title: Oligoclonality in bladder cancer: the implication for molecular therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is conflicting evidence in the published literature regarding the clonal or oligoclonal origin of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search of articles on the clonality, genetic, epigenetic and tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer cells was done. Laboratory and clinical studies were included and relevant articles were selected if tumor cell clonality was part of the study. We reviewed this published evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current thinking proposes 2 main theories. 1) In the clonogenic theory multifocal and recurrent tumors evolve from a single transformed cell and, hence, all progeny share a number of identical genetic mutations. 2) The field change theory assumes a global change in the urothelium with multiple transformed cells evolving into mature tumors independently. The evidence for and against each theory is compelling. Of equal importance are the parallel epigenetic modifications and changes in the cellular microenvironment that permit tumor evolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of oligoclonality has implications for the potential efficacy of novel molecular therapeutic agents for bladder cancer. The molecular targets for such therapies must be widely sampled in a tumor population to assess expression in separate clones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland. bduggan71@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Sam B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002999:Clone Cells; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*