title: Involvement of CDK4, pRB, and E2F1 in ginsenoside Rg1 protecting rat cortical neurons from beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the possible mechanism of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons and the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1.
  
  
  METHODS
  AO-EB staining was used to quantify the apoptotic cells. DNA fragmentation was observed by gel electrophoresis. The levels of cyclin-dependent kinases-4 (CDK4) and phosphorylated pRB were detected by Western blot. RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of E2F1 mRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with Abeta1-40 at the concentration of 20, 40, 80 mg/L for 48 h induced rat cortical neuron apoptosis from 12.5 %+/-1.5 % (control) to 22.3 %+/-1.4 %, 38.8 %+/-1.3 %, 36.7 %+/-1.4 %, respectively. Pretreatment with Rg1 at the dose of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 micromol/L for 24 h, then treatment with Abeta1-40 40 mg/L for 24 h, the percentage of apoptotic neurons decreased from 38.8 %+/-1.3 % to 14.5 %+/-1.3 %, 13.3 %+/-1.0 %, 11.6 %+/-0.29 %, 11.8 %+/-1.0 %, 6.2 %+/-0.8 %, 5.8 %+/-0.8 %, respectively. After treatment with Abeta1-40 40 mg/L for 24 h, there were transient increases in CDK4 and phosphorylated pRB protein level, as well as the expression of E2F1 mRNA. However, the above levels decreased markedly after pretreatment with Rg1 8 micromol/L for 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuated Abeta1-40-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons via inhibiting the activity of CDK4, decreasing the phosphorylation of pRB and downregulating the expression of E2F1 mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China. xc-chen329@sohu.com
authors.forename: Xiao-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yuan-Gui
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Yi-Can
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chao-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493755:E2f1 protein, rat; D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); C495903:Cdk4 protein, rat; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1