title: Sodium bisulfite: scapegoat for chloroprocaine neurotoxicity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurologic deficits after apparent intrathecal injection of 3% Nesacaine-CE intended for epidural administration created concern about the potential toxicity of chloroprocaine and the preservative sodium bisulfite. Although bisulfite-free formulations of chloroprocaine were subsequently introduced into clinical practice, the relative toxicities of this anesthetic and preservative were never clearly established. The current studies used a relevant functional and histologic model to investigate the intrathecal neurotoxicity of these two compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, rats implanted with intrathecal catheters were given one of two commercially available solutions of chloroprocaine, one of which contained sodium bisulfite; control animals received saline. Animals were assessed for sensory impairment 7 days after administration using the tail-flick test and were killed to obtain histologic specimens to quantify nerve injury. In the second experiment, identical methodology was used to investigate the effects of freshly prepared solutions of chloroprocaine, chloroprocaine with sodium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, and saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two experiments yielded similar results. In experiment 1, tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores after administration of plain chloroprocaine were significantly greater than those of chloroprocaine containing bisulfite. Injury scores for animals receiving chloroprocaine with bisulfite were elevated compared with those for animals given saline. In experiment 2, animals receiving plain chloroprocaine developed elevations in tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores that were significantly greater than those for all other groups. Nerve injury scores with chloroprocaine containing bisulfite were greater than with saline or bisulfite alone. Tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores with bisulfite alone were similar to those with saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical deficits associated with unintentional intrathecal injection of chloroprocaine likely resulted from a direct effect of the anesthetic, not the preservative. The data also suggest that bisulfite can reduce neurotoxic damage induced by intrathecal local anesthetic.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bollen
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drasner
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013447:Sulfites / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013447:Sulfites; D011343:Procaine; C004616:chloroprocaine; C009279:sodium bisulfite