title: Within- and between-laboratory precision in the measurement of body volume using air displacement plethysmography and its effect on body composition assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the extent of within- and between-laboratory precision in body volume (BV) measurements using air displacement plethysmography (ADP), the BOD POD body composition system, and to interpret any such variability in terms of body composition estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated test procedures of BV assessment using the BOD POD ADP were reproduced at two laboratories for the estimation of precision, both within and between laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 30 healthy adult volunteers, 14 men (age, 19-48 y; body mass index (BMI), 19.7-30.3 kg/m2) and 16 women (age, 19-40 y; BMI, 16.3-35.7 kg/m2), were each subjected to two test procedures at both laboratories. Two additional volunteers were independently subjected to 10 repeated test procedures at both laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measurements of BV, uncorrected for the effects of isothermal air in the lungs and the surface area artifact, were obtained using the BOD POD ADP, with the identical protocol being faithfully applied at both laboratories. Uncorrected BV measurements were adjusted to give estimates of actual BV that were used to calculate body density (body weight (BWt)/actual BV) from which estimates of body composition were derived. The differences between repeated BV measurements or body composition estimates were used to assess within-laboratory precision (repeatability), as standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation; the differences between measurements reproduced at each laboratory were used to determine between-laboratory precision (reproducibility), as bias and 95% limits of agreement (from SD of the differences between laboratories).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of within-laboratory methodological precision for BV (uncorrected and actual) was variable according to subject, sample group and laboratory conditions (range of SD, 0.04-0.13 l), and was mostly due to within-individual biological variability (typically 78-99%) rather than to technical imprecision. There was a significant (P<0.05) bias between laboratories for the 10 repeats on the two independent subjects (up to 0.29 l). Although no significant bias (P=0.077) was evident for the sample group of 30 volunteers (-0.05 l), the 95% limits of agreement were considerable (-0.68 to 0.58 l). The effects of this variability in BV on body composition were relatively greater: for example, within-laboratory precision (SD) for body fat as % BWt was between 0.56 and 1.34% depending on the subject and laboratory; the bias (-0.59%) was not significant between laboratories, but there were large 95% limits of agreement (-3.67 to 2.50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within-laboratory precision for each BOD POD instrument was reasonably good, but was variable according to the prevailing conditions. Although the bias between the two instruments was not significant for the BV measurements, implying that they can be used interchangeably for groups of similar subjects, the relatively large 95% limits of agreement indicate that greater consideration may be needed for assessing individuals with different ADP instruments. Therefore, use of a single ADP instrument is apparently preferable when assessing individuals on a longitudinal basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK. ac@bcom.ac.uk
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity