title: Focused screening for occult carotid artery disease: patients with known heart disease are at high risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke puts a major financial burden on our healthcare system. However, carotid duplex scanning performed as a screening test for occult carotid artery stenosis (CAS) currently is not reimbursed by Medicare. The goals of this study were to develop a cost-effective stroke screening program, to determine the prevalence of potential causes of stroke in this population, and to define a population at high risk in which screening would be most effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community-based stroke screening program, patients were eligible if they were older than 60 years and had a history of either hypertension, heart disease, or cigarette smoking, or a family history of stroke. Screening included blood pressure determination, an electrocardiographic rhythm strip, and a previously validated modified carotid duplex ultrasound examination to detect CAS 50% or greater. The relationships between standard demographic risk factors and screening outcomes were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening was performed in 610 patients. Unilateral or bilateral CAS was detected in 66 patients (10.8%). The finding of occult CAS was more prevalent than that of new hypertension (2.6%) or new atrial fibrillation (0.5%). Patients with known hypertension were significantly more likely to have CAS than were those without hypertension (12.7% vs 7.8%; P =.05). Patients with heart disease were significantly more likely to have CAS than were those without heart disease (18.2% vs 8%; P <.0001). Patients with both risk factors were significantly more likely to have occult carotid artery disease than were patients without either risk factor (22.1% vs 8.5%; P <.0001). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression revealed a history of heart disease as an independent predictor of occult carotid artery disease (odds ratio 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.4). Type of heart disease was not a significant factor in predicting occult CAS. Direct cost of the screening, including community outreach, nurses, technicians, support staff, and miscellaneous expenses, was less than $75 per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a screening program for treatable causes of potential stroke, CAS was the most commonly diagnosed disease. More than one of every five patients with known hypertension and heart disease had occult CAS. Known heart disease of any type was a significant independent predictor of occult CAS. Screening for treatable causes of potential stroke can be cost-effective. This information could help to further target populations to screen for occult CAS and to justify reimbursement for screening carotid duplex scanning examinations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 530 First Avenue, Suite 6F, New York, NY 10016, USA. caron.rockman@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: Caron B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Rockman
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jacobowitz
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adelman
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lamparello
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Riles
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000191:economics