title: A-mode ultrasound-based registration in computer-aided surgery of the skull.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the integration and accuracy of A (amplitude)-mode ultrasound-based surface matching for noninvasive registration of the head into a frameless computer-aided surgery system for otorhinology and skull base surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study and case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients underwent anterior and paranasal skull base surgery with the routine use of a computer-aided surgery system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-aided surgery system, based on an optoelectronic localizer, was used to track the skull and the surgical tools, including the A-mode ultrasound probe. The A-mode probe was a 10-MHz immersion transducer. An acoustic lens attached to the transducer focused the ultrasonic beam to a depth of 1 to 10 mm. Accuracy tests were performed for the ultrasound setup. Different surface point distributions were evaluated with respect to matching accuracy on a human cadaver skull specimen equipped with fiducial markers. The matching comparison was based on the fiducial registration error. For the clinical evaluation, the laboratory setup was transferred to the operating room.
  
  
  METHODS
  Noninvasive registration of the skull by using A-mode ultrasound in computer-aided surgery (practical and clinical measurements).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy tests on the human skull specimen revealed that the mean +/- SD fiducial registration error was 1.00 +/- 0.19 mm in the best series for A-mode ultrasound surface matchings and was robust with respect to different sets of surface points. The mean +/- SD root mean square error from the 12 A-mode ultrasound matchings in the patient study was 0.49 +/- 0.20 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A-mode ultrasound surface matching can be used as a noninvasive and accurate registration procedure in computer-aided surgery of the head.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amstutz
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caversaccio
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowal
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bächler
authors.forename: Lutz-Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Häusler
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Styner
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002754:Choanal Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017090:Occlusal Splints; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*