title: Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the cancer prevention study II prospective cohort, 1982-8.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of lung cancer in smokers of medium tar filter cigarettes compared with smokers of low tar and very low tar filter cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the association between the tar rating of the brand of cigarette smoked in 1982 and mortality from lung cancer over the next six years. Multivariate proportional hazards analyses used to assess hazard ratios, with adjustment for age at enrollment, race, educational level, marital status, blue collar employment, occupational exposure to asbestos, intake of vegetables, citrus fruits, and vitamins, and, in analyses of current and former smokers, for age when they started to smoke and number of cigarettes smoked per day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer prevention study II (CPS-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  364 239 men and 576 535 women, aged > or = 30 years, who had either never smoked, were former smokers, or were currently smoking a specific brand of cigarette when they were enrolled in the cancer prevention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death from primary cancer of the lung among participants who had never smoked, former smokers, smokers of very low tar (< or = 7 mg tar/cigarette) filter, low tar (8-14 mg) filter, high tar (> or = 22 mg) non-filter brands and medium tar conventional filter brands (15-21 mg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of the tar level of their current brand, all current smokers had a far greater risk of lung cancer than people who had stopped smoking or had never smoked. Compared with smokers of medium tar (15-21 mg) filter cigarettes, risk was higher among men and women who smoked high tar (> or = 22 mg) non-filter brands (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.73, and 1.64, 1.26 to 2.15, respectively). There was no difference in risk among men who smoked brands rated as very low tar (1.17, 0.95 to 1.45) or low tar (1.02, 0.90 to 1.16) compared with those who smoked medium tar brands. The same was seen for women (0.98, 0.80 to 1.21, and 0.95, 0.82 to 1.11, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in lung cancer risk is similar in people who smoke medium tar cigarettes (15-21 mg), low tar cigarettes (8-14 mg), or very low tar cigarettes (< or = 7 mg). Men and women who smoke non-filtered cigarettes with tar ratings > or = 22 mg have an even higher risk of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. jeharris@partners.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mondul
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013638:Tars / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013638:Tars; C024746:tobacco tar