title: Influence of liquid temperature and flow rate on enamel erosion and surface softening.
abstract: Enamel erosion and softening are based on chemical processes which could be influenced by many factors including temperature and acid flow rate. Knowledge of the influence of these variables could have relevance to research experiments and clinical outcomes. Both parameters were investigated using an ultrasonication and profilometry method to assess erosion depth and surface softening of enamel. The influence of temperature was studied by eroding polished human enamel samples at 4, 20, 35 or 50 degrees C for 2 h. Secondly, different liquid flow conditions were established by varying acid agitation. Additionally, a slow laminar flow and a jet of citric acid, to simulate drinking through a straw, were applied to specimens. Erosion depth increased significantly with acid temperature from 11.0 microm at 4 degrees C to 35.8 microm at 50 degrees C. Surface softening increased much more slowly and plateaued at 2.9 microm to 3.5 microm after 35 degrees C. A strong dependence of erosion on liquid flow was revealed. In unstirred conditions only 8.6 microm erosion occurred, which increased to 22.2 microm with slow stirring and 40.9 microm with fast stirring. Surface softening did not increase correspondingly with its largest extent at slow stirring at 3.4 microm.The implication of these data are: first, the conditions for erosion experiments in vitro or in situ need to be specified for reliable comparisons between studies. Secondly, erosion of teeth by soft drinks are likely to be influenced both by the temperature of the drink and individual drinking habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany. m.eisenburger@gmx.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenburger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addy
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects*; D004326:Drinking; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology; D013696:Temperature; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid