title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist increases both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particle size and small high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of diabetic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether troglitazone, independent of control of diabetes, increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered 600 mg of troglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist) daily for 8 weeks to 10 patients with type 2 diabetes (8 of whom completed the study). Then troglitazone therapy was discontinued, and alternative medication for diabetic control was used for another 4 weeks. The LDL, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations and subpopulations, as well as blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were determined at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 and analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small, dense LDL cholesterol is commonly seen in patients with diabetes and is thought to be associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease. After both 4 and 8 weeks of troglitazone therapy, control of diabetes was significantly improved (mean HbA1c values at baseline, week 4, and week 8 were 8.0 +/- 0.7%, 7.4 +/- 0.5%, and 7.0 +/- 0.7%, respectively; P<0.05). HbA1c (6.5 +/- 0.6% at 12 weeks) and blood glucose levels (126 +/- 19 mg/dL at 8 weeks versus 145 +/- 9 mg/dL at 12 weeks) were not significantly different 4 weeks after troglitazone therapy was discontinued. Troglitazone treatment increased the large LDL particle at 4 and 8 weeks, a change that significantly (P<0.05) enlarged the LDL particle size (20.5 +/- 0.3 nm, 21.2 +/- 0.3 nm, and 21.3 +/- 0.2 nm at baseline, week 4, and week 8, respectively). After 8 weeks of troglitazone therapy, VLDL triglycerides were reduced (195 +/- 37 mg/dL versus 136 +/- 28 mg/dL; P<0.05) and HDL was increased (31.6 +/- 2.4 mg/dL versus 35.5 +/- 2.9 mg/dL; P<0.05). This greater HDL value was due to an increase in the small HDL particles. A decrease in the larger VLDL particles (V5 and V6) resulted in a reduction in the mean VLDL particle size (59 +/- 3 nm versus 46 +/- 2 nm; P<0.05). Despite the fact that control of diabetes remained significantly improved after troglitazone therapy was discontinued, the LDL particle size decreased to the baseline value. This change was due to a reduction in the large LDL cholesterol particle (L3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that troglitazone therapy increases LDL particle size, reduces VLDL particle size, and increases small HDL particles. These changes may lower the risk for coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Harbor-UCLA, Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA.
authors.forename: Surekha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bavirti
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghanaat
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tayek
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D002839:Chromans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002839:Chromans; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077288:Troglitazone