title: Induction of PIG3 and NOXA through acetylation of p53 at 320 and 373 lysine residues as a mechanism for apoptotic cell death by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
abstract: Two controversial issues regarding p53 are whether it is involved in apoptosis induction of tumor cells by a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and, given that p53 is indeed involved, which genes of acetylated p53 targets are responsible for giving rise to apoptotic death. We, in the present study, first confirmed that some substantial extent of apoptotic cell death was seen when p53-deficient cells (KATO-III) were transfected with wild-type p53 and treated with sodium butyrate (SB) or trichostatin A. By Western blotting, using specific antibodies, we then demonstrated that residues 320, 373, and 382 lysines of p53 were acetylated in KATO-III cells transfected with wild-type p53 (KATO-III/p53) treated with a HDAC inhibitor. However, as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining, only those KATO-III cells transfected with K320R p53 or K373R p53 became insensitive to the HDAC inhibitor, suggesting that these two residues of p53 may be essential for HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis, whereas others such as K382R p53 may not. Furthermore, reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that among various p53-related proapoptotic genes, expression of PIG3 and NOXA were clearly enhanced by SB treatment in KATO-III/p53 cells but not in KATO-III/K320R or KATO-III/K373R cells. Finally, we revealed that apoptosis could be evoked by SB even in cells where p53 mutations occur at residues other than 320 lysine or 373 lysine (TMK-1 and HSC-39 cells) and that this apoptosis was significantly, although not totally, suppressed by the anti-p53 antisense. It was, therefore, concluded that acetylation of the p53 molecule at residues 320 and 373, giving rise to up-regulation of PIG3 and NOXA, is one of the mechanisms for induction of apoptosis by HDAC inhibitors in cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terui
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Rishu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Tsuzuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niitsu
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018279:Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D002087:Butyrates; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C498702:PMAIP1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C411296:TP53I3 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C012589:trichostatin A; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D008239:Lysine