title: HIV and the transmission of Leishmania.
abstract: In many countries, Leishmania/HIV co-infection is now changing the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. The levels of transmission of the parasites causing such leishmaniasis were previously dependent on the conventional zoonotic cycle, in which sandflies transmitted the parasites from infected canids to other canids or humans. The co-infection, however, has led not only to marked increases in the sandfly transmission of the parasites from immunodepressed individuals directly to other humans but also, probably, to artificial transmission between immunodepressed intravenous-drug users, as the result of needle sharing.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. rmolina@iscii.es
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gradoni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvar
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018314:Leishmania infantum; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015995:Prevalence; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology; D020525:Xenodiagnosis / Q000379:methods