Arabidopsis AtGSTF2 is regulated by ethylene and auxin, and encodes a glutathione S-transferase that interacts with flavonoids.
Expression of the Arabidopsis glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene AtGSTF2 is induced by several stimuli, but the function of this GST remains unknown. We demonstrate that AtGSTF2 expression is also induced by glutathione, paraquat, copper, and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) via a mechanism independent of ethylene perception, as determined by analysis of the ethylene-insensitive etr1 mutant. Deletion analyses identified two promoter regions important for regulation of AtGSTF2 expression in response to several of these inducers. Previous studies have suggested that AtGSTF2 interacts with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). We show that recombinant AtGSTF2 directly binds IAA, NPA, and the artificial auxin NAA. As NPA may act as an endogenous flavonoid regulator of auxin transport, competition between NPA and flavonoids for binding to AtGSTF2 was examined. Both quercetin and kaempferol competed with NPA for AtGSTF2 binding, indicating that all three compounds bind AtGSTF2 at the same site. In transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings, AtGSTF2::GUS expression occurred at the root-shoot transition zone and was induced in this region, as well as at the root distal elongation zone, after treatment with IAA. In wild-type seedlings, AtGSTF2 is localized near the plasma membrane of cells in the root-shoot transition zone. However, both AtGSTF2::GUS expression and localization of AtGSTF2 protein were disrupted in flavonoid-deficient tt4 seedlings. Our results indicate that AtGSTF2 is involved not only in stress responses but also in development under normal growth conditions.
Smith
Aaron P
AP
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA.
Nourizadeh
Saeid D
SD
Peer
Wendy A
WA
Xu
Jinghuai
J
Bandyopadhyay
Anindita
A
Murphy
Angus S
AS
Goldsbrough
Peter B
PB
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation; D010797:Phthalimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D005419:Flavonoids; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010797:Phthalimides; C002687:alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid; C036216:ethylene; C478066:GSTF2 protein, Arabidopsis; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005966:Glucuronidase