title: Stimulation of nicotine demethylation by NaHCO(3) treatment using greenhouse-grown burley tobacco.
abstract: Experiments were conducted in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) on the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine, a secondary alkaloid that can form the tobacco-specific nitrosamine N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). The results showed that, under optimum conditions, NaHCO(3) stimulated nicotine conversion in converter plants to the maximum level predetermined by the genetic background. The conversion level in NaHCO(3)-treated leaves was 2-3 times higher than that in control leaves. For young seedlings the optimum concentration of sodium bicarbonate was 0.8% aqueous solution, and for adult plants the optimum concentration was 1%. Lower concentrations resulted in partial stimulation, whereas higher concentration damaged leaf tissue and resulted in a lower conversion level. Studies with different temperatures (from 22 to 43 degrees C) showed that 37 degrees C was optimal. This temperature allowed the least amount of time, 2-3 days for mature leaves and 4-6 days for green leaves, for the major converters to reach >95% of nicotine conversion. An examination of leaves from different growth stages and stalk positions showed that the amount of time needed for conversion was longer for young leaves and shorter for mature leaves. Treatment of leaves with NaHCO(3) affords a rapid and convenient means of identifying and removing nornicotine converter plants during growth in the greenhouse or field.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Philip Morris USA, Richmond, Virginia 23261, USA.
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Newton E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Kalengamaliro
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Hempfling
authors.forename: Ferruccio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gadani
mesh_terms: D008745:Methylation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate