title: Contribution of adolescent and early adult personality to the inverse association between education and cardiovascular risk behaviours: prospective population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of early personality in socioeconomic inequalities in health is not well understood. We investigated the extent to which type A components in adolescence and early adulthood contributed to the inverse association between education and behavioural cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with a population-based random sample of 477 men and 648 women, aged 12-21 years at baseline. Baseline data included information on pathogenic and protective components of type A behaviours (impatience, aggression, hard-driving, and engagement-involvement) and parental education. The 9-year follow-up data included information on the participant's educational level and health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, butter use).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for parental education, high levels of impatience and low levels of hard-driving in adolescence and early adulthood predicted low educational level in adulthood (Ps < 0.01 for men, Ps < 0.001 for women). Adulthood education was inversely associated with smoking in women and men (odds ratios [OR] = 8.5 and 7.9, 95% CI: 3.4-18.4 and 3.1-23.9, respectively), and with physical inactivity in women (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 2.6-11.4). In men, components of type A behaviour explained 28.5% of the inverse association between education and smoking, even after controlling for parental education. In women, the corresponding proportions were 20.5% and 17.7% for smoking and physical inactivity, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inverse associations of adulthood education with smoking in men and women and physical inactivity in women may be partly rooted in personality-related factors present earlier in life. Our evidence suggests that personality should be studied as a potential contributor to socioeconomic differences in health behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Division of Applied Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkki
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elovainio
authors.forename: Marketta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010551:Personality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects