title: Differences in HIV disease progression by injecting drug use in HIV-infected persons in care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States and many Western countries, injecting drug use continues to be an important cause of HIV infection. This has important clinical and public health implications if injecting drug users (IDUs) have greater barriers to antiretroviral effectiveness than other risk groups. We assessed if there were differences between HIV-infected IDUs and non-IDU patients in the development of AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) from the time the patients started their first combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared clinical outcomes for IDU patients (n = 827) with those for non-IDU patients (n = 1314) after they started CART. We controlled for financial access, because all patients had access to CART through insurance or a drug assistance program. The incidence (number of ADI cases per 100 person-years) was compared for IDUs and non-IDUs from 1995 through 2002. Incidence ratios were calculated for IDUs compared with non-IDUs. Risk factors for development of ADIs were assessed using negative binomial regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1995-1996 to 2001-2002, there was a decline in ADI incidence among IDUs from 31.9 to 16.2 cases per 100 person-years of follow-up. Over the same time, there was a decline in ADI incidence among non-IDUs from 37.0 to 9.7 cases per 100 person-years. The incidence ratio (incidence among IDUs compared with that among non-IDUs) increased from 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.15) to 1.67 (95% CI, 1.25-2.18) from 1995-1996 to 2001-2002. By negative binomial regression, the incidence ratio for ADIs among IDUs versus non-IDUs increased to 1.45 (95% CI, 1.21-1.75), after 1998, adjusting for differences in demographic, clinical, and treatment factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative incidence of ADIs among IDUs with access to treatment increased approximately 50% compared with non-IDUs since 1999. This suggests greater barriers to the effective use of CART for IDUs, resulting in a higher individual and public health burden of clinical HIV disease. It will be important to understand reasons for this growing difference and to implement appropriate interventions to improve the effective use of CART for IDUs.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 8059, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. rdmoore@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jeanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Keruly
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chaisson
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral