title: Influence of the point of origin on heart rate turbulence after stimulated ventricular and atrial premature beats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is a new and auspicious parameter for risk stratification in patients suffering from structural heart disease. The HRT parameters onset (TO) and slope (TS) are derived from Holter ECGs. Only a few studies have evaluated physiologic properties like age or prematurity of the ventricular beat on HRT. Until now, to our knowledge, little is known about the influence of the point of origin of the premature beat on HRT. Therefore, we conducted a study consisting of 25 patients (pts) with premature beats generating from 2 different sites in the atrium and ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an electrophysiologic study, premature extra beats were induced. The high right atrium (HRA) and the lateral part of the coronary sinus (CS) represented the atrial pacing sites, while the right ventricular apex (RVAP) and right ventricular out flow tract (RVOT) represented the ventricular pacing sites. Prematurity started at 450 ms and was decreased to the refractoriness of each site. TO and TS were computed and correlated to the site of origin and the coupling interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atrial TO was positive in 9 pts (HRA) and 7 (CS) as well as ventricular TO in 2 pts, respectively. TO induced in CS correlated with the CI (r = -0.50, p < 0.05). TS was negative, independent of the site of origin. Atrial TS showed no correlation with the CI. TO generated from both ventricular sites was positive in 2 pts. TO from RVAP correlated with the CI (r = -0.81, p < 0.005), but not with RVOT. TS from both ventricular sites exhibited no correlation with the pacing site, but correlated with themselves (r = -0.69, p < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The site of origin of the premature beat exhibits no influence on heart rate turbulence slope. The prematurity of the extra beat correlates with turbulence onset, but not with slope. Finally, the site of origin revealed no influence on HRT slope. Therefore, the calculation of heart rate turbulence derived from extra beats extracted from Holter ECG is reliable.
authors.affiliation: joerg.schwab@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Jörg O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shlevkov
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grunwald
authors.forename: Jan Wilko
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schrickel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lickfett
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewalter
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
mesh_terms: D018880:Atrial Premature Complexes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000503:physiopathology*