title: Radiofrequency ablation: modeling the enhanced temperature response to adjuvant NaCl pretreatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the effects of volume and concentration of adjuvant NaCl pretreatment on radiofrequency (RF) ablation and to model these results to determine their applicability to in vivo systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized 1-L 5% agar phantoms were constructed with central wells of varying volume that were filled with a protein-based polymer gel of varying NaCl concentration (0%-35%). RF ablation to the maximum system current output (2000 mA) was applied to internally cooled 2-cm electrodes placed in the center of the gel wells. Remote thermometry was performed 20 mm from the electrode. Temperatures generated within the phantom were then used to model the response surface by using regression analysis. The generated model was then applied to previously published in vivo data to determine its applicability to a porcine liver tissue model. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance to compare the temperatures reached with different NaCl concentrations and volumes with those reached without NaCl. In addition, modeled functions were evaluated for goodness of fit and the statistical significance of their coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NaCl volume and concentration had significant effects on RF-generated heating of the agar phantoms. The mean maximum temperature, 91.4 degree C +/- 0.8 (SD), was reached with 3.5 mL of 10% NaCl gel. This was significantly higher than the mean temperature reached in phantoms containing 0% NaCl gel, 40.3 degree C +/- 4.9 (P <.001). Heat increases to the maximum temperature correlated strongly with the deposited RF energy, with maximum temperatures limited by the current output of the RF generator. The response surface was defined by a generator energy-dependent region and a generator current-limited region, which were best modeled by a modified gamma-variate function and an exponential function, respectively (r2 = 0.92). This model correlated well with previously published in vivo data (r2 = 0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modulation of electrical conductivity has different effects on RF ablation response that are dependent on generator capabilities and the volume and concentration of NaCl pretreatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: S Melvyn
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Karim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Afzal
authors.forename: Muneeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kruskal
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenkinski
authors.forename: S Nahum
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride