title: [New concepts in image assisted surgery: automated patient registration based on the jaw and external ear].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Automatic and marker less patient registration based on natural anatomical interfaces may considerably reduce the radiation load and logistical input prior to computer-assisted surgical interventions, as it is not necessary to place and measure reference markers. The present study was to find out if, apart from the facial skin, also auricles as well as the upper and lower jaw can be used as anatomical interfaces for the intraoperative registration of the patient's position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to surgical intervention the positions of 20 patients were registered by a high-resolution 3D laser scan and correlated with the preoperative CT data set. Tumors, skeletal malformations, and foreign bodies were indications for surgical intervention. Auricles as well as the upper and lower jaw were used to register the patient's positions. The accuracy of this basically marker less method was clinically evaluated through the additionally placed conventional registration markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marker less patient registration based on natural anatomical interfaces was successful in the upper jaw (deviation: 0.8+/-0.3 mm). The tongue and mobile floor of the mouth led to geometric incongruence and inadequate laser registration in the lower jaw. As far as the auricles were concerned, high accuracy could only be achieved as long as the auricles had not been deformed during CT imaging (deviation: 1.9+/-0.9 mm). The usual CT acquisition with a conventional head support, however, led to temporary auricular deformations in more than half of the patients, which made an exact laser scan registration impossible.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg. ruediger_marmulla@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marmulla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mühling
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lüth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassfeld
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration; D003199:Computer Systems; D004431:Ear, External; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007834:Lasers; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D009870:Operating Room Information Systems; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface