title: Closing the gap: effect of diabetes case management on glycemic control among low-income ethnic minority populations: the California Medi-Cal type 2 diabetes study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disparities exist in the diabetes health status of ethnic minority and/or low-income populations relative to other groups. A primary objective of diabetes management is to improve glycemic control. The feasibility of implementing intensive diabetes case management in disparate populations remains largely untested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical sites in three southern California counties serving low-income, ethnic minority populations participated in our study. We randomized 362 Medicaid (called Medi-Cal in California) recipients with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year to intervention (diabetes case management) or control (traditional primary care treatment) groups. Fifty-five percent of participants were minorities. Participants with HbA(1c) levels less than 7.5%, serious diabetes-related complications, or other serious medical conditions were excluded. We assessed the effect of the intervention (ongoing diabetes case management added to primary care) on glycemic control using serial HbA(1c) measurements over several years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of follow-up was 25.3 months. HbA(1c) decreased substantially in both groups from an average of 9.54-7.66% (a reduction of 1.88%) in the intervention group and from an average of 9.66-8.53% (a reduction of 1.13%) in the control group. This improvement was sustained throughout the study. The reduction in HbA(1c) was consistently greater in the intervention group at each time point (P < 0.001), ranging between 0.65 at 6 months and 0.87 at study end.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes case management, added to primary care, substantially improved glycemic control compared with the control group. Diabetes case management can help reduce disparities in diabetes health status among low-income ethnic populations.
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002140:California; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D009765:Obesity; D018579:Patient Selection; D011203:Poverty; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin