title: Early prescriptions of antibiotics and the risk of allergic disease in adults: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is frequently asserted that antibiotic prescriptions in childhood are associated with the development of allergic disease, especially asthma. A study was undertaken to establish the direction of this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 746 adults was performed in three general practices. Antibiotic prescriptions in the first 5 years of life, collected from contemporary medical records, were related to self-reports of asthma and hay fever and the results of skin prick testing with common aeroallergens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no relationship between early antibiotic prescription and atopy, either for all antibiotic use (OR 1.01) or for antibiotics prescribed at different ages. The significant associations between prescriptions at ages 4 and 5 and hay fever (OR 1.23 and 1.16, respectively) were explained by coexisting asthma. Relationships between antibiotic use and asthma (allergic or otherwise) were statistically significant and strengthened with increasing age of prescription, but were largely confined to antibiotics prescribed for lower respiratory symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported associations between childhood antibiotic use and asthma are most plausibly explained by "reverse causation"--the tendency for prescriptions to be written for the early manifestations of pre-existing asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK. p.cullinan@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cullinan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Newman Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents