title: Early antithrombotic prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in neurosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in neuro-surgical patients, heparin prophylaxis has not been routinely established due to concern about bleeding complications. After initiating early low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis, we reviewed our patients in order to examine the viability of this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 3 year period, the records of patients admitted for elective neuro-surgery (ES), head injury (HI) or spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) were analysed. Prophylaxis was performed with certoparin (3000 U anti-factor Xa s.c.) on the evening before ES and within 24 hours after surgery or admission whenever a CT did not show a progressive haematoma. Contraindications for LMWH were prothrombin time <70%, partial thrombo-plastin time >40 s, platelet count <100.000/ml, and platelet aggregation test sum <60%. The incidence of bleeding complications, VTE, and resulting morbidity/mortality was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  294 patients were admitted for ES, 344 for HI, and 302 for ICH. 155 of these were excluded because of contraindications. Intracranial bleeding was recorded in 1.5% (ES 1.1%, HI 3.5%, ICH 0%) and operative revision was performed in 1.1% (ES 0.7%, HI 2.8%) of patients. One case of moderate disability and no mortality occurred. The incidence of VTE and pulmonary embolism was documented in 0.2% and 0.1% of patients, with no associated mortality. No heparin induced thrombocytopenia was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In neurosurgical patients, antithrombotic prophylaxis with certoparin was determined to be safe and efficacious when contraindications are carefully considered and a 12-hour time interval before and after surgery was guaranteed. This retrospective analysis should encourage a prospective trial of early LMWH prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College, Virginia Commonwealth University 23298-0631, USA. akleinienst@vcu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mater
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bronst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herenz
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schön
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D000075202:Contraindications; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011292:Premedication; D012086:Reoperation; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; C403769:certoparin