title: Parental and birth characteristics in relation to testicular cancer risk among males born between 1960 and 1995 in California (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored birth and parental risk factors for testicular cancer, examining risk factors for all testicular cancers and by histologic type.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked 1645 testicular cancer cases to live singleton birth certificates, selecting three random controls per case, matched by sex and date of birth. We used conditional multiple logistic regression to assess the mutually adjusted effects of parental and birth characteristics on testicular cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sons of Black mothers had a lower risk than those of White mothers (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.12, 1.22). Increasing maternal age was associated with an increased risk in offspring (AOR=1.03 for each year of maternal age, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05). Sons of primiparous and low-multiparous women had increased risks compared to sons of high-multiparous women (AOR=1.22, 95% CI=1.04, 1.44; and AOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.12, 1.54, respectively). Among seminomas, term infants with birth weights of 1500-2499 g had a higher risk compared to term, normal birth weight infants (AOR=2.69, 95% CI=1.40, 5.17; p-value for homogeneity=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Markers of higher estrogen exposure in the mother (age and parity) are associated with increased testicular cancer risk, and factors associated with fetal growth retardation may be associated with seminoma testicular cancer.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Health Services, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Oakland, California 94612, USA. penglish@dhs.ca.gov
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Debbie E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001719:Birth Certificates; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology