title: Apoptosis of neurons in cardiovascular autonomic centres triggered by inducible nitric oxide synthase after death from septic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of experimental and clinical studies have shown that septic shock is associated with cardiovascular autonomic failure. Thus, we aimed to investigate the existence of ischaemia and apoptosis within the cerebral autonomic centres that control the cardiovascular system in patients with septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, we did post-mortem examinations of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, cerebral amygdala, locus coeruleus, and medullary autonomic nuclei in 19 patients with septic shock, seven with non-septic shock and five who died suddenly from extracranial injury. Ischaemic and apoptotic neurons and microglial cells, and expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischaemic, neuronal, and microglial apoptosis scores differed between groups (p=0.0007, p<0.0001, and p=0.0037, respectively) and were higher in patients with septic shock than in those with non-septic shock (p=0.0033, p=0.0005, and p=0.0235, respectively), and extra-cranial injury related deaths (p=0.0027, p=0.0007, and p=0.0045, respectively). There was little microglial activation and glial expression of TNFalpha. The scores for endothelial iNOS expression were different between the three groups (p<0.0001), and were higher in septic shock than in non-septic shock (p=0.0009) and than in extracranial injury related deaths (p=0.0007). Vascular expression of iNOS also correlated (Spearman tau=0.57) with autonomic-centre neuronal apoptosis in the combined septic and non-septic shock group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Septic shock is associated with neuronal and glial apoptosis within the autonomic centres, which is strongly associated with endothelial iNOS expression.
authors.affiliation: Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Ile de France Ouest, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharshar
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorin de la Grandmaison
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hopkinson
authors.forename: Ewen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorandeu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orlikowski
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajdos
authors.forename: Djillali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Annane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000294:innervation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II