title: Development of manipulative hand movements during the second year of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental testing in children is concerned mainly with a pass or fail on tasks such as grasping, manipulating and inserting. Knowledge about the qualitative development of hand movements in young children is scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the qualitative development of manipulative hand movements in 14-, 18- and 25-month-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six children were videoed during grasping, manipulating and inserting cubes into a cup or box and pegs into a peg-board.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found clear-cut, object-related results. The right hand was used mainly to grasp, manipulate and insert the pegs, while no hand preference was found for the cube. Generally, the quality of grasping and inserting did not change with age. At 18 months, the performance was more optimal if the children used pegs rather than cubes. The adjustment of hand opening became more adapted with increasing age when grasping the cubes; this was not observed for the pegs. Associated movements occurred less during pegging than while playing with the cubes. A variety of patterns were used for pegging. Besides a difference in hand preference between girls and boys, some patterns became more prominent with increasing age. The success rate increased with age but was independent of the pattern used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study stresses the need of a clear understanding of the entire spectrum of normal motor development. This knowledge forms the basis on which abnormalities, even of such common movement patterns as grasping, manipulating and inserting, can be reliably diagnosed in neurologically impaired infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/5, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Willemien K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Einspieler
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dibiasi
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garzarolli
authors.forename: Arend F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014741:Video Recording