title: Family processes within three-generation households and adolescent mothers' satisfaction with father involvement.
abstract: This investigation used a family systems perspective to examine how family dynamics within 3-generation households were associated with mothers' satisfaction with father involvement. The participants were low-income African American adolescent mothers (n=148) and grandmothers recruited at delivery and followed over 6 months. The overall model explained 68% of the variance in satisfaction with father involvement. Fathers who were involved with caregiving activities had positive relationships with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Grandmothers served as gatekeepers; when grandmothers reported positive relationships with the 2 young parents, adolescent mothers reported positive relationships with their male partners. Mothers who reported positive partner relationships also reported high parenting efficacy and satisfaction with father involvement. Efforts to increase paternal involvement should focus on role clarification for grandmothers and fathers and on parenting activities for mothers and fathers, regardless of their romantic relationship.
authors.affiliation: Syracuse University, College for Human Services and Health Professions, Department of Child and Family Studies, Syracuse, NY 13244-1250, USA.
authors.forename: Ambika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnakumar
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology*; D011632:Public Assistance; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013598:Systems Theory; D001741:Black or African American