title: National disease burden of respiratory viruses detected in children by polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory viruses at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 1996 and 1998 was examined with molecular [multiplex (M) PCR] and standard virologic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3325 patients with lower respiratory infection (LRI) [bronchiolitis (42%), pneumonia (38%) and croup (12%)] were identified. It is estimated that 545,000 LRI hospitalizations occur each year in the United States in children younger than 18 years old (viral, 428,000; pneumonia, 221,000; bronchiolitis, 222,000; croup, 65,000), including a continued increase in bronchiolitis hospitalizations (47.8/1000; <1 year). The most common viruses detected each year in hospitalized children included respiratory syncytial virus (A and B; 117,000), parainfluenza virus (PIV-1 and -2, 48 000; PIV-3, 18,000) and influenza (A and B, 39,000). With multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (MPCR), different patient populations demonstrated different LRI epidemiology in relation to specific syndromes and viral causes. At least 21% of LRI hospitalizations were in children with significant medical problems.PIVs were detected much more frequently in immunocompromised children than in previously healthy children (33% vs. 16%). Similarly 15% of respiratory syncytial virus was detected between May and October, mostly in immunocompromised children. Influenza caused 19% of bronchiolitis in previously healthy children, and no virus could be reliably predicted based on clinical presentation, including wheezing. Of children hospitalized for LRI, 40% tested positive for the seven most common respiratory viruses by MPCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Work is under way to expand the number of viruses detected by MPCR and to determine whether newly discovered viruses, such as human metapneumovirus, contribute to the burden of pediatric LRI hospitalizations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA. kellyj@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Henrickson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: K Sue
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kehl
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology