title: A prospective study of common bile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the incidence of problematic common bile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In patients selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the true incidence of potentially problematic common bile duct calculi and their natural history has not been determined. We evaluated the incidence and early natural history of common bile duct calculi in all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative and delayed postoperative cholangiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operative cholangiography was attempted in all patients. In those patients in whom a filling defect was noted in the bile duct, the fine bore cholangiogram catheter was left securely clipped in the cystic duct for repeated cholangiography at 48 hours and at approximately 6 weeks postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative cholangiography was attempted in 997 consecutive patients and was accomplished in 962 patients (96%). Forty-six patients (4.6%) had at least one filling defect. Twelve of these had a normal cholangiogram at 48 hours (26% possible false-positive operative cholangiogram) and a further 12 at 6 weeks (26% spontaneous passage of calculi). Spontaneous passage was not determined by either the number or size of calculi or by the diameter of the bile duct. Only 22 patients (2.2% of total population) had persistent common bile duct calculi at 6 weeks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and retrieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choledocholithiasis occurs in 3.4% of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy but more than one third of these pass the calculi spontaneously within 6 weeks of operation and may be spared endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment decisions based on assessment by operative cholangiography alone would result in unnecessary interventions in 50% of patients who had either false positive studies or subsequently passed the calculi. These data support a short-term expectant approach in the management of clinically silent choledocholithiasis in patients selected for LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Gerald C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002758:Cholangiography; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome