title: Protein-bound uremic retention solutes.
abstract: Protein-bound uremic retention solutes are molecules with low molecular weight (MW) but should be considered middle or high MW substances. This article describes the best known substances of this group, which include p-cresol, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propionic acid (CMPF), and homocysteine. At concentrations encountered during uremia, p-cresol inhibits phagocyte function and decreases leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. CMPF has been implicated in anemia and neurologic abnormalities of uremia. CMPF could alter the metabolism of drugs of inhibiting their binding to albumin and their tubular excretion. Indoxyl sulfate administrated to uremic rats increases the rate of progression of renal failure. Hippuric acid inhibits glucose utilization in the muscle, and its serum concentration is correlated with neurologic symptoms of uremia. Homocysteine predisposes uremic patients to cardiovascular disease through impairment of endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions. The removal of protein-bound compounds by conventional hemodialysis is low. Other strategies to decrease their concentrations include increase in dialyze pore size, daily hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, reduction of production or acceleration of degradation, and preservation of residual renal function.
authors.affiliation: EMI 0019, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerraneé, Marseille, France. pbrunet@ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerini
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003408:Cresols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005663:Furans / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006626:Hippurates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007200:Indican / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C468134:3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid; D001798:Blood Proteins; D003408:Cresols; D005663:Furans; D006626:Hippurates; D011422:Propionates; D006710:Homocysteine; C032538:4-cresol; D007200:Indican; C030514:hippuric acid