title: The Mre11 complex is required for ATM activation and the G2/M checkpoint.
abstract: The maintenance of genome integrity requires a rapid and specific response to many types of DNA damage. The conserved and related PI3-like protein kinases, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR), orchestrate signal transduction pathways in response to genomic insults, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). It is unclear which proteins recognize DSBs and activate these pathways, but the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex has been suggested to act as a damage sensor. Here we show that infection with an adenovirus lacking the E4 region also induces a cellular DNA damage response, with activation of ATM and ATR. Wild-type virus blocks this signaling through degradation of the Mre11 complex by the viral E1b55K/E4orf6 proteins. Using these viral proteins, we show that the Mre11 complex is required for both ATM activation and the ATM-dependent G(2)/M checkpoint in response to DSBs. These results demonstrate that the Mre11 complex can function as a damage sensor upstream of ATM/ATR signaling in mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Christian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Travis H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Stracker
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lilley
authors.forename: Darwin V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weitzman
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D001260:Ataxia Telangiectasia / Q000235:genetics; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003673:Defective Viruses / Q000235:genetics*; D016195:G2 Phase; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein; D008938:Mitosis; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C121766:MRE11 protein, human; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein