title: Microinjection--a tool to study gravitropism.
abstract: Despite extensive studies on plant gravitropism this phenomenon is still poorly understood. The separation of gravity sensing, signal transduction and response is a common concept but especially the mechanism of gravisensing remains unclear. This paper focuses on microinjection as powerful tool to investigate gravisensing in plants. We describe the microinjection of magnetic beads in rhizoids of the green alga Chara and related subsequent manipulation of the gravisensing system. After injection, an external magnet can control the movement of the magnetic beads. We demonstrate successful injection of magnetic beads into rhizoids and describe a multitude of experiments that can be carried out to investigate gravitropism in Chara rhizoids. In addition to examining mechanical properties, bead microinjection is also useful for probing the function of the cytoskeleton by coating beads with drugs that interfere with the cytoskeleton. The injection of fluorescently labeled beads or probes may reveal the involvement of the cytoskeleton during gravistimulation and response in living cells.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scherp
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hasenstein
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D005453:Fluorescence; D005936:Glucans; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D008280:Magnetics; D008845:Microinjections; D008863:Microspheres; D010590:Phalloidine; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013012:Sorbitol; D047071:beta-Glucans
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005936:Glucans; D047071:beta-Glucans; D010590:Phalloidine; D013012:Sorbitol; C033363:beta-1,3-glucan; C048306:callose