title: Temporal lobe epilepsy: analysis of patients with dual pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and types of dual pathology in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and to analyze the clinical manifestations and surgical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 240 patients with TLE underwent temporal resections following a comprehensive pre-surgical evaluation. Thirty-seven (15.4%) of these had hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or temporal lobe gliosis in association with another lesion (dual pathology).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of 37 patients with dual pathology had heterotopia of the temporal lobe, nine had cortical dysplasia, four had cavernous angiomas or arteriovenous malformations, one had a dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, one had a contusion and four patients had cerebral infarctions in childhood. 68.5% had abnormal head magnetic resonance imagings, 91.3% had abnormal positron emission tomography scans, and 96% had abnormal ictal SPECT. The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) showed impaired memory of the epileptogenic side in 72% of the patients. Twenty patients had left and 17 had right-sided en bloc temporal resections, including the lesion and mesial temporal structures. Twenty-six (70.2%) became seizure-free, eight (21.6%) had rare seizures, two (5.4%) had worthwhile seizure reduction and one (2.7%) had no improvement (range of follow-up 1-16 years, mean = 7.4 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  15.4% had dual pathology. The dual pathology was almost exclusively seen in patients whose lesions were congenital, or occurred early in life, suggesting that the hippocampus is more vulnerable and more readily develops HS in early childhood. Resections, including the lateral and mesial temporal structures led to a favorable outcome with no mortality and little morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. vsalanov@iupui.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salanova
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Markand
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Worth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016896:Treatment Outcome