title: The efficiency of multimedia learning into old age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On the basis of a multimodal model of working memory, cognitive load theory predicts that a multimedia-based instructional format leads to a better acquisition of complex subject matter than a purely visual instructional format.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the extent to which age and instructional format had an impact on training efficiency among both young and old adults. It was hypothesised that studying worked examples that are presented as a narrated animation (multimedia condition) is a more efficient means of complex skill training than studying visually presented worked examples (unimodal condition) and solving conventional problems. Furthermore, it was hypothesised that multimedia-based worked examples are especially helpful for elderly learners, who have to deal with a general decline of working-memory resources, because they address both mode-specific working-memory stores.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 60 young (mean age = 15.98 years) and 60 old adults (mean age = 64.48 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of both age groups were trained in either a conventional, a unimodal, or a multimedia condition. Subsequently, they had to solve a series of test problems. Dependent variables were perceived cognitive load during the training, performance on the test, and efficiency in terms of the ratio between these two variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that for both age groups multimedia-based worked examples were more efficient than the other training formats in that less cognitive load led to at least an equal performance level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no difference in the beneficial effect of multimedia learning was found between the age groups, multimedia-based instructions seem promising for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. P.vanGerven@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Pascal W M
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Van Gerven
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paas
authors.forename: Jeroen J G
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Merriënboer
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Henk G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018961:Educational Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged