title: Effect of tobacco smoking on neutrophil activity following periodontal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking has considerable negative effects on the outcome of periodontal treatment. The reason for the inferior therapeutical effect might be related to an altered neutrophil activity in terms of elastase and/or matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), as well as in the protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-AT) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-MG) activities. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to elucidate the effect of tobacco smoking on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of these substances following surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 15 smoking and 15 non-smoking patients with moderate to severe periodontitis receiving surgical treatment. Clinical examinations and collection of GCF were done prior to surgery and 1 and 5 weeks following treatment. The elastase activity was measured with a chromogenic low-molecular substrate and the levels of alpha-1-AT, alpha-2-MG, and MMP-8 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed unaltered levels of alpha-1-AT, alpha-2-MG, and MMP-8 in smokers following surgery. In non-smokers, the levels of alpha-1-AT and alpha-2-MG increased, whereas MMP-8 levels decreased. The levels of elastase remained unaltered in both smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that in the presence of smoking, the levels of alpha-1-AT, alpha-2-MG, and MMP-8 remained unaltered during the recovery period following surgical treatment. This is interpreted as a possible interference of smoking with the treatment response and may, in part, explain the clinical evidence of an inferior treatment outcome in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. lena.persson@ofa.ki.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000032:analysis; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D003367:Cotinine