title: The creation of inter-ethnic images for studies in applied psychology.
abstract: The facial transformation programme, is an integral part of the computerised three-dimensional facial reconstruction system, employed at the University of Glasgow for forensic and historical cases. It was applied to the creation of inter-ethnic images for use in studies to assess the response of various groups to facial appearance in the assessment of racial stereotyping. We initially acquired a three-dimensional facial image from a young black (Negroid) male volunteer, using our optical laser scanning system. This image was then used as a template over a Caucasian skull to produce a reconstruction using facial criteria applicable to white (Caucasian) males. The other image used was that of the facial template of the black male. A commercially available electronic identikit system, E-FIT was then used to add appropriate hair styles and open eyes to both images. In addition, on the 'Caucasian reconstruction' we were able to reduce the contrast and lighting on the face. This was relatively straightforward as we were using greyscale images rather than colour. The shape of the nose and lips on the white male were also altered to be more in keeping with Caucasoid average measurements. The resulting images were shown to a group of second-year clinical psychology students and their responses are discussed. Similar images may also be used in studies of racial stereotyping in different categories of professionals such as police, prison personnel, probation officers, social workers, potential employers, doctors, and others, in order to assess the response to individuals by facial appearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanezis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanezis
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minnis
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: Shubulade
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011585:Psychology, Applied / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People