title: Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the risk of sudden death (SD) in both male and female athletes age 12 to 35 years.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the risk of SD in adolescents and young adults engaged in sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a 21-year prospective cohort study of all young people of the Veneto Region of Italy. From 1979 to 1999, the total population of adolescents and young adults averaged 1,386,600 (692,100 males and 694,500 females), of which 112,790 (90,690 males and 22,100 females) were competitive athletes. An analysis by gender of risk of SD and underlying pathologic substrates was performed in the athletic and non-athletic populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 300 cases of SD, producing an overall cohort incidence rate of 1 in 100,000 persons per year. Fifty-five SDs occurred among athletes (2.3 in 100,000 per year) and 245 among non-athletes (0.9 in 100,000 per year), with an estimated relative risk (RR) of 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8 to 3.4; p < 0.0001). The RR of SD among athletes versus non-athletes was 1.95 (CI 1.3 to 2.6; p = 0.0001) for males and 2.00 (CI 0.6 to 4.9; p = 0.15) for females. The higher risk of SD in athletes was strongly related to underlying cardiovascular diseases such as congenital coronary artery anomaly (RR 79, CI 10 to 3,564; p < 0.0001), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (RR 5.4, CI 2.5 to 11.2; p < 0.0001), and premature coronary artery disease (RR 2.6, CI 1.2 to 5.1; p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sports activity in adolescents and young adults was associated with an increased risk of SD, both in males and females. Sports, per se, was not a cause of the enhanced mortality, but it triggered SD in those athletes who were affected by cardiovascular conditions predisposing to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias during physical exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiavon
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013177:Sports