title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing evidence that using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreases the incidence of clinically apparent prostate cancer. We review the potential mechanisms of cancer reduction with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and the clinical evidence suggesting their effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review using MEDLINE was conducted of animal, observational, and clinical studies of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer, specifically prostate cancer. The Physician Data Query database was searched for current studies of COX-2 inhibitors for chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research suggests that COX-2 inhibiting medications are determinants in lower cancer incidence rates. Other studies have suggested up-regulation of the COX-2 enzyme in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are currently under study to evaluate their potential roles in preventing prostate cancer in high-risk patients (rofecoxib) or the recurrence of bladder cancer (celecoxib). Agents such as exisulind, which is a selective apoptotic antineoplastic drug, are also under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-2 inhibitors are promising agents for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer but further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA. basler@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Basler
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Piazza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases