title: Characteristics associated with recurrence among women with ductal carcinoma in situ treated by lumpectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical and histopathologic characteristics that may predict risks of recurrence in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have not been consistently identified. We identified factors associated with recurrence as DCIS versus invasive breast cancer and determined the 5-year absolute risks of recurrence as a function of these factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based cohort study among 1036 women in the San Francisco Bay Area who were aged 40 years or older when diagnosed with DCIS and treated by lumpectomy alone from January 1983 through December 1994. Standardized pathology reviews were conducted to determine disease recurrence, defined as DCIS or invasive breast cancer diagnosed in the ipsilateral breast containing the initial DCIS lesion or at a distant site more than 6 months after the initial diagnosis and treatment of DCIS. Conditional logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with recurrence. All statistical significance tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up of 77.9 months, 209 women (20.2%) experienced a recurrence. Overall, the 5-year risks of recurrence as invasive cancer and as DCIS were 8.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.6% to 9.8%) and 11.7% (95% CI = 9.9% to 13.3%), respectively. The 5-year risks of recurrence as invasive cancer and as DCIS were 4.8% (95% CI = 3.7% to 6.8%) and 4.8% (95% CI = 3.8% to 5.8%), respectively, for women with low-nuclear-grade DCIS; 11.8% (95% CI = 9.9% to 14.1%) and 17.1% (95% CI = 15.5% to 18.7%), respectively, for women with high-nuclear-grade DCIS; 11.6% (95% CI = 11.3% to 12.0%) and 8.6% (95% CI = 7.1% to 10.2%), respectively, for women whose initial DCIS lesion was detected by palpation; and 6.6% (95% CI = 6.2% to 7.1%) and 14.1% (95% CI = 11.4% to 17.8%), respectively, for women with DCIS detected by mammography alone. High- (versus low-) nuclear-grade DCIS lesions and detection of the initial DCIS lesion by palpation (versus mammography) were associated with recurrence as invasive cancer. High- (versus low-) nuclear-grade lesions; resection margins that were positive, uncertain, or less than 10 mm disease-free (versus > or = 10 mm disease-free); and age 40-49 years at diagnosis (versus > or =50 years) were associated with recurrence as DCIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuclear grade is strongly associated with recurrence but not with the type of recurrence. Women with high-nuclear-grade DCIS or DCIS detected by palpation who are treated by lumpectomy alone are at relatively high risk of having an invasive breast cancer recurrence, compared with women with low-nuclear-grade or mammographically detected DCIS, and may be appropriate candidates for additional treatment.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. kerliko@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors: Karla
authors: K
authors: Kerlikowske
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Molinaro
authors: Imok
authors: I
authors: Cha
authors: Britt-Marie
authors: BM
authors: Ljung
authors: Virginia L
authors: VL
authors: Ernster
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Stewart
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Chew
authors: Dan H
authors: DH
authors: Moore
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Waldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008390:Markov Chains; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology