title: Collateral pathways in thoracic central venous obstruction: three-dimensional display using direct spiral computed tomography venography.
abstract: We illustrate the spectrum of venous collateral pathways caused by the thoracic central venous obstruction with direct spiral computed tomography (CT) venography and 3-dimensional reconstruction images. Venous structures that can be demonstrated with CT venography include the jugular veins; the subclavian and brachiocephalic (innominate) veins; the internal and lateral thoracic veins; the superior and inferior venae cavae; the pericardiophrenic veins; the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins; and the intercostal veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, #28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chang Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Whal
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hwan Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jae
authors.forename: Young Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media