title: Pathogenetic mechanism of olfactory cell injury after exposure to sulfur dioxide in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the cellular pathogenetic mechanism involved in olfactory tissue injury and regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male mice were exposed to 40 ppm SO2 for 2 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice were sacrificed immediately, 4 hours, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after exposure to SO2. Olfactory neuroepithelium and bulbs were harvested at the time of sacrifice. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injuries of the olfactory neuroepithelium were found 24 hours after exposure to SO2. The number of total olfactory neuroepithelial cells decreased after SO2 exposure and recovered after 3 weeks. In contrast, the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells increased after SO2 injury and then decreased. In the neuroepithelium, where PCNA expression increased, olfactory marker protein (OMP)-positive cells were sparse. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was localized in the lateral half of the turbinates. However, there was no expression of iNOS in the medial half of the turbinates, in which PCNA was strongly expressed. There was increased immunoreactivity of neuronal NOS (nNOS) in the surviving cells after SO2 exposure. Immediately after exposure to SO2, the immunoreactivity to phosphorylated fraction of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (phospho-ERK)-1/2 increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus of supporting cells. In Western blot analysis, nNOS expression increased 4 hours after SO2 exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the regenerative activity of the neuroepithelium might be well demonstrated by PCNA immunoreactivity and that regeneration of the neuroepithelium can be activated several days after SO2 injury. The two NOS isoforms, iNOS and nNOS, might contribute to neuroprotection in the olfactory neuroepithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Gongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea. ygmin@plaza.snu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Yang-Gi
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Jeong-Whun
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok-Chan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hun-Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dhong
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Jarin
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000506:poisoning*; D014420:Turbinates
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein; C497598:Omp protein, mouse; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496321:Nos1 protein, mouse; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases