title: Factor analysis validates the cluster structure of the dendrogram underlying the Multidimensional Affect and Pain Survey (MAPS) and challenges the a priori classification of the descriptors in the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).
abstract: The purpose of this study was to validate the content and structure of the Multidimensional Affect and Pain Survey (MAPS) by means of factor analysis. The 101-MAPS is based on a dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis and contains 30 clusters subsumed within three superclusters. If the MAPS is a valid questionnaire for the quantification of emotion and pain in patients, then factor analysis of patients' intensity ratings should produce factors which correspond to the cluster structure of the dendrogram. To confirm the structure of the dendrogram and hence, MAPS, factor analysis was applied to the responses by 100 outpatients diagnosed with early stage cancer. Principal components analysis of responses to the MAPS yielded six factors. In accordance with the hypothesis, 13 of the 17 clusters within the MAPS somatosensory pain supercluster loaded on three sensory factors: factor 1, severe sensory pain; factor 3, moderate sensory pain; and factor 6, numb/cold. Five of the eight clusters within the emotional pain supercluster loaded on factor 2, negative emotions. Four of the five clusters in the well-being supercluster loaded on factor 4, good health. Factor 5, manageable illness was loaded on by clusters from the well-being supercluster and the somatosensory pain supercluster. The homogeneity of the six factors found demonstrate the validity of the MAPS and the cluster structure of the dendrogram. MAPS proved sensitive to sex differences; women endorsed the negative emotions factor more strongly than did men. The MAPS factors were much more homogeneous than those reported in the literature for the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 50, New York City, NY 10032-2695, USA Department of Biopsychology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Crawford W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.forename: Mary Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Keohan
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knotkova
authors.forename: Rachel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: Germaine A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Griswold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012727:Sex Characteristics