title: Involvement of the human subthalamic nucleus in movement preparation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it has long been recognized that the basal ganglia play a major role in motor control, their precise functions remain unclear. As patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulties initiating movement, the basal ganglia may be involved in movement preparation. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is particularly suited to play a role in movement preparation because it receives direct input from the supplementary motor area through the corticosubthalamic pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Taking advantage of the electrodes surgically implanted in the STN for deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment in 13 PD patients, we recorded from the DBS electrodes and the scalp simultaneously while the patients were performing self-paced wrist extension movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scalp recordings showed a slow, negative movement-related potential (MRP) in all patients studied (onset 1,690 +/- 336 milliseconds before electromyography onset). STN recordings showed premovement MRP in 11 of 13 patients. The STN activity occurred with both ipsilateral and contralateral hand movement. The onset time for STN MRP (contralateral 2,095 +/- 1,005 milliseconds, ipsilateral 2,020 +/- 920 milliseconds) was not significantly different from that for cortical MRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The STN or nearby structures are active before self-paced movement in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Krembil Neuroscience Centre and Toronto Western Research Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paradiso
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Saint-Cyr
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D012535:Scalp; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*