title: Abuse liability and stimulant properties of dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine combinations in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications has been widely reported. However, there are few preclinical studies examining the behavioral effects of OTC medications at higher, abused doses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the current study were to determine whether the anti-histamine diphenhydramine (DIP) and the antitussive dextromethorphan (DEX), either alone or in combination, would have stimulant properties and be self-administered in animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  For drug self-administration, naive rats with no history of exposure to other drugs were trained to self-administer i.v. DEX+DIP (0.5+0.5, 1+1 or 2+2 mg/kg per injection), DEX alone (1 mg/kg) or DIP (1 mg/kg) alone under five-response fixed-ratio (FR) schedule with a 30-s time-out after each injection in 2-h sessions 3-5 days a week. Separate groups of rats were tested on locomotor activity. After 8 consecutive days of habituation, naive rats were injected with 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg DEX or DIP alone i.p., or in combination of 3+3 mg/kg, 10+10 mg/kg, or 30+30 mg/kg DEX+DIP i.p. Saline was injected i.p. during the intervening days. Locomotor activity was measured for each session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DEX+DIP combinations were self-administered, but the drugs alone were not. The acquisition of DEX+DIP self-administration was rapid with a majority of rats reaching the final FR5 schedule in 22-23 sessions. The total i.v. combination dose for each final scheduled session ranged from 40 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg DEX+DIP. Significant increases in locomotor activity were observed for DIP, an effect that was significantly enhanced when DIP was given in combination with DEX. Significant mortality was also observed for the drug combination at each dose tested when given i.v., with the highest mortality following the highest dose (2+2 mg/kg). When given i.p., no mortality was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that combinations of DEX and DIP have stimulant properties and are self-administered by animals. Abuse of this combination in humans would be expected.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Jae H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Thorndike
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000996:Antitussive Agents; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D004155:Diphenhydramine