title: Exploring inflammation in hemodialysis patients: persistent and superimposed inflammation. A longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is frequently elevated, and seems to be episodic in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Whether, its episodic character is due to the temporal variability, in periods free of clinical events, of the inflammatory indices or due, to the acute phase response induced by common inflammatory stimuli, has not been investigated yet in a longitudinal study. This study explores inflammation forms, characteristics and causes which are probably related to the high cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity in HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 37 HD patients, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were weekly measured for 16 consecutive weeks. Inflammatory clinical events, in the week before every measurement, were recorded. Repeated measures ANOVA were applied for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one of 533 patient-weeks were positive for a clinical event. Mean +/- SD (range) hs-CRP was 7.01 +/- 16.06 (0.2-169) mg/l for all the weeks of the study, 38.25 +/- 39.35 (2.1-169) mg/l for the weeks with clinical events and 3.70 +/- 3.86 (0.2-26.1) mg/l for the weeks free of events. Variations for SAA and IL-6 were similar. 'Clinical events' strongly influenced acute-phase proteins and IL-6 levels. The effect of the factor 'time' (as assessed by inflammatory indices variation in weekly repeated measurements) was significant for all the 3 indices measured, independently of the factor 'clinical events'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In periods free of clinical events, microinflammation characterizes HD patients and fluctuates in time. Inflammation due to common clinical events is added, periodically, to this microinflammation. The high level persistent microinflammation as well as the superimposed--due to clinical events--inflammation could be related to the CVD in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Alexandra General Hospital, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. tsipg@hellasnet.gr
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsirpanlis
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagos
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: Aliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bleta
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marinou
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagouranis
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatzipanagiotou
authors.forename: Chrysoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein