title: Common cold and influenza symptom management: the use of pharmacokinetic considerations to predict the efficacy of a twice-daily treatment for colds and flu.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the two pharmacokinetic studies reported here was to compare the relative bioavailability of an ibuprofen/pseudoephedrine modified-release capsule with each of the active ingredients given alone as standard formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of two open, randomised, cross-over studies, one single dose and one multiple dose, in healthy male volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers were randomised in a cross-over design to single or multiple doses of a combination of ibuprofen (600 mg) plus pseudoephedrine (90 mg) in a slow-release formulation and the individual active products alone as standard formulations; ibuprofen 400 mg, pseudoephedrine 60 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The single-dose study demonstrated that the bioavailabilities of ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine achieved with the slow-release formulation were not significantly different from those with standard tablets of each ingredient alone. In addition, mean plasma levels of ibuprofen predictive of clinical efficacy were achieved within 0.5-1 h and lasted for 10-12 h thereafter. The time required to reach clinically effective blood levels of pseudoephedrine was longer, starting at approximately 2 h. However, the plasma levels predicted that the clinical effect would then last for at least a further 12 h. Trough levels from the multiple-dose study showed that clinically relevant analgesic and decongestant plasma levels were maintained for 24 h during twice-daily dosing. The slow-release formulation was well tolerated with only mild adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood levels would predict that the present slow-release formulation of ibuprofen plus pseudoephedrine should offer reliable day and night control of cold and flu and sinus symptoms and be associated with a favourable safety profile.
authors.affiliation: Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK) Ltd. Mike.Stillings@ReckittBenckiser.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stillings
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sykes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D003139:Common Cold / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004809:Ephedrine; D007052:Ibuprofen