title: Smokers in Västerbotten County, Sweden. What contributes to increased cardiovascular risk among heavy smokers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse risk factor levels and risk factor patterns among heavy smokers compared to never smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  An incident case-referent study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was nested within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  286 people (62 women and 224 men) claimed to be heavy smokers, i.e. smoked 25 cigarettes or more per day. For each of them, two referents (who reported never to have been smokers) were matched on age and gender (572 referents).
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in biomedical variables and social and lifestyle factors were confirmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-cholesterol, s-triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, body weight and body mass index were all significantly elevated among the heavy smokers. Some gender differences were also found. Social and lifestyle factors differed significantly between heavy smokers and never smokers, but without gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy smokers carry a risk factor pattern corresponding to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Unfavourable changes in serum lipids and in glucose metabolism can exacerbate other deleterious effects of tobacco smoke on the cardiovascular system. Obviously, heavy smokers and never smokers differ not only in regard to biomedical variables but also to lifestyle and social health determinants. These are important factors to consider in public health efforts aimed at reducing the increased risk for cardiovascular diseases among smokers.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Family Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. gunnar.lundqvist@vll.se
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013548:Sweden