title: Controversies surrounding Jarcho-Levin syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Jarcho-Levin syndrome is an eponym that has been used to describe a variety of clinical phenotypes consisting of short-trunk dwarfism associated with rib and vertebral anomalies. This admixture of phenotypes under Jarcho-Levin syndrome has allowed some confusion in terms of phenotype, prognosis, and mortality. In the past 2 years, few papers have provided more insight into the clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patient with these phenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recently molecular, clinical, and radiologic data have allowed further characterization of these phenotypes. Based on these findings, we have divided these phenotypes into spondylothoracic dysplasia and spondylocostal dysostosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of the distinct phenotypes under Jarcho-Levin syndrome will help clinicians to understand the pathological factors of the disease, establish mode of inheritance, provide adequate genetic counseling, prognosis, molecular diagnosis, and clinical management recommendations.
authors: Division of Genetics, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico. scornier@psm.edu
authors: Alberto S
authors: AS
authors: Cornier
authors: Norman
authors: N
authors: Ramirez
authors: Simón
authors: S
authors: Carlo
authors: Abilio
authors: A
authors: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D005808:Genes, Recessive / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D012272:Ribs / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed