title: Right-to-left-shunts detected by transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) can identify right-to-left-shunts that predispose to paradoxical embolism. In a large cohort we compared the results of both techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  222 patients were investigated by both techniques using the contrast agent Echovist-300 and performing each test once without and once with the Valsalva maneuver (VM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEE-proven right-to-left-shunts were detected by TCD with a high sensitivity of 94%. In addition, TCD revealed shunts not noted during TEE in about 20% of all patients studied. These shunts are in general smaller than those concordantly identified; however, 9% of the patients without a TEE-proven shunt presented with a shunt that allows a considerable amount of contrast medium to pass. There were 12% more microbubbles detected in the right middle cerebral artery than in the left middle cerebral artery during the TCD test performed with VM, but not during the TCD test performed without VM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced TEE and TCD are complementary methods in the assessment of stroke and stroke-prone patients. The side difference of microbubbles may indicate a selective streaming of cardiac emboli during VM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany. droste.dirk@chl.lu
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Rimpler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichter
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittrich
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stypmann
authors.forename: E Bernd
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ringelstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C040642:SHU 454