title: Stimulus recognition and its relationship to the cerebral event-related potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between the event-related cerebral potential (ERP) and perceptual awareness by the subject is poorly understood. The authors manipulated the process of stimulus recognition to examine the effect of changes in a subject's awareness on different components of the ERP and on behavioral (motor) responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects listened to a series of 400 tone pips, one of which (frequent tone) was slightly louder than the other (rare tone; 14% of trials). Stimuli were presented in blocks of 10 tones and, following each block, subjects were asked how many rare tones they had detected and if they were aware of any errors that they had made during that block. Cerebral and motor responses were recorded by surface electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When subjects were aware of having responded erroneously to either the rare or frequent tone, their response times were shorter than for correct responses to that tone. When subjects were unaware of such errors, however, the response times were delayed compared to correct responses and to error responses of which the subject was aware. When the subject made an error by responding to the rare tone as if it were frequent and was aware of the error, the N2 and P3 latencies were delayed. By contrast, when subjects were unaware of such errors, no N2 or P3 components were present. Similar findings were noted when subjects responded to a frequent tone as if it were rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the N2 and P3 components of the ERP reflect the awareness of the subject that an unexpected event has occurred, regardless of whether it is an unexpected stimulus or an unexpectedly erroneous response to that stimulus. The recording of ERP may provide a means of measuring perceptual awareness in other contexts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0114, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goodin
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Aminoff
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged