title: The South African experience with ingestion injury in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Red Cross Children's Hospital is the only children's hospital in South Africa. It has a dedicated trauma unit for all children under the age of 13 and serves a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants. As part of the Child Accident Prevention Foundation program we have kept a database of all children treated for trauma in our hospital since 1991. Presently, we have over 88,000 entries in our database.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study our experience with ingested foreign bodies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed using the CAPFSA database of a total of 3677 patients presenting with foreign bodies. The hospital folders were searched using a standardised data extraction form. Only foreign bodies aspirated or ingested were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, 241 folders have been analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both sexes were equally affected (boys 49%). Age ranged between 0 and 12 years, although there was only one child under the age of 1. At the age of 3 years there was a peak in incidence (24% of all cases). Nature of ingested object: Although the objects were from a range of materials, most were metal (40%) or plastic (23%). The most commonly ingested object was a coin (28%), a ball (20%) or bone (8%). The size ranged from 0.1 to 3 cm (as measured by virtual ring), the most common size of an ingested foreign body was 0.5 cm. Anatomical site: The most common anatomical site of impaction was the nose (41%), followed by the oesophagus (20%), the stomach (14%) and bowel (11%). Other anatomical sites included hypopharynx, nasopharynx, bronchus, larynx and oral cavity. Severity of symptoms: Only 0.4% of our cases were assessed as being severe, 14% as moderate, and 44% as mild. Forty-two percent (42%) had no symptoms. Removal: Fifty-seven percent (57%) of ingested foreign bodies were removed surgically, 19% were left in situ, 14% spontaneously dislodged and only 1% was removed by Foley catheter manipulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A presentation with a foreign body is quite common in our patient population, representing approximately 4.2% of all our cases. The majority of ingested foreign bodies produced mild or no symptoms, needed surgical removal and had no complications.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Unit, Child Accident Prevention Foundation of Southern Africa, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa. abvanas@ich.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: van As
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stool
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007830:Larynx; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth; D009666:Nose; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013270:Stomach