title: Protein calorie restriction has opposite effects on glucose metabolism and insulin gene expression in fetal and adult rat endocrine pancreas.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that fetuses from undernourished pregnant rats exhibited increased beta-cell mass and hyperinsulinemia, whereas keeping food restriction until adult age caused reduced beta-cell mass, hypoinsulinemia, and decreased insulin secretion. Because these alterations can be related to insulin availability, we have now investigated early and long-term effects of protein calorie food restriction on insulin mRNA levels as well as the possible mechanisms that could modulate the endogenous insulin mRNA content. We used fetuses at 21.5 days of gestation proceeding from food-restricted rats during the last week of pregnancy and 70-day-old rats undernourished from day 14 of gestation until adult age and with respective controls. Insulin mRNA levels, glucose transporters, and total glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative fluxes were evaluated. We additionally analyzed undernutrition effects on signals implicated in glucose-mediated insulin gene expression, especially pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), stress-activated protein kinase-2 (p38/SAPK2), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Undernourished fetuses showed increased insulin mRNA, oxidative glucose metabolism, and p38/SAPK2 levels, whereas undernutrition until adult age provoked a decrease in insulin gene expression, oxidative glucose metabolism, and PDX-1 levels. The results indicate that food restriction caused changes in insulin gene expression and content leading to alterations in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The molecular events, increased p38/SAPK2 levels in fetuses and decreased PDX-1 levels in adults, seem to be the responsible for the altered insulin mRNA expression. Moreover, because PDX-1 activation appears to be regulated by glucose-derived metabolite(s), the altered glucose oxidation caused by undernutrition could in some manner affect insulin mRNA expression.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escrivá
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007328:Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C084010:pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 protein; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; C448901:ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kD, polypeptide 1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose