title: Fluctuations in transcription factor binding can explain the graded and binary responses observed in inducible gene expression.
abstract: Inducible genes are expressed in the presence of an external stimulus. Individual cells may exhibit either a binary or graded response to such signals. It has been hypothesized that the chemical kinetics of transcription factor/DNA interactions can account for both these scenarios (EMBO J. 9(9) (1990) 2835; BioEssays 14(5) (1992) 341). To explore this question, we have conducted work based on the experimental results of Fiering et al. (Genes Dev. 4 (10) (1990) 1823). In these experiments, three upstream NF-AT binding sites control transcription of the lacZ gene, which codes for the enzyme beta-Galactosidase. The experimental data show a binary response for this system. We consider the effects of fluctuations in NF-AT binding on the response of the system. Our modeling results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data, and illustrate how the binary and graded responses can stem from the same underlying mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Biomathematics Graduate Program and Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Campus Box 8203, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8203, USA. jrpirone@unity.ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pirone
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Elston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002477:Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D001616:beta-Galactosidase