title: A nonparametric item analysis of a selected item subset of the learning process questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there have been numerous studies conducted on the psychometric properties of Biggs' Learning Process Questionnaire (LPQ), these have involved the use of traditional omnibus measures of scale quality such as corrected item total correlations, internal consistency estimates of reliability, and factor analysis. However, these omnibus measures of scale quality are sample dependent and fail to model item responses as a function of trait level. And since the item trait relationship is typically nonlinear, traditional factor analytic methods are inappropriate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify a unidimensional subset of LPQ items and examine the effectiveness of these items and their options in discriminating between changes in the underlying trait level. In addition to assessing item quality, we were interested in assessing overall scale quality with non-sample dependent measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was split into two nearly equal halves, and a undimensional subset of items was identified in one of these samples and cross-validated in the other. The nonlinear relationship between the probability of endorsing an item option and the underlying trait level was modelled using a nonparametric latent trait technique known as kernel smoothing and implemented with the program TestGraf. After item and scale quality were established, maximum likelihood estimates of participants' trait level were obtained and used to examine grade and gender differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A undimensional subset of 16 deep and achieving items was identified. Slightly more than half of these items needed some of their options combined so that the probability of endorsing an item option as a function of increasing trait level corresponded to the ideal rank ordering of the item options. With this adjustment, scale quality as measured by the information function and standard error function was found to be good. However, no statistically significant gender differences were observed and, although statistically significant grade differences were observed, they were not substantively meaningful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of nonparametric kernel-smoothing techniques is advocated over parametric latent trait methods for the analysis of attitudinal and psychological measures involving polychotomous ordered-response categories. It is also suggested that latent trait methods are more appropriate than traditional test-based measures for studying differential item functioning both within and between cultures. Nonparametric kernel-smoothing techniques hold particular promise in identifying and understanding cross-cultural differences in student approaches to learning at both the item and scale level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. jsachs@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Yin kum
authors.initials: Yk
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Carol K K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001077:Aptitude Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires