title: HIV biological variability unveiled: frequent isolations and chimeric receptors reveal unprecedented variation of coreceptor use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To follow the evolution of coreceptor use in HIV-1-infected individuals with varying rates of disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The coreceptor use of 278 sequential HIV-1 isolates from 23 individuals was tested by infection of two human cell lines, U87.CD4 and GHOST(3), expressing CD4 and CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR5, CXCR4, CXCR6 or BOB. Differences in coreceptor use were further dissected by testing chimeric coreceptors constructed by exchanging successively larger parts of CCR5 for corresponding regions of CXCR4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patterns of coreceptor use were distinguished: no evolution, evolution to CXCR4 use, and fluctuation. No evolution with stable CCR5 use (R5 phenotype) was linked to slow progression over 8-10 years in four patients. CXCR4-using virus was present from the onset (five patients) or appeared during clinical progression in all other patients, while taking zidovudine or didanosine monotherapy. The fluctuating pattern of coreceptor use, defined as reappearance of virus with R5 phenotype, was observed in five patients and, interestingly, followed initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in three of these. Monotropic R5 or X4 viruses were more selective in chimeric receptor use than R5X4 or multitropic viruses. Most importantly, the efficiency of chimeric receptor use increased over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in efficiency of chimeric receptor use allows a new interpretation of evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use. Evolution could be a continuous process that may lead to changes in the way a coreceptor is used, with the potential of profound alteration in signalling at that receptor.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonsson
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olde
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owman
authors.forename: Eva Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fenyö
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002460:Cell Line; D016049:Didanosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000032:analysis; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000032:analysis; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000032:analysis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D015728:Receptors, HIV; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015215:Zidovudine; D016049:Didanosine