Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: comparative validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians' diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the validity of detecting panic disorder using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), a screening question, and physicians' diagnosis, and to test whether modified evaluation algorithms improve the operating characteristics of these questionnaires. Additionally, patient and physician acceptability of the screening questionnaires was investigated.


METHODS
The total sample of 499 patients comprised 348 medical outpatients and 151 psychosomatic outpatients. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was the criterion standard for the presence of a panic disorder. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and overall accuracy were compared for the different measures. The conditional test characteristics were calculated based on the observed prevalence of panic disorder in the medical and psychosomatic subsample, respectively.


RESULTS
Panic disorder was diagnosed in 4.3% of the medical outpatients and in 19.2% of the psychosomatic outpatients. The HADS, PHQ, and screening question achieved good operating characteristics. In contrast, physicians detected only 15% of cases with panic disorder. Modified evaluation algorithms of the questionnaires lead to an improvement of test characteristics. Of all measures, the PHQ had the best operating characteristics. The use of screening questionnaires was accepted by 96% of the patients and 97% of the physicians.


CONCLUSIONS
The questionnaires as well as the screening question performed well in detecting panic disorder. Thus, the integration of these highly accepted measures into clinical evaluation is suggested. Recommendations for the selection of specific evaluation algorithms are given.
Löwe
Bernd
B
Department of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Medical Hospital, Bergheimer Strasse 58, D-69115, Heidelberg, Germany. bernd_loewe@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Gräfe
Kerstin
K
Zipfel
Stephan
S
Spitzer
Robert L
RL
Herrmann-Lingen
Christoph
C
Witte
Steffen
S
Herzog
Wolfgang
W
D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires