title: Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the relation between hospital volume and surgical mortality is well established, for most procedures, the relative importance of the experience of the operating surgeon is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using information from the national Medicare claims data base for 1998 through 1999, we examined mortality among all 474,108 patients who underwent one of eight cardiovascular procedures or cancer resections. Using nested regression models, we examined the relations between operative mortality and surgeon volume and hospital volume (each in terms of total procedures performed per year), with adjustment for characteristics of the patients and other characteristics of the providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeon volume was inversely related to operative mortality for all eight procedures (P=0.003 for lung resection, P<0.001 for all other procedures). The adjusted odds ratio for operative death (for patients with a low-volume surgeon vs. those with a high-volume surgeon) varied widely according to the procedure--from 1.24 for lung resection to 3.61 for pancreatic resection. Surgeon volume accounted for a large proportion of the apparent effect of the hospital volume, to an extent that varied according to the procedure: it accounted for 100 percent of the effect for aortic-valve replacement, 57 percent for elective repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, 55 percent for pancreatic resection, 49 percent for coronary-artery bypass grafting, 46 percent for esophagectomy, 39 percent for cystectomy, and 24 percent for lung resection. For most procedures, the mortality rate was higher among patients of low-volume surgeons than among those of high-volume surgeons, regardless of the surgical volume of the hospital in which they practiced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For many procedures, the observed associations between hospital volume and operative mortality are largely mediated by surgeon volume. Patients can often improve their chances of survival substantially, even at high-volume hospitals, by selecting surgeons who perform the operations frequently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. john.birkmeyer@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stukel
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Siewers
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Goodney
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: F Lee
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States