title: Low water-soluble uremic toxins.
abstract: The uremic syndrome is the result of the retention of solutes, which under normal conditions are cleared by the healthy kidneys. Uremic retention products are arbitrarily subdivided according to their molecular weight. Low-molecular-weight molecules are characterized by a molecular weight below 500 D. The purpose of the present publication is to review the main water soluble, nonprotein bound uremic retention solutes, together with their main toxic effects. We will consecutively discuss creatinine, glomerulopressin, the guanidines, the methylamines, myo-inositol, oxalate, phenylacetyl-glutamine, phosphate, the polyamines, pseudouridine, the purines, the trihalomethanes, and urea per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. raymond.vanholder@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: Raymond Camille
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: Peter Paul
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D012995:Solubility; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014118:Toxins, Biological