title: Seasonality of days open in US Holsteins.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to establish a pattern for the seasonality of days open (DO) by state and region within the United States and to present statistics on regional trends for DO. Data included 8,676,915 records on DO for Holsteins from 1997 to 2002 covering all regions of the United States. Fixed effects in the model included herd, parity, milk-class, state x month of calving (MOC), year of calving x MOC, and parity x MOC. Least squares means of DO were highest for calvings in March and lowest for calvings in September. The highest mean DO of 155 d was recorded in the Southeast, while the mean DO for the Midwest, Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest were 142, 141, 140, and 137 d, respectively. Variation in monthly averages of DO was highest in Southeast with a range of 51 d, and less than 25 d in all the other regions. Seasonality of calving was defined as the ratio of the fewest to the most calvings in months. The SOC was > or = 60% in Southeast and < or = 23% in the other regions. Selected states: Texas, Oklahoma, and Arizona in the Southwest and Missouri, Kansas, and Kentucky in the Midwest showed patterns of variation in monthly averages and seasonality of calving similar to those of Southeast. Distributions of DO were bimodal for some months of calving due to postponed breeding during the hot season or depressed fertility as a result of thermal stress; the second mode at > 200 d was highest in the Southeast but also could be observed in Texas, Wisconsin, and California. High level of heat stress for DO exists in the Southeast and in selected states of the Midwest and the Southwest; these regions contribute less than 10% of national records. A methodology for analyzing DO especially under heat stress needs to consider effects of intentionally delayed breeding--by using a model that accounts for bimodality, for example.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA. soseni@arches.uga.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oseni
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Misztal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rekaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009511:New England; D015205:Northwestern United States; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D015144:Southeastern United States; D015206:Southwestern United States