title: Demographic, pathologic, and toxicological profiles of 127 decedents testing positive for ephedrine alkaloids.
abstract: The relative toxicity of ephedra-containing dietary supplements is disputed. In order to ascertain the magnitude of the problem, we reviewed all autopsies in our Medical Examiner's jurisdiction, from 1994 to 2001, where ephedrine or any its isomers (E+) were detected. Toxicology testing results were tabulated and anatomic findings in E+ cases were compared to those in a control group of drug-free trauma victims. Of 127 E+ cases identified, 33 were due to trauma. Decedents were mostly male (80.3%) and mostly Caucasian (59%). Blood ephedrine concentrations were <0.49 mg/l in 50% of the cases, range 0.07-11.73 mg/l in trauma victims, and 0.02-12.35 mg/l in non-trauma cases. Norephedrine (NE) was present in the blood of 22.8% (mean of 1.81 mg/l, S.D.=3.14 mg/l) and in the urine of 36.2% (mean of 15.6 mg/l, S.D.=21.50mg/l). Pseudoephedrine (PE) was present in the blood of 6.3% (8/127). More than 88% (113/127) of the decedents also tested positive for other drugs, the most common being cocaine (or its metabolites) and morphine. The most frequent pathologic diagnoses were hepatic steatosis (27/127) and nephrosclerosis (22/127). Left ventricular hypertrophy was common, and coronary artery disease (CAD) detected in nearly one third of the cases. The most common findings in E+ deaths are those generally associated with chronic stimulant abuse, and abuse of other drugs was common in those with CAD. There were no cases of heat stroke or rhabdomyolysis. In most cases, norephedrine was not detected, suggesting it plays no role in ephedrine toxicity.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, 200 East 33rd Street, Apt 19-I, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Blechman
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Karch
authors.forename: Boyd G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000473:pathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000097:blood; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood; D009400:Nephrosclerosis / Q000473:pathology; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000032:analysis*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000032:analysis*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D009294:Narcotics; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D009020:Morphine; D004809:Ephedrine; D003042:Cocaine