title: Dissociation of transactivation from transrepression by a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist leads to separation of therapeutic effects from side effects.
abstract: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Their outstanding therapeutic effects, however, are often accompanied by severe and sometimes irreversible side effects. For this reason, one goal of research in the GC field is the development of new drugs, which show a reduced side-effect profile while maintaining the antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of classical GCs. GCs affect gene expression by both transactivation and transrepression mechanisms. The antiinflammatory effects are mediated to a major extent via transrepression, while many side effects are due to transactivation. Our aim has been to identify ligands of the GC receptor (GR), which preferentially induce transrepression with little or no transactivating activity. Here we describe a nonsteroidal selective GR-agonist, ZK 216348, which shows a significant dissociation between transrepression and transactivation both in vitro and in vivo. In a murine model of skin inflammation, ZK 216348 showed antiinflammatory activity comparable to prednisolone for both systemic and topical application. A markedly superior side-effect profile was found with regard to increases in blood glucose, spleen involution, and, to a lesser extent, skin atrophy; however, adrenocorticotropic hormone suppression was similar for both compounds. Based on these findings, ZK 216348 should have a lower risk, e.g., for induction of diabetes mellitus. The selective GR agonists therefore represent a promising previously undescribed class of drug candidates with an improved therapeutic index compared to classical GCs. Moreover, they are useful tool compounds for further investigating the mechanisms of GR-mediated effects.
authors.affiliation: Corporate Research Business Area Dermatology, Corporate Project Management Strategic Business Unit Specialized Therapeutics, and Medicinal Chemistry, Schering AG, Berlin, D-13342 Berlin, Germany. heike.schaecke@schering.de
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schäcke
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schottelius
authors.forename: Wolf-Dietrich
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Döcke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strehlke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaroch
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmees
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rehwinkel
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hennekes
authors.forename: Khusru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asadullah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D048588:Benzoxazines; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014444:Tyrosine Transaminase / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; D048588:Benzoxazines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008024:Ligands; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C481822:ZK 216348; D018664:Interleukin-12; D011239:Prednisolone; D014444:Tyrosine Transaminase