title: Cervical spine curvature during simulated whiplash.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a new method to describe cervical spine curvature and evaluate the potential for injury in the upper and lower cervical spine during simulated whiplash.
  
  
  METHODS
  A method was developed to integrate the upper and lower cervical spine rotations and describe the spine curvature.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In vivo and in vitro whiplash simulations have documented the development of an S-shape curvature with simultaneous upper cervical spine flexion and lower cervical spine extension immediately following rear-impact. Investigators have hypothesized that the injury potential is highest during the S-shape phase. However, little data exist on the spine curvature during whiplash and its relation to spine injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biofidelic model and a bench-top whiplash apparatus were used in an incremental rear-impact protocol (maximum 8 g) to simulate whiplash of increasing severity. To describe the spine curvature, the upper and lower cervical spine rotations were normalized to corresponding physiological limits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average peak lower cervical spine extension first exceeded the physiological limits (P<0.05) at a horizontal T1 acceleration of 5 g. Average peak upper cervical spine extension exceeded the physiological limit at 8 g, while peak upper cervical spine flexion never exceeded the physiological limit. In the S-shape phase, lower cervical spine extension reached 84% of peak extension during whiplash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the upper and lower cervical spine are at risk for extension injury during rear-impact. Flexion injury is unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208071,New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA. manohar.panjabi@yale.edu
authors.forename: Manohar M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
authors.forename: Jaw-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*