title: Characterization of HIV type 1 heterosexual transmission in Yunnan, China.
abstract: The earliest HIV-1 epidemic in China started in Yunnan province, which continues to be one of the most severe areas affected. While HIV-1 infections are spreading rapidly among injection drug users (IDUs) in China, sexual transmission of HIV-1 has also been confirmed, threatening the general population. Recent survey data indicated that heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 in Yunnan was steadily increasing. Diverse HIV-1 strains, including subtype B, C, CRF01, and CRF08, are circulating among individuals who acquired HIV through sexual contacts. Multiple HIV-1 subtypes, including subtypes B, C, and CRF08, were also detected among IDUs. In comparison with other IDU cohorts, intersubject env sequence variation was much higher amongIDUs in Yunnan. Growing evidence suggests that unprotected sex continues to occur at high rates among IDUs and their sex partners. Intervention strategies are urgently needed to target individuals at high risk for HIV heterosexual transmission and injection drug use. The complex pattern of HIV-1 distribution in the high-risk populations in Yunnan may have important implications for HIV transmission as well as vaccine development and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Univesity Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. xfyu@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xueren
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Penyong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jinbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garten
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Shenghan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*