title: Prolotherapy injections, saline injections, and exercises for chronic low-back pain: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of a prolotherapy injection and exercise protocol in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial with two-by-two factorial design, triple-blinded for injection status, and single-blinded for exercise status.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten participants with nonspecific low-back pain of average 14 years duration were randomized to have repeated prolotherapy (20% glucose/0.2% lignocaine) or normal saline injections into tender lumbo-pelvic ligaments and randomized to perform either flexion/extension exercises or normal activity over 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain intensity (VAS) and disability scores (Roland-Morris) at 2.5, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was achieved in 96% at 12 months and 80% at 2 years. Ligament injections, with exercises and with normal activity, resulted in significant and sustained reductions in pain and disability throughout the trial, but no attributable effect was found for prolotherapy injections over saline injections or for exercises over normal activity. At 12 months, the proportions achieving more than 50% reduction in pain from baseline by injection group were glucose-lignocaine: 0.46 versus saline: 0.36. By activity group these proportions were exercise: 0.41 versus normal activity: 0.39. Corresponding proportions for >50% reduction in disability were glucose-lignocaine: 0.42 versus saline 0.36 and exercise: 0.36 versus normal activity: 0.38. There were no between group differences in any of the above measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chronic nonspecific low-back pain, significant and sustained reductions in pain and disability occur with ligament injections, irrespective of the solution injected or the concurrent use of exercises.
authors.affiliation: Centre for General Practice and School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. myelland@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yelland
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Glasziou
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogduk
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schluter
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKernon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008023:Ligaments, Articular; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride