title: Environmental toxicology and health effects associated with dinitrotoluene exposure.
abstract: Dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) are nitroaromatic compounds appearing as pale yellow crystalline solids at room temperature. Dinitrotoluenes exist as a mixture of 2 to 6 isomers, with 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT being the most significant. About 500 persons are estimated to be potentially exposed yearly to 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT during the production of munitions and explosives. The main route of human exposure at ammunition facilities is inhalation, but dermal contact and inadvertent ingestion can also be substantial. In factory workers, exposure to DNTs has been linked to many adverse health effects, including cyanosis, vertigo, headache, metallic taste, dyspnea, weakness and lassitude, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Other symptoms including pain or parasthesia in extremities, abdominal discomfort, tremors, paralysis, chest pain, and unconsciousness have also been reported. The primary targets of DNT toxicity are the hematopoietic system (pallor, cyanosis, anemia, and leukocytosis), the cardiovascular system (ischemic heart disease), the nervous system (muscular weakness, headache, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and tingling pains in the extremities) and the reproductive system (reduction of sperm counts, alteration of sperm morphology, and aspermatogenesis). An association between DNT exposure and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinomas and subcutaneous tumors in rats, as well as renal tumors in mice, has been established. Epidemiologic studies of DNT toxicity have been limited to small groups of workers who had been occupationally exposed at various ammunitions production facilities. Clearly defining the health effects of DNTs with a high degree of confidence has therefore been difficult because of the multigenic nature of occupational exposure. In an attempt to update the toxicologic profile of the DNTs, we hereby provide a critical review of the environmental and toxicologic pathology of DNTs, with a special emphasis on their potential implications for public health.
authors.affiliation: NIH-Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi S 39217, USA. paul.b.tchounwou@jsums.edu
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Tchounwou
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: Konsuela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Centeno
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leszczynski
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okoh
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishaque
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brower
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000506:poisoning*; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000633:toxicity*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene