title: Confirmation of Escherichia coli and its distinction from Klebsiella species by gas and indole formation at 44 and 44.5 degrees C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the enumeration of coliform bacteria, confirmation of Escherichia coli has been based upon gas and indole production at the elevated incubation temperature. The test for gas production has recently been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gas production test on the reliability of confirmation of E. coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of several media on growth, gas and/or indole formation was tested at 44 and 44.5 degrees C using 547 environmental isolates. These were mainly E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca and Enterobacter cloacae strains. Another set of 250 faecal and environmental klebsiellae were tested for their maximum temperature for growth (Tmax) and for gas formation. Escherichia coli and even K. pneumoniae grew well in all the media, but gas production was more dependent on the medium used. Growth of the mainly gas negative Ent. cloacae and K. oxytoca strains was still more sensitive to the medium and incubation conditions. Tryptophan salt broth was the most productive medium for the indole test, followed by lauryl tryptose mannitole and tryptone mannitol ricinoleate broth (TRM). Tmax of K. oxytoca was clearly lower than Tmax of K. pneumoniae but a rather high fraction of its isolates produced indole at 44.5 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  False-positive E. coli confirmation is possible if gas production is not tested for and the confirmation is based on indole test only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erroneous positive results on routine analysis for E. coli can occur.
authors: Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland. maarit.niemi@ymparisto.fi
authors: R Maarit
authors: RM
authors: Niemi
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mentu
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Siitonen
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: Niemelä
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005740:Gases; D007211:Indoles; C030374:indole