title: Cyclophosphamide modulates CD4+ T cells into a T helper type 2 phenotype and reverses increased IFN-gamma production of CD8+ T cells in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system considered to be mediated by T helper type-1 cells. Several agents have been found to modify the disease course of MS, including interferon-beta1 (IFN-beta1), glatiramer acetate mitoxantrone. We have employed pulse therapy with cyclophosphamide in a selected group of patients with actively progressive disease. Chemokine receptors have been found to differentiate between polarized T helper type-1 (Th1) and type-2 (Th2) lymphocytes. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 are expressed primarily on Th1 cells and CCR3, CCR4 and CCR8 on Th2 cells. Previous studies of the expression of chemokine receptors in MS have shown that active MS plaques are infiltrated by CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells. Some of these T cells may express both CCR5 and CXCR3. These T cells are major producers of IFN-gamma, which worsens the clinical condition of patients with MS. We previously found that patients with MS had a high proportion of CXCR3(+) T cells and that those with chronic progressive MS had a high proportion of CCR5(+) T cells in their peripheral blood. We report here that in patients with secondary progressive MS, cyclophosphamide induces a marked increase in the percentage of CCR4(+) T cells that produce high levels of IL-4 and reverses the increase in the percentages of IFN-gamma-producing CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, therapy with cyclophosphamide increases IL-4-producing CD4(+) T cells and reverses the increase in IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells. Our study shows that cyclophosphamide has immunomodulatory properties besides its suppressive effects, and that chemokine receptors can be important tools both for understanding the immune dysregulation in MS and for monitoring response to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Partners Multiple Sclerosis center, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Arnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karni
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balashov
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Padmanabhan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharanidharan
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Samia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide