title: A comparative study of gunshot residue originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition from various producers.
abstract: Following previous work on differentiation between gunshot residue according to the type of ammunition used, a specific investigation was undertaken of traces originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition using SEM-EDX. The aim of this study was to determine whether GSR originating from this type of ammunition is similar, or whether differentiation could be made between particular manufacturers of Luger ammunition. The results were collected in the form of counts of particles in each of seven key elemental classes being combinations of lead, antimony and barium. These were then adjusted to a factor known as frequency of occurrence which allows comparison of the distribution of particles within the classes between samples with differences in absolute particle counts. The relationships between the samples were examined using non-parametric statistical tests: R-Spearman and tau-Kendall rank correlation coefficients. It has been found that most of the studied samples of GSR were similar to each other despite their originating from various manufacturers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Brózek-Mucha
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zadora
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dane