title: Examining child restraint use and barriers to their use: lessons from a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the suitability of four research methods to measure the rate of child restraint device (CRD) use and incorrect use in New Zealand and obtain data on barriers to CRD use.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the rates of CRD use among vehicles carrying children 8 years of age and under, two methods were piloted-namely, an unobtrusive observational survey and a short interview and close inspection. A self administered questionnaire and focus group interviews were also piloted to assess CRD use, reasons for use and non-use, and to obtain information on barriers to their use. Respondents to all methods except the focus groups were approached in supermarket car park sites at randomly selected times. Focus groups were established with parents identified through early childhood organisations. All methods were assessed on criteria related to efficiency, representativeness, and ability to obtain the necessary data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observational survey provided a simple method for identifying rates of CRD use, while the self administered questionnaire obtained data on demographic characteristics and reported the installation and use/non-use of CRDs. The interview/inspection addressed all the questions of both the above methods and enabled incorrect CRD use to be examined. The focus groups provided the most meaningful information of all methods on barriers to CRD use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  and conclusion: Advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed and some refinements of the original instruments are proposed. The interview/inspection and focus group methods were identified as being more appropriate for efficiently obtaining reliable data on CRD use and identification of barriers to CRD use.
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. jean.simpson@ipru.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: S C R
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control