title: Dihydrotestosterone promotes vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in male human endothelial cells via a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway.
abstract: There exists a striking gender difference in atherosclerotic vascular disease. For decades, estrogen was considered atheroprotective; however, an alternative is that androgen exposure in early life may predispose men to earlier atherosclerosis. We recently demonstrated that the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), enhanced the binding of monocytes to the endothelium, a key early event in atherosclerosis, via increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We now show that DHT mediates its effects on VCAM-1 expression at the promoter level through a novel androgen receptor (AR)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) mechanism. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to 4-400 nm DHT. DHT increased VCAM-1 mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The DHT effect could be blocked by the AR antagonist, hydroxyflutamide. DHT increased VCAM-1 promoter activity via NF-kappaB activation without affecting VCAM-1 mRNA stability. Using 5' deletion analysis, it was determined that the NF-kappaB sites within the VCAM-1 promoter region were responsible for the DHT-mediated increase in VCAM-1 expression; however, coimmunoprecipitation studies suggested there is no direct interaction between AR and NF-kappaB. Instead, DHT treatment decreased the level of the NF-kappaB inhibitory protein. DHT did not affect VCAM-1 protein expression and monocyte adhesion when female endothelial cells were tested. AR expression was higher in male, relative to female, endothelial cells, associated with increased VCAM-1 levels. These findings highlight a novel AR/NF-kappaB mediated mechanism for VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion operating in male endothelial cells that may represent an important unrecognized mechanism for the male predisposition to atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. alison@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Alison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Death
authors.forename: Kristine C Y
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakhla
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jessup
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handelsman
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone