title: Incidence of transient hypoxia and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine the incidence of desaturation and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation of patients with severe head injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale score <or=8).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with severe head injuries had recording oximeter-capnometers applied before rapid sequence intubation. Desaturation was defined as a reduction in oxygen saturation (Spo(2)) to less than 90% from an initial Spo(2) of greater than or equal to 90% or a decrease from a baseline of less than 90%. Event records were analyzed with emergency medical services (EMS) run sheets and debriefing reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one (57%) of 54 patients demonstrated desaturation during rapid sequence intubation. Twenty-six (84%) of these 31 events occurred in patients whose initial Spo(2) value with basic airway skills was greater than or equal to 90%. The median duration of desaturation was 160 seconds (interquartile range 48 to 272 seconds), and the median decrease in Spo(2) was 22%. Six (19%) patients experienced marked bradycardia (pulse rate <50 beats/min) during desaturation events. Paramedics described rapid sequence intubation as "easy" in 26 (84%) of 31 patients with desaturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out-of-hospital rapid sequence intubation by paramedics was complicated by a concerning incidence of desaturation and bradycardia. Paramedic reports did not reflect the presence of these concerning derangements. Most patients had acceptable Spo(2) values before rapid sequence intubation. An effective strategy for preoxygenation is needed before it can be concluded that rapid sequence intubation is of value in the out-of-hospital care of patients with serious closed head injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-San Diego, USA. jdunford@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dunford
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doney
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010092:Oximetry
chemical_list: D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents