title: Indigenous and contaminant microbes in ultradeep mines.
abstract: Rock, air and service water samples were collected for microbial analyses from 3.2 kilometres depth in a working Au mine in the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa. The approximately metre-wide mined zone was comprised of a carbonaceous, quartz, sulphide, uraninite and Au bearing layer, called the Carbon Leader, sandwiched by quartzite and conglomerate. The microbial community in the service water was dominated by mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic, alpha-, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria with a total biomass concentration approximately 10(4) cells ml(-1), whereas, that of the mine air was dominated by members of the Chlorobi and Bacteroidetes groups and a fungal component. The microorganisms in the Carbon Leader were predominantly mesophilic, aerobic heterotrophic, nitrate reducing and methylotrophic, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria that were more closely related to service water microorganisms than to air microbes. Rhodamine WT dye and fluorescent microspheres employed as contaminant tracers, however, indicated that service water contamination of most of the rock samples was < 0.01% during acquisition. The microbial contaminants most likely originated from the service water, infiltrated the low permeability rock through and accumulated within mining-induced fractures where they survived for several days before being mined. Combined PLFA and terminal restriction fragment length profile (T-RFLP) analyses suggest that the maximum concentration of indigenous microorganisms in the Carbon Leader was < 10(2) cells g(-1). PLFA, 35S autoradiography and enrichments suggest that the adjacent quartzite was less contaminated and contained approximately 10(3) cells gram(-1) of thermophilic, sulphate reducing bacteria, SRB, some of which are delta-Proteobacteria. Pore water and rock geochemical analyses suggest that these SRB's may have been sustained by sulphate diffusing from the adjacent U-rich, Carbon Leader where it was formed by radiolysis of sulphide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. tullis@princeton.edu
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Onstott
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pfiffner
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fredrickson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Brockman
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balkwill
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borscik
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kieft
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D018533:Biomass; D019414:Chlorobi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017753:Ecosystem; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D008906:Mining; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005227:Fatty Acids