title: Results with the freestyle porcine aortic root for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ideal choice for valved reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in children is undetermined. This study explores the Freestyle porcine aortic root for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1998 to December 2002, 56 patients ages 1.6 to 29.9 years old (mean 11.8 years old) underwent RVOT reconstruction using a Freestyle porcine aortic root. The patients averaged 1.9 prior operations (range 0 to 5) for tetralogy of Fallot +/- pulmonary atresia (28 patients), critical pulmonary stenosis (10 patients), Ross procedure (5 patients), pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum (4 patients), complete atrioventricular septal defect +/- tetralogy of Fallot (4 patients), and others (5 patients). At time of RVOT reconstruction, 42 patients (75%) had additional procedures including the following: tricuspid or mitral repair (24 patients), pulmonary arterioplasty +/- Glenn (12 patients), ventricular septal defect closure (5 patients), aortic valve replacement (3 patients), placement of a cardioverter/defibrillator or pacemaker (3 patients), and others (8 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient developed mediastinitis; another was treated for Candida endocarditis (his excised homograft unexpectedly grew Candida). All patients are well on follow-up from 2 to 60 months (mean 30 +/- 20 months) with no deaths. The patient with endocarditis underwent conduit replacement for recurrent pulmonary stenosis 3.5 years postoperatively. Echocardiography revealed mild or no pulmonary insufficiency in 93%. The calculated mean peak systolic RVOT gradient by echocardiography was 19.7 +/- 15.4 mm Hg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate excellent results with the Freestyle bioprosthesis for RVOT reconstruction in children. This valve may serve as a readily available alternative to homograft valves in RVOT reconstruction, particularly since early insufficiency seems to be less problematic. Questions of long-term durability and significance of echocardiographic stenosis remain unanswered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA, USA. kkanter@emory.edu
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fyfe
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Forbess
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kirshbom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*