title: Direct injection GC method for measuring light hydrocarbon emissions from cooling-tower water.
abstract: A Direct Injection GC method for quantifying low levels of light hydrocarbons (C6 and below) in cooling water has been developed. It is intended to overcome the limitations of the currently available technology. The principle of this method is to use a stripper column in a GC to strip waterfrom the hydrocarbons prior to entering the separation column. No sample preparation is required since the water sample is introduced directly into the GC. Method validation indicates that the Direct Injection GC method offers approximately 15 min analysis time with excellent precision and recovery. The calibration studies with ethylene and propylene show that both liquid and gas standards are suitable for routine calibration and calibration verification. The sampling method using zero headspace traditional VOA (Volatile Organic Analysis) vials and a sample chiller has also been validated. It is apparent that the sampling method is sufficient to minimize the potential for losses of light hydrocarbons, and samples can be held at 4 degrees C for up to 7 days with more than 93% recovery. The Direct Injection GC method also offers <1 ppb (w/v) level method detection limits for ethylene, propylene, and benzene. It is superior to the existing El Paso stripper method. In addition to lower detection limits for ethylene and propylene, the Direct Injection GC method quantifies individual light hydrocarbons in cooling water, provides better recoveries, and requires less maintenance and setup costs. Since the instrumentation and supplies are readily available, this technique could easily be established as a standard or alternative method for routine emission monitoring and leak detection of light hydrocarbons in cooling-tower water.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, B2009 Building, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, USA. mmlee@dow.com
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Kefu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: N Spencer
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Swatloski
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gluck
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D003363:Cost Control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons