title: Histological findings in experimental macular surgery with indocyanine green.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effect of different concentrations and application intervals of indocyanine green (ICG) on the retina in an experimental setting of macular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one porcine eyes were used within 5 hours after enucleation. The eyes were hemisected and the vitreous removed. Different doses of ICG (up to 1 mg) were applied over the trephined macula, and the remainder of the eyecup was filled with a balanced salt solution (BSS). Both the ICG solution and the BSS were drained after 30 or 60 seconds and the complete eyecup irrigated and filled with fresh BSS. The posterior pole was then illuminated with a standard surgical light pipe and light source at maximum power for 3 minutes. Both the ICG-treated retina and the nontreated surrounding retina were processed for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of the retina at different concentrations of ICG either for 30 or 60 seconds, followed by illumination, caused no histologically detectable damage compared with the controls. No microarchitectural disorganization or cellular disruption was detected. The vitreoretinal interface seemed unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previously described severe damage to the inner retina of human donor eyes could not be found with even higher doses of ICG in this porcine model. Although differences within the species may contribute to these contradictory results, it is conceivable that the postmortem time and the vitality of the tissue influence the outcome in this ex vivo system.
authors.affiliation: Center of Ophthalmology, Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. salvatore.grisanti@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grisanti
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szurman
authors.forename: Faik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gelisken
authors.forename: Sabin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aisenbrey
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oficjalska-Mlynczak
authors.forename: Karl Ulrich
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Bartz-Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000633:toxicity*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D007208:Indocyanine Green