title: Alterations of beta-catenin and Tcf-4 instead of GSK-3beta contribute to activation of Wnt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to investigate the inappropriate activation of Wnt pathway in the hepatocarcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the alterations of three key components of Wnt pathway, beta-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) and T cell factor 4 (Tcf-4), in 34 samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and paracancerous normal liver by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), direct sequencing, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 61.8% (21/34) of all the HCCs examined showed an abnormal beta-catenin protein accumulation in the cytoplasm or nuclei. RT-PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing showed that beta-catenin exon 3 mutations existed in 44.1% (15/34) of the HCCs. No mutations of GSK-3beta or Tcf-4 were detected in HCCs. Moreover, mRNA of beta-catenin and Tcf-4 but not GSK-3beta was found to be over expressed in HCCs. On analyzing the relationship between alterations of beta-catenin or Tcf-4 and C-myc or Cyclin D1 expression, we found that the mutations of beta-catenin as well as over expression of beta-catenin or Tcf-4 gene were independently correlated with C-myc gene over expression in HCCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present findings strongly suggest mutations of beta-catenin as well as over expression of beta-catenin and Tcf-4 gene activate the Wnt pathway in HCC independently with the target gene most likely to be C-myc.
authors.affiliation: Liver Cancer Institute, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. jian.cui@mail.jci.tju.edu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Xinda
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yinkun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhaoyou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romeih
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; C544894:TCF7L2 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3