title: Interaction of low frequency electric fields with the nervous system: the retina as a model system.
abstract: The retina provides an example of effects, the visually perceived 'phosphenes', being generated in nervous tissue by external electric or magnetic fields of low frequency and intensity. What is known about the cellular mechanisms by which the phosphenes are generated is reviewed, whether they provide useful information for setting limits on the magnitude of induced electric fields to which nervous tissue can be safely exposed is assessed, and some difficulties in translating these values of internal fields into safe values of external electric or magnetic fields are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. d.attwell@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Attwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004560:Electricity; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010719:Phosphenes / Q000502:physiology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*