title: Anxiety and depression after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relatively little attention has been paid to emotional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study assessed levels of anxiety and depression among SAH survivors and related these to clinical indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy SAH patients from a consecutive series of neurosurgical admissions participated in semistructured assessments of functional outcome; 52 of the patients also returned standardized measures of emotional outcome. These data were compared with clinical indices collected during the initial hospital admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe levels of anxiety were present in approximately 40% of patients 16 months after hemorrhage, with approximately 20% experiencing moderate to severe levels of depression. Although anxiety was more likely to be reported at interview by those with an SAH of Fisher Grade 4, the standardized measures of anxiety and depression were not associated with severity of hemorrhage or any other clinical variables. Both anxiety and depression were significantly associated with outcome indices such as return to work and engagement in social activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety is a significant and lasting problem for approximately 40% of survivors of SAH. It is suggested that measures taken to prevent or treat such anxiety among survivors of SAH may serve to significantly improve functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. p.g.morris@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul Graham
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: J T Lindsay
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome