title: Beta-carotene bioavailability from differently processed carrot meals in human ileostomy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotenoids contribute to the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables consumption; however, the bioavailability of these compounds from fresh or processed foods is not well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the bioavailability of beta-carotene (15 mg) from a single meal composed of cooked, pureed carrots and compared it to raw, chopped carrots.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test meals were given to overnight-fastedileostomy volunteers (n = 8) along with skimmed-milk yogurt containing 40 g of added sunflower oil. Blood and complete ileal effluent samples were collected over a 24 h period. Samples were solvent-extracted and the beta-carotene content measured by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kinetics of excretion of cis and trans beta-carotene were similar. More beta-carotene was absorbed from puree as compared to raw carrots. Carotenoid mass-balance calculations indicated that 65.1 +/- 7.4% of the beta-carotene was absorbed from cooked pureed carrot meals, vs. 41.4 +/- 7.4 % from raw, chopped carrot meals. Gastrointestinal transit parameters did not differ significantly among the volunteers. As expected, the calculated lag phase was five times longer for raw vs. cooked carrots. Mean t-end, t-1/2 and rate of mass transit resulted in similar values for both raw and cooked carrot meals. A moderate response in carotenoid plasma profile was observed for cooked carrot test meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly more beta-carotene was absorbed from meals containing cooked, pureed carrots than from meals containing the raw vegetable. Moderate carotenoid plasma response was detected within 6 h following the administration of cooked processed carotenoid-containing single meal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Livny
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reifen
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Zecharia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Madar
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faulks
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Southon
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008875:Middle Aged; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene