title: Use of restraints on dementia patients: an ethical dilemma of a nursing staff in Israel.
abstract: This quality improvement project investigates the ethical dilemmas faced by nursing staff (ie, registered nurses, practical nurses, and nurse aids) using restraints for dementia patients in "realistic" and "idealistic" situations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is a need to offer adequate care for a growing number of patients suffering from dementia and to ensure their safety. Restraints are a common practice for this purpose; however, they may inflict harm and contradict patient rights of freedom, autonomy, and respect. The issue becomes more complex in view of the multiple studies showing that the various justifications for using restraints are often based on caregiver interests and institutional considerations rather than on the patient's benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The project was conducted on a sample of 200 Israeli nursing staff members, half from internal medicine wards of 3 hospitals and the other half from 3 psychogeriatric nursing homes, all treating dementia patients. The project used a questionnaire composed of demographic data and an ethical preference questionnaire built on 18 situations concerning restraints. Situations were categorized into 3 purposes: (a) patient's benefit, (b) other patients' benefit, and (c) institutional benefit. These situations referred to realistic (ie, expressing views of daily practice) and idealistic (ie, expressing personal and professional beliefs and values) situations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The project exposes a discrepancy between the manner in which the nursing staff perceive use of restraints in an idealistic situation and in a realistic situation and the greater tendency to use restraints in the realistic situation than in the idealistic situation. The main contribution of the project is in revealing the conflict between the personal beliefs of the nursing staff and the nurses' perceptions of their institutional obligations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The project uncovered a discrepancy among the beliefs, the personal and professional values of the nursing staff, and their perception regarding the actual use of restraints in the daily work routine.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Bnai-Zion Hospital, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Chava
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006757:Hospital Units; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology*; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000941:ethics; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D017751:Safety Management / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods