title: Risk factors for malaria in UK travellers.
abstract: After observing an apparent increase in severe falciparum malaria among travellers returning from The Gambia to the United Kingdom (UK) in the last quarter of 2000, we conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors for malaria. The study participants had visited The Gambia between 1 September and 31 December 2000, travelling with the largest UK tour operator serving this destination. The main outcome measures were risk factors associated with malaria. Forty-six cases and 557 controls were studied. Eighty-seven percent of all participants reported antimalarial use (41% chloroquine/proguanil, 31% mefloquine). On univariate analysis the strongest risk factors for disease were: early calendar period of visit, longer duration of stay, non-use of antimalarial prophylaxis, non-use of mefloquine, lack of room air-conditioning, less use of insect repellent, prior visit to another malarial area and accommodation in 'hotel X'. After adjustment in multivariate analysis, use of mefloquine remained strongly protective (odds ratios, OR 0.13 [95% confidence intervals, 95% CI 0.04-0.40]), and the strongest independent risk factors for malaria were early calendar period (OR 5.19 [2.35-11.45] for 1 September to 9 November 2000 versus 10 November to 31 December 2000), prior visit to another malarial area (OR 3.27 [1.41-7.56]), main accommodation in 'hotel X' (OR 3.24 [1.51-6.97]) and duration of stay (OR 2.05 per extra week [1.42-2.95]). Neither any use, nor > 90% adherence to chloroquine/proguanil were protective (adjusted OR for any use 0.57 [0.27-1.21], P = 0.14). We concluded mefloquine use was strongly protective against malaria (87% protective efficacy), whereas chloroquine/proguanil, which is no longer recommended but remains widely used, was less than half as effective (43% protective efficacy). Waning efficacy of chloroquine/proguanil may have contributed to the observed increase in malaria among travellers to The Gambia in 2000. Local factors may also influence the risk of malaria. Malaria could be prevented among travellers to West Africa if current national guidelines on antimalarial prophylaxis were better implemented.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stümpfle
authors.forename: Ron H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Behrens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014195:Travel; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials