title: Open fractures of the calcaneus: soft-tissue injury determines outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of open calcaneal fractures have been limited and have not analyzed results according to wound location, severity of soft-tissue disruption, fracture type, or treatment method. In this study, results were evaluated on the basis of the hypothesis that early surgical intervention was indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1997, 503 calcaneal fractures were treated at our institution, and forty-three of these fractures, in forty-two patients, were open (8.5%). According to the Gustilo classification there were nine type-I, eight type-II, twelve type-IIIA, and thirteen type-IIIB open fractures as well as one type-IIIC open fracture. All fractures were treated according to the same protocol, consisting of intravenous administration of antibiotics chosen on the basis of the wound type, irrigation and débridement in the operating room, temporary wound coverage, and initial stabilization of the limb. Definitive final fixation was performed after the wound was clean, and soft-tissue swelling was minimal. The final follow-up examinations were performed at a minimum of two years after treatment. Clinical results were graded with use of the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An infection developed at the sites of 37% of the forty-three fractures, with osteomyelitis developing at the sites of 19%. Seven of the nine type-I open fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation or with primary fusion, with no major complications and a good-to-excellent short-term result. Three of the eight type-II open fractures were complicated by an infection. Three of the twelve type-IIIA open fractures and ten of the thirteen type-IIIB open fractures were complicated by an infection. Six of the infections associated with a type-IIIB open fracture progressed to osteomyelitis, and three of those cases led to an amputation. Overall, thirteen (50%) of the twenty-six type-III open fractures were complicated by an infection, with osteomyelitis occurring in seven (27%). Thirty-three patients with a total of thirty-four open calcaneal fractures were available for follow-up at a minimum of two years, and an average of fifty-five months. The average AOFAS hindfoot score for the twenty-seven patients who had not undergone amputation was 71 points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open calcaneal fractures have a high propensity for deep infection despite the use of an aggressive treatment protocol to prevent it. It appears that type-I and type-II open fractures associated with a medial wound can be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Type-II fractures associated with a wound in another location should be treated with limited or no internal fixation. Type-III open fractures, and especially type-IIIB open fractures, require extensive débridement and prompt soft-tissue coverage as soon as possible. Early internal fixation should be avoided in this subgroup because of the high rates of osteomyelitis and subsequent amputation.
authors.affiliation: Metrocrest Orthopedics, 4780 Josey Lane, Carrollton, TX 75010, USA. kaheier@aol.com
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: Arthur K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Walling
authors.forename: Roy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents