title: Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF): isoelectric focusing pattern and tumoricidal activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gc protein is the precursor for Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF), with three phenotypes: Gc1f, Gc1s and Gc2, based on its electrophoretic mobility. The difference in electrophoretic mobility is because of the difference in its posttranslational sugar moiety composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the difference between Gc protein and GcMAF electrophoretic mobility using the isoelectric focusing (IEF) method. The tumoricidal activity of GcMAF-treated macrophage was evaluated after coculture with L-929 cell. The tumoricidal mechanism was investigated using TNF bioassay and nitric oxide (NO) release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in Gc protein and GcMAF electrophoretic mobility was detected. The tumoricidal activity of GcMAF-treated macrophage was detected, but no release of TNF and NO was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference of isoelectric focusing mobility in Gc protein and GcMAF would be useful to develop a GcMAF detection method. GcMAF increased macrophage tumoricidal activity but TNF and NO release were not involved in the mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, Minamijyosajimacho-2, Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan.
authors.forename: Saharuddin Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.forename: Hideko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uto
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D016215:Macrophage-Activating Factors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008875:Middle Aged; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016215:Macrophage-Activating Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; C101908:vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide