title: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (SC-236) suppresses activator protein-1 through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aspirin exerts antitumor effect partly through blocking tumor promoter-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. The aim of this study is to determine how specific COX-2 inhibitor SC-236 mediates antitumor effect by modulation of AP-1-signaling pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  AP-1 transcriptional activity and DNA-binding activity were detected by luciferase reporter assay and gel shift assay, separately. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was determined by Western blot and in vitro kinase assay. Antisense oligonucleotide against c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) was used to suppress JNK expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that SC-236 inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (PMA)-induced cell transformation in a dose-dependent manner in JB6 cells. At a dose range (12.5-50 micromol/L) that inhibited cell transformation, SC-236 also inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth and AP-1-activation in 3 gastric cancer cells, independent of COX-prostaglandin synthesis. SC-236 down-regulated c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation and activity. Suppression of JNK activity reversed the inhibitory effect on AP-1 activity by SC-236 and suppressed gastric cancer cell growth, indicating that the inhibitory effect of SC-236 on AP-1 activation and cell growth was through interaction with JNK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhibitory effect on JNK-c-Jun/AP-1 activation contributes to the antitumor effect of COX-2-specific inhibitor, and inhibition of JNK activation may have a therapeutic benefit against gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. bcywong@hku.hk
authors.forename: Benjamin Chun-Yu
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Xiao Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Marie C m
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shui Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Jian Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Shi Hu
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Wai Man
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Man Fung
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Shiu Kum
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Hsiang Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kung
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007527:Isoenzymes; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human