title: Research design, organization, and sample characteristics of the Maternal PKU Collaborative Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Maternal PKU Collaborative Study (MPKUCS) was initiated in 1984 by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The purpose was to assess the efficacy of dietary restriction of phenylalanine in reducing morbidity in offspring of women with hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). A contract was awarded to Childrens Hospital Los Angeles as the Coordinating Center to provide implementation of the research protocol, data collection, and analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Study included four regional contributing centers: Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (Western Region), Boston Children's Hospital (Northeast Region), University of Illinois (Midwest Region), and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Southeast Region). Within each region, many participating clinics were responsible for obstetric care, treatment, and monitoring protocols. In 1985, Canada joined the MPKUCS, and in 1992, Germany entered. They were selected because they provided dietary supplies and strong professional services. Acquisition began in 1984 and ended in October 1995. The study included 574 pregnancies in women with HPA and 100 control subjects matched on age, race, parity, and weeks of gestation. The sample included women with blood phenylalanine values >240 micromol/L, 66% of whom had classical PKU, 22% had atypical PKU, and 12% had mild HPA. Informed consents were obtained on all participants. The women ranged in age from 15 to 36 years of age, with a mean age at conception of 23 years. Teenage pregnancies accounted for 19%. Seventy-five percent graduated from high school. Offspring included 416 newborns, 317 of whom were evaluated at 4 years of age and 289 at 6 to 7 years. Follow-up involved medical, nutritional, psychosocial, and psychological assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with PKU treated before conception and in control of their blood phenylalanine levels between 120 and 360 micromol/L (2-6 mg) exhibited normal pregnancies and neonatal outcome. Surprisingly, women who achieved control in the recommended range by 8 weeks of pregnancy also had a normal fetal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. rkoch8@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Reuben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matalon
authors.forename: Bobbye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trefz
authors.forename: Jiaping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000266:history*; D017042:Phenylketonuria, Maternal / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000266:history; D012107:Research Design