title: Efficacy of insect parasitoid Dirhinus himalayanus (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) & insect growth regulator, triflumuron against house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In fly management programme chemicals are extensively used. Combined use of insect growth regulator (IGR) and parasitoids would yield a better reduction in fly density, as exposure of fly larvae to sub lethal dose of IGR enhances pupal duration and thereby increases the exposure time for parasitism. The objective of the present study was to explore the additive effect of both Dirhinus himalayanus, an insect parasitoid and triflumuron, an IGR in controlling house fly, Musca domestica.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the field trial the study sites were allocated based on two-way ANOVA performed on one year pre-treatment survey. Parasitoid release and IGR treatment were initiated when the growth rate (lambda) of M. domestica was in an increasing trend. Parasitoids were released at a rate of 6 number/m2 for three months (February-April 2000), whereas IGR was applied at a dose of 10 mg/m2 at fortnightly interval from February to December 2000. Control efficacy was assessed using Mulla's formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduction in puparia density was 59.29, 48.67 and 69.08 per cent respectively in areas, where parasitoids, ICR and combination of both IGR and parasitoids were used. Corresponding figures for adult population were 55.69, 49.71 and 77.14 per cent respectively. The per cent reduction in puparia and adult density was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the experimental areas than in the check. When the per cent reduction in adult and puparia density among different experimental areas was compared, it was observed that the reduction in fly density was significantly higher in the areas, where the combination of both parasitoid-IGR (P=0.00102) and IGR (P=0.03175) were used, while in areas where parasitoid (P=0.06191) were released the reduction in fly density was not significant. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in puparia density in areas where both parasitoid-IGR combination (P=0.0001) or IGR (P=0.002) were used, whereas in parasitoid (P=0.0612) released areas it was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the combined use of parasitoid and IGR is effective in reducing puparia and fly density. Therefore, for sustenance of an effective fly control programme, both parasitoid and IGR may be used.
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India. vcrc@vsnl.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: D Dominic
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Amalraj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006793:Houseflies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000378:metabolism*; D007300:Insect Control; D007313:Insecta; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; C023957:triflumuron