title: Basic calcium phosphate crystals stimulate the endocytotic activity of cells--inhibition by anti-calcification agents.
abstract: Pathological calcifications are associated with many medical conditions including diabetes, breast cancer, and crystals-associated osteoarthritis. The deposition of calcium-containing crystals on cells induces detrimental cellular effects and speeds up the progression of associated diseases. We carried out the present study to test the hypotheses that calcium-containing crystals may stimulate the influx of other molecules existing in the extracellular fluid disturbing normal molecular signaling and that anti-calcification agent will inhibit such endocytotic process. We found that basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals greatly stimulated the endocytotic activity of cells by rendering the cells more permeable and that the anti-calcification agent phosphocitrate and several others inhibited the crystals-mediated endocytosis. This is the first study reporting that the endocytotic activity of cells is affected by BCP crystals and that such endocytotic activity can be inhibited by anti-calcification agents. Since calcium-containing crystals are associated with many human diseases and in many circumstances are associated with apoptotic bodies, extracellular and matrix vesicles where DNA fragments, small peptides, and minerals are released into extracellular space, the findings reported here are important for our understanding of the complex biological effects and the potential pathological role of calcium-containing crystals in crystals-associated diseases, and for the development of disease modifying agents as well.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA. y.sun@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiao-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: Herman S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002951:Citrates; D008903:Minerals; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C014148:phosphocitrate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous; D002118:Calcium