title: Plastic particles at the LASIK interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the origin, composition, and persistence of the interface particles that frequently are observed after LASIK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small case series and experimental animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients received LASIK using a Schwind Supratome (Schwind, Kleinostheim, Germany) and a MEL 70 G-Scan excimer laser (Asclepion, Jena, Germany) and were examined over the course of 1 year using slit-lamp and in vivo confocal microscopy. Four rabbits received a monocular microkeratome incision and were examined immediately after surgery without lifting the flap. After monthly evaluation for 4 months using in vivo confocal microscopy, 2 corneas were processed for histologic analysis and were sectioned serially. To measure the iron content, atomic absorption spectrometry was performed on 2 operated and 2 unoperated rabbit corneas. The chemical composition of the metal and plastic parts of the microkeratome blade was identified using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (metal part), and Raman and infrared spectroscopy (plastic part). Before and after oscillation in air, the microkeratome blade and motor-head were examined using light and fluorescence microscopy. In serial sections, interface particles were identified by fluorescence microscopy and their chemical composition was determined using Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In LASIK patients, thousands of brightly reflecting particles (up to 30 micro m) were observed throughout the interface. The highest particle density was detected where the microkeratome blade had first entered the cornea. Both in the center and at the flap edge, the morphologic features, distribution, and density of these particles remained unaltered throughout the 1-year observation period. In rabbit corneas, interface particles were observed immediately after the microkeratome incision, even though the flap had not been lifted. These particles were similar to those observed in humans and persisted unaltered throughout the study. The operated and unoperated rabbit corneas had comparable iron content, demonstrating that the particles were not fragments of the uncoated steel blade. Only a few particles were observed on the unused microkeratome motor head and blade, whereas numerous fluorescent particles were detected after oscillation in air, the amount of particles increasing with oscillation time. Interestingly, the only fluorescent part of the microkeratome was the plastic segment of the blade. This plastic (polyetherimide) emitted fluorescence identical to that of the observed particles, whereas all metal parts of the microkeratome blade and motor head were nonfluorescent. In serial sections, interface particles showed fluorescent properties equivalent to polyetherimide and exhibited molecular resonance at 1780 and 3100 cm(-1), in accordance with the Raman spectrum of polyetherimide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous plastic particles are generated during microkeratome oscillation and are deposited at the interface during LASIK. The particles persist unaltered for at least 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivarsen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thøgersen
authors.forename: Søren Rud
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Keiding
authors.forename: Jesper Ø
authors.initials: JØ
authors.lastname: Hjortdal
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Møller-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008863:Microspheres; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013524:Surgical Flaps
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; C433673:polyetherimide