title: The folate pool in colorectal cancers is associated with DNA hypermethylation and with a polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aberrant DNA methylation occurs in a subset of colorectal cancers and is characterized by regional areas of hypermethylation at CpG islands. The aims of this study were firstly to evaluate the levels of folate intermediates (FIs) in tumors with aberrant DNA methylation and secondly to determine whether these levels are affected by polymorphisms in key genes involved in folate metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentrations of two major intracellular FIs, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate (FH4), were measured in 103 surgically resected colorectal cancers. DNA hypermethylation at seven different CpG islands was measured using the MethylLight assay. Genotyping for polymorphisms in the thymidylate synthase, cystathionine beta-synthase, methionine synthase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes was carried out using PCR and PCR-RFLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher levels of FH4 were found in tumors from the proximal colon compared with those originating in the distal colon and rectum. Tumors with aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands within promoter regions of the hMLH1, TIMP3, and ARF genes also contained higher levels of both 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and FH4. In contrast, patients who were homozygous for the C667T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene had significantly lower concentrations of both these FIs in their tumor tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentrations of FIs in colorectal tumors are directly related to the presence of frequent DNA hypermethylation and inversely related to the presence of a common polymorphism in the MTHFR gene. FIs could serve as biochemical markers for the risk of developing this disease, as well as for the prediction of toxicity and efficacy of fluorouracil-based treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruszkiewicz
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iacopetta
mesh_terms: D013766:5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands; D003541:Cystathionine beta-Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000378:metabolism*; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; C013123:5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid; C030371:5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D013766:5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D003541:Cystathionine beta-Synthase