title: Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation with combined 3D time-of-flight MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic utility of 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography in patients with angiographically proven moderate- to high-flow intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two neuroradiologists, unaware of patients' histories and angiographic findings, retrospectively reviewed 17 MR angiograms with 3D TOF MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography in 15 patients with dural arteriovenous fistula and also reviewed 35 MR angiograms in control patients without findings of dural arteriovenous fistula on angiography. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with dural arteriovenous fistula, source images of 3D TOF MR angiography showed two abnormal findings: multiple high-intensity curvilinear or nodular structures adjacent to the sinus wall and high-intensity areas in the venous sinus. Findings of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall were observed in all cases of dural arteriovenous fistula. Findings of high-intensity areas in the venous sinus were observed in 13 of 17 cases of dural arteriovenous fistula. Findings of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall were not observed in any control subjects. Findings of high-intensity areas within the venous sinus were observed in five of 35 control subjects. Findings of MR digital subtraction angiography showed early filling of the venous sinus, suggestive of dural arteriovenous fistula, in 13 of 15 patients with dural arteriovenous fistula. Sensitivity and specificity of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall, high-intensity areas in the venous sinus, and early filling of the venous sinus were 100% and 100%, 76% and 86%, and 87% and 100%, respectively. Although 3D TOF MR angiography failed to show the findings of retrograde cortical venous drainage and venous sinus occlusion, MR digital subtraction angiography clearly showed both findings in all five subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A protocol including both 3D TOF MR angiography (source images) and MR digital subtraction angiography allowed the diagnosis of moderate- to high-flow dural arteriovenous fistula. In addition, cortical venous drainage was reliably noted in a small subset of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. kyo@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Elias R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: Tadayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuwayama
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors