title: Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors of cholangitis and liver abscess occurring after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1995 and September 2002, 358 patients with 455 liver tumors underwent a total of 683 ablation procedures, such as percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), percutaneous microwave coagulation (PMC), and radiofrequency (RF) ablation therapy. With a retrospective review of medical records, the rates and outcomes of cholangitis and/or liver abscess occurring after ablation therapy were evaluated. The relationship between cholangitis and/or liver abscess and multiple variables (age, disease, Child-Pugh class, size of nodules, multiplicity of nodules, history of transcatheter arterial embolization, presence of bilioenteric anastomosis, and lack of prophylactic antibiotics administration) were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholangitis and/or liver abscess occurred in 10 sessions (1.5%) in 10 patients: six sessions after PEI, three sessions after PMC, and one session after RF ablation. Both cholangitis and liver abscess were noted in seven sessions, cholangitis was noted in two, and liver abscess was noted in one. Six patients recovered, but two developed recurrent cholangitis and liver abscess, one developed lung abscess complicated with liver abscess, and one died of septic shock associated with cholangitis. On stepwise regression analysis, bilioenteric anastomosis was the sole significant predictor of cholangitis and/or liver abscess formation (P <.001; odds ratio = 36.4; 95% CI = 9.67-136.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilioenteric anastomosis strongly correlated with the development of cholangitis and/or liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy. Close posttreatment attention should be paid to this subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. ksj@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Naritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maetani
authors.forename: Toyomichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terajima
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Kyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008100:Liver Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors