title: Pten dose dictates cancer progression in the prostate.
abstract: Complete inactivation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene is extremely common in advanced cancer, including prostate cancer (CaP). However, one PTEN allele is already lost in the vast majority of CaPs at presentation. To determine the consequence of PTEN dose variations on cancer progression, we have generated by homologous recombination a hypomorphic Pten mouse mutant series with decreasing Pten activity: Pten(hy/+) > Pten(+/-) > Pten(hy/-) (mutants in which we have rescued the embryonic lethality due to complete Pten inactivation) > Pten prostate conditional knockout (Pten(pc)) mutants. In addition, we have generated and comparatively analyzed two distinct Pten(pc) mutants in which Pten is inactivated focally or throughout the entire prostatic epithelium. We find that the extent of Pten inactivation dictate in an exquisite dose-dependent fashion CaP progression, its incidence, latency, and biology. The dose of Pten affects key downstream targets such as Akt, p27(Kip1), mTOR, and FOXO3. Our results provide conclusive genetic support for the notion that PTEN is haploinsufficient in tumor suppression and that its dose is a key determinant in cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Lloyd C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Trotman
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niki
authors.forename: Zohar A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Dotan
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Koutcher
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Cristofano
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy-Burman
authors.forename: Norman M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordon-Cardo
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pandolfi
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C474033:FoxO3 protein, mouse; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse