title: Bioactivation of the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) in recombinant test systems expressing human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
abstract: 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) and some metabolites were investigated for mutagenicity in mammalian cell lines and bacterial strains engineered for the expression of human enzymes. MeAalphaC induced gene mutations (studied at the hprt locus) in Chinese hamster V79-derived cells co-expressing cytochrome (CYP) 1A2 and sulphotransferase (SULT) 1A1 even at a concentration of 30 nM, but was inactive in cells co-expressing CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 1 or 2. MeAalphaC, tested in the presence of rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction, showed strongly enhanced mutagenicity in a Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing human SULT1A1 compared with the control (recipient) strain TA1538/1,8-DNP (deficient in endogenous acetyltransferase). Mutagenicity was also enhanced, although to a lesser extent, when NAT2 was expressed in the latter strain. The metabolite, 2-hydroxylamino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (N-OH-MeAalphaC) was a direct mutagen to strains TA1538 and TA1538/ 1,8-DNP. This mutagenicity was strongly enhanced in corresponding strains expressing SULT1A1. A moderate enhancement was observed when SULT1A2, SULT1B1, SULT1C2 or NAT2 were expressed in strain TA1538. The remaining enzymes studied (SULT1A3, 1C1, 1E1, 2A1, 2B1a, 2B1b, 4A1 and NAT1) did not indicate any activation of N-OH-MeAalphaC. Preliminary mutagenicity experiments in SULT-expressing S.typhimurium strains were conducted with other hydroxylated metabolites of MeAalphaC. The phenols, 6- and 7-hydroxy-MeAalphaC, were inactive under the conditions studied. The benzylic alcohol, 2-amino-3-hydroxymethyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, was mutagenic in a strain expressing SULT1A1, but its activity was much weaker than that of N-OH-MeAalphaC. Thus, N-hydroxylation (e.g. mediated by CYP1A2) and sulpho conjugation (primarily mediated by SULT1A1) was the dominating activation pathway of MeAalphaC in model systems engineered for human enzymes. Some other SULT forms as well as NAT2 were also capable of activating N-OH-MeAalphaC, although with much lower efficiency than SULT1A1. Another minor activation pathway involved benzylic hydroxylation followed by sulpho conjugation by SULT1A1.
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany. glatt@mail.dife.de
authors.forename: Hansruedi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glatt
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pabel
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meinl
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frandsen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muckel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; D016466:CHO Cells; D002243:Carbolines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C017821:2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; C403170:monoamine-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase