title: Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of cardiovascular risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome is receiving increased attention from physicians, but data on the syndrome's association with morbidity are limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Applying National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, we evaluated 10 357 NHANES III subjects for the 5 component conditions of the metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, abdominal obesity based on waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension, as well as the full syndrome, defined as at least 3 of the 5 conditions. Logistic regression was used to estimate the cross-sectional association of the syndrome and each of its 5 component conditions separately with history of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and either MI or stroke (MI/stroke). Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, and cigarette smoking. The metabolic syndrome was significantly related in multivariate analysis to MI (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.64), stroke (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.16), and MI/stroke (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.64 to 2.57). The syndrome was significantly associated with MI/stroke in both women and men. Among the component conditions, insulin resistance (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.66), low HDL-C (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.74), hypertension (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.08), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.66; 95% CI=1.20 to 2.30) were independently and significantly related to MI/stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a strong, consistent relationship of the metabolic syndrome with prevalent MI and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, 352 SCRB, La Jolla, Calif 92093-0607, USA.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: L'Italien
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Criqui
authors.forename: Joanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamst
authors.forename: Roland S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D049628:Body Size; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology