title: Metabolic pathways that mediate inhibition of hypothalamic neurons by glucose.
abstract: Neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus mediate some counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia and 2-deoxyglucose, but the mechanisms that mediate these responses to glucose are unclear. In the present study, ventromedial hypothalamus neurons were identified on the basis of their inhibition by the transition from 5 to 20 mmol/l glucose. Tolbutamide, which activates glucose-stimulated neurons, failed to inhibit or activate glucose-inhibited neurons. Inhibitors of glucose transport and glycolysis, in particular by the glucokinase inhibitor glucosamine, blocked the effect of glucose on glucose-inhibited neurons. Furthermore, the glucose-inhibited neurons were activated by 2-deoxyglucose, which also activates counterregulatory responses. Conversely, glucose-inhibited neurons were inhibited by glycolytic metabolites, including lactate, but not by pyruvate. These data indicate that hypoglycemia induces electrical activity in glucose-inhibited neurons by attenuating glycolysis in those neurons. Thus, counterregulatory failure could be due to relatively enhanced glycolysis in glucose-stimulated neurons during hypoglycemia and attenuation of glycolysis in glucose-inhibited neurons might reverse counterregulatory failure.
authors.affiliation: Fishberg Center for Neurobiology, Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, and Department of Geriatrics Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
authors.forename: Xue-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lee-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kow
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pfaff
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Mobbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014697:Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose; D005944:Glucosamine