title: Profiling substrate fluxes in the isolated working mouse heart using 13C-labeled substrates: focusing on the origin and fate of pyruvate and citrate carbons.
abstract: The availability of genetically modified mice requires the development of methods to assess heart function and metabolism in the intact beating organ. With the use of radioactive substrates and ex vivo perfusion of the mouse heart in the working mode, previous studies have documented glucose and fatty acid oxidation pathways. This study was aimed at characterizing the metabolism of other potentially important exogenous carbohydrate sources, namely, lactate and pyruvate. This was achieved by using (13)C-labeling methods. The mouse heart perfusion setup and buffer composition were optimized to reproduce conditions close to the in vivo milieu in terms of workload, cardiac functions, and substrate-hormone supply to the heart (11 mM glucose, 0.8 nM insulin, 50 microM carnitine, 1.5 mM lactate, 0.2 mM pyruvate, 5 nM epinephrine, 0.7 mM oleate, and 3% albumin). The use of three differentially (13)C-labeled carbohydrates and a (13)C-labeled long-chain fatty acid allowed the quantitative assessment of the metabolic origin and fate of tissue pyruvate as well as the relative contribution of substrates feeding acetyl-CoA (pyruvate and fatty acids) and oxaloacetate (pyruvate) for mitochondrial citrate synthesis. Beyond concurring with the notion that the mouse heart preferentially uses fatty acids for energy production (63.5 +/- 3.9%) and regulates its fuel selection according to the Randle cycle, our study reports for the first time in the mouse heart the following findings. First, exogenous lactate is the major carbohydrate contributing to pyruvate formation (42.0 +/- 2.3%). Second, lactate and pyruvate are constantly being taken up and released by the heart, supporting the concept of compartmentation of lactate and glucose metabolism. Finally, mitochondrial anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylation and citrate efflux represent 4.9 +/- 1.8 and 0.8 +/- 0.1%, respectively, of the citric acid cycle flux and are modulated by substrate supply. The described (13)C-labeling strategy combined with an experimental setup that enables continuous monitoring of physiological parameters offers a unique model to clarify the link between metabolic alterations, cardiac dysfunction, and disease development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khairallah
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Labarthe
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Gawiyou
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danialou
authors.forename: Basil J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Petrof
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Des Rosiers
mesh_terms: D000105:Acetyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D062907:Oxaloacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010477:Perfusion; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002951:Citrates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D062907:Oxaloacetic Acid; D019301:Oleic Acid; D000105:Acetyl Coenzyme A; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose