title: Distance and reverberation effects on directional benefit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the potential benefits and limitations of directional hearing aids across a wide range of listening environments is important when counseling persons with hearing loss regarding realistic expectations for these devices. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of speaker-to-listener distance on directional benefit in two reverberant environments, in which the dominate noise sources were placed close to the hearing aid wearer. In addition, speech transmission index (STI) measures made in the test environments were compared to measured sentence recognition to determine if performance was predictable across changes in distance, reverberation and microphone mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aided sentence recognition, in noise, for fourteen adult participants with symmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment was measured in six environmental conditions in both directional and omnidirectional modes. A single room, containing four uncorrelated noise sources served as the test environment. The room was modified to exhibit either low (RT60 = 0.3 sec) or moderate (RT60 = 0.9 sec) levels of reverberation. Sentence recognition was measured in both reverberant environments at three different speech loudspeaker-to-listener distances (1.2 m, 2.4 m, and 4.8 m). STI measures also were made in each of the 12 listening conditions (2 microphone modes x 3 distances x 2 reverberation environments).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decrease in directional benefit was measured with increasing distance in the moderate reverberation condition. Although reduced, directional benefit was still present in the moderately reverberant environment at the farthest speech speaker-to-listener distance tested in this experiment. A similar decrease with increasing speaker-to-listener distance was not measured in the low reverberation condition. The pattern of average sentence recognition results across varying distances and two different reverberation times agreed with the pattern of STI values measured under the same conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these data support increased directional benefit in noise for reduced speaker-to-listener distance, some benefit was still obtained by listeners when listening beyond "effective" critical distance under conditions of low (300 msec) to moderate (900 msec) reverberation. It is assumed that the directional benefit was due to the reduction of the direct sound energy from the noise sources near the listener. The use of aided STI values for the prediction of average word recognition across listening conditions that differ in reverberation, microphone directivity, and speaker-to-listener distance also was supported.
authors.affiliation: Dan Maddox Hearing Aid Research Laboratory, Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA. todd.a.ricketts@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ricketts
authors.forename: Benjamin W Y
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hornsby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*