title: Modulation of glutamate release and excitotoxicity by adenosine A2A receptors.
abstract: Because an increased glutamate outflow is thought to play a crucial role in triggering excitotoxic neuronal death, drugs able to regulate glutamate release could be effective for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, the authors discuss the hypothesis that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists (A2A antagonists) may belong to the aforementioned category. In rats bilaterally lesioned with the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA) in the striatum, the A2A antagonist SCH 58261 significantly reduced the motor, EEG, and neuropathologic changes induced by the lesion. Such effects of SCH 58261 occurred only at low doses and were paralleled by an inhibition of QA-stimulated glutamate release. The role played by A2A antagonists in the regulation of glutamate outflow was also confirmed by preliminary results obtained in the model of paired-pulse stimulation in corticostriatal slices. Conversely, based on data obtained in cultured striatal neurons, A2A antagonists appear unable to directly inhibit NMDA effects. In conclusion, A2A antagonists show clear neuroprotective effects in models of brain injury, although their actual therapeutic potential needs to be confirmed in a wider range of doses and in models of neurodegenerative diseases in which presynaptic and postsynaptic effects play different relative roles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. patrizia.popoli@iss.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Popoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tebano
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Potenza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pintor
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Domenici
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nazzicone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pèzzola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reggio
mesh_terms: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C098657:5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c)pyrimidine; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D014230:Triazoles; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D017378:Quinolinic Acid