A rapid procedure to ascertain the antimicrobial efficacy of oral care formulations.
A rapid method examining the antimicrobial efficacy of oral care formulations with alamar blue, an oxidation-reduction dye with fluorescent end-points, is described. Significant correlations between increasing viable plate counts of the oral bacteria Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and increased alamar fluorescence were noted. Metabolically active bacteria reduced alamar with the reduced dye found in the cell-free filtrate. Insignificant alamar reductions were noted in the absence of bacteria or by spent culture supernatants. The efficacy of mouthrinses with clinically proven antiplaque agents such as chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride were determined by alamar blue. In a model system with A. viscosus, triclosan dentifrices demonstrate a dose-dependent effect on bacteria. Human salivary bacteria demonstrate increasing alamar fluorescence with increasing plate counts. A clinical study examined the effects of rinsing with chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses in comparison with a placebo mouthrinse and water on salivary bacteria. Rinsing with chlorhexidine resulted in the least number of bacteria by alamar and plate count methods. In summary, the current study demonstrates the utility of alamar blue to examine the antimicrobial effects of oral care formulations in laboratory and clinical studies.
Sreenivasan
P K
PK
Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA. prem_sreenivasan@colpal.com
Tambs
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Gittins
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Nabi
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Gaffar
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D016924:Actinomyces viscosus / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010078:Oxazines; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology; D014966:Xanthenes
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010078:Oxazines; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; D014260:Triclosan; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D002710:Chlorhexidine