title: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical recurrence occurs in up to 30% of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We retrospectively compared preoperative transcutaneous ultrasonography and physical examination (PE) results in the detection of local-regional metastases (lymph node and soft tissue) in patients with thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of patients with thyroid carcinoma who underwent preoperative ultrasonography. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1, those undergoing primary thyroid/neck surgery; group 2, those undergoing reoperation for persistent disease; and group 3, those undergoing reoperation for recurrent thyroid carcinoma. For each group, we recorded the frequencies with which ultrasonography detected disease in a neck compartment (central or lateral) that was normal on PE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred twelve patients underwent operation for primary, persistent, or recurrent papillary (n=130), medullary (n=61), or follicular/Hürthle cell (n=21) carcinoma. Ultrasonography detected additional sites of metastatic disease not appreciated on PE in 21 (20%) of 107 group 1 patients, 9 (32%) of 28 group 2 patients, and 52 (68%) of 77 group 3 patients. The surgical procedure performed was altered by the information obtained from preoperative ultrasonography in 82 (39%) of the 212 patients. Of the 107 group 1 patients, cervical recurrence has been detected in only 6 (6%) at a median follow-up of 36 months, in spite of 67 (63%) having tumors larger than 2 cm or lymph node metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative high-quality ultrasonography detected lymph node or soft-tissue metastases in neck compartments believed to be uninvolved by PE in 39% of patients. Ultrasound findings altered the operative procedure in these patients, facilitating complete resection of disease and potentially minimizing local-regional recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kouvaraki
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Bruno D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Fornage
authors.forename: Beth S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Edeiken-Monro
authors.forename: Steven I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulou-Sellin
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography