title: Emissions from a controlled fire in municipal solid waste bales.
abstract: Environmental and safety aspects of seasonal storage of baled municipal solid waste to be used as fuel for energy production (waste fuel), was investigated and experiments were carried out on burning of bales. The flammability, combustion processes and emissions were studied by simulating, in small-scale, potential effects of a possible fire in full-scale bale storage area. Despite the high water content and the high density of the bales, after setting fire, the bales burned well, even though no risk for self-ignition exists. The following parameters of the combustion product were measured continuously: O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, THC, smoke gas rate and the temperature of the smoke. Soot particles in the smoke were collected and analysed for Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co, Sb and V concentrations. The analysis of the moisture content, concentrations of Hg, Cd, HCl, HF, HBr, NH3, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated and brominated dioxins (PCDD/F and PBrDD/F, respectively) were carried out. It was found that the PCDD/F levels (TEQs) varied according to the system used: 12.53 ng (I-TEF-88)/Nm3; 14.09 ng (I-TEF-99)/Nm3; 13.86 ng (Eadons)/Nm3. The PAH concentration was 3.04 microg/Nm3. The contents of the metals in the smoke (with the exceptions of Pb and Cd with mean values of 1.74 and 0.36 mg/m3, respectively) were below the limit values established by the Swedish Ministry of Environment for emissions from incineration plants [Swedish Ministry of Environment, (2002:1060), Förordning 2002:1060 om avfallsförbränning. Available from http://www.notisum.se/rnp/SLS/LAG/20021060.HTM]/EU-directive [(2000/76/EC), Directive 2000/76/EC, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the Incineration of Waste. http://www.Scotland. gov.uk/library5/environment/iecda.pdf]. The HCl concentration was 10 times higher than the limit value (mean value of 99 mg/m3).
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, SE-391 82, Sweden. diauddin.nammari@hik.se
authors.forename: Diauddin R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nammari
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hogland
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nimmermark
authors.forename: Viatcheslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moutavtchi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005390:Fires; D017745:Incineration; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants