title: [Acute exposure to imidazoline derivatives in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study acute exposure to imidazoline derivatives in 72 children younger than 15 years of age, followed-up from January 1994 to December 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of 72 patients with age between 2 months and 13 years (median 2 years; 25-75% = 1 to 3 years old) exposed to naphazoline (N = 48), fenoxazoline (N = 18), oxymetazoline (N = 5) and tetrahydrozoline (N = 1), through oral (N = 46), nasal (N = 24) or unknown (N = 2) routes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven children developed clinical manifestations such as somnolence (N = 34/57), sweating (N = 20/57), pallor (N = 17/57), hypothermia (N = 16/57), bradycardia (N = 13/57), cool extremities (N = 9/57), restlessness (N = 7/57), tachycardia (N = 6/57), vomiting (N = 5/57), irregular respiratory pattern and apnea (N = 5/57), miosis/mydriasis (N = 4/57). Naphazoline was the active ingredient most frequently involved (N = 47), followed by fenoxazoline (N = 5) and oxymetazoline (N = 4). The onset of clinical manifestations was rapid, beginning within 2 hours after exposure in 32/57 children. Only supportive measures were employed, with one child requiring mechanical ventilation after accidental naphazoline ingestion. In most of the children resolution of symptoms occurred within 24 hours (N = 39/57). No deaths were observed. Patients exposed to naphazoline (N = 47/48) presented a higher frequency of clinical signs of poisoning in comparison with those exposed to fenoxazoline (N = 5/18) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the frequency of patients who presented clinical manifestations considering the route of exposure [oral (N = 34/46), nasal (N = 21/24); p = 0.31].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most children (especially those younger than 3 years) exposed to imidazoline derivatives (especially naphazoline) presented early signs of poisoning regardless of the exposure route (nasal or oral). The main signs observed were nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Most children showed complete resolution of the symptoms within 24 hours.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. bucaret@fcm.unicamp.br
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bucaretchi
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dragosavac
authors.forename: Ronan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000506:poisoning*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009278:Naphazoline / Q000506:poisoning; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000506:poisoning*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D010109:Oxymetazoline / Q000506:poisoning; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D010109:Oxymetazoline; C040400:fenoxazoline; D009278:Naphazoline