title: Preoperative parameters expanding the indication of sphincter preserving surgery in patients with advanced low rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the preoperative parameters of the required distal margin that can be applied to the criteria of sphincter-preserving surgery in rectal cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although aggressive sphincter-preserving surgery, including intersphincteric resection, is beginning to be applied to low rectal tumors, unexpected distal cancer spread might undermine local control in patients undergoing such a procedure. The 'two-centimeter rule' of distal clearance is predominant at present, whereas preoperative criteria to determine the individual required distal margin have not yet been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, by reviewing 556 rectal cancers, promising risk parameters of intramural distal spread (IM) were selected and, subsequently, such parameters were examined in regard to whether they could be evaluated preoperatively. Furthermore, 80 patients with lower rectal cancers located above the anal canal who were undergoing abdominoperineal resection were reviewed as to whether IM risk factors could be used as criteria to identify the low rectal cancer with or without anal canal involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IM was observed in 10.6% (IM >or= 10 mm: 2.3%) of the patients examined, and the incidence was higher in tumors with certain unfavorable histologic characteristics, including tumor "budding," in their submucosal region at the distal edge (24.4%) than in those with no such histology (5.3%). Regarding such unfavorable histology as IM risk factor, together with 3/4 or more annularity and type 3 gross appearance, IM rates were 3.3% (IM >or= 10 mm: 0.5%) in the no-risk group, 9.1% (IM >or= 10 mm: 1.7%) in the one-risk group, and 29.1% (IM >or= 10mm: 7.8%) in the multiple-risks group. These results were reproduced well even if such risk factors were evaluated endoscopically or histologically on preoperative biopsy specimens. Furthermore, no anal canal involvement was observed in 32 tumors without IM risk; however, microscopic cancer spread down to the anal canal, including that into outside of the internal sphincter muscle, was observed in 9.1% of tumors with one IM risk and in 26.7% of multiple-risk tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative evaluation of particular parameters related to IM enabled the accurate selection of rectal cancer to which the one-centimeter rule of distal clearance can be applied. This could allow us to expand the indication of sphincter preservation for very low rectal cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan. ueno@me.ndmc.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Yojiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shinto
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hase
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome