Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the relation between household water and sanitation, and the risk of stunting and reversal of stunting in Khartoum and Crezira regions, Sudan.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
A total of 25 483 children aged 6-72 months from rural Sudan enrolled in an 18-month field trial in 1988 to study the effect of vitamin A supplementation on child health and survival.


RESULTS
The mean height-for-age z-scores at baseline and the end of study were -1.66 and -1.55, respectively, for the group with water and sanitation facilities, and -2.03 and -1.94 for the group without water and sanitation, after adjustment for age, region, gender, mother's literacy, intervention group (vitamin A vs placebo), family wealth, breastfeeding and cleanliness. Among children of normal height-for-age at baseline, the risk of stunting (<-2 height-for-age z-score) was lowest in the group that came from homes that had both water and sanitation compared to children from homes without these facilities (multivariate RR=0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.90). Among children stunted at baseline, those coming from homes with water and sanitation had a 17% greater chance of reversing stunting than those coming from homes without either facility (adjusted RR=1.17, 95% CI 0.99-1.38). We did not detect a synergistic association between access to water and sanitation.


CONCLUSIONS
Water and sanitation are independently associated with improved growth of children.


BACKGROUND
None.
Merchant
A T
AT
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. amerchan@hsph.harvard.edu
Jones
C
C
Kiure
A
A
Kupka
R
R
Fitzmaurice
G
G
Herrera
M G
MG
Fawzi
W W
WW
D001827:Body Height; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012499:Sanitation; D013397:Sudan; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014881:Water Supply
D010919:Placebos; D014801:Vitamin A