title: Evaluation of the hepatic reduction of a nitroxide radical in rats receiving ascorbic acid, glutathione or ascorbic acid oxidase by in vivo electron spin resonance study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nitroxide radical, 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), is directly reduced to hydroxylamine by ascorbic acid (AsA). Ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) by ascorbic acid oxidase (AAOx), and DHA is reduced to AsA by glutathione (GSH). In the present study, in vivo and ex vivo reduction of TEMPOL in the rat liver under various conditions of AsA supply was investigated using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer equipped with a surface coil-type resonator.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate in vivo hepatic reduction of TEMPOL, an ESR study of the liver of living rats which orally received AsA or intravenously received GSH or AAOx was made. To investigate direct interactions between TEMPOL and GSH or AAOx, an in vitro ESR study was conducted. To investigate TEMPOL reduction in the hepatic homogenate, an ex vivo ESR study was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ascorbic acid and GSH administration increased the in vivo hepatic reducing ability of TEMPOL. In contrast, AAOx administration decreased the reducing ability. In vitro TEMPOL was not reduced by GSH and hydroxylamine was not oxidized by AAOx. Reducing ability in the hepatic homogenate of AAOx-treated rats decreased, but that for GSH-treated rats was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ascorbic acid administration directly increases hepatic reducing ability. Ascorbic acid, which increased in the plasma due to GSH administration, entered the liver and enhanced the hepatic reducing ability. Administration of AAOx impaired the hepatic reducing ability by oxidizing AsA in the plasma and/or the liver.
authors.affiliation: Regional Joint Research Project of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Hidekatsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.forename: Tateaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001204:Ascorbate Oxidase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D013113:Spin Labels; D001204:Ascorbate Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C001803:tempol