title: Radiation doses to patients from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography examinations and image quality considerations.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to measure the dose-area product (DAP) and the other relevant dosimetric quantities in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Furthermore, the dependence of patient dose and image quality on the tube potential was investigated. A DAP meter was used for dose monitoring in seven diagnostic and 21 therapeutic ERCPs. For each ERCP the DAP meter readings, fluoroscopy time, number of radiographs and exposure data were recorded. From these data the fluoroscopy and radiography contributions to DAP, the entrance skin dose and the effective dose for each examination were estimated. For the investigation of the effect of tube potential on patient dose and image quality, a water phantom containing syringes filled with diluted contrast media was used. The average DAP was 13.7 Gy cm2 in diagnostic and 41.8 Gy cm2 in therapeutic ERCP whereas the average fluoroscopy times were 3.1 and 6.0 min respectively. DAP was strongly correlated to the fluoroscopy time. Measurements in the phantom showed that a good compromise between image quality and patient dose is obtained for tube potentials around 80 kV. Therapeutic ERCPs deliver on average higher doses to patients than diagnostic ERCPs. However, for a difficult diagnostic ERCP more patient exposure may be required than for a simple therapeutic ERCP.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, Konstantopoulio-Agia Olga Hospital, 3-5 Agias Olgas, Nea Ionia, 142 33, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Tsalafoutas
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paraskeva
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Vassilaki
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Maniatis
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Karagiannis
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Koulentianos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002138:Calibration; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013997:Time Factors