title: Degradation of isoxaflutole (balance) herbicide by hypochlorite in tap water.
abstract: Chlorine has been widely employed for the disinfection of drinking water. Additionally, it has the capacity to oxidize many organic compounds in water. Isoxaflutole (Balance; IXF) belongs to a new class of isoxazole herbicides. Isoxaflutole has a very short soil half-life and rapidly degrades to a stable and phytotoxic metabolite, diketonitrile (DKN). Further degradation of DKN produces a nonbiologically active benzoic acid (BA) metabolite. In experiments using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV spectroscopy (HPLC-UV) and HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), DKN was found to rapidly react with hypochlorite in tap water, yielding the BA metabolite as the major end product. One milligram per liter (19 microM) of hypochlorite residue in tap water was able to completely oxidize up to 1600 microg/L (4.45 micromol/L) of DKN. In tap water, the disappearance of IXF was much more rapid than in DI water. As soon as the IXF is hydrolyzed to DKN, the DKN quickly reacts with the OCl(-) to form nonphytotoxic BA. As a result, the herbicide solutions prepared with tap water at 500 microg/L will no longer possess any herbicidal activity after 48 h of storage. However, in agronomic settings, highly concentrated tank solutions (600-800 mg/L) may be prepared with tap water since the conversion of IXF to BA would represent <5% of the herbicide; therefore, any impact on the herbicide efficacy would be negligible. Results of this study show that current chlorination disinfection protocols in municipal water systems would completely eliminate the phytotoxic form of this new herbicide, DKN, from drinking water supplies; yet, farmers can use chlorinated tap water without significant loss of efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Center for Agroforestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. Linchu@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Chung-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Harold E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Milon F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D014867:Water; C415327:isoxaflutole; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid