title: Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports.
abstract: METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe an alternative treatment approach for patellofemoral pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Weakness of the hip, pelvis, and trunk musculature has been hypothesized to influence lower-limb alignment and contribute to patellofemoral pain. Two patients who had a chief complaint of patellofemoral pain and demonstrated lack of control of the hip in the frontal and transverse planes during functional movements were treated with an exercise program targeting the hip, pelvis, and trunk musculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients presented in these 2 case reports did not exhibit obvious patellar malalignment or tracking problems; however, on qualitative assessment, both demonstrated excessive hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee valgus during gait and while performing a step-down maneuver. In addition, both patients exhibited weakness of the hip abductors, extensors, and external rotators, as demonstrated by hand-held dynamometry testing. Treatment in both cases occurred over a 14-week period and focused on recruitment and endurance training of the hip, pelvis, and trunk musculature. Functional status, pain, muscle force production, as well as subjective and objective assessment of lower-extremity kinematics during gait and a step-down maneuver were assessed preintervention and postintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients experienced a significant reduction in patellofemoral pain, improved lower-extremity kinematics during dynamic testing, and were able to return to their original levels of function. Gluteus medius force production improved by 50% in patient A and 90% in patient B, while gluteus maximus force production improved 55% in patient A and 110% in patient B. Objective kinematic improvements in the step-down task also were demonstrated in patient A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment and treatment of the hip, pelvis, and trunk musculature should be considered in the rehabilitation of patients who present with patellofemoral pain and demonstrate abnormal lower-extremity kinematics.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Residency Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9006, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mascal
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landel
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010329:Patella / Q000473:pathology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome