title: The A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (TaqI A polymorphisms) is associated with antisocial personality in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presence of A1 allele of the DRD2 gene has been associated with a predisposition for alcoholism although there are limited data about its phenotypic expression in alcoholism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the importance of the A1 allele in clinical variables of alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 103 alcohol-dependent males was studied. All patients were recruited consecutively from the general hospital and community settings. The diagnostics were made with the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID); and the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). Diagnosis of family alcoholism was made by direct interview or with the Research Diagnostic Criteria-Family History (RDC-FH). The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Scale (SADS) were used to assess alcohol dependence severity. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 39% of the sample carried the A1 allele (A1+ group). This group had higher prevalences of antisocial personality disorder (60% vs. 15.9%); and alcoholism family history (72.5% vs. 52.4%). Also A1+ had early onset alcohol abuse and more drinking problems. The presence of A1+ was the main factor to explain the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but the weight of this factor was not sufficient to explain the complications assessed by the ASI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the existence of an association between the A1 allele and factors resulting from dopaminergic deficiency, otherwise denominated reward deficiency syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de conductas adictivas, Servicio de Psiquiatría, Edificio de Medicina Comunitaria, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Arriero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoenicka
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ampuero
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palomo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2