title: Solvent effects in permeation assessed in vivo by skin surface biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transdermal drug delivery has become an important means of drug administration. It presents numerous advantages but it is still limited by the small number of drugs with a suitable profile. The use of solvents that affect the skin barrier function is one of the classic strategies of penetration enhancement. Some of these solvents have well characterised actions on the stratum corneum, but the majority are still selected using empirical criteria. The objective of this work was to conduct a systematic study on the ability to affect skin permeation of solvents commonly used in transdermal formulations. An innovative methodology in this area was employed, consisting of the combination of skin surface biopsy with colorimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study compared in vivo differences in the permeation of a hydrophilic (methylene blue) and a lipophilic (Sudan III) dye, after treatment of the skin with different vehicles. Consecutive skin surface biopsies of each site were taken and the cumulative amounts of the dyes in the stripped stratum corneum were measured by reflectance colourimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that the amount of methylene blue present in the stratum corneum varied significantly with different skin pre-treatments. Some solvents provided a 1.5 fold penetration enhancement but others decreased by almost half the permeation of the dye. The permeation of Sudan III was less significantly affected by solvent pre-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has only superficially explored the potential of the combination of skin surface biopsy and colourimetry, but the encouraging results obtained confirm that the methodology can be extended to the study of more complex formulations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia Experimental & UCTF-Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1600 Lisboa, Portugal. rosadocb@iol.pt
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosado
authors.forename: Luis Monteiro
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000032:analysis; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012997:Solvents; D008751:Methylene Blue