title: Meal modulation of circulating interleukin 18 and adiponectin concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A single high-fat meal induces endothelial activation, which is associated with increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effect of 3 different meals on circulating concentrations of interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and adiponectin in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 30 matched, nondiabetic subjects received the following 3 isoenergetic (780 kcal) meals separated by 1-wk intervals: a high-fat meal; a high-carbohydrate, low-fiber (4.5 g) meal; and a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal in which refined-wheat flour was replaced with whole-wheat flour (16.8 g). We analyzed serum glucose and lipid variables and serum IL-8, IL-18, and adiponectin concentrations at baseline and at 2 and 4 h after ingestion of the meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nondiabetic subjects, diabetic patients had higher fasting IL-8 (P < 0.05) and IL-18 (P < 0.01) concentrations and lower adiponectin concentrations (P < 0.01) at baseline. In both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, IL-18 concentrations increased and adiponectin concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) from baseline concentrations after consumption of the high-fat meal. After consumption of the high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal, serum IL-18 concentrations decreased from baseline concentrations (P < 0.05) in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects; adiponectin concentrations decreased after the high-carbohydrate, low-fiber meal in diabetic patients. IL-8 concentrations did not change significantly after consumption of any of the 3 meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that circulating IL-18 and adiponectin concentrations are modulated by familiar foodstuffs in humans. Meal modulation of cytokines involved in atherogenesis may represent a safe strategy for ameliorating atherogenetic inflammatory activity in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Piazza L Miraglia, 80138 Naples, Italy katherine.esposito@unina2.it
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nappo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giugliano
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Palo
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciotola
authors.forename: Michelangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paolisso
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020382:Interleukin-18; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011506:Proteins