title: CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of CSF hypocretin-1 in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy, Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS), idiopathic and other hypersomnias, and several neurological conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 narcoleptic patients with cataplexy, 9 narcoleptic patients without cataplexy, 2 patients with abnormal REM-sleep-associated hypersomnia, 7 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, 2 patients with post-traumatic hypersomnia, 4 patients with KLS, and 88 patients with other neurological disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy had low CSF hypocretin-1 levels, while one patient had a normal hypocretin level (HLA-DQB1*0602 negative) and the other two had intermediate levels (familial forms). One narcoleptic patient without cataplexy had a low hypocretin level. One patient affected with post-traumatic hypersomnia had intermediate hypocretin levels. The KLS patients had normal hypocretin levels while asymptomatic, but one KLS patient (also affected with Prader-Willi syndrome) showed a twofold decrease in hypocretin levels during a symptomatic episode. Among the patients without hypersomnia, two patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and one with unclear central vertigo had intermediate levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low CSF hypocretin-1 is highly specific (99.1%) and sensitive (88.5%) for narcolepsy with cataplexy. Hypocretin ligand deficiency appears not to be the major cause for other hypersomnias, with a possible continuum in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. However, partial hypocretin lesions without low CSF hypocretin-1 consequences cannot be definitely excluded in those disorders. The existence of normal hypocretin levels in narcoleptic patients and intermediate levels in other rare aetiologies needs further investigation, especially for KLS, to establish the functional significance of hypocretin neurotransmission alterations.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie B, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France. ydauvilliers@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dauvilliers
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carlander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blatter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lecendreux
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besset
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Touchon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Billiard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafti
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bassetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000068797:Orexins; D010641:Phenotype; D020923:REM Sleep Parasomnias / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C000596229:HCRT protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins