title: Displacement response of juvenile arthritic wrists during grasp.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the displacement response of juvenile arthritic wrists during grasp in order to diagnose early ligamental laxity and facilitate early splinting.
  
  
  METHODS
  X-rays of the wrists, made under standardized conditions, of 30 children with juvenile chronic arthritis (mean age 10.4 years, range 4.5-16.9) were analyzed after being digitalized. Osseous landmarks were identified, and coordinates were calculated from measured angles and lengths with an accuracy of 0.01'. Lunate and carpal-ulnar distance were obtained according to Youm, and ulnar variance according to Häfner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, an increase in ulnar-lunate displacement and carpal narrowing and a decrease in ulnar variance were found. However, not all wrists responded to the same extent. Radial displacement of the lunate, though slight, was found in 2 wrists and the amount of ulnar displacement varied substantially (3.1% to 22.5%). The variance in amount of displacement could suggest that juvenile wrists do not respond to increased compressive forces to the same extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes found are similar to those found in the healthy wrist. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the juvenile wrist acts in accordance with the generally accepted explanation for the development of malalignment in adult wrists. It seems that laxity of ligaments can be diagnosed early by the force grip maneuver during x-ray. It would have a significant impact on the moment of orthotic intervention as well as the design of the orthotic device. Further study along this line seems justified.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center and Children's Hospital, Dept. Pediatric Physical Therapy, Room # KB 02.056.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Helders
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Net
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuis
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011403:Pronation; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012146:Rest; D013165:Splints; D014457:Ulna / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*