title: Correction for oral contrast artifacts in CT attenuation-corrected PET images obtained by combined PET/CT.
abstract: Recent studies have shown increased artifacts in CT attenuation-corrected (CTAC) PET images acquired with oral contrast agents because of misclassification of contrast as bone. We have developed an algorithm, segmented contrast correction (SCC), to properly transform CT numbers in the contrast regions from CT energies (40-140 keV) to PET energy at 511 keV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bilinear transformation, equivalent to that supplied by the PET/CT scanner manufacturer, for the conversion of linear attenuation coefficients of normal tissues from CT to PET energies was optimized for BaSO(4) contrast agent. This transformation was validated by comparison with the linear attenuation coefficients measured for BaSO(4) at concentrations ranging from 0% to 80% at 511 keV for PET transmission images acquired with (68)Ge rod sources. In the CT images, the contrast regions were contoured to exclude bony structures and then segmented on the basis of a minimum threshold CT number (300 Hounsfield units). The CT number in each pixel identified with contrast was transformed into the corresponding effective bone CT number to produce the correct attenuation coefficient when the data were translated by the manufacturer software into PET energy during the process of CT attenuation correction. CT images were then used for attenuation correction of PET emission data. The algorithm was validated with a phantom in which a lesion was simulated within a volume of BaSO(4) contrast and in the presence of a human vertebral bony structure. Regions of interest in the lesion, bone, and contrast on emission PET images reconstructed with and without the SCC algorithm were analyzed. The results were compared with those for images obtained with (68)Ge-based transmission attenuation-corrected PET.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SCC algorithm was able to correct for contrast artifacts in CTAC PET images. In the phantom studies, the use of SCC resulted in an approximate 32% reduction in the apparent activity concentration in the lesion compared with data obtained from PET images without SCC and a <7.6% reduction compared with data obtained from (68)Ge-based attenuation-corrected PET images. In one clinical study, maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) measurements for the lesion, bladder, and bowel were, respectively, 14.52, 13.63, and 13.34 g/mL in CTAC PET images, 59.45, 26.71, and 37.22 g/mL in (68)Ge-based attenuation-corrected PET images, and 11.05, 6.66, and 6.33 g/mL in CTAC PET images with SCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correction of oral contrast artifacts in PET images obtained by combined PET/CT yielded more accurate quantitation of the lesion and other, normal structures. The algorithm was tested in a clinical case, in which SUV(max) measurements showed discrepancies of 2%, 1.3%, and 5% between (68)Ge-based attenuation-corrected PET images and CTAC PET images with SCC for the lesion, bladder, and bowel, respectively. These values correspond to 6.5%, 62%, and 66% differences between CTAC-based measurements and (68)Ge-based ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. nehmehs@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Sadek A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nehmeh
authors.forename: Yusuf E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Erdi
authors.forename: Hovanes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalaigian
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kolbert
authors.forename: Tinsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Squire
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Steve M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Humm
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate