title: Late HIV presentation among AIDS cases in Australia, 1992-2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe time trends and demographic, exposure and clinical factors associated with late HIV presentation among notified AIDS cases diagnosed in Australia in 1992-2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  AIDS cases, diagnosed in Australia and notified to the National AIDS Registry, were included in the analysis. AIDS cases newly diagnosed with HIV infection within three months of AIDS diagnosis were defined as cases of late HIV presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of AIDS cases with late HIV presentation increased significantly from 18% in 1992-96 to 33.1% in 1997 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.79, p<0.005) and to 49.6% in 2001 (AOR=3.01, p<0.005). Older age, having been born in Asia, a HIV exposure history of heterosexual contact or an 'other/undetermined' exposure and a diagnosis of PCP only or of multiple AIDS illnesses, were associated with late HIV presentation among AIDS cases diagnosed in 1992-96 and in 1997-2001, and among overseas-born cases diagnosed in 1992-2001. In 1997-2001, a low CD4+ cell count was also associated with late HIV presentation. Among homosexually active men diagnosed with AIDS in 1997-2001, older age, a diagnosis of PCP or multiple AIDS illnesses and a low CD4+ cell count were associated with late HIV presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predictors of late HIV presentation have remained substantially unchanged over time and among population subgroups, suggesting a need for innovation in HIV/AIDS testing and counselling strategies.
authors.affiliation: National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, for the National HIV Surveillance Committee, Darlinghurst. amcdonald@nchecr.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Yueming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ree
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kaldor
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors