title: Umbilical glutathione levels are higher after vaginal birth than after cesarean section.
abstract: Glutathione plays an important role in quenching reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidation of glutathione, which in times of prolonged oxidative stress may be excreted from the erythrocyte. We investigated arterial and venous umbilical cord levels of glutathione in neonates born by vaginal delivery (n = 140) or cesarean section (n = 38). In a subset of neonates who were delivered vaginally maternal levels were assessed in parallel (n = 14). Median (5th-95th percentile) glutathione levels in venous and arterial umbilical samples were higher after vaginal delivery as compared to cesarean section, 2.7 (0.9-7.3) versus 2.0 (0.6-11.5; P < 0.03) and 3.5 (0.6-22.7) versus 2.3 (0.7-24.3) micromol/L (P < 0.02), respectively. Maternal glutathione levels were higher, 7.8 (4.3-10.6) micromol/L, than corresponding venous (P < 0.001) or arterial (P < 0.02) umbilical levels. These results suggest that vaginal delivery is associated with more oxidative stress than delivery by cesarean section.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands. maarten.raijmakers@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Maarten T M
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Raijmakers
authors.forename: Eva Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Roes
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Wildt
authors.forename: Wilbert H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D011247:Pregnancy; D014469:Umbilical Arteries; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione