title: Recolonization of laser-ablated bacterial biofilm.
abstract: The recolonization of laser-ablated bacterial monoculture biofilm was studied in the laboratory by using a flow-cytometer system. The marine biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora was used to develop biofilms on titanium coupons. Upon exposure to a low-power pulsed irradiation from an Nd:YAG laser, the coupons with biofilm were significantly reduced both in terms of total viable count (TVC) and area cover. The energy density used for a pulse of 5 ns was 0.1 J/cm(2) and the durations of irradiation exposure were 5 and 10 min. When placed in a flow of dilute ZoBell marine broth medium (10%) the laser-destructed bacterial film in a flow-cytometer showed significant recovery over a period of time. The flow of medium was regulated at 3.2 ml/min. The increase in area cover and TVC, however, was significantly less than that observed for nonirradiated control (t-test, P< 0.05). The coupons were observed for biofilm area cover and TVC at different intervals (3, 6, and 9 h) after irradiation. While the biofilm in the control coupon at the end of 9 h of exposure showed 95.6 +/- 4.1% cover, the 5- and 10-min irradiated samples after 9 h showed 60.3 +/- 6.5 and 37.4 +/- 12.1% area cover, respectively. The reduced rate of recolonization compared to control was thought be due to the lethal and sublethal impacts of laser irradiation on bacteria. This observation thus provided data on the online recolonization speed of biofilm, which is important when considering pulsed laser irradiation as an ablating technique of biofilm formation and removal in natural systems.
authors.affiliation: Marine Eco-materials Research Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan. n-kanavillil@aist.go.jp
authors.forename: Kanavillil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obika
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Ooie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Toshihiko
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D007834:Lasers; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*