title: High dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy for palliative treatment of cancer rectum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and toxicity of High Dose Rate Intraluminal Brachytherapy (HDRILB) in combination with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBR) used in the palliative treatment of selected patients of adenocarcinoma rectum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar. The study started in April 1996 and the patients accrual was completed in June 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients with adenocarcinoma rectum, who refused surgery, had contraindications for surgery or had advanced and/or metastatic disease were treated with HDRILB in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBR). The apparatus used for HDRILB was Ralstron 20B remote afterloading unit with 60Co stepping source. Indigenously designed rectal applicators were used. The EBR was delivered through Pheonix 60Co teletherapy machine (Theratron AECL). The data for symptom burden and symptomatic relief was analyzed by applying Likert's method of summated scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was analyzed after one week and at the end of the treatment. After one week of treatment, the relief in pain and bleeding per rectum (P/R) was 97%. Excellent palliation was achieved at the end of the treatment when perineal pain and bleeding P/R were relieved in 100%, discharge P/R in 87% and tenesmus in 93% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of HDRILB in combination with EBR can provide quick relief of symptoms in selected patients of adenocarcinoma rectum. This combination has an excellent palliative value because of its effectiveness, acceptable toxicity and overall short treatment duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Campus, Peshawar, Pakistan. naseembm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Naseem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: Asghar H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: Shahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: N
authors.forename: Sher M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ayub
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000328:Adult; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome