title: Improved metabolic control in diabetic adolescents using the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the utility of the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) as an outpatient procedure to improve management of diabetes in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adolescents (mean age: 16.2 +/- 3 years) with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes (HbA(1c) > 8%) were included in this trial. Mean HbA(1c) during the previous year was 10.1 +/- 1.2%. Insulin treatment consisted of 2 or 3 daily injections in 10 cases and CSII in 2. At the beginning of the study, HbA(1c) was determined and low blood glucose index (LBGI) was calculated. Continuous glucose monitoring was performed for three days. After downloading and analyzing data, results were discussed with the patient and insulin treatment was adjusted. Two months later testing was repeated and all parameters were reassessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial CGMS profiles demonstrated glycemic excursions unrecognized by capillary measurements in all twelve patients. Glycemia before and after meals varied from<60 mg/dL to > 200 mg/dL in 2 patients (2 episodes). Postprandial hyperglycemia exceeded 200 mg/dL in 10 patients (24 episodes). Prolonged overnight hyperglycemia was observed in 5 patients (7 episodes), dawn phenomenon in 4 patients (6 episodes) and nighttime hypoglycemia in 4 patients (4 episodes). A day-to-day reproducibility of glycemic profiles was observed in 8 patients. Then insulin treatment was adjusted according to CGMS data. Changes involved dose levels in 3 patients, insulin type in 7, number of injections, i.e. 3 instead of 2, in 5 or change from insulin injection to CSII in 1. Reassessment two months later demonstrated a significant reduction of glycemic excursions in 8 patients. HbA(1c) (m +/- SD) decreased from 10.3 +/- 2.1% to 8.75 +/- 1.06% (p<0.05). LBGI increased from 1.7 +/- 0.9 to 2.4 +/- 1.4 but the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of CGMS in diabetic adolescent outpatients achieved a significant improvement in metabolic control not only by providing accurate data for adjustment of insulin treatment but also by promoting patient communication and motivation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Nutrition-Endocrinologie-Maladies Métaboliques, Timone Hospital for Adults, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Pauline.Schaepelynck@mail.ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaepelynck-Bélicar
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vague
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lassmann-Vague
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin