title: Percutaneous ablation of VX2 carcinoma-induced liver tumors with use of ethanol versus acetic acid: pilot study in a rabbit model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acetic acid has been employed as a chemical ablation agent for liver tumors because of its superior diffusion characteristics compared with ethanol and the resulting requirement for smaller volumes and fewer injection sessions. Early tissue changes were compared after injection of acetic acid and ethanol in a rabbit model of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  VX2 tumors were created in the left lobe of the liver in 11 male New Zealand White rabbits. Each animal underwent a midline minilaparotomy to expose the tumor-laden left lobe, followed by injection of 1.0 mL of 100% ethanol (n = 5) or 50% acetic acid (n = 6) with use of a 20-gauge infusion needle. Animals were killed 30 minutes after surgery; explanted livers were sectioned and examined for gross and microscopic changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of each agent produced rapid diffusion through tumor and surrounding hepatic parenchyma, with immediate protein precipitation manifested by blanching as a result of coagulation effect. The sizes of coagulation zones, expressed as mean products of the maximum perpendicular diameters of tumoral diffusion, were 13.0 cm(2) +/- 9.4 and 1.3 cm(2) +/- 1.8 for acetic acid and ethanol, respectively (P =.049). No differences in histologic changes were seen between agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this animal model, acetic acid produced significantly larger zones of tumor coagulation compared with ethanol when injected into VX2 carcinoma in equal volumes. Further evaluation is necessary before these findings can be extrapolated to a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Darick L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Alyssa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Krasinkas
authors.forename: Emma E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Furth
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itkin
authors.forename: Timothy W I
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D019342:Acetic Acid