title: Gynaecological cytopathology and the search for perfection: civil liability and regulatory ramifications.
abstract: The article analyses the potential for false negative and false positive results from Pap smear testing by gynaecological cytopathology laboratories. It also reviews case law in relation to the liability of general practitioners, gynaecologists, cytoscreeners and pathologists in respect of cervical cancer diagnoses. It argues that the concerns expressed in the 1990s about unfair findings of liability against cervical screeners have not been borne out, liability only having been found by the courts where culpable failure to adhere to the standards to be expected of professional behaviour has been established by probative evidence. It argues that the challenge for the future is for cytology screening to articulate definitively where the distinctions lie between acceptable and unacceptable error and for the medical profession and the legal profession to accommodate to the limitations of gynaecological cytopathology.
authors.affiliation: Owen Dixon Chambers, C/- Clerk Howells, 205 William St, Melbourne, Vic 3000, Australia. I.Freckelton@latrobe.edu.au
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Freckelton
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004739:England; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*