title: Clinical presentation and course of depression in youth: does onset in childhood differ from onset in adolescence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To simultaneously and prospectively compare the clinical presentation, course, and parental psychiatric history between children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of prepubertal children (n = 46) and postpubertal adolescents (n = 22) were assessed with structured interviews for psychopathology and parental psychiatric history and followed once every 2 years for approximately 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of more depressive melancholic symptoms in the adolescents, both groups had similar depressive symptomatology, duration (average 17 months), severity of the index episode, rates of recovery (85%) and recurrence (40%), comorbid disorders, and parental psychiatric history. Female sex, increased guilt, prior episodes of depression, and parental psychopathology were associated with worse longitudinal course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, major depressive disorder is manifested similarly in children and adolescents, and both groups have a protracted clinical course and high family loading for psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pa 15213, USA. birmaherb@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Lorah D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors