title: Universal antenatal screening for syphilis: is it still justified economically? A 10-year retrospective analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because universal prenatal screening for syphilis has recently been called into question, we documented the development of syphilis in Austria and analysed the effectiveness of current antenatal syphilis screening practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of syphilis in Austria and Vienna was determined based on the data published by the Austrian Bureau of National Statistics (Statistik Austria) and the Vienna Health Authority (Gesundheitsamt Wien, MA15), respectively. The data obtained for Vienna were then compared with those for the remaining eight federal provinces. Also, we retrospectively analysed a total of 34,312 sera obtained between 1988 and 1999 from women screened for syphilis at delivery at the laboratory of the Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna. Serological screening was done with both the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) assays. Finally, we determined the number of cases of congenital syphilis diagnosed in Vienna between 1988 and 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the past 10 years, the annual number of reported syphilis cases has remained fairly constant. In 1999 and 2000, there were 8.1 and 11.0 notifications of syphilis per 100,000 inhabitants in the capital Vienna, compared with 0.7 and 0.9 in the remaining provinces with a mainly rural character. At delivery, there were 96 cases of maternal syphilis that were both TPHA- and fluorescent treponemal absorption (FTA-ABS)-reactive, corresponding to a seroprevalence of 2.8 per 1000 births. Only 24 of the TPHA-reactive sera were VDRL-reactive. In Vienna, there were three stillbirth deliveries due to congenital syphilis and six cases of confirmed congenitally syphilis between 1988 and 1999.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Universal syphilis screening may no longer be justified economically. The usefulness of VDRL-based syphilis screening should be reassessed. The screening focus should shift to regions with a high seroprevalence of syphilis. Universal syphilis screening does not appear warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. herbert.kiss@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geusau
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Husslein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D016508:Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013588:Syphilis Serodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014505:Urban Population