title: The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time.
abstract: We estimate an effective mutation rate at an average Y chromosome short-tandem repeat locus as 6.9x10-4 per 25 years, with a standard deviation across loci of 5.7x10-4, using data on microsatellite variation within Y chromosome haplogroups defined by unique-event polymorphisms in populations with documented short-term histories, as well as comparative data on worldwide populations at both the Y chromosome and various autosomal loci. This value is used to estimate the times of the African Bantu expansion, the divergence of Polynesian populations (the Maoris, Cook Islanders, and Samoans), and the origin of Gypsy populations from Bulgaria.
authors.affiliation: N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. lev@zhivotovsky.net
authors.forename: Lev A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zhivotovsky
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cinnioğlu
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: Bharti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morar
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kivisild
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scozzari
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cruciani
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Destro-Bisol
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spedini
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Rene J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Kiau Kiun
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gresham
authors.forename: Ivailo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tournev
authors.forename: Marcus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Luba
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalaydjieva
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D009520:New Zealand; D011114:Polynesia; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics