title: Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and clodinafop-propargyl inhibit the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis (Phylum Apicomplexa).
abstract: We evaluated the growth inhibitory efficacy of the imidazole derivatives, clotrimazole (CLT) and ketoconazole (KC), and the herbicide clodinafop-propargyl (CP), in in vitro cultures of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Clotrimazole was effective in a dose range of 15 to 60 microM (IC50: 11 and 23.5 microM), followed by KC (50 to 100 microM; IC50: 50 and 32 microM) and CP (500 microM; IC50: 265 and 390 microM). In transmission electron microscopy, extensive damage was observed in the cytoplasm of drug-treated parasites. Combinations of CLT/KC, CLT/CP and CLT/KC/CP acted synergistically in both parasites. In contrast, the combination of KC/CP was exclusively effective in B. bovis, but not in B. bigemina.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bork
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Claveria
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujisaki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D006540:Herbicides; D011422:Propionates; D011725:Pyridines; D003022:Clotrimazole; C400760:clodinafop; D007654:Ketoconazole