title: A comparison of on-site and off-site patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) often produces hemodynamic and respiratory derangement necessitating use of inotropic drugs and escalating ventilatory support in premature infants. When medical therapy fails, surgical ligation is indicated. Because of the risks of transferring unstable neonates to the operating room, ductal ligation is routinely performed at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) bedside. Some patients, however, require transfer from hospitals without pediatric cardiac surgical teams. In an attempt to eliminate the risks associated with transfer, a surgical team from our institution offered to perform duct ligation in the NICUs of referring institutions. This experienced team consisted of a pediatric cardiac attending anesthesiologist and certified registered nurse anesthetist, cardiac operating room nurses, an attending cardiothoracic surgeon, and a cardiothoracic surgery fellow. We retrospectively reviewed our experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval from the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, the charts of premature neonates who underwent PDA ligation in the NICU at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia NICU or in a network NICU between January 1996 and April 2002 were reviewed. Data abstracted included institution, gender, gestational age, birth weight, weight at surgery, and number of courses of indomethacin. Mean arterial blood pressure and use of inotropic drugs and ventilatory parameters (fraction of inspired oxygen, peak inspiratory pressure) were recorded at the time of surgery and 96 hours postoperatively. Perioperative complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two patients met the criteria for inclusion. PDA ligation was performed in the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia NICU in 38 of 72 patients, 53% (group 1). The remainder, 34 of 72 (47%) underwent PDA ligation in the NICU at 1 of 6 referring institutions (group 2). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to demographics, number of courses of indomethacin, or use of inotropic drugs or ventilatory support. The incidence of perioperative complications did not differ between groups: 3 in group 1 (bleeding, chylothorax, and pleural effusion) and 3 in group 2 (pneumothorax [3]). There were no anesthetic-related complications. Seven patients died (4 in group 1 and 3 in group 2), none within 96 hours of surgery and none secondary to the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate that an experienced team can perform PDA ligation safely in NICUs of hospitals without on-site pediatric cardiac surgical capabilities in critically ill neonates without incurring the risks inherent in patient transport. Most importantly, patient care is continued by the neonatology team most familiar with the infant's medical and social history, and the patient's family is minimally inconvenienced.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gouldd@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Suzanne P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lacy
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ittenbach
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010360:Patient Transfer; D015143:Philadelphia; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014187:Transportation of Patients; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States