title: Synergistic effects between codeine and diclofenac after local, spinal and systemic administration.
abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the extent of the antinociceptive interaction between codeine and diclofenac at the local, spinal and systemic level. The effects of individual and fixed-ratio combinations of locally, spinally or orally given codeine and diclofenac were assayed using the formalin test in rats. Isobolographic analysis was employed to characterize the synergism produced by the combinations. Codeine, diclofenac and fixed-ratio codeine-diclofenac combinations produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect when administered locally, spinally or systemically. ED(30) values were estimated for the individual drugs and isobolograms were constructed. Theoretical ED(30) values for the combination estimated from the isobolograms were 422.2+/-50.5 microg/paw, 138.5+/-9.2 microg/rat, and 9.3+/-1.1 mg/kg for the local, spinal and oral routes, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the actually observed ED(30) values which were 211.1+/-13.6 microg/paw, 45.9+/-3.9 microg/rat, and 2.5+/-0.2 mg/kg, indicating a synergistic interaction. Systemic administration resulted in the highest increase in potency, being about fourfold, while spinal and local administration increased potency in two- and threefold, respectively. The fact that the highest synergism was observed after systemic administration suggests that the interaction is occurring at several anatomical sites. The results support the clinical use of this combination in pain management.
authors.affiliation: Sección Externa de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Andrade
authors.forename: Mario I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Urizar
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Bañuelos
authors.forename: Vinicio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Granados-Soto
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003061:Codeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005528:Foot; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007267:Injections; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D005557:Formaldehyde; D003061:Codeine