title: A cross-sectional study evaluating post-thrombotic syndrome in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in adults, characterized by swelling, skin pigmentation, pain, and ulceration of the limb, is secondary to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In contrast to the extensive documentation on PTS in adults, little is known about the risk of PTS in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of PTS in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study in 153 nonselected children with objectively confirmed DVT. All children were assessed for PTS using a standardized score. As per the PTS score, severity was classified as: absent, mild, moderate, or severe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-thrombotic syndrome was present in 96/153 children (63%), in which 80 (83%) were mild and 16 (17%) were moderate. Swelling was the most frequently recorded subjective symptom (43%) while increased limb circumference (71%) and presence of collateral circulation (53%) were the most frequently recorded objective symptoms. Risk factors for development of PTS were: lack of resolution of the DVT by radiographic assessment (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.68-9.30), number of vessels involved in the initial DVT (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.52-2.77), and length of follow-up (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that PTS is a clinically significant disease in children with previous DVT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhle
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koloshuk
authors.forename: Velma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marzinotto
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massicotte
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolell
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011186:Postphlebitic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology*