title: Cell surface-dependent generation of angiostatin4.5.
abstract: Angiostatin4.5 (AS4.5) is a naturally occurring human angiostatin isoform, consisting of plasminogen kringles 1-4 plus 85% of kringle 5 (amino acids Lys78 to Arg529). Prior studies indicate that plasminogen is converted to AS4.5 in a two-step reaction. First, plasminogen is activated to plasmin. Then plasmin undergoes autoproteolysis within the inner loop of kringle 5, which can be induced by a free sulfhydryl donor or an alkaline pH. We now demonstrate that plasminogen can be converted to AS4.5 in a cell membrane-dependent reaction. Actin was shown previously to be a surface receptor for plasmin(ogen). We now show that beta-actin is present on the extracellular membranes of cancer cells (PC-3, HT1080, and MDA-MB231), and beta-actin can mediate plasmin binding to the cell surface and autoproteolysis to AS4.5. In the presence of beta-actin, no small molecule-free sulfhydryl donor is needed for generation of AS4.5. Antibodies to actin reduced membrane-dependent generation of AS4.5 by 70%. In a cell-free system, addition of actin to in vitro-generated plasmin resulted in stoichiometric conversion to AS4.5. Annexin II and alpha-enolase have been reported to be plasminogen receptors, but we did not demonstrate a role for these proteins in conversion of plasminogen to AS4.5. Our data indicate that membrane-associated beta-actin, documented previously as a plasminogen receptor, is a key cell membrane receptor capable of mediating conversion of plasmin to AS4.5. This conversion may serve an important role in regulating tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, and surface beta-actin may also serve as a prognostic marker to predict tumor behavior.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cundiff
authors.forename: Keyi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Soff
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D043168:Angiostatins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002455:Cell Division; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C483085:angiostatin4.5, human; D043168:Angiostatins; D010958:Plasminogen; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator