title: Enhancement of heparin and heparin disaccharide absorption by the Phytolacca americana saponins.
abstract: We studied the effects of phytolaccosides, saponins from Phytolacca americana, on the intestinal absorption of heparin in vitro and in vivo. The absorption enhancing activity of these compounds (phytolaccosides B, D2, E, F, G and I) was determined by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the transport amount of heparin disaccharide, the major repeating unit of heparin, across Caco-2 cell monolayers. With the exception of phytolaccoside G, all of them decreased TEER values and increased the permeability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In vitro, phytolaccosides B, D2, and E showed significant absorption enhancing activities, while effects by phytolaccoside F and I were mild. In vivo, phytolaccoside E increased the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time, indicating that phytolaccoside E modulated the transport of heparin in intestinal route. Our results suggest that a series of phytolaccosides from Phytolacca americana can be applied as pharmaceutical excipients to improve the permeability of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs having difficulty in absorption across the intestinal epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea.
authors.forename: So Yean
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Joon-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Sam Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Choon-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Linhardt
authors.forename: Yeong Shik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006493:Heparin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D029604:Phytolacca americana; D018517:Plant Roots; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D004187:Disaccharides; D012503:Saponins; C464536:heparin disaccharide; D006493:Heparin