title: Complications associated with cannula insertion techniques used for laparoscopy in standing horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience and complications associated with different cannula insertion techniques for laparoscopy in standing horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty horses that had laparoscopy for diagnostic or surgical purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a physical examination, including rectal palpation, standing laparoscopy was performed in 40 sedated horses. Local anesthetic was injected at each site of cannula insertion in the left flank. Horses were divided into 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum was induced before cannula insertion using a Verres needle (group 1, n = 3) or a 12-g catheter (group 2, n = 14); the cannula was inserted before inducing a pneumoperitoneum (group 3, n = 9); the cannula was inserted under visual control, using an operating laparoscope (group 4, n = 2) or a Visiport Optical Trocar (group 5, n = 12). Horses were observed for 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Problems with insufflation or cannula insertion occurred in 12 horses: 6 had peritoneal detachment, 4 had a splenic puncture, and 2 had descending colon puncture. Eleven of these complications occurred in groups 1 to 3 and only 1 in groups 4 and 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Visiport optical device allows controlled insertion of the initial trocar, and thus avoided potential problems associated with "blind" cannula insertion techniques and was used effectively in horses that had feed withheld for 12 hours. This technique enables direct insertion of a cannula directly into the right flank.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications associated with initial cannula insertion in the paralumbar fossa, for laparoscopy, in standing horses can be minimized with the use of an optical cannula.
authors.affiliation: Département Hippique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Louis-Marie
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Desmaizières
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinot
authors.forename: Olivier M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bareiss
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cadoré
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000601:surgery*; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000662:veterinary; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local