title: The CX3C chemokine fractalkine in allergic asthma and rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unlike other chemokines, fractalkine is expressed as a membrane-bound form, mainly on endothelial and epithelial cells, and can be shed as a soluble chemotactic form. Fractalkine can capture leukocytes expressing its receptor (CX(3)CR(1)), including T lymphocytes, rapidly and firmly in an integrin-independent manner. Because of its dual activity, fractalkine plays a major role in the transendothelial and transepithelial migration of leukocytes during inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to study the fractalkine-CX(3)CR(1) axis in patients with allergic airways diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma fractalkine levels were measured by means of ELISA in 19 control subjects and 55 patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis, asthma, or both, and CX(3)CR(1) function was studied by using triple-color flow cytometry in circulating T-lymphocyte subpopulations. Segmental allergen challenge was performed in 16 allergic asthmatic patients to analyze fractalkine expression and inflammatory cell recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsy specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects, patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis and asthmatic patients had increased circulating fractalkine levels, and CX(3)CR(1) function was upregulated in circulating CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Twenty-four hours after segmental allergen challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid soluble fractalkine concentrations increased and correlated with the total number of recruited cells. Bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells expressed high levels of the membrane-bound form of fractalkine before and after challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergic asthma and rhinitis are associated with systemic and bronchial upregulation of the chemotactic axis fractalkine-CX(3)CR(1). This might contribute to the rapid recruitment of circulating CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the airways after allergen stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Antoine Béclére, Université Paris-Sud, Clamart, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Cécile
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rimaniol
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Till
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capel
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Godot
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balabanian
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Durand-Gasselin
authors.forename: Eva Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonneau
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emilie
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humbert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000378:metabolism*; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C515538:CX3CL1 protein, human; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D015728:Receptors, HIV