title: Metal-on-metal hybrid surface arthroplasty: two to six-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following the reintroduction of metal-on-metal articulating surfaces for total hip arthroplasty in Europe in 1988, we developed a surface arthroplasty prosthetic system using a metal-on-metal articulation. The present study describes the clinical and radiographic results of the first 400 hips treated with metal-on-metal hybrid surface arthroplasties at an average follow-up of three and a half years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1996 and November 2000, 400 metal-on-metal hybrid surface arthroplasties were performed in 355 patients. All femoral head components were cemented, but only fifty-nine of the short metaphyseal stems were cemented. The patients had an average age of forty-eight years, 73% were men, and 66% had a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Clinical and radiographic follow-up were performed at three months postoperatively and yearly thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the patients returned to a high level of activity, including sports, and 54% had activity scores of >7 on the University of California at Los Angeles activity assessment system. Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves demonstrated that the rate of survival of the components at four years was 94.4%. For patients with a surface arthroplasty risk index score of >3, the rate of survival of the components at four years was 89% compared with a rate of 97% for those with a score of </=3. The patients with a higher risk index were 4.2 times more likely to undergo revision to a total hip replacement at four years. Twelve hips (3%) had a revision to a total hip replacement. Seven of the twelve hips were revised because of loosening of the femoral component, and three were revised because of a femoral neck fracture. Substantial radiolucencies were seen around sixteen uncemented metaphyseal femoral stems. No femoral radiolucencies were observed among the hips in which the metaphyseal stem was cemented. The most important risk factors for femoral component loosening and substantial stem radiolucencies were large femoral head cysts (p = 0.029), patient height (p = 0.032), female gender (p = 0.005), and smaller component size in male patients (p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preliminary experience with this hybrid metal-on-metal bearing is encouraging. Optimal femoral bone preparation and component fixation are critical to improving durability. The metal-on-metal hybrid surface arthroplasty is easily revised to a standard femoral component if necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series [no, or historical, control group]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Joint Replacement Institute, Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA. jortega@laoh.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Harlan C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Amstutz
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Beaulé
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.forename: Michel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Le Duff
authors.forename: Pat A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gruen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008670:Metals