title: Lead exposure through gestation-only caused long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring.
abstract: Numerous observations in clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the developing brain is particular sensitive to lead (Pb)'s pernicious effects. However, the effect of gestation-only Pb exposure on cognitive functions at maturation has not been studied. We investigated the potential effects of three levels of Pb exposure (low, middle, and high Pb: 0.03%, 0.09%, and 0.27% of lead acetate-containing diets) at the gestational period on the spatial memory of young adult offspring by Morris water maze spatial learning and fixed location/visible platform tasks. Our results revealed that three levels of Pb exposure significantly impaired memory retrieval in male offspring, but only female offspring at low levels of Pb exposure showed impairment of memory retrieval. These impairments were not due to the gross disturbances in motor performance and in vision because these animals performed the fixed location/visible platform task as well as controls, indicating that the specific aspects of spatial learning/memory were impaired. These results suggest that exposure to Pb during the gestational period is sufficient to cause long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuexiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yueming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Linxian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Shengquan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianyin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Chongli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000523:psychology*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007854:Lead