title: Lipid drug delivery and rational formulation design for lipophilic drugs with low oral bioavailability, applied to cyclosporine.
abstract: By using a rational formulation approach, we have tried to find the general characteristics for promising self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) based on natural lipid components, for the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Galactolipids, which are polar lipids commonly found in the chloroplast membranes of green plants, and a natural part of the human diet, were the main surfactants in these formulations. This was done in three clinical studies: a screening study, followed by a prediction study and, finally, a confirmatory study; in all 17 experimental formulations were investigated. The clinical trials were performed in healthy volunteers. Cyclosporine, a well-known lipophilic peptide, was incorporated in different SEDDS, and administered orally, followed by the measurement of the blood concentration of the drug over time. The pharmacokinetic parameters, which describe the rate and extent of absorption, were estimated. We found that fractionated oat oil (FOO) and medium chain monoglycerides (60:30:10 mono-, di- and tri-glycerides) promoted absorption, and resulted in a formulation with absorption characteristics nearly equal to the commercial formulation of cyclosporine, Sandimmun Neoral.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden. Johann.Odeberg@klinfarm.lu.se
authors.forename: Johanna Mercke
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Odeberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Karl Gunnar
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Höglund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008055:Lipids; D016572:Cyclosporine