title: Theoretical and measured pseudophakic accommodation after implantation of a new accommodative posterior chamber intraocular lens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze different techniques of measuring accommodation after implantation of a new accommodative posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this comparative, nonrandomized interventional study, we analyzed 15 eyes of 15 patients (aged 44-84 years) at 6 months after cataract surgery and PCIOL implantation (Akkommodative 1CU; HumanOptics AG, Erlangen, Germany) and compared these results with those of an age-matched control group (n = 15). We used the following methods to measure accommodation: dynamic measurement with objective (videorefractometry [PowerRefractor; PlusOptix, Erlangen] and streak retinoscopy) and subjective (subjective near point [push-up test and accommodometer] and defocusing) techniques, as well as static measurement of the change in anterior chamber depth (ACD) using the IOLMaster (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) after pharmacological stimulation using 2% pilocarpine eye drops.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theoretical accommodation calculated from the forward shift of the lens optics (decrease of ACD) using paraxial geometrical optics and measured accommodation amplitude.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accommodation amplitude (mean +/- SD; range; median) results after 6 months in the study and control groups were as follows: 1.00 +/- 0.44; 0.75-2.13; 1 diopter (D); and 0.35 +/- 0.26; 0.10-0.65; 0.25 D, respectively, using the PowerRefractor; 0.99 +/- 0.48; 0.13-2.00; 0.88 D; and 0.24 +/- 0.21; -0.13-0.75; 0.25 D, respectively, using retinoscopy; 1.6 +/- 0.55; 0.50-2.56; 1.7 D; and 0.42 +/- 0.25; 0.00-0.75; 0.50 D, respectively, using subjective near point; and 1.46 +/- 0.53; 1.00-2.50; 1.75 D; and 0.55 +/- 0.33; 0.25-0.87; 0.50 D, respectively, using defocusing. Anterior chamber depth decreased in the study and control groups as follows: 0.78 +/- 0.12; 0.49-1.91; 0.65 mm; and 0.16 +/- 0.09; 0.00-0.34; 0.18 mm, respectively, after applying 2% pilocarpine eyedrops, indicating an accommodation of 1.16 +/- 0.22; 0.72-1.88; 1.05 D vs 0.22 +/- 0.13; 0.00-0.47; 0.23 D (P =.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accommodation after implantation of a presumably accommodative PCIOL can be measured with clinical methods or derived from the biometric data of the eye and the measured ACD decrease using geometrical optics. For clinical purposes, pseudophakic accommodation should be assessed with a variety of different techniques, including subjective and objective measurements. The theoretical approach using geometrical optics may be an additional indicator for the accommodative response in patients with pseudophakic eyes and may allow a subdivision of the measured accommodation into true pseudophakic accommodation and pseudoaccommodation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and University Eye Hospital, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. achim.langenbucher@augen.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langenbucher
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Nhung X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuchle
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008916:Miotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008916:Miotics; D010862:Pilocarpine