title: Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes.
abstract: Subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) caused by adrenal incidentalomas is frequently associated with overweight and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome X may therefore be a clue to the presence of CS. However, the incidence of CS in this situation remains unknown. We have conducted a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of occult CS in overweight, type-2 diabetic patients devoided of specific clinical symptoms of CS. Two hundred overweight, type-2 diabetic patients, consecutively referred for poor metabolic control (HbA(1C) > 8%), were studied as inpatients. A first screening step was performed with the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) using a revised criterion for cortisol suppression (60 nmol/liter) to maximize the sensitivity of the procedure. A second confirmatory step of biochemical investigations (midnight plasma cortisol concentration, plasma cortisol circadian rhythm, morning plasma ACTH concentration, 24-h urinary free cortisol, and 4-mg i.v. DST) was performed in patients with impaired 1-mg DST. A third step of imaging studies was performed according to the results of second-step investigations. Fifty-two patients had impaired 1-mg DST. Among these, 47 were further evaluated. Thirty were considered as false positives of the 1-mg DST, whereas 17 displayed at least one additional biological abnormality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Definitive occult CS was identified in four patients (2% of the whole series) with Cushing's disease (n = 3) and surgically proven adrenal adenoma (n = 1). Definitive diagnosis remains to be established in seven additional patients (3.5%) with mild occult CS associated with unsuppressed plasma ACTH concentrations and a unilateral adrenal tumor of 10-29 mm in size showing prevalent uptake at radiocholesterol scintigraphy. In conclusion, a relatively high prevalence of occult CS was found in our study. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of the cure of occult CS on obesity and diabetes mellitus in these patients. Such studies might provide a rationale for systematic screening of occult CS in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Institut de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine en Aquitaine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Catargi
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rigalleau
authors.forename: Agathe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poussin
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ronci-Chaix
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bex
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vergnot
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gin
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabarin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone