title: Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on the phenomenologic similarity between symptoms of drug withdrawal and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., anhedonia), we hypothesized that treatment with clozapine may be effective against nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rate-independent discrete-trial threshold procedure was used to assess brain stimulation reward in rats prepared with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus. Somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clozapine administration (.75 or 1.5 mg/kg) during nicotine or amphetamine withdrawal did not affect the threshold elevations associated with drug withdrawal. The.75 mg/kg clozapine dose reversed the increased number of somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal. Ten days of clozapine treatment (3 mg/kg/b.i.d.) before exposure to nicotine prevented the threshold elevations in a subset of rats and the increases in somatic signs in all subjects. Fourteen-day pretreatment with clozapine (6 mg/kg/day) decreased the duration of amphetamine withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlational analyses indicated that the ability of clozapine to prevent the affective aspects of drug withdrawal depended on low sensitivity to acute clozapine under baseline conditions. The results are consistent with the clinical situation where clozapine is partially effective against the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and more effective in some individuals than others. These results indicate that lack of sensitivity to the initial negative effects of clozapine may predict its a subsequent therapeutic response. Finally, the data suggest that there may be commonalities in the neurosubstrates mediating affective aspects of drug withdrawal and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semenova
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009538:Nicotine; D000661:Amphetamine; D003024:Clozapine