title: Evaluation of intravenous fluorescein in intradermal allergy testing in psittacines.
abstract: This study was designed to improve the clinical feasibility of intradermal skin testing of psittacine birds using intravenous fluorescein stain. Twenty-five healthy, anaesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) were injected intravenously with 10 mg kg-1 fluorescein-sodium 1% followed by intradermal injections of 0.02 mL phosphate-buffered saline, histamine phosphate (1:100,000 w/v) and codeine phosphate (1:100,000 w/v) at the sternal apteria. Wheal diameters of reaction sites were measured grossly and under illumination with a Wood's lamp after 5 and 10 min. Fluorescence-enhanced injection sites were scored between 0 and 2, with 0 equivalent to normal skin and 2 equivalent to a plucked feather follicle. The presence of a fluorescent halo around intradermal injections was also recorded. Under Wood's light illumination at 10 min, histamine and saline were evaluated as positive and negative controls, respectively, based on a positive test having a halo and a score of 2. Sensitivity and specificity were each 76% for halo, 84 and 42% for score and 64 and 77% for combination of score and halo, respectively. Further, mean histamine reactions were significantly larger than codeine phosphate and saline (8.8 +/- 0.4 mm; 7.2 +/- 0.3 mm; 5.9 +/- 0.6 mm); however, this finding was not consistent in individual birds. Wheal size, halo presence and score were affected by site location independent from the injected compound. Intravenous fluorescein improved the readability of avian skin tests; however, the compounds tested raised inconsistent reactions in wheal size, score or halo presence. The compound-independent site effect raises concern on the validity of avian skin testing and warrants investigation of other techniques such as in vitro allergy testing. Based on our findings, intradermal allergy testing in psittacines with or without fluorescein is unreliable and cannot be recommended for practical clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. cnett@vetmed.lsu.edu
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Nett
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: J Jill
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Heatley
authors.forename: Carol S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foil
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Tully
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007428:Intradermal Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D010311:Parrots; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019793:Fluorescein