title: Prevalence and typing of HPV DNA in atypical squamous cells in pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and typing of HPV DNA in pregnant women with a diagnosis of atypical squamous cells (ASC) and to assess whether pregnancy-related changes contribute to the diagnosis of ASC.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV testing was performed on residual specimens from the ThinPrep Pap test (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) in pregnant women diagnosed as ASC (study group, n = 105), low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL and HSIL) (positive control, n = 33) and negative for epithelial cell abnormality (negative control, n = 20). All cases were reviewed by 2 cytopathologists to obtain consensus diagnoses using the Bethesda System 2001 criteria. The study group cases were further subcategorized into ASC of undetermined significance (ASCUS, n = 99) and ASC cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H, n = 6). HPV testing was also performed on an ASC control group consisting of 68 consecutive ASC cases in nonpregnant women, matched by age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 23.7 years for the study group and 25.6 years for the ASC control group. HPV DNA was detected in 88.6% of cases in the study group, including 87.9% of ASC-US and 100% of ASC-H cases. Of the HPV positive cases, 79.6%, 4.3%, 5.4% and 10.8% had high-risk, mixed high- and low-risk, low-risk and unknown HPV types, respectively. The most frequent HPV types detected were: types 52 (31.2%), 16 (15.1%), 39 (11.8%), 53 (10.8%), and 18 and 58 (9.7% each). Multiple viral types were detected in 43.0% of cases. The prevalence of HPV DNA in the positive and negative controls in pregnant women was 100% and 55%, respectively. HPV DNA was detected in 83.8% of the ASC control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of pregnancy-related changes, the prevalence of HPV DNA in pregnant women (88.6%) was similar to that found in ASC in nonpregnant women of the same reproductive-age group (83.8%), and the high-risk types accounted for the vast majority of cases (83.9%). These findings demonstrate that pregnancy-related changes do not contribute to the diagnosis of ASC in this subset of women. Furthermore, the high HPV DNA prevalence in reproductive-age women (< 40 years) suggests that HPV testing may have limited utility in effective management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Huntington Memorial Hospital, 100 West California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91105, USA. dwlu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Danielle W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Edyta C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Pirog
authors.forename: Xiaopei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hanlin L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral