title: Is colour vision impairment associated with cognitive impairment in solvent exposed workers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether acquired colour vision deficits in solvent exposed individuals are associated with cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 82 painters and 38 other subjects were studied. Alcohol, drug, and smoking histories were obtained. Colour vision was tested using the Lanthony D-15-d colour vision test. Cognitive impairment was measured using the Benton visual retention test, Trail making A, and Trail making B tests. Pre-morbid IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test. Solvent exposure in all subjects was estimated using a previously validated, structured subjective assessment methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion of subjects with competing causes of colour vision impairment the final group of men numbered 78. There was a significant association on multiple linear regression between the mean colour confusion index (CCI) and three measures of cognitive impairment, the Benton visual retention test, Trail making A, and Trail making B tests after adjusting for the effects of age (or IQ as appropriate), alcohol, and smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acquired colour vision loss is associated with cognitive impairment in solvent exposed workers. However, given the prevalence of acquired colour vision losses in the adult population, colour vision testing is unlikely to be of value as a screening test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK. f.dick@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soutar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cherrie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity; D011594:Psychometrics; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents