title: New hormonal contraceptives: a comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: Over 16 million women in the United States take oral hormonal contraceptives, yet approximately 5% experience an unintended pregnancy during the first year of use. Compliance with the regimen is important in maintaining cycle control and preventing pregnancy. New hormonal contraceptive agents, norelgestromin-ethinyl estradiol patch, etonogestrel-ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring, and medroxyprogesterone-estradiol cypionate injection, were designed to increase compliance and decrease adverse effects while maintaining efficacy. Each one has potential advantages for women seeking alternatives to traditional oral contraceptives or for those who have trouble remembering to take a daily pill. Each agent also may have its own disadvantages, including application site reactions, need for monthly injections, and device-related events; however, all have similar efficacy and adverse-effect profiles compared with current oral hormonal contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Forinash
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female / Q000009:adverse effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005003:Ethisterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010091:Oximes
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010091:Oximes; C044815:etonogestrel; D009644:Norgestrel; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D004958:Estradiol; C007630:estradiol 17 beta-cypionate; D017135:Desogestrel; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone; D005003:Ethisterone; C449219:norelgestromin