title: Antidepressant-related deaths and antidepressant prescriptions in England and Wales, 1998-2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deaths from antidepressants continue to account for a substantial proportion of drug-related deaths.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relative toxicity of the major classes of antidepressant drugs, with the specific objective of assessing this in relation to the cause of death; and to analyse the deaths where there were multiple mentions of antidepressant drugs or other psychoactive drugs with antidepressants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality data were collected from the National Programme of Substance Abuse Deaths, and antidepressant prescription data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most deaths from antidepressant drugs were suicides (80%). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) accounted for more drug mentions than did other antidepressant drugs (12 per million prescriptions). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were associated with a significantly lower risk of toxicity, but 93% of deaths from SSRIs occurred in combination with other drugs, especially TCAs (24.5%). In 'combination' deaths patients were significantly more likely to have had a history of drug misuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy and safety of augmentation therapy with TCAs in SSRI-resistant patients should be monitored carefully, and patients prescribed antidepressants should be screened for drug use/misuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Addictive Behaviour and Psychological Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. scheeta@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Survjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheeta
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schifano
authors.forename: Adenekan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyefeso
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: A Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ghodse
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000506:poisoning*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000506:poisoning; D002423:Cause of Death; D004347:Drug Interactions; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000506:poisoning; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors