title: State and trait influences on mood regulation in bipolar disorder: blood flow differences with an acute mood challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even in remission, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) remain sensitive to external stressors that can trigger new episodes. Imitating such stressors by the controlled transient exposure to an emotional stimulus may help to identify brain regions modulating this sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient sadness was induced in 9 euthymic and in 11 depressed subjects with BD. Regional blood flow (rCBF) changes were measured using (15)O-water positron emission tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common changes in both groups were increased rCBF in anterior insula and cerebellum and decreased rCBF in dorsal-ventral-medial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate, inferior parietal, and temporal cortices. Decreases in dorsal ventral medial frontal cortices occurred in both groups, but subjects in remission showed a greater magnitude of change. Unique to remitted subjects with BD were rCBF increases in dorsal anterior cingulate and in premotor cortex. Lateral prefrontal rCBF decreases were unique to depressed subjects with BD. At baseline, remitted subjects showed a unique increase in dorsal anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common rCBF changes in remitted and depressed subjects identifies potential sites of disease vulnerability. Unique cingulate and orbitofrontal changes both at baseline and with induced sadness seen in the absence of prefrontal rCBF decreases may identify regional interactions important to the euthymic state in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry (SK), University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seminowicz
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goldapple
authors.forename: Sidney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mayberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012074:Remission Induction; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes