title: Stress-induced REM sleep increase is antagonized by naltrexone in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of sleep is influenced by situations that take place during the preceding waking period, giving rise to different patterns of sleep architecture. Immobilization stress (IMB) induces an increase of both rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). It has been suggested that these changes are mediated in part by noradrenaline and by the corticotrophin releasing factor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the participation of mu receptors in the stress-induced increase of REM sleep using naltrexone (NTX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adult male rats were implanted for sleep recordings. Subjects were recorded under control conditions as well as after: a) IMB stress (1 h); b) injection of NTX (1.5 mg/kg); c) NTX plus IMB. To assess corticosterone levels, additional groups ( n=5) were decapitated at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h after vehicle injection and after immobilization. Four groups were decapitated at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h after NTX plus IMB. Corticosterone plasma levels were determined by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IMB induces an increase in REM and SWS, and a decrease in wakefulness. Administration of NTX before IMB suppresses the effects of stress on sleep. NTX administration is innocuous in non-stressed animals. However, NTX administration does not prevent the rise of corticosterone normally observed after IMB stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that NTX prevents the effects of IMB stress on sleep by acting outside of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that partially mediates the stress response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, CP 09340, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Palacios
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retana-Márquez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonilla-Jaime
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velázquez-Moctezuma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone; D003345:Corticosterone