title: Charcoal-based hemodiabsorption liver support for episodic type C hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Episodic (acute) type C hepatic encephalopathy (AHE) fails to respond to 5 days of medical therapy in 10-30% of patients and carries a 10-30% mortality rate. We prospectively studied extracorporeal liver support for AHE failing to respond to medical therapy to assess its safety and efficacy and the role of anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of patients with cirrhosis and AHE failing to respond to at least 24 h of medical therapy underwent a maximum of three 6-h charcoal-based hemodiabsorption (Liver Dialysis Unit) treatments. A standard anticoagulation protocol, with heparin dosing based on activated clotting time (ACT) determinations, heparin dose-response curve, and target ACT of 275-300 s, was developed. Therapy was terminated if patients met a predetermined clinical response, deteriorated, or underwent transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients with grade 2-4 AHE despite 5.9 +/- 3.9 days of medical therapy underwent a mean of 1.6 treatments. In 2.6 +/- 1.9 days, 16 patients (88.9%) improved to less than grade 2 HE or achieved at least a 50% hepatic encephalopathy index (HEI) reduction. Median mental status (grade 2 vs 1, p < 0.05) and HEI (0.634 +/- 0.194 vs 0.363 +/- 0.263, p < 0.005) improved significantly. Survival was 94.4% and 72.2% at 5 and 30 days, respectively. Use of our developed anticoagulation protocol resulted in less platelet (14.2% +/- 2.8% vs 32.5% +/- 5.8%, p < 0.005) and fibrinogen consumption (12.1% +/- 3.5% vs 43.3% +/- 8.6%, p < 0.0005) and blood product use (6.2 +/- 1.8 vs 19.0 +/- 5.6 units, p < 0.05) compared with treatments according to manufacturer's guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Charcoal-based hemodiabsorption treatments in which a standardized anticoagulation protocol is used is safe and effective treatment for AHE not responding to standard medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ke-Qin
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hillebrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002606:Charcoal; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016060:Sorption Detoxification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002606:Charcoal