title: Infectious and uterus related complications during pregnancy and development of atopic and nonatopic asthma in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that environmental factors early in life, particularly related to hygiene and infections, seem to be involved in the increase of asthma and allergic disease observed recently in developed countries. The possible effect of these factors also in utero have yet to be completely clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between infective and uterus related complications during pregnancy, as well as related drug factors, with atopic and nonatopic asthma in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-controlled study enrolling 338 children with asthma and 467 controls, who had never suffered from wheeze or asthma. Fever episodes, flu episodes, threatened abortions and related drug factors were retrospectively assessed by parental report via a standardized questionnaire. Atopy was determined by skin-prick tests to 10 prevalent allergens at the time of examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flu episodes during pregnancy were significantly associated with development of asthma in children [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.91; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1-3.2], mainly with nonatopic asthma. Fever episodes showed similar results (aOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.2-3.9), but were associated with both atopic and nonatopic asthma. The effect seems mainly due to flu and fever episodes contracted in the third trimester. Exposure to isoxsuprine was significantly associated with asthma (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.08-2.19) while threatened abortions were more frequent in the asthma group than in controls, although the difference was statistically significant only when such events occurred in the second trimester (aOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.07-3.94). Both threatened abortions and exposure to isoxsuprine were associated only with nonatopic asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that prenatal infective complications may contribute to the development of asthma in children and show a possible role for a new risk factor for asthma, that is exposure to isoxsuprine. Therefore, larger prospective studies, capable of separating atopic and nonatopic asthma, would serve to confirm these results and to explain the possible mechanism through which these factors may act.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alessandri
authors.forename: S Miceli
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sopo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panetta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripodi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pingitore
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frediani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volterrani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012882:Skin Tests