Current state of intraoperative echocardiography.
Intraoperative use of echocardiography is becoming more prevalent and is now considered an essential part of modern cardiac surgery. Echocardiography can be performed intraoperatively using transesophageal, epicardial or epiaortic, and substernal approaches. These techniques have a variety of applications in evaluating myocardial and valvular function, assessing aortic atheroma, and determining adequacy of various kinds of repair and reconstruction. Future applications will most likely involve more compact equipment, the implementation of epicardial and transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, and better use of provocative methods of intraoperative testing.
Katsnelson
Yan
Y
Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Raman
Jai
J
Katsnelson
Flora
F
Mor-Avi
Victor
V
Heller
Lorri B
LB
Jayakar
David
D
Bacha
Emile
E
Jeevanandam
Valluvan
V
D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity