title: Level II lymph nodes and radiation-induced xerostomia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of the cranial border of electively irradiated Level II lymph nodes on xerostomia in patients with oropharyngeal cancer using three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (3D-CRT and IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The target volumes and organs at risk were delineated on the planning CT scans of 12 patients. Two elective target volumes were delineated. The first had the transverse process of the C1 atlas and the second had the transverse process of the C2 axis as cranial border of the Level II lymph nodes. 3D-CRT and IMRT planning were performed for both elective volumes, resulting in two plans per patient and technique, called the C1 and C2 plans, respectively. Irradiation of the ipsilateral elective volume up to C1 and the contralateral up to C2 was also performed for IMRT. The normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for xerostomia 1 year after RT was calculated using the parotid mean dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average mean dose +/- standard deviation (SD) to the contralateral parotid gland was reduced from 33 +/- 5 Gy for the IMRT C1 plans to 26 +/- 4 Gy for the IMRT C2 plans and from 51 +/- 6 Gy to 49 +/- 7 Gy for the 3D-CRT C1 and C2 plans, respectively. The associated NTCP +/- SD for xerostomia was 38% +/- 10% for IMRT C1 plans and 24% +/- 6% for IMRT up to C2 on the contralateral side, regardless of which cranial border was irradiated on the ipsilateral side. For the 3D-CRT C1 and C2 plans, an NTCP value of 74% +/- 12% and 71% +/- 15% was obtained, respectively. The NTCP for xerostomia of the ipsilateral parotid gland was 53% +/- 17% and 45% +/- 20% for the IMRT C1 and C2 plans and 89% +/- 11% and 87% +/- 12% for the 3D-CRT C1 and C2 plans, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lowering the cranial border of the Level II lymph nodes from C1 to C2, in the case of bilateral elective neck irradiation, could be considered on the contralateral side when the risk of metastasis on that side is very low. This is especially true when IMRT is used, because the relative reduction of NTCP for xerostomia 1 year after RT could be up to 68% compared with conventional conformal RT up to C1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. eleftheria@radth.med.uu.nl
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Astreinidou
authors.forename: Homan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dehnad
authors.forename: Chris H J
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Terhaard
authors.forename: Cornelis P J
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology*