title: Concept, strategies, and feasibility of noninvasive insulin delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively review the progress to date on the development of alternative routes for insulin delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study data were collected through a Medline review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proof of principle has been established for many routes of administration including dermal, nasal, oral, buccal, and pulmonary insulin delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all the approaches to date, pulmonary delivery appears to be most feasible. Ongoing phase III studies will ultimately determine safety, tolerability, and efficacy before approval for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA. cefalu@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016239:MEDLINE
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin