title: In vivo somatic cell gene transfer of an engineered Noggin mutein prevents BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The formation of the skeleton requires inductive signals that are balanced with their antagonists in a highly regulated negative feedback system. Inappropriate or excessive expression of BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) or their antagonists results in genetic disorders affecting the skeleton, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. BMP signaling mediated through binding to its receptors is a critical step in the induction of abnormal ossification. Therefore, we hypothesized that engineering more effective inhibitors of this BMP-signaling process may lead to the development of therapies for such conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification was used as a model for testing the ability of the BMP antagonist Noggin to block de novo bone formation, either by local or systemic delivery. Since Noggin naturally acts locally, a Noggin mutein, hNOGDeltaB2, was engineered and was shown to circulate systemically, and its ability to block heterotopic ossification was tested in a mouse model with use of adenovirus-mediated somatic cell gene transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mouse model of BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification was developed. Local delivery of wild-type NOG inhibited heterotopic ossification, but systemic administration was ineffective. In contrast, systemic delivery of the adenovirus encoding hNOGDeltaB2 resulted in systemic levels that persisted for more than two weeks and were sufficient to block BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification can be prevented in vivo either by local delivery of wild-type Noggin or after somatic cell gene transfer of a Noggin mutein, hNOGDeltaB2. Furthermore, the data in the present study provide proof of concept that a naturally occurring factor can be engineered for systemic delivery toward a desirable pharmacological outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blocking bone formation is clinically relevant to disorders of heterotopic ossification in humans, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Furthermore, development of BMP antagonists as therapeutic agents may provide modalities for the treatment of other pathologic conditions that arise from aberrant expression of BMPs and/or from a lack of their antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA. david.glaser@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Aris N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Economides
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kimble
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fandl
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Frederick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shore
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009221:Myositis Ossificans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010784:Photomicrography; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse