title: Nasal glioma and encephalocele: diagnosis and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the biology of nasal glioma and encephalocele and to present an algorithm for preoperative evaluation and surgical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review and analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care medical center: 1970 to 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with glioma (n = 10) and encephalocele (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at the time of presentation, sex, signs and symptoms, imaging findings, surgical approach, pathology, complications, rate of recurrence, and follow-up were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients presented with nasal glioma with a mean age of 9 months. All patients underwent surgical excision. No complication was encountered with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. Six patients presented with encephaloceles with a mean age of 15.5 months. All patients underwent surgical excision. Complications included cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 1) and epiphora (n = 1). Follow-up was 1 to 14 years (mean, 4 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal glioma and encephalocele are rare, benign, congenital lesions with a potential for intracranial extension. Evaluation should include a complete rhinologic and neurologic examination. Preoperative imaging with a thin-cut axial and coronal computed tomography scan and/or multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging is essential. Surgical intervention should be performed soon after diagnosis to alleviate the increased risk of meningitis. A frontal craniotomy approach is recommended if intracranial extension is identified based on preoperative evaluation, followed by an extracranial resection. If there is no evidence of intracranial extension, a conservative extracranial approach is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. reza.rahbar@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rahbar
authors.forename: Vicente A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Resto
authors.forename: Caroline D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Antonio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Perez-Atayde
authors.forename: Liliana C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Goumnerova
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Healy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed