title: Conditioned fear-related ultrasonic vocalizations are emitted as an emotional response.
abstract: Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are observed along with freezing behavior when rats are placed under fearful situation. Coping style with stress is categorized into two forms, namely passive and emotional avoidance and active operant avoidance. In this study, fear-induced USV was compared between two conditioning protocols. Two groups of male Wistar rats were contextually conditioned for 10 days by exposing to the shock box. One group was shock-unavoidable and the other shock-avoidable by operant control of emitting the USVs. They were then proceeded to the extinction phase. As the results, the shock-unavoidable group emitted greater USV in both conditioning and extinction phases. The extinction burst, commonly seen in active learned responses, was not observed in either group. The duration of freezing was also longer in shock-unavoidable conditioned rats. These results suggest that under the shock-unavoidable condition, rats receive more stress and thus emit more USV. It is therefore concluded that fear-induced USV is an emotional and passive response to the stress, rather than being controlled in an operant-way.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, Graduates School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takefumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikusui
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004597:Electroshock; D004644:Emotions; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal