title: Forearm and elbow injury: the influence of rotational position.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to develop an axial loading forearm fracture model and to determine the influence of forearm rotation on the fracture pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six cadaveric arms were thawed in saline solution. Pressure-sensitive film was sealed and was placed through a lateral arthrotomy into the radiocapitellar joint. The arm was potted at the proximal part of the humerus with the elbow in extension. Rotational range of motion was measured with use of a goniometer starting from a supinated position (0 degrees ). Specimens were placed in a vertical position at various angles of forearm rotation, and a 27-kg mass was raised to 90 cm and was dropped onto the distal part of the radius. The pressure film was removed and was analyzed to determine the radiocapitellar joint contact area following impact. Each arm was dissected, and the injury pattern was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both-bone forearm fractures (proximal radial fractures with concomitant distal ulnar fractures) occurred at 5 degrees +/- 2.6 degrees of rotation, isolated radial head fractures occurred at 44.4 degrees +/- 5.2 degrees of rotation, and Essex-Lopresti fractures (radial head fractures with tearing of the interosseous membrane) occurred at 70 degrees +/- 25.2 degrees of rotation. The distribution of Essex-Lopresti and radial head fractures was significantly different at a cutpoint of 54 degrees of forearm rotation (p = 0.009), and the distribution of radial head fractures and both-bone forearm fractures was significantly different at a cutpoint of 10 degrees of forearm rotation (p = 0.001). The percent contact area of the radial head varied with the injury pattern (p = 0.029). Marginal radial head fractures occurred at 46.7 degrees +/- 6.6 degrees of rotation with a contact area of 30.9% +/- 8.6%, while comminuted radial head fractures occurred at 74.4 degrees +/- 27.2 degrees of rotation with a contact area of 53.9% +/- 8.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of forearm rotation at the time of axial load impact directly influenced the injury pattern. Furthermore, the radial head contact area and the fracture severity increased in pronation compared with supination.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Temple University, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McGinley
authors.forename: Brendon C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hopgood
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Keyanoush
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadeghipour
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kozin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D012399:Rotation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D000092464:Elbow Injuries