title: Symptoms and anal sphincter morphology following primary repair of third-degree tears.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 0.6-9 per cent of vaginal deliveries are complicated by third-degree tears. The precise impact of such injuries on future pelvic floor function remains unknown. The aim of this study was to define the extent of structural and physiological damage to the anal sphincter and to investigate anorectal function in women who sustained third-degree tears during vaginal delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six women who sustained a third-degree tear were investigated prospectively. All patients had a primary repair of the anal sphincter complex, and were assessed by anorectal physiology and endoanal ultrasonography at a mean of 3.6 months. Symptoms were assessed by direct personal interview and also by a self-completed questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients had a persistent anal sphincter defect on ultrasonography. The mean resting and squeeze anal canal pressures were significantly lower in patients with a combined defect than in those in whom the repair was intact (P = 0.036 and P = 0.005 respectively). At direct interview three patients volunteered current symptoms of faecal and/or urinary incontinence whereas 32 reported bothersome symptoms on the questionnaire (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anatomical and physiological damage sustained during third-degree tears appears to be much greater than is generally appreciated. Primary repair does not provide lasting integrity. A self-administered questionnaire appears to be more accurate in defining the symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fynes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology