title: Influence of prostate volume on dosimetry results in real-time 125I seed implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Achieving a minimal dose of 140 Gy to 90% of the prostate (D90) on postimplant dosimetry has been shown to yield improved biochemical control by 125I brachytherapy, and a D90 >180 Gy can be associated with increased long-term toxicity of seed implantation. Significant enlargement of the prostate on postimplant CT compared with the ultrasound (US) volume at implantation (CT/US ratio) has been associated with lower dose results, but other factors predicting for high or low doses are not well established. We determined whether the prostate size at implantation influenced the CT/US ratio results affecting postimplant dosimetry or predicted for D90 values <140 or >180 Gy in patients implanted with 125I in a community hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dosimetry results from 501 patients from 33 community hospitals were analyzed after full dose 125I implantation. Implant radioactivity was obtained from reference tables relating millicuries to prostate volume (PV). Seeds were placed under real-time US guidance with peripheral weighting in a uniform method for all prostate sizes. CT-based dosimetry was performed 1 month after implantation. Dose-volume histogram parameters were analyzed for volume effects, including D90, the dose to 10% and 30% of the rectal wall, and the dose to 30% of the urethra and bladder. The PV was defined as small (<25 cm3), medium (25 to <40 cm3), or large (> or =40 cm3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PV ranged from 9 to 79 cm3 (median 32.7). A D90 > or =140 Gy was achieved in 452 patients (90%). The median D90 was 164 Gy (range 90-230) and increased from 149.5 Gy in small prostates to 164 Gy in medium (p <0.001) and 176 Gy in large (p <0.001) prostates. A D90 <140 Gy occurred in 20% of small vs. 9% of medium and 3% of large prostates (p = 0.003). A D90 >180 Gy occurred in 7% of small and 10% of medium vs. 25% of large glands (p <0.001). The rectal dose increased significantly with an enlarging PV. The bladder and urethral doses increased from the small to medium PVs, although did not increase further in the large glands. The median CT/US ratios showed a significant volume relationship, decreasing with enlarging PVs, but were not associated with a D90 <140 or >140 Gy. The D90 results for <140 Gy and >140 Gy occurred at equal activities per volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ninety percent of patients implanted by community-level practitioners using reference tables and real-time US-guided implantation achieved a D90 outcome of > or =140 Gy. Significant differences in dose outcomes <140 Gy and >180 Gy occurred related to PV. Those with prostates <25 cm3 had a 20% frequency of D90 <140 Gy, unrelated to excessive postimplant volume enlargement or insufficient activity per reference table, suggesting that the activity-to-volume recommendations may not allow for much variance in final seed position. Such seed displacement may contribute to lower doses, most commonly in small glands. One may consider increasing the activity implanted in small prostates, because a D90 >180 Gy occurred in only 7% of these cases. Patients with glands >40 cm3 were 25% likely to have a D90 result >180 Gy and were at only 3% risk of a D90 <140 Gy. These patients may benefit from intraoperative dosimetry or a reduction in implant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Boulder Community Hospital, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Lee K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McNeely
authors.forename: Nelson N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Presser
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chircus
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012007:Rectum; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra; D001743:Urinary Bladder
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes