title: Effect of iatrogenic haemorrhage on biochemical parameters in pleural effusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pleural fluid (PF) samples may become haemorrhagic due to trauma during diagnostic procedures. We aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing blood concentrations in pleural fluids on biochemical parameters which are used to discriminate transudates and exudates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven pleural fluid samples were separated into five test tubes. Patient's own blood was added in the test tubes in different concentrations as follows: No blood in the first tube, 2% in the 2nd, 5% in the 3rd, 10% in the 4th, 20% in the 5th tube.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After addition of blood, statistically significant changes in all biochemical parameters in transudate groups were detected. The characteristics changed from transudate to exudate 12.9%, 14%, 11.4%, 27% and 14.3% according to Light's criteria, serum-PF albumin gradient, cholesterol level, PF/serum cholesterol and PF/serum bilirubin, respectively. Results indicating an exudate according to Light's criteria were evident only in the 5th tube group, however, when other biochemical parameters were used, classification of samples could be altered with lower concentrations of blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination of blood, especially in borderline transudative pleural effusions, may result in misclassification as an exudate. Light's criteria appear to be the least effected and therefore the most reliable parameters in bloody effusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Ataturk Chest Diseases and Surgery Center, Kecioren 06280, Ankara, Turkey. fugurman@isbank.net.tr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ugurman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gozu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gocmen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samurkasoglu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onde
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akkalyoncu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eryilmaz
mesh_terms: D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013048:Specimen Handling
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin; D002784:Cholesterol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001663:Bilirubin