title: Synergistic effect of metronomic dosing of cyclophosphamide combined with specific antitumor immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model.
abstract: Immunotherapy could be combined with conventional chemotherapeutic modalities aimed at reducing tumor burden. Such combination therapy may be most useful when "metronomic" doses of antineoplastic drugs are used, thereby potentially avoiding some of the immunosuppressive effects of these drugs. Recent studies have shown that some conventional antineoplastic drugs can be exploited for antiangiogenic capacities, a strategy that requires drugs to be administered at regular intervals. We therefore investigated whether such metronomic therapy with the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) could be effectively combined with immunotherapy eliciting tumor-reactive CTLs. An immunization protocol using injection of recombinant DNA followed by injection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain was used to initiate a specific CTL response in mice capable of providing resistance to challenge with the murine melanoma B16.F10. Combining this immunotherapeutic regime with metronomic delivery of CTX resulted in antitumor activity that was dramatically enhanced over either treatment administered alone and was also significantly greater than combining immunotherapy with CTX administered by a maximum tolerated dose regime. Whereas both metronomic and maximum tolerated dose delivery of CTX did cause deletion of proliferating tumor-specific CTLs in the blood, this deletion occurred with slower kinetics with the metronomic schedule. Further analysis showed that metronomic CTX treatment did not delete cells with low expression of CD43, a "memory" phenotype, and that these cells maintained potent restimulatory capacity. The combination of immunotherapy and metronomic CTX therapy may be well suited to clinical management of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Tumour Immunology Unit, Cancer Research UK, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Tsung Wen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Palmowski
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerundolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006183:H-2 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015788:HLA-A1 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D064532:Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D006183:H-2 Antigens; D015788:HLA-A1 Antigen; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen; D064532:Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D003520:Cyclophosphamide