title: Lack of efficacy of a nicotine transdermal treatment on motor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Studies assessing the efficacy of nicotine in Parkinson's disease (PD) have generated contradictory results. The controversy seems to stem from uncontrolled factors including the lack of objective measures, the practice effect in a test-retest design, and the absence of plasmatic dosage. This study aimed at further controlling these factors using transdermal nicotine in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two nonsmoking PD patients received a transdermal nicotine treatment over 25 days in increasing titrated doses. Motor and cognitive assessments were carried out on days 11 and 25 (low-dose and high-dose assessments, respectively) and after a 14-day washout period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients tolerated nicotine poorly. Thirteen (59%) withdrew, mostly because of acute side effects. In the remaining nine patients, nicotine neither improved nor worsened motor or cognitive functioning in comparison with 10 age, gender and education matched controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine is not effective in treating motor and cognitive deficits in PD. The results obtained with our objective measures confirm a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study that used clinical measures. It is possible that nicotine lacks specificity in targeting critical nicotinic receptors that might be involved in PD pathophysiology. The low tolerability may be related to such a lack of specificity of nicotine, which would directly stimulate the autonomic nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemay
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chouinard
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blanchet
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soland
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beuter
authors.forename: Marc-André
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bédard
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine