title: Adaptive changes in the angular VOR: duration of gain changes and lack of effect of nodulo-uvulectomy.
abstract: Alterations in the gain of the vertical angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) are dependent on the head position in which the gain changes were produced. We determined how long gravity-dependent gain changes last in monkeys after four hours of adaptation, and whether the adaptation is mediated through the nodulus and uvula of the vestibulocerebellum. Vertical VOR gains were adaptively modified by rotation about an interaural axis, in phase or out of phase with the visual surround. Vertical VOR gains were modified with the animals in one of three orientations: upright, left-side down, or right-side down. Monkeys were tested in darkness for up to four days after adaptation using sinusoidal rotation about an interaural axis that was incrementally tilted in 10 degrees steps from vertical to side down positions. Animals were unrestrained in their cages in normal light conditions between tests. Gravity-dependent gain changes lasted for a day or less after adaptation while upright, but persisted for two days or more after on-side adaptation. These data show that gravity-dependent gain changes can last for prolonged periods after only four hours of adaptation in monkeys, as in humans. They also demonstrate that natural head movements made while upright do not provide an adequate stimulus for rapid recovery of vertical VOR gains that were induced on side. In two animals, the nodulus and uvula were surgically ablated. Vertical gravity-dependent gain changes were not significantly different before and after surgery, indicating that the nodulus and uvula do not have a critical role in producing them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. sergei.y.kushin@mssn.edu
authors.forename: Sergei B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yakushin
authors.forename: Svetlana E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bukharina
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raphan
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buttner-Ennever
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*