title: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation.
abstract: The mechanism by which TPA-induced PKC activity modulates osteoclastogenesis is not clear. Using a RAW(264.7) cell culture system and assays for NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, NF-kappaB reporter gene activity, and MAPK assays, we demonstrated that TPA inhibits osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The protein kinase C (PKC) pathway has been suggested to be an important regulator of osteoclastic bone resorption. The role of PKC in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, however, is not clear. In this study, we examined the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a PKC activator, on osteoclastogenesis and studied its role in RANKL-induced signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  RANKL-induced RAW(264.7) cell differentiation into osteoclast-like cells was used to assess the effect of TPA on osteoclastogenesis. Assays for NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, NF-kappaB reporter gene activity, protein kinase activity, and Western blotting were used to examine the effects of TPA on RANKL-induced NF-kappaB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and MEK/ERK and p38 signal transduction pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that TPA inhibited RANKL-induced RAW(264.7) cell differentiation into osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. Time course analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of TPA on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis occurs predominantly at an early stage of osteoclast differentiation. TPA alone had little effect on NF-kappaB activation in RAW(264.7) cells, but it suppresses the RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation in a dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, the suppressive effect of TPA on RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation was prevented by a conventional PKC inhibitor, Go6976. Supershift studies revealed that the RANKL-induced DNA binding of NF-kappaB complexes consisted of C-Rel, NF-kappaB1 (p50), and RelA (p65). In addition, TPA induced the activation of JNK in RAW(264.7) cells but had little effect on RANKL-induced activation of JNK. TPA also inhibited RANKL-induced activation of ERK but had little effect on p38 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that NF-kappaB activation is obligatory for osteoclast differentiation, our studies imply that inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by TPA is, at least in part, caused by the suppression of RANKL-induced activation of NF-kappaB during an early stage of osteoclastogenesis. Selective modulation of RANKL signaling pathways by PKC activators may have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of bone diseases associated with enhanced bone resorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Kirk H M
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Ming H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jiake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand; D051381:Rats; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate