title: Adhesive permeability affects coupling of resin cements that utilise self-etching primers to dentine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of an experimental bonding technique that reduces the permeability of the adhesive layer on the coupling of resin cements to dentine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracted human third molars had their mid to deep dentin surface exposed flat by transversally sectioning the crowns. Resin composite overlays were constructed and cemented to the surfaces using either Panavia F (Kuraray) or Bistite II DC (Tokuyama) resin cements mediated by their respective one-step or two-step self-etch adhesives. Experimental groups were prepared in the same way, except that the additional layer of a low-viscosity bonding resin (LVBR, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M ESPE) was placed on the bonded dentine surface before luting the overlays with the respective resin cements. The bonded assemblies were stored for 24 h in water at 37 degrees C and subsequently prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Beams of approximately 0.8 mm(2) were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min in a universal tester. Fractured surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional specimens were prepared and examined with TEM using a silver nitrate-staining technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA showed significant interactions between materials and bonding protocols (p<0.05). When bonded according to manufacturer's directions, Panavia F produced bond strengths that were significantly lower than Bistite II DC (p<0.05). The placement of an additional layer of a LVBR improved significantly the bond strengths of Panavia F (p<0.05), but not of Bistite II DC (p>0.05). SEM observation of the fractured surfaces in Panavia F showed rosette-like features that were exclusive for specimens bonded according to manufacturer's directions. Such features corresponded well with the ultrastructure of the interfaces that showed more nanoleakage associated with the more permeable adhesive interface. The application of the additional layer of the LVBR reduced the amount of silver impregnation for both adhesives suggesting that reduced permeability of the adhesives resulted in improved coupling of the resin cements to dentin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of an intermediate layer of a LVBR between the bonded dentine surface and the resin cements resulted in improved coupling of Panavia F to dentine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: N R F A
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008963:Molar; D010539:Permeability; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C096475:Bistite Resin Cement; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; D019279:Resin Cements; C425844:Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus