title: Acute and chronic inflammation in pediatric patients receiving hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess chronic and acute inflammation in children receiving maintenance hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess markers of acute inflammation, serum levels (ELISA) of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10, and IL-6, 3 to 5 mL of serum was obtained from 13 pediatric patients (mean patient weight, 37.0+/-15.2 kg; mean age, 14.6+/-4.6 years) before and 30 minutes and 24 hours after a routine midweek hemodialysis treatment session. Chronic inflammation was assessed by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early-response cytokines TNF-alpha at 30 minutes (5.84+/-0.94 to 9.67+/-0.92 pg/mL; P=.002) and 24 hours (5.84+/-0.94 to 9.54+/-1.05 pg/mL; P=.008) and IL-1beta at 30 minutes (17.19+/-2.00 to 26.17+/-1.12 pg/mL; P=.001) and 24 hours (17.19+/-2.00 to 23.01+/-1.13 pg/mL; P=.02) increased significantly after hemodialysis. Later-response cytokines IL-10 and IL-6 activation was not significant. CRP levels were elevated in 10 of 13 patients (mean, 14.7+/-9.5mg/L; range, 7.2-38.8 mg/L) and correlated with dialysis vintage. Baseline IL-6 and IL-10 levels correlated with dialysis vintage and correlated negatively with eqKt/V.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a chronic inflammatory state in pediatric hemodialysis patients not related to the hemodialysis treatment but rather dialysis vintage and hemodialysis adequacy. We suggest that either more frequent dialysis or enhanced cytokine clearance may ameliorate the chronic inflammatory state observed in pediatric patients receiving hemodialysis.
authors: Baylor College of Medicine, Renal Dialysis Unit, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. stuartg@bcm.tmc.edu
authors: Stuart L
authors: SL
authors: Goldstein
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Currier
authors: Lynne
authors: L
authors: Watters
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Hempe
authors: Rita D
authors: RD
authors: Sheth
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Silverstein
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines