells, extracellular bradyzoites, and bradyzoites within cysts. We identify, clone, and sequence T. gondii enr and produce and characterize enzymatically active, recombinant ENR. This enzyme has the requisite amino acids to bind triclosan. Triclosan released after conjugation to octaarginine via a readily hydrolyzable ester linkage inhibits ENR activity, tachyzoites in vitro, and tachyzoites in mice. Delivery of an inhibitor to a microorganism via conjugation to octaarginine provides an approach to transporting antimicrobials and other small molecules to sequestered parasites, a model system to characterize transport across multiple membrane barriers and structures, a widely applicable paradigm for treatment of active and encysted apicomplexan and other infections, and a generic proof of principle for a mechanism of medicine delivery.
authors: Department of Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, AMB S-208, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: B U
authors: BU
authors: Samuel
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Hearn
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Mack
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Wender
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Rothbard
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Kirisits
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mui
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Wernimont
authors: C W
authors: CW
authors: Roberts
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Muench
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Rice
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Prigge
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Law
authors: R
authors: R
authors: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH); D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003049:Coccidiostats; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014260:Triclosan; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH)