Application of structure-metabolism relationships in the identification of a selective endothelin A antagonist, BMS-193884, with favourable pharmacokinetic properties.
1. Based on binding affinity, 2'-amino-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4'-(2-methylpropyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide (2) was identified as an initial lead in a programme to identify selective endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists. However, the compound was extensively metabolized in preclinical animal species and human in vitro systems due to oxidative biotransformation. 2. To optimize this structural class, the site of metabolism of 2 was determined. This allowed for focussed structure-activity and structure-metabolism studies aimed at finding more metabolically stable analogues that maintained potency. New analogues were screened for their ET binding characteristics and their stability in rat and human liver microsomes. 3. The use of the microsomal stability screen was tested by the determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of select analogues. A good correlation was found between reduced rates of rat microsomal metabolism and reduced clearance in the rat. 4. N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4'-(2-oxazolyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide (3) was identified as an analogue with improved in vitro properties and further studies revealed that the compound had improved pharmacokinetic properties. 5. N-[[2'-[[(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)amino]sulfonyl]-4-(2-oxazolyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]methyl]acetamide (4) was subsequently identified as a compound with superior in vitro properties compared with compound 3, but when tested in vivo it had a substantially increased rate of clearance. Further studies demonstrated that the clearance of this closely related structural analogue was not dictated by metabolic processes, but was mediated by transport-mediated direct biliary excretion. 6. The utility of screening for in vitro liver microsomal stability as part of the lead optimization process for compounds with metabolic liabilities was shown. It was also shown that relatively small molecular changes can dramatically change the disposition of closely related analogues and care must be used when screening for a single property.
Humphreys
W G
WG
Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA. william.humphreys@bms.com
Obermeier
M T
MT
Barrish
J C
JC
Chong
S
S
Marino
A M
AM
Murugesan
N
N
Wang-Iverson
D
D
Morrison
R A
RA
D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015195:Drug Design; D065130:Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
C412823:BMS 193884; D001798:Blood Proteins; D065130:Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists; D010080:Oxazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides