title: Radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the treatment of patients with locally advanced prostate cancer: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report an interim clinical evaluation of combined external beam irradiation (EBRT) and interstitial or regional hyperthermia in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1997 to 2001, 26 patients with T3-4/NX/0M0 prostate carcinoma were treated with a combination of conformal EBRT and hyperthermia. Fourteen patients received five weekly regional hyperthermia treatments within an optimization (phase II) study, using the coaxial transverse electrical magnetic system. Twelve patients received one interstitial hyperthermia treatment within a feasibility study (phase I), using the multi-electrode current source system. Irradiation was delivered using a conformal three-field technique, administering 70 Gy in 2-Gy fractions in 7 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean initial prostate-specific antigen level was 26 ng/mL. Three patients had a T4 and 23 a T3 tumour; the tumours were classified as well (four), moderately (16) and poorly (six) differentiated. The mean follow-up was 36 months. In the combined treatments there was no toxicity of more than grade 2. In regional hyperthermia the mean index temperature (T90 and T50, i.e. exceeded by 90% and 50% of the measurements) was 40.2 degrees C and 40.8 degrees C, and for interstitial hyperthermia 39.4 degrees C and 41.8 degrees C, respectively. All patients survived; seven patients had a biochemical relapse (27%), three in the regional and four in the interstitial group. The actuarial probability of freedom from biochemical relapse was 70% at 36 months for all patients together, 79% for regional and 57% for interstitial. No factors were found that could be used to predict relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical outcome in these patients with advanced localized prostate cancer seems to compare favourably with most series using irradiation alone, and the treatment caused no severe complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.vanvulpen@radcl.ruu.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Vulpen
authors.forename: A A C
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Raaymakers
authors.forename: R J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Van Moorselaar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lagendijk
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Battermann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome