title: Potential for reducing indoor styrene exposure from copied paper through use of low-emitting toners.
abstract: Tests were conducted using 53-L dynamic chambers to determine airborne styrene emission rates over time from freshly copied paper. Copies were produced on a single photocopier using two toners manufactured for this copier but having different styrene contents. The resulting emission models were used to predict whether indoor styrene concentrations resulting from copied paper in a typical office might be significantly reduced by use of a low-emitting toner for a given copier. The styrene emissions were best represented by either a 3rd-order decay model or by a power law model having an exponent between 0.3 and 0.5 (R2 = 0.94-0.99). The two toners resulted in copied paper having significantly different styrene emissions (p < 0.01), with unit mass emissions over 1000 hr being nine times greater with the higher-emitting toner. But copied paper is predicted to produce peak indoor styrene concentrations in a typical office no more than 1% of the World Health Organization health-based guideline. Thus, for the toners considered here, indoor styrene exposures from copied paper appear to be too limited to provide incentive for switching to the lower-emitting toner. The ability to generalize these conclusions is limited by the fact that only one copier and two toners could be tested.
authors.affiliation: Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. henschel.bruce@epa.gov
authors.forename: D Bruce
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Henschel
authors.forename: Roy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fortmann
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Roache
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003308:Copying Processes; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010209:Paper; D020058:Styrene
chemical_list: D020058:Styrene