title: Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine-midazolam versus halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia for prolonged abdominal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with ketamine-midazolam (KM) can be used for prolonged abdominal surgery. We compared this technique with halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia using haemodynamic and endocrine stress responses as primary outcomes and adequacy of operating conditions and recovery profile as secondary outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult patients undergoing radical cystectomy and bladder substitution were randomly assigned to receive either TIVA with KM (n = 25) or halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia (n = 25). Invasive haemodynamic and oxygenation variables were monitored along with plasma cortisol and growth hormone concentrations. Operative conditions and recovery profiles were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac index and vascular resistance remained stable during and after surgery. Cortisol concentrations doubled during surgery and remained elevated in the recovery period. Growth hormone increased after induction, peaked during surgery and decreased during recovery. Neither the haemodynamic variables nor the plasma hormone concentrations differed significantly between the two groups. Intestinal loops were collapsed in the KM groups providing better operative conditions and a reduced need for postoperative analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stress responses during KM anaesthesia for prolonged abdominal surgery were comparable to those during halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. However, KM anaesthesia provided better surgical conditions and better recovery.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shorrab
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Atallah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D013006:Growth Hormone; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen; D006221:Halothane; D006854:Hydrocortisone