title: The quality of a simulation examination using a high-fidelity child manikin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Developing quality examinations that measure physicians' clinical performance in simulations is difficult. The goal of this study was to develop a quality simulation examination using a high-fidelity child manikin in evaluating paediatric residents' competence about managing critical cases in a simulated emergency room. Quality was determined by evidence of the reliability, validity and feasibility of the examination. In addition, the participants' responses regarding its realism, effectiveness and value are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scenario scripts and rating instruments were carefully developed in this study. Experts were used to validate the case scenarios and provide evidence of construct validity. Eighteen paediatric residents, 'working' as pairs, participated in a manikin-based simulation pre-test, a training session and a post-test. Three independent raters rated the participants' performance on task-specific technical skills, medications used and behaviours displayed. At the end of the simulation, the participants completed an evaluation questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manikin-based simulation examination was found to be a realistic, valid and reliable tool. Validity (i.e. face, content and construct) of the test instrument was evident. The level of inter-rater concordance of participants' clinical performance was good to excellent. The item analysis showed good to excellent internal consistency on all the performance scores except the post-test technical score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a carefully designed rating instrument and simulation operation, the manikin-based simulation examination was shown to be reliable and valid. However, a further refinement of the test instrument will be required for higher stake examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. tsaitc@shaw.ca
authors.forename: T-C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Harasym
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nijssen-Jordan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennett
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education; D010808:Physical Examination; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires