title: Photodegradation pathways and the in vitro phototoxicity of pyrazinamide, a phototoxic antitubercular drug.
abstract: The phototoxic antitubercular drug pyrazinamide (1) is photolabile under irradiation with UV-A light as well as with a N2 laser (at 337 nm) in aerobic conditions. Irradiation in methanolic and in aqueous solutions of 1 produces four and three photoproducts, respectively. Their formation involves primary alpha-cleavage between the excited carbonyl of the amido group and the aromatic ring followed by hydrogen abstraction and dimerization. Pyrazinamide was able to cause photohemolysis in human erythrocytes and peroxidation of linoleic acid. Inhibition of both processes on addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) or ascorbic acid suggests the involvement of radicals. The absence of inhibition of the photohemolysis and lipid peroxidation processes in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3), or irradiation under argon, and the absence of singlet oxygen during the photolysis confirmed with 2,5-dimethylfuran rules out the possibility of participation of 1O2 in this process. Glutathione depletion was also observed. A radical intermediate was evidenced by thiobarbituric acid that was used as a radical probe, as well as by the dimerization of cysteine. No photohemolysis was detected in presence of the isolated photoproduct. We have also determined the relative efficiencies for the formation of single strand breaks after the irradiation of pBR322 DNA and pyrazinamide, which was also reduced in the presence of GSH.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela. fvargas@ivic.ve
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: Yrene
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuentes
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D010782:Photolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide