title: Chlorpyrifos residue levels in avian food items following applications of a commercial EC formulation to alfalfa and citrus.
abstract: Two 10-day field residue studies were conducted to measure the amount of chlorpyrifos residue found in typical avian food following applications of a commercial 480 g liter(-1) EC (Lorsban 4E) at 1.1 kg AI ha(-1) (1 lb AI acre(-1)) to alfalfa and at 2.3 kg Al ha(-1) (2.0 lb AI acre(-1)) to citrus. Avian food items used in these studies included: crickets (Acheta domestica (L)), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L), darkling ground beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor L), seed heads (Triticum sp), and naturally occurring flying and ground-dwelling insects. The studies incorporated a design involving three main study plots placed within larger treated areas of an alfalfa crop and a mature orange grove. The three main study plots represented three replications and each contained four sub-plots. One sub-plot, on each study plot, was sampled on day 0 (2-h post-application), day 1, day 5 and day 10 post-application. Chlorpyrifos residues were present in all avian food sampled following the application; however, residue levels were lower than estimated residue values typically used by the US EPA to establish expected environmental concentration (EEC) used in screening assessments of risk to terrestrial wildlife.
authors: Springborn Smithers Laboratories, PO Box 2005, Sisters, OR 97759, USA. lbrewer@springborn.com
authors: Larry W
authors: LW
authors: Brewer
authors: Harry L
authors: HL
authors: McQuillen
authors: Monte A
authors: MA
authors: Mayes
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Stafford
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Tank
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D020387:Food Chain; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D007313:Insecta / Q000737:chemistry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D004390:Chlorpyrifos