title: Carotid artery stenting with cerebral protection in 100 consecutive patients: immediate and two-year follow-up results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid artery stenting is emerging as an alternative to surgical endarterectomy for the treatment of extracranial carotid artery disease. However, few data are available on the long-term clinical efficacy of carotid artery stenting and on the incidence of restenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stent implantation with the routine use of cerebral protection devices was attempted in a single center experience including 100 consecutive patients (104 lesions) with significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery (mean stenosis 82.8 +/- 9%). The mean age of the patients was 70.8 +/- 14 years, 27 lesions were symptomatic (26.0%) with a lesion related to a previous stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Procedural success was achieved in 103 lesions (99%) and the cerebral protection was successfully applied in 102 procedures (98%). The 30-day incidence of stroke and death was 4% (4 patients). Complications consisted of one major stroke (1%) with persistent ipsilateral amaurosis, two minor strokes (2%), and one (1%) fatal myocardial infarction occurring 4 days after the stent procedure. During follow-up (minimum 24 months; mean 31 +/- 6 months) no further neurological events occurred, 6 patients died of non-neurological causes (6%) and 2 (2%) presented with a non-fatal myocardial infarction. Echo color Doppler scan control (minimum 24 months) was carried out in all surviving patients showing a restenosis classified as moderate (50-69%) in 2 cases and as critical (> or = 70%) in another 2 cases (1.8%). Both critical restenotic lesions were successfully treated by repeating balloon angioplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that carotid artery stenting with routine cerebral protection can be performed with an acceptable procedural complication rate. At the 2-year follow-up carotid artery stenting appeared effective in stroke prevention and durable with a low incidence of restenosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Department, Civic Hospital, Mirano, VE, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cernetti
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimers
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picciolo
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saccà
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquetto
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Favero
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonanome
authors.forename: Ivano
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dell'Olivo
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pascotto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015607:Stents; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016306:Vena Cava Filters