title: Recipient intramuscular administration of naked plasmid TGF-beta1 attenuates lung graft reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene therapy may be an effective strategy for modulating lung graft ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated whether recipient intramuscular (IM) naked plasmid gene transfer of transforming growth factor beta1-active (TGF-beta1-active) ameliorates lung graft ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preliminary studies in F344 rats demonstrated that gastrocnemius muscle transfection of TGF-beta1-active produced muscle and plasma protein expression at 24 and 48 hours after transfection. Recipients (n = 8) received IM injection of naked plasmid-encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), TGF-beta1-latent or TGF-beta1-active, respectively, at 24 or at 48 hours before left lung transplantation. We did not treat the control group before transplantation (18-hour cold ischemia). Donor lungs were flushed with low-potassium dextran-1% glucose and stored for 18 hours at 4 degrees C. All groups were killed at 24 hours after transplantation. Immediately before killing the animals, we clamped the contralateral right hilum and assessed graft function. We measured wet-to-dry ratio (W/D), myeloperoxidase, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interferon-gamma [INF-gamma], and IL-2) and performed immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial oxygenation was greatest in the recipient group transfected with TGF-beta1-active at 24 hours before transplantation compared with CAT, TGF-beta1-latent, and 18-hour cold ischemia groups (p < 0.01). The W/D ratio and myeloperoxidase decreased in both 24- and 48-hour groups, with TGF-beta1-active compared with CAT, and 18-hour cold ischemia groups (W/D, p < 0.02 and p < 0.004, respectively; myeloperoxidase, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). All pro-inflammatory cytokines decreased in the 24-hour TGF-beta1-active group compared with CAT, TGF-beta1-latent, 18-hour and 1-hour cold ischemia, and non-treated lung groups (IL-1beta, p < 0.03; TNF-alpha, p < 0.02; IFN-gamma, p < 0.001; IL-2, p < 0.0001). In 24- and 48-hour groups with TGF-beta1-active, immunohistochemistry showed marked staining of Type I and Type II alveolar cells and of macrophages from the apical to the caudal sections of the lung grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recipient IM administration of naked plasmid encoding TGF-beta1-active before transplantation ameliorates lung isograft reperfusion injury after prolonged ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Niccolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daddi
authors.forename: Samer A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kanaan
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tagawa
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Ovidio
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grapperhaus
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kozower
authors.forename: Jon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohanakumar
authors.forename: G Alexander
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase