title: Short wavelength automated perimetry and tamoxifen use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oestrogen receptors (ORs) have been reported to be present in the retina, and the selective oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen has been reported to affect colour vision. This study aimed, therefore, to determine whether standard doses of tamoxifen affect visual sensitivities mediated via short wavelength sensitive (SWS) cones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of visual fields were measured for middle aged women who were being treated with 20 mg of tamoxifen daily as adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer. Visual fields were measured using short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) and frequency doubling perimetry (FDP). For SWAP, 24-2 visual fields were analysed. No subjects had tamoxifen retinopathy or other eye disease. For each type of visual field, mean deviations (MDs) were assessed as a function of the duration of tamoxifen use, using a cross sectional design. In addition, the difference between the two types of MDs was computed after standardisation of each type of MD separately, and this difference itself was evaluated as a function of the duration of tamoxifen use. Duration dependent changes for SWAP were further evaluated as a function of eccentricity within the visual field, and the visual field data were compared with foveal data obtained psychophysically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWAP sensitivities depended on the duration of tamoxifen use. Subjects who used tamoxifen for about 2 years or less were significantly more likely than subjects who had longer use to have high MDs. The difference between the standardised SWAP and FDP MDs likewise was significantly related to the duration of use, whereas duration of use effects for FDP itself were reduced or absent. Although the duration of use effect observed for SWAP was strongest in the peripheral portion of the visual field, there was evidence of changes in SWS cone mediated vision even at the fovea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard dosages of tamoxifen can affect SWAP visual fields. The effects of tamoxifen are not equivalent for SWAP and FDP, indicating that tamoxifen affects some types of visual pathways preferentially or selectively. SWS cone pathways, in particular, are affected. SWAP appears able to reveal effects of tamoxifen occurring years before completion of the standard 5 year regimen of use.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. eisnera@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Samples
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011601:Psychophysics; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen