title: Permeation enhancing polymers in oral delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules: thiomer/GSH systems.
abstract: Thiolated polymers (= thiomers) in combination with reduced glutathione (GSH) were shown to improve the uptake of hydrophilic macromolecules from the GI tract. The mechanism responsible for this permeation enhancing effect seems to be based on the thiol groups of the polymer. These groups inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase, being involved in the closing process of tight junctions, via a GSH-mediated mechanism. The strong permeation enhancing effect of various thiomer/GSH systems such as poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine/GSH or chitosan-4-thio-butylamidine (chitosan-TBA)/GSH could be shown via permeation studies on freshly excised intestinal mucosa in Ussing-type chambers. Furthermore, the efficacy of the system was also shown in vivo. By utilizing poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine/GSH as carrier matrix, an absolute oral bioavailability for low molecular weight heparin of 19.9 +/- 9.3% and a pharmacological efficacy--calculated on the basis of the areas under the reduction in serum glucose levels of the oral formulation versus subcutaneous (s.c.) injection-for orally given insulin of 7% could be achieved. The incorporation of salmon calcitonin in chitosan-TBA/GSH led on the other hand to a pharmacological efficacy based on the areas under the reduction in plasma calcium levels of the oral thiomer formulation versus intravenous (i.v.) injection of 1.3%. Because of this high efficacy (i), the possibility to combine thiomer/GSH systems with additional low molecular weight permeation enhancers acting in other ways (ii) and minimal toxicological risks as these polymers are not absorbed from the GI tract (iii), thiolated polymers represent a promising novel tool for the oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecules.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. andreas.bernkop-schnuerch@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernkop-Schnürch
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kast
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guggi
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D010539:Permeability; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011108:Polymers; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D005978:Glutathione