title: Impaired gastric motility in the gastroesophageal reflux rat model: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the effects of acid and mixed reflux on the responsiveness of gastric smooth muscle in the gastroesophageal reflux (GER) rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of rat were studied encompassing acid reflux, mixed reflux and sham operation. Acid reflux was induced by pyloric ligation (AR group) and mixed reflux was induced by jejunal ligation 1 cm distal to Treitz ligament (MR group). Similar surgical manipulations were carried out in the sham operated rats (SO group). Carbachol-, serotonin-, KCl-induced contractile response and nicotine-, sodium nitroprusside-, papaverine-induced relaxant response in isolated gastric fundus smooth muscle strips were determined using in vitro muscle technique 24 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated gastric fundus smooth muscle contractility to serotonin, carbachol or KCl was significantly reduced in the AR and MR groups with decreased Emax and pD(2) values compared with the SO group. Relaxant responses to nicotine was significantly increased in the AR and MR groups with increased Emax and pD(2) values compared with the SO group. Sodium nitroprusside and papaverine-induced-relaxant responses were similar in all of the groups and there was no change in agonist potency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that decreased contractile and increased nicotine-induced relaxant response of the gastric smooth muscle in the surgically created GER model. These findings suggest that impaired gastric smooth muscle reactivity at least in part may play a role in gastric dysmotility in GER.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kocaeli University, Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey. tugaym@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tugay
authors.forename: Firuzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Utkan
authors.forename: Tijen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utkan
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sarioğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005748:Gastric Fundus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D012701:Serotonin; D009538:Nicotine; D002217:Carbachol