title: A low dose of angiotensin II increases inotropism through activation of reverse Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange by endothelin release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work was aimed to prove that release/formation of endogenous endothelin acting in an autocrine/paracrine fashion contributes to the increase in contractility promoted by a low dose of angiotensin II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated cat papillary muscles were used for force, pH(i), [Na(+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](i) measurements and isolated cat myocytes for patch-clamp experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In papillary muscles, 1.0 nmol/l angiotensin II increased force by 23+/-2% (n=4, P<0.05), [Na(+)](i) by 2.2+/-0.2 mmol/l (n=4, P<0.05), and peak (but not diastolic) Ca(2+) from 0.674+/-0.11 to 0.768+/-0.13 micromol/l (n=4, P<0.05), without affecting pH(i). Force and [Na(+)](i) increase were abolished by inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) with the inhibitor HOE642, blockade of endothelin receptors with the nonselective antagonist TAK044 and by inhibition of the endothelin-converting enzyme with phosphoramidon. Force but not [Na(+)](i) increase was abolished by inhibition of reverse Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) with the inhibitor KB-R7943. Similar increase in force (21+/-2%, n=4, P<0.05) and in [Na(+)](i) (2.4+/-0.4 mmol/l, n=4, P<0.05) that were also suppressed by TAK044 and HOE642 were induced by exogenous 5.0 nmol/l endothelin-1. KB-R7943 reverted the endothelin-1 effect on force but not on [Na(+)](i). In isolated myocytes, exogenous endothelin-1 dose-dependently increased the NCX current and shifted the NCX reversal potential (E(NCX)) to a more negative value (DeltaE(NCX): -10+/-3 and -17+/-5 mV, with 1 and 10 nmol/l endothelin-1, respectively, n=12). The latter effect was prevented by HOE642.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results indicate that a low dose of angiotensin II induces release of endothelin, which, in autocrine/paracrine fashion activates the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, increases [Na(+)](i) and changes E(NCX), promoting the influx of Ca(2+) that leads to a positive inotropic effect (PIE).
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. gperez@atlas.med.unlp.edu.ar
authors.forename: Néstor G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villa-Abrille
authors.forename: Ernesto A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: Raúl A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dulce
authors.forename: Horacio E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Camilión de Hurtado
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004594:Electrophysiology; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C101670:2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006146:Guanidines; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D013450:Sulfones; D000804:Angiotensin II; C088196:TAK 044; C093373:cariporide; D013890:Thiourea; D019808:Losartan; C008890:phosphoramidon