title: Looking back on cocaine dependence: reasons for recovery.
abstract: Factors that contributed to long-term recovery from cocaine dependence were examined as part of a 5-year national follow-up study of 708 patients from 45 treatment programs in eight U.S. cities. Outcomes from 33% of the sample were highly favorable at follow-up, including no drugs detected in urine or hair specimens, no self-reported use of any drugs, less than daily alcohol use, and no illegal activity or arrests during the past year. Major reasons cited for these improvements were motivations to change, positive influences of family, strength from religion and spirituality, and help from drug treatment. "Recovery" was viewed as a continuous process and one that benefits from lessons learned in treatment. These retrospective attributions affirm many of the same findings from prospective outcome studies and contribute to a conceptual framework for treatment process and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA. p.flynn@tcu.edu
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: Kirk M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Broome
authors.forename: D Dwayne
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009042:Motivation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012944:Social Support; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone