title: Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on dermal penetration of pesticides in rats.
abstract: Topically applied ethanol is a well-known dermal penetration enhancer. The purpose of this work was to determine if ethanol consumption might also increase transdermal penetration. Male rats were fed either an ethanol containing or control diet for 6-8 wk. After the feeding regime was completed, skin was removed and placed in an in vitro diffusion system. The transdermal absorption of four very commonly used herbicides was determined. Penetration through skin from ethanol-fed rats was enhanced when compared to control by a factor of 5.3 for paraquat, 2.4 for atrazine, and 2.2 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and reduced by a factor 0.6 for trifluralin. Comparison of physical factors of the herbicides to the penetration enhancement revealed an inverse linear correlation with lipophilicity, as defined by log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) with r2 =.98. These changes were at least partially reversible after 1 wk of abstinence from ethanol. These experiments demonstrate that regular ethanol consumption can alter the properties of the dermal barrier, leading to increased absorption of some chemicals through rat skin. If ethanol consumption has the same effect on human skin it could potentially have adverse health effects on people regularly exposed to agricultural, environmental, and industrial chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA. rhbrand@enh.org
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gavlik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakkalakal
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Donohue
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D006540:Herbicides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides