title: The relationship between social deprivation, osteoporosis, and falls.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between heel BMD, risk factors for osteoporosis, falls history, and the Jarman Underprivileged Area Score in an older community population. From the general practice register, 1,187 women (mean age 70, range 60 to 94) were recruited. BMD of the heel was measured using the GE Lunar PIXI densitometer. A T-score cutoff for predicted osteoporosis at the spine or hip of -1.7 was used. A risk factor questionnaire was completed that included fracture history and falls history. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each risk factor for each quartile of Jarman score and for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors that predict lone bone mass in the heel. There were no significant differences between women in different quartiles of Jarman score in terms of age and body mass index (BMI). Women in the highest two quartiles of Jarman score (i.e., most deprived) had a significantly higher likelihood of osteoporosis (OR=1.82; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.63; and OR=1.85; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.64, respectively) and significantly lower BMD ( p=0.008). Women in these two quartiles were significantly more likely to have had a history of previous fracture (OR=1.66; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.53), but there was no difference in falls history. Women in the lowest quartile (least deprived) were also significantly less likely to smoke ( p=0.011) but were not significantly different in terms of other risk factors (e.g., dietary calcium and activity). BMI, age, kyphosis, significant visual problems, and quartile of Jarman score were significant risk factors for low bone mass. Risk factors identified those with low bone mass at the heel with a sensitivity and specificity of 72%. In conclusion, women in the lowest quartile of Jarman score (i.e., least deprived) have significantly higher heel BMD compared with the rest of the population.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics, Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK. dpearson@ncht.trent.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masud
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000503:physiopathology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012307:Risk Factors