title: Impact of neoadjuvant androgen ablation and other factors on late toxicity after external beam prostate radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the late toxicity profile of prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy, to investigate the possible risk factors for late toxicity, and to determine whether neoadjuvant androgen ablation (NAA) is a factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 1192 patients with > or =24 months' follow-up. Late GI and GU toxicities were scored with a modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Subjective, Objective, Management, and Analytic scale. All patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy (52.5 Gy in 20 fractions to 72 Gy in 36 fractions), using either conventional or three-dimensional conformal techniques. Of the 1192 patients, 40% received NAA (median 5 months). Risk factors investigated on multivariate analysis were age, past medical history, use of pelvic fields, dose, fractionation, use and duration of neo- and adjuvant androgen ablation, and acute toxicity (Grade 2 or greater).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up for the group was 49 months (range 24-105). The incidence of late Grade 2-3 GI or GU toxicity was 30% at 5 years (GI 12% and GU 20%). The incidence of late Grade 3 GI or GU toxicity was 8% at 5 years (GI 2.7% and GU 5.5%). No Grade 4 toxicity occurred. The risk factors of significance in relation to the development of late Grade 3 GU toxicity were coexisting GU disease (p = 0.02), prior transurethral resection of the prostate or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (p <0.0001), and presence of acute GU toxicity (p = 0.012). For late Grade 3 GI toxicity, short-term (< or =2 months) NAA (p = 0.0002) and coexisting GI disease (p = 0.017) were risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term (< or =2 months) NAA, but not longer durations of NAA, increases the risk of developing Grade 3 GI late toxicity. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear.
authors.affiliation: Fraser Valley Centre, Surrey, BC, Canada. mliu@bccancer.bc.ca
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agranovich
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berthelet
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Winkle
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tyldesley
authors.forename: Jonn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists