title: Transcriptional reprogramming in murine liver defines the physiologic consequences of biliary obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the metabolic and histological responses to cholestasis are recognized, the consequences of impaired biliary flow on liver gene expression are largely undefined. We hypothesized that biliary obstruction results in transcriptional reprogramming that dictates the physiologic response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined global gene expression in murine livers 1-21 days following bile duct ligation. Total hepatic cRNA from experimental and sham mice was hybridized to Affymetrix gene chips. Gene expression data was analyzed by GeneSpring software and validated by Northern analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 92 genes over-expressed > or =2-fold at one or more time points following bile duct ligation. Functional classification of these genes revealed the activation of three main biological processes in a sequential and time-restricted fashion. At day 1, genes involved in sterol metabolism were uniquely over-expressed, including HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. This was followed by an increased expression of growth-promoting genes at day 7, the time point coinciding with peak cholangiocyte proliferation. In later phases (days 14-21), the liver over-expressed genes encoding structural proteins and proteases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcriptional reprogramming in the liver following biliary obstruction favors the activation of genes regulating metabolism, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling in a time-restricted and sequential fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Gregg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sabla
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bezerra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics; D008026:Ligation; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013261:Sterols / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D013261:Sterols; D002784:Cholesterol; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D010450:Endopeptidases