title: A murine model for low molecular weight chemicals: differentiation of respiratory sensitizers (TMA) from contact sensitizers (DNFB).
abstract: Exposure to low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals contributes to both dermal and respiratory sensitization and is an important occupational health problem. Our goal was to establish an in vivo murine model for hazard identification of LMW chemicals that have the potential to induce respiratory hypersensitivity (RH). We used a dermal sensitization protocol followed by a respiratory challenge with the evaluation of endpoints typically associated with RH in human disease. Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was used as a prototype respiratory sensitizer and was compared to the dermal sensitizer; 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), along with vehicle controls. BALB/c mice were dermally sensitized using two exposure protocols. Mice in both protocols were dermally exposed on experimental days; D-18 and D-17 (abdomen), and D-13 (ear). On D 0 mice received an intratracheal (IT) challenge. The mice in Protocol 2 were abdominally exposed twice with the addition of exposures on D-25 and D-24. Results indicate that mice required the additional dermal sensitization and the IT challenge (Protocol 2) to significantly elevate total IgE in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additional responses suggestive of RH were seen following Protocol 2, including increases in BALF cell numbers and neutrophils post IT with TMA (but not DNFB). These data suggest that the dermal sensitization and IT challenge followed by evaluation of serum antibodies and lung parameters are a reasonable and logistically feasible approach towards the development of a model for RH responses to LMW chemicals.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mail Code: B143-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. sailstad.denise@epa.gov
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sailstad
authors.forename: Marsha D W
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Boykin
authors.forename: MaryJane K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Selgrade
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002452:Cell Count; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology*; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C015559:trimellitic anhydride; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene