title: Candidate's thesis: Platelet-activating factor-induced hearing loss: mediated by nitric oxide?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Platelet-activating factor (PAF)in middle ear effusion is thought to induce hearing loss. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanism of PAF-induced hearing loss by studying the effects of PAF application on the round window membrane (RWM) with and without PAF-antagonist NO-blocker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study on randomized guinea pigs using PAF to induce hearing loss. METHODS Guinea pigs were divided into four groups: PBS, PAF, PAF-antagonist, and L-NAME. The PBS group received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the PAF groups received 10, 20, and 40 microg of PAF soaked into gelfoam and placed on the RWM. PAF-antagonist (WEB 2170) and NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine-methylester (L-NAME) were injected intraperitoneally prior to PAF 20 microg application on the RWM. The following three tests were performed on each animal group: Hearing was tested with an auditory brainstem response (ABR) test over 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, cochlear hair cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry was carried out on the cochlea to test the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PAF group developed significant elevation of ABR threshold and cochlear hair cell damage in the SEM group as compared with the PBS control group. The PAF-antagonist (WEB 2170) and the L-NAME groups did not show significant elevation of ABR threshold and cochlear hair cell damage compared with the group administered PAF 20 microg, but in the PAF-antagonist group, the elevation of ABR threshold was significant compared with that of the PBS control group, whereas it was not significant compared with the PBS group in the L-NAME group. Strong expression of iNOS on cochlea was observed in the PAF group and lighter expression was seen in PBS, WEB 2170, and L-NAME groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that PAF placed on the RWM induced hearing loss and cochlear hair cell damage. The PAF-antagonists and L-NAME prevented the PAF-induced hearing loss and inhibited iNOS expression in the cochlea. These findings suggest that the PAF-induced hearing loss caused by cochlear hair cell damage may have been mediated by NO. PAF-antagonists and L-NAME may have future therapeutic implications in preventing sensorineural hearing loss associated with chronic otitis media. The results of this study have significant potential clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Laser Research Center, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Anseo-dong, Cheonan-city, Chungnam-do, Korea 330-714. rheeck@dku.edu
authors.forename: Chung-Ku
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rhee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001381:Azepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003051:Cochlea / Q000201:enzymology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012405:Round Window, Ear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001381:Azepines; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D014230:Triazoles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C063964:bepafant; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester