title: Development of a dual approach to assess powder flow from avalanching behavior.
abstract: The purposes of this investigation were to develop a method to evaluate flow properties of powders from avalanching tests and to detect similarities and relationships between these data and conventional powder flow properties. The API AeroFlow automated flowability analyzer was tested using 6 pharmaceutical excipients. Data were presented as mean time to avalanche (MTA), scatter, and a classification based on the type of motion of the powder bed. Powders were also characterized in terms of particle size, particle shape, loss of weight on drying, Carr's compressibility index, and critical orifice diameter to prevent ratholing. A dual approach, which combines visual observation of the type of motion of the powder bed in the rotating drum with numerical descriptors such as MTA and scatter, was found to be more accurate in the assessment of powder flow than the current practice of using only MTA and scatter values. Statistical analysis established that there are relationships and similarities between the ranking of powder flow properties obtained from the avalanching test and Carr's compressibility index and the critical orifice diameter. An interaction between particle size and shape, both influencing powder flow, when evaluated with these methods was found. The assessment of the flowability of powders on the basis of avalanching tests should include both the determination of numerical descriptors of flow such as MTA and scatter, and a determination of the type of motion of the powder bed in order to increase the sensitivity of the method to small changes in powder flow properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poynter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Podczeck
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D005079:Excipients; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; D002482:Cellulose; D013213:Starch; C020243:calcium phosphate; D007785:Lactose; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose