title: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression: a potential prognostic and predictive marker for high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and its association with histological features. COX-2, an inducible prostaglandin synthase, has been shown to be important in mammary carcinogenesis, being associated with increased tumour size and unfavourable outcome in breast cancer. Animal studies indicate that COX-2 inhibition is effective in the prevention and treatment of mammary cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one cases of DCIS diagnosed during 1990-2000 were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was performed and the COX-2 staining scores were correlated with histological features. The majority of cases [41 of 51 (80%)] had positive COX-2 staining, of which 13 cases (25%) had strong staining. High nuclear grade DCIS was significantly associated with increased COX-2 staining (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-grade lesions are known to be associated with a higher recurrence rate following excision and are often oestrogen receptor negative, and as such, may be less responsive to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. There is a need to examine further the role of COX-2 expression in DCIS, as both a prognostic and predictive factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore. pattankb@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: K-B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: W-P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Putti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases