title: First-line intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) with epirubicin and mitoxantrone in locally advanced breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 20% of patients with breast cancer present with locally advanced disease without distant metastases. This phase II double-center trial aimed at investigating the activity of epirubicin (Farmorubicin)--mitoxantrone (Onkotrone/Novantrone) combination as first-line intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in locally advanced breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with locally advanced disease and no prior exposure to anthracyclines received the following regimen: epirubicin (Farmorubicin) 30 mg/mq and mitoxantrone (Onkotrone/Novantrone) 10 mg/mq by IAC short infusion on day 1, every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. Prior to IAC an arteriogram of subclavian, internal mammary and lateral thoracic arteries was obtained in all patients, followed by infusion of a blue dye solution into the arteries to determine the most appropriate vessel that supplies the tumor area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Objective responses, confirmed at least 4 weeks after the first documentation, were observed in 25 patients (70%; 95%CI, 62% to 80%): 3 CR, 22 PR. Although three of the patients showed complete tumor regression, operative removal or toilet mastectomy became feasible in 25 patients since tumor shrinkage ranged over 75%. A total of 25 mastectomies were carried out for 36 patients. Four patients had bulky tumors (> 13 cm tumor diameter), while 8 patients had ulcerated tumors, two of which presented with complete infiltration of normal breast tissue. The median time to progression and median overall survival were 11 and 27 months, respectively. The time to local response was 3 weeks and time to mastectomy was 9 weeks. Transient neurological disorders developed in six patients and skin chemical burns with painful inflammatory reactions were encountered in ten patients. No systemic toxicity was observed in terms of bone marrow depression and hair loss. No cardiotoxicity was observed. In all specimens necrosis was reported (complete 3 cases, partial 16 and minimal 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of epirubicin (Farmorubicin) and mitoxantrone (Onkotrone/Novantrone) as IAC appears to be a safe and well tolerated treatment for locally advanced breast cancer without clinical evidence of distant metastases. When combined with surgery it offers interesting results in terms of local control and allows a high rate of mastectomies in otherwise inoperable cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Hematology, S. Giuseppe City Hospital, Empoli, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsetis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernardeschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varveris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalogeraki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Athanasakis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dentico
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanellos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biancalani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almarashdah
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zacharioudakis
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Saridaki
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chalkiadakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Xynos
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zoras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008875:Middle Aged; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015251:Epirubicin; D008942:Mitoxantrone