title: Effect of various chlorhexidine regimens on salivary bacteria and de novo plaque formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of different chlorhexidine regimens on the number of bacteria in saliva, and on de novo plaque formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects with gingivitis, but no signs of destructive periodontitis, were recruited. Following a screening examination, the volunteers were given oral hygiene instruction, meticulous scaling and professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PTC). The PTC was repeated once every 3 days during a 2-week period to establish healthy gingival conditions. The study was designed as a double-blind cross-over clinical trial including three phases. Each experimental phase comprised one preparatory period of 7 days and one plaque accumulation period (no oral hygiene measures) of 4 days. During all preparatory periods, the volunteers (i) performed mechanical tooth cleaning using a toothbrush and dentifrice and (ii) were, in addition, given two sessions of PTC. The final PTC was delivered after bacterial sampling had been made on Day 0. Preparatory period A: the participants continued the self-performed plaque control regimen that employed only mechanical means. Preparatory period B: the participants were in addition instructed to rinse and gargle, twice daily, with a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Preparatory period C: in addition to the above, the participants were instructed to brush the dorsum of the tongue for 60 s, twice daily, with a 1.0% chlorhexidine gel. Following each plaque accumulation period, there was a 10-day washout interval. The presence and amount of dental plaque (QHI) was scored after 1, 2 and 4 days of no oral hygiene. Samples of saliva were obtained on Day 0 and after 1 and 2 days. The samples were placed on Brucella agar plates and incubated (anaerobically) for 5 days. The total number of colony-forming units was determined and used to estimate the density of bacteria in saliva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In period A, the mean QHI increased from 1.0 (Day 1) to 1.4 (Day 2) and 2.1 (Day 4). The corresponding scores for periods B and C were 0.5, 0.8, 1.6 and 0.3, 0.8, 1.2, respectively. At all re-examination intervals more plaque formed during period A than during periods B and C. Further, during period C, less plaque formed than that during period B. Saliva samples from Day 0 in period A contained a larger number of TVC than the baseline samples in periods B and C. There was no significant difference in TVC among the groups on Day 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The daily use of chlorhexidine as an adjunct to mechanical tooth cleaning markedly reduced the number of microorganisms that could be detected in saliva. The number of salivary bacteria may have influenced the amount of plaque that formed during an early phase of no oral hygiene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Göteborg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekino
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramberg
authors.forename: Naciye Guzin
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindhe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005782:Gels; D009067:Mouthwashes; D002710:Chlorhexidine