title: Patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl provides effective analgesia for second trimester labour: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine dose and lockout intervals for effective fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in second trimester genetic termination of pregnancy, and compare three different fentanyl PCA regimes with morphine PCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind randomized study, 60 ASA physical status I-II patients received one of three fentanyl PCAs or morphine PCA. Labour was induced with prostaglandins and PCA use continued until delivery. Within two hours following delivery, four visual analogue scales (VAS) were administered measuring anticipated pain, pain relief in labour and delivery, and overall satisfaction. The drug delivery/demand ratio for two hours preceding delivery was obtained from the PCA pump. The outcome variables were analyzed using the Chi square test and analysis of variance as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The delivery/demand ratio was 0.71 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- standard deviation) for morphine; 0.67 +/- 0.21 for fentanyl 50 micro g, lockout six-minute; 0.63 +/- 0.21 for fentanyl 25 micro g, lockout three-minute; and 0.81 +/- 0.17 for fentanyl 50 micro g, lockout three-minute groups. We found no significant differences among the four groups with respect to using delivery/demand ratio as a measure of pain relief. Morphine had the highest rate of side effects compared to fentanyl. There was strong evidence of differences among groups with regard to patient satisfaction and expected pain, and moderate evidence of differences in the delivery and labour pain scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found PCA fentanyl 50 micro g with a lockout period of six minutes provided satisfactory analgesia for second trimester labour.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia, Nursing, and Obstetrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Carmencita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Umamaheswary
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tharmaratnam
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brockhurst
authors.forename: Luminita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tureanu
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windrim
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl