title: The pharmacology of cocaethylene in humans following cocaine and ethanol administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol results in formation of a cocaine homolog and metabolite-cocaethylene.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize cocaethylene pharmacology, ten paid volunteer subjects were given deuterium-labeled (d(5)) cocaine (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg and cocaine placebo) by a 15-min constant rate intravenous injection 1 h after a single oral dose of ethanol (1 g/kg) or ethanol and cocaine placebo using a double-blind, crossover design. Six of the same volunteers subsequently received a 1.2 mg/kg dose of cocaine alone. A small (7.5 mg) nonpharmacologically active dose of deuterium-labeled cocaethylene-d(3) was concurrently administered with the cocaine to enable calculation of absolute cocaethylene formation and clearance. Plasma and urine cocaine, cocaethylene, and benzoylecgonine concentrations, physiologic and subjective effects were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When co-administered with ethanol, 17+/-6% (mean+/-S.D.) of the cocaine was converted to cocaethylene. Cocaethylene peak plasma concentrations and AUC increased proportionally to the cocaine dose. Ethanol ingestion prior to cocaine administration decreased urine benzoylecgonine levels by 48% and increased urinary cocaethylene and ecgonine ethyl ester levels. Subjects liked and experienced more total intoxication after the combination of cocaine and ethanol than after either drug alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of ethanol, the altered biotransformation of cocaine resulted in 17% of an intravenous cocaine dose being converted to cocaethylene and relatively lower urinary concentrations of benzoylecgonine.
authors.affiliation: Drug Dependence Research Center, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA. dharris@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Debra S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: E Thomas
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Everhart
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Reese T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002845:Chromatography; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D000431:Ethanol; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine