title: PSA testing and digital rectal examination in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in a population-based sample of men in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random selection of men aged 40-74 years, weighted by age, was chosen from the general electoral roll of New Zealand. Only men with a telephone who had been married at some time were eligible. Telephone interviews were conducted using a standard questionnaire. Crude and age-adjusted proportions were calculated. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between sociodemographic factors and digital rectal examination or PSA testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviews were completed for 85% of the 1,486 eligible men and analyses were confined to the 1,225 European men. Many more men reported having a digital rectal examination (41%; 95% CI 33.8-48.2) than a PSA test (9%; 95% CI 4.2-14.2). Men in the lowest social class were significantly less likely to have had a digital rectal examination (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.18-0.50) or PSA test (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.11-0.60) compared with those in the highest social class. Men with vocational training or no post-school qualifications were approximately half as likely to report a digital rectal examination or a PSA test compared with men with degrees or diplomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although current New Zealand recommendations are that population screening for prostate cancer should not be introduced, many men are still having digital rectal examinations and PSA tests in the absence of symptoms. The frequency of PSA testing is considerably lower than in Australia and appears to be largely influenced by a man's social class.
authors.affiliation: Hugh Adam Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. mary-jane.sneyd@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sneyd
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: David C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Skegg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010173:Palpation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012007:Rectum; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen