Effect of cigarette smoke on oral peroxidase activity in human saliva: role of hydrogen cyanide.
Peroxidase activity in human saliva is composed of salivary peroxidase (80%), of salivary glandular origin, and myeloperoxidase (20%), of leukocyte origin. The term oral peroxidase (OPO) is used here to denote the total activity of both peroxidase species. Using the 2-nitrobenzoic acid-thiocyanate assay, OPO activity was measured in the saliva of nonsmokers after exposure to gas-phase cigarette smoke (CS) in an in vitro system using three puffs of CS in 1 h. A marked decrease of 76% of activity was observed following three puffs of CS. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which CS caused loss of OPO activity, several oxidants and antioxidants were applied to saliva in vitro in the presence and absence of CS. No protection for CS-induced loss of OPO activity occurred in the presence of glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, or Desferal. Exposure of saliva to purified aldehydes present in CS did not significantly affect OPO loss of activity. Similarly, ascorbic acid in the presence of FeCl(3) and nicotine also had no effect on OPO activity. Exposure of OPO to cyanate at levels present in CS caused a 65-70% loss of OPO activity, which was reversible after 24 h of dialysis. Moreover, hydroxocobalamin, a known cyanate chelator, could prevent CS- and potassium cyanide-induced inactivation of OPO by 70-90%. The results show that hydrogen cyanide, known to be present in microgram amounts per cigarette, is likely to be the species in CS responsible for loss of salivary OPO activity. The finding of reduced salivary OPO levels after CS exposure may represent a contributory mechanism for CS-related compromises in antimicrobial defenses in the aerodigestive tract.
Klein
Ifat
I
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Nagler
Rafael M
RM
Toffler
Ruth
R
van Der Vliet
Albert
A
Reznick
Abraham Z
AZ
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009579:Nitrobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D011190:Potassium Cyanide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology*; D012907:Smoking; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D009579:Nitrobenzoates; D016877:Oxidants; D013861:Thiocyanates; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide; D010544:Peroxidases; D009195:Peroxidase; D011190:Potassium Cyanide; C031760:thiocyanate