title: Intracellular potentiation between two second messenger systems may contribute to cholera toxin induced intestinal secretion in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholera toxin (CT) acts on intestinal epithelial cells both directly and indirectly via activation of a secretory neural reflex. The reflex may release acetylcholine as one of its final neurotransmitters. This opens up the possibility of a third mechanism of action for CT, namely a synergistic interaction between two secretagogues acting on different second messenger systems within the epithelial cell.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish evidence for cholinergic innervation to human ileal epithelial cells and to investigate whether CT potentiates the action of acetylcholine on human intestinal epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transverse sections of human ileum were examined for mucosal cholinergic nerves and M3 muscarinic receptors using antibodies raised to choline acetyltransferase and M3 receptors. Short circuit current (Isc) responses and ion flux movements were elicited from T84 epithelial cell monolayers set up in Ussing chambers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry of native human ileal mucosa revealed the presence of both cholinergic nerves and muscarinic M3 receptors located to the basolateral domain of epithelial cells. Secretory responses of T84 cell monolayers to acetylcholine were greatly potentiated in the presence of CT. This effect, substituting forskolin for CT, was mirrored by increases in basolateral 86Rb and apical 125I efflux. Charybdotoxin plus apamin reduced both Isc and 86Rb efflux evoked by acetylcholine, in the presence of forskolin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human ileal mucosa receives a direct cholinergic innervation to its epithelial cells. Secretory effects of acetylcholine on epithelial cells are augmented in the presence of CT. Such a synergistic response is dependent on optimum opening of basolateral potassium channels by acetylcholine and apical chloride channels by CT. The interaction may contribute to the mechanism of action of cholera toxin induced secretory diarrhoea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golder
authors.forename: M J G
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farthing
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Burleigh
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000187:drug effects*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3 / Q000032:analysis; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3; D005576:Colforsin; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000109:Acetylcholine