title: Intracranial heme metabolism and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this prospective study was to clarify the potential role of an inducible heme-metabolizing enzyme, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and an inducible iron-detoxifying protein, ferritin, in cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured the levels of bilirubin and iron, which are by-products of HO-1, and the ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in 39 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH of Fisher computed tomography group III, and determined the relationship between these by-products of HO-1 or ferritin and vasospasm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of 39 patients (35.9%) developed asymptomatic vasospasm, while 6 patients (15.4%) developed symptomatic vasospasm. The levels of ferritin, bilirubin, and iron were all significantly elevated after SAH. The levels of ferritin and bilirubin were significantly higher in patients with no vasospasm than in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic vasospasm on days 5 through 7 (P<0.05, respectively) and on days 11 through 14 (P<0.025 in bilirubin) after SAH. However, no significant difference was observed in the iron levels between these patient groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show that higher levels of bilirubin and ferritin in the cerebrospinal fluid after SAH were associated with no vasospasm in clinical settings. These findings support the concept that the induction of HO-1 and ferritin may be an intrinsic regulatory mechanism that acts against cerebral vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Neurosurgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan. suzuki02@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Waro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014978:Xenon
chemical_list: D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014978:Xenon; D006418:Heme; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D001663:Bilirubin