title: Colorectal cancer metastases: surgical indications and multimodal approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The therapeutic plan to follow in patients affected by hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer is based on prognostic factors and staging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our experience from January 1980 to January 2002 underlines the effectiveness of combined multimodal therapy in the treatment of advanced metastatic stages. A total of 224 patients with metastases from colorectal cancer have been treated. Among these patients 160 underwent surgery (4 pulmonary and 156 hepatic resections), 17 have been reoperated for metastatic relapse, 14 with multiple metastases underwent locoregional therapy, while 33, deemed not resectable initially, have been treated with neoadjuvant chemo- and radio-therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the operated patient group the 5-year actuarial survival was 22% with an operative morbidity of 17.5% and mortality of 3.8%. The 17 patients reoperated for metastatic relapse had a 5-year actuarial survival of 21% with an operative morbidity of 11.6% and mortality of 5.8%. The 14 patients treated with locoregional therapy had a median survival of 6 months whereas the 33 patients treated with combined multimodal treatment in two different periods had a response rate of 57.57%. Five patients had a complete response and 4 are presently alive: 3 are disease free and 1 with disease. 1 died of pulmonary primitive neoplasm 24 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical resection is presently the best known treatment for metastatic disease. In advanced, but not yet disseminated, stages in which there is no indication to surgery on metastases (II-III stages according to Gennari's classification), a neoadjuvant treatment is proposed, if the primary tumor has already been completely resected. This therapeutic strategy, called combined multimodal therapy, has the aim to obtain the disease regression and to offer the chance of disease re-staging.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Department, Genoa North Hospital, Genoa, Pontedecimo, Via Ospedale Gallino 5, 16164 Genova, Pontedecimo, Italy. enricociferri@eudoramail.com
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ciferri
authors.forename: Giuseppe Sergio
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bondanza
authors.forename: Olimpia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Municinò
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castagnola
authors.forename: Gian Massimo
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gazzaniga
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000401:mortality; D019091:Critical Pathways; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012086:Reoperation / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome