title: Exclusion of WTAP and HOXA13 as candidate genes for isolated hypospadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Different molecular factors have been identified as being associated with isolated or syndrome-associated forms of hypospadias. Nevertheless, the etiology of hypospadias is unknown in 70% of cases. As mutations in the homeobox gene A13 (HOXA13) were all found to be associated with hypospadias in affected males, some types of mutation may solely lead to the isolated form. Moreover, mutations in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1 have been found in patients with hypospadias without evidence of a Wilms' tumor and, therefore, its recently identified associated protein (WTAP) may be a further candidate gene for the genesis of hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37 patients affected with different forms of isolated hypospadias were analyzed for mutations in their HOXA13 and WTAP genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of two novel WTAP polymorphisms, no mutations could be observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There seems to be no evidence that isolated hypospadias is commonly caused by mutations in HOXA13 or WTAP genes.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Germany. butsch@umich.edu
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Utsch
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Atila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozburun
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lentze
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D000072260:RNA Splicing Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000072260:RNA Splicing Factors; C419554:WTAP protein, human; C099959:homeobox protein HOXA13