title: Transforming growth factor-beta1-dependent urokinase up-regulation and promotion of invasion are involved in Src-MAPK-dependent signaling in human ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) has been implicated in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We reported previously that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 induces a dose- and time-dependent up-regulation of uPA mRNA and protein in highly invasive human ovarian cancer cell line HRA, leading to invasion. To further elucidate the mechanism of the invasive effect of TGF-beta1, we investigated which signaling pathway transduced by TGF-beta1 is responsible for this effect. Here, we show that 1) nontoxic concentrations of TGF-beta1 activated Src kinase; 2) TGF-beta1 rapidly phosphorylates ERK1/2 and Akt, but not p38; 3) pharmacological Src inhibitor PP2 or antisense (AS) c-Src oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) treatment reduced TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt by 85-90% compared with controls; 4) pharmacological inhibition of MAPK by PD98059 abrogated TGF-beta1-mediated Akt stimulation, whereas TGF-beta1-induced ERK1/2 stimulation was not inhibited by PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or AS-PI3K ODN transfection; 5) up-regulation of uPA mRNA in response to TGF-beta1 was almost totally blocked by PP2 and PD98059 and partially ( approximately 55%) by LY294002; 6) TGF-beta1-induced uPA mRNA up-regulation was inhibited by treatment with AS ODNs to c-Src or PI3K by 90 or 60%, respectively, compared with control ODN treatment; and 7) blockade of the release of the transcription factor NF-kappaB by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate reduced the TGF-beta1-induced activation of the uPA gene by approximately 65%. In addition, curcumin, a blocker of the transcriptional factor AP-1, partially (35%) canceled this effect. Taken together, these data support a role for TGF-beta1 activation of two distinct pathways (Src-MAPK-PI3K-NF-kappaB-dependent and Src-MAPK-AP-1-dependent) for TGF-beta1-dependent uPA up-regulation and promotion of invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanayama
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terao
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator