title: Migraine frequency and intensity: relationship with disability and psychological factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine can be disabling, but it varies greatly in frequency and intensity between individuals. It is not clear which clinical features have the greatest impact on a migraineur's quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of headache intensity and frequency on headache-related disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who were referred to a headache clinic and given a diagnosis of migraine with or without aura or transformed migraine (n = 115) were divided into different groups based on headache frequency and mean headache intensity. Headache frequency was determined from patient diaries. Headache intensity also was assessed from patient diaries and from scores on the pain severity scale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). Headache-related disability was assessed with the Headache Disability Inventory and by scores on the activity interference scale of the MPI. The degree of depression present was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory, and emotional distress was measured by scores on the affective distress scale of the MPI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our patient population, higher mean headache intensity levels were associated with higher levels of headache-related disability. Our results also suggested that increased headache intensity is associated with higher levels of depression and emotional distress, although this correlation was statistically significant in only 1 of 4 comparisons. Headache frequency did not correlate with disability, depression, or emotional distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a headache referral population, headache intensity appears to be a major determinant of headache-related disability, and it also correlates, to some extent, with the degree of depression and emotional distress present. Headache frequency was not clearly related to disability or psychological factors.
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and the Calgary Health Region, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Jane E
authors: JE
authors: Magnusson
authors: Werner J
authors: WJ
authors: Becker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications