title: The challenges and opportunities of a commercial human spaceflight mission to the ISS.
abstract: ESA astronauts' ISS flight opportunities are considered as a vital source to meet the utilisation, operation and political objectives that Europe has established for participating in the International Space Station programme. Recent internal ESA assessments have demonstrated that a rate of three flights per year for European Astronauts should be maintained as a minimum objective. The current flight rate is lower than this. In order to improve this situation, in the context of the activation of the ESA ISS Commercialisation programme, ESA is developing the conditions for the establishment of commercially based human spaceflights with the financial support of both ESA and the private sector or, in the future, only the latter. ESA is working in a Partnership with the space industry to facilitate the implementation of such projects and support customers with a range of end-to-end commercial services. The opportunities and challenges of a "commercial human spaceflight", involving a member of the European Astronaut Corps, or a privately employed flight participant, are discussed here.
authors.affiliation: ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan, Noordwijk ZH, The Netherlands. maurizio.belingheri@esa.int
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belingheri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mirra
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts / Q000191:economics* / Q000193:education; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D007390:International Agencies / Q000191:economics*; D007391:International Cooperation; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D013026:Space Flight / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D014893:Weightlessness