title: Neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as biological markers in MS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if CNS-derived proteins present in the CSF of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients reflect different pathologic processes of MS and if these proteins could be useful as biologic markers of disease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of the neurofilament light protein (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B, and the neuron-specific enolase protein (NSE) were determined in the CSF of 66 MS patients and 50 healthy control subjects with immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean levels of the NFL were increased during all stages of MS compared with controls (p < 0.001), peaking almost 10 times higher during acute relapses. The highest levels of GFAP were found during the secondary progressive course (p < 0.001) with a strong correlation with neurologic deficits (Expanded Disability Status Scale score, r = 0.73, p < 0.001). No increase of S100B or NSE protein was found in the CSF of MS patients compared with control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased level of NFL is a general feature of MS, indicating continuous axonal damage during the entire course of the disease with the most profound damage during acute relapses. GFAP may serve as a biomarker for disease progression, probably reflecting the increasing rate of astrogliosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malmeström
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lycke
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human; C044882:neurofilament protein L; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase