title: The gap junction blockers carbenoxolone and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid antagonize cone-driven light responses in the mouse retina.
abstract: Gap junctions are widely expressed throughout the retina, and play an important role in the processing of visual information. It has been proposed that horizontal cells express unpaired gap junctions, or hemichannels, in their dendrites, and that current flowing through hemichannels reduces transmembrane voltage at cone terminals, promoting the opening of Ca2+ channels near sites of transmitter release. This model predicts that pharmacological block of gap junctions should reduce the Ca2+ current at the equivalent cone voltage, thereby decreasing the postsynaptic light response. To test this prediction, and estimate the relative magnitude of this effect on third-order cells, we recorded light responses in mouse ganglion cells under photopic conditions and applied two gap junction antagonists, carbenoxolone and the structurally related 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Both carbenoxolone and GA decreased the size of the light response to about 30% of control. Cells that were physiologically identified as ON, OFF, or ON/OFF were equally affected by carbenoxolone/GA. These gap junction blockers did not interfere with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate receptors, as they did not affect responses to direct activation of these receptors. Under control conditions, spots larger than 200 microm in diameter activated ganglion cell receptive-field surrounds. Comparing responses to small and large spots before and during carbenoxolone treatment, we found that carbenoxolone did not preferentially inhibit surround antagonism at the ganglion cell level, but instead scaled the responses to all spot sizes. Our results extend the findings of studies in lower vertebrates which showed that light responses in horizontal cells are decreased by carbenoxolone treatment, and support the idea that hemichannels in the outer retina, most likely on horizontal cells, constitute important gates that are critical for allowing light responses to move forward into the retinal circuit. Furthermore, it suggests that ganglion cell surrounds are generated in the inner retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. yxia@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Yingqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nawy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002229:Carbenoxolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002229:Carbenoxolone; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid