title: Morphology of floral papillae in Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (Orchidaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The labellar papillae and trichomes of Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. show great diversity. Although papillae also occur upon other parts of the flower (e.g. column and anther cap), these have not yet been studied. Labellar trichomes of Maxillaria are useful in taxonomy, but hitherto the taxonomic value of floral papillae has not been assessed. The aim of this paper is to describe the range of floral papillae found in Maxillaria and to determine whether papillae are useful as taxonomic characters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Light microscopy, histochemistry, low-vacuum scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 75 taxa were studied. Conical papillae with rounded or pointed tips were the most common. The column and anther cap usually bear conical, obpyriform or villiform papillae, whereas those around the stigmatic surface and at the base of the anther are often larger and swollen. Labellar papillae show greater diversity, and may be conical, obpyriform, villiform, fusiform or clavate. Papillae may also occur on multiseriate trichomes that perhaps function as pseudostamens. Labellar papillae contain protein but most lack lipid. The occurrence of starch, however, is more variable. Many papillae contain pigment or act as osmophores, thereby attracting insects. Rewards such as nectar or a protein-rich, wax-like, lipoidal substance may be secreted by papillae onto the labellar surface. Some papillae may have a protective role in preventing desiccation. Species of diverse vegetative morphology may have identical floral papillae, whereas others of similar vegetative morphology may not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, floral papillae in Maxillaria have little taxonomic value. Nevertheless, the absence of papillae from members of the M. cucullata alliance, the occurrence of clavate papillae with distended apices in the M. rufescens alliance and the presence of papillose trichomes in some species may yet prove to be useful.
authors: Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, UK.
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Davies
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Turner
mesh_terms: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic / Q000378:metabolism; D022081:Cell Surface Extensions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic; D013213:Starch