title: The quest for surrogate markers of angiogenesis: a paradigm for translational research in tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis trials.
abstract: Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth and metastatic spreading in many experimental models, suggesting that anti-angiogenic drugs may be used to treat human cancer. During the past decade more than eighty molecules that showed anti-angiogenic activity in preclinical studies were tested in clinical cancer trials, but most of them failed to demonstrate any measurable anti-tumor activity and none have been approved for clinical use. Recent results stemming from trials with anti-VEGF antibodies, used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, suggest that systemic anti-angiogenic therapy may indeed have a measurable impact on cancer progression and patient survival. From the clinical studies it became nevertheless clear that the classical endpoints used in anti-cancer trials do not bring sufficient discriminative power to monitor the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs. It is therefore necessary to identify and validate molecular, cellular and functional surrogate markers of angiogenesis to monitor activity and efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs in patients. Availability of such markers will be instrumental to re-evaluate the role of tumor angiogenesis in human cancer, to identify new molecular targets and drugs, and to improve planning, monitoring and interpretation of future studies. Future anti-angiogenesis trials integrating biological endpoints and surrogate markers or angiogenesis will require close collaboration between clinical investigators and laboratory-based researchers.
authors.affiliation: Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. curzio.ruegg@isrec.unil.ch
authors.forename: Curzio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rüegg
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Meuwly
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Werffeli
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stupp
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D006133:Growth Substances