title: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine expression in calves vaccinated with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus prior to challenge.
abstract: The development of effective, safe vaccines for human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been problematic. Inactivated RSV vaccines are of variable efficacy; poor efficacy may be related to induction of ineffective cell-mediated immunity (CMI). To characterize CMI in calves vaccinated with formalin inactivated (FI) BRSV, 11 calves were vaccinated twice with FI-BRSV (n=5) or mock vaccine (n=6) at a 2 week interval and challenged 1 month later. Prior to challenge a cannula was placed in the efferent lymphatic of the caudal mediastinal lymph node of each calf; lymph derived lymphocytes (LDL) were collected for analysis of CMI. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity by LDL and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was measured by 51Cr release on days 5, 7, 9, and 10 post-challenge. Messenger RNA for interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-4 was measured on days 0-10 by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA of LDL. BRSV-specific IFN-gamma production by PBMC was measured on days 0 and 10 by ELISA. Clinical signs and postmortem changes following challenge were evaluated. There was no difference between groups in clinical signs, postmortem changes, CTL activity, cytokine message expression, or IFN-gamma production. For both groups, percentage lysis by CTL peaked on days 7-10 and ranged from 11 to 25%. Failure of vaccination to prevent disease following challenge was likely associated with failure to prime for improved CMI responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA. awoolums@vet.uga.edu
authors.forename: Amelia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Woolums
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gunther
authors.forename: Kerrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McArthur-Vaughan
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omlor
authors.forename: Gabrielle A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Kathy E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Friebertshauser
authors.forename: Pat S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McInturff
authors.forename: Laurel J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gershwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization / Q000662:veterinary*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D022261:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D018112:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D022261:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D015847:Interleukin-4; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma