title: Nasal endoscopy and control of epistaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review is designed to update the reader on the current state of nasal endoscopy in the control of epistaxis. Recent articles are reviewed and demonstrate recent developments and results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of endoscopy for control of anterior and posterior epistaxis is beneficial, with less morbidity then external procedures or Caldwell Luc approaches. Postoperative endoscopic sinus surgery epistaxis is easily treated with endoscopic visualization. Epistaxis secondary to tumors can be controlled via an endoscopic approach. Patients with Osler-Weber-Rendu disease (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia) can have more selective laser control of telangiectasia using endoscopic technique. Endoscopic septodermoplasty is straight-forward and avoids external incisions. Following a protocol for control of hemorrhage from an injured carotid artery during endoscopic sinus surgery, patients can survive with good function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic visualization and techniques are the state of the art for surgical control of epistaxis. Alternatives are embolization or external/Caldwell-Luc approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA. jstank@lumc.edu
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications