title: Oral comfort, function and hygiene in patients with lingual brackets. A prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral comfort, speech, mastication and swallowing, as well as oral hygiene were to be evaluated in a prospective longitudinal study before and after insertion of lingual brackets.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 patients (five male, 17 female, mean age 34.7 years, SD 10.4) were enrolled in the study and filled in a standardized questionnaire directly before placement of lingual brackets (T0), within 24 hours thereafter (T1), and 3 months (+/- 1 week) later (T2). At both T1 and T2, treatment was confined to the upper arch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with T0, significantly poorer results were recorded at T2 for the parameters "restriction of the tongue space", "lesions to the tongue", "tongue position", "subjective and semiobjective rating of articulation", "chewing", "biting" and "oral hygiene", although significant improvements, i.e. adaptations, had been recorded from T1 to T2 with the exception of the parameters "tongue space", "tongue position", "chewing", "biting" and "oral hygiene". At none of the registration timepoints was fluid intake impaired by the lingual brackets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that detailed briefing on the extent and duration of potential impairments in oral comfort, functions and hygiene is advisable prior to the insertion of lingual brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Germany. hohoffa@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hohoff
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fillion
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goder
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauerland
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008875:Middle Aged; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014059:Tongue / Q000293:injuries*