title: Comparison of the canine and human olfactory receptor gene repertoires.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olfactory receptors (ORs), the first dedicated molecules with which odorants physically interact to arouse an olfactory sensation, constitute the largest gene family in vertebrates, including around 900 genes in human and 1,500 in the mouse. Whereas dogs, like many other mammals, have a much keener olfactory potential than humans, only 21 canine OR genes have been described to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, 817 novel canine OR sequences were identified, and 640 have been characterized. Of the 661 characterized OR sequences, representing half of the canine repertoire, 18% are predicted to be pseudogenes, compared with 63% in human and 20% in mouse. Phylogenetic analysis of 403 canine OR sequences identified 51 families, and radiation-hybrid mapping of 562 showed that they are distributed on 24 dog chromosomes, in 37 distinct regions. Most of these regions constitute clusters of 2 to 124 closely linked genes. The two largest clusters (124 and 109 OR genes) are located on canine chromosomes 18 and 21. They are orthologous to human clusters located on human chromosomes 11q11-q13 and HSA11p15, containing 174 and 115 ORs respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a strongly conserved genomic distribution of OR genes between dog and human, suggesting that OR genes evolved from a common mammalian ancestral repertoire by successive duplications. In addition, the dog repertoire appears to have expanded relative to that of humans, leading to the emergence of specific canine OR genes.
authors.affiliation: UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quignon
authors.forename: Ewen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kirkness
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cadieu
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Touleimat
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guyon
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hitte
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galibert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011544:Pseudogenes / Q000235:genetics; D021101:Radiation Hybrid Mapping; D018035:Receptors, Odorant / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018035:Receptors, Odorant; D004247:DNA