title: Vif overcomes the innate antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by promoting its degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
abstract: Viruses must overcome diverse intracellular defense mechanisms to establish infection. The Vif (virion infectivity factor) protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) acts by overcoming the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G (CEM15), a cytidine deaminase that induces G to A hypermutation in newly synthesized viral DNA. In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G incorporation into virions renders HIV-1 non-infectious. We report here that Vif counteracts the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by targeting it for destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Vif forms a complex with APOBEC3G and enhances APOBEC3G ubiquitination, resulting in reduced steady-state APOBEC3G levels and a decrease in protein half-life. Furthermore, Vif-dependent degradation of APOBEC3G is blocked by proteasome inhibitors or ubiquitin mutant K48R. A mutation of highly conserved cysteines or the deletion of a conserved SLQ(Y/F)LA motif in Vif results in mutants that fail to induce APOBEC3G degradation and produce non-infectious HIV-1; however, mutations of conserved phosphorylation sites in Vif that impair viral replication do not affect APOBEC3G degradation, suggesting that Vif is important for other functions in addition to inducing proteasomal degradation of APOBEC3G. Vif is monoubiquitinated in the absence of APOBEC3G but is polyubiquitinated and rapidly degraded when APOBEC3G is coexpressed, suggesting that coexpression accelerates the degradation of both proteins. These results suggest that Vif functions by targeting APOBEC3G for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and implicate the proteasome as a site of dynamic interplay between microbial and cellular defenses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehle
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strack
authors.forename: Petronela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ancuta
authors.forename: Chengsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McPike
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gabuzda
mesh_terms: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003545:Cysteine; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007163:Immunosorbent Techniques; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014162:Transfection; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D007783:Lactones; D007976:Leupeptins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011506:Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C098869:clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D003545:Cysteine; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde