title: A multiparametric study of the action of mifepristone used in emergency contraception using the Rhesus monkey as a primate model.
abstract: Mifepristone is a potent agent used in emergency contraception (EC). In the present study, we examined the contraceptive efficacy of mifepristone used in EC and then, using the model of mifepristone-based EC, we investigated its mechanism of action in the rhesus monkey. Sexually mature females were allowed to cohabitate with male animals from 1600 to 900 h of any one day of days 8-17 of cycle without (Group I; n = 6) and with a single dose of mifepristone (Group II, n = 31, 25 mg per animal, subcutaneous) 72 h postcoitus. Blood samples from all animals of Groups I and II were used to determine the concentrations of estradiol (E), progesterone (P) and chorionic gonadotrophin in peripheral circulation for retrospective analysis of the days of ovulation and blastocyst implantation. Four out of six animals (66.6%) in Group I became pregnant, while all 31 monkeys in Group II failed to establish pregnancy along with marginal changes in serum concentrations of E and P. In the second part of the study, animals were subjected to the same experimental protocol followed by collection of endometrial tissue samples on cycle day 22 from animals of both Group I (n = 6) and Group II (n = 24). Endometrial samples were subjected to morphological analysis including mitotic index, immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), transforming growth factor beta1, estradiol receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, placental protein 14 (PP 14) and detection of apoptosis by terminal nick end labeling method followed by histometric analysis. The results were retrospectively analyzed between the two groups on the basis of the day of treatment after ovulation: early luteal phase (days 0-3 postovulation) and mid-luteal phase (days 4-7 after ovulation). Mifepristone used in EC in the present study resulted in general loss of functional integrity of epithelial compartment characterized by loss of secretory maturation, increased apoptosis and higher degree of degeneration along with decreased expression of VEGF, LIF, PP14 and ER, while PR level increased as compared to control samples. The vascular compartment appeared to be compromised along with affected morphological features and decreased expression of VEGF, LIF, ER and PR following the administration of mifepristone. It appears that mifepristone used in EC alters the physiological homeostasis in epithelial and vascular compartments of implantation stage endometrium rendering it hostile to blastocyst implantation. Furthermore, the degree to which the endometrial function is affected largely depends on the day of mifepristone treatment in a parameter-specific manner resulting in a higher degree of degenerative changes in samples obtained from animals who received mifepristone during mid-luteal phase of cycles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Jayasree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Latika
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: P G L
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lalitkumar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology; D003283:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003283:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic; D006023:Glycoproteins; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011506:Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D015735:Mifepristone