title: Nocturnal enuresis is a common complication following cardiac transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of nocturnal enuresis post-cardiac transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy two cardiac transplantations have been performed in children under 16 years of age. All recipients who were alive and over 4 years of age at the time of the study received a questionnaire about urinary symptoms; 54 of the 57 eligible children participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty five children had persistent nocturnal enuresis post-transplantation. Thirteen of them had previously attained reliable night-time dryness but developed secondary nocturnal enuresis following transplantation, with three subsequently regaining dryness at ages 8, 12, and 17 years; 10 were still wetting mean age 12.3. Twelve children had not achieved night-time dryness when transplanted (all were under 4 years of age at the time) and continued to wet. Only one of these children achieved dryness (at age 12 using oxybutynin); the other 11 remained wet at night at a mean age of 9.3 years. Twenty nine children were dry at night post-transplantation, but 21 of them had nocturia at least three times a week. There is a significant difference in age at transplantation between the primary nocturnal enuretic children (mean age 2.0) and the secondary nocturnal enuretic children (mean age 7.4) as well as between the primary nocturnal enuretic children and the non-enuretic children (mean age 9.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transplanting young children frequently delays the normal attainment of night-time continence or causes them to start wetting again. It should not be dismissed as a minor problem as it causes low self-esteem and is socially limiting. It is important families are aware it is a direct result of the transplantation process.
authors.affiliation: Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK. helen.leonard@lineone.net
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004775:Enuresis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*