title: Steady-state kinetics and tryptophan fluorescence properties of halohydrin dehalogenase from Agrobacterium radiobacter. Roles of W139 and W249 in the active site and halide-induced conformational change.
abstract: Halohydrin dehalogenase (HheC) from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 is a homotetrameric protein containing four tryptophan residues per subunit. The fluorescence properties of the enzyme are strongly influenced by halide binding. To examine the role of the tryptophans (W139, W192, W238, and W249) in halide binding and catalysis, they were individually mutated to a phenylalanine. All mutations, except for W238F, influenced the enzymatic properties. Mutating W192 to phenylalanine inactivated the enzyme and led to dissociation into dimers and monomers. In the structure of HheC, residue W139 and residue W249 from the opposite subunit are close to the active site of the enzyme. Substitution of W139 mainly affected K(m) values with all tested substrates and reduced the enantiopreference for p-nitro-2-bromo-1-phenylethanol. Replacing W249 increased both k(cat) and K(m) values with all tested substrates except for the (S)-enantiomer of p-nitro-2-bromo-1-phenylethanol, for which k(cat) was 3-fold decreased, resulting in a 6-fold increase of the enantioselectivity. Fluorescence measurements revealed that in the ligand-free state the intrinsic protein fluorescence of mutant W139F is higher than that of the wild-type enzyme, while the fluorescence intensity of mutants W238F and W249F was lower. The fluorescence intensities of the W238F and W249F enzymes were increased when they were unfolded or when bromide was added, whereas the fluorescence of mutant W139F was not increased by unfolding or addition of bromide. These results demonstrate that the fluorescence of residues W238 and W249 is partially quenched in the folded ligand-free state, and that W139 is completely quenched and acts as an energy acceptor for the other tryptophan residues as well. Changes of the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength of the HheC variants and the results of acrylamide quenching experiments confirmed that bromide binding induces a local conformational change around the active site, resulting in residue W139 and the quencher group being separated.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Annet E J
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: van Merode
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lutje Spelberg
authors.forename: Marco W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fraaije
authors.forename: Dick B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001965:Bromides / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013379:Substrate Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001965:Bromides; D020106:Acrylamide; D010649:Phenylalanine; D014364:Tryptophan; D006867:Hydrolases; C430848:halohydrin dehalogenase