title: Additional electrocardiographic leads in the ED chest pain patient: right ventricular and posterior leads.
abstract: In the evaluation of the patient with chest pain, the 12-lead electro cardiogram is a less-than-(ECG) perfect indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), particularly when used early in the course of the acute ischemic event; this relative insensitivity for AMI results from many different issues, including a less-than-optimal imaging of certain areas of the heart. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of the 12-lead ECG can be improved if 3 additional body surface leads are used in selected individuals. Acute posterior (PMI) and right ventricular myocardial infarctions are likely to be underdiagnosed, because the standard lead placement of the 12-lead ECG does not allow these areas to be assessed directly. Additional leads frequently used include leads V(8) and V(9), which image the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and lead V(4R), which reflects the status of the right ventricle. The standard ECG coupled with these additional leads constitutes the 15-lead ECG, the most frequently used additional lead ECG in clinical practice. The use of the additional leads might not only confirm the presence of AMI, but also provide a more accurate reflection of the true extent of myocardial damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottseville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Devin C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattu
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Perron
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes / Q000592:standards*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis*