title: Importance of accurate dose calculations outside segment edges in intensity modulated radiotherapy treatment planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of differences in the calculation of the dose outside segment edges on the overall dose distribution and the optimisation process of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy of dose calculations of two treatment planning systems (TPS1 and TPS2) was assessed, to ensure that they are both suitable for IMRT treatment planning according to published guidelines. Successively, 10 treatment plans for patients with prostate and head and neck tumours were calculated in both systems. The calculations were compared in selected points as well as in combination with volumetric parameters concerning the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both planning systems, the calculations agree within 2.0% or 3 mm with the measurements in the high-dose region for single and multiple segment dose distributions. The accuracy of the dose calculation is within the tolerances proposed by recent recommendations. Below 35% of the prescribed dose, TPS1 overestimates and TPS2 underestimates the measured dose values, TPS2 being closer to the experimental data. The differences between TPS1 and TPS2 in the calculation of the dose outside segments explain the differences (up to 50% of the local value) found in point dose comparisons. For the prostate plans, the discrepancies between the TPS do not translate into differences in PTV coverage, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values and results of the plan optimisation process. The dose-volume histograms (DVH) of the rectal wall differ below 60 Gy, thus affecting the plan optimisation if a cost function would operate in this dose region. For the head and neck cases, the two systems give different evaluations of the DVH points for the PTV (up to 22% differences in target coverage) and the parotid mean dose (1.0-3.0 Gy). Also the results of the optimisation are influenced by the choice of the dose calculation algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IMRT, the accuracy of the dose calculation outside segment edges is important for the determination of the dose to both organs at risks and target volumes and for a correct outcome of the optimisation process. This aspect should therefore be of major concern in the commissioning of a TPS intended for use in IMRT. Fulfilment of the accuracy criteria valid for conformal radiotherapy is not sufficient. Three-dimensional evaluation of the dose distribution is needed in order to assess the impact of dose calculation accuracy outside the segment edges on the total dose delivered to patients treated with IMRT.
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy Division, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Luc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mijnheer
authors.forename: Joos V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lebesque
authors.forename: Eugène M F
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Damen
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal