title: Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking casino patrons.
abstract: Epidemiologic data have shown increased risks of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We measured biomarkers in urine samples from nonsmokers before and after a 4-h visit to a casino where smoking is allowed. The tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] is a constituent of ETS. Urinary metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), are excellent biomarkers of human uptake of NNK and NNAL. NNAL, as with NNK, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen. Subjects collected a spot urine sample before the casino visit and all urine samples for the 24-h period starting after the visit. We analyzed samples for creatinine, total cotinine (cotinine and cotinine-glucuronide), and total NNAL (NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc). Paired samples showed statistically significant mean increases in total cotinine (0.044 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001) and total NNAL (0.018 pmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that exposure of nonsmokers to ETS in a commercial setting results in uptake of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA. anderson_k@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kliris
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
authors.forename: Shaomei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puumala
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: C099564:4-((methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)but-1-yl)beta-omega-glucosiduronic acid; D015415:Biomarkers; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005965:Glucuronates; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution