title: Prospective evaluation of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia in relation to psychopathology: state versus trait phenomena.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although patients with schizophrenia have increased rates of neurological soft signs, few studies have examined prospectively their trait or state characteristics in relation to psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study of 97 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) we assessed neurological soft signs and psychopathology at presentation and at 6 month follow-up for 73 cases. To establish whether soft signs were associated with variations in clinical state, neurological soft signs were measured using two validated examinations (Neurological Evaluation Scale and Condensed Neurological Examination); psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in overall neurological function, primarily in motor-related and cortical signs, which were associated with improvement in psychopathology. Conversely, 'harder' signs were unrelated to improvement in psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia are heterogenous. Motor and cortical signs evidence state-like characteristics and vary with clinical course, while 'harder' signs evidence more static, trait-like characteristics in accordance with a neurodevelopmental basis.
authors.affiliation: Stanley Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: McTigue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feeney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Waddington
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014505:Urban Population