title: Current state of intraoperative echocardiography.
abstract: Intraoperative use of echocardiography is becoming more prevalent and is now considered an essential part of modern cardiac surgery. Echocardiography can be performed intraoperatively using transesophageal, epicardial or epiaortic, and substernal approaches. These techniques have a variety of applications in evaluating myocardial and valvular function, assessing aortic atheroma, and determining adequacy of various kinds of repair and reconstruction. Future applications will most likely involve more compact equipment, the implementation of epicardial and transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, and better use of provocative methods of intraoperative testing.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsnelson
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Katsnelson
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor-Avi
authors.forename: Lorri B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bacha
authors.forename: Valluvan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jeevanandam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity