title: Cognitive, social and environmental sources of bias in clinical performance ratings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global ratings based on observing convenience samples of clinical performance form the primary basis for appraising the clinical competence of medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. This review explores cognitive, social, and environmental factors that contribute unwanted sources of score variation (bias) to clinical performance evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raters have a 1 or 2-dimensional conception of clinical performance and do not recall details. Good news is reported more quickly and fully than bad news, leading to overly generous performance evaluations. Training has little impact on accuracy and reproducibility of clinical performance ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical performance evaluation systems should assure broad, systematic sampling of clinical situations; keep rating instruments short; encourage immediate feedback for teaching and learning purposes; encourage maintenance of written performance notes to support delayed clinical performance ratings; give raters feedback about their ratings; supplement formal with unobtrusive observation; make promotion decisions via group review; supplement traditional observation with other clinical skills measures (e.g., Objective Structured Clinical Examination); encourage rating of specific performances rather than global ratings; and establish the meaning of ratings in the manner used to set normal limits for clinical diagnostic investigations.
authors: Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, PO Box 19638, Springfield, IL 62794-9638, USA. rwilliams@siumed.edu
authors: Reed G
authors: RG
authors: Williams
authors: Debra A
authors: DA
authors: Klamen
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: McGaghie
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D013337:Students, Medical