title: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation with artificial pleural effusion for hepatocellular carcinoma in the hepatic dome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nodules of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located in the hepatic dome cannot be depicted on ultrasography because of pulmonary air. Therefore, percutaneous treatment is not possible in such cases. The purpose of this study was to clarify the feasibility and safety of percutaneous sonographically guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation with the concurrent use of artificial pleural effusion for HCC located in the right subphrenic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2001 and June 2002, 24 patients with 28 HCC nodules located directly below the diaphragm were enrolled in this study. The patient population included 17 men and 7 women (age range, 51-87 years; mean age, 66.5 years). The maximum diameter of the HCC nodules ranged from 1.0 cm to 4 cm (mean +/- SD, 2.1 +/- 0.8 cm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We infused 200-1100 ml of 5% glucose solution intrathoracically to separate the lung and liver; thus, obtaining an image of the whole tumor was impossible on gray-scale sonography. Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in a single session of RF ablation in 27 (96.4%) of the 28 lesions, while two sessions of RF ablation were required for the remaining lesion (3.6%). During treatment, no dyspnea or other complications concerned with the respiratory system were observed. Clinical courses have been satisfactory without recurrences at 1-13 months after treatment (mean, 7.9 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous RF ablation with artificial pleural effusion in patients with HCC in the hepatic dome may be a safe and feasible therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, 589-8511, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Hobyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose