title: In vitro release of Tacrolimus from Tacrolimus ointment and its speculated mechanism.
abstract: The in vitro release profiles and the bleeding phenomenon of Tacrolimus and propylene carbonate (PC) as a dispersing solvent for Tacrolimus drug substance in Tacrolimus ointment were investigated when changing concentrations of Tacrolimus and PC in the ointment were used, respectively. The bleeding test result indicated that Tacrolimus was in equilibrium between inside and outside of PC droplets in intact ointment base. A cumulative release amount of Tacrolimus from ointment, plotted against the square root of time, showed a straight line initially with a slope of q1 followed to change a slope to be q2 at a certain time, where the relation of these slopes being q1<q2. The q1 values increased with the concentration of Tacrolimus but decreased with PC concentration in Tacrolimus ointment. And the q2 values increased with Tacrolimus concentration but were independent of PC concentration. These profiles indicated that there were two phases for Tacrolimus release from ointment, namely, first phase was related with the period during PC release and the second phase was related with the state of ointment after PC release. When the PC release was applied to the Higuchi's release equation, the above slope q1 was found to be correlated to the parameter of A/phi(0), where A was a parameter of release rate of PC and phi(0) was an initial volume fraction of PC droplets. It should be indicated that more rapid release rate of PC rather than that of Tacrolimus resulted in the generation of amorphous phase of Tacrolimus outside of remaining PC droplets. During PC release, the slope q1 could be influenced by the thermodynamic activity of Tacrolimus dissolved in PC droplets. After PC release, it would be reasonable to speculate that the amorphous cluster of Tacrolimus with a constant thermodynamic activity would give constant q2 values regardless of PC contents in Tacrolimus ointment.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Science Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 1-6, 2-chome Kashima Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan. hiromitsu_yoshida@po.fujisawa.co.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ibuki
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D009824:Ointments; D011407:Propane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; D012997:Solvents; C045990:propylene carbonate; D011407:Propane; D016559:Tacrolimus