title: Psychological consultation before living kidney donation: finding out and handling problem cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 1996, a team of medical psychologists, nephrologists, and urologists at Heidelberg University Hospital has developed a family-oriented consultation procedure for donors, recipients, and family members before living kidney transplantation. Qualitative content analyses of these consultations and their follow-up histories are presented, with particular focus on "problem cases."
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven consultation interviews were explored by rating family interaction, consultee-consultant interaction, decision-making process, and intervention strategies in problem cases. Subsequently, 33 catamnestic interviews 1 year or more after living donation were explored by qualitative content analysis for donor and recipient quality of life, quality of relationships, and health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, donors show themselves to be eager; recipients appear more reluctant. Expectations focus on spontaneity and a "normal life." Fears are usually expressed not about oneself but about the partner involved. Types of confrontation with possible complications are anxious avoidance, active consideration, and optimistic fatalism. Past family experiences of medical traumata may influence content and level of anxiety. Problem cases are characterized by unilaterally dependent close relationships, unrealistic expectations, anxious avoidance of problem confrontation, and negative experiences with the medical system. At follow-up, the majority are in good medical and psychological health. Few donors and recipients are suffering from disappointed expectations or unexpected treatment side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Heidelberg consultation setting has proven useful for allowing open discussion about critical issues. In problem cases, prescribing a moratorium instead of rejecting donation helps to relax consultation anxiety. Psychological support after transplantation seems to be indicated for a minority with typical first-year problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. jochen_schweitzer-rothers@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seidel-Wiesel
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verres
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiesel
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000523:psychology*; D009679:Nuclear Family; D018454:Spouses; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000523:psychology