title: A comparison of two intraosseous anesthetic techniques in mandibular posterior teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies have evaluated the Stabident (Fairfax Dental, Miami) intraosseous anesthesia technique. A second intraosseous technique--the X-tip system (X-tip Technologies, Lakewood, N.J.)--has been introduced, but no scientific studies have yet compared its effectiveness to that of the Stabident system. The authors undertook a study to compare the two systems' anesthetic outcomes in primary intraosseous injections in mandibular posterior teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors, using a crossover design, randomly administered a primary Stabident intraosseous injection and a primary X-tip intraosseous injection, at two separate appointments, to 41 subjects. Subjects were asked if they perceived an increase in heart rate with the intraosseous injections. The research team blind-tested each subject's first molar, second molar and second premolar with a pulp tester at two-minute cycles for 60 minutes after the injection. Anesthesia was considered successful when two consecutive pulp tester readings of 80 were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthetic success rates for the Stabident technique and the X-tip technique, respectively, were 93 percent and 93 percent for the first molar; 95 percent and 95 percent for the second molar; and 81 percent and 83 percent for the second premolar, with no significant differences (P > .05) between the two techniques. For both intraosseous techniques, onset of pulpal anesthesia occurred within the first two minutes, but the duration of anesthesia declined steadily over the 60 minutes. Eighty-five percent of the subjects had a perceived increase in heart rate with the Stabident injection and 93 percent with the X-tip injection, with no significant differences (P > .05) between the techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two primary intraosseous injection techniques were similar regarding anesthetic success, onset, duration and perceived heart rate increases.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus 43218, USA.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallatin
authors.forename: Al
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reader
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nusstein
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001641:Bicuspid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000187:drug effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar; D009339:Needles; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine