title: [The suicide of Hjalmar Johansen].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hjalmar Johansen was one of Norway's most famous gymnasts. He joined Fridtjof Nansen's polar expedition with Fram in 1893 and went on ski farthermost north with him in 1895/96. On their return to Norway the crew was celebrated as heroes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The polar literature has been reviewed and the author has focused on the life and suicide of Hjalmar Johansen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Johansen was promoted to captain in the infantry, a role he didn"t manage. He drank heavily and left the army. He rehabilitated during his stay at Spitzbergen from 1907 to 1909. In 1910 he was one of Roald Amundsen's men in Antarctica. Amundsen started out too early because of his race with Robert Scott. Johansen disagreed and rescued a member from freezing to death. A quarrel with Amundsen resulted in his dismissing Johansen from the party heading for the South Pole. This led to a vicious circle that ended in Johansen's suicide in the new year 1913. Hjalmar Johansen was a man of a simple and kind character who helped his comrades with his physical strength. A master of muscular activity he was without deeper self-reflecting power and needed the support of the people around him; without it, he was ashamed of himself.
authors.forename: Carl Severin
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Albretsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D003081:Cold Climate / Q000009:adverse effects; D005101:Expeditions / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology; D005197:Famous Persons; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D012865:Skiing; D013405:Suicide / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology; D013538:Svalbard