title: Physician referrals to physical therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with orthopedic surgeons' and primary care physicians' referrals to physical therapy (PT) for musculoskeletal conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data.
  
  
  METHODS
  US office-based physician practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visits to primary care physicians (N=4911) or orthopedic surgeons (N=4201) for musculoskeletal conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whether a PT referral was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for diagnosis, illness severity, and PT supply, insurance status and physician characteristics remained strong predictors of PT referral. Primary care visits covered by Medicaid or a managed care plan were less likely to result in PT referral than were visits covered by private insurance or a nonmanaged care plan. Orthopedic surgeon visits covered by workers' compensation or managed care were more likely to result in PT referral than were visits not covered by workers' compensation or not covered by managed care. Osteopathic primary care visits were more likely than allopathic primary care visits to result in PT referral. Given identical visit characteristics, orthopedic surgeon visits were more likely than primary care visits to result in PT referral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences exist in orthopedic surgeons' and primary care physicians' referrals to PT, both within and across specialties. Variation in PT referral may be indicative of problems with access and/or inappropriate referral.
authors.affiliation: Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590, USA. janet_freburger@unc.edu
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Freburger
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014942:Workers' Compensation