Extracellular and intracellular decoys in the tuning of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptors: the new entry TIR8/SIGIRR.
Following the identification of the interleukin (IL)-1 type II receptor as a prototypic decoy receptor, nonsignaling receptors with decoy functions have been identified for members of the IL-1/IL-18, tumor necrosis factor, IL-10, and IL-13 receptor families. Moreover, the silent receptor D6 is a promiscuous decoy and scavenger receptor of inflammatory chemokines. The type II IL-1 decoy receptor also acts as a dominant-negative molecule. Intracellular pathways of inhibition of IL-1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling have been identified. In particular, recent results suggest that the Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) family member TIR8, also known as single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR), is a negative regulator of IL-1 and TLR signaling. Thus, extracellular and intracellular decoys tune the activation of members of the IL-1/TLR receptor family.
Mantovani
Alberto
A
Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. Mantovani@marionegri.it
Locati
Massimo
M
Polentarutti
Nadia
N
Vecchi
Annunciata
A
Garlanda
Cecilia
C
D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C484529:SIGIRR protein, mouse