title: Pretreatment with periodate-oxidized adenosine enhances developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inorganic arsenic, given by injection to pregnant laboratory animals, can induce malformations. Arsenic methylation can be inhibited by periodate-oxidized adenosine (PAD). Severe human health effects from high chronic arsenic exposure have mainly been reported in populations with significant levels of malnutrition, which may enhance toxicity by diminishing arsenic methylating capacity. This study sought to determine the effect of inhibition of arsenic methylation on the developmental toxicity of arsenic in a mammalian model.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAD (100 microM/kg, i.p.), was given to pregnant CD-1 strain mice 30 min before 7.5mg/kg sodium arsenite [As(III)], i.p., or 17.9 mg/kg sodium arsenate [As(V)], i.p., on gestation day 8 (GD 8; copulation plug = GD 0). Control dams received As(III), As(V), or PAD alone or were untreated. Test dams were killed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for mortality and gross and skeletal defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with PAD before either arsenical resulted in increased maternal toxicity and lower fetal weights. Pretreatment also caused higher prenatal mortality, with 8 of 21 and 5 of 17 litters totally resorbed in the PAD plus As(III) and PAD plus As(V) treatment groups, respectively. Significant increases in the incidences of exencephaly, ablepharia, and anomalies of the vertebral centra, sternebrae, and ribs were also associated with PAD pretreatment. Short tail (3 fetuses in 3 litters) was seen only following PAD plus As(III) treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic can be enhanced by PAD, due possibly to inhibited methylation of arsenic.
authors.affiliation: Capstone College of Nursing, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lammon
authors.forename: X Chris
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D018053:Arsenites; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013723:Teratogens; C027579:periodate-oxidized adenosine; C017947:sodium arsenite; C009277:sodium arsenate; D000241:Adenosine