title: How nurse practitioners obtained provider status: lessons for pharmacists.
abstract: The history of nurse practitioners, their efforts to achieve provider status, and lessons learned from their activism are discussed. The nurse practitioner profession arose out of a need to meet a rising demand for primary care services, especially in rural areas. Some nurses and physicians vehemently opposed the nurse practitioner model, but studies documented the value of nurse practitioner services, and the utilization of these practitioners continued to grow. Compensation was provided via salary or per-member-per-month agreements. Nurse practitioners recognized that direct federal reimbursement (provider status) was needed to recognize them as independent health care providers and assign specific monetary values to their services, so they undertook an aggressive lobbying campaign. Contacts on Capitol Hill were exploited, and nursing organizations encouraged nurse practitioners to get involved in grass-roots activism. Nurse practitioners discussed their patients during meetings with their representatives in Congress, and legislators were invited to make site visits. In 1993, the American College of Nurse Practitioners was formed to unite the profession and move the campaign forward. Ultimately, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 granted nurse practitioners provider status and authorized them to bill Medicare directly for services furnished in any setting. The key strategies that contributed to this victory were (1) gaining recognition that nursing had the potential to expand its role, (2) documenting nurse practitioners' value, (3) establishing standards in education and credentialing, (4) using professional organizations to empower individuals, and (5) being willing to accept small, incremental gains over time. The experience of nurse practitioners in obtaining Medicare provider status offers valuable lessons for pharmacists as they pursue the same goal.
authors.affiliation: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD, USA. ashpresident@yahoo.com
authors.forename: John Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D007885:Legislation, Pharmacy; D008119:Lobbying; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010604:Pharmacy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D014481:United States