title: Safety of azamethiphos in eel, seabass and trout.
abstract: The safety of azamethiphos (AZA), an organophosphorous insecticide and the active ingredient of Salmosan, was evaluated in the European eel, seabass and rainbow trout. Fish were bathed in 0.1 ppm AZA for a period of 60, 120 or 240 min. After termination of each treatment fish were transferred to clean aquaria and randomly sampled over 21 days. Compared to controls, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited up to 44, 56 and 62% in eels, seabass and trout, respectively, with the inhibition being significant for up to 4 days in eels and seabass and 7 days in trout. As result of the AChE depression, fish displayed motor hyperactivity and erratic jumping at the onset of treatment. Mortality was observed only in trout following exposure for 240 min. A variable correlation observed among species between the level of exposure, the reduced activity of brain AChE and the signs of toxicity suggest that brain AChE should be considered as an indicator of exposure rather than as an index of toxicity of AZA. The present data indicate that at the therapeutic dosage of 0.1 ppm AZA for 1h can be safely used in eels, seabass and trout. The extended treatment times up to 240 min were equally safe for eels and seabass but not for trout.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, Viale Piagge 2, Pisa 56124, Italy. intorre@vet.unipi.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Intorre
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soldani
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cognetti-Varriale
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meucci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pretti
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004524:Eels / Q000502:physiology*; D005399:Fishes; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000139:chemically induced; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D063086:Organothiophosphates; C072763:azamethiphos; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase