title: Stool toileting refusal: a prospective intervention targeting parental behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of an intervention targeting parental behavior on stool toileting refusal.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study population comprised 406 children aged 17 through 19 months from a single suburban private practice. Children were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 written toilet-training instructions. Both groups were advised to use a child-oriented approach to toilet training. In addition, those in the intervention group were requested to avoid using negative terms for feces and, before training began, to praise the children when they defecated in the diaper. Follow-up telephone calls were made every 2 to 3 months, and 381 children were followed up until they developed stool toileting refusal or completed daytime toilet training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of stool toileting refusal was 23% in the control group and 26% in the intervention group (P>.10). The mean +/- SD duration was 5.2 +/- 4.9 months in the intervention group vs 7.6 +/- 4.9 in the control group (P =.04). Children with stool toileting refusal in the intervention group trained at 40.0 +/- 6.4 months vs 43.0 +/- 6.5 months in the control group (P =.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention did not decrease the incidence of stool toileting refusal but did shorten its duration, leading to earlier completion of toilet training. This should help to ameliorate some of the negative consequences of stool toileting refusal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Taubman1@aol.com
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taubman
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nemeth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003672:Defecation; D041381:Diapers, Infant; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014039:Toilet Training