title: Pancreaticoduodenectomy: a rare procedure for the management of complex pancreaticoduodenal injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple's procedure) is a formidable procedure when undertaken for severe pancreaticoduodenal injury. The purposes of this study were to review our experience with this procedure for trauma; to classify injury grades for both pancreatic and duodenal injuries in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale for pancreatic and duodenal injury; and to validate existing indications for performance of this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective 126-month study (May 1992 to December 2002) of all patients admitted with proven complex pancreaticoduodenal injuries requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients were included; mean age was 32 +/- 12 years (SD), mean Revised Trauma Score was 6.84 +/- 2.13 (SD), and mean Injury Severity Score was 27 +/- 8 (SD). There were 17 penetrating injuries (94%) and 1 blunt injury (6%). One of 18 patients had an emergency department thoracotomy and died (100% mortality); 5 of the remaining 17 patients required operating room thoracotomies, and only 1 survived (80% mortality). There was 1 AAST-OIS pancreas grade IV injury, and there were 17 pancreas grade V injuries and 18 AAST-OIS duodenum grade V injuries. Indications for pancreaticoduodenectomy were: massive uncontrollable retropancreatic hemorrhage, 13 patients (72%); massive unreconstructable injury to the head of the pancreas/main pancreatic duct and intrapancreatic portion/distal common bile duct, 18 patients (100%); and massive unreconstructable injury, 18 patients (100%). Mean estimated blood loss was 6,888 +/- 7,866 mL, and overall survival was 67% (12 of 18 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex pancreaticoduodenal injuries requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple's procedure) are uncommon but highly lethal; virtually all are classified as AAST-OIS grade V for both pancreas and duodenum. Current indications for performance of pancreaticoduodenectomy are valid and should be strictly applied during procedure selection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petrone
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roldán
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuncir
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004386:Duodenum / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery