Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the relapse curve and rate of long-term prolonged abstinence among smokers who try to quit without treatment.


METHODS
Systematic literature review.


METHODS
Cochrane Reviews, Dissertation Abstracts, Excerpt Medica, Medline, Psych Abstracts and US Center for Disease Control databases plus bibliographies of articles and requests of scientists.


METHODS
Prospective studies of self-quitters or studies that included a no-treatment control group.


METHODS
Two reviewers independently extracted data in a non-blind manner.


RESULTS
The number of studies was too small and the data too heterogeneous for meta-analysis or other statistical techniques.


RESULTS
There is a paucity of studies reporting relapse curves of self-quitters. The existing eight relapse curves from two studies of self-quitters and five no-treatment control groups indicate most relapse occurs in the first 8 days. These relapse curves were heterogeneous even when the final outcome was made similar. In terms of prolonged abstinence rates, a prior summary of 10 self-quitting studies, two other studies of self-quitters and three no-treatment control groups indicate 3-5% of self-quitters achieve prolonged abstinence for 6-12 month after a given quit attempt.


CONCLUSIONS
More reports of relapse curves of self-quitters are needed. Smoking cessation interventions should focus on the first week of abstinence. Interventions that produce abstinence rates of 5-10% may be effective. Cessation studies should report relapse curves.
Hughes
John R
JR
University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT 05401-1419, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
Keely
Josue
J
Naud
Shelly
S
D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012648:Self Care; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors