title: Genotoxicity of 2,4-D and dicamba revealed by transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants harboring recombination and point mutation markers.
abstract: The phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba are released daily into the environment in large amount. The mechanisms of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of these herbicides are poorly understood, and the available genotoxicity data is controversial. There is a cogent need for a novel genotoxicity monitoring system that could provide both reliable information at the molecular level, and complement existing systems.We employed the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana 'point mutation' and 'recombination' plants to monitor the genetic effects of the herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba. We found that both herbicides had a significant effect on the frequency of homologous recombination A-->G mutation. Neither herbicides affected the T-->G mutation frequency. Interestingly, these transgenic biomonitoring plants were able to detect the presence of phenoxy herbicides at concentrations that were lower than the guideline levels for Drinking Water Quality. The results of our studies suggest that our transgenic system may be ideal for the evaluation of the genotoxicity of herbicide-contaminated water. Moreover, the unique ability of the plants to detect both double-strand breaks (homologous recombination) and point mutations provides tremendous potential in the study of molecular mechanisms of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of phenoxy herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filkowski
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besplug
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovalchuk
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kovalchuk
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D003996:Dicamba / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D003996:Dicamba