title: Dendritic cell viability is decreased after phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells induced by staurosporine or vaccinia virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dendritic cells (DC) primed with tumor antigens can effectively mediate the regression of a variety of established solid malignancies in both murine and human models. Several experimental studies indicate that apoptotic bodies are an optimal source of tumor antigens for ex vivo priming of DC. However, the clinical use of killed tumor cells as a source of antigens will require an optimal methodology to induce effective tumor cell apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of three agents for inducing neoplastic B lymphocyte apoptosis; staurosporine, infection by modified vaccinia (MVA) viral particles and ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three methods were finely tuned to induce apoptosis in more than 90% of tumor cells after 24 hours of exposure. However, the viability of monocyte-derived DC, loaded with B-cell tumor apoptotic bodies induced by staurosporine or MVA viral particles, decreased dramatically within 48 hours after phagocytosis of the killed neoplastic cells. The persistence of the apoptosis-inducing agents in the apoptotic bodies and not in the tumor supernatant, was responsible for the observed damage to DC viability. In contrast, DC viability was not affected after uptake of tumor cells killed through UVC-irradiation. Furthermore, B-lymphoblastic cell line (LCL)-specific T cells were reactivated by DC loaded with apoptotic bodies induced by UVC-rays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the method used to induce tumor cell apoptosis might be detrimental to DC viability, these findings should be considered when designing anticancer vaccination programs.
authors.affiliation: C. Gandini Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy. dinicola@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Nicola
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anichini
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mortarini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matteucci
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baldassarri
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlo-Stella
authors.forename: Alessandro M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gianni
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000473:pathology; D008224:Lymphoma, Follicular / Q000473:pathology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014611:Vaccination; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019311:Staurosporine