title: Estrogen receptor-alpha directs ordered, cyclical, and combinatorial recruitment of cofactors on a natural target promoter.
abstract: Transcriptional activation of a gene involves an orchestrated recruitment of components of the basal transcription machinery and intermediate factors, concomitant with an alteration in local chromatin structure generated by posttranslational modifications of histone tails and nucleosome remodeling. We provide here a comprehensive picture of events resulting in transcriptional activation of a gene, through evaluating the estrogen receptor-alpha (NR3A1) target pS2 gene promoter in MCF-7 cells. This description integrates chromatin remodeling with a kinetic evaluation of cyclical networks of association of 46 transcription factors with the promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. We define the concept of a "transcriptional clock" that directs and achieves the sequential and combinatorial assembly of a transcriptionally productive complex on a promoter. Furthermore, the unanticipated findings of key roles for histone deacetylases and nucleosome-remodeling complexes in limiting transcription implies that transcriptional activation is a cyclical process that requires both activating and repressive epigenetic processes.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. raphael.metivier@embl-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Métivier
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Penot
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gannon
mesh_terms: D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics*; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D009707:Nucleosomes; D011506:Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases