title: Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In small, short-term studies, acute administration of caffeine decreases insulin sensitivity and impairs glucose tolerance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the long-term relationship between consumption of coffee and other caffeinated beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors followed 41 934 men from 1986 to 1998 and 84 276 women from 1980 to 1998. These participants did not have diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coffee consumption was assessed every 2 to 4 years through validated questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors documented 1333 new cases of type 2 diabetes in men and 4085 new cases in women. The authors found an inverse association between coffee intake and type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index, and other risk factors. The multivariate relative risks for diabetes according to regular coffee consumption categories (0, <1, 1 to 3, 4 to 5, or > or =6 cups per day) in men were 1.00, 0.98, 0.93, 0.71, and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.82; P = 0.007 for trend), respectively. The corresponding multivariate relative risks in women were 1.00, 1.16, 0.99, 0.70, and 0.71 (CI, 0.56 to 0.89; P < 0.001 for trend), respectively. For decaffeinated coffee, the multivariate relative risks comparing persons who drank 4 cups or more per day with nondrinkers were 0.74 (CI, 0.48 to 1.12) for men and 0.85 (CI, 0.61 to 1.17) for women. Total caffeine intake from coffee and other sources was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for diabetes in both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salazar-Martinez
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascherio
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine