title: DDT induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells in vitro and is associated with increased apoptosis in exposed children.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to investigate whether DDT and its metabolites are able to induce apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) both in vitro and in vivo. Cells isolated from healthy individuals were incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of p'p-DDT, p'p-DDE, or p'p-DDD (0-150 microg/mL) for different intervals. Apoptosis was then determined by flow cytometry (DNA cell content analysis) and fluorescence microscopy (Hoechst staining). A significant level of apoptosis was induced by DDT, DDD, and DDE at 80 microg/mL compared to controls, reaching a maximum effect at 100 microg/mL. We began to detect apoptosis at 12h, with a maximum effect at 24h of incubation. These results were confirmed using the TUNEL assay in cells treated with the three compounds tested as well as with o'p-DDT at 100 microg/mL and 24h of incubation. Our data demonstrate that DDT and its metabolites are able to induce apoptosis of human PBMC in vitro. Therefore, we performed a preliminary study in children exposed to this insecticide. When compared to a control population, the exposed children had higher levels of DDT, DDD, and DDE in blood and also had a higher frequency of apoptosis. In the exposed children, a weak positive association was found between the frequency of apoptosis and the exposure to DDT and DDE. Our results showed that more studies are needed in people exposed to DDT, as apoptosis may cause serious public health effects such as immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: Iván N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pérez-Maldonado
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Barriga
authors.forename: Hortensia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-Amaro
authors.forename: Jaqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calderón
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yáñez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003634:DDT / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D003632:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT; D003632:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane