title: Gender and the use of neuroleptics in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The oestrogen hypothesis proposes that the lower need for neuroleptic drugs in female schizophrenia patients is caused by the antidopaminergic effect of oestrogens, and that when oestrogen production decreases at menopause, the need for neuroleptic drugs increases in female schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oestrogen hypothesis was tested in a sample of 4338 schizophrenia patients (DSM III R), who were discharged from hospital and followed up for 3 years. Prescribed daily doses of neuroleptics (DDN) were recorded and converted to chlorpromazine equivalents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males had higher DDN than females. When the age at first admission (AFA) was controlled, DDNs were higher in males than in females in all age groups. In addition to AFA, DDNs were associated with duration of illness (DUI), education, smoking and clinical status as well as with concurrently prescribed antidepressants, anti-manics, sedatives and hypnotics, but these factors did not explain the gender differences in DDN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results did not support the original oestrogen hypothesis. It is proposed that testosterone secretion may explain why male schizophrenia patients are prescribed higher DDNs than female patients. Ageing processes in the central nervous system (CNS) may explain why DDNs decrease after middle age in both genders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland. raimo.k.r.salokangas@tyks.fi
authors.forename: Raimo K R
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Salokangas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone