Persistence of simazine and terbuthylazine in a semiarid soil after organic amendment with urban sewage sludge.
The persistence of two herbicides, simazine and terbuthylazine, and appearance of their principal dealkylated chloro-s-triazine metabolites have been studied in agricultural soil after the addition of urban sewage sludge as organic amendment. Both herbicides and metabolites were monitored during long-term laboratory incubation (140 days) and analyzed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Residues were confirmed by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD). A sonication microextraction method was used to extract the compounds. The organic amendments used were urban sewage sludge and the humic fraction of this sludge, to increase the organic matter content of the soil from 1% to 2%. For both compounds, simazine and terbuthylazine, the degradation began earlier in the amended soils. Simazine showed a higher dissipation rate than terbuthylazine, the percentage of the former at the end of the experiment being lower than 2% in all cases, while for terbuthylazine the corresponding percentage ranged from 5% to 46%. Organic amendment, mainly its humic fraction, caused a certain stabilization of terbuthylazine in the soil, but did not greatly influence the residual amount of simazine at the end of the experiment. The periodic aeration of the soil caused a greater degradation in the case of terbuthylazine. Only mono-deethylsimazine and deethylterbuthylazine were isolated from the soil during the time the experiment lasted, while the di-deethylated metabolite of simazine was not found.
Navarro
Simón
S
Departamento de Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. snavarro@um.es
Vela
Nuria
N
García
Carlos
C
Navarro
Ginés
G
D000383:Agriculture; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006540:Herbicides; D010100:Oxygen; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage; D012839:Simazine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D014227:Triazines; C037565:terbutylazine; D010100:Oxygen; D012839:Simazine