title: Instantaneous quadrature low-coherence interferometry with 3 x 3 fiber-optic couplers.
abstract: We describe fiber-based quadrature low-coherence interferometers that exploit the inherent phase shifts of 3 x 3 and higher-order fiber-optic couplers. We present a framework based on conservation of energy to account for the interferometric shifts in 3 x 3 interferometers, and we demonstrate that the resulting interferometers provide the entire complex interferometric signal instantaneously in homodyne and heterodyne systems. In heterodyne detection we demonstrate the capability for extraction of the magnitude and sign of Doppler shifts from the complex data. In homodyne detection we show the detection of subwavelength sample motion. N x N (N > 2) low-coherence interferometer topologies will be useful in Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence microscopy, Fourier-domain OCT, optical frequency domain reflectometry, and phase-referenced interferometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choma
authors.forename: Changhuei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Izatt
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D007368:Interferometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055100:Optical Fibers