title: Investigation of alternatives to methyl bromide for management of Meloidogyne javanica on greenhouse grown tomato.
abstract: The root galling index and the densities of eggs in roots and juveniles in soil of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood on tomato, and the effect of these on crop yield were assessed in greenhouse experiments applying various treatments at two different sites in Crete, Greece. Tomato crops were grown for four cycles by rotating nematode-resistant (first and third spring crops) with susceptible (second and fourth autumn crops) cultivars and receiving the following treatments: (a) untreated control; (b) methyl bromide application before the first and third crops; (c) application of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare, Gams & Evans before planting the first, third and fourth crops with a supplementary application three weeks after the beginning of the fourth crop; (d) application of oxamyl in both sites and fenamiphos in site 1 only at the second and fourth crops; (e) combination of treatments (c) and (d). The fungus density in soil was monitored three weeks after application and at the end of each crop, when roots were lifted. Pochonia chlamydosporia had a variable establishment and did not control the nematode. Its pathogenicity on eggs was not demonstrated, as in all cases galls were big, with all egg masses inside and protected from infection. The methyl bromide treatment significantly reduced root galling and egg production compared to other treatments in all crop cycles and the yield of the fourth crop was significantly greater. Nematicides reduced nematode densities compared with untreated controls and the fungus treatment, but they were less effective than methyl bromide and resulted in increased yield in one site only.
authors.affiliation: Nematology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation, PO BOX 2228, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. etzortza@her.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tzortzakakis
authors.forename: Serafim E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Petsas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006115:Greece; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000633:toxicity*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D002219:Carbamates; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C005218:methyl bromide; C002698:fenamiphos; C011960:oxamyl