title: The impact of pH and calcium on the uptake of fluoride by tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) accumulate large amounts of fluoride (F) from soils containing normal F concentrations. The present experiments examined the effects of pH and Ca on F uptake by this accumulating plant species.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of pH was assessed in two experiments, one using uptake solutions with different pHs, and the other using lime, as CaO, applied to the soil. The effect of Ca was examined by analysing F concentrations in plants supplied with varying amounts of Ca, as Ca(NO3)2, either in uptake solutions or through the soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F uptake was highest at solution pH 5.5, and significantly lower at pH 4.0. In the soil experiment, leaf F decreased linearly with the amounts of lime, which raised the soil pH progressively from 4.32 to 4.91, 5.43, 5.89 and, finally, 6.55. Liming increased the water-soluble F content of the soil. Including Ca in the uptake solution or adding Ca to soil significantly decreased leaf F concentrations. The distribution pattern of F in tea plants was not altered by Ca treatment, with most F being allocated to leaves. The activity of F- in the uptake solution was unaffected and water-soluble F in the soil was sometimes increased by added Ca.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F uptake by tea plants, which are inherently able to accumulate large quantities of F, was affected both by pH and by Ca levels in the medium. The reduced F uptake following Ca application appeared not to be due simply to the precipitation of CaF2 in solution and soil or to the complexing of Ca and F in roots, although these factors cannot be dismissed. It was more likely due to the effect of Ca on the properties of cell wall or membrane permeability in the solution experiments, and to alteration of F speciations and their quantities in soil solutions following Ca application.
authors.affiliation: Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Key Laboratory for Tea Chemistry of The Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China. jruan@plantnutrition.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Jianyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yuanzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Wenyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D028241:Camellia sinensis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D012987:Soil; C016538:lime; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium