title: Endotoxaemia during left ventricular assist device insertion: relationship between risk factors and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotoxaemia, caused by splanchnic ischaemia during surgery, is believed to trigger systemic inflammation and cause postoperative organ dysfunction. A relationship between the plasma concentration of endotoxin during surgery and known risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality (e.g. age, abnormal gastric tonometric variables) and adverse outcome after surgery has not been demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, the plasma concentration of endotoxin was measured in 12 patients undergoing implantation of a left ventricular assist device. Automated air gastric tonometry was performed in all patients. The relationship between plasma endotoxin concentration, risk factors, and postoperative outcome was explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbon dioxide gap increased from 0.7 (0.3) to 3.6 (1.6) kPa at the end of surgery. Endotoxin was detected in one of 12 patients at baseline and in nine of 12 patients at the end of surgery (P=0.003). A high plasma concentration of endotoxin at the end of surgery was associated with a higher carbon dioxide gap (r=0.59, P<0.05), and a higher postoperative multiple organ dysfunction score (r=0.7, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of an association between high intraoperative plasma concentrations of endotoxin, abnormal gastric tonometric variables and adverse outcome supports the view that endotoxaemia is caused by gut hypoperfusion during surgery and is associated with postoperative organ dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630, West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. cathomalley@hotmail.com
authors.forename: C M N
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Frumento
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mets
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bennett-Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002302:Cardiac Output; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide