title: Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor after vascular injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine that controls cell-mediated inflammatory responses, is upregulated in atherogenesis; however, its functional contribution to lesion development has not been evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied the role of MIF on neointima lesion formation after wire-induced injury of carotid arteries in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that MIF expression was detectable in endothelial cells before injury and upregulated in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 24 hours after endothelial denudation. Three weeks after injury, MIF was predominantly found in endothelial cells and macrophage-derived foam cells. Neutralizing MIF with a monoclonal antibody resulted in a marked reduction of neointimal macrophages and inhibited transformation of macrophages into foam cells. Conversely, the content of SMCs and of collagen in the neointima were increased, amounting to a slight but not significant reduction in neointima and media size after 3 weeks of MIF monoclonal antibody treatment. Notably, serum levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor were increased in MIF monoclonal antibody-treated mice. In vitro flow assays revealed that MIF pretreatment of aortic endothelium enhanced monocyte recruitment and that the monocyte arrest induced by oxidized LDL is mediated by endothelial MIF, as shown by monoclonal antibody inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of MIF resulted in a shift in the cellular composition of neointimal plaques toward a stabilized phenotype with reduced macrophage/foam cell content and increased SMC content. This might be attributable to a reduction of monocyte recruitment mediated by endothelial MIF.
authors.affiliation: Kardiovaskuläre Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. cweber@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernhagen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zeiffer
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knarren
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roller
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bucala
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors