title: Human sperm subpopulations: relationship between functional quality and protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human semen is composed of a heterogeneous population of sperm with varying degrees of structural and functional differentiation and normality, which result in subpopulations of different quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a discontinuous Percoll gradient, we separated three subsets of sperm [(45%; L45), (65%; L65) and (90%; L90) fractions] from normozoospermic human semen samples from healthy donors and proceeded to characterize their morphology, motility and hyperactivation, as well as their ability to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation under capacitating conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, sperm isolated from the lowest density layer (L45) showed the poorest quality, displaying the smallest percentage of morphologically normal and motile sperm. During a capacitating incubation, this subset of cells also showed deficient capacity to undergo hyperactivation and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Conversely, sperm isolated from the other layers (L65 and L90) showed a time-dependent progressive increment in tyrosine phosphorylation, establishing statistically significant differences with sperm from L45. The tyrosine phosphorylation deficiency of L45 sperm could be overcome when sperm from that fraction were stimulated with activators of the cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) pathway (dbcAMP + pentoxifylline), pointing to the sperm's plasma membrane as the main site of such deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor quality sperm isolated from a Percoll gradient display an intrinsic tyrosine phosphorylation deficiency, possibly caused by a plasma membrane defect, which is associated with their inability to undergo normal capacitation and, ultimately, acquire optimal fertilizing potential.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Estudios en Reproducción, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Buffone
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Doncel
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Marín Briggiler
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Levin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Calamera
mesh_terms: D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D003102:Colloids; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011205:Povidone; D012016:Reference Values; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014443:Tyrosine; D003994:Bucladesine; C016039:Percoll; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D011205:Povidone; D010431:Pentoxifylline