title: Radiotherapy at a young age reduces uterine volume of childhood cancer survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to chemotherapy, previous irradiation of the uterus carries an increased risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome. Conflicting results exist as regards the ability of the uterus to increase in volume following radiotherapy-induced damage. We measured uterine volume in a cohort of childhood cancer survivors, and assessed uterine response to a high-dose estrogen replacement regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uterine volume was assessed by transvaginal sonography in 100 childhood cancer survivors. Three patients with ovarian failure and severely reduced uterine volume following abdominal or pelvic irradiation were treated with percutaneous estradiol 150 microg/24 h for three cycles, and transvaginal uterine sonography was repeated monthly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine volume was significantly reduced in nulliparous patients who had received direct uterine irradiation (n = 13; median 13 mL, range 1-52 mL) compared with nulliparous patients who had received chemotherapy only (n = 37; 47 mL, 22-88), radiotherapy above the diaphragm (n = 17; 40 mL, 24-61), or radiotherapy below the diaphragm not directly involving the uterus (n = 13; 34 mL, 8-77) (p < 0.02 in all comparisons). Among nulliparous patients a significant correlation was found between age at direct uterine irradiation and uterine volume (r = 0.78, p = 0.002). No significant improvement in uterine volume, endometrial thickness or uterine artery blood flow was observed in three hypogonadal patients in response to high-dose estrogen replacement therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that cytotoxic treatment in childhood does not affect adult uterine size. In contrast, uterine irradiation at a young age reduces adult uterine volume. The radiotherapy-induced damage is probably irreversible.
authors.affiliation: The Fertility Clinic, Juliane Marie Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. elisabeth.larsen@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Elisabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmiegelow
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rechnitzer
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loft
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Anders Nyboe
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D017741:Survivors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol