title: Strong ions, weak acids and base excess: a simplified Fencl-Stewart approach to clinical acid-base disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Fencl-Stewart approach to acid-base disorders uses five equations of varying complexity to estimate the base excess effects of the important components: the strong ion difference (sodium and chloride), the total weak acid concentration (albumin) and unmeasured ions. Although this approach is straightforward, most people would need a calculator to use the equations. We proposed four simpler equations that require only mental arithmetic and tested the hypothesis that these simpler equations would have good agreement with more complex Fencl-Stewart equations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reduced two complex equations for the sodium-chloride effect on base excess to one simple equation: sodium-chloride effect (meq litre(-1))=[Na(+)]-[Cl(-)]-38. We simplified the equation of the albumin effect on base excess to an equation with two constants: albumin effect (meq litre(-1))=0.25x(42-[albumin]g litre(-1)). Using 300 blood samples from critically ill patients, we examined the agreement between the more complex Fencl-Stewart equations and our simplified versions with Bland-Altman analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimates of the sodium-chloride effect on base excess agreed well, with no bias and limits of agreement of -0.5 to 0.5 meq litre(-1). The albumin effect estimates required log transformation. The simplified estimate was, on average, 90% of the Fencl-Stewart estimate. The limits of agreement for this percentage were 82-98%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simplified equations agree well with the previous, more complex equations. Our findings suggest a useful, simple way to use the Fencl-Stewart approach to analyse acid-base disorders in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, and Department of Intensive Care, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia. David.Story@austin.org.au
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morimatsu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellomo
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002712:Chlorides / Q000097:blood; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D012709:Serum Albumin; D012964:Sodium