title: Screening for proteinuria in US adults: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease is a growing public health problem. Screening for early identification could improve health but could also lead to unnecessary harms and excess costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of periodic, population-based dipstick screening for early detection of urine protein in adults with neither hypertension nor diabetes and in adults with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov decision analytic model to compare a strategy of annual screening with no screening (usual care) for proteinuria at age 50 years followed by treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ARB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For persons with neither hypertension nor diabetes, the cost-effectiveness ratio for screening vs no screening (usual care) was unfavorable (282 818 dollars per QALY; incremental cost of 616 dollars and a gain of 0.0022 QALYs per person). However, screening such persons beginning at age 60 years yielded a more favorable ratio (53 372 dollars per QALY). For persons with hypertension, the ratio was highly favorable (18 621 dollars per QALY; incremental cost of 476 dollars and a gain of 0.03 QALYs per person). Cost-effectiveness was mediated by both chronic kidney disease progression and death prevention benefits of ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy. Influential parameters that might make screening for the general population more cost-effective include a greater incidence of proteinuria, age at screening (53 372 dollars per QALY for persons beginning screening at age 60 years), or lower frequency of screening (every 10 years: 80 700 dollars per QALY at age 50 years; 6195 dollars per QALY at age 60 years; and 5486 dollars per QALY at age 70 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection of urine protein to slow progression of chronic kidney disease and decrease mortality is not cost-effective unless selectively directed toward high-risk groups (older persons and persons with hypertension) or conducted at an infrequent interval of 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA. lboulwa@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: L Ebony
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Boulware
authors.forename: Bernard G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jaar
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tarver-Carr
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents