title: Growth phase-dependent regulation and stringent control of fis are conserved processes in enteric bacteria and involve a single promoter (fis P) in Escherichia coli.
abstract: The intracellular concentration of the Escherichia coli factor for inversion stimulation (Fis), a global regulator of transcription and a facilitator of certain site-specific DNA recombination events, varies substantially in response to changes in the nutritional environment and growth phase. Under conditions of nutritional upshift, fis is transiently expressed at very high levels, whereas under induced starvation conditions, fis is repressed by stringent control. We show that both of these regulatory processes operate on the chromosomal fis genes of the enterobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Erwinia carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris, strongly suggesting that the physiological role of Fis is closely tied to its transcriptional regulation in response to the nutritional environment. These transcriptional regulatory processes were previously shown to involve a single promoter (fis P) preceding the fis operon in E. coli. Recent work challenged this notion by presenting evidence from primer extension assays which appeared to indicate that there are multiple promoters upstream of fis P that contribute significantly to the expression and regulation of fis in E. coli. Thus, a rigorous analysis of the fis promoter region was conducted to assess the contribution of such additional promoters. However, our data from primer extension analysis, S1 nuclease mapping, beta-galactosidase assays, and in vitro transcription analysis all indicate that fis P is the sole E. coli fis promoter in vivo and in vitro. We further show how certain conditions used in the primer extension reactions can generate artifacts resulting from secondary annealing events that are the likely source of incorrect assignment of additional fis promoters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mallik
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Meranda D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Jayanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Undamatla
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osuna
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003470:Culture Media; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D035021:Factor For Inversion Stimulation Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D035021:Factor For Inversion Stimulation Protein; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases