title: Improvement in protection against adenocarcinoma of the cervix resulting from participation in cervical screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix did not decline in Western countries in the 1970s and 1980s despite the availability and use of cervical cytologic screening. The impact of improved endocervical sampling and better recognition of the cytologic precursors to adenocarcinoma during the 1990s in reducing the risk of adenocarcinoma is currently unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using records from a statewide registry, the authors compared the screening histories of 160 women with adenocarcinoma (33 microinvasive cases and 127 invasive cases) who were diagnosed between 1995 and 2001 with the screening histories of 640 control women in a matched case-control study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decreased risk of invasive adenocarcinoma was associated with a recent negative Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and at least one smear with an endocervical component since 1994. An increased risk of invasive adenocarcinoma was associated with a history of previous cervical abnormalities and greater than 5 years between Pap smears. There was no significant difference between cases and controls with regard to the number of negative Pap smears. There was little apparent difference in the screening histories of patients with microinvasive tumors and the controls, with the control women appearing to have no greater relative protection than the cases. With biennial screenings, the authors estimate that a 46% reduction in the cumulative incidence of invasive adenocarcinoma could be achieved, and with annual screening, a 65% reduction could be achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma should begin to decline in the current decade among screened women.
authors.affiliation: Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Heather.Mitchell@vccr.org
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hocking
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saville
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears