title: Prolonged controlled hemorrhagic shock in a swine model: is there a role for mechanical circulatory assistance?
abstract: Outcomes of mechanical circulatory assistance during hemorrhagic shock were evaluated in a swine model. Pigs were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg (group I, n = 3) or 40 mm Hg (group II, n = 5; group III, n = 5), maintained there for 30 minutes, and then resuscitated with fluids alone (groups I and II) or fluids plus mechanical circulatory assistance (group III). Mean blood loss was greater in group I than in groups II or III (1,037 +/- 212 vs. 862 +/- 387 ml vs. 681 +/- 117 ml, respectively; I vs. III, p < 0.05) and survival was shorter (230 +/- 25.5 min vs. 709 +/- 251 min vs. 662 +/- 428 min, respectively; I vs. II or III, p < 0.05). Cardiac arrhythmia caused death in most cases. Mean biochemical parameters increased progressively in all cases. Left anterior descending coronary artery flow stayed relatively constant in group II but increased in group III. Superior mesenteric artery flow returned to baseline in group II but increased in group III. Cardiac output was similar in groups II and III, but SGOT levels significantly differed (750 +/- 135 U/L vs. 359 +/- 157 U/L; p < 0.005). These results suggest that the swine model will be useful for studying ways to improve outcomes after prolonged hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Branislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radovancevic
authors.forename: Harald C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Eichstaedt
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tamez
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eya
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Nolden
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Byler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D034421:Sus scrofa