title: Targetable water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: The present work describes the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of targetable N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-anti-leishmanial drug conjugates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Conjugates of HPMA copolymer with NPC1161, an 8-aminoquinoline analog with anti-leishmanial activity, containing N-acetylmannosamine (ManN) in the side chains were synthesized and characterized. In vitro anti-leishmanial efficacy of the conjugates was determined in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani amastigotes. The conjugates were tested against mammalian KB cells for cytotoxicity. The effect of ManN content on uptake was evaluated in RAW 264 murine macrophages. In vivo anti-leishmanial efficacy was evaluated at 1 mg/kg intravenous dose in BALB/c mice. HPMA copolymer-NPC1161 conjugates with 5 mole% or higher ManN content were significantly (p<0.0001) more active (ED50<15 microg/ml) than nontargeted conjugates (ED50>30 microg/ml). All conjugates were relatively nontoxic towards the mammalian cells. Significantly (p<0.003) higher uptake was observed for targeted conjugates compared to nontargeted conjugates. The targeted conjugates were significantly more effective in vivo (67-80% inhibition, p<0.0001) than nontargeted conjugate (47% inhibition). HPMA copolymers containing ManN in the side chains can potentially reduce the toxicity and increase efficacy of anti-leishmanial drugs for the treatment of VL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Anjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Simon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yardley
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghandehari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007624:KB Cells; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008647:Mesocricetus; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water