title: Optical bioimaging: from living tissue to a single molecule: atrio-ventricular difference in myocardial excitation-contraction coupling--sequential versus simultaneous activation of SR Ca2+ release units.
abstract: Rapid-scanning cofocal microscopy has been applied to the analysis of early phase Ca(2+) transients in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes. On electrical stimulation of ventricular myocytes, Ca(2+) concentration begins to rise earliest at the Z-line level and becomes uniform throughout the cytoplasm within about 10 ms after the onset of the action potential; transsarcolemmal Ca(2+) influx triggers Ca(2+) release from release sites on the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) coupled to T-tubules at the Z-line throughout the cytoplasm. In atrial myocytes lacking the T-tubular network, transsarcolemmal Ca(2+) influx during an action potential triggers SR Ca(2+) release only at subsarcolemmal region. SR Ca(2+) release then spreads towards the central region of the cell through a propagated Ca(2+)-induced-Ca(2+) release mechanism. The atrio-ventricular difference in excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms underlies some of the atrio-ventricular difference in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan. htanaka@phar.toho-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigenobu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium