title: Estrogen plus progestin therapy: the cardiovascular risks exceed the benefits.
abstract: The surprising results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) reported in 2002 had a profound effect on women as well as health care practitioners. The WHI was the largest, randomized clinical trial designed to determine if postmenopausal hormone use prevented cardiovascular disease as well as other age-related disorders in women. While observational studies suggested that postmenopausal use of estrogen could decrease cardiovascular risk by 40% to 50%, the WHI demonstrated that use of continuous-combined estrogen plus progestin was not cardioprotective and was even associated with increased health risks. The estrogen alone trial of the WHI is still in progress, leaving practitioners and some women still in a dilemma. This article addresses the WHI in the context of other studies and discusses possible reasons for the unexpected results.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Ill, USA. spencko@luc.edu
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Penckofer
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hackbarth
authors.forename: Dorie W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Schwertz
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000592:standards; D004967:Estrogens / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011372:Progestins / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins