title: Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion-deletion polymorphism is associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphism genotypes in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), a heterogeneous chronic disease with autoimmune pathology. ACE gene I/D polymorphism influences the plasma and tissue levels of ACE and has an involvement in inflammatory mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes was determined in 82 children with JRA from Kuwait and compared to that in 48 ethnically matched healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A considerably higher incidence of II genotype was observed in the JRA patients compared to controls (p < 0.003). In contrast, no statistically significant difference was detected in the incidence of DD and ID genotypes in JRA patients and controls (p = 0.276 and 0.460, respectively). The incidence of ACE gene polymorphism genotypes was also studied in clinical subclasses of JRA patients and controls. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DD and ID genotypes in either of the 3 JRA subclasses (oligoarticular, polyarticular, and systemic) when compared to controls. However, the incidence of II genotype was found to be significantly higher in all the 3 JRA subclasses compared to controls. The strongest association between II genotype and JRA subclasses was detected in systemic JRA, followed by oligoarticular and polyarticular JRA. This was also reflected in a higher prevalence of I-allele in the systemic JRA cases (13/26, 50%) compared to the D-allele (11/26, 42%). In contrast, D-allele of the ACE gene was more prevalent in oligoarticular and polyarticular JRA cases, than the I-allele (61% and 58%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest a significant association of the I-allele of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the 3 clinical subclasses of JRA in children, and the highest association was observed in systemic JRA cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alsaeid
authors.forename: M Zafaryab
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Elia M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ayoub
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A