title: Amygdala hyperreactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disturbed interpersonal relations and emotional dysregulation are fundamental aspects of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The amygdala plays important roles in modulating vigilance and generating negative emotional states and is often abnormally reactive in disorders of mood and emotion. The aim of this study was to assess amygdala reactivity in BPD patients relative to normal control subjects. We hypothesized that amygdala hyperreactivity contributes to hypervigilance, emotional dysregulation, and disturbed interpersonal relations in BPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined neural responses to 20-sec blocks of neutral, happy, sad, and fearful facial expression (or a fixation point) in 15 BPD and 15 normal control subjects. The DSM IV-diagnosed BPD patients and the normal control subjects were assessed by a clinical research team in a medical school psychiatry department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Borderline patients showed significantly greater left amygdala activation to the facial expressions of emotion (vs. a fixation point) compared with normal control subjects. Post-scan debriefing revealed that some borderline patients had difficulty disambiguating neutral faces or found them threatening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pictures of human emotional expressions elicit robust differences in amygdala activation levels in borderline patients, compared with normal control subjects, and can be used as probes to study the neuropathophysiologic basis of borderline personality disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8098, USA.
authors.forename: Nelson H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Donegan
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sanislow
authors.forename: Hilary P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Blumberg
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Fulbright
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacadie
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skudlarski
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Ingrid R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wexler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology