title: Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems among african american children.
abstract: The occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems were examined in the context of parenting behaviors in a community-based sample of 897 African American children and their primary caregivers using a multi-informant, longitudinal design. Parenting behaviors and clinical symptoms were assessed in 2 waves, when the children averaged 10.5 and 12.3 years of age. Parenting behaviors differed significantly according to a child's symptomatology; (a) that is, when a child exhibited no depressive or conduct problems, (b) depressive problems only, (c) conduct problems only, or (d) co-occurring depressive and conduct problems. When parenting behaviors were examined according to changes in children's symptom levels, children whose symptoms increased over time reported increases in hostility and harsh-inconsistent parenting and decreases in warmth and nurturant-involved parenting.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Department of Human & Community Development, Davis, CA, USA. ikim1@nd.edu
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Xiaojia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Gene H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Rand D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Conger
authors.forename: Frederick X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D001741:Black or African American