title: Anatomy of ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in relation to trocar placement and low transverse incisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to map the course of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  The courses of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves from 11 fresh frozen cadavers were mapped from their lateral emergence on the anterior abdominal wall to their midline termination in reference to fixed bony landmarks. Bivariate fit ellipses were generated for each nerve and compared with sites of standard abdominal surgical incisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen iliohypogastric and 16 ilioinguinal nerves were identified and mapped. On average, the proximal end of the ilioinguinal nerve entered the abdominal wall 3.1 cm medial and 3.7 cm inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine, then followed a linear course to terminate 2.7 cm lateral to the midline and 1.7 cm superior to pubic symphysis. The iliohypogastric nerve entered the abdominal wall on average 2.1 cm medial and 0.9 cm inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine, which followed a linear course to terminate 3.7 cm lateral to the midline and 5.2 cm superior to pubic symphysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal wall surgical sites below the level of the anterior superior iliac spine have the potential for ilioinguinal or iliohypogastric injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics/A81, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. whitesj@ccf.org
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Whiteside
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falcone
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012307:Risk Factors; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects*