Bone morphogenetic protein 9: a potent modulator of cartilage development in vitro.
Few publications describe the activity of bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9), but the consensus of these largely in vivo studies is that while BMP-9 can induce ectopic bone formation at relatively large concentrations, it is primarily active in non-skeletal locations--including the liver, nervous system and marrow. To study the effects of BMP-9 on chondrogenesis in a well-defined environment, calf articular chondrocytes were seeded onto biodegradable PGA scaffolds. The resulting cell-polymer constructs were cultured in either control medium or medium supplemented with 1, 10, 50 or 100 ng/ml of BMP-9. After 4 weeks of in vitro culture, all concentrations of BMP-9 increased the total mass of the constructs, and the amounts of collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and cells per construct. On a mass percentage basis, BMP-9 tended to increase GAG, to decrease the relative amount of collagen and had little effect on the relative amount of cells. BMP-9 elicited qualitatively similar responses as BMP-2, -12 and -13. However, in contrast to BMP-12 and -13, BMP-9 (at concentrations > or = 10 ng/ml) induced hypertrophic chondrocyte formation and was the only BMP tested to induce mineralization. Taken together, these data suggest that BMP-9 is a potent modulator of cartilage development in vitro.
Blunk
T
T
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Sieminski
A L
AL
Appel
B
B
Croft
C
C
Courter
D L
DL
Chieh
J J
JJ
Goepferich
A
A
Khurana
J S
JS
Gooch
K J
KJ
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002417:Cattle; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase