title: Increased detection of rickettsialpox in a New York City hospital following the anthrax outbreak of 2001: use of immunohistochemistry for the rapid confirmation of cases in an era of bioterrorism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rickettsialpox is a self-limited febrile illness with skin lesions that may be mistaken for signs of potentially more serious diseases, such as cutaneous anthrax or chickenpox. The cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases from bioterrorism in October 2001 likely heightened awareness of and concern for cutaneous eschars.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To apply an immunohistochemical technique on paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens for diagnosing rickettsialpox, and to compare the reported incidence of rickettsialpox before, during, and after the cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dermatology department in a large tertiary care hospital in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen consecutive patients with the clinical diagnosis of rickettsialpox from February 23, 2001, through October 31, 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of immunohistochemical testing of skin biopsy specimens and of serological testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical testing revealed spotted fever group rickettsiae in all 16 eschars and in 5 of the 9 papulovesicles tested. A 4-fold or greater increase in IgG antibody titers reactive with Rickettsia akari was observed in all 9 patients for whom acute and convalescent phase samples were available; 6 patients had single titers indicative of rickettsialpox infection (> or =1:64). Of the 18 patients, 9 (50%) presented in the 5 months following the bioterrorism attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rickettsialpox remains endemic in New York City, and the bioterrorism attacks of October 2001 may have led to increased awareness and detection of this disease. Because rickettsialpox may be confused with more serious diseases, such as cutaneous anthrax or chickenpox, clinicians should be familiar with its clinical presentation and diagnostic features. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsy specimens, particularly from eschars, is a sensitive technique for confirming the clinical diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. tamarakoss@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Silvers
authors.forename: Asher D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Sherif R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Paddock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001706:Biopsy; D023482:Bioterrorism; D002648:Child; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041141:Rickettsia akari / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012288:Rickettsiaceae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology