title: Patient-reported utilization patterns of fentanyl transdermal system and oxycodone hydrochloride controlled-release among patients with chronic nonmalignant pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although use of long-acting opioid analgesics has increased for chronic nonmalignant pain management, little is known about patient-reported utilization patterns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess patient-reported utilization patterns of fentanyl transdermal system and oxycodone hydrochloride (HCl) controlled-release among patients with chronic nonmalignant pain and to compare these patterns to standard dose administration guidelines recommended in the manufacturers. prescribing information (PI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study of English-speaking patients who were seeking chronic nonmalignant pain management from 6 outpatient pain clinics. The inclusion criteria for the study were (1) diagnosis of chronic nonmalignant pain, (2) prescription for and current use of either transdermal fentanyl or oxycodone HCl controlled-release, and (3) duration of use for either transdermal fentanyl or oxycodone HCl controlled-release of at least 6 weeks. Patients completed either an oxycodone HCl controlled-release or transdermal fentanyl utilization questionnaire. A conversion table was used to standardize opioid analgesic doses from transdermal fentanyl or oxycodone HCl controlled-release to daily oral morphine equivalents. The principal outcome measures were the average interval between oxycodone HCl controlled-release administrations, the number of days the current transdermal fentanyl patch would be worn, and the percentage of oxycodone HCl controlled-release and transdermal fentanyl patients whose administration frequency exceeded the standard recommendation in the manufacturer.s PI (every 12 hours for oxycodone HCl controlled-release or every 72 hours for transdermal fentanyl). Other outcome measures included the number of oxycodone HCl controlled-release tablets per administration, the daily dose of long-acting opioid, the duration of adequate pain relief, and the difference in daily oral morphine equivalents between transdermal fentanyl and oxycodone HCl controlled-release patients, after adjusting in a multivariate regression model for demographic and clinical characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 690 patients were enrolled in this study; 437 (63.4%) received oxycodone HCl controlled-release and 253 (36.6%) received transdermal fentanyl. Oxycodone HCl controlled-release patients reported taking a median of 1 tablet 3 times per day or a median of 3 tablets per day. A mean of 1.6 tablets per administration and 4.6 tablets per day were taken. The average interval between administrations of oxycodone HCl controlled-release was 7.8 hours, and the median daily dose was 80.0 mg (mean 155.6 mg). Among oxycodone HCl controlled-release patients, 17.5% had an average interval between administrations of 12 or more hours, whereas 1.9% reported the duration of pain relief as 12 or more hours. Transdermal fentanyl patients reported wearing the patch, on average, for 2.5 days (median 2.5),and 41.2% reported wearing the patch for at least 3 days, whereas 14.1% reported the duration of pain relief as at least 3 days. The median daily dosage strength of transdermal fentanyl was 75.0 mcg/hour. In the multivariate regression analysis, oxycodone HCl controlled-release patients had, on average, roughly 22 mg additional oral morphine equivalents per day relative to transdermal fentanyl patients (not statistically significant); the probability that oxycodone HCl controlled-release patients had higher oral morphine equivalents was 82.6%, which suggests a trend toward higher oral morphine equivalents per day in the oxycodone HCl controlled-release group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal fentanyl and oxycodone HCl controlled-release both appear to be used by patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the standard recommendation in the manufacturers' PI;however, the difference between patient-reported utilization and the PI recommendation is more pronounced with oxycodone HCl controlled-release.
authors: Covance Health Economics and Outcomes Services Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878-5355, USA. stacey.ackerman@covance.com
authors: Stacey J
authors: SJ
authors: Ackerman
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Mordin
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Reblando
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Schein
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Vallow
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010098:Oxycodone; D005283:Fentanyl