title: Social participation, social capital and daily tobacco smoking: a population-based multilevel analysis in Malmö, Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of contextual and individual factors on daily tobacco smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The public-health survey in Malmö 1994 is a cross-sectional study. A total of 5600 individuals aged 20-80 years were invited to answer a postal questionnaire. The participation rate was 71%. A multilevel logistic regression model, with individuals at the first level and neighbourhoods at the second, was performed. We analysed the effect (intra-area correlation, cross-level modification and odds ratios) of individual and neighbourhood factors on smoking after adjustment for individual factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neighbourhood factors accounted for 2.5% of the crude total variance in daily tobacco smoking. This effect was significantly reduced when the individual factors such as education were included in the model. However, individual social capital, measured by social participation, only marginally affected the total neighbourhood variance in daily tobacco smoking. In fact, no significant variance in daily tobacco smoking remained after the introduction of the individual factors other than individual social capital in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Malmö, the neighbourhood variance in daily tobacco smoking is mainly affected by individual factors other than individual social capital, especially socioeconomic status measured as level of education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. martin.lindstrom@smi.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moghaddassi
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bolin
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012922:Social Change; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology