Basic and clinical aspects of copper.
An oxygen-rich atmosphere obligated living organisms to cope with reactive oxygen species (O2-, H2O2, OH*) that were the unavoidable by-products of cellular metabolism. As a redox cofactor Cu was selected as a co-catalyst for numerous biological processes, many involving the utilization of oxygen. Inadequate or excessive intake of Cu can be pathogenic and life-threatening. Mutations to genes that code for Cu-transporting ATPase enzymes are the molecular basis of Wilson and Menkes diseases and more recently Cu has been identified as a preemptory factor in amyloid and prion diseases. This review is dedicated to bringing historical and timely information on Cu transport, metabolism and homeostasis to the attention of those not familiar with this important mineral. Other comprehensive reviews are available to the interested readers.
Harris
Edward D
ED
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA. eharris@tamu.edu
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D000079922:Copper Transport Proteins; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism*; D007706:Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D056511:Metallochaperones; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000378:metabolism*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D017096:Prion Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D022161:Transport Vesicles
C474500:ATOX1 protein, human; C491006:COX17 protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D000079922:Copper Transport Proteins; D056511:Metallochaperones; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D003300:Copper; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C081184:ATP7A protein, human; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D005978:Glutathione