LC-MS analysis in the aquatic environment and in water treatment technology--a critical review. Part II: Applications for emerging contaminants and related pollutants, microorganisms and humic acids.
Environmental contaminants of recent concern are pharmaceuticals, estrogens and other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as degradation products of surfactants, algal and cyanobacterial toxins, disinfection by-products (DBPs) and metalloids. In addition, pesticides (especially their transformation products), microorganisms, and humic substances (HS), in their function as vehicles for contaminants and as precursors for by-products in water treatment, traditionally play an important role. The present status of the application of LC-MS techniques for these water constituents are discussed and examples of application are given. Solid-phase extraction with various non-selective materials in combination with liquid chromatography (LC) on reversed-phase columns have been the most widely used methods for sample preconcentration and separation for different compound classes like pesticides, pharmaceuticals or estrogens. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure ionization (APCI) are the most frequently used ionization techniques for polar and ionic compounds, as well as for less polar non-ionic ones. The facilities of LC-MS have been successfully demonstrated for different compound classes. Polar compounds from pharmaceuticals used as betablockers, iodinated X-ray contrast media, or estrogens have been determined without derivatization down to ultratrace concentrations. LC-MS can be viewed as a prerequisite for the determination of algal and cyanobacterial toxins and the homologues and oligomers of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites. Tandem mass spectrometric techniques and the use of diagnostic ions reveal their usefulness for compound-class specific screening and unknown identification, and are also valid for the analysis of pesticides and especially for their transformation products. Structural information has been gained by the application of LC-MS methods to organometallic species. New insights into the structural variety of humic substances have been made possible by FT-ICR-MS due to its ultrahigh mass resolution. Finally, exciting possibilities for rapid detection and identification of microorganisms have been made possible by MALDI and LC-MS methods.
Zwiener
Christian
C
Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. christian.zwiener@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de
Frimmel
Fritz H
FH
D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004967:Estrogens; D006812:Humic Substances; D010575:Pesticides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical