title: The influence of porcelain layer thickness on the final shade of ceramic restorations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ceramic restorations should be made of porcelain layers of different opacity, shade, and thickness in order to provide a natural appearance. By means of CAD/CAM layering technology such as CICERO, it is feasible to produce all-ceramic crowns with porcelain layers of predetermined thickness. However, it is not yet known whether changes in thickness of these porcelain layers within the clinically available space can perceivably influence the overall shade of the restoration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine, quantitatively, the effect of different thickness ratios of opaque porcelain (OP) and translucent porcelain (TP) layers on the overall shade of all-ceramic specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CIELAB values of 5 assembled specimens, each consisting of 2 or 3 discs (CORE 0.70 mm/OP--0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 mm/TP 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, or 0 mm) were determined with a spectrophotometer for the Vita shades A1, A2, and A3. Distilled water was used to attain optical contact between the layers. Black or white backgrounds were used to assess the influence of the background on the final shade. Color differences (DeltaE) between layered specimens were determined. Correlation between the thickness ratio and the L*, a*, and b* values was calculated by 2-tailed Spearman correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that small changes in OP/TP thickness ratio can perceivably influence the final shade of the layered specimens (DeltaE>1). Redness a* and yellowness b* increased with the thickness of OP for all shades. Redness a* (P<.01 for all shades) correlated more strongly with thickness than yellowness b* (P<.01 for A1 and A3; P<.05 for A2). The lightness (L*) was shade dependent. The correlation (r) between OP/TP thickness and L* was 0.975 (P<.01) for shade A1, 0.700 (not statistically significant) for shade A2, and 0.900 (P<.05) for shade A3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small changes in thickness and shade of opaque and translucent porcelain layers can influence the final shade of the layered porcelain specimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials Science, ACTA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. almadozic@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dozić
authors.forename: Cornelis Johannes
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kleverlaan
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meegdes
authors.forename: Jef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Zel
authors.forename: Albert Joseph
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Feilzer
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D008422:Materials Testing; D017797:Prosthesis Coloring; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain