title: Immunohistochemical expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase and alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether tumor marker pi glutathione transferase (GST-pi) is expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other chronic liver diseases and to compare its expression with that of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples used were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissues: normal (n = 3), chronic hepatitis B (n = 15), cirrhosis (n = 15) and HCC (n = 30). The expression of AFP and GST-pi was detected by using immunohistochemistry with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. AFP immunoreactivity was based on the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, while GST-pi immunoreactivity was based on the nuclei of hepatocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal liver tissues, AFP was not expressed. However, there was strong staining of GST-pi in bile duct epithelium cells and weak staining in hepatocytes. Our results showed higher AFP immunoreactivity in cases of HCC (36.7%) as compared to cirrhosis (6.7%) and hepatitis B (0%), whereas GST-pi immunoreactivity was lower in cases of HCC (53.3%) as compared to cases of cirrhosis (100.0%) and hepatitis B (93.3%). Percent sensitivity of AFP determination for HCC was 36.7% as compared to 53.3% for GST-pi, thus making GST-pi a more sensitive marker for detection of HCC. This study showed a significant relationship between the intensity and percentage of cells stained in hepatitis B, cirrhosis and HCC for GST-pi immunoreactivity (P < .001, .001 and .05, respectively) but not for AFP (P > .05). Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between expression of AFP and GST-pi in cirrhosis and HCC cases. Hepatitis B virus infection in HCC cases showed a positive rate of 46.7%, with AFP staining positively in 42.9% of tissues and GST-pi staining positively in 57.1% of tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFP is a diagnostic but rather insensitive tissue marker for HCC. However, the absence of AFP in benign chronic liver disease makes this marker useful in differentiating between HCC and other chronic liver diseases, whereas GST-pi can be used as a diagnostic marker for HCC as well as in detecting other chronic liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. anum@medic.ukm.my
authors.forename: Yasmin Anum Mohd
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.forename: Khong Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase