title: Removal of uraemic plasma factor(s) using different dialysis modalities reduces phosphatidylserine exposure in red blood cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solute(s) retained during uraemia cause increased exposure of aminophospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer surface of erythrocyte membranes, and this phenomenon may be involved in the pathophysiology of uraemia by promoting abnormal erythrocyte interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined in a prospective randomized cross-over fashion the ability of various dialysis modalities to remove the circulating uraemic factor(s) causing increased PS externalization in red cells. Each patient was treated with haemodialysis (HD) and with on-line haemodiafiltration (HDF) using standard high-flux polysulphone membranes or with the new polisulphone-based Helixone membrane to compare the effects of dialysis technique and membrane type on PS exposure. Removal of PS was assessed indirectly by measuring PS-expressing normal erythrocytes exposed to uraemic plasma or to ultrafiltrate obtained at various time points during the extracorporeal session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of the uraemic plasma factor(s) causing PS exposure was demonstrated by the reduced ability of uraemic plasma at the end of dialysis to induce PS exposure in normal erythrocytes, and by the capacity of ultrafiltrate from the dialysate side of the dialyzer membrane to markedly increase PS-positive red cells. However, the degree of removal varied according to the dialyzer type and to dialysis technique. Removal was greater for on-line HDF using the Helixone membrane, intermediate and comparable with HD with Helixone and with on-line HDF using standard polysulphone, and lower for HD using polysulphone membrane. The putative uraemic compound causing PS exposure seems to be highly lipophilic, somehow associated with plasma proteins, and apparently having a molecular weight between 10 and 10.8 kDa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uraemia is associated with retention of compound(s) that are lipophilic, possibly protein-bound and which cause an abnormal exposure of PS in erythrocytes. Our findings, that such compound(s) can be removed during dialysis and at higher rates with convection techniques, indicate a potential benefit for uraemic patients. The present results also seem to confirm the marked ability of high-flux Helixone membranes to eliminate high molecular weight solutes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nephrology and Biostatistical Laboratory, Department of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, SS Annunziata University Hospital, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy. m.bonomini@nephro.unich.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonomini
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballone
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Stante
authors.forename: Tonino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bucciarelli
authors.forename: Secondo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dottori
authors.forename: Arduino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arduini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbani
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirolli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010718:Phosphatidylserines