title: Spinal agents for acute pain management.
abstract: This article describes the current and investigational agents for use in the treatment of acute pain. The use of spinal and epidural routes also are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Suite G8490, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5092, USA. eugene.viscusi@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Eugene R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Viscusi
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andonakakis
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003000:Clonidine