title: An emergency department response to severe acute respiratory syndrome: a prototype response to bioterrorism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On March 13, 2003, Singapore physicians were alerted about an outbreak of atypical pneumonia that became known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). I describe the application of an emergency department (ED) disaster response plan to manage the SARS outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ED implemented protection for staff, patients, and facility; infection control measures; and disaster-response workflow changes. The Ministry of Health, Singapore, centralized SARS cases in the hospital, and the ED became the national screening center. A screening questionnaire and a set of admission criteria were applied after assessment of clinical features and chest radiograph findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the duration of the outbreak that ended on May 31, 2003, the ED screened 11,461 persons for SARS, of whom 1,386 (12.9%) were admitted to rule out SARS and 235 (17%) were confirmed to have SARS. Among 10,075 persons discharged from the ED, there were 28 reattending patients who were admitted and diagnosed with SARS, giving an undertriage rate of 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1% to 0.4%). The sensitivity of an ED admission for SARS was 89.4% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.1%), and specificity was 89.7% (95% CI 89.2% to 90.3%). The positive predictive value was 17% (95% CI 15.7% to 18.4%), and the negative predictive value was 99.7% (95% CI 99.6% to 99.8%). No patient contracted SARS as a result of an ED visit. After full implementation of protective measures, 1 ED nurse with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was treated for suspected SARS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the SARS outbreak was not a bioterrorism event, the ED disaster response was applicable in the outbreak's management. The use of a screening questionnaire and admission criteria enabled the ED to screen, treat, and safely discharge the majority of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. kum_ying_tham@ttsh.com.sg
authors.forename: Kum-Ying
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010343:Patient Admission; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods