title: The effects of repeated applications of the molluscicide metaldehyde and the biocontrol nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita on molluscs, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans: a two-year study in north-west Spain.
abstract: Over two years, six consecutive field experiments were done in which the chemical molluscicide metaldehyde and the nematode biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider) were applied at the standard field rates to replicated mini-plots successively planted with lettuce, Brussels sprouts, leaf beet and cabbage, to compare the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing slug damage to the crops. Soil samples from each plot were taken prior to the start of the experiments, and then monthly, to assess the populations of slugs, snails, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans. The experiments were done on the same site and each plot received the same treatment in the six experiments. The six treatments were: (1) untreated controls, (2) metaldehyde pellets, (3 and 4) nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without or with previous application of cow manure slurry, (5) nematodes applied to the area surrounding the planted area 3 days prior to planting, and (6) nematodes applied to the planted area once (only in the first of the six consecutive experiments). Only the metaldehyde treatment and the nematodes applied to the planted area at the beginning of each experiment without previous application of manure significantly reduced slug damage to the plants, and only metaldehyde reduced the number of slugs contaminating the harvested plants. The numbers of slugs, snails and earthworms in soil samples were compared among the six treatments tested: with respect to the untreated controls, the numbers of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) were significantly affected only in the metaldehyde plots, and the numbers of Arion ater L only in the plots treated with nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without previous application of manure; numbers of snails (Ponentina ponentina (Morelet) and Oxychilus helveticus (Blum)) were not affected by the treatment. The total numbers of all earthworm species and of Lumbricus spp were unaffected by the treatment, but Dendrobaena spp increased significantly in the plots treated with manure. The numbers of nematodes, acarids and collembolans in soil samples were compared between the untreated controls and the treatments with nematodes applied 3 days prior to planting to the planted area or to the surrounding area, without previous application of manure: the treatment had a significant effect on the number of nematodes in soil samples, but acarids and collembolans were unaffected.
authors: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. bahelix@usc.es
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Iglesias
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Castillejo
authors: Ramón
authors: R
authors: Castro
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008974:Mollusca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008975:Molluscacides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D017172:Rhabditoidea / Q000502:physiology*; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D008975:Molluscacides; D012987:Soil; C002935:metaldehyde; D000079:Acetaldehyde