title: Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: The proportion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in the United States has increased from 16% of tuberculosis cases, in 1991, to 20%, in 2001. To determine associations between the demographic, clinical, and life style characteristics of patients with tuberculosis and the occurrence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, a retrospective case-control study was conducted. This study included 705 patients with tuberculosis, representing 98% of the culture-proven cases of tuberculosis in Arkansas from 1 January 1996 through 31 December 2000. A comparison between 85 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (case patients) and 620 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (control patients) showed women (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.25-3.13), non-Hispanic blacks (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.42-3.97), and HIV-positive persons (OR, 4.93; 95% CI, 1.95-12.46) to have a significantly higher risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis than men, non-Hispanic whites, and HIV-negative persons. This study expands the knowledge base regarding the epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and enhances our understanding of the relative contribution of host-related factors to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. zhenhua@umich.edu
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Foxman
authors.forename: Annadell H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Marrs
authors.forename: M Donald
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology