title: Anterior glenohumeral force/translation behavior with and without rotator cuff contraction during clinical stability testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measure stiffness of the glenohumeral joint during clinical laxity testing with and without muscular contraction of the Internal rotators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of normal shoulders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical examination for shoulder instability is based on subjective impression, and is only performed passively. Our study presents a method for quantitative clinical examination of the shoulder under both passive and active muscle contraction conditions. We hypothesized that in a normal shoulder, contraction of the internal rotators will increase the stiffness of the glenohumeral joint, effectively constraining the head of the humerus against anterior directed forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects were instrumented with electromagnetic sensors to record glenohumeral linear displacements. A mini-force transducer recorded forces applied to subjects during anterior drawer testing (forced anterior glenohumeral displacement), which was performed passively, and during isometric contraction of internal rotators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only mild contraction of the internal rotators is needed to significantly increase the stiffness to anterior directed forces. Greater muscular activation does not result in further increased stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective measurement of glenohumeral stiffness during passive and active muscular contraction may be useful for evaluating the capacity of rotator cuff muscles to stabilize the shoulder. The concept of more strength is better, for rotator cuff strengthen programs is questioned.
authors.affiliation: Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA. kmcquade@som.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McQuade
authors.forename: Anand M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murthi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*