title: The effect of flax seed cultivars with differing content of alpha-linolenic acid and lignans on responses to mental stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytoestrogens offer a possible alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Flax seed contains large quantities of a phytoestrogen precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), as well as large quantities of alpha-linolenic acid; these factors may be protective against vascular disease. We have previously shown that the rise in blood pressure during mental stress is a strong predictor of atherosclerosis progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 postmenopausal women with vascular disease, 62 +/- 8 years of age, were treated in a random-sequence double-blind Latin square crossover study comparing three strains of flax seed: Flanders (low in lignan and high in alpha-linolenic acid), Linola 989 (high in lignan and low in alpha-linolenic acid) and AC Linora (intermediate in both lignan and alpha-linolenic acid).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the pre-treatment baseline diet, all three strains of flax significantly reduced blood pressure during mental stress induced by a frustrating cognitive task (Stroop color-word interference task) (p = 0.004). Linola 989, the strain highest in lignan and lowest in alpha-linolenic acid, was associated with the least increase in peripheral resistance during stress, the greatest reduction in plasma cortisol during stress and the smallest increase in plasma fibrinogen during mental stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flax phytoestrogens ameliorate certain responses to stress and thus may afford protection against atherosclerosis; this hypothesis should be tested in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Siebens-Drake/Robarts Research Institute, 1400 Western Road, London, Ontario N6G 2V2, Canada. dspence@robarts.ca
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Alister D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Westcott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019597:Flax; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D017705:Lignans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005222:Mental Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012639:Seeds; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017705:Lignans; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006854:Hydrocortisone