title: In vivo and in vitro differentiation of myocytes from human bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown that bone marrow (BM) contains cells capable of differentiating into myocytes in vivo. However, addition of demethylation drugs has been necessary to induce myocyte differentiation from BM cells in vitro, and precise mechanisms of BM cells' conversion to myocytes and the origin of those cells have not been established. We investigated the expression of myogenic markers during differentiation and maturation of myocytes from BM-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) under physiological culture condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen BM samples from 21 healthy donors were used as a source of MAPC. To induce myocyte differentiation MAPC was cultured in the presence of 5% FCS, VEGF, bFGF, and IGF-1, and the expressions of myocyte markers were examined at various time points. We also investigated engraftment and differentiation of MAPC-derived myocytes in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frozen BM-derived MAPC, cultured under the physiological myogenic condition, demonstrated spatial expression patterns of several myocyte markers similar to that of authentic myocyte differentiation. When injected into murine muscles, MAPC treated with the myogenic condition engrafted and differentiated into myocyte marker-positive cells and myotubes in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, we were able to induce myocyte formation from BM cells under the physiological condition in vitro and demonstrated that treating cells with this condition prior to intramuscular injection increased efficiency of engraftment and differentiation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematopoiesis, Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Muguruma
authors.forename: Morayma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.forename: Johbu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yahata
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Tomomitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002648:Child; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD