title: Selective approach for transperitoneal and extraperitoneal endoscopic nephrectomy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From the experience of a large combined series of transperitoneal (TP) and retroperitoneal (RP) endoscopic complete and partial nephroureterectomies in children, we present a logical selective endoscopic approach to benign renal pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 5-year period 122 complete nephrectomies and nephroureterectomies (bilateral 2, invisible ectopic 8) and 63 partial nephroureterectomies for duplex (52 upper, 8 lower) or singleton polar disease (xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 1, cyst 2) were performed. Of the partial nephrectomies, ureterectomy, bladder repair and lower moiety reimplantation were performed in 8. Patient age ranged from 2.7 months to 14 years (mean 2.9 years). Preoperative weight ranged from 2.7 to 98 kg (mean 12.3). The position of the renal remnant, the presence or absence of a refluxing ureter and the need for ureterectomy were the major determining factors affecting choice of endoscopic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 179 (96.7%) procedures were successfully completed endoscopically. The 6 open conversions (3.2%) occurred early in our experience. The operating time reflected the complexity of the excision and lower urinary reconstruction (lateral and posterior RP 25 to 145 minutes [mean 92]) TP with ureterocelectomy and bladder neck repair 105 to 355 minutes [mean 153]. Hospital stay for RP and simple TP was 1.5 days (mean 1 to 4) and for complicated TP 2 to 8 days (mean 3.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest a posterior retroperitoneal approach with isolated renal excision without extended ureterectomy. The lateral retroperitoneal approach allows complete ureterectomy as well as better exposure to horseshoe and pelvic kidneys and, therefore, avoids exposure to intraperitoneal structures. Finally, the transperitoneal approach is recommended when complete moiety excision with lower urinary reconstruction is anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mater and Royal Children's Hospital, Bribane, Qld, Australia. pborzi@hcn.net.au
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Borzi
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010537:Peritoneum