title: Defining and classifying clinical indicators for quality improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides a brief review of definitions, characteristics, and categories of clinical indicators for quality improvement in health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical indicators assess particular health structures, processes, and outcomes. They can be rate- or mean-based, providing a quantitative basis for quality improvement, or sentinel, identifying incidents of care that trigger further investigation. They can assess aspects of the structure, process, or outcome of health care. Furthermore, indicators can be generic measures that are relevant for most patients or disease-specific, expressing the quality of care for patients with specific diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring health care quality is impossible without the use of clinical indicators. They create the basis for quality improvement and prioritization in the health care system. To ensure that reliable and valid clinical indicators are used, they must be designed, defined, and implemented with scientific rigour.
authors.affiliation: The National Indicator Project and University of Aarhus, Denmark. jmz@ag.aaa.dk
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mainz
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000145:classification*; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D009626:Terminology as Topic