title: Cyclooxygenase isoforms and platelet vessel wall interactions in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is induced in human atherosclerosis, and the products formed may modify the disease directly or through an effect on platelets. We examined the role of COX-1 and -2 on platelet vessel wall interactions and development of atherosclerosis in a murine model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a 1% cholesterol diet were treated with a selective COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560), a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-236), or vehicle. Urinary prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites (2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1alpha and 2,3-dinor-TXB2) were increased in the apoE-/- knockout mouse. There was also induction of both COX isoforms in the vascular lesions formed, which stained for CD41, a platelet-specific marker, and for CD40L. Selective inhibition of COX-2 had no effect on lesion formation and, despite selective reduction in prostacyclin generation, had no effect on platelet activity, as measured by thromboxane formation or platelet deposition. Selective inhibition of COX-1 reduced 2,3-dinor-TXB2 generation and lesion formation. However, platelet deposition on the vessel wall persisted, with well-defined monolayers seen. There was also persistent expression of the macrophage marker CD68 and increased expression of the cell death protein Bax. In contrast to lesion development, the selective COX-1 inhibitor had no effect on the regression of evolving lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-1 plays an important role in the early stages of lesion development in the apoE-/- knockout model of atherosclerosis, preventing gross lesion formation in the face of continued vascular injury and inflammation. Despite the inhibition of prostacyclin, COX-2 inhibition had no effect on lesion development or platelet-vessel wall interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 123, St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. obelton@rcsi.ie
authors.forename: Orina A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Belton
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Desmond J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000652:urine; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D015232:Dinoprostone