title: NK cells regulate CD8+ T cell effector function in response to an intracellular pathogen.
abstract: We studied the role of NK cells in regulating human CD8+ T cell effector function against mononuclear phagocytes infected with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Depletion of NK cells from PBMC of healthy tuberculin reactors reduced the frequency of M. tuberculosis-responsive CD8+IFN-gamma+ cells and decreased their capacity to lyse M. tuberculosis-infected monocytes. The frequency of CD8+ IFN-gamma+ cells was restored by soluble factors produced by activated NK cells and was dependent on IFN-gamma, IL-15, and IL-18. M. tuberculosis-activated NK cells produced IFN-gamma, activated NK cells stimulated infected monocytes to produce IL-15 and IL-18, and production of IL-15 and IL-18 were inhibited by anti-IFN-gamma. These findings suggest that NK cells maintain the frequency of M. tuberculosis-responsive CD8+IFN-gamma+ T cells by producing IFN-gamma, which elicits secretion of IL-15 and IL-18 by monocytes. These monokines in turn favor expansion of Tc1 CD8+ T cells. The capacity of NK cells to prime CD8+ T cells to lyse M. tuberculosis-infected target cells required cell-cell contact between NK cells and infected monocytes and depended on interactions between the CD40 ligand on NK cells and CD40 on infected monocytes. NK cells link the innate and the adaptive immune responses by optimizing the capacity of CD8+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma and to lyse infected cells, functions that are critical for protective immunity against M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Center, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
authors.forename: Ramakrishna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vankayalapati
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klucar
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wizel
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.forename: Buka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samten
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.forename: Homayoun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000494:pharmacology; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D015846:Monokines / Q000502:physiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012995:Solubility; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D019409:Interleukin-15; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015846:Monokines; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D007371:Interferon-gamma