title: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: the University of Maryland 6-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether the results of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy warranted expansion of the availability of the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Donor and recipient charts for 738 consecutive laparoscopic living donor nephrectomies have been reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal donors were 69% white race and 57% female. Age range was 18 to 74 years. Neither age nor obesity alone were exclusionary criteria. Nephrectomy was left sided in 96%. Donors with body mass index greater than 33 had longer operative times. The extraction site changed from umbilical to suprapubic during the series. Warm ischemia time was 169 seconds. Conversion to open nephrectomy occurred in 1.6% of cases and blood transfusion was required in 1.2%. Major intraoperative complications occurred in 6.8% and major postoperative complications occurred in 17.1% of cases. Hospitalization lasted 64.4 hours. Postoperative donor creatinine was 1.5 times the preoperative level. Recipient serum creatinine averaged 2.0 mg% at 1 week and 1.6 mg% at 1 year. Delayed graft function occurred in 2.6%. However, 9.1% of recipients did not achieve a serum creatinine less than 3.0 mg% within 7 days. The endovascular stapler also created 37 extra arteries for implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risks of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy to the donor must not be minimized. Rapid conversion to open surgery to control bleeding may be necessary. Nonvascular intraoperative injuries require recognition. Slow bowel function recovery prolongs hospitalization and may indicate unrecognized pancreatitis or small bowel herniation. Surgical technique and complication management have improved. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is now routine but still requires an intense level of attention to prevention of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA. sjacobs@smail.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Clarence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities