title: Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an analysis of 72,178 female nurses aged 45-72 years who did not have diagnosed diabetes and who answered the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) at baseline in 1992. We calculated relative risks (RR) of type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms (i.e., Five-Item Mental Health Index [MHI-5] score >52).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 4 years of follow-up (282,317 person-years), 973 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Age-adjusted RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms was 1.55 (95% CI 1.27-1.90). Additional adjustment for BMI resulted in a RR of developing type 2 diabetes of 1.36 (1.11-1.67). The multivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes was 1.22 (1.00-1.50). After excluding women diagnosed with diabetes between 1992 and 1994, 472 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented for the follow-up period from 1994 to 1996 (148,889 person-years). The multivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with depressive symptoms was 1.29 (0.96-1.72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that depressive symptoms are associated with a modest increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. carroyo@msm.edu
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009726:Nurses; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking