title: The PTB interacting protein raver1 regulates alpha-tropomyosin alternative splicing.
abstract: Regulated switching of the mutually exclusive exons 2 and 3 of alpha-tropomyosin (TM) involves repression of exon 3 in smooth muscle cells. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is necessary but not sufficient for regulation of TM splicing. Raver1 was identified in two-hybrid screens by its interactions with the cytoskeletal proteins actinin and vinculin, and was also found to interact with PTB. Consistent with these interactions raver1 can be localized in either the nucleus or cytoplasm. Here we show that raver1 is able to promote the smooth muscle-specific alternative splicing of TM by enhancing PTB-mediated repression of exon 3. This activity of raver1 is dependent upon characterized PTB-binding regulatory elements and upon a region of raver1 necessary for interaction with PTB. Heterologous recruitment of raver1, or just its C-terminus, induced very high levels of exon 3 skipping, bypassing the usual need for PTB binding sites downstream of exon 3. This suggests a novel mechanism for PTB-mediated splicing repression involving recruitment of raver1 as a potent splicing co-repressor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gromak
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rideau
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Southby
authors.forename: A D J
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Scadden
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hüttelmaier
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Christopher W J
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005091:Exons; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D038941:Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D014162:Transfection; D014335:Tropomyosin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C442838:Raver1 protein, mouse; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D014335:Tropomyosin; D038941:Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein