title: The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The economic burden of depression was estimated to be 43.7 billion dollars in 1990. A subsequent study reported a cost burden of 52.9 billion dollars using revised prevalence data and a refined workplace cost estimation approach. The objective of the current report is to provide a 10-year update of these estimates using the same methodological framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a human capital approach, we developed prevalence-based estimates of 3 major cost categories: (1) direct costs, (2) mortality costs arising from depression-related suicides, and (3) costs associated with depression in the workplace. Cost-of-illness estimates from 1990 were updated to reflect the experience in 2000 using current epidemiologic data and publicly available population, wage, and cost information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas the treatment rate of depression increased by over 50%, its economic burden rose by only 7%, going from 77.4 billion dollars in 1990 (inflation-adjusted dollars) to 83.1 billion dollars in 2000. Of the 2000 total, 26.1 billion dollars (31%) were direct medical costs, 5.4 billion dollars (7%) were suicide-related mortality costs, and 51.5 billion dollars (62%) were workplace costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The economic burden of depression remained relatively stable between 1990 and 2000, despite a dramatic increase in the proportion of depression sufferers who received treatment. Future research will incorporate additional costs associated with depression sufferers, including the excess costs of their coexisting psychiatric and medical conditions and attention to the role of painful conditions as a driver of these costs.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA. pgreenberg@analysisgroup.com
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Sarah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Corey-Lisle
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000639:trends; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005544:Forecasting; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D013405:Suicide / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics