title: Perceptual efficacy of electrical stimulation of human retina with a microelectrode array during short-term surgical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work is part of a feasibility assessment of a retinal prosthesis as a means to restore vision to patients with blindness caused by retinitis pigmentosa. The primary goal was to assess the concordance of the form of induced perception and the pattern of electrical stimulation of the retina, and the reproducibility of the responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five volunteers with severe retinitis pigmentosa and one with normal vision were studied. A companion paper in this issue provides details on demographics, visual function, surgical methods, general stimulation strategy, and data analysis. Volunteers were awake during surgery while a 10-microm-thick, microfabricated electrode array was placed on the retina. The array was connected to extraocular current sources that delivered charges to 50-, 100-, and 400-microm-diameter electrodes. Negative control trials were randomly included. Perceptual quality was judged by the similarity between the form of stimulation and perception (i.e., accuracy) and the reproducibility of responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 1 of 40 control tests yielded a false-positive result. On average, volunteers 3, 5, and 6 reported percepts that matched the stimulation pattern 48% and 32% of the time for single- and multiple-electrode trials, respectively. Two-point discrimination in the best cases may have been achieved in two blind subjects using (center-to-center) electrode separation of 600 and 1960 microm. Reproducibility was achieved 66% of the time in the blind subjects. By comparison, in the normal-sighted subject, perceptual form was reported accurately 57% of the time, with 82% reproducibility, and two-point discrimination may have been achieved in one trial with 620-microm electrode spacing and in two trials each with 1860- and 2480-microm electrode spacing. In subjects 5 and 6, perceptual size was inconsistently related to the charge, although relatively large differences in charge (median: 0.55 microcoulombs [microC]) between two trials produced differently sized percepts. Longer stimuli did not produce rounder percepts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single percepts induced by single-electrode stimulation were relatively small, but the form of percepts, especially after multielectrode stimulation, often did not match the stimulation pattern, even in a normal-sighted volunteer. Reproducible percepts were more easily generated than those that matched the stimulation pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. joseph_rizzo@meei.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000502:physiology*; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012172:Retinaldehyde