title: Randomised comparison of distension media for outpatient hysteroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare saline with and without added lignocaine and carbon dioxide distension for out patient hysteroscopy with regards to patient discomfort and hysteroscopic view.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single blind prospective randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialist out patient clinics in a large teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women undergoing out patient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out patient hysteroscopy using carbon dioxide, saline or saline with lignocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analogue score (VAS) for pain and present pain intensity (PPI) as assessed by patients and the quality of hysteroscopic view as assessed by the operator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 305 women approached, 300 women were randomised into the study. The mean [SD] VAS for pain in the carbon dioxide group was 2.9 [2.3] and in the saline group was 3.1 [2.6], the difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.49). The mean [SD] VAS for pain in the saline plus lignocaine group was 3.2 [2.4]. This was not significantly different from the saline group (P= 0.72). There was a statistically significant difference between the confidence rating for the hysteroscopic view for the carbon dioxide compared with the saline group; mean [SD] was 8.3 [2.1] and 9.6 [1.1], respectively (P= 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon dioxide and saline as distension media are comparable in terms of overall patient discomfort and satisfaction, but saline provides better views and increases confidence in diagnosis. Adding lignocaine to the saline distension medium does not confer any additional benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habiba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008012:Lidocaine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008012:Lidocaine