title: Interferon-gamma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objectives were to define subcutaneous (s.c.) interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) disposition in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) and to examine the relationship between IFN-gamma exposures and Fas upregulation in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received IFN-gamma (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 microg/m(2)) with LV and 5-FU, and serial samples were collected after the first dose. IFN-gamma concentrations were measured by ELISA. A linear one-compartment model with a lag was fitted to the IFN-gamma plasma concentration-time data. To examine the relationship between IFN-gamma systemic exposure and biological activity in vivo, cell surface Fas upregulation was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subcompartments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) apparent IFN-gamma clearance was 46 l/m(2) per hour (2.6-92 l/m(2) per hour). With increasing IFN-gamma dosages, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0--> infinity )) and C(max) increased; however, significant interpatient variability was observed. IFN-gamma AUC(0--> infinity ) and time above 33.3 pg/ml significantly correlated with Fas upregulation in several PBMC compartments, but dosage was significantly correlated with this pharmacodynamic marker only in CD4(+) and CD56(+) cells. In vitro studies in HT29 cells demonstrated that clinically relevant IFN-gamma concentrations (1 to 10 U/ml for 6.5 h) with 5-FU/LV upregulated Fas expression 3.5-fold, similar to that in PBMC in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We characterized IFN-gamma disposition and developed a limited sampling model for use in future pharmacokinetic studies. Our results showed that IFN-gamma upregulates Fas in PBMC in vivo and in HT29 cells in vitro at tolerable, clinically relevant exposures and that monitoring IFN-gamma pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics may be warranted in IFN-gamma clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: P Kellie
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petak
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartzberg
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Billups
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Panetta
authors.forename: Clinton F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019014:fas Receptor; D007371:Interferon-gamma