title: Contrast dynamics during CT pulmonary angiogram: analysis of an inspiration associated artifact.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several artifacts have been observed during contrast-enhanced CT of the pulmonary arteries. We describe a physiological artifact caused by a transient interruption of the contrast column in the pulmonary arteries associated with inspiration immediately prior to imaging. This results from a variable inflow of unopacified blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 327 consecutive pulmonary CT-angiograms, all performed on a single detector scanner at 3 mm collimation (1.5 mm incremental reconstruction), 50 positive studies, 46 indeterminate studies, and 33 negative studies (129 exams) were retrospectively reviewed by a blinded observer to determine the frequency of the described contrast interruption, its severity (mild, moderate, or severe), and its possible contribution to misinterpretation of studies. The numerical change in Hounsfield units was assigned within the right ventricular chamber for each examination to correlate with the subjective evaluation of severity. Statistical significance was determined with P = 0.05%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The artifact was present in 48 (37.2%) of the 129 evaluated studies. It was greater in frequency (50.0%) with the negative studies. The presence was 25% with positive studies and 36.7% with indeterminate exams. The interruption was more often mild (<100 HU change) in severity (45.8%). Three (6.6%) definite false positives were detected where the misinterpretation was directly attributed to the artifact. Three (6.6%) other examinations called positive were also directly related to the interrupted contrast column. However, since no further pulmonary vascular evaluation was performed, these examinations can only be considered indeterminate. Two of the latter 3 studies demonstrated a severe (>150 HU change) and the other study demonstrated a moderate (100-150 HU) interruption of contrast opacification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During inspiration, there is a variable increase in unopacified venous blood from the IVC, briefly diluting the contrast column entering from the SVC. This interruption is common, though usually mild in severity. However, a short severe interruption of vascular opacification can lead to misinterpretation as a pulmonary embolus or contribute to an indeterminate examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. gosselin@OHSU.edu
authors.forename: Marc V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gosselin
authors.forename: Ulrich A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Rassner
authors.forename: Sheldon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thieszen
authors.forename: Jinnah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media