title: Death and injury on duty--a study of South African police officers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sections of contemporary South African society are characterised by high levels of crime and interpersonal conflict. The South African Police Service (SAPS) is in the front line, with many deaths and injuries occuring among serving officers in recent years. The circumstances and nature of the injuries sustained by these officers have received little attention in the medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all injured SAPS members was undertaken at a single level one trauma centre in Johannesburg between June 1993 and June 2002. The following factors were recorded: demographics, mechanism and anatomical site of injury, mode of transportation to hospital, whether personal protection had been used, mortality, and return to work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-four SAPS personnel were admitted over a 9-year period. The majority (95%) were male and the median age was 31 years. One hundred and thirty-two were on duty and two were in transit to a place of duty when injured. Ninety-two (69%) were injured by gunshot, (including 3 attempted suicides and 9 injuries due to negligent discharge), 2 members were stabbed, 31 were involved in motor vehicle accidents, 2 in motorbike accidents, 1 member was struck by a car while directing traffic, 3 officers were injured by falls from a height, 2 members were injured in helicopter crashes, and 1 member required treatment for gas inhalation. Documentation on whether some form of personal protection was worn at the time of injury was only available for 43 of the 92 cases of gunshot wounds (47%); of these, only 15 (35%) were wearing a bulletproof vest. Use or non-use of a seat belt was documented by hospital staff for only 6 of the 31 officers (19%) injured in motor vehicle accidents. None of the 6 officers had been restrained by a seatbelt. Nineteen SAPS personnel (14%) died of their injuries, but the majority of surviving members returned to duty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an unacceptably high level of violence in South African society today and SAPS members regularly have to deal with dangerous or violent situations. There is a clear need to introduce a reporting system within the SAPS to record the use of personal protection by officers. Education needs to target SAPS members in order to enhance their use of personal protection. There is a further need to design and implement personal protection that will be universally acceptable by SAPS members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Plani
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bowley
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goosen
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000401:mortality; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016495:Police / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy