title: Intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment of multiloculated postpneumonic pediatric empyemas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of empyema, with the development of fibrinous adhesions and loculations, makes simple drainage difficult or impossible. The appropriate management remains controversial. Intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment to facilitate drainage of loculated empyema instead of open thoracotomy has been advocated since the 1950s. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment in postpneumonic pediatric empyemas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our clinic, we used intrapleural fibrinolytic agents in 72 pediatric patients with multiloculated empyema between 1994 and 2002. Streptokinase, 250,000 U in 100 mL of 0.9% saline solution (59 patients), and urokinase, 100,000 U in 100 mL of 0.9% saline solution (13 patients), were instilled daily into the chest tube, and the tube was clamped for 4 hours followed by suction. This treatment was continued daily for 2 to 10 days until resolution was demonstrated by chest radiograms or computed chest tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of drainage after fibrinolytic treatment was increased 73.77%. Treatment was ineffective in 14 (19.44%) of 72 patients who underwent fibrinolytic instillation. Treatment was discontinued because of allergic reaction and pleural hemorrhage in 1 patient, and because of development of bronchopleural fistula in another one. The regimen was completely successful in 43 (59.72%) patients, and partially successful in another 15 (20.83%). Twelve of those patients who had failure eventually required decortication and recovered completely. One patient died of sepsis and pleural hemorrhage; another patient died because of food aspiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all patients with loculations except those with a bronchopleural fistula, intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment should be tried. Thus, the majority of children with loculated empyemas can be treated successfully without invasive interventions, such as thoracoscopic debridements or open surgery.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Surgery Department, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey. cozcelik@dicle.edu.tr
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inci
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nizam
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications*; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator