title: Regulation of casein kinase I epsilon activity by Wnt signaling.
abstract: The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is important in both development and cancer. Casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon) is a positive regulator of the canonical Wnt pathway. CKIepsilon itself can be regulated in vitro by inhibitory autophosphorylation, and recent data suggest that in vivo kinase activity can be regulated by extracellular stimuli. We show here that the phosphorylation state and kinase activity of CKIepsilon are directly regulated by Wnt signaling. Coexpression of XWnt-8 or addition of soluble Wnt-3a ligand led to a significant and rapid increase in the activity of endogenous CKIepsilon. The increase in CKIepsilon activity is the result of decreased inhibitory autophosphorylation because it is abolished by preincubation of immunoprecipitated kinase with ATP. Furthermore, mutation of CKIepsilon inhibitory autophosphorylation sites creates a kinase termed CKIepsilon(MM2) that is significantly more active than CKIepsilon and is not activated further upon Wnt stimulation. Autoinhibition of CKIepsilon is biologically relevant because CKIepsilon(MM2) is more effective than CKIepsilon at activating transcription from a Lef1-dependent promoter. Finally, CKIepsilon(MM2) expression in Xenopus embryos induces both axis duplication and additional developmental abnormalities. The data suggest that Wnt signaling activates CKIepsilon by causing transient dephosphorylation of critical inhibitory sites present in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the kinase. Activation of the Wnt pathway may therefore stimulate a cellular phosphatase to dephosphorylate and activate CKIepsilon
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncological Sciences and the Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Swiatek
authors.forename: I-Chun
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klimowski
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pepler
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnette
authors.forename: H Joseph
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Virshup
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D047388:Casein Kinases; D002460:Cell Line; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C495248:wnt8a protein, Xenopus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008156:Luciferases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D047388:Casein Kinases