title: A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin are found in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye where they are believed to protect it against oxidative and light damage. The amounts of these carotenoids consumed by premature infants are not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the investigation was to measure these carotenoids in human and formulae milks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 28 human milk samples were obtained at various times between days 1 and 41 of lactation from 13 mothers. Six formula milks commonly used in hospitals were also analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers who provided the milk samples had infants in the neonatal ward at the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in human milk were 4.79 (range 0.42-9.98) nmol/g fat and 0.55 (0.00-1.70) nmol/g fat, respectively. Five of the six formula milks also contained lutein and zeaxanthin with concentrations that varied over a wide range (0.7-9.7 and 0.1-1.2 nmol/g fat, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotenoid concentrations usually decreased with the duration of lactation. Some formula milks that were specially formulated for premature infants contained high concentrations of the lutein and zeaxanthin and the source may be egg yolk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  These studies were supported by the University of Ulster and the Northern Ireland Mother and Baby Appeal.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland. vc.jewell@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.forename: C B D
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: T R J
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tubman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Northrop-Clewes
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Thurnham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007494:Ireland; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012168:Retinal Pigments; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014975:Lutein