title: The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myeloma cells may secrete factors that affect the function of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  We subjected purified plasma cells from the bone marrow of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and control subjects to oligonucleotide microarray profiling and biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses to identify molecular determinants of osteolytic lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 45 control subjects, 36 patients with multiple myeloma in whom focal lesions of bone could not be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 137 patients in whom MRI detected such lesions. Different patterns of expression of 57 of approximately 10,000 genes from purified myeloma cells could be used to distinguish the two groups of patients (P<0.001). Permutation analysis, which adjusts the significance level to account for multiple comparisons in the data sets, showed that 4 of these 57 genes were significantly overexpressed by plasma cells from patients with focal lesions. One of these genes, dickkopf 1 (DKK1), and its corresponding protein (DKK1) were studied in detail because DKK1 is a secreted factor that has been linked to the function of osteoblasts. Immunohistochemical analysis of bone marrow-biopsy specimens showed that only myeloma cells contained detectable DKK1. Elevated DKK1 levels in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood from patients with multiple myeloma correlated with the gene-expression patterns of DKK1 and were associated with the presence of focal bone lesions. Recombinant human DKK1 or bone marrow serum containing an elevated level of DKK1 inhibited the differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The production of DKK1, an inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation, by myeloma cells is associated with the presence of lytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.
authors.affiliation: Donna D. and Donald M. Lambert Laboratory of Myeloma Genetics, Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Erming
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Fenghuang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Yupo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlogie
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shaughnessy
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010006:Osteoblasts; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C501128:dkk1b protein, zebrafish