title: Cost-effectiveness of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (histoacryl) glue injections versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of acute gastric variceal bleeding.
abstract: The management of bleeding gastric varices has not been standardized. Although transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (cyanoacrylate) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of patients with bleeding gastric varices treated either by TIPS or cyanoacrylate glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or death for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 patients with bleeding gastric varices had TIPS; 23 patients had cyanoacrylate glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in patient characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the TIPS group, 15/20 patients had the procedure performed within 24 h of hemorrhage, and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of pulmonary edema, two cases of severe encephalopathy, and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per patient, with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) pulmonary embolism and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in patients who had TIPS (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of initial gastric variceal bleeding was $4,138 US dollars ($3,009-$8,290 US dollars) for glue versus $11,906 US dollars ($8,200-$16,770 US dollars) for TIPS (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this comparable group of patients, cyanoacrylate glue injection was more cost effective than TIPS in the management of acute gastric variceal bleeding. A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahadeva
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Millson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000191:economics*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000191:economics*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate