title: Lymphocyte immunotherapy and its probable mechanism in the maintenance of pregnancy in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most women with alloimmune cause of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) includes increased sharing of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that may prohibit the mother from making anti-paternal cyto-toxic antibodies (APCA), anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) and mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibodies (MLR-Bf). Overactivity of T helper-1 (Th-1) cytokines and natural killer (NK) cells have been also reported to be the major alloimmune cause of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). It was revealed from extensive updated analysis of this subject that paternal lymphocytes immunotherapy may play a significant role in the prevention of alloimmune cause of fetal loss in women with RSA. These alloimmune parameters are found to be suppressed in successful immunotherapy, which is comparable to normal pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various studies represented that paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy was attributed to the high expression of APCA, Ab2, MLR-Bf and inhibition of Th-1 pattern of cytokines and NK cell activity in women with alloimmune cause of RSA. Present updated randomized clinical trials demonstrated that women with RSA of study group who have been treated with paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy had more successful outcomes (68%) as compared to women with RSA of control group who either received autologous lymphocytes/third party lymphocytes/normal saline or no therapy (54%), ( p<0.02). However, when the results of the randomized and nonrandomized studies were pooled together it was observed that 67% of women with RSA of study group who received paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy showed successful pregnancy outcome in comparison to 36% success in women with RSA of control group who either received autologous lymphocytes/third party lymphocytes/normal saline or no therapy ( p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results advocate the role of paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy for the maintenance of pregnancy in women with RSA.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Program, Guggenheim 18, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. pandey.manoj@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Suraksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell