title: Occupational exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide on delivery suites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare environmental and biological monitoring of midwives for nitrous oxide in a delivery suite environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Environmental samples were taken over a period of four hours using passive diffusion tubes. Urine measurements were taken at the start of the shift and after four hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Environmental levels exceeded the legal occupational exposure standards for nitrous oxide (100 ppm over an 8 hour time weighted average) in 35 of 46 midwife shifts monitored. There was a high correlation between personal environmental concentrations and biological uptake of nitrous oxide for those midwives with no body burden of nitrous oxide at the start of a shift, but not for others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater engineering control measures are needed to reduce daily exposure to midwives to below the occupational exposure standard. Further investigation of the toxicokinetics of nitrous oxide is needed.
authors.affiliation: Health, Safety and Environment Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adisesh
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hutchings
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009609:Nitrous Oxide