title: Nuclear medicine and infection detection: the relative effectiveness of imaging with 111In-oxine-, 99mTc-HMPAO-, and 99mTc-stannous fluoride colloid-labeled leukocytes and with 67Ga-citrate.
abstract: With a current annual mortality rate of around 35% worldwide, infection remains a significant concern, and the diagnosis and localization of infectious foci is an important health issue. As an established infection-imaging modality, nuclear medicine plays a vital health-care role in the diagnosis and subsequent effective treatment of this condition. Despite the development of several newer radiopharmaceuticals, (67)Ga and leukocyte imaging procedures have maintained their established place for infection. Several techniques in nuclear medicine significantly aid infection diagnosis, including imaging with (111)In-oxine-, (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime-, and (99m)Tc-stannous fluoride colloid-labeled leukocytes and with (67)Ga-citrate. Each radiopharmaceutical has specific advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable to diagnose different infectious processes (e.g., soft-tissue sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteomyelitis, occult fever, fever of unknown origin, and infections commonly found in immunocompromised patients). After finishing this article, the reader should be able to identify the properties of an ideal radiopharmaceutical for infection imaging, list a range of available infection-imaging radiopharmaceuticals, compare the relative results of a range of radiopharmaceuticals used internationally to detect infection in the body, understand several common infectious processes that can be diagnosed using nuclear medicine techniques, and select an appropriate radiopharmaceutical to image a range of infectious processes.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney, C42, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Davina K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D002951:Citrates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005708:Gallium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009683:Nuclear Medicine / Q000379:methods; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D015125:Oxyquinoline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D017556:Technetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D014002:Tin Fluorides; C036078:technetium Tc 99m tin fluoride colloid; C032950:indium oxine; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015125:Oxyquinoline; D005708:Gallium; C103850:gallium citrate