title: The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective.
abstract: Five models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reviewed. It is proposed that the cognitive-energetic model provides a reasonably comprehensive account of ADHD by incorporating the features of both the inhibition and delay aversion models. It is suggested that ADHD can only be accounted for by an analysis at three levels: top-down control, specific cognitive processes and energetic factors. It is argued that a refined and conceptually comprehensive neuropsychological battery is needed to advance research in ADHD. A widely distributed neural network involving frontal, basal ganglia, limbic and cerebellar loci seem implicated in ADHD.
authors: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Klinische Neuropsychologie, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. ja.sergeant@psy.vu.nl
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Sergeant
authors: Hilde
authors: H
authors: Geurts
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Huijbregts
authors: Anouk
authors: A
authors: Scheres
authors: Jaap
authors: J
authors: Oosterlaan
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology