title: Marital status, marital quality, and atherosclerotic burden in postmenopausal women.
abstract: Marriage confers health benefits for men, but the evidence for women is less consistent. Inconsistent findings may be attributed, in part, to the confounding of marital status and marital quality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined whether women in satisfying marriages evidence lesser atherosclerosis relative to women in low-satisfying marriages and relative to unmarried women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred ninety-three women from the Healthy Women Study participated in this study. Marital status and quality were assessed at baseline when women were premenopausal. Cardiovascular risk factors were also assessed at baseline to determine potential mediators. Markers of atherosclerotic burden--B-Mode ultrasound measures of intima-media thickness and plaque in the carotid arteries and electron beam computed tomography assessments of calcification in the aorta and coronary arteries--were performed, on average, 11 years and 14 years later, respectively. A subset of women underwent a second ultrasound scan approximately 3 years after their first scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in satisfying marriages had the least atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and aorta, especially relative to those in low-satisfying marriages. Women in satisfying marriages also tended to show less rapid progression of carotid atherosclerosis relative to women in low-satisfying marriages. Women who did not have a partner had intermediate levels of atherosclerosis. Risk factors measured at baseline contributed to the differences between the satisfied and low-satisfied groups, but not those between the satisfied and unmarried groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-quality marriages may protect against cardiovascular disease for women. Studies concerning marriage and cardiovascular health in women should, therefore, concurrently examine marital quality and marital status.
authors.affiliation: SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, USA.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Troxel
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017533:Marital Status; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*