title: Hepatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate an method for hepatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) in vitro and the resulting differentiation ratio, in order to develop a procedure for producing a new type of hepatocyte for hepatocyte replacement therapy in the treatment of liver failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  ES cells from Balb/C mice were cultured and maintained in an undifferentiated state in gelatin-coated dishes using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 1000 U/ml leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Then, LIF was withdrawn from the DMEM to allow the ES cells to develop into embryonic bodies (EBs). EBs were plated onto tissue culture dishes, and growth factors such as acidicfibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were added to the medium to promote directional differentiation. The course of development and differentiation was observed dynamically using an inversion microscope. The expression of hepatic proteins, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), cytokeratin 8 (CK8), cytokeratin 18 (CK18), in cytoplasm was analyzed by immunocytochemistry (ICC). The concentration of ALB in the medium was determined dynamically by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ES cells replicated as clones, without differentiating, in DMEM containing LIF. They developed into EBs in medium without LIF. Our ICC assay showed that differentiating cells did not express hepatic proteins, such as AFP, ALB, CK8, and CK18 until day 7, day 9, day 11, and day 11, respectively (up to 2 days later when growth factors are not present). The concentration of AFP in the medium was first detected on day 8, at a concentration of 3.4 ng/ml, and increased to 22.8 ng/ml by day 15. The concentration of ALB in the medium was 0.2 micro g/ml on day 11, and increased to 2.2 micro g/ml by day 15. ALB-positive cells under ICC manifest morphological structures were consistent with normal mouse hepatocytes. The differentiation ratio of hepatocytes in the ES cell differentiation system was 30% on day 15 (significantly lower without the presence of growth factors).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES cells can differentiate into mature hepatocytes. Growth factors, such as aFGF and HGF, can enhance this differentiation and produce sufficient numbers of functional hepatocytes. This method may be a reliable new way of differentiating ES cells into hepatocytes for use in replacement therapy in the treatment of liver failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China. tjycai@jnu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Anbin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jiye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Qichang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Lingsong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*