title: Long-term protective effects of hypothermia on reperfusion injury post-testicular torsion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As many as two-thirds of salvaged testes post-torsion will atrophy within 2 years. Subsequent testicular damage is due at least in part to an ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Thus we analysed the long-term protective effects of subjecting the ischaemic testis to hypothermia in an attempt to prevent or attenuate subsequent testicular damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean age 97 days; mean weight 408 g) were randomized to one of two groups. The left testis was removed as a control and the right testis was subjected to torsion through 720 degrees in a clockwise direction and maintained in this position for 3 h. Half of the models were subjected to hypothermia by submerging the testis in a cooling bath, which was kept at a constant temperature of 2-4 degrees C for the final hour prior to detorsion. Testes were retrieved at 1 and 12 weeks and examined by a single blinded pathologist using the following histological criteria: mean seminiferous tubular diameter, mean tubular wall thickness (MTWT) and Johnsen's score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination revealed significant injury after 1 week of reperfusion in both groups. However, after 12 weeks of reperfusion there was a marked benefit seen in the testes subjected to hypothermia. MTWT (p=0.007) and Johnsen's score (p=0.05) were significantly better in the cooled testes after 12 weeks of reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypothermia reduces the degree of long-term testicular damage post-torsion and, if applied in clinical practice, may improve long-term salvage rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: Elaine W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Creagh
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bouchier-Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013995:Time