title: Dual regulation of calcium oscillation in astrocytes by growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
abstract: In response to neurotransmitters, astrocytes show various types of calcium increase (transient, oscillatory, and complex), the physiological significance of which is still controversial. To explore this variability, we examined factors affecting the calcium increase pattern in cultured astrocytes and investigated the consequences of the astrocytic calcium response in slice preparations. We found that growth factors (GFs) (EGF plus basic FGF) promoted calcium oscillation in response to glutamate, ATP, or thimerosal (which directly activates the inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate receptor) and that this effect was suppressed by pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha), lipopolysaccharide, or a MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor, suggesting dual regulation of calcium oscillation in astrocytes by factors affecting brain function and pathology via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The calcium oscillation was accompanied by enlargement of the calcium store, cell proliferation, and the development of a hypertrophic morphology. The cytokines suppressed GF-induced MAPK-dependent immediate early gene promoter activation, but not phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), showing that they affected gene regulation by acting on the MAPK cascade downstream of ERK. In slice preparations, a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist converted the spontaneous neuronal calcium increase, attributable to synaptic transmission, to an oscillatory response similar to that seen in astrocytes in culture, indicating that the calcium response in astrocytes acted as a feedback mechanism on the activity of neighboring neurons. This is the first evidence for a dual regulation of calcium oscillation by physiological factors and for the control of calcium dynamics actually being used in physiological processes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan. moritam@ls.toyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Chitose
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moto
authors.forename: Nagisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kozuka
authors.forename: Jinichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Susuki
authors.forename: Rurika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Itofusa
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kudo
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006133:Growth Substances; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium