Collateral pathways in thoracic central venous obstruction: three-dimensional display using direct spiral computed tomography venography.
We illustrate the spectrum of venous collateral pathways caused by the thoracic central venous obstruction with direct spiral computed tomography (CT) venography and 3-dimensional reconstruction images. Venous structures that can be demonstrated with CT venography include the jugular veins; the subclavian and brachiocephalic (innominate) veins; the internal and lateral thoracic veins; the superior and inferior venae cavae; the pericardiophrenic veins; the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins; and the intercostal veins.
Kim
Hyo-Cheol
HC
Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, #28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
Chung
Jin Wook
JW
Yoon
Chang Jin
CJ
Lee
Whal
W
Jae
Hwan Jun
HJ
Kim
Young Il
YI
Park
Jae Hyung
JH
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014680:Veins
D003287:Contrast Media