title: Candidatus "Scalindua brodae", sp. nov., Candidatus "Scalindua wagneri", sp. nov., two new species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria.
abstract: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is both a promising process in wastewater treatment and a long overlooked microbial physiology that can contribute significantly to biological nitrogen cycling in the world's oceans. Anammox is mediated by a monophyletic group of bacteria that branches deeply in the Planctomycetales. Here we describe a new genus and species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing planctomycetes, discovered in a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) treating landfill leachate in Pitsea, UK. The biomass from this wwtp showed high anammox activity (5.0 +/- 0.5 nmol/mg protein/min) and produced hydrazine from hydroxylamine, one of the unique features of anammox bacteria. Eight new planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass. Four of these were affiliated to known anammox 16S rRNA gene sequences, but branched much closer to the root of the planctomycete line of descent. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes specific for these new sequences showed that two species (belonging to the same genus) together made up > 99% of the planctomycete population which constituted 20% of the total microbial community. The identification of these organisms as typical anammox bacteria was confirmed with electron microscopy and lipid analysis. The new species, provisionally named Candidatus "Scalindua brodae" and "Scalindua wagneri" considerably extend the biodiversity of the anammox lineage on the 16S rRNA gene level, but otherwise resemble known anammox bacteria. Simultaneously, another new species of the same genus, Candidatus "Scalindua sorokinii", was detected in the water column of the Black Sea, making this genus the most widespread of all anammox bacteria described so far.
authors.affiliation: Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: W Irene C
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Rijpstra
authors.forename: Katinka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van de Pas-Schoonen
authors.forename: Mark Jan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moffett
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuerst
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: Jaap S Sinninghe
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Damsté
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jetten
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strous
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000378:metabolism; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000378:metabolism*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D006834:Hydrazines; D008055:Lipids; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C029424:hydrazine; D019811:Hydroxylamine; D012977:Sodium Nitrite