title: Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: clinical profile of 550 cases in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims and objectives of this paper were to analyze the clinical presentation of children with rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD), to determine the cardiac sequel of RF and valvular affection due to RF, and to study clinical manifestations in recurrences of RF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study, a retrospective analysis, was conducted at a tertiary-care teaching hospital with specialty follow-up clinic for patients with RF/RHD. This retrospective study was conducted to include a period of 31 years (from January 1971 through December 2001). Pre-completed case protocols of patients with RF/RHD were analyzed to record the following information: demographic data; clinical features on admission/presentation; relevant investigations; recurrences; cardiac valvular affection, and outcome. Modified Jones' criteria were used for diagnosis of RF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 550 patients. Mean age of presentation was 9.62 years and sex ratio was 1.15:1 favoring males. A total of 250 patients presented with initial/first attack of RF. Arthritis and carditis were seen in 169 (67.6%) and 105 cases (42%), respectively. Chorea was seen in 47 cases (18.8%) and erythema marginatum, in four. A total of 224 patients presented with recurrence of RF (with pre-existing RHD). Arthritis and carditis were seen in 109 (48.66%) and 178 cases (79.46%), respectively, in these patients; 76 cases presented with chronic RHD. Mitral regurgitation was the most common cardiac valvular lesion observed (150 cases) followed by a combination of mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation (98 cases). Congestive cardiac failure was seen in 201 cases (36.54%) and infective endocarditis in 30 (5.45%). 2-D echocardiography and/or color Doppler was performed in 201 patients (36.54%). Average duration of follow-up was 3.19 years; 74.72% of cases were lost to follow-up. Benzathine penicillin prophylaxis was regular in 42.18% cases. Positive family history of RF/RHD was present in 2% of cases. Twenty three patients (4.18%) died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthritis was the most common manifestation in the initial attack of RF, while carditis was the most common manifestation in patients presenting with rheumatic recurrences (with pre-existing RHD) and mitral regurgitation was the most common valvular lesion. Rate of patient dropout from penicillin prophylaxis was high. Clinical manifestations in initial/first attack of RF have not significantly changed in the last 31 years.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Ravisha
authors: Milind S
authors: MS
authors: Tullu
authors: Jaishree R
authors: JR
authors: Kamat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012213:Rheumatic Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine