title: Agility, gnosis, and graphaesthesia for the toes and fingers in children: normative data (ages 7-14 years).
abstract: The differential representation of the toes/feet and fingers/hands along the medial and lateral surfaces of the cerebral cortices, respectively, may have diagnostic utility. Normative data for errors for toe and finger graphaesthesia and gnosis, as well as foot and finger agility, were collected for 86 children (ages 7 to 14). The fingers were more agile than the feet, and the right side of the body was more agile than the left side, regardless of age. A marked improvement in toe gnosis, but not in finger gnosis occurred in children after 11-12 years of age. A statistically significant interaction between laterality and gender was due to the greater numbers of errors for both toe and finger gnosis, displayed by girls for the left sides of their bodies compared to their right sides. This discrepancy was not significant for boys.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Persinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014034:Toes / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*