title: The influence of storage and indenter load on the Knoop hardness of dental composites polymerized with LED and halogen technologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanical properties of light cured dental composites are greatly influenced by the light curing unit (LCU) used for the polymerization. Previous studies have shown that for some composites lower mechanical properties were obtained if light emitting diode (LED) LCUs were used for the polymerization instead of halogen LCUs. Previous studies have also shown that light cured composites improve their mechanical properties through a post-curing process after the initial illumination with the LCUs. Therefore, this study investigated the post-curing process, to ascertain if it can compensate for the lower mechanical properties of composites polymerized with LED LCUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Knoop hardness was measured for four dental composites (Z100, Spectrum, Definite, Solitaire2) polymerized with an LED LCU (LED63 prototype) or a halogen LCU (Trilight), directly after the curing process and after 5 days of storage. In addition, the load on the indenter was varied from 200 to 400 gf to investigate the influence of the load on the measured hardness on the top and bottom of the 2 mm thick samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general the Knoop hardness at the bottom of the stored samples, cured with the LED LCU, was the same or statistically significantly greater than for the samples cured with the halogen LCU. A statistically significantly lower (p<0.0001) Knoop hardness was obtained on the top of the samples if the composite Definite was polymerized with the LED LCU instead of the halogen LCU. The load of 200 or 400 gf on the indenter had a statistically significant influence (p<0.0001) on the measured Knoop hardness for the composite Z100. The Knoop hardness measured with an indenter load of 400 gf increased statistically significantly (p<0.0001) for all composites after the 5 days' storage, whether cured with the LED LCU or halogen LCU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The post-curing effect cannot compensate for the lower hardness of composites containing co-initiators if polymerized with an LED LCU instead of a halogen LCU. The indenter load had a statistically significant influence on the measured Knoop hardness of composites and has the potential to falsify results if not selected carefully.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Technology (IMT), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, Jena D-07743, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michaelis
authors.forename: Robin W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jandt
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003748:Dental Equipment; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D006219:Halogens; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012666:Semiconductors; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000528:radiation effects; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000528:radiation effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000528:radiation effects; D015040:Zirconium / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C421785:Definite composite resin; D006219:Halogens; D011108:Polymers; D012833:Siloxanes; C469658:Solitaire 2 composite resin; C467914:TPH spectrum; D013729:Terpenes; C083568:Z100 composite resin; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium