title: How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals.
abstract: Increasing numbers of hospital-acquired infections have generated much attention over the last decade. The public has linked the so-called 'superbugs' with their experience of dirty hospitals, but the precise role of cleaning in the control of these organisms in unknown. Hence the importance of a clean environment is likely to remain speculative unless it becomes an evidence-based science. This proposal is a call for bacteriological standards with which to assess clinical surface hygiene in hospitals, based on those used by the food industry. The first standard concerns any finding of a specific 'indicator' organism, the presence of which suggests a requirement for increased cleaning. Indicators would include Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Clostridium difficile, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and various Gram-negative bacilli. The second standard concerns a quantitative aerobic colony count of <5 cfu/cm(2) on frequent hand touch surfaces in hospitals. The principle relates to modern risk management systems such as HACCP, and reflects the fact that pathogens of concern are widespread. Further work is required to evaluate and refine these standards and define the infection risk from the hospital environment.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, Clifton House, Clifton Place, Glasgow G3 7LN, UK. stephanie.dancer@scieh.csa.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dancer
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000592:standards; D003666:Decontamination / Q000592:standards; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards*