title: A severe methaemoglobinemia induced by nitrates: a case report.
abstract: Methaemoglobinemia is a disorder in which the haemoglobin molecule is functionally altered and prevented from carrying oxygen. A variety of aetiologies including genetic, dietary, idiopathic and toxicological sources may cause methaemoglobinemia. Symptoms vary from mild headache to coma or death, and may not correlate with measured methaemoglobin concentrations. Patients with methaemoglobinemia appear deeply cyanotic, but are unresponsive to standard oxygen therapy. It is essential for the clinician to recognize the problem rapidly in patients without hypoxia by analysing their arterial blood gas. Methaemoglobin interferes with the accuracy of pulse oximetry. The antidote is methylene blue. We report a very unusual and dramatic case of methaemoglobinemia. A 23-year-old girl who arrived in the emergency department in a state of confusion with intense cyanosis. The night before she had drunk water with ice defiled by ammonium nitrate, poured from a broken pack of instant ice. The absence of improvement after the administration of oxygen and the 'chocolate brown' colour of the arterial blood gave us the most important clue in suspecting the diagnosis of methaemoglobinemia.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Composampiero Hospital, Padova, Italy. fb.em@libero.it
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brunato
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Garziera
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briguglio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D008751:Methylene Blue; C006568:ammonium nitrate