title: Proceedings of the State-of-the-Art Symposium on Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology of the Spine, Antwerp, September 7, 2002 (Part two). Upright, weight-bearing, dynamic-kinetic MRI of the spine: pMRI/kMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the general clinical utility of the first dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit enabling upright, weight-bearing positional evaluation of the spinal column (pMRI) during various dynamic-kinetic maneuvers (kMRI) in patients with degenerative conditions of the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of a prospective non-statistical analysis of cervical or lumbar imaging examinations. All studies were performed on a recently introduced whole body MRI system (Stand-Up MRI, Fonar Corp, Melville, NY). The system operates at 0.6T using an electromagnet with a horizontal field, transverse to the longitudinal axis of the patient's body. Depending upon spinal level, all examinations were acquired with either a cervical or lumbar solenoidal radiofrequency receiver coil. This unit was configured with a top-front open design, incorporating a patient-scanning table with tilt, translation and elevation functions. The unique motorized patient handling system developed for the scanner allowed for vertical (upright, weight bearing) and horizontal (recumbent) positioning of all patients. The top-open construction also allowed dynamic-kinetic flexion and extension maneuvers of the spine. Patterns of bony and soft tissue change occurring among recumbent (rMRI) and upright neutral positions (pMRI), and dynamic-kinetic acquisitions (kMRI) were sought.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on the specific underlying pathologic degenerative condition, significant alterations observed on pMRI and kMRI that were either more or less pronounced than on rMRI included: fluctuating anterior and posterior disc herniations, hypermobile spinal instability, central spinal canal and spinal neural foramen stenosis and general sagittal spinal contour changes. No patient suffered from feelings of claustrophobia that resulted in termination of the examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To conclude, the potential relative beneficial aspects of upright, weight-bearing (pMRI), dynamic-kinetic (kMRI) spinal imaging on this system over that of recumbent MRI (rMRI) include: the revelation of occult disease dependent on true axial loading, the unmasking of kinetic-dependent disease, and the ability to scan the patient in the position of clinically relevant signs and symptoms. This imaging unit also demonstrated low claustrophobic potential and yielded relatively high-resolution images with little motion/chemical shift artifact.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Pennsylvania-Hahnemann, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: J Randy
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jinkins
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dworkin
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016474:Weight-Bearing