Dietary intake of lead by children and adults from Germany measured by the duplicate method.
The dietary lead intake was studied among children and adults from Germany. Two different age groups of children (A: 1.8, 1.3-3.0 years, B: 3.8, 1.8-5.2 years) and one group of adults (D: 40.9, 24-64 years) were from the highly industrialized Ruhr district and one group of children from the North Sea island Amrum (C: 3.9, 1.5-5.3 years). A total of 229 duplicate food portions were collected from 49 individuals between December 1994 and May 1995. Sampling period for each participant was either 3 (groups B and D) or 7 days (groups A and C). Lead levels in duplicate samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The lead intakes (median, range) for the different groups were as follows: Group A: 0.21 (0.05-1.5) microgram/(kg bw.day), group B: 0.68 (0.06-1.6) microgram/(kg bw.day), group C: 0.29 (0.04-1.6) microgram/(kg bw.day) and group D: 0.26 (0.07-0.83) microgram/(kg bw.day). No value exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 25 micrograms/(kg bw.week) proposed by the WHO. The median and maximum of the different groups amounted to 7.2-16% and 16-36% of the PTWI, respectively. It is concluded that health risks due to dietary lead intake seem to be low in Germany.
Wilhelm
Michael
M
Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany. wilhelm@hygiene.rub.de
Wittsiepe
Jürgen
J
Schrey
Petra
P
Feldmann
Christiane
C
Idel
Helga
H
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
D007854:Lead