title: Evolution of naturally acquired hepatitis B immunity in the long-term hemodialysis population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the natural history of vaccination-induced hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies (Abs) is becoming clearer, little is known about naturally acquired immunity. Some assume that these patients never lose their Abs.
  
  
  METHODS
  To document the natural history of HBV immunity, we prospectively followed up all naturally immune patients initiating hemodialysis (HD) therapy at St Michael's Hospital (Toronto, Canada). Patients presenting with Ab to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) who had no history of vaccination had a core Ab level measured to confirm natural immunity. When HBsAb titer decreased to less than 10 IU/L, patients were administered a single dose of 40 microg of Engerix B vaccine (Smith Kline Beecham Pharma Inc, Oakville, Ontario, Canada) intramuscularly as a booster dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 29 patients beginning HD therapy with natural immunity. Nine patients (30%) subsequently lost immunity (defined as Ab titer decreasing to < 10 IU/L) during follow-up. They were older and had a lower Ab titer at initiation of HD therapy. Four of 5 patients with a low response to the booster dose were 75 years or older. Two patients with a low peak Ab titer after the booster dose again had their Ab titer decrease to less than 10 IU/L after 6 and 10 months. Both patients were switched to intradermal vaccination. All other patients were still immune after a median of 26 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals who are naturally immune against HBV may experience a decrease in Ab titer. Their responses to booster vaccinations varied widely. It is possible that elderly patients with natural immunity require closer surveillance. We provide recommendations for surveillance in these patients.
authors.affiliation: St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Charest
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grand'Maison
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D004921:Erythropoietin