title: Dynamic free-hand three-dimensional fetal echocardiography gated by cardiotocography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical feasibility of conventional cardiotocography (CTG) as a cardiac cycle triggering signal for three-dimensional (3D) fetal echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-hand 3D echocardiography was performed on a total of 25 fetuses with and without congenital heart disease at various gestational ages (mean, 29 weeks; range, 19-35 weeks). Simultaneously, online CTG was used for time gating. Gray-scale and color Doppler dynamic 3D displays, as well as multiplanar views, were assessed for their ability to depict the cardiac morphology and correct cardiac gating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valid CTG-based trigger signals could be obtained in 24 of the 25 fetuses. Correct cardiac gating was achieved in 101 of the 111 (91%) 3D datasets. Color Doppler imaging of blood flow in four dimensions was possible in 34 of 36 (94%) datasets. Reconstructed 3D and multiplanar views provided additional views not available in two-dimensional (2D) imaging. Acoustic interference between the CTG transducer and echotransducer could be reduced by the use of a high-frequency echotransducer, second-harmonic frequency imaging and appropriate positioning of the two transducers. Imaging quality was highly dependent on the quality of 2D images and random motion artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTG can be used as an online gating source for dynamic 3D fetal echocardiography.
authors: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Herberg
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Goldberg
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Breuer
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D015148:Cardiotocography / Q000379:methods*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy