title: The Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory measures more than anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Researchers tried to explain the overlap between anxiety and depression by suggesting that some items of self-administered questionnaires were badly selected and that both constructs should rather be considered as multidimensional. Thus, we hypothesise that the Spielberger trait anxiety inventory (TAI) includes items related to depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-clinical sample of 193 subjects filled out the TAI and the Hospitalised Anxiety-Depression Scale. Factors were postulated on the basis of item content and submitted to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found five factors: a 10-item anxiety factor containing three factors, a four-item unsuccessfulness factor correlated with the HADS anhedonia factor, and a six-item happiness factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TAI scale encompasses measures of anxiety, depression and well-being. Consequently, the overlap with other measures of depression may result from item selection. This work awaits replication in independent normal and pathological samples.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151, route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 3079, 06202 Nice 3, France. caci.h@chu-nice.fr
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caci
authors.forename: Franck J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Baylé
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dossios
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology