title: Integration of laser surface digitizing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prostheses. Part 2: Development of molding techniques for casting prosthetic parts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article presents a novel manufacturing approach that integrates laser surface digitizing/scanning and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) to achieve automated fabrication of spatially and anatomically accurate extraoral facial prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrary to the approach in part 1 for fabricating positive replicas of prostheses, the approaches presented here are focused on designing and producing negative molds of the final prostheses using CAD, rapid prototyping, and rapid tooling techniques. The molds were applied directly to cast the final prostheses, thereby eliminating conventional flasking and investing procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three different facial prostheses were produced to evaluate the proposed approach for prosthesis production. The advantages of this alternative manufacturing approach over the approach presented in part 1 and conventional techniques are discussed. The limitations encountered with the integrated manufacturing system are highlighted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the new techniques, reduced patient discomfort, minimal dependence on the artistic skills of the prosthetist, and short turnaround times for prosthesis production can be expected.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chi-Mun
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cheah
authors.forename: Chee-Kai
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Kwang-Hui
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D013672:Technology / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D012828:Silicones; C013830:baysilon