title: Proneness to psychological distress is associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic stress is associated with hippocampal damage and impaired memory in animals and humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine this relationship with clinical and pathologic data from the Religious Orders Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older Catholic clergy members underwent annual clinical evaluations, which included clinical classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and detailed cognitive function testing from which composite measures of global cognition and specific cognitive functions were derived. At the baseline evaluation, participants completed a measure of the tendency to experience psychological distress, a stable personality trait that served as an indicator of susceptibility to negative emotional states across the life span. More than 90% of participants who died underwent a uniform postmortem examination of the brain from which summary measures of AD pathology were derived. The association of distress proneness with incident AD and cognitive decline and with measures of AD pathology was examined in analyses adjusted for selected demographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean of 4.9 years of follow-up, 140 persons developed AD. Those high in distress proneness (90th percentile) had twice the risk of developing AD than those low in distress proneness (10th percentile). Distress proneness was related to decline in episodic memory but not in other cognitive domains, with a >10-fold increase in episodic memory decline in those high in distress proneness compared with those low in the trait. Among those who died, however, distress proneness was not related to common measures of AD pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proneness to experience psychological distress is a risk factor for AD, an effect independent of AD pathologic markers such as cortical plaques and tangles.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rwilson@rush.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mendes de Leon
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis