title: Pharmacological prevention of breast cancer: quo vadis?
abstract: Although tamoxifen reduces breast cancer incidence by 30-40% in at-risk subjects, its adverse events may be a limiting factor. Thus, different strategies are being pursued to improve the risk:benefit ratio of breast cancer chemoprevention intervention. Firstly, raloxifene is being compared with tamoxifen in a phase-III trial, whereas the minimal active dose of tamoxifen is being assessed in phase I-II trials. The combination of HRT and tamoxifen may also reduce the risks while retaining the benefits of either agent. Anastrozole holds promise as a preventive agent based on preliminary data on contralateral breast cancer. Another important area is the appropriate identification of women at increased risk for ER-positive breast cancer due to reproductive factors, which may maximize the therapeutic index of hormonal agents. Finally, new targets that interfere with the onset of ER-negative breast cancer are being sought since one-third of breast cancers will not be modulated by hormonal interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemoprevention, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonanni
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Aliana Guerrieri
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gonzaga
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decensi
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D013629:Tamoxifen; D017313:Fenretinide; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride