Life-sustaining treatment decisions in Portuguese intensive care units: a national survey of intensive care physicians.
BACKGROUND
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the opinion of Portuguese intensive care physicians regarding 'do-not-resuscitate' (DNR) orders and decisions to withhold/withdraw treatment.


METHODS
A questionnaire was sent to all physicians working on a full-time basis in all intensive care units (ICUs) registered with the Portuguese Intensive Care Society.


RESULTS
A total of 266 questionnaires were sent and 175 (66%) were returned. Physicians from 79% of the ICUs participated. All participants stated that DNR orders are applied in their units, and 98.3% stated that decisions to withhold treatment and 95.4% stated that decisions to withdraw treatment are also applied. About three quarters indicated that only the medical group makes these decisions. Fewer than 15% of the responders stated that they involve nurses, 9% involve patients and fewer than 11% involve patients' relatives in end-of-life decisions. Physicians with more than 10 years of clinical experience more frequently indicated that they involve nurses in these decisions (P < 0.05), and agnostic/atheist doctors more frequently involve patients' relatives in decisions to withhold/withdraw treatment (P < 0.05). When asked about who they thought should be involved, more than 26% indicated nurses, more than 35% indicated the patient and more than 25% indicated patients' relatives. More experienced doctors more frequently felt that nurses should be involved (P < 0.05), and male doctors more frequently stated that patients' relatives should be involved in DNR orders (P < 0.05). When a decision to withdraw treatment is made, 76.8% of 151 respondents indicated that they would initiate palliative care; no respondent indicated that they would administer drugs to accelerate the expected outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
The probability of survival from the acute episode and patients' wishes were the most important criteria influencing end-of-life decisions. These decisions are made only by the medical group in most of the responding ICUs, with little input from nursing staff, patients, or patients' relatives, although many respondents expressed a wish to involve them more in this process. Sex, experience and religious beliefs of the respondents influences the way in which these decisions are made.
Cardoso
Teresa
T
Internal Medicine Registrar, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Senhora da Hora, Portugal. tejo@mail.telepac.pt
Fonseca
Teresa
T
Pereira
Sofia
S
Lencastre
Luís
L
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010819:Physician's Role; D011174:Portugal; D012067:Religion; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000523:psychology*; D013038:Specialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires