title: Prostate cancer: cryotherapy.
abstract: The incidence of prostate cancer has more than doubled in the last 10 years, and 220,900 new cases will be detected in 2003. This increase is due in large part to increased use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening, transrectal ultrasonography, and random biopsy of the prostate. The treatment of prostate cancer, however, remains controversial, and no consensus has been established as to what constitutes appropriate treatment for any stage of disease, especially for localized cancers. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or watchful waiting all have their advocates, and the risks and benefits of these approaches are discussed frequently. Skepticism about conventional treatments has stimulated patients and physicians to search for alternatives that are effective and associated with limited morbidity. Technologic developments have rekindled interest in cryotherapy as a viable alternative to other, more conventional localized therapies. Given the relative paucity of alternatives for patients who experience biochemical progression after radiotherapy, cryosurgery also may prove to be a good alternative for those patients whose tumors appear to remain localized despite progression. In addition, it appears that cryosurgery will play an increased role in the future management of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, 16100 Divisadero Street A634, San Francisco, CA 94143-1695, USA. katsutoshinohara@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Katsuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure