title: Quantitative analysis of proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in retinoblastoma and their association with the clinicopathologic parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantitative analyses of proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, which may be important for the prognosis of retinoblastoma, were performed and possible associations with some well-known clinicopathologic parameters were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three pathology specimens (43 enucleations, 10 exenterations) were evaluated by immunohistochemical methods. The proliferative index was detected by Ki67 antibody staining. The apoptotic index was calculated by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, and angiogenesis was detected by CD34 antibody staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean proliferative index was 37.63+/-11.12, the mean apoptotic index was 2.67+/-1.18, and the microvessel density and mean vascular area were determined as 3.14+/-1.4 and 38.73+/-12.70, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the proliferative index was directly proportional to the tumor dimensions (P=.001). In addition, the tumor dimensions were larger in cases where the apoptotic index was below 2.4% (P=.011). In cases where the apoptotic index was over 2.4%, no metastasis was observed and also a lower proliferative index was found (P=.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proliferation appears to be more important than apoptosis and angiogenesis in determining the tumor dimensions. The apoptotic index may be an important predictor of metastasis, and may be useful in the follow-up of bilateral cases with 1 eye enucleated.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hürkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerimoğglu
authors.forename: Hayyam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiratli
authors.forename: Ayşse Ayhan
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dinçtürk
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Söylemezoğlu
authors.forename: Sevgül
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilgiç
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002455:Cell Division; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology