title: Methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome: an open-label study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is a common microdeletion syndrome associated with psychiatric morbidity and developmental disabilities. Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric problem associated with VCFS, there are no reports on methylphenidate treatment in this patient population. Indeed, clinicians have commonly avoided the use of methylphenidate in children with VCFS because of concerns about ineffectiveness or psychotic exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty subjects of mean +/- SD age 11.0 +/- 5.0 years with VCFS were assessed for DSM-IV diagnoses using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children, Present and Lifetime Version, and its extended ADHD module (K-SADS-P-ADHD). Those found to have comorbid ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, 0.3 mg/kg once daily. Treatment efficacy was evaluated after 4 weeks with the K-SADS-P-ADHD, the Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Questionnaire, and the Conners' Continuous Performance Test. Side effects were evaluated with a modified version of the Barkley Side Effects Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 18 subjects (45%) diagnosed with ADHD, 12 agreed to participate in the study. Their ADHD symptoms, both behavioral and cognitive, improved significantly with treatment. None of the patients showed clinical worsening or psychotic symptoms. Side effects were usually mild and did not warrant discontinuation of methylphenidate. The most common side effects were anorexia and depressive-like symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This open-label study indicates that methylphenidate is effective and safe in patients with VCFS. Therefore, its current limited use in this population seems to be unjustified. Larger, controlled clinical and pharmacogenetic studies are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg Child Study Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, PO Box 559, Petah Tiqwa, Israel 49202. gothelf@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gothelf
authors.forename: Reut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Presburger
authors.forename: Inbar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dotan
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand-Gothelf
authors.forename: Merav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burg
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inbar
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apter
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weizman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010552:Personality Assessment; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate