title: A biomechanical comparison of three lower extremity tendons for ligamentous reconstruction about the knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate 3 previously unreported allograft tendons for use in knee surgery. These are the doubled tibialis anterior (TA), doubled tibialis posterior (TP), and doubled peroneus longus (PL) tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biomechanical evaluation of the properties of the TA, TP, and PL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs were used for testing. All specimens had the TA, TP, and PL tendons harvested. All specimens were tested in a custom-designed hydraulic testing machine using dry ice clamps. Each tendon was elongated at a rate of 1 mm/s. Load and displacement were recorded with an analog to digital interface board. Stiffness, modulus of elasticity, and stress and strain at failure were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average tested lengths of the TA, TP, and PL were 37 cm (range, 13-68 cm), 33 cm (range, 7-74 cm), and 42 cm (range, 17-69 cm), respectively. The average cross-sectional areas of the doubled TA, TP, and PL were 38 mm2, 48 mm2, and 37 mm2, respectively. The average failure loads for the doubled TA, TP, and PL tendons were 3,412 N, 3,391 N, and 2,483 N, respectively. The maximum stresses of the 3 tendons did not differ significantly (85-108 Mpa). The TA had the greatest stiffness (344 N/mm), followed by the TP (302 N/mm) and the PL (244 N/mm). Previous authors have documented the biomechanical strength of grafts for ACL reconstruction between 1,700 and 2,900 Newtons. The ultimate tensile strength and stiffness reported for the TA and TP grafts exceeded that for all previously reported grafts, including the doubled semitendinosus-gracilis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TA, TP, and PL tendons showed excellent biomechanical properties when compared with historical data evaluating other graft sources. The biomechanical properties observed for the TA, TP, and PL were noted in specimens despite an average age of 78.3 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Sports Medicine & Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama, USA. apearsal@usouthal.edu
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pearsall
authors.forename: J Marcus
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: George V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Scheer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous