title: An observational study to detect leptospirosis in Mumbai, India, 2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptospirosis is relatively uncommon in children. Following torrential rains and flooding an outbreak of leptospirosis was suspected in Mumbai.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility of an outbreak of leptospirosis and describe the clinical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 24 July to 14 September 2000, children with a history of abrupt onset of high fever (>39 degrees C), who presented to our hospital, were admitted and tested serologically for anti-Leptospira antibodies by a quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. An IgM titre of more than 20U/ml confirmed the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Clinical features in the confirmed leptospirosis and leptospirosis negative groups were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 53 children screened, 18 (34%) had leptospirosis. In all 18, the disease was anicteric and responded well to intravenous penicillin. Four clinical features present at the time of admission were significantly associated with leptospirosis: a history of contact with flood water (18/18 v 16/35), conjunctival suffusion (5/18 v 1/35), abdominal pain (9/18 v 5/35), and skin rash (5/18 v 1/35). As the number of these four features concomitantly present increased, the chances of the child having leptospirosis also increased significantly. A history of contact with flood water had a sensitivity of 100%, and the presence of conjunctival suffusion, abdominal pain, and skin rash had a specificity of 97%, 86%, and 97%, respectively, for identifying children with leptospirosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptospirosis should be suspected in febrile children with contact with flood water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Bombay, 400 022, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karande
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelkar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varaiya
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004190:Disasters; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011891:Rain; D017678:Sex Distribution