title: The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway regulates bladder cancer cell invasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase pathway in the invasion of bladder cancer cell lines, and to assess the activation of this pathway in primary human bladder tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human bladder cancer cells were treated with pathway specific inhibitors or were transfected with PI-3 kinase pathway components. The invasion of cultured bladder cancer cells was analysed by an invasion assay. Bladder cancer cells lines and primary human bladder tumours were analysed for pathway activation by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A specific inhibitor of PI-3 kinase enzyme activity, Ly294002, potently suppressed the invasive properties of three highly invasive bladder tumour cell lines. Restoration of the PTEN gene to invasive UM-UC-3 bladder tumour cells or expression of a dominant-negative version of the PI-3 kinase target, Akt, also potently inhibited invasion, indicating a central role for the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in this process. In addition, 55% of primary tumours from patients with bladder cancer had markedly high levels of phosphorylated Akt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological or biochemical inhibition of the PI-3 kinase pathway drastically reduced the invasive capacity of bladder cancer cell lines; over half of primary human bladder tumours had high Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that the aberrant activation of this pathway may contribute to the invasion of a significant subset of bladder cancers.
authors.affiliation: UC Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Highshaw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Vere White
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human