title: Biochemical and functional changes of rat liver spheroids during spheroid formation and maintenance in culture: II. nitric oxide synthesis and related changes.
abstract: Liver cells isolated from intact tissue can reaggregate to form three-dimensional, multicellular spheroids in vitro. During this process, cells undergo a histological and environmental change. How cells respond biochemically to this change has not been studied in detail previously. We have investigated some biochemical changes in rat liver cells during the formation and maintenance of spheroids. Liver cells were isolated from male Sprague rats and spheroids cultured by a gyrotatory-mediated method. Liver cells were shown to respond to the isolation procedure and the formation of spheroids triggered histological environmental changes that increased arginine uptake, nitric oxide (NO) and urea syntheses, as well as raised levels of GSH, GSSG, glutamic acid and aspartic acid secretion within the first couple of days after cell isolation. Levels were maintained at a relatively stable level in the mature spheroids (>5 days) over the 3 week period of observation. P450 1A1 activity was lost in the first 2 days and gradually recovered thereafter. This study, for the first time, shows that liver cells after isolation and during spheroid formation actively uptake arginine and increase NO and urea syntheses. A high level of NO is likely to play an important role in modulating a series of biochemical changes in liver cells. It is considered that liver cells actively respond to the 'challenge' induced by the isolation procedure and subsequent histological environmental changes, and biochemical modulation and instability result. The stable cell-cell contacts and histological environment in mature spheroids permit and support functional recovery and maintenance in vitro. This period of stability permits the use of spheroids in toxicity studies to establish acute and chronic paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. jinsheng.xu@uwe.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Mingwen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Purcell
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014508:Urea; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005978:Glutathione