title: A biplane angiographic study on cardiac motion of coronary artery stents: options to minimize the target volume for high-precision external beam radiotherapy of coronary artery in-stent restenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-precision external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) has been suggested as a potential alternative to endovascular brachytherapy for the treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis. The purpose of our study was to investigate and compare different options to define a smallest feasible target volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cardiac motion of 17 coronary artery stents in 17 patients was studied by use of biplane conventional angiography, recorded during breath-hold. Each stent was reconstructed in three dimensions by use of biplane sets of frames covering an entire cardiac cycle. The volume traversed by the stent during the entire or part of the cardiac cycle was determined. Four options to define the stent-traversed volume (STV) as a target for high-precision EBRT were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean STV during the entire cardiac cycle was 3.5 cm3; the STV represented less than 1% of the heart volume in all patients. The STV during the diastolic and systolic phase resulted in a mean reduction of 26.6% and 29.1%, respectively, compared with the STV during the entire cardiac cycle. The smallest STV, measured during a 160-ms interval within the cardiac cycle, resulted in a mean maximal reduction of 75.9% compared with the STV during the entire cardiac cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The STV during the entire cardiac cycle represents a small potential target volume for high-precision EBRT. A significant reduction of this target volume is possible in case of definition during a selected interval within the cardiac cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. emleter@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leter
authors.forename: Johan C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schuurbiers
authors.forename: Peter J C M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Jolanda J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wentzel
authors.forename: Peter M T
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pattynama
authors.forename: Pim J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Feyter
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Serruys
authors.forename: Cornelis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Slager
mesh_terms: D017023:Coronary Angiography; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015607:Stents; D013599:Systole