title: In human hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is involved in cell proliferation and cooperates with P21 in DNA repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein involved in DNA-synthesis and repair. During DNA-synthesis and repair the only active PCNA fraction is tightly bound to DNA. Similarly, during DNA-repair, a fraction of p21 colocalizes with PCNA in a detergent-insoluble form.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze to what extent the presence of DNA-bound PCNA and p21 correlates with cell proliferation and DNA-repair in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six HCCs and surrounding cirrhosis were studied. The DNA-bound and detergent-soluble fractions of PCNA and p21 were analyzed by immunoblotting. P53 and Ki67-Labeling Index (Ki67-LI) were evaluated by immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soluble fractions of PCNA and p21 were found in all samples. One out of 26 cirrhotic samples displayed a DNA-bound fraction of PCNA while no case expressed DNA-bound p21. Fourteen HCCs showed a DNA-bound PCNA fraction. A highly significant correlation was found between Ki67-LI and DNA-bound PCNA but not with detergent-soluble PCNA. DNA-bound p21 and PCNA, indicating ongoing DNA repair activity, were present in 6 of these 14 HCCs and correlated with a high histological grade and high Ki67-LI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that in HCC PCNA participates both in DNA synthesis and repair and that highly proliferating HCCs may display a sustained DNA-repair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna and St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gramantieri
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trerè
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chieco
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacchini
authors.forename: Catia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piscaglia
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolondi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I; D003902:Detergents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D003902:Detergents; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I