title: Do attitude toward cancer, sense of coherence and family high risk predict more psychological distress in women referred for a breast cancer examination?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study focuses on the connection between attitude toward cancer, sense of coherence and family history of breast cancer, on the one hand, and psychological distress on the other among women who are referred for breast cancer examination following a medical examination prompted by a complaint of "feeling something in the breast."
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 314 women referred to a breast health clinic in northern Israel completed questionnaires that measured psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory), personal resources (the Sense of Coherence Scale), and mindset (Attitude to Cancer Treatment Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A weak sense of coherence and a more negative attitude toward cancer (i.e., viewing victims of cancer with pity; viewing the illness as a death sentence; harboring a fear of death from cancer) predict a high level of psychological distress while awaiting an examination. A family history of breast cancer, or a first-time examination, were not found to be predictors of greater psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning cognitive behavioral coping skills, as well as access to information on cancer and treatment in order to change attitude toward cancer, are needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Ora
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gilbar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000523:psychology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health