title: The effect of capsular tightening on humeral head translations.
abstract: Idiopathic or surgical tightening of the glenohumeral joint capsule may cause displacement of the humeral head relative to the glenoid fossa and favor the development of instability and/or osteoarthritis. In the present investigation the relative position of the humerus to the glenoid fossa was determined at the end of the ranges of eight different passive movements before and after selective capsular plication in eight cadaveric shoulders to study the effects of selective capsular plications on the kinematics of the shoulder. While the capsule was in its unaltered state, translation of the humeral head was 3.8 mm superiorly in abduction, 7.3 mm antero-superiorly in flexion. In internal rotation in 0 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees of abduction the head moved 6.1, 8.0 and 12.0 mm antero-inferiorly. In external rotation at 0 degrees of abduction the translation was 0.9 mm antero-inferiorly, at 45 degrees and 90 degrees of abduction it was 4.3 and 5.6 mm postero-inferiorly, respectively. Plications of the anterior part of the capsule reproducibly and significantly either increased or decreased translations during flexion (up to 5.9 mm anteriorly and up to 3.8 mm inferiorly), external rotation (up to 2.9 mm posteriorly and 1 mm inferiorly) and internal rotation (from 5.5 mm posteriorly to 2 mm anteriorly and up to 2.2 mm superiorly). Posterior plications had only little effect on translations (mainly a decrease of anterior translation during flexion of 2.8 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 'obligate' glenohumeral translations which occur towards the end of passive shoulder movements are altered in a reproducible fashion by tightening specific parts of the glenohumeral joint capsule, as often carried out in treatment of shoulder instability. These alterations of the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint may be relevant for the development of static subluxation and osteoarthitis as seen after too tight plication in the treatment of instability [Int. Orthop. (SICOT) 67-B (1985) 709; J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 72 (1990) 1193; J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 66-A (1984) 169; J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 65 (1983) 456].
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Clément M L
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nyffeler
authors.forename: Hilaire A C
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000502:physiology*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*