title: Pulmonary nodules in lung transplant recipients: etiology and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pulmonary nodule (PN) poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the immunocompromised host. Common causes of PNs in lung transplant (LT) recipients include bacterial or fungal infections and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). However, experience in diagnosis and management of PNs is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-four LTs were performed between February 1990 and December 2000. Medical records of all patients with PNs were reviewed retrospectively. Data on presentation, radiographic features, diagnostic methods, therapy, and outcome were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients had PNs after a follow-up of 20.1 +/- 20.1 months (mean +/- SD). The mean age was 45.5 +/- 14.4 years, with a male:female ratio of 17:6. Thirteen patients received single LT, 9 patients received bilateral LT, and 1 patient received heart-LT. Cough and dyspnea were the most common symptoms at presentation, and PNs were better detected by CT than chest radiography. Solitary PNs were due to bronchogenic carcinoma and PTLD, while multiple PNs were due to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and metastatic carcinoma. Bronchoscopy with BAL and transbronchial lung biopsy was the usual method of diagnosis (n = 17, 74%), and our mortality rate was 70%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNs are not uncommon in patients following LT. The majority were due to IPA and PTLD. Prophylaxis with itraconazole against Aspergillus, and acyclovir for Epstein-Barr virus-negative LT recipients, serial CT and surveillance bronchoscopy for early detection of Aspergillus infections, and rituximab therapy for PTLD could improve the outcome of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Pyng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Minai
authors.forename: Atul C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Malcolm M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: DeCamp
authors.forename: Sudish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology