title: Methods for determining the composition of nasal fluid by X-ray microanalysis.
abstract: The nasal fluid is an easily accessible form of airway surface liquid. The objective of this study was to find a technically easy and reproducible method for sampling and analysis of this fluid. In a pilot study, several methods to carry out X-ray microanalysis of sub-microliter droplets were compared. Acceptable results were obtained with several of these methods (pipeting on filter paper or analysis of frozen-hydrated droplets at low temperature). Nasal fluid was collected from the inferior turbinate with a micropipette after occlusion of a nostril for 5-10 minutes. Ion concentrations in nasal fluid from six control subjects were (in mM, mean +/- standard error): sodium (Na) 127 +/- 6, chloride (Cl) 140 +/- 7, potassium (K) 27 +/- 3, and calcium (Ca) 5 +/- 1. This sampling method proved difficult to apply to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients because of the viscous quality of their nasal secretion. Therefore, an alternative method was devised. Sephadex G-25, ion exchange beads were mounted on double-sided tape, which was stuck on a filter paper as support. The filter paper was applied for 10 minutes to the nostril of a subject, and kept loosely in place. During the exposure period, the nasal fluid equilibrates with the beads. After removal of the filter paper with the beads from the nostril, the beads were rinsed with a hydrophobic volatile silicone oil to remove excess nasal fluid, dried, and analyzed. This method of collection is not cumbersome for the subject and gives results similar to those obtained by the direct collection method: Na 142 +/- 28 mM, Cl 150 +/- 36 mM, K 43 +/- 10 mM (mean and standard error of four determinations). Small differences between the filter method and the bead method can be explained by the fact that the filter method measured total nasal fluid, whereas the bead method measures predominantly the fluid component. Subjects suffering from mild respiratory illness or rhinitis had higher values for Na, K, and Cl in their nasal fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden. viengphet.vanthanouvong@medcellbiol.uu.se
authors.forename: Viengphet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanthanouvong
authors.forename: Godfried M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Roomans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D003911:Dextrans; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D007477:Ions; C025614:sephadex