Social integration and mortality: a prospective study of French employees of Electricity of France-Gas of France: the GAZEL Cohort.
The authors investigated associations between social integration and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among French employees of Electricity of France-Gas of France. A total of 12,347 men aged 40-50 years in 1989 and 4,352 women aged 35-50 years in 1989 comprised the sample. In age-adjusted survival analyses for all causes of death, men who were least socially integrated were 4.42 times as likely to die during follow-up (1993-1999) as those with the highest level of integration (p < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, self-reported health, depressive symptoms, and region of France, relative risks for men ranging from the least socially integrated to the most socially integrated were 2.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 6.23), 1.95 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.04), and 1.37 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.04) in comparison with the most integrated men. In multivariate cause-specific analyses, isolated men had elevated risks of dying from cancer (relative risk = 3.60) and from accidents and suicide (relative risk = 3.54). Among women, in multivariate analyses, the relative risk was 3.64 (95% CI: 0.72, 18.58). The small number of deaths among women (n = 29) limited statistical power and prohibited cause-specific analyses. These results suggest that in this employed cohort of middle-aged men and women, social integration is an important predictor of mortality.
Berkman
Lisa F
LF
Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lberkman@hsph.harvard.edu
Melchior
Maria
M
Chastang
Jean-François
JF
Niedhammer
Isabelle
I
Leclerc
Annette
A
Goldberg
Marcel
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D016019:Survival Analysis