Concept, strategies, and feasibility of noninvasive insulin delivery.
OBJECTIVE
To comprehensively review the progress to date on the development of alternative routes for insulin delivery.


METHODS
Study data were collected through a Medline review.


RESULTS
Proof of principle has been established for many routes of administration including dermal, nasal, oral, buccal, and pulmonary insulin delivery.


CONCLUSIONS
Of all the approaches to date, pulmonary delivery appears to be most feasible. Ongoing phase III studies will ultimately determine safety, tolerability, and efficacy before approval for clinical use.
Cefalu
William T
WT
University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA. cefalu@pbrc.edu
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016239:MEDLINE
D007328:Insulin