title: Airborne particles produced during enamel cleanup after removal of orthodontic appliances.
abstract: Airborne particles can be produced during enamel cleanup after the removal of fixed orthodontic appliances. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microm, known as PM2.5, can reach the alveoli of the lungs. The aim of this experiment was to qualitatively determine whether such particles are produced during enamel cleanup at the end of orthodontic treatment. Particles were collected and examined under a scanning electron microscope. Aerodynamic diameters of the particles ranged from approximately 2 to 30 microm. X-ray analysis confirmed not only the presence of components of the adhesives being removed, but also tungsten from the bur and tooth enamel. In conclusion, inhalable particles can be produced during enamel cleanup at the completion of orthodontic treatment. Further investigation is required to determine the clinical significance of such particles, how their production can be minimized, and whether even smaller, fine or ultrafine, particles are produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK. tony.ireland@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000032:analysis; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003743:Dental Enamel; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010316:Particle Size; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000032:analysis; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000032:analysis; D014414:Tungsten / Q000032:analysis; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D003738:Dental Cements; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; C040235:Ketac-cem; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D014414:Tungsten