title: Molecular targeting with radionuclides: state of the science.
abstract: Inherent in the application of advances in biomedical science to nuclear medicine is the concept of molecular targeting: the in vivo concentration of labeled tracer by a gene, its transcribed DNA, or its protein product. This mechanism of localization has been and is being exploited for both nuclear imaging and radioisotopic therapy. Agents, such as antisense molecules, aptamers, antibodies, and antibody fragments, can be aimed at molecular targets. Tumor and nerve cell receptors provide such targets. So do certain cellular physiologic activities, including metabolism, hypoxia, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, response to infection, and multiple drug resistance. In this article we review the principles of molecular targeting based on radioisotopic methods and provide examples from the literature. We discuss applications to imaging and therapy and point out the hurdles that must be overcome in bringing molecular targeting to clinical reality.
authors.affiliation: Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. sbritzcunningham@partners.org
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Britz-Cunningham
authors.forename: S James
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Adelstein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005819:Genetic Markers; D011868:Radioisotopes