title: Guidelines for the appropriate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors in patients requiring chronic anti-inflammatory therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To rationalize decision making around the use of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment strategies in patients with varying degrees of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The panel comprised nine physicians (three rheumatologists, two internists, two gastroenterologists and two cardiologists) from geographically diverse areas practising in community-based settings (n = 4) and academic institutions (n = 5). A literature review was performed by the authors on the risks, benefits and costs of NSAIDs, cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitors and proton pump inhibitor co-therapy. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to rate 304 clinical scenarios as 'appropriate', 'uncertain' or 'inappropriate'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with no previous gastrointestinal event and not concurrently on aspirin (low risk), the panel rated the use of an NSAID alone as 'appropriate' for those aged < 65 years, and the use of an NSAID +proton pump inhibitor or cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitor + proton pump inhibitor as 'inappropriate'. For patients aged > 65 years and at low risk, an NSAID or cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitor alone was rated as 'uncertain'. For patients with a previous gastrointestinal event or who concurrently received aspirin, an NSAID alone was rated as 'inappropriate', and either a cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitor or an NSAID +proton pump inhibitor was rated as 'appropriate'. Finally, for patients with a previous gastrointestinal event and on aspirin, an NSAID or cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitor in conjunction with a proton pump inhibitor was rated as 'appropriate'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians and managed care entities need to balance the risks, benefits and costs of NSAIDs, cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitors and the prophylactic use of proton pump inhibitors. The guidelines given here can assist this process.
authors.affiliation: Zynx Health Inc., Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA. rdubois@cerner.com
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Melmed
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laine
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases