title: Parental occupation at periconception: findings from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the risk of childhood cancer in relation to parental occupation and related exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self reported occupational data from mothers and fathers of 3838 children with cancer and 7629 control children were analysed. Odds ratios were calculated for 31 "occupational groups" by parent, diagnostic group (leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), central nervous system tumours, and other cancers) and time of exposure (periconception, birth, and diagnosis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings did not support the hypothesis that occupational exposure of fathers to ionising radiation increases the risk of childhood cancer in their offspring. Specific examination of periconceptual chemical exposures showed small but statistically significant increased risks for leukaemia and ALL among children whose fathers were exposed to exhaust fumes, driving, and/or inhaled particulate hydrocarbons. In the remaining analyses, a fourfold increase in the risk of other cancers was observed among the children of fathers working with leather but based on small numbers. Both maternal and paternal exposure to textile dust was related to an increased risk of other cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results failed to produce any strong evidence to link parental occupational exposures with an increased risk of childhood cancer. No relation was found for paternal periconceptual exposure to ionising radiation. The consistency of the associations observed between childhood leukaemia and paternal occupational exposure to exhaust fumes, driving, and/or inhaled particulate hydrocarbons at periconception suggest a small risk for vehicle related exhaust. However, other explanations cannot be excluded and further research into the nature of the associations is required.
authors.affiliation: Information and Statistics Division of the CSA for NHS Scotland, Trinity Park House, Edinburgh, UK. p.a.mckinney@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Fear
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stockton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008669:Metallurgy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013783:Textile Industry; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions