title: Chronic transcutaneous electrical stimulation of calf muscles improves functional capacity without inducing systemic inflammation in claudicants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether electrical stimulation of ischaemic calf muscles in claudicants causes a systemic inflammatory response and to evaluate effects of its chronic application on muscle function and walking ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomised controlled trial of calf muscle stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stable claudicants were randomised to receive either active chronic low frequency (6 Hz) motor stimulation (n=15) or, as a control treatment, submotor transcutaneous electrical nerve (TENS) stimulation (n=15) of calf muscles in one leg, 3 x 20 min per day for four weeks. Leucocyte activation was quantified by changes in cell morphology, vascular permeability by urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR), calf muscle function by isometric twitch contractions and walking ability by treadmill performance pre- and post-intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute active muscle stimulation activated leucocytes less (28% increase) than a standard treadmill test (81% increase) and did not increase ACR. Chronic calf muscle stimulation significantly increased pain-free walking distance by 35 m (95% CI 17, 52, P<0.001) and maximum walking distance by 39 m (95% CI 7, 70, P<0.05) while control treatment had no effect. Active stimulation prevented fatigue of calf muscles during isometric electrically evoked contractions by abolishing the slowing of relaxation that was responsible for loss of force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic electrical muscle stimulation is an effective treatment for alleviating intermittent claudication which, by targeted activation of a small muscle mass, does not engender a significant systemic inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whatling
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hudlicka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology