title: The evolution of cursorial carnivores in the Tertiary: implications of elbow-joint morphology.
abstract: The evolution of cursorial adaptations in Tertiary (65-1.65 Myr ago) carnivores has been a contentious issue. Most such studies have focused on the relationship between hind limb proportions and running speed. Here, we show morphometrically that in extant carnivores, the elbow joint has evolved in two distinct directions with mutually exclusive implications for locomotor ability and prey procurement. Some carnivores retain supinatory ability, allowing them to manipulate prey and other items with the forepaws. Such carnivores can become very large. Other carnivores lose the ability to supinate and become cursors. This allows for only moderate size increase. Modern carnivores above ca. 20 kg body mass are committed to one or other of these strategies. This threshold coincides with a postulated threshold in carnivore physiology. The biaxial pattern mostly follows phylogenetic lines, but a strong selective regime can override this signal, as shown by the extant cheetah. Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr ago) and early-middle Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr ago) carnivores follow the same pattern, though in the Miocene the pattern is shifted towards larger body mass, which may be owing to the extraordinary richness of browsing ungulates at this time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Werdelin
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001824:Body Constitution; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002335:Carnivora / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005580:Fossils; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010802:Phylogeny; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012641:Selection, Genetic