title: Evaluation for safety of cultured corneal fibroblasts with cotreatment of alcohol and mitomycin C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of alcohol and mitomycin C (MMC) on cultured corneal fibroblast of the rabbit to determine the safety of this compound for clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Corneal fibroblasts of New Zealand rabbits were cultured. Various concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60%) of ethanol were applied for 10, 20, 30, and 40 seconds to estimate dose- and time-dependent responses of cultured corneal fibroblasts. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Treated cells were additionally stained with Hoechst and annexin V for the identification of apoptosis. To investigate the coeffects of ethanol and MMC, dose and time dependency were evaluated after treatment with various concentrations of ethanol and MMC at different exposure times, and cell viability was established. To determine the latent effects of ethanol and MMC, cultured corneal fibroblasts were cotreated with various concentrations of ethanol and 0.02% MMC for various periods and washed out, and then one group was incubated for 24 hours and another group was not incubated. Cell viability was estimated, and Hoechst and annexin V staining were performed before and after incubation. To establish the pathway of cell death, caspase-3 activities were measured in cultured corneal fibroblasts treated with ethanol or MMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell viability after ethanol treatment was dose and time dependent. After application of ethanol for 10 seconds, cell viability was significantly reduced with 20% ethanol (P = 0.001). At 20, 30, and 40 seconds of treatment with 10% ethanol, cell viability was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Hoechst and annexin V staining revealed typical characteristics of apoptosis, such as bright fluorescent chromatin condensation, low fluorescence of nuclear fragmentation, and cell membrane shrinkage. Cell viability was more significantly reduced after cotreatment with alcohol and MMC, compared with treatment with alcohol alone. Moreover, cell viability was considerably decreased in the incubated group, compared with the nonincubated group. After 24 hours of incubation, cultured corneal fibroblasts cotreated with 10% ethanol and 0.02% MMC were stained with Hoechst and annexin V. Results were similar to data obtained with ethanol-treated cells. However, after application of 20% alcohol and MMC, a significant number of cells were not viable and were detached from the well walls. Caspase-3 activity significantly increased after treatment with 30% ethanol only and 30% ethanol in conjunction with 0.02% MMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol and MMC reduced cell viability in cultured corneal fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and had synergistic effects. This is related to the caspase-3 pathway, especially with concentrations of ethanol over 30%. Cotreatment with these reagents may significantly damage cultured corneal fibroblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-im
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hungwon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tchah
authors.forename: Eun Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D012449:Safety; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D000431:Ethanol; D016685:Mitomycin; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; C022616:thiazolyl blue