title: Double staining of Plasmodium falciparum nucleic acids with hydroethidine and thiazole orange for cell cycle stage analysis by flow cytometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microarray analyses of stage-specific gene expression of Plasmodium falciparum require purification of RNAs from highly synchronized cultures. To date, no reliable method to control the quality of synchronization of P. falciparum cultures is available.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-staining method using hydroethidine and thiazole orange for nucleic acid staining was carried out to compare by flow cytometric analysis the nucleic acid labeling of synchronized P. falciparum in cultures at different time points of the 48-h intraerythrocytic cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With this method, we determined the quality of culture synchronization in schizont and ring stages. Nucleic acid analysis, based on thiazole orange fluorescence, clearly showed that low levels of schizonts in ring cultures results in a high contamination of ring nucleic acids by schizonts. Conversely, nucleic acids from trophozoite or schizont cultures containing ring stages did not present a significant contamination by ring nucleic acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated a very low nucleic acid content in the ring stage when compared with the high nucleic acid content of schizont-stage parasites. The rapid and reliable flow cytometric strategy using hydroethidine- and thiazole orange-stained parasite nucleic acids allows monitoring of the purity of the preparation, thus greatly improving the quality assessment of parasite cultures, a critical step to study gene expression patterns.
authors.affiliation: Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. hajouin@pastur.fr
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jouin
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Daher
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khalife
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ricard
authors.forename: Odile Mercereau
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Puijalon
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capron
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dive
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D011804:Quinolines; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010617:Phenanthridines; D011804:Quinolines; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D013844:Thiazoles; C051000:thiazole orange; C058428:hydroethidine