title: Acute endotoxemia in rats induces down-regulation of V2 vasopressin receptors and aquaporin-2 content in the kidney medulla.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotoxemia can lead to fluid metabolism alterations despite unchanged or elevated plasma vasopressin (VP) levels, suggesting a refractoriness of the kidney to the effect of the peptide. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection on the expression of V2 receptors and aquaporin-2 in the kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma VP and urine osmolality, and binding of [3H]VP to kidney membranes, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis of aquaporin-2, in situ hybridization for V2 VP receptors and cytokines mRNAs were measured in the kidney 3 to 24 hours after LPS injection, 250 microg/100 g, intraperitoneally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS injection caused prolonged decreases in urine osmolality (up to 24 hours) without significant changes in plasma levels of sodium or VP. This was associated with marked decreases in V2 VP receptor mRNA and VP receptor number in the kidney, which were evident for up to 12 hours after LPS injection. Aquaporin-2 in kidney inner medulla was also reduced by about 50%. LPS induced interleukin (IL)-1beta in the kidney medulla by 3 hours, reached maximum at 6 hours, and started to decline by 12 hours, while it increased IL-6 mRNA significantly only at 3 hours. Interleukin mRNA expression was absent in kidneys of control rats. In vitro incubation of kidney medulla slices with IL-1beta reduced VP binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inflammatory response to acute endotoxemia down regulates V2 VP receptors and aquaporin-2 of the kidney inner medulla resulting in prolonged impairment of the renal capacity to concentrate urine.
authors.affiliation: Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1862, USA.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grinevich
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knepper
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verbalis
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Greti
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilera
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007671:Kidney Concentrating Ability / Q000502:physiology; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D014316:Tritium; D014556:Urine; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: C496025:Aqp2 protein, rat; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D020346:Aquaporins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D014316:Tritium; D014667:Vasopressins; D012964:Sodium