title: Gene-targeted mice reveal a critical role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular dysfunction during diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a mediator of vascular dysfunction during inflammation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that vascular dysfunction during diabetes is dependent on expression of iNOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was produced in mice with streptozotocin (150 mg/kg IP). After 4 to 6 months of diabetes, vasomotor function was examined in vitro in carotid arteries from mice with targeted disruption of the gene for iNOS (iNOS-deficient mice) and from normal, wild-type (WT) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractile responses of carotid arteries to U46619, a thromboxane A2 analogue, were not altered by diabetes in WT mice. Responses to U46619 were increased in arteries from diabetic iNOS-deficient mice compared with diabetic WT and nondiabetic mice (iNOS-deficient and WT mice). These results indicate that expression of iNOS inhibits an increased vasoconstrictor response during diabetes. Arteries from nondiabetic WT mice relaxed 83+/-2% (mean+/-SE) in response to acetylcholine (1 micromol/L) compared with 58+/-6% in arteries from diabetic WT mice (P<0.05 versus nondiabetic mice). In contrast, relaxation of carotid arteries to acetylcholine was similar (81+/-4% versus 76+/-6%; P>0.05) in iNOS-deficient mice under nondiabetic and diabetic conditions, respectively. Thus, diabetes produced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in arteries from WT but not iNOS-deficient mice. Endothelium-independent relaxation in response to nitroprusside was similar in arteries from all mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the first direct evidence that impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation during diabetes is dependent on expression of iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242-1081, USA. Carol-Gunnett@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunnett
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heistad
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Faraci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018390:Gene Targeting; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013311:Streptozocin; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013311:Streptozocin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse