title: Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on the chemistry of blood and urine in lactating sows and sow litter performance.
abstract: One hundred fifty-three sows (average parity of 2.2) were used to determine the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (calculated as mEq/kg of diet for Na + K - Cl) on sows and their litters during lactation. The sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets (1.0% lysine, 1.0% valine, 0.95% Ca, and 0.80% P; as-fed basis) starting on d 109 of gestation and throughout the 21-d lactation experiment. Dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) was 0, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mEq/kg (as-fed basis), well above and below the dEB of 185 mEq/kg found in a simple corn-soybean meal-based lactation diet. To achieve the desired dEB, diets had the following: 1) 1.8% HCl (6 N) and 1.06% CaCl2, 2) 1.0% CaCl2, 3) 0.04% NaHCO3, 4) 1.29% NaHCO3, and 5) 2.54% NaHCO3 (as-fed basis). Increasing dEB increased blood pH (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (linear effect, P < 0.001), HCO3- concentration (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), and blood base excess (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001). However, increased dEB resulted in lower blood concentrations of K (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.04), Cl (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), and ionized Ca (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001). Changing dEB did not affect ADFI; water usage, litter weight gain; sow weight change; sow backfat change; percentages of CP, lactose, and fat in the milk; percentage of sows returning to estrus; days to estrus; and number of pigs born alive in the subsequent litter (P = 0.06). However, piglet survivability to d 10 and overall was greatest with the lower dEB treatments (linear effect, P < 0.05). The pH (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001) and colony forming units of total bacteria (linear effect, P < 0.03) in the urine increased as dEB of the diet was increased. In conclusion, dEB had pronounced effects on the physiological status of sows and decreasing dEB below that in a simple corn-soybean meal-based diet decreased bacterial counts in the urine and increased piglet survivability. However, milk composition, sow and litter weights at weaning, and subsequent rebreeding performance of the sows were not affected by dEB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeRouchey
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes