title: Real-time patency control with thermal coronary angiography in 1401 coronary artery bypass grafting patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative coronary angiography has always been favoured by cardiac surgeons. Thermal coronary angiography (TCA) is a useful method for intraoperative control of graft patency. It detects heat differences between tissues, provides easy-to-interpret angiographic images and even measures the flow of the grafts quantitatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2000 and January 2002, TCA has been used in scheduled coronary bypass operations. Upon completion of each distal anastomosis, the perfusion of the distal arterial tree from the graft was evaluated with a thermal camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCA was applied to 1401 patients, mean age 60.97+/-9.61 years, who underwent simple coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures. A total of 4105 thermal images were obtained including 2161 venous, 1355 single internal thoracic artery (ITA), 56 bilateral ITA and 477 radial artery grafts. Image quality was not sufficient in 34 grafts (1.57%) due to either deep intramyocardial vessels or excessive epicardial fat tissue. Technical failures in three ITA anastomoses were detected and revised before the cross-clamp was removed. Flow-restricting lesions distal to the anastomosis on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in nine patients were managed with a secondary distal bypass graft (five patients) or plaque splitting and anastomotic revision (four patients). Endarterectomy was combined in seven patients since the graft flow and the distal visualization was not satisfactory, although the anastomoses were performed on a good lumen. Angiographically undetected diagonal arteries were revascularized in 11 patients with totally occluded LAD vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal imaging provides decisive coronary angiographies, and detects the perfusion area and flow of the implanted graft. It allows real-time detection of technical failures, reveals unexpected occluding plaques or any kind of flow-restricting lesions, and gives the chance of refinement of the anastomosis during the arrest period. We believe that the thermal imaging technique is a safe, noninvasive and feasible method to document the quality of the myocardial revascularization intraoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Piyalepasa Bulvari, Okmeydani, 80270, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bingür
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sönmez
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arbatli
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tansal
authors.forename: Naci
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yagan
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: Ergun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demirsoy
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tükenmez
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000379:methods; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014654:Vascular Patency