title: Mating and pathogenic development of the Smut fungus Ustilago maydis are regulated by one mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
abstract: In the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis, pheromone-mediated cell fusion is a prerequisite for the generation of the infectious dikaryon. The pheromone signal elevates transcription of the pheromone genes and elicits formation of conjugation hyphae. Cyclic AMP and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling are involved in this process. The MAPK cascade is presumed to be composed of Ubc4 (MAPK kinase kinase), Fuz7 (MAPK kinase), and Ubc3/Kpp2 (MAPK). We isolated the kpp4 gene and found it to be allelic to ubc4. Epistasis analyses with constitutively active alleles of kpp4 and fuz7 substantiate that Kpp4, Fuz7, and Kpp2/Ubc3 are components of the same module. Moreover, we demonstrate that Fuz7 activates Kpp2 and shows interactions in vitro. Signaling via this cascade regulates expression of pheromone-responsive genes, presumably through acting on the transcription factor Prf1. Interestingly, the same cascade is needed for conjugation tube formation, and this process does not involve Prf1. In addition, fuz7 as well as kpp4 deletion strains are nonpathogenic, while kpp2 deletion mutants are only attenuated in pathogenesis. Here we show that strains expressing the unphosphorylatable allele kpp2(T182A/Y184F) are severely affected in tumor induction and display defects in early infection-related differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weinzierl
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brachmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldbrügge
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kahmann
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D020029:Base Pairing; D001483:Base Sequence; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010675:Pheromones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014588:Ustilago / Q000166:cytology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010675:Pheromones; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases