title: Emergency department spirometric volume and base deficit delineate risk for torso injury in stable patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine torso injury rates and sensitivities associated with fluid-positive abdominal ultrasound, metabolic acidosis (increased base deficit and lactate), and impaired pulmonary physiology (decreased spirometric volume and PaO2/FiO2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I trauma center prospective pilot and post-pilot study (2000-2001) of stable patients. Increased base deficit was < 0.0 in ethanol-negative and < or = -3.0 in ethanol-positive patients. Increased lactate was > 2.5 mmol/L in ethanol-negative and > or = 3.0 mmol/L in ethanol-positive patients. Decreased PaO2/FiO2 was < 350 and decreased spirometric volume was < 1.8 L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 215 patients, 66 (30.7%) had a torso injury (abdominal/pelvic injury n = 35 and/or thoracic injury n = 43). Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14.8 +/- 0.5 (13-15). Torso injury rates and sensitivities were: abdominal ultrasound negative and normal base deficit, lactate, PaO2/FiO2, and spirometric volume--0.0% & 0.0%; normal base deficit and normal spirometric volume--4.2% & 4.5%; chest/abdominal soft tissue injury--37.8% & 47.0%; increased lactate--39.7% & 47.0%; increased base deficit--41.3% & 75.8%; increased base deficit and/or decreased spirometric volume--43.8% & 95.5%; decreased PaO2/FiO2--48.9% & 33.3%; positive abdominal ultrasound--62.5% & 7.6%; decreased spirometric volume--73.4% & 71.2%; increased base deficit and decreased spirometric volume--82.9% & 51.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma patients with normal base deficit and spirometric volume are unlikely to have a torso injury. Patients with increased base deficit or lactate, decreased spirometric volume, decreased PaO2/FiO2, or positive FAST have substantial risk for torso injury. Increased base deficit and/or decreased spirometric volume are highly sensitive for torso injury. Base deficit and spirometric volume values are readily available and increase or decrease the suspicion for torso injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St, Elizabeth Health Center, Belmont Avenue, Youngstown, OH, USA. Michael_Dunham@hmis.org
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: Eilynn K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sipe
authors.forename: LeeAnn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peluso
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013147:Spirometry; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates