title: Recurrence of renal lithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well known that all renal stones are associated with a high recurrence rate. The aim of this paper is to study the different types of renal calculi recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 220 patients who had produced two or more renal calculi over a period of <5 years (total 634 calculi). The procedure used to study renal calculi involved appropriate combinations of stereoscopic microscopy with infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent stone-formers can be classified into two large groups: those who always produce the same type of calculus (the most common type of recurrence was calcium oxalate dihydrate, followed by calcium oxalate monohydrate non-papillary and calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculi); and those who produce different types of renal calculi (the most frequent recurrences in this group were the changes calcium oxalate dihydrate-->calcium oxalate dihydrate/hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate monohydrate-->calcium oxalate dihydrate).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. fgrases@uib.es
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa-Bauzá
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramis
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Montesinos
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002137:Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003461:Crystallography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate