title: Analysis of dihydrofolate reductase and reduced folate carrier gene status in relation to methotrexate resistance in osteosarcoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the impact of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and reduced folate carrier (RFC) genes on methotrexate (MTX) resistance in osteosarcoma cells in relation to retinoblastoma (RB1) gene status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of human osteosarcoma cell lines-either sensitive or resistant to MTX-and 16 osteosarcoma tumour samples were used in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In U-2OS MTX-resistant variants, and in other RB1-positive cell lines, MTX resistance was associated with increased levels of DHFR and with a slight decrease of RFC gene expression. In Saos-2 MTX-resistant variants, and in another RB1-negative cell line, development of MTX resistance was associated with a decrease in expression of RFC, without any significant involvement of DHFR. In osteosarcoma clinical samples, amplification of the DHFR gene at clinical onset appeared to be more frequent in RB1-positive compared with RB1-negative tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amplification of the DHFR gene may occur more frequently in the presence of RB1-mediated negative regulation of its activity and can be present at clinical onset in osteosarcoma patients. Simultaneous evaluation of RFC, DHFR and RB1 gene status at the time of diagnosis may become the basis for the identification of potentially MTX-unresponsive osteosarcoma patients, who could benefit from treatment protocols with alternative antifolate drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Ricerca Oncologica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. massimo.serra@ior.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reverter-Branchat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maurici
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benini
authors.forename: J-N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chano
authors.forename: C-M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hattinger
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Manara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasello
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scotlandi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picci
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006602:Hexosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; C548699:SLC19A1 protein, human; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D006602:Hexosyltransferases; C085652:O-antigen polymerase; D008727:Methotrexate