title: Variation in the FABP2 promoter affects gene expression: implications for prior association studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An Ala54Thr polymorphism in the FABP2 gene has previously been associated with insulin resistance and lipid oxidation rates in Pima Indians. Ala54Thr functionally alters the protein's ability to bind and transport dietary fatty acids. In the current report, we sought additional functional variation in FABP2 by sequencing putative regulatory regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 1.2 Kb of the putative promoter of FABP2 was sequenced in 20 Pima subjects. Variations were genotyped in 84 additional Pima Indian subjects to assess haplotype combinations. Functional activities of variant and nonvariant promoters were compared in Caco-2 cells transfected with luciferase reporter constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven variations were identified in the FABP2 promoter in Pima Indians. Genotypes of these variants were in complete concordance with each other, and were in complete concordance with Ala54Thr. Therefore, only two promoter alleles were observed in Pima Indians, an Ala54-associated promoter and a Thr54-associated promoter. In contrast, genotyping of these variants in Caucasian DNA showed multiple genotypic combinations. In vitro reporter assays indicated that the Thr54-associated promoter in Pima Indians resulted in a threefold reduction in promoter activity as compared to Ala54-associated promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two functional variations exist in FABP2--the coding Ala54Thr and the variant promoter. In the Pima Indian population, but not the Caucasian population, these two functional variants are always carried on the same allele. Therefore, some of the in vivo phenotypic associations previously attributed to the Ala54Thr substitution, which alters binding characteristics of the protein, could instead be due to promoter variation, which alters expression levels.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Formanack
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Baier
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013912:Threonine / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C493404:FABP2 protein, human; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013912:Threonine; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases; D000409:Alanine