title: Direct myocardial depressant effect of naloxone: mechanical and electrophysiological actions in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, has a cardiovascular pressor effect and has been used in various types of shock states. The aim was to determine the non-opioid effect on direct cardiac muscle contractility and explore the mechanism using guinea pig right ventricular papillary muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  With institutional approval, isometric contractile force was measured in modified normal and 26 mM K+ Tyrode solution at various stimulation rates. The effects of naloxone on sarcoplasmic recticulum function were evaluated by measuring rested-state contraction in low Na+ (25 mM) Tyrode solution and rapid cooling contracture in modified normal Tyrode solution. Normal and slow action potentials (APs) were measured using conventional microelectrode technique. Patch clamp study was performed to examine the direct effect on Ca2+ current in cardiac ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naloxone (50, 100, and 200 microM) caused a concentration-dependent depression of peak force and maximal rate of force development. Modest depression, approximately 20%, was shown in rested-state contraction in low Na+ Tyrode solution. Naloxone (100 microM) modestly depressed the rapid cooling contracture to 80 +/- 3% of baseline, accompanied by prolongation of time to peak contracture by approximately 37%. In 26 mM K+ Tyrode solution, naloxone (100 microM) markedly and selectively depressed the late force development. While naloxone (100 microM) did not alter the amplitude and dV/dt-max in normal and slow APs at 0.25 Hz, AP duration was prolonged significantly. In patch clamp experiment, naloxone (50 microM) depressed Ca2+ current by approximately 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct myocardial depressant effect of naloxone appeared to be in part caused by depression of Ca2+ influx through cardiac membrane. Sarcoplasmic reticulum function appeared to be modestly depressed.
authors.affiliation: Department ofAnesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nam-Sik
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Wyun Kon
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D012964:Sodium; D007545:Isoproterenol