title: Helicobacter pylori and TT virus prevalence in Japanese children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The major transmission route of Helicobacter pylori, oral-oral or fecal-oral, remains to be established. TT virus (TTV), a recently discovered microbe that is prevalent in healthy persons, is believed to be mainly transmitted by nonparenteral routes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that these two microorganisms have a common mode of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the seroprevalence of H. pylori and TTV in a cross-sectional study of 454 healthy Japanese children from birth to age 15 years, living in five different geographic areas. Determination of H. pylori status was based on the presence of specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies, determined using enzyme immunoassays. TTV DNA was detected and the titer was determined using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction with heminested primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalences of H. pylori and TTV were 12.2% and 21.6%, respectively. An age-related increase of prevalence was shown for H. pylori ( P < 0.001), but not for TTV ( P = 0.23). Titers of TTV DNA significantly decreased with age (P = 0.02). There were significant geographic differences in TTV prevalence ( P < 0.001), but not in H. pylori seroprevalence (P = 0.33). There was no true correlation between the prevalence of these two organisms (Phi coefficient = -0.02 and P = 0.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Japanese children frequently acquire both H. pylori and TTV, especially in early childhood, their acquisition appears to be independent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8574 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oyake
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Kazuie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iinuma
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000635:transmission; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000635:transmission; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G