title: Fecal incontinence after high-risk delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with fecal incontinence and its precursors among high-risk women at 12 months postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of women in the immediate and later postpartum was conducted. Participants were 568 women at higher risk of anal sphincter damage, namely those who had an instrumental delivery and/or delivered a high birth weight infant (4000 g or more) at tertiary teaching hospitals in Australia. Women participated in a baseline hospital-based interview and a 12-month follow-up telephone interview. The main outcome measures were frank fecal incontinence (solid and/or liquid stool) and precursor symptoms (flatal incontinence, soiling, and/or fecal urgency) at 12 months postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence rates were 2.6% for solid stool incontinence and 4.9% for liquid stool incontinence. Overall, 6.9% women had either one or both of these symptoms of frank fecal incontinence. Prevalence rates were 24.4% for flatal incontinence, 10.9% for soiling, and 14.8% for fecal urgency. Overall, 32.4% women had at least one of these precurser symptoms. Concurrent urinary incontinence and postpartum constipation were significantly associated with both frank fecal incontinence and precursor symptoms. In addition, joint hypermobility and older maternal age were associated with frank fecal incontinence, whereas inability to stop the urine flow and multiparity was associated with precursor symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that older and multiparous women, and women with joint hypermobility are at increased risk of postpartum anal incontinence symptoms after a high-risk delivery. Concurrent urinary incontinence, flow-stopping inability, and constipation are also associated with postpartum anal incontinence symptoms after high-risk deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. Pauline.Chiarelli@newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cockburn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors