title: Evaluation of the effect of cleaning regimes on biofilms of thermophilic bacilli on stainless steel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanism for both the removal and inactivation of 18-h biofilms of a thermophilic Bacillus species that optimally grows at 55 degrees C on stainless steel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cleaning strategies tested were based on biofilm biochemistry and physiology, and focused on the chemistry of the cleaners, the duration and temperature of the cleaning process and a combination of various cleaners. The success of the cleaning regimes was determined based on the removal of cells and organic debris and the elimination of viable cells. The results confirmed that a caustic (75 degrees C for 30 min) and acid (75 degrees C for 30 min) wash, relied upon heavily in most food processing industries for cleaning-in-place systems, was successful in removing these biofilms. However, any changes in the concentrations of these cleaners or the temperature of cleaning drastically affected the overall outcome. Alternative cleaning agents based on enzymatic or nonenzymatic breakdown of cellular proteins or polysaccharides, surfactant action, use of oxidative attack and free radicals varied in degrees of their success. Combining proteolytic action with surfactants increased wetability and therefore enhanced the cleaning efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several procedures, including caustic/acid and enzyme based cleaners, will be satisfactory, provided that the correct process parameters are observed i.e. concentration, time, temperature and kinetic energy (flow). Confirmation of these results should be carried out in a pilot plant through several use/clean cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Confidence in standard and alternative cleaning procedures for food manufacturing plant to prevent contamination with thermophilic bacilli that threaten product quality.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. sgparker@hortresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Parkar
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D006801:Humans; D013193:Stainless Steel
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D013193:Stainless Steel