title: Behavioral interventions to reduce the pica of persons with developmental disabilities.
abstract: The consumption of nonfood items (i.e., pica) frequently occurs in persons with developmental disabilities. Pica may result in the puncture or blockage of the digestive tract, infestation by gastrointestinal parasites, and can interfere with an individual's daily learning, occupational performance, and quality of life. Twenty-six published studies have examined the efficacy of behavioral-intervention packages (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, noncontingent attention, or overcorrection) on the pica of persons with developmental disabilities. This article reviews those studies and discusses the effectiveness, generality, and acceptability of the various intervention packages used to reduce pica. Additionally, this article highlights the recent clinical advancements that have been made in the treatment of the pica of persons with developmental disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Lindens Neurobehavioral Stabilization Unit, Bancroft NeuroHealth, P.O. Box 20, Haddenfield, New Jersey 08033, USA. dbmcadam@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McAdam
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Napolitano
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004495:Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010842:Pica / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology