title: Reduction of osteophyte formation and synovial thickening by adenoviral overexpression of transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein inhibitors during experimental osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by osteophyte development, fibrosis, and articular cartilage damage. Effects of exogenous transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) isoforms and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) suggest a role for these growth factors in the pathogenesis of OA. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of endogenous TGFbeta and BMP during papain-induced OA-like changes in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used adenoviral overexpression of TGFbeta and BMP antagonists to block growth factor signaling. An adenovirus expressing a secreted, pan-specific TGFbeta antagonist called murine latency-associated peptide 1 (mLAP-1) was used. In addition, we used intracellular inhibitory Smad6 as a BMP antagonist and Smad7 as a TGFbeta/BMP inhibitor. Papain was injected into the knee joints of C57BL/6 mice to induce osteophyte development, synovial thickening, and articular cartilage proteoglycan (PG) loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraarticular injection of papain caused increased protein expression of several TGFbeta and BMP isoforms in synovium and cartilage. Adenovirus transfection into the joint resulted in a strong expression of the transgenes in the synovial lining. Overexpression of mLAP-1, Smad6, and Smad7 led to a significant reduction in osteophyte formation compared with that in controls. Smad6 and Smad7 overexpression also significantly decreased synovial thickening. Furthermore, the secreted TGFbeta inhibitor mLAP-1 increased articular cartilage PG loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate a pivotal role of endogenous TGFbeta in the development of osteophytes and synovial thickening, implicating endogenous TGFbeta in the pathogenesis of OA. In contrast, the prevention of cartilage damage by endogenous TGFbeta signifies the protective role of TGFbeta in articular cartilage. This is the first study to demonstrate that endogenous BMPs are involved in osteophyte formation and synovial thickening in experimental OA.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scharstuhl
authors.forename: Elly L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Vitters
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van der Kraan
authors.forename: Wim B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008907:Mink; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010206:Papain; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019076:Transgenes / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; C525817:Bmp6 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011509:Proteoglycans; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D010206:Papain