title: Alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype alterations in the brainstem in the sudden infant death syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still the main cause of postneonatal infant death. However, the causes and mechanisms of SIDS have never been completely elucidated. Catecholamines, via alpha2-adrenergic receptor (alpha2-AR) interactions, are known to influence brainstem autonomic and respiratory activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the catecholaminergic system abnormalities in SIDS victims, we investigated the alterations of alpha2-AR subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the developmental changes of alpha2-AR subtypes in the brainstem, especially in cardiorespiratory nuclei, in 21 SIDS victims and 17 age-matched controls by means of immunohistochemical methods. For statistical analysis, the chi2-test or Fisher's exact probability test was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decrease in alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity in the solitary nucleus and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) in the medulla oblongata in SIDS victims compared with in control cases, but there were no significant differences of the alpha2B and alpha2C-AR immunoreactivity in the brainstem between SIDS victims and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity was selectively decreased in the solitary nucleus and VLM in the medulla oblongata in SIDS victims, so there was no possibility that it was secondary to chronic hypoxia or repeated ischemia. It may be related to some impairment of the cardiorespiratory neuronal system. Therefore, SIDS victims may be vulnerable to asphyxia, hypoxia, and/or hypercapnia, and fail to exhibit brainstem responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Ohmorinishi, Ohta, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan. hy_ozawa@d6.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tada
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2