title: ISSLS prize winner: Erythropoietin inhibits spinal neuronal apoptosis and pain following nerve root crush.
abstract: METHODS
  The authors investigated the association of L5 proximal nerve root injury with spinal cord neuronal apoptosis (histologic) and whether exogenous erythropoietin therapy might reduce apoptosis/or pain (behavioral).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The first objective was to determine whether nerve root crush induces specific programmed cell death of spinal neurons in the dorsal and ventral horn and whether this is correlated with pain behaviors. The second objective was to determine if exogenous erythropoietin might reduce apoptosis and/or pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Whether spinal neuronal apoptosis is correlated with pain behaviors following nerve root injury remains unknown. It has been hypothesized that neuroprotective factors may alleviate pain behaviors by protecting neurons from death. Erythropoietin is a hematopoietic growth factor that recently has been demonstrated as a potent neuroprotective factor against ischemic damage in the brain. The effects of erythropoietin on pain and spinal cord neurons have not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats received a L5 proximal nerve root crush injury or sham operation and were separated into two treatment groups for subcutaneous injection: 1) vehicle; 2) recombinant human erythropoietin, 2680 U/kg. The rats were sacrificed, and spinal cords were removed for apoptotic and immunohistochemical analysis at 0, 1, and 3 days after surgery. To determine whether recombinant human erythropoietin prevented mechanical allodynia in animals with nerve root crushes (n = 12/group), both treatment groups were tested for pain behaviors using the von Frey test at -1, -2, -3, 1, 3, 7, 11, and 14 days after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After nerve root injury, apoptotic neurons increased by 80% in the ipsilateral spinal cord and moderately in contralateral spinal cord in vehicle-treated animals compared to uninjured controls. Recombinant human erythropoietin reduced (P < 0.05) neuronal apoptosis in both superficial dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord. This corresponded with identification of erythropoietin and its receptors on spinal neurons and reductions in TNF-alpha colocalization in ventral horn neurons. Mechanical allodynia developed in the corresponding ipsilateral hind paw within 1 day and was sustained until day 14. Recombinant human erythropoietin-treated animals demonstrated faster recovery from mechanical allodynia compared with vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that L5 proximal nerve root crush increased neuronal apoptosis in the superficial dorsal and ventral horn that correlated with mechanical allodynia. Exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin facilitated receptor-mediated neuroprotection of spinal cord neurons and faster recovery from mechanical allodynia. Erythropoietin may be a potential therapeutic factor for patients with low back pain by providing pain relief and neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: W Marie
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Campana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000870:Anterior Horn Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D009409:Nerve Crush; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000188:drug therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004921:Erythropoietin