title: Effect of energy density on properties and marginal integrity of posterior resin composite restorations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal extent of cure required by the base of a Class 2 resin composite restoration (Z250, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) that allows it to support the rest of the restoration and maintain its marginal seal under simulated clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resin composite (Z250, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) was placed incrementally or in bulk into Class 2 preparations in extracted human molar teeth and exposed to various light-curing energy densities. The restorations were subjected to 1000 thermal cycles (5-55 degrees C) and 500,000 fatigue cycles from 18 to 85 N using a stainless-steel sphere. Marginal integrity was evaluated using visual rating (ridit analysis) and microleakage. Degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop hardness (KHN) were determined at the occlusal and gingival surfaces using a reusable tooth template with identical preparation dimensions. Percentage of maximum DC and KHN were determined. Mechanical properties were tested in resin composite bars having similar KHN values as the resin composite at the gingival margins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy density had a significant effect on gingival marginal defects as determined by ridit analysis but not on microleakage. Water had a significant dissolving effect on gingival margin integrity at very low degrees of conversion and energy densities (4000 mJ/cm2). There was no overall significant effect of thermal-mechanical stressing on gingival marginal defects or microleakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on ridit analysis, a recommended lower limit of gingival margin acceptability in the bulk-filled Z250 resin composite restoration was created by 80% of maximum conversion, 73% of maximum hardness and approximately 70% of maximum flexural strength and modulus in the gingival marginal area.
authors.affiliation: USAF Dental Investigation Service, 310C B St., Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA. kraig.vandewalle@ndri.med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Kraig S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vandewalle
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003763:Dental Leakage; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D016014:Linear Models; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018583:Pliability; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011874:Radiometry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C444701:Filtek Z250; D011108:Polymers