title: A new concept for covered stent protected carotid angioplasty: an ex vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of a covered stent prototype designed for protected carotid angioplasty to reduce cerebral embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The covered stent tested is made of nitinol, coated with a polyurethane membrane (MembraX trade mark; porous size 80 micro m). In a bench-top model (flow-rate 650 ml/min, pulsatile flow [dicrote] 123 Pulses/min, pressure 100/60 mm Hg [mean pressure 80 mmHg]) with inserted human carotid (n = 6) stent implantation was performed (8/32 mm). Passed particles (mg) were determined in the effluent of a 100 micro m filter prior to intervention, after stent deployment and after final dilation (5 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When stenting carotid arteries obtained from human cadavers, the highest rate of particle embolization was measured while crossing the lesion with the delivery device (6,8 mg; for all p < 0,05), embolization after additional balloon angioplasty and particle rates measured in the effluent filter prior covered stent placement were significantly lower (3,8 mg; p < 0,05). Branches of the external carotid artery remained patent in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduced concept of covered stent protected carotid angioplasty with the MembraX trade mark prototype has proven promising results for low cerebral embolization rates ex vivo. Further evaluations using an animal model and a miniaturization of the delivery device are warranted prior to human use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. muehue@rad.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller-Hülsbeck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stolzmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wenke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000497:Alloys; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D002102:Cadaver; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D002342:Carotid Artery, External; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011140:Polyurethanes; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D011140:Polyurethanes; C013616:nitinol