title: Mediastinal lymph node staging by FDG-PET in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of false-positive FDG-PET findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate staging of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes is a critical factor determining operability in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Positron emission tomography with 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose as a tracer (FDG-PET) has recently been reported to be more effective in detecting tumor involvement in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes than computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we analyzed the accuracy of FDG-PET in mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging in patients with NSCLC and the factors associated with false-positive or false-negative FDG-PET findings in mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four patients with NSCLC who underwent preoperative analysis including chest CT and whole-body FDG-PET were evaluated retrospectively. Using FDG-PET, lesions were considered to be positive if a definite, localized area of higher uptake, excluding physiologic uptake, than in surrounding normal tissue was present. On CT findings, lymph nodes were considered to be positive if they were >10 mm in short-axis diameter, except subcarinal lymph nodes (#7), which were considered to be positive if they were >15 mm in short-axis diameter. All patients underwent surgical resection of primary tumors and mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes between 1999 and 2001 in our institute. Resected lymph nodes were histologically examined for the existence of tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 306 lymph nodes were resected and used for analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of FDG-PET were 73, 98, 70 and 98%, while those of CT were 55, 96, 55 and 96%, respectively. When pre-operative nodal staging was compared with post-operative histopathological staging, 44 patients (81%) were correctly staged, 7 (13%) were overstaged and 3 (6%) were understaged by FDG-PET, while 39 patients (72%) were correctly staged, 8 (15%) were overstaged and 7 (13%) were understaged by CT. All 7 overstaged patients by FDG-PET had other pulmonary complications, including interstitial pneumonitis (n = 2), previous pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 3), silicosis (n = 1) and emphysema (n = 1), although they were not in the active stage. In 3 understaged patients by FDG-PET, lymph nodes were also undetectable by CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FDG-PET is superior to CT in mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging of patients with NSCLC. However, care should be taken in lymph node staging for patients who have other pulmonary complications, including interstitial pneumonitis, previous pulmonary tuberculosis and silicosis.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Nagara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otake
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Hirotoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dosaka-Akita
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed