title: A community based study of HIV in women in rural Gutu District, Zimbabwe 1992 to 1993.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and its relation to socio-economic and obstetric history factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 randomly selected villages in rural Gutu District, Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women of fertile age (15 to 44 years) in the selected villages were invited to participate. In total 1,213 women were interviewed and examined. On average 75% and 81% of those eligible in 1992 and 1993 respectively participated (range for villages 57 to 87%).
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV sero-positivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV prevalence was high, 21.9%. Single women below 20 years had the lowest prevalence (7.6%), while the highest (30.0%) was found in married women aged 20 to 29 years. Using a case-referent approach, women divorced, widowed or separated had twice as high a risk of being HIV positive as single women (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40 to 2.93). There was a huge difference in the prevalence of HIV between villages, from 8.4 to 32.8%, thus the risk of having HIV in the two villages with the highest prevalence was more than five times higher (OR = 5.21 and 5.31 respectively) than in the village with the lowest. The multivariate logistic regression confirmed the findings of an increased risk for women aged 20 to 39 years as compared with women 15 to 19 years, and for women that were divorced, widowed or separated as compared with single. It also confirmed that the huge difference in the prevalence found between wards was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women contract HIV early in marriage. Young men's risk behaviour needs to be addressed and women must be aware of their risks before marriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sundsvall Central Hospital, Uppsala University Hospital, Mid Sweden Research and Development Centre, Sundsvall, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nilses
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindmark
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munjanja
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology