title: Survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely premature infants born at 23-26 weeks' gestational age at a tertiary center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term outcome, including school-age function, has been infrequently reported in infants born at ages as young as 23-26 weeks' gestation. The objective of this study is to report outcome on a large cohort of these infants to understand better the risks and factors that affect survival and long-term prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records from 1036 infants who were born between January 1, 1986, and December 31, 2000, were analyzed retrospectively by logistic regression to correlate multiple factors with both survival and long-term outcome. A total of 675 surviving infants were analyzed at a mean age of 47.5 months for developmental outcome. A subset of 147 surviving infants who were born before 1991 were followed through school-age years using the University of Vermont Achenbach Child Behavioral Checklist and Teachers Report Form. Longitudinal follow-up was performed comparing 1-year outcome with school-age performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational age and recent year of birth correlated highly with survival. Maternal nonwhite race, female sex, inborn status, surfactant therapy, single gestation, and secondary sepsis also correlated positively with survival. Normal cranial ultrasound results, absence of chronic lung disease, female sex, cesarean delivery, and increased birth weight correlated favorably with long-term outcome. Infants who were born at 23 weeks were more likely to have severe impairments compared with those who were born at 24-26 weeks. Early follow-up identified most subsequent physical impairments but correlated poorly with school-age function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival continues to improve for infants who are born at extremely early gestational ages, but long-term developmental concerns continue to be prevalent. Early outcomes do not reliably predict school-age performance. Strategies that reduce severe intraventricular hemorrhage and chronic lung disease will likely yield the best chances to improve long-term outlook.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, USA. rhoek99406@aol.com
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: T Bruce
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Couser
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Connett
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate