title: Acid-base and electrolyte analysis in critically ill patients: are we ready for the new millennium?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disorders of acid-base and electrolytes are commonly seen in critically ill patients. The presence of these disorders typically signals the development of an underlying pathology. These disturbances can be severe and are often associated with worse outcome. Indeed, metabolic acidosis is one of the ways we quantify organ failure. Although acid-base and electrolyte disorders may be a result of the underlying pathophysiology (eg, renal failure, respiratory failure, shock), they may also result from the way in which we manage critically ill patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of the physical-chemical approach to acid-base analysis has led to recent developments in the identification and quantification and understanding of mechanisms for acid-base disorders commonly found in critically ill patients. Examples include a better understanding of the role of electrolytes (especially sodium and chloride) and weak acids in the pathophysiology of acid-base disorders, the implication of acid-base derangements on the inflammatory process and organ perfusion, and the importance of resuscitation fluid composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By adopting a physical-chemical approach to acid-base analysis we are gaining insight to the complexities of acid-base disorders and how their treatments may affect outcome.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University Reanimation Engineering Shock Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gunnerson
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose