title: Magnetic resonance imaging of periosteum with ultrashort TE pulse sequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the values of pulse sequences with ultrashort echo times (0.08 msec) for detecting and characterizing periosteum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two normal volunteers aged 33 and 58 years and 12 patients aged seven to 55 years were studied. A total of 10 of the patients had contrast enhancement with intravenous Gadodiamide. Two ovine tibias were examined before and after the periosteum was stripped from the bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High signal regions were observed adjacent to cortical bone in all parts of the skeleton imaged. They were generally more conspicuous after fat suppression and contrast administration. In the ovine tibia there was a reduction in the high signal normally seen at the surface of the bone after periosteal stripping. The detached periosteum produced a high signal. Mean T(2)* values for adult human periosteum ranged from 5.3 to 11.4 msec. After enhancement the signal intensity increased. In two patients with tibial fractures, increased periosteal signal was seen and this showed marked enhancement. Signals from periosteum could be simulated by fat, contrast-enhanced blood and artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The periosteum can be visualized with ultrashort echo time pulse sequences in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ines L H
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gatehouse
authors.forename: Karyn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Taigang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Graeme M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010521:Periosteum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C064925:gadodiamide; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA