The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to describe the relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).


BACKGROUND
Increasing lipoprotein levels are a cardiovascular risk factor. In patients with CHF, the prognostic value of endogenous lipoproteins is not fully clarified.


METHODS
A group of 114 patients with CHF recruited to a metabolic study was followed for a minimum of 12 months (derivation study). The results were applied to a second group of 303 unselected patients with CHF (validation study). The relationship between endogenous lipoproteins and survival was explored.


RESULTS
In the derivation study, survival at 12 months was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI] 70% to 86%) and 56% (95% CI 51% to 62%) at 36 months. Increasing total serum cholesterol was a predictor of survival (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.86), independent of the etiology of CHF, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, and exercise capacity. Receiver-operating characteristic curves demonstrated a best cut-off value of </=5.2 mmol/l (200.8 mg/dl) as being the best predictor of mortality at 12 months (sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 62.9%). In the validation population, one-year survival was 88% (95% CI 84 to 91%) and three-year survival was 68% (95% CI 63 to 73%). The chance of survival increased 25% for each mmol/l increment in total cholesterol. Survival rates above and below the cut-off value for cholesterol in patients with ischemic heart disease (n = 181) were 92% (95% CI 89 to 94) versus 75% (95% CI 64 to 85%) at one year and 72% (95% CI 67 to 76%) versus 50% (95% CI 43 to 56%) at three years.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with CHF, lower serum total cholesterol is independently associated with a worse prognosis.
Rauchhaus
Mathias
M
Clinical Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Clark
Andrew L
AL
Doehner
Wolfram
W
Davos
Constantinos
C
Bolger
Aidan
A
Sharma
Rakesh
R
Coats
Andrew J S
AJ
Anker
Stefan D
SD
D000367:Age Factors; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015996:Survival Rate
D008074:Lipoproteins; D002784:Cholesterol