title: Incomplete assessment of experimental cytoprotectants in rodent ischemia studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate preclinical testing (e.g., rodent studies) has been partly blamed for the failure of many cytoprotectants to effectively treat stroke in humans. For example, some drugs went to clinical trial without rigorous functional and histological assessment over long survival times. In this study, we characterized recent experimental practices in rodent cytoprotection experiments to determine whether the limitations of early studies have been rectified.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 138 rodent cytoprotection studies published in several leading journals (Journal of Neuroscience, Stroke, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism and Experimental Neurology) for 2000-2002 and compared these to those published in 1990. From each study we determined the ischemia model, age and sex of the animal, the histological and functional endpoints used, and the methodology used to assess intra- and postischemic temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight percent of recent studies used young adult rodents and most used males. Most studies (60%) did not assess functional outcome and survival times were often < or = 48 hr (66%) for focal ischemia and < or = 7 days (80%) for global ischemia. Over 60% of the experiments relied solely upon rectal temperature during ischemia and only 32.6% of ischemia studies measured temperature after surgery. The 1990 data were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many investigators ignore the need to assess long-term functional and histological outcome and do not accurately represent clinical conditions of ischemia (e.g., use of aged animals). In addition, intra- and postischemic temperature measurement and control is frequently neglected or inadequately performed. Further clinical failures are likely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Suzanne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: DeBow
authors.forename: Darren L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: MacLellan
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colbourne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D012377:Rodentia