title: Mobilization of opioid-containing polymorphonuclear cells by hematopoietic growth factors and influence on inflammatory pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leukocytes can control inflammatory pain by secretion of opioid peptides, stimulated by cold-water swimming or local injection of corticotropin-releasing factor, and subsequent activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons. This study investigated whether mobilization of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) enhances immigration of opioid-containing PMN and peripheral opioid analgesia in rats with Freund complete adjuvant-induced hind paw inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In circulating PMN of rats treated with G-CSF+SCF and sham-treated rats, opioid peptide content was measured by radioimmunoassay. Expression of adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD49d, CD18), in vitro migration in the Boyden chamber, and infiltrating leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Chemokine messenger RNA transcription was quantified by LightCycler polymerase chain reaction. Paw pressure threshold was measured at baseline, after cold-water swimming, and after injection of corticotropin-releasing factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  G-CSF+SCF treatment increased circulating PMN (11-fold, P < 0.05). Mobilized PMN had decreased content of beta-endorphin but not of Met-enkephalin per cell, down-regulation of CD62L, up-regulation of CD49d (but no change in CD18), and reduced migration toward higher chemokine concentrations (all P < 0.05). In the paw, one of four chemokine messenger RNAs was significantly expressed during the first 2 h of inflammation (P < 0.05), immigration of PMN and opioid-containing cells was slightly increased (1.5-fold, P < 0.05), and baseline paw pressure threshold, as well as paw pressure threshold increases induced by corticotropin-releasing factor and cold-water swimming, were unchanged (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-CSF+SCF mobilized circulating opioid-containing PMN but had a minor influence on cell migration and peripheral analgesia, probably because of the low expression of chemokines in the inflamed paw and one of the decreased beta-endorphin content in PMN.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätmedizin, Berlin, Germany. alexander.brack@medizin.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brack
authors.forename: Heike L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rittner
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Machelska
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beschmann
authors.forename: Nicolle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sitte
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000494:pharmacology; D002469:Cell Separation; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D017931:DNA Primers; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018925:Chemokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D009294:Narcotics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor