title: 'Rage against the machine?': nurses' and midwives' experiences of using Computerized Patient Information Systems for clinical information.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computerized Patient Information Systems (CPIS) are used increasingly in health care, yet few studies have asked clinicians to describe their experiences of using these systems and what they mean to their practice and patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore clinical nurses' and midwives' perceptions and understandings of computerized information systems in everyday practice. The objective was to provide a detailed and faithful account of clinicians' experiences of using such systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative design was used, based upon interpretive phenomenology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13 focus groups involving 53 practitioners was conducted in hospitals across five Australian states with nurses and midwives from a wide range of practice settings. The participants ranged from Level 1 RNs to Clinical Nurse Consultants and nurses with an IT project management role.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study focuses specifically on clinicians' experiences of using CPIS to manage clinical information. Clinicians' experiences were characterized by digital disappointment rather than electronic efficiencies. Clinicians reported generally that computerization had neither enhanced their clinical practice nor patient care, nor had it improved patient outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants' experiences were predominantly negative and mostly critical of CPIS and their: perceived inability to capture 'real nursing', difficulty in use, incompatibilities, non-responsiveness and irrelevance to patient care and meaningful clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technological 'solutions' to health care problems are endlessly seductive and easily entrance policy and decision makers. Computerization will continue to impact upon clinical practice and cannot be wished away. Today's computerized systems may have been developed with scant regard for clinician end-users. A crucial issue facing everyone in health informatics is how point-of-care systems can be developed in ways that involve clinicians meaningfully and which recognize and respond to the complexity and subtlety of the world of nursing and midwifery practice.
authors.affiliation: Women's & Children's Hospital, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. philip.darbyshire@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darbyshire
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D001315:Australia; D003197:Computer Literacy; D003200:Computer User Training / Q000592:standards; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000592:standards; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000592:standards*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009341:Negativism; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards; D036301:Qualitative Research