title: Peroxynitrite irreversibly inactivates the human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) in human breast cancer cells: a cellular and mechanistic study.
abstract: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) play an important role in the detoxification and metabolic activation of a variety of aromatic xenobiotics, including numerous carcinogens. Both of the human isoforms, NAT1 and NAT2, display interindividual variations, and associations between NAT genotypes and cancer risk have been established. Contrary to NAT2, NAT1 has a ubiquitous tissue distribution and has been shown to be expressed in cancer cells. Given that the activity of NAT1 depends on a reactive cysteine that can be a target for oxidants, we studied whether peroxynitrite, a highly reactive nitrogen species involved in human carcinogenesis, could inhibit the activity of endogenous NAT1 in MCF7 breast cancer cells. We show here that exposure of MCF7 cells to physiological concentrations of peroxynitrite and to a peroxynitrite generator (3-morpholinosydnonimine N-ethylcarbamide, or SIN1) leads to the irreversible inactivation of NAT1 in cells. Further kinetic and mechanistic analyses using recombinant NAT1 showed that the enzyme is rapidly (k(inact) = 5 x 10(4) m(-1).s(-1)) and irreversibly inactivated by peroxynitrite. This inactivation is due to oxidative modification of the catalytic cysteine. We conclude that the reducing cellular environment of MCF7 cells does not sufficiently protect NAT1 from peroxynitrite-dependent inactivation and that only high concentrations of reduced glutathione could significantly protect NAT1. Thus, cellular generation of peroxynitrite may contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression by weakening key cellular defense enzymes such as NAT1.
authors.affiliation: CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 7000, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dairou
authors.forename: Noureddine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Atmane
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Lima
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dupret
mesh_terms: D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007700:Kinetics; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; C002385:linsidomine; D008981:Molsidomine; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D004229:Dithiothreitol