title: Revision endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recurrent or persistent frontal sinus disease after endoscopic sinus surgery poses formidable challenges owing to the frontal sinus outflow tract's complex variable anatomy, close proximity to vital structures, and predilection for scarring and stenosis. Frontal sinus obliteration used to be the preferred technique of most sinus surgeons for addressing difficult frontal sinus disease; however, several effective endoscopic techniques exist as excellent alternative procedures for addressing this difficult clinical problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several endoscopic techniques have been described for addressing these problems including endoscopic frontal sinusotomy, the frontal sinus rescue procedure, endoscopic transseptal frontal sinusotomy, and the modified Lothrop procedure. Advances in treating recurrent frontal sinus disease have included recent articles reviewing the long-term outcomes of some of these techniques, the prevalence of frontal sinus cells, the optimization of medical management, and the spectrum of postoperative debridement regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When used in the appropriate setting, these less invasive revision endoscopic techniques provide excellent results with low morbidity and several advantages. This article reviews recent developments in the treatment of recurrent or persistent frontal sinus disease including incorporation of these techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7070, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sonnenburg
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Senior
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods