title: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype distribution in azathioprine-tolerant and -intolerant patients with various disorders. The impact of TPMT genotyping in predicting toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution of the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype among azathioprine (Aza)-tolerant and -intolerant patients with various disorders, and to investigate a possible relationship with the Aza metabolite levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six Aza-tolerant and six Aza-intolerant patients had the TPMT genotype distribution determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and the forty-six Aza-tolerant patients had the Aza metabolite levels determined using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One non-functional TPMT mutant allele was demonstrated in 2 of the 46 Aza-tolerant patients (4.4%) and one or two non-functional mutant alleles in 2 of the 6 Aza-intolerant patients (33.3%). Of the 4 patients, with one or two non-functional mutant alleles 2 (50%) were intolerant to Aza compared with 4 of the 48 patients (8.3%) with no mutations detected. The time to hepatotoxicity did not differ significantly between the 2 patients with one or two non-functional mutant alleles and the remaining 3 patients ( P=0.5). The TPMT genotype distribution differed slightly in the three different categories of disorders ( P=0.05). The median E-6-TGN level among the 2 TPMT heterozygous patients was 275 pmol/8x10(8) RBC (range 240-310), whereas the remaining 44 patients had a median E-6-TGN level of 110 pmol/8x10(8) RBC (range 0-440) ( P=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although TPMT genotyping cannot be recommended on behalf of the present study, it is to be expected that half of the patients with one or two non-functional TPMT mutant alleles will develop Aza intolerance leading to withdrawal of therapy. Thus, clinicians may anticipate about 5% of the patients to develop intolerance to Aza therapy solely for that reason.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gentofte University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. lenereuther@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lene O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Reuther
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vainer
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: Niels-Erik
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D013873:Thionucleotides; C003964:6-thioguanylic acid; C010240:6-methylthiopurine; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D008780:Methyltransferases; C022745:thiopurine methyltransferase; D001379:Azathioprine