title: Mass discrimination in mammography: experiments using hybrid images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous publication concerning detection of masses in mammograms it was shown that the amplitude (contrast) required for detection increased as mass size increased. The work presented here was designed to measure the variation of amplitude threshold for discrimination between masses as a function of lesion size.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hybrid image method with digitized masses added to digitized normal mammograms was used. The masses were extracted from surgical specimen radiographs. Observer experiments were performed using the two-alternative forced-choice method with images displayed on a computer monitor. There were two tasks: (1) discrimination between a ductal carcinoma and a fibroadenoma, and (2) discrimination between two ductal carcinomas. Masses were scaled to cover the linear size range from 1 to 16 mm. Three observers took part, two physicists and a radiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discrimination contrast-detail (CD) diagrams were found to have minimum threshold amplitudes at lesion sizes near 4 mm. The detection results had demonstrated an unusual contrast-detail diagram form with threshold amplitudes monotonically increasing with lesion size for lesions larger than 1 mm, which was opposite the usual result for image noise. Discrimination thresholds or masses larger than 4 mm were approximately 1.5-2 times those reported for detection of the lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection results had been explained using a relatively simple model based on signal detection theory with some characteristics of the human visual system included. The observer model cannot explain the discrimination results, so additional complexity must be introduced to the observer model.
authors: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Arthur
authors: A
authors: Burgess
authors: Francine
authors: F
authors: Jacobson
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Judy
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D044584:Carcinoma, Ductal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018226:Fibroadenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation