title: Prediction of GFR in liver transplant candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney function frequently is impaired in patients with cirrhosis; however, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is difficult to estimate in these patients by using standard clinical markers. The aim of our study is to compare GFR calculated from renal clearance of iodine 125-labeled iothalamate ((125)I-iothalamate) with the plasma decay technique and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Cockroft-Gault (CG) prediction equations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of patients with liver cirrhosis being evaluated for transplantation (50% Child's class C); 89% had ascites or edema and 44% were men aged 55 +/- 2 years. Average pretest blood urea nitrogen level was 16 +/- 2 mg/dL (5.7 +/- 0.7 mmol/L); serum creatinine, 1.0 +/- 0.1 mg/dL (88 +/- 9 micromol/L; range, 0.6 to 1.7 mg/dL [53 to 150 micromol/L]); plasma albumin, 3.14 +/- 0.16 g/dL (31.4 +/- 1.6 g/L); and total bilirubin, 4.0 +/- 0.7 mg/dL (67 +/- 11.3 micromol/L). Kidney function was measured by means of simultaneous plasma and renal clearance of (125)I-iothalamate (Glofil-125; Cypros Pharmaceutical Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and the MDRD and CG equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GFRs were 58.2 +/- 5.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) by renal clearance of (125)I-iothalamate and 76.7 +/- 7.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2) by the plasma decay technique (+18.5 mL/min, or 32%; P = 0.0004). GFR by the MDRD equation was 76.9 +/- 7.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (+18.7 mL/min, or 32%; P = 0.0004 versus renal iothalamate; r(2) = 0.57). GFR by the CG equation was the least accurate (+30.1 mL/min, or 52%; P = 0.0001 versus renal iothalamate).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current clinically used CG and MDRD equations to estimate kidney function in patients with cirrhosis and volume excess and the (125)I-iothalamate plasma decay technique are inaccurate because they overestimate GFR. It seems very unlikely that accurate and reliable formulas will be developed that are able to replace the formal measurement of GFR in patients with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, we conclude that despite the additional complexity, renal clearance techniques should be used to assess GFR accurately in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Skluzacek
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Szewc
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Pablo E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Pergola
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D007483:Iothalamic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012709:Serum Albumin; D007483:Iothalamic Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D001663:Bilirubin