title: Cost analysis of renal replacement therapies in Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Costs for treating patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have grown noticeably. However, most of the cost estimates to date have taken the perspective of the payers. Hence, direct costs of treating ESRD are not accurately known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Files of all adult patients with ESRD who entered dialysis therapy between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1996, were studied retrospectively, and all use of health care resources and services was recorded. Follow-up continued until December 31, 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fourteen patients fulfilled the study criteria, 138 patients started with in-center hemodialysis (HD) therapy, and 76 patients started with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy. Patients were followed up until death (72 patients) or treatment modality changed for more than 1 month. Fifty-five patients received a cadaveric transplant, and after transplantation (TX), they were examined as a separate group of TX patients. Direct health care costs for the first 6 months in the HD, CAPD, and TX groups were 32,566 US dollars, 25,504 dollars, and 38,265 dollars, and for the next 6 months, 26,272 dollars, 24,218 dollars, and 7,420 dollars, respectively. During subsequent years, annual costs were 54,140 US dollars and 54,490 dollars in the HD group, 45,262 dollars and 49,299 dollars in the CAPD group, and 11,446 dollars and 9,989 dollars in the TX group. Regression analyses showed 4 variables significantly associated with greater daily costs in dialysis patients: age, ischemic heart disease, nonprimary renal disease, and HD treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with HD, CAPD may be associated with lower costs, yet the absolute difference is not striking. After the TX procedure is performed once, annual costs decline remarkably, and cadaveric TX is less costly than both dialysis modalities.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. tapani.salonen@uta.fi
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reina
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sintonen
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D015897:Comorbidity; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000191:economics