title: The promotive effect of latrunculin B on maize root gravitropism is concentration dependent.
abstract: The cytoskeleton has been proposed to be a key player in the gravitropic response of higher plants. A major approach to determine the role of the cytoskeleton in gravitropism has been to use inhibitors to disrupt the cytoskeleton and then to observe the effect that such disruption has on organ bending. Several investigators have reported that actin or microtubule inhibitors do not prevent root gravitropism, leading to the conclusion that the cytoskeleton is not involved in this process. However, there are recent reports showing that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with the actin inhibitor, latrunculin B, promotes the gravitropic response of both roots and shoots. In roots, curvature is sustained during prolonged periods of clinorotation despite short periods of gravistimulation. These results indicate that an early gravity-induced signal continues to persist despite withdrawal of the constant gravity stimulus. To investigate further the mechanisms underlying the promotive effect of actin disruption on root gravitropism, we treated maize roots with varying concentrations of latrunculin B in order to determine the lowest concentration of latrunculin B that has an effect on root bending. After a 10-minute gravistimulus, treated roots were axially rotated on a one rpm clinostat and curvature was measured after 15 hours. Our results show that 100 nM latrunculin B induced the strongest promotive effect on the curvature of maize roots grown on a clinostat. Moreover, continuously gravistimulated roots treated with 100 nM latrunculin B exhibited stronger curvature responses while decapped roots treated with this concentration of latrunculin B did not bend during continuous gravistimulation. The stronger promotive effect of low concentrations of latrunculin B on the curvature of both clinorotated and continuously gravistimulated roots suggests that disruption of the finer, more dynamic component of the actin cytoskeleton could be the cause of the enhanced tropic responses of roots to gravity.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA. eblancaflor@noble.org
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Blancaflor
authors.forename: G-C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mohamalawari
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D018518:Plant Root Cap / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012399:Rotation; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053778:Thiazolidines; D013997:Time Factors; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D008387:Marine Toxins; D013844:Thiazoles; D053778:Thiazolidines; C037068:latrunculin B