title: Development of sulfasalazine resistance in human T cells induces expression of the multidrug resistance transporter ABCG2 (BCRP) and augmented production of TNFalpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether overexpression of cell membrane associated drug efflux pumps belonging to the family of ATP binding cassette (ABC) proteins contributes to a diminished efficacy of sulfasalazine (SSZ) after prolonged cellular exposure to this disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A model system of human T cells (CEM) was used to expose cells in vitro to increasing concentrations of SSZ for a period of six months. Cells were then characterised for the expression of drug efflux pumps: P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged exposure of CEM cells to SSZ provoked resistance to SSZ as manifested by a 6.4-fold diminished antiproliferative effect of SSZ compared with parental CEM cells. CEM cells resistant to SSZ (CEM/SSZ) showed a marked induction of ABCG2/BCRP, Pgp expression was not detectable, while MRP1 expression was even down regulated. A functional role of ABCG2 in SSZ resistance was demonstrated by 60% reversal of SSZ resistance by the ABCG2 blocker Ko143. Release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) was threefold higher in CEM/SSZ cells than in CEM cells. Moreover, twofold higher concentrations of SSZ were required to inhibit TNFalpha release from CEM/SSZ cells compared with CEM cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, ABCG2 induction, augmented TNFalpha release, and less efficient inhibition of TNFalpha production by SSZ may contribute to diminished efficacy after prolonged exposure to SSZ. These results warrant further clinical studies to verify whether drug efflux pumps, originally identified for their roles in cytostatic drug resistance, can also be induced by SSZ or other DMARDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: B A C
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dijkmans
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Lems
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oerlemans
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kathmann
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scheper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D002460:Cell Line; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1