title: Pigment epithelium-derived factor, a human testis epididymis secretory product, promotes human prostate stromal cell growth in culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identified and characterized unrecognized testicular secretory proteins that impact human prostate growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human spermatocele fluid served as a source of testicular epididymal secretions and prostatectomy specimen benign prostatic hyperplasia stromal cells as the in vitro prostate growth promoting effects indicator. RMPI plus medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum MALDI-TOF, MS FBS and ITS+ (Collaborative Research-Becton Dickinson, Bedford, Massachusetts) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Whole and fractionated spermatocele fluid or specific proteins without and with select polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies were added to routine 6-day cultures. The observation of significantly increased 6-day cell counts compared with appropriate controls (p <0.05) was judged to reflect cell growth. Amino acid microsequencing and MALDI-TOF MS sequence analysis were done on persistent protein bands from active spermatocele fluid fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole and fractionated human spermatocele fluid increased stromal cell culture numbers significantly. Sequence analysis of 47 and 17 kDa 1-dimensional gel bands in the final active fraction identified a major peptide with sequence homology to human pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). The presence of PEDF was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Addition of recombinant PEDF to incomplete medium significantly increased stromal cell culture number. PEDF antibodies neutralized or markedly decreased the stromal stimulating effect of spermatocele fluid and PEDF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observations presented provide evidence for human testis/epididymis secretion of PEDF and for a PEDF in vitro growth promoting effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia stroma. The concept that testicular epididymal secretory proteins may influence normal and abnormal prostate growth warrants continued consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Grayhack
authors.forename: Norm D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ilio
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wambi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasjanski
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004822:Epididymis / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015843:Serpins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013088:Spermatocele; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D011506:Proteins; D015843:Serpins; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor