title: Age and features of movement influence motor overflow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the magnitude and prevalence of motor overflow to the arm at rest during attempted unilateral arm movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motor physiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy young (n=20) and elderly (n=20) adult subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface electromyography (EMG) was obtained from bilateral forearm muscles during performance of 12 different unilateral finger-tapping tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all subjects, faster movement rate (F=2.56-3.30, P<.05), cognitive distraction (F=4.09, P<.05), and fatigue (F=15.15, P<.001) were each associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of EMG in the arm intended to be at rest. In elderly subjects, tapping at maximum rate and fatigue were each associated with a further increase in motor overflow across the midline. In addition, better left hand dexterity correlated with greater motor overflow to the right hand during rapid left hand tapping (r=0.63, P<.005). Prevalence of motor overflow was also higher in older subjects for some tasks, for example during 1 Hz tapping by the right index finger (motor overflow present in 45%, vs 15% young subjects, P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several behavioral variables increase motor overflow across the midline in young and elderly adults. Motor overflow was even greater in elderly subjects with the most demanding tasks and was greater in those with better motor status, suggesting that this form of motor system change is a compensatory event of normal aging rather than age-related dysfunction. The results support the hypotheses that healthy aging is associated with an increase in the degree to which brain function is bilaterally organized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bodwell
authors.forename: Roderick K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mahurin
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waddle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005385:Fingers; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence