title: Sleep disordered breathing: surgical outcomes in prepubertal children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the treatment outcomes of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in prepubertal children 3 months following surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective investigation of 400 consecutively seen children with SDB who were referred to otolaryngologists for treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  After masking the identities and conditions of the children, the following were tabulated: clinical symptoms, results of clinical evaluation and polysomnography at entry, the treatment chosen by the otolaryngologists, and clinical and polysomnographic results 3 months after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment ranged from nasal steroids to various surgical procedures. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in only 251 of 400 cases (68%). Four cases included adenotonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty (closure of the tonsillar wound by suturing the anterior and posterior pillar to tighten the airway). Persistent SDB was seen in 58 of 400 children (14.5%), and an additional 8 had persistent snoring. Best results were with adenotonsillectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDB involves obstruction of the upper airway, which may be partially due to craniofacial structure involvement. The goal of surgical treatment should be aimed at enlarging the airway, and not be solely focused on treating inflammation or infection of the lymphoid tissues. This goal may not be met in some patients, thus potentially contributing to residual problems seen after surgery. The possibility of further treatment, including collaboration with orthodontists to improve the craniofacial risk factors, should be considered in children with residual problems.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, CA 94305, USA. cguil@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: Kasey K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khramtsov
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D017286:Polysomnography; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000601:surgery*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014420:Turbinates / Q000601:surgery