title: Tyrosine oxidation products: analysis and biological relevance.
abstract: Dityrosine is found in several proteins as a product of UV irradiation, gamma-irradiation, aging, exposure to oxygen free radicals, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and lipid hydroperoxides. Interest of dityrosine in proteins is based on its potential as a specific marker for oxidatively damaged proteins and their selective proteolysis, hence it could be used as a marker for oxidative stress. Dityrosine is also the product of normal post-translational processes affecting specific structural proteins. Since post-translational modification of a given amino acid in a protein is equivalent to the substitution of that residue by an analogue, it has been proposed that the covalent modification of amino acids may serve as a "marking" step for protein degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth 55812, USA. cgiulivi@d.umn.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giulivi
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Traaseth
authors.forename: K J A
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005609:Free Radicals; D011506:Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C007543:dityrosine; D010100:Oxygen