title: Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review stressful experiences and stress reactions among child and adolescent refugees, as well as interventions and ethical considerations in research and clinical work, within the framework of the chronological experiences of child refugees; namely, the phases of preflight, flight, and resettlement. Highlighted are special refugee populations such as unaccompanied minors, asylum seekers, and former child soldiers. Pertinent medical findings are summarized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed articles from 1990 to 2003 addressing the topics above. Literature was gathered from databases including PsycINFO, Medline, and SocioFile. Pertinent earlier papers and those from other disciplines cited in database-identified articles were also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Child and adolescent refugees suffer from significant conflict-related exposures. Reactions to stress may be mediated by coping strategies, belief systems, and social relations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research is needed on interventions, specifically on efficacy and cultural relevance. Interventions that have an impact on multiple ecological levels need further development and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA. stuart.lustig@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kia-Keating
authors.forename: Wanda Grant
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geltman
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kinzie
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Glenn N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Saxe
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003419:Crisis Intervention; D003469:Culture; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D018453:Homeless Youth / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare