Biophysical evidence for His57 as a proton-binding site in the mammalian intestinal transporter hPepT1.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to provide direct evidence of the relative importance of the His57 residue present in transmembrane domain 2 (TMD 2) and the His121 residue in TMD 4 as proton-binding sites in human PepT1 (hPepT1) by using a novel mutagenesis approach.


METHODS
His57 and His121 in hPepT1 were each mutated to alanine, arginine, or lysine individually to obtain H57A-, H57R-, H57K-, H121A-, H121R-, and H121K-hPepT1. H7A-hPepT1 was used as a negative control. [3H]Glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) uptake was measured 72 h posttransfection using HEK293 cells individually transfected with these mutated proteins. Steady-state I/V curves (-150 mV to +50 mV, holding potential -70 mV) were obtained by measuring 5 mM Gly-Sar-induced currents in oocytes expressing H-57R- and H57K-hPepT1. Noninjected oocytes and wild-type hPepT1 (WT-hPepT1)-injected oocytes served as negative and positive controls, respectively.


RESULTS
At pH 6.0, H57K-, H57R-, H121K-, and H121R-hPepT1 led to a 97%, 90%, 45%, and 75% decrease in [3H]Gly-Sar uptake into HEK293 cells, respectively. At pH 7.4, uptake in cells transfected with H57K- and H57R-hPepT1 was not significantly different from that at pH 6.0, whereas cells expressing H121R- and H121K-hPepT1 showed 56% and 65% decrease, respectively, compared to that at pH 6.0. In oocytes expressing H57R-hPepT1, steady-state currents induced by 5 mM Gly-Sar increased with increasing pH (I(max) = 300 nA at pH 8.5), suggesting the binding of protons to H57R. No such trend was observed in oocytes injected with H57K, H121R, and H121K cRNA.


CONCLUSIONS
H57R-hPepT1 is able to bind protons at a relatively basic pH, resulting in facilitation of transport of Gly-Sar by hPepT1 at higher pH. Our novel approach provides direct evidence that His57 is a principal proton-binding site in hPepT1.
Uchiyama
Tomomi
T
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
Kulkarni
Ashutosh A
AA
Davies
Daryl L
DL
Lee
Vincent H L
VH
D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; D011522:Protons; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D027981:Symporters; D014162:Transfection; D014981:Xenopus
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; D011522:Protons; C082186:SLC15A1 protein, human; D027981:Symporters; D006639:Histidine; D012313:RNA; D001120:Arginine; D008239:Lysine