title: The relationship of intracanal medicaments to postoperative pain in endodontics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship of postoperative pain to three different medicaments placed in the root canal after a complete biomechanical debridement of the root canal system in patients presenting for emergency relief of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty-three teeth belonging to 221 patients presenting as emergencies to the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne were included in the study. Inclusion was limited to patients with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and acute apical periodontitis. All teeth underwent conventional root canal treatment, which involved the instrumentation to the apices of each canal at the first visit. Canals were instrumented using a stepback technique and hand-files along with irrigants using Milton's (1% sodium hypochlorite) solution followed by 15% EDTAC. The canals were dried and one of the following three medicaments was inserted into the canal in random sequence: Group 1: Ledermix paste (Lederle Pharmaceuticals, Division of Cyanamid, Wolfratshausen, Germany); Group 2: calcium hydroxide paste (Calcipulpe, Septodont, France); and Group 3: no dressing. Before dismissal, the preoperative pain experienced on the previous night was recorded using a visual analogue pain scale. Patients were then instructed to record the degree of pain experienced 4 h after treatment and daily for a further 4 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean score pain for all three groups was between 42 and 48 prior to treatment being commenced. After 4 days, the pain score for Group 2 was 10, for Group 3 was 7 and for Group 1 was 4. Mean preoperative pain level was 44.4 (of a maximum 100) for all groups, and declined by 50% (to 22.1) after 24 h. Patients in Group 1 (Ledermix) experienced significantly less (P = 0.04) postoperative pain than those in the other two groups. There was no significant difference between Group 2 (calcium hydroxide) and Group 3 (no dressing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the conditions of this study, painful teeth with acute apical periodontitis that had been dressed with Ledermix paste gave rise to less pain than that experienced by patients who had a dressing of calcium hydroxide or no dressing at all. Ledermix is an effective intracanal medicament for the control of postoperative pain associated with acute apical periodontitis, with a rapid onset of pain reduction.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia. eehrmann@melbpc.org.au
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ehrmann
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D003707:Demeclocycline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003738:Dental Cements; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy*; D011145:Polyvinyls; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012389:Root Canal Obturation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014098:Toothache / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; D003707:Demeclocycline; C031667:IRM cement; C020872:Cavit; C001527:Ledermix; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D002133:Calcium Sulfate