title: Is biopsy required prior to cyclophosphamide in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present studywas designed to retrospectively evaluate the use of renal biopsies prior to cyclophosphamide therapy. The aim of the study was to determine in how many cases histological outcome of the biopsies had subsequently changed the decision to treat or refrain from treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1980 and September 2001, 85 children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) underwent a renal biopsy in the University Hospitals of Utrecht and Nijmegen before the start of an 8-week cyclophosphamide treatment. MCNS was suspected in all children because of the following criteria: edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, absence of macroscopic hematuria and in rare cases microscopic hematuria, no permanent hypertension, normal C3 serum level, a normal glomerular filtration rate as determined by creatinine clearance and age > 1 year. Cyclophosphamide therapy was indicated because of a frequently relapsing (FR) course of illness in 8 children, because of steroid dependence (SD) in 22 children and because of combined FR and SD in 55 children. Steroid-resistant children were excluded from this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology confirmed the diagnosis MCNS in 84 out of 85 children. In addition to MCNS, IgA deposits were observed in renal specimens of 2 children. In 1 SD child, the initial diagnosis MCNS was changed 3 years later when a repeated biopsy showed progression into focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, no renal biopsy is required prior to cytotoxic therapy in children with uncomplicated steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stadermann
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lilien
authors.forename: N C A J
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: van de Kar
authors.forename: L A H
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Monnens
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013256:Steroids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D003520:Cyclophosphamide