title: Colour Doppler ultrasonography for evaluation of anterior chest blood supply: the possible role of arterial blood supply to the costosternal junction in the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis in female adolescents.
abstract: This prospective comparative study was carried out to investigate the blood supply to the anterior chest wall by measurement of several anatomical and haemodynamic flow parameters of the internal mammary artery, with the use of colour Doppler ultrasonography, in female scoliotics with idiopathic right convex scoliosis in adolescence. Previous investigations have postulated that asymmetry of the breasts in female adolescents may be linked with the development of right convex thoracic scoliosis. This breast asymmetry is supposed to be linked with anatomical and functional asymmetry of the internal mammary artery that is the main supplier to the mammary gland. However, no measurements of anatomical and haemodynamic parameters of the internal mammary artery have been made to justify or reject the hypothesis of asymmetric blood flow volume to the breasts and costosternal junction in female adolescent scoliotics. Twenty female adolescents with right convex thoracic scoliosis and 16 comparable female individuals without spine deformity were examined with roentgenograms (scoliotics only) to measure scoliosis curve, vertebral rotation and concave and convex rib-vertebra angle at three vertebrae (the apical, one level above and one below the apical vertebra). Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure, at the origin of the internal mammary artery, its lumen diameter, cross-sectional area, time average mean flow and flow volume per minute in scoliotics and controls, which were compared with each other. The roentgenographic parameters were compared with the ultrasonographic parameters in the scoliotics to disclose any relationship. The reliability of colour Doppler ultrasonography was high and the intra-observer variability low (ANOVA, P=0.92-0.94). There was no statistically significant difference in the ultrasonographic parameters of the internal mammary artery between right and left side in each individual as well as between scoliotics and controls. In scoliotics the right mammary artery time average mean velocity increases with the convex ( P<0.05) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). The right internal mammary artery flow volume per minute increases with convex ( P<0.01) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). Left internal mammary artery cross-sectional area increases with convex apical rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.01) and concave rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebra ( P<0.01). Conclusively, this investigation showed that haemodynamic flow parameters of the right internal mammary artery and anatomical parameters of the left internal mammary artery are significantly correlated with the magnitude of rib-vertebra angles close to the apex of right thoracic scoliosis in female adolescents. This study did not find any evidence for side-difference in vascularity of the anterior thorax wall and, thus, it could not clearly justify previous theories for development of right thoracic scoliosis in female adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Spine Section, General Hospital of Agios Andreas, 26224 Patras, Greece. korovess@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Korovessis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iliopoulos
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misiris
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koureas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001940:Breast / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013249:Sternum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000254:growth & development; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color