Nasal glioma and encephalocele: diagnosis and management.
OBJECTIVE
To review the biology of nasal glioma and encephalocele and to present an algorithm for preoperative evaluation and surgical management.


METHODS
Retrospective review and analysis.


METHODS
Tertiary care medical center: 1970 to 2002.


METHODS
Sixteen patients with glioma (n = 10) and encephalocele (n = 6).


RESULTS
Age at the time of presentation, sex, signs and symptoms, imaging findings, surgical approach, pathology, complications, rate of recurrence, and follow-up were recorded.


RESULTS
Ten patients presented with nasal glioma with a mean age of 9 months. All patients underwent surgical excision. No complication was encountered with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. Six patients presented with encephaloceles with a mean age of 15.5 months. All patients underwent surgical excision. Complications included cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 1) and epiphora (n = 1). Follow-up was 1 to 14 years (mean, 4 years).


CONCLUSIONS
Nasal glioma and encephalocele are rare, benign, congenital lesions with a potential for intracranial extension. Evaluation should include a complete rhinologic and neurologic examination. Preoperative imaging with a thin-cut axial and coronal computed tomography scan and/or multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging is essential. Surgical intervention should be performed soon after diagnosis to alleviate the increased risk of meningitis. A frontal craniotomy approach is recommended if intracranial extension is identified based on preoperative evaluation, followed by an extracranial resection. If there is no evidence of intracranial extension, a conservative extracranial approach is recommended.
Rahbar
Reza
R
Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. reza.rahbar@tch.harvard.edu
Resto
Vicente A
VA
Robson
Caroline D
CD
Perez-Atayde
Antonio R
AR
Goumnerova
Liliana C
LC
McGill
Trevor J
TJ
Healy
Gerald B
GB
D000465:Algorithms; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed