title: Effective use of human simulators in surgical education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We initiated a teaching module utilizing a human simulator midway through 2001-2002 to improve student skills specific to the evaluation of patients in shock during a required clerkship in surgery for fourth-year medical students. We tested the hypothesis that student skills would improve after implementation of this module and identified factors that predicted student performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students (n = 86) chose one of two hospital sites for a clerkship that focuses on the care of acutely ill surgical patients. A case-based lecture focusing on the diagnosis and management of a patient in shock was replaced midway through the academic year by a simulator session with a computerized life-sized mannequin. A standardized clinical final evaluation (OSCE) was used to assess student skills. We evaluated the effect of the simulator session and other factors on student exam performance using univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The site of the clerkship and the simulator session were significant factors affecting the OSCE score identified by ANOVA, P < 0.05. A stepwise multiple regression analysis testing the effect of simulator module, site, time of year, prior NBME subject exam, and prior OSCE during the third year clerkship identified that the simulator module was the only independent factor that modeled performance on all shock stations, P < 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a clerkship that already emphasized faculty facilitated case-based learning, the use of a teaching module employing a human simulator significantly improved test scores. This study supports the efficacy of human simulators to improve student skills related to the management of complex critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. Gary.Nackman@UMDNJ.edu
authors.forename: Gary B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nackman
authors.forename: Mordechai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bermann
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D003422:Critical Care; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D016544:Patient Simulation; D012769:Shock / Q000628:therapy