title: Waist-hip ratio is the dominant risk factor predicting cardiovascular death in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical measures of obesity for their ability to predict death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD), in parallel with conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of an age- and sex-stratified sample of 9206 adults aged 20-69 years from Australian capital cities (1989 Australian Risk Factor Prevalence Survey). Blood pressure, fasting serum lipid levels, smoking, history of heart disease or diabetes, and obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were recorded. These data were linked with the National Death Index to determine causes of death of the 473 survey subjects who had died to 31 December 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hazard ratios for the risk factors predicting CVD mortality and CHD mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the modifiable risk factors, obesity, as measured by waist-hip ratio, is a dominant, independent, predictive variable for CVD and CHD deaths in Australian men and women. Self-reported angina/myocardial infarction in both sexes, and cigarette smoking in women, are also independent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity assessed by waist-hip ratio is a better predictor of CVD and CHD mortality than waist circumference, which, in turn, is a better predictor than BMI. The recognition of central obesity is clinically important, as lifestyle intervention is likely to provide significant health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia. officetimwelborn@iinet.net.au
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Welborn
authors.forename: Satvinder S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio