title: The relationship of "shisha" (water pipe) smoking to postextraction dry socket.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine whether "shisha" (water pipe) smokers (SS) were at a different risk of developing dry socket (DS) than were cigarette smokers (CS) or nonsmokers (NS) and to assess the effect of preoperative and postoperative smoking habits on the incidence of DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred NS, 100 CS, and 100 SS were enrolled. Surgery for removal of mandibular third molars was performed under local anesthesia with no incision or bone removal. At 1, 4, and 7 days after surgery, postoperative evaluation and postoperative smoking were recorded by the same examiner. The chi(2) test was used for statistical analysis of results. Statistical significance was defined as a value of P <.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers had 2 to 3 times the risk of NS for developing DS. Although SS had a greater incidence of DS than did CS, the difference was not significant (P =.083). The incidence of DS was not age dependent. Smokers who smoked the day of surgery had a significantly higher incidence of DS than did smokers who smoked the second day after surgery. Compared with NS, CS who smoked the day of surgery and SS who smoked the day of surgery or the first day after surgery had a significantly increased incidence of DS (CS/NS, day 0, P =.001; SS/NS, day 0, P =.001; day 1, P =.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SS had 3 times the risk of NS for developing DS, but there was no statistically significant difference between SS and CS. Increased frequency of smoking and smoking during the day of surgery significantly increased the incidence of DS.
authors.affiliation: Oral Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. albelasy@netscape.net
authors.forename: Fouad A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Al-Belasy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004368:Dry Socket / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects*