Possible mechanisms underlying the mitogenic action of heptachlor in rat hepatocytes.
The worldwide use of the organochlorine pesticide heptachlor has led to widespread contamination in the environment. Like many other organochlorine pesticides, heptachlor is considered to pose a threat to human health. It has been shown that heptachlor is a tumor-promoting agent, but the mechanisms involved still remain unclear. The negative response of heptachlor in in vitro genotoxicity test suggests that this pesticide displays its carcinogenicity through epigenetic pathways. With the growing evidence that proliferation accounts for the tumor-promoting effects of many agents, the purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the mitogenic activity of heptachlor in quiescent rat hepatocytes and to understand the properties of this compound as a tumor promoter in the liver. Heptachlor triggered significant proliferation in quiescent rat hepatocytes. Two mechanisms were delineated to support the mitogenic effect in the hepatocyte: activation of key kinases in signaling pathways and inhibition of apoptosis. Exposure to heptachlor led to activation of protein kinase C mitogenactivated protein kinases. Moreover, these results indicate that like many tumor promoters, heptachlor strongly inhibited TGFbeta-induced apoptosis and cytochrome c release into the cytosol. The levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were also increased in the presence of heptachlor. In conclusion, these results indicate that heptachlor alters basic cell function by interfering with key cellular signaling pathways.
Okoumassoun
Liliane-Eustache
LE
Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de Chimie, Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
Averill-Bates
Diana
D
Marion
Michel
M
Denizeau
Francine
F
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006533:Heptachlor / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008934:Mitogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
D008934:Mitogens; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D006533:Heptachlor; D045304:Cytochromes c; D004247:DNA; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases