title: Malformation of stapes in VACTERLS association: a histopathologic study and three-dimensional reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the temporal bone with a malformed stapes in VACTERLS association.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a case report, histopathology of the temporal bone, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the ossicles and cochlea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in the Temporal Bone Bank at Charles University, Hradec Králové, on a case from Temporal Bone Foundation, Boston.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1540-g, 41-cm female neonate with VACTERLS association, histopathology of the temporal bone, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the middle ear ossicles and cochlea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posterior part of the footplate was missing, and the posterior crura of the stapes was not connected to the footplate but found freely suspended in the sinus tympani.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction was performed from histologic sections of the temporal bone removed from a case of VACTERLS association. The reconstruction included structures such as the bony labyrinth and the middle ear ossicles. The abnormality observed in the reconstruction included the mislocation of the stapes and a shortened footplate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital, Pardubice, Czech Republic. chrobok@nem.pce.cz
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chrobok
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jezek
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simáková
authors.forename: Clarindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Northrop
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carranza
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000473:pathology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010784:Photomicrography; D013199:Stapes / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D013577:Syndrome; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology*