title: Constructions of femininity and experiences of menstrual distress.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between constructions of feminine gender identity and experiences of menstrual distress. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the relationship between femininity and PMS. Statistically significant correlations were found between T-scores for femininity on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1978) and total distress scores on the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (Moos, 1991). Analysis of the qualitative data suggests that women engage in intense premenstrual bodily surveillance, and the data support Ussher, Hunter, and Browne's (2000) findings that the 'PMS self' becomes lived as an identity position in contrast to a 'real' or 'non-PMS sell.' The authors conclude that our biopsychiatric discourse about PMS functions to legitimize traditional constructions of femininity and that future research should conceptualize menstrual distress as both lived experience and social construction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA. lisa.cosgrove@umb.edu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riddle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D019513:Feminism; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012067:Religion; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States