title: Health measures: differentiating associations with gender and socio-economic status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a cohort survey on health-related lifestyles, four different measures of health were analysed with regard to their associations with gender, socio-economic and psychosocial factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey was carried out in Berne, Switzerland. Response rate was 64% in the initial interview and 83% in the second interview, from which the data presented were derived, resulting in 923 participants aged 56 to 66 years. Along with socio-economic and psychosocial parameters, four self-report health measures were obtained, namely self-rated health, physical fitness, number of medical conditions and restrictions caused by medical conditions. Regression analysis was used to investigate and compare their associations with gender, socio-economic and psychosocial factors and relevant interaction terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender was statistically significantly associated with physical fitness, number of medical conditions and subsequent restrictions. Education and income showed statistically significant associations with self-rated health and fitness. Psychological factors were statistically significantly associated with all health measures. Gender showed to interact with education, income interacted with internal health locus of control. Analyses with separated genders showed that the association of socio-economic status with self-rated health and fitness was statistically significant in women only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different health measures showed considerable variation in strengths of association with health-related factors, most noticeably so with gender and socio-economic status. The choice of health measures in population studies should comply with the intention to analyse its associations with any of those related factors, or, in reverse, with the wish to prevent their confounding properties.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social- and Preventive Medicine, Department for Health Research, Bern, Switzerland. duetz@ispm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Margreet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duetz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013557:Switzerland