title: Long-term results of bladder neck reconstruction for incontinence in children with classical bladder exstrophy or incontinent epispadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the long-term results of bladder neck reconstruction (BNR) in patients with classical bladder exstrophy or epispadias, and to review the concept of continence surgery in these two groups, stressing the difficulty in finding an adequate balance between urine storage (which implies high outlet resistance and low storage pressure) and complete bladder emptying (which implies low outlet resistance and a transient increase in bladder pressure); surgery cannot achieve 'continence' (which implies active mechanisms) but only 'dryness' (which implies passive mechanisms).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients with classical bladder exstrophy (52 male, 28 female) and 25 with incontinent epispadias (17 male, 18 female) had their bladder neck reconstructed after a Young-Dees-Leadbetter procedure, subsequently modified by Mollard. The treatment is detailed and results reviewed after a mean follow-up of 11 years. All patients were treated and followed in the same institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the exstrophy group, 36 (45%) patients presented with a dry interval of > 3 h, with urethral emptying after one BNR; 52 (65%) presented with recurrent urinary tract infections, 19 (24%) with urinary stones, 21 (26%) with dilated upper urinary tracts, 13 (16%) with bladder perforations and one with an adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Thirty-eight patients (48%) required further surgery; 51% of all patients required an endoscopic procedure within 3 months after the BNR and 26% had endoscopic procedures for late (> 3 months) urine retention. In the epispadias group, 13 (52%) patients presented with a dry interval of > 3 h with urethral emptying after one BNR; 12 (48%) had recurrent urinary tract infections, five (20%) upper tract dilatation, two (8%) bladder stones, one (4%) bladder perforation and one an adenocarcinoma of the bowels after a ureterosigmoidostomy. Ten (40%) children required further surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We compared the present results for continence with those in other published series; most complications encountered were related to the obstructive pattern of bladder emptying and the abnormal bladder urodynamic behaviour caused by BNR. We consider that BNR is unpredictable and the roles of the other factors in urinary continence are discussed. Alternative procedures are detailed. The concept of continence surgery in exstrophy and incontinent epispadias is reviewed, stressing the importance of favouring bladder development and limiting obstructive patterns of bladder emptying that cause severe and recurrent complications.
authors: Claude-Bernard University and Department of Paediatric Urology, Debrousse Hospital, Lyon, France. pierre.mouriquand@chu-lyon.fr
authors: P D E
authors: PD
authors: Mouriquand
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bubanj
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Feyaerts
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Jandric
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Timsit
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mollard
authors: P Y
authors: PY
authors: Mure
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Basset
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D004842:Epispadias / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*