title: Citizens and family doctors facing awareness and management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors: results from the Global Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Project (Help Your Heart Stay Young Study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The numerous guidelines and multiple approaches to managing cardiovascular risk factors have reduced the number of fatal events but not the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One rarely explored aspect is the extent to which individuals perceive their own risk in relation to their education and history of CVD. Furthermore, Italy has a State-based Health System, in which family doctors (FDs) may be an extremely useful and relatively low cost resource for risk management, but the degree of their involvement in individual CVD risk management has not been previously assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine of Federico II University, Naples, Italy, and the Neapolitan Section of the Italian Society of Family Doctors (SIMG), developed an epidemiological survey to evaluate the level and awareness of CVD risk in subjects in the urban area of Naples, and the degree of involvement of FDs in CVD risk management. During a period of a few months, the subjects who visited their FDs were invited to respond to a standard self-explanatory questionnaire, and the FDs were required to provide quantitative information concerning the CVD risk factors of each enrolled subject from their databases in order to assess global CVD risk. The data included cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) levels, and had to be collected within six months of the visit; if the date were missing, the fact was recorded. The present analysis was based on data concerning the 5,687 subjects who had entered the study by January 2002, 7.6% of whom reported CVD (myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, angina, cerebral transient ischemic attack: CD+) and 92.4% did not (CVD-). MI was the most frequent CVD, and 18% of the CVD+ cases reported more than one non-fatal cardiovascular event. On average, the CVD+ subjects were older and more often men. After adjusting for age and FD, they also had a higher body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity, higher self-reported BP, a lower education level, and more often referred high cholesterol levels, hypertension and diabetes. On the contrary, the proportion of smokers was higher in the CVD- group. Among the subjects who declared that they did not have a high cholesterol level, 11% reported recent values of > 200 mg/dL. The FDs of 36% of the cases were unable to assess the individual global CV risk level using quantitative data from their electronic databases. The most frequently missing information was the level of total cholesterol. Missing data were more frequent in the CVD- than the CVD+ subjects, regardless of age and FD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest that the awareness of CVD risk among subjects is somewhat vague. The FDs were generally able to provide a quantitative assessment of CVD risk in their patients. CVD risk prevention programmes may be more successful if they stress knowledge and awareness in the population, and stimulate FDs to undertake more stringent quantitative assessments of CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Hospital, via S. Pansini 5, Ed. 1, 80131 Napoli, Italy. aldo.celentano@unina.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guillaro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brancati
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Palma Esposito
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arezzi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Setola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccinocchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canfora
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rubba
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors