title: Development of a fluorescence detection system using optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser excitation for in vivo diagnosis.
abstract: In this work, the development and applications of a fluorescence detection system using optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser excitation for in vivo disease diagnosis including oral carcinoma are described. The optical diagnosis system was based on an OPO laser for multi-wavelength excitation and time-resolved detection. The pulsed Nd-YAG-pumped OPO laser system (6 ns, 20 Hz) is compact and has a rapid, broad, and uniform tuning range. Time-gated detection of intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) making use of external triggering was used to effectively eliminate the laser scattering and contribute to the highly sensitive in vivo measurements. Artificial tissue-simulating phantoms consisting of polystyrene microspheres and tissue fluorophores were tested to optimize the gating parameters. 51-ns gate width and 39-ns gate delays were determined to be the optimal parameters for sensitive detection. In vivo measurements with the optical diagnosis system were applied to esophagus, stomach, and small intestine using an endoscope in canine animal studies. The rapid tuning capability of the optical diagnosis system contributed greatly to the optimization of wavelength for the observation of porphyrin in the small intestine. When the small intestine was thoroughly washed with water, the emission band which corresponds to porphyrin disappeared. Based on this observation, it was concluded that the detected signal was yielded by porphyrin-containing bile secretion. Also, multispectral analyses using multiple excitations from 415 to 480 nm at 5 nm intervals confirmed the porphyrin detection in the small intestine. The optical diagnosis system was also applied to the detection of human xenograft of oral carcinoma in mice using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) which is a photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug. Significant differences in protoporphyrin IX fluorescence intensity between normal and tumor tissue could be obtained 2 hours after the injection of 5-ALA into mice due to the preferential accumulation of 5-ALA in tumors. Results reported herein demonstrate potential capabilities of the LIF-OPO system for in vivo disease diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, MS-6101, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6101, USA. vodinht@ornl.gov
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kasili
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panjehpour
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Overholt
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: DeNovo
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vo-Dinh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004285:Dogs; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D007834:Lasers; D051379:Mice; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000032:analysis; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D011166:Porphyrins