title: The subjective experience of early postoperative pain following retrobulbar anaesthesia for enucleation and primary orbital implant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We performed a prospective audit of the level of postoperative pain experienced by patients following enucleation with insertion of a primary orbital implant after preincisional regional retrobulbar anaesthesia using bupivacaine 0.75% with 1:100,000 adrenaline.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-point numerical ranking box scale was used to measure the subjective experience of postoperative pain following enucleation with insertion of a primary orbital implant in 40 patients with uveal melanoma. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia with a supplementary peroperative retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine 0.75%/adrenaline 1:100,000. Pain scores were measured for the first 8 hours following administration of the block.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 19 female and 21 male patients with a mean age of 66.7 years (31-87). At four hours post block, 80% were still pain free with 17% experiencing only mild to moderate pain (BS-11 = 1-4). Thirty-four (85%), twenty-eight (70%) and twenty-seven (67%) patients remained pain free at 2, 3 and 4 hours, respectively with no additional analgesia. The remainder scored BS-11 of 1-4 in 92% of cases. Twenty percent required supplementary analgesia (paracetemol in 78% cases) by 5 hours and 57% by 8 hours. BS-11 at 8 hours were 0 in 50%, 1-4 in 22% and 5-10 in 10% of patients (17% asleep). No complications using this technique were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a preincisional retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine with adrenaline, BS-11 pain scores remained low with no or minimal additional analgesia for up to 4 hours post surgery. In combination with oral analgesia, effective pain control was provided in most cases for up to 8 hours post block.
authors.affiliation: St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, U.K. jdbowyer@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002045:Bupivacaine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine