title: Women and couples in isolated extreme environments: applications for long-duration missions.
abstract: Expedition teams provide a number of analogs relevant to crew selection for long-duration space missions. Three groups were studied that varied in team composition. Group 1 was a two woman international dyad that traversed the Antarctic continent in 97 days. Similarities in problem solving approach, respect for each other's opinions, and a collaborative process of decision making were evident. Group 2 was composed of four women, all from different countries, engaged in a six week trek across Greenland. The most important factors in overcoming interpersonal difficulties and contributing to the successful completion of the expedition were mutual respect and motivation to maintain positive and supportive relationships. Group 3 consisted of three married couples from different countries icelocked on a boat in the High Arctic for a 9 month period. The emotional support of and ability to confide in their partner were extremely important in alleviating interpersonal tensions, and contributed to the generally effective functioning of the group. Women add an element of emotional support and help to other team members that is not as evident in all-male groups. Selection of couples with strong bonds to each other is another paradigm for crew selection for extended missions.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. leonx003@umn.edu
authors.forename: Gloria R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Gro M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sandal
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001110:Arctic Regions; D018480:Astronauts / Q000523:psychology*; D003081:Cold Climate; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005101:Expeditions / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010560:Personnel Selection; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D013026:Space Flight; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological