title: Bacteriobilia in percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: occurrence over time and clinical sequelae. A prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders, establishing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an invasive procedure that can potentially lead to infectious complications in both the short and long-term. We therefore prospectively analysed the time course and spectrum of biliary bacteria in patients undergoing PTBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients (19 F, 30 M; mean age 64 years) with malignant (65%) or benign (35%) biliary disorders were included, 20 of whom had a newly established PTBD (group A), while the remaining 29 had already had their PTBD in situ (group B) for a mean of 8 months. Bacteriological analyses of bile and blood were carried out, and clinical symptoms and laboratory values were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biliary bacteria were found in 60% of cases during the initial PTBD placement, and 24 h later this rate had already increased to 85%; two or more microorganisms were found in 40% initially and in 70% after a few days. At later PTBD exchanges, bacteriobilia was found in 100%, with all patients harbouring multiple organisms. Whereas the initial spectrum was mixed, Escherichia coli and enterococci (97% each), Klebsiella (73%) and Bacteroides species (37%) later predominated; Candida increased initially from 15% to 80%, but later decreased to 30%. Clinical signs of cholangitis were observed in 30% initially (no sepsis), but decreased to 6% at later exchanges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteriobilia is initially a frequent, and later a regular, event in PTBD; however, clinically significant complications are rare during the long-term course and limited to the initial, more invasive, phase of PTBD. A knowledge of the bacterial spectrum is important for selecting appropriate antibiotic coverage if complications arise and/or major interventions such as surgery are planned.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany. Thomas.Roesch@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Triptrap
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weigert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frimberger
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Allescher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamereck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin