title: Clinical efficacy of inhaler devices containing beta(2)-agonist bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 100 randomized, controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of different inhaler devices are available to deliver beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (beta(2)-agonist) bronchodilators in asthma. These include hydrofluoroalkane or chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free propelled pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), many dry powder inhalers and breath-actuated inhalers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical efficacy of all available hand-held inhaler devices compared with the standard CFC-containing pMDI for the delivery of short-acting beta(2)-agonist bronchodilators in nonacute asthma in both children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out of all available randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) using the standard pMDI compared with any other hand-held inhaler device, delivering short-acting beta(2)-agonist bronchodilators in patients with stable asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eighteen RCTs were included in this review. No clinical differences were found between the standard CFC-containing pMDI and 12 other hand-held inhaler devices for most outcome measures. We found no evidence of clinical differences between studies using either a 1 : 1 (pMDI: another inhaler) or a 2 : 1 dosing ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with stable asthma, short-acting beta(2)-agonist bronchodilators in standard CFC-pMDIs are as effective as any other hand-held inhaler device; therefore the cheapest available device that the patient is able to use should always be considered. Pharmaceutical companies should in future submit to regulatory authorities clinical outcome data (as opposed to in vitro data) in support of any dosing schedules greater than 1 : 1 when compared with the standard pMDI. Clinical effectiveness studies that use an intention-to-treat analysis and report more patient-centered outcomes are required.
authors.affiliation: National Collaborating Centre for Women and Children's Health, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK.
authors.forename: Felix S F
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents