title: Hepatitis B virus X protein induces angiogenesis by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is closely involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, a highly vascularized solid tumor. Here we show that HBx increases the transcriptional activity and protein level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and it also stimulates angiogenesis. HBx directly interacted with the bHLH/PAS domain of HIF-1alpha but not with the von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL). HBx decreased the binding of pVHL to HIF-1alpha and prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha. In HBx-transgenic mice, HIF-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor were strongly detected in the dysplastic lesion, where HBx was also more highly expressed than in the non-neoplastic region of the liver. An immunohistochemical study showed that microvessels are more abundant in the dysplastic lesion than in the non-neoplastic region. Our data suggest that HBx stabilizes HIF-1alpha and leads to angiogenesis during hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Joung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Chul-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Joo-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kwang Rok
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dae-Yeul
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Seishi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Chul Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyu-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; C497446:VHL protein, human