title: [Extracorporeal lithotripsy for the treatment of urolithiasis in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary lithiasis affects between five and 10% of the human population during their lifetime, only 2-3% of whom are children. Therapy of urolithiasis in the pediatric age group with minimally invasive methodology represents an attractive alternative. This study presents results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a minimally invasive methodology, for the treatment of urinary lithiasis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the period between September 1991 and September 2000, 87 children were submitted to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; as six of them presented with two calculi 93 urinary calculi were treated over that period. The Dornier-Philips lithotriptor was used in the procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pelvic, superior and medium caliceal calculi were fragmented and eliminated in 87.7% and 77.8% of cases, respectively. Inferior caliceal stones were eliminated in 64.7% of cases. Only one of the three patients with staghorn calculi became stone-free after therapy (33.3%). All patients with ureteral calculi were stone-free after therapy. Bladder stones were fragmented and eliminated in 60% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a safe and effective treatment for pelvic, caliceal, ureteral and bladder urolithiasis in children. Staghorn calculi have not shown satisfactory results when treated by this method. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy results were influenced in our experience by the position and size of the treated calculi.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Clínica Urológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de Sáo Paulo, Sáo Paulo, SP.
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Anuar I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Mitre
authors.forename: Francisco T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Dénes
authors.forename: Amilcar M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Giron
authors.forename: Vera H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arap