title: A review of lysosomal membrane stability measured by neutral red retention: is it a workable earthworm biomarker?
abstract: The ability of biomarkers to integrate effects of chemicals on biota has lead to increased calls for their application in assessing the status of polluted ecosystems. In tandem there has been an increase in our knowledge of the ecophysiological responses of keystone species to pollutants, which has allowed the development of a number of promising methods. In contrast to the number of biomarker development studies, the number of biomarker validation studies has remained limited. This paper redresses this imbalance by drawing together data from studies that have used the earthworm lysosomal membrane stability response (measured using the neutral red retention assay). This review first gives a short history of the biomarker's development. Second, it sets published applications of the technique against established criteria for a "good" biomarker (i.e., dose-response relationship, sensitivity, ecological relevance, confounding factors, chemical specificity, species differences, time-response relationship, methodological concerns, and overall public/regulator confidence, and acceptance). Discussion of the biomarker's suitability to each criterion is followed by an overall evaluation of its workability for routine soil quality assessment and caveats for its use.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbotts Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS, UK. csv@ceh.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hankard
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weeks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D009499:Neutral Red