title: Hazards of dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the benefit of escalating the dose in definitive prostate cancer radiotherapy vs. the associated risk of complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 1999, 1087 patients with clinical Stage T1b-T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate were definitively irradiated without hormonal therapy and had a pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score recorded. The median follow-up was 65 months. Doses ranged from 64 to 78 Gy, with the treatment techniques corresponding to the year of therapy and the prescribed dose. A total of 301 patients were treated on a randomized protocol to either 70 or 78 Gy. Also, 163 patients were treated with three-dimensional conformal therapy and had dose-volume histograms available for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor stage, grade, pretreatment PSA level, and radiation dose were all independent predictors of PSA disease-free survival (PSA-DFS) in multivariate analysis. The hazard rate for biochemical failure peaked at 1.5-3 years after radiotherapy. Although a statistically significant dose effect on PSA-DFS was found in the pretreatment PSA levels of those with both < or =10 ng/mL and >10 ng/mL, in those with a pretreatment PSA < or =10 ng/mL, the improvement in outcome was only seen going from a dose level of 64-66 Gy to 68-70 Gy with a 5-year PSA-DFS rate of 66% vs. 81% (p <0.0001). This was also confirmed by the data from the randomized patients who showed no difference in outcome whether treated to 70 Gy or 78 Gy. In patients with a pretreatment PSA level >10 ng/mL, a statistically significant improvement was found in disease-free outcome among the 64-66-Gy, 68-70-Gy, and 78-Gy levels. PSA-DFS was approximately 50% better at each higher dose level at 5 and 8 years after treatment. The dose had a statistically significant impact in both intermediate- and high-risk groups. Rectal morbidity was both dose and volume related. Although at 5 years after therapy, the Grade 2-3 rectal complication rate was twice as high for patients treated to 78 Gy than to 70 Gy, 26% vs. 12%, this risk could be markedly diminished by adhering to dose-volume constraints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients, although it appears that radiation-dose escalation may improve PSA-DF outcome, the price paid in treatment morbidity can be high without adequate attention to dose-volume constraints of normal tissue. Care must be taken to consider not only the hazard of tumor recurrence but also that of complications.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. dakuban@mdanderson.org
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Kuban
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Pollack
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Huang
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Levy
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Dong
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Starkschall
authors: Isaac
authors: I
authors: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen