title: Inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides is neuroprotective after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was performed to determine whether antisense inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression decreases focal ischemic brain damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent 1-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24-hour reperfusion. Rats were infused with ICAM-1 antisense or control oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) (48 nmol/d ICV) or vehicle, starting 24 hours before MCAO and continuing until the time of death. ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ICAM-1 protein knockdown was confirmed by Western blotting. Infarct volume was quantified by the use of cresyl violet-stained brain sections. Neurological deficits were evaluated. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded by laser Doppler. Tissue penetration of antisense was confirmed by the use of fluorescent ODNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient MCAO upregulated ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1, mRNA expression in the ipsilateral cortex between 3 and 72 hours of reperfusion. ICAM-1 antisense infusion prevented ischemia-induced ICAM-1 protein expression and reduced total infarct volume (by 53%; P<0.05; 226+/-35 mm3 in control ODN group and 104+/-27 mm3 in antisense ODN group; n=8 each) and mean neurological deficit score (by 44%; P<0.05; 2.4 in control ODN group and 1.3 in antisense ODN group; n=8 each). Neither control nor antisense ODN had any effect on mean arterial blood pressure and the physiological parameters monitored during MCAO. Compared with noninfused control, intracerebroventricular infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid or antisense or sense ODN had no significant effect on the regional cerebral blood flow changes that accompanied ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased ICAM-1 expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of focal ischemia since ICAM-1 protein knockdown decreased ischemic brain damage. The mechanism by which ICAM-1 inhibition offers neuroprotection is independent of blood pressure modulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin at Madison, H4/334 CSC, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA. Vemugant@neurosurg.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vemuganti
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: Kellie K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D015424:Reperfusion; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1