title: Predicted versus measured energy expenditure by continuous, online indirect calorimetry in ventilated, critically ill children during the early postinjury period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare the energy expenditure, predicted by anthropometric equations, with that measured by continuous on-line indirect calorimetry in ventilated, critically ill children during the early postinjury period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit of a pediatric university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 ventilated, critically ill children during the first 6 hrs after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  An indirect calorimeter was used to continuously measure the energy expenditure for 24 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical data collected were age, gender, actual and ideal weight, height, and body surface. Nutritional status was assessed by Waterlow and Shukla Index. Severity of illness was determined by Pediatric Risk of Mortality, Physiologic Stability Index, and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System. Energy expenditure was measured (MEE) by continuous on-line indirect calorimetry for 24 hrs. Predicted Energy Expenditure (PEE) was calculated using the Harris-Benedict, Caldwell-Kennedy, Schofield, Food and Agriculture/World Health Organization/United Nation Union, Maffeis, Fleisch, Kleiber, Dreyer, and Hunter equations, using the actual and ideal weight. MEE and PEE were compared using paired Student's t-test, linear correlation (r), intraclass correlation coefficient (pI), and the Bland-Altman method. Mean MEE resulted in 674 +/- 384 kcal/day. Most of the predictive equations overestimated MEE in ventilated, critically ill children during the early postinjury period. MEE and PEE differed significantly (p<.05) except when the Caldwell-Kennedy and the Fleisch equations were used. r2 ranged from 0.78 to 0.81 (p<.05), and pI was excellent (>.75) for the Caldwell-Kennedy, Schofield, Food and Agriculture/World Health Organization/United Nation Union, Fleisch, and Kleiber equations. The Bland-Altman method showed poor accuracy; the Caldwell-Kennedy equation was the best predictor of energy expenditure (bias, 38 kcal/day; precision, +/- 179 kcal/day). The accuracy in the medical group was higher (pI range,.71-.94) than in surgical patients (pI range,.18-.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predictive equations do not accurately predict energy expenditure in ventilated, critically ill children during the early postinjury period; if available, indirect calorimetry must be performed.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. jvazquez.hrc@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vazquez Martinez
authors.forename: Paloma Dorao
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Martinez-Romillo
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diez Sebastian
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruza Tarrio
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012121:Respiration, Artificial