title: Anticoagulant efficacy of PEG-Hirudin in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heparins are currently the anticoagulants of choice in long-term hemodialysis (HD). Because of their shortcomings, including the increasing incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II), alternative anticoagulation is necessary. The study objectives were to provide safe and effective HD by investigating an appropriate PEG (polyethylene glycol)-Hirudin dosage regimen in patients on HD, as well as to compare the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of PEG-Hirudin with that of unfractionated heparin (UFH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients (12 males, 8 females, mean age 57.8 years) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) took part in the study. Dialysis sessions lasting a mean of 4.3 hours (QB 250 to 300 mL/min, QD 500 mL/min) were performed 3 times a week with a Gambro GFS plus 16 dialyzer. Ten patients (group I) received UFH at 3 regular dialysis sessions (HD1-3) followed by 5 dialysis sessions using PEG-Hirudin (HD4-8). Another 10 patients (group II) received UFH at 3 regular dialysis sessions (HD1-3) followed by 10 sessions on PEG-Hirudin (HD4-13). The starting dose of PEG-Hirudin was a single bolus injection of 80 microg/kg BW (HD4), except for the first patient, who received 50 microg/kg BW followed by a 12 microg/kg bolus. Before each of the following sessions (HD5-13), an individualized PEG-Hirudin dose of between 26 to 65 microg/kg body weight (BW) (mean dose 41 microg/kg BW) was injected. PEG-Hirudin plasma and blood concentrations derived from anti-Iia activity and ecarin clotting time (ECT), respectively, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), bleeding time, and arteriovenous (AV) fistula compression time were investigated to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters or to assess anticoagulant efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean predialysis PEG-Hirudin plasma concentrations increased up to a maximum of 488 ng/mL in group I (HD8) and up to 536 ng/mL in group II (HD8). Mean plasma concentrations measured at 5 minutes after the 1st (HD4), 5th (HD8), and 10th (HD13) PEG-Hirudin injection ranged from 1076 to 1298 ng/mL. Mean post-dialysis plasma levels ranged from 818 to 995 ng/mL. Mean predialysis aPTT was not affected by UFH, but was prolonged by 46 to 56 seconds by PEG-Hirudin. Five minutes after injecting PEG-Hirudin or UFH, mean aPTT was prolonged to a maximum of 85 and 188 seconds, respectively. Mean post-dialysis aPTT values ranged from 60 to 68 seconds after PEG-Hirudin and 34 to 46 seconds after UFH. PEG-Hirudin was well tolerated; no serious adverse events or bleeding complications were observed. Safety assessments yielded no significant difference between the two anticoagulants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study confirmed the usefulness and tolerability of a PEG-Hirudin dose regimen consisting of a single, fixed bolus dose of 80 microg/kg BW injected before starting the first dialysis session (HD4) and followed by a dose titration period over at least 4 sessions (HD5-8), which again was followed by a fixed maintenance dose period (HD9-13). On the basis of PEG-Hirudin data from patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency but not undergoing hemodialysis and prior recombinant-hirudin (r-hirudin) experience, patients were titrated into an EC-controlled dose range that proved to be efficacious enough to prevent clotting and safe enough to prevent bleeding. Due to the favorable pharmacokinetic properties of PEG-Hirudin, a residual anticoagulant effect is maintained in the intervals between dialysis sessions, and this permanent state of anticoagulation may prevent vascular access complications as well as other vascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine IV, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin Annett
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pöschel
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bucha
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Esslinger
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulbricht
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nörtersheuser
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Götz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D001760:Bleeding Time; D005260:Female; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010976:Platelet Count; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; C104614:polyethyleneglycol-hirudin