title: The Metabolic Syndrome is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cardiovascular risk associated with the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome, defined by WHO criteria, were identified in a large sample of non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetic patients examined within the Verona Diabetes Complications Study (n = 946). At baseline and after a mean of 4.5 years follow-up, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was assessed by medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG) and echo-duplex of carotid and lower limb arteries. Death certificates and medical records of subjects who died during the follow-up were scrutinized in order to identify CVD deaths. In statistical analyses, CVD was considered as an aggregate end-point, including fatal and non-fatal coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease as well as ischaemic ECG abnormalities and vascular lesions at the echo-duplex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome was very high (92.3%). At the baseline, 31.7% of subjects were coded positive for CVD, which was more prevalent in subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome (32.9 vs. 17.8%, P = 0.005). Among subjects free of CVD at the baseline (n = 559), CVD events during the follow-up were significantly increased in patients with the Metabolic Syndrome as compared with those without it (19.9% vs. 3.9%, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, along with sex, age, smoking and HbA1c, the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome independently predicted prevalent (OR 2.01, P = 0.045) and incident CVD (OR 4.89, P = 0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Type 2 diabetes, the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome is associated with an almost 5-fold increase in CVD risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy. enzobonora@virgilio.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Targher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Formentini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zenari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saggiani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perbellini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raffaelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gemma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bonadonna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muggeo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides