title: Economic consequences of control programs for paratuberculosis in midsize dairy farms in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the epidemiologic efficacy and economic efficiency of current and potential future control programs for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) on midsize dairy herds in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stochastic dynamic computer simulation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on prices and other input variables collected from various sources were used to represent a population of midsize US dairy herds infected with paratuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The simulation model was modified to reflect management and production characteristics of midsize dairy herds in the United States. The model was validated by use of field data and expert opinion. Various control strategies then were simulated and compared on an epidemiologic basis and on the basis of economic efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-and-cull strategies and vaccination against paratuberculosis were not able to decrease the mean prevalence of disease in the United States. Typically, only vaccination was economically attractive. Improved management strategies decreased the prevalence of paratuberculosis considerably and had high economic benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of results of this study suggests that test-and-cull strategies alone do not reduce the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and are costly for producers to pursue. Vaccination did not reduce the prevalence but was economically attractive. Finally, improved calf-hygiene strategies were found to be critically important in every paratuberculosis control program and most were economically attractive programs for midsize US dairy farms with the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
authors.forename: Huybert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groenendaal
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Galligan
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006920:Hygiene; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology