Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) poisoning; a 'party drug' with lethal effects.
Among young people in Norway the recreational use of amphetamine derivatives seems to be increasing. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known as ecstasy, is the dominant substance, having both stimulant and psychedelic properties. Depending on the illegal source of these so-called 'party drugs' the content and purity can vary. This case report describes the first lethal case of paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) and paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) intoxication reported in Norway. A 16-year-old male was admitted to a local hospital in a coma with seizures and hyperthermia after he had been found undressed and barefooted in a local forest (temperature 2 degrees C). He was intubated and given supportive care. Blood chemistry revealed hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia. Shortly after transfer to the central hospital he developed bradycardia with continuous seizures and asystole. Adverse effects of MDMA are well described and include serotonergic and sympathomimetic symptoms with hyperthermia, coagulopathy, rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney and liver failure. Case reports of PMA deaths collectively suggest PMA to be more toxic than MDMA. A delayed effect after intake of PMA compared with MDMA can lead to increased intake. Hypoglycaemia and hyperkalaemia may be specific to PMA poisoning. Increased thermo genesis will result in a search for cooling, which explains the attempt to undress and a desire to submerge in water. In a cool climate this behaviour itself can be lethal. Measures to treat seizures, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte anomalies and hyperthermia are the therapeutic goals. No specific treatment is available.
Refstad
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Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Central Hospital of Østfold, Fredrikstad, Norway. srefstad@online.no
D000293:Adolescent; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000506:poisoning*; D000662:Amphetamines; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
D000662:Amphetamines; D000661:Amphetamine; C100230:4-methoxyamphetamine