title: Albuterol sulfate administration by EMT-basics: results of a demonstration project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To evaluate the ability to train emergency medical technicians-basic (EMT-Bs) to accurately identify bronchospasm and, based on a treatment protocol, administer albuterol sulfate via nebulization as a standing order. 2) To measure the improvement in patient condition after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following approval by the Commissioner of Health and Institutional Review Board, EMS agencies were enrolled to participate in the study and EMT-Bs were trained using a four-hour curriculum. For each patient, a prehospital data collection form was completed including identifying data for the EMT-B, patient assessment, and history information; and pre- and posttreatment assessments and a hospital data collection form were completed including the emergency department physician's diagnosis, assessment of bronchospasm, number of albuterol treatments received in the emergency department, and final disposition of the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a one-year study period, EMT-Bs treated 190 patients as part of the project. Across all values patients showed a clinical improvement as a result of the therapy. Concurrence in the assessment of bronchospasm by the EMT-B with an emergency department physician was found in 87.4% of the cases. When including allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, bronchiolitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the diagnosis list of bronchospasm, the accuracy rate increased to more than 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated EMT-Bs were highly successful in their evaluation of bronchospasm. Based on this level of accuracy, the authors suggest that it is safe for emergency medical service systems and medical directors to develop protocols that allow EMT-Bs to administer albuterol via nebulizer for bronchospasm based on their assessment.
authors.affiliation: Program for Pediatric Preparedness, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10021, USA. dsm2002@columbia.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markenson
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foltin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tunik
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caravaglia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001986:Bronchial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol