title: Stable hopelessness and its predictors in a general population: a 2-year follow-up study.
abstract: Information on hopelessness at the population level is limited, and no previous studies have focused on its stability in a general population. We examined the stability and associated factors of hopelessness in a general population sample of 1,389 adults. More than half of those who were hopeless at baseline remained hopeless on follow-up. When those with a mental disorder were excluded, the relative risk for stable hopelessness in unemployed men was 7.2 (95% CI 2.6-19.9), in men with a poor financial situation it was 3.5 (95% CI 1.3-9.3), and in women with a poor financial situation it was 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-9.4). Awareness of the stability of hopelessness offers us newpossibilities in preventative and mental health work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. kaisa.haatainen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Kaisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Haatainen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanskanen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kylmä
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honkalampi
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koivumaa-Honkanen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hintikka
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antikainen
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention