title: Food purchased away from home as a predictor of change in BMI z-score among girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between eating food purchased away from home (FAH) and longitudinal change in body mass index (BMI) z-score among girls, and to assess the longitudinal tracking of eating FAH from childhood through adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants kept 7-day dietary records at two points in time. The records included the place and time for all foods consumed. We recorded how often participants ate FAH, calculated the percent of total energy derived from FAH, and classified foods as quick-service food, coffee-shop food, or restaurant food.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy girls (n=101) between the ages of 8 and 12 y at baseline and 11 and 19 y at follow-up participated in a longitudinal study of growth and development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between change in BMI z-score and both the frequency of eating FAH and energy derived from eating FAH. The participants' baseline BMI z-score was a significant covariate and was controlled for in both models. We used the kappa coefficient to assess FAH tracking from childhood through adolescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of eating quick-service food at baseline was positively associated with change in BMI z-score (F=6.49, P<0.01). Participants who ate quick-service food twice a week or more at baseline had the greatest mean increase in BMI z-score compared to those who ate quick-service food once a week or not at all. Quick-service food eating tracked slightly from childhood through adolescence (k=0.17, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent girls who eat quick-service food twice a week or more are likely to increase their relative BMI over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. omt@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballew
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Must
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bandini
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D012147:Restaurants; D012307:Risk Factors