title: Upregulation of costimulatory molecules induced by lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA occurs by Trif-dependent and Trif-independent pathways.
abstract: Both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are adjuvants for the adaptive immune response, inducing upregulation of costimulatory molecules (UCM) on antigen-presenting cells. Trif, an adapter protein that transduces signals from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR3, permits the induction of many cytokines, including interferon-beta, which signals through the type I interferon receptor. We show here that LPS-induced UCM was strictly dependent on the TLR4-->Trif axis, whereas dsRNA-induced UCM was only partly dependent on the TLR3-->Trif axis. But both LPS- and dsRNA-induced UCM were entirely dependent on type I interferon receptor signaling. These findings show that UCM involves an autocrine or paracrine loop, and indicate that an alternative TLR3-independent, Trif-independent pathway contributes to dsRNA-induced UCM.
authors: The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors: Kasper
authors: K
authors: Hoebe
authors: Edith M
authors: EM
authors: Janssen
authors: Sung O
authors: SO
authors: Kim
authors: Lena
authors: L
authors: Alexopoulou
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Flavell
authors: Jiahuai
authors: J
authors: Han
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Beutler
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000494:pharmacology; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D017471:Receptors, Interferon / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens; C497965:Cd86 protein, mouse; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D017471:Receptors, Interferon; C470409:TICAM1 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase