Cerebellar learning of bio-mechanical functions of extra-ocular muscles: modeling by artificial neural networks.
A control circuit is proposed to model the command of saccadic eye movements. Its wiring is deduced from a mathematical constraint, i.e. the necessity, for motor orders processing, to compute an approximate inverse function of the bio-mechanical function of the moving plant, here the bio-mechanics of the eye. This wiring is comparable to the anatomy of the cerebellar pathways. A predicting element, necessary for inversion and thus for movement accuracy, is modeled by an artificial neural network whose structure, deduced from physical constraints expressing the mechanics of the eye, is similar to the cell connectivity of the cerebellar cortex. Its functioning is set by supervised reinforcement learning, according to learning rules aimed at reducing the errors of pointing, and deduced from a differential calculation. After each movement, a teaching signal encoding the pointing error is distributed to various learning sites, as is, in the cerebellum, the signal issued from the inferior olive and conveyed to various cell types by the climbing fibers. Results of simulations lead to predict the existence of a learning site in the glomeruli. After learning, the model is able to accurately simulate saccadic eye movements. It accounts for the function of the cerebellar pathways and for the final integrator of the oculomotor system. The novelty of this model of movement control is that its structure is entirely deduced from mathematical and physical constraints, and is consistent with general anatomy, cell connectivity and functioning of the cerebellar pathways. Even the learning rules can be deduced from calculation, and they reproduce long term depression, the learning process which takes place in the dendritic arborization of the Purkinje cells. This approach, based on the laws of mathematics and physics, appears thus as an efficient way of understanding signal processing in the motor system.
Ebadzadeh
M
M
Département de Traitement des Signaux et des Images, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris 13, France.
Darlot
C
C
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology