title: Increased cyclin D1 expression in cancer of the ampulla of Vater: relevance to nuclear beta catenin accumulation and k-ras gene mutation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have reported that dysregulation of beta catenin or k-ras mutation promotes cyclin D1 expression. This study investigated the relation between cyclin D1 expression and clinicopathological parameters in carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (CAV), and also assessed the relation between increased cyclin D1 expression and beta catenin/k-ras status in this series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty CAVs were evaluated for cyclin D1 expression by immunohistochemistry in relation to patient clinicopathological features. Aberrant beta catenin expression and k-ras mutation were also investigated by immunostaining and direct sequencing, and related to cyclin D1 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased cyclin D1 expression was seen in 17 of 30 CAVs and was significantly correlated with tumour cell proliferation and disease free survival time (p = 0.018, p = 0.018, respectively). Nuclear accumulation of beta catenin was found in nine of 30 cases, including four cases with missense mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB-1, and was significantly correlated with increased cyclin D1 expression (p = 0.003). k-ras gene mutation was detected in 12 of 30 cases, and was also significantly correlated with increased cyclin D1 expression (p = 0.026). Overall, 14 of 17 CAVs with increased cyclin D1 expression showed nuclear accumulation of beta catenin and/or k-ras mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased cyclin D1 expression appears to be associated with tumour proliferation and poorer clinical outcome in CAV. It is also associated with both aberrant beta catenin expression and k-ras mutation. These results are consistent with the in vitro data that cyclin D1 can be transactivated by activated beta catenin-T cell factor/LEF and k-ras pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Teikyo University, Ichihara Hospital, Ichihara, 299-0111, Japan. yamas@med.teiyo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asoh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014670:Ampulla of Vater; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000032:analysis*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017354:Point Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D019938:Cyclin D1