title: Local ex vivo gene therapy with bone marrow stromal cells expressing human BMP4 promotes endosteal bone formation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone loss in osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between resorption and formation on endosteal surfaces of trabecular and cortical bone. We investigated the feasibility of increasing endosteal bone formation in mice by ex vivo gene therapy with bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) transduced with a MLV-based retroviral vector to express human bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed two approaches for administering transduced MSCs. beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal) transduced C57BL/6J mouse MSCs were injected intravenously via tail vein or directly injected into the femoral bone marrow cavity of non-marrow-ablated syngenic recipient mice and bone marrow cavity engraftment was assessed. BMP4- or beta-Gal-transduced cells were injected into the femoral bone marrow cavity and effects on bone were evaluated by X-ray, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After tail-vein injection less than 20% of recipient mice contained beta-Gal-positive donor cells in femur, humerus or vertebra marrow cavities combined, and in these mice only 0.02-0.29% of injected cells were present in the bone marrow. In contrast, direct intramedullary injection was always successful and an average of 2% of injected cells were present in the injected femur marrow cavity 24 hours after injection. Numbers of donor cells decreased over the next 14 days. Intramedullary injection of BMP4-transduced MSCs induced bone formation. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) determined by pQCT increased 20.5% at 14 days and total BMD increased 6.5% at 14 days and 10.4% at 56 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings support the feasibility of using ex vivo MSC-based retroviral gene therapy to induce relatively sustained new bone formation, with normal histological appearance, at endosteal bone sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, and Gene Therapy Division, Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), VA Loma Linda Healthcare Network, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Linkhart
authors.forename: Shin-Tai
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wergedal
authors.forename: Genevieve G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Guttierez
authors.forename: Matilda H-C
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: K-H William
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Baylink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D012190:Retroviridae; D017154:Stromal Cells; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D001616:beta-Galactosidase