title: Earlier onset of bipolar disorder in children by antidepressants or stimulants? An hypothesis.
abstract: Among adults and adolescents, bipolar disorder (BD) has a similar prevalence in the US and in the Netherlands. However, among pre-pubertal children, BD is frequently diagnosed in the US and seldomly in the Netherlands. This suggests that, among children, the prevalence of BD is lower in the Netherlands than in the US, indicating an earlier onset of BD in the US than in the Netherlands. It is hypothesized that this may be related to the greater use of antidepressants and stimulants for depression or attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity by US children. In those children who are genetically at risk to develop BD, these drugs may lead to a switch into mania.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands. reichart@psyd.azr.nl
authors.forename: Catrien G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants