title: Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of PPARalpha agonists for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
abstract: Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ABCD1), a peroxisomal membrane protein, is mutated in patients affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). Adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ABCD2) is the closest relative of ABCD1. Pharmacological induction of ABCD2 gene expression has been proposed as a novel therapy strategy for X-ALD. Fibrates induce peroxisome proliferation and Abcd2 expression in rodent liver. Here we evaluate the possibility of using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonists for pharmacological induction of ABCD2 expression. In the liver of PPARalpha-deficient mice, both the constitutive and the fenofibrate-inducible Abcd2 gene expression was found to be PPARalpha-dependent. In the brain, PPARalpha-deficiency has no effect on Abcd2 expression. In mice orally treated with the novel, highly selective, and potent PPARalpha agonists GW 7647, GW 6867, and tetradecylthioacetic acid, Abcd2 expression was induced in liver and adrenal glands, but not in brain and testis. None of four putative PPREs identified in the 5(')-flanking DNA and in intron 1 of the Abcd2 gene conferred fibrate response in luciferase reporter assays. Thus, although fibrate-mediated Abcd2 induction is PPARalpha-dependent, it appears to be an indirect mechanism. Within the mouse Abcd2 promoter, a putative sterol regulatory element (SRE) similar in sequence and position to the characterized SRE sequence of the human ABCD2 promoter, was identified. A PPARalpha dependent induction of the sterol regulatory-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and a down-regulation of SREBP1c mRNA levels could be demonstrated after fenofibrate treatment of mice. Our results suggest that the PPARalpha agonist-mediated induction of Abcd2 expression seems to be indirect and possibly mediated by SREBP2.
authors.affiliation: Brain Research Institute, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Heidelinde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rampler
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weinhofer
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Netik
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forss-Petter
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oplinger
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugaut
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000074061:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000326:Adrenoleukodystrophy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007438:Introns; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency; D020218:Response Elements / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; D013261:Sterols / Q000378:metabolism; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C431694:ABCD2 protein, human; D000074061:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D002087:Butyrates; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C490182:GW 6867; C453899:GW 7647; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C497388:Srebf1 protein, mouse; C497391:Srebf2 protein, mouse; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; D013261:Sterols; D013440:Sulfides; D014157:Transcription Factors; C062078:1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane