Validation of a model for evaluating outcome after traumatic brain injury.
OBJECTIVE
To validate a model that examines the contribution of premorbid variables, injury severity, and functional and cognitive status to outcome 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI).


METHODS
Cross-validation study using a larger, national, prospective, longitudinal sample.


METHODS
Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospitals at Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems centers.


METHODS
Two sample populations followed through acute rehabilitation to 1 year after TBI. The original sample included 107 patients, and the cross-validation sample included 294 patients. Participants were predominantly young men who had experienced moderate to severe TBI in motor vehicle crashes.


METHODS
Acute medical and rehabilitation care.


METHODS
Disability Rating Scale, Community Integration Questionnaire, and return to employment.


RESULTS
Structural equation modeling was used to compare the fit of the data to a path analysis developed through clinical use and previous research. Both samples provided adequate goodness of fit, supporting the model's validity. Injury severity affected cognitive and functional status, and cognitive and functional status significantly influenced 1-year outcome. Premorbid factors and injury severity did not directly influence outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
Both samples supported the proposed model, which was cross-validated. Injury severity indirectly influences outcome through its effects on cognitive and functional status. Although treatment to decrease injury severity is obviously important, concentrated rehabilitation interventions aimed at improving patients' cognitive and functional status may have a more significant impact on 1-year outcome and should be the focus of future research.
Bush
Beverly A
BA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, 1530 3rd Avenue S, CPM253, Birmingham, AL 35294-0018, USA. babush@uabmc.edu
Novack
Thomas A
TA
Malec
James F
JF
Stringer
Anthony Y
AY
Millis
Scott R
SR
Madan
Alok
A
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires