Movement disorders in patients with peripheral facial palsy.
Acute unilateral facial paralysis is usually a benign neurological condition that resolves in a few weeks. However, it can also be the source of a transient or long-lasting severe motor dysfunction, featuring disorders of automatic and voluntary movement. This review is organized according to the two most easily recognizable phases in the evolution of facial paralysis: (1). Just after presentation of facial palsy, patients may exhibit an increase in their spontaneous blinking rate as well as a sustained low-level contraction of the muscles of the nonparalyzed side, occasionally leading to blepharospasm-like muscle activity. This finding may be due to an increase in the excitability of facial motoneurons and brainstem interneurons mediating trigeminofacial reflexes. (2). If axonal damage has occurred, axonal regeneration beginning at approximately 3 months after the lesion leads inevitably to clinically evident or subclinical hyperactivity of the previously paralyzed hemifacial muscles. The full-blown postparalytic facial syndrome consists of synkinesis, myokymia, and unwanted hemifacial mass contractions accompanying normal facial movements. The syndrome has probably multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including abnormal axonal branching after aberrant axonal regeneration and enhanced facial motoneuronal excitability. Although the syndrome is relieved with local injections of botulinum toxin, fear of such uncomfortable contractions may lead the patients to avoid certain facial movements, with the implications that this behavior might have on their emotional expressions.
Valls-Solé
Josep
J
Unitat d'EMG, Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. jvalls@clinic.ub.es
Montero
Jordi
J
D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007395:Interneurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000473:pathology