title: Vigabatrin-induced modification of Ki-67 expression in gingival epithelium: immunohistochemical study of a short series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the expression and role in vigabatrin (VGB)-induced gingival enlargement of Ki-67 antigen and p27KIP1, p21WAF1, and p53, proteins that activate or inhibit cell-cycle progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients treated with VGB for partial epileptic seizures refractory to classic anticonvulsant treatment were studied. Gingival biopsies were taken from four of these patients for immunohistochemical studies; 10 control biopsies from individuals with healthy gingiva and 10 from patients with periodontal disease were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the six patients presented some degree of gingival enlargement (mild or moderate). Nuclear expression of Ki-67 was elevated (mean of 894 positive cells/mm2 in VGB-induced gingival enlargement vs. 391 cells/mm2 in controls with healthy gingiva and 425 cells/mm2 in controls with periodontal disease) (p < 0.01, analysis of variance: anova), and nuclear expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors p27KIP1 and p21WAF1 was reduced. The patients with gingival enlargement presented inflammatory infiltrate in lamina propria, mainly composed of T lymphocytes (CD3+) and plasma cells (CD38+), which was even more intense than in the biopsies of patients with periodontal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overexpression of antigen Ki-67 and slight underexpression of cdk-inhibitors p27KIP1 and p21WAF1 suggest that VGB induced an increase in cell proliferation and contributed, together with concomitant periodontal disease, to the gingival enlargement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mesa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Moles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Alvarez
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Del Moral
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Valle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D019214:Gingival Overgrowth / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000473:pathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D020888:Vigabatrin