title: Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional imaging studies of major depressive disorder demonstrate response-specific regional changes following various modes of antidepressant treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine changes associated with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain changes underlying response to CBT were examined using resting-state fluorine-18-labeled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Seventeen unmedicated, unipolar depressed outpatients (mean +/- SD age, 41 +/- 9 years; mean +/- SD initial 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, 20 +/- 3) were scanned before and after a 15- to 20-session course of outpatient CBT. Whole-brain, voxel-based methods were used to assess response-specific CBT effects. A post hoc comparison to an independent group of 13 paroxetine-treated responders was also performed to interpret the specificity of identified CBT effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A full course of CBT resulted in significant clinical improvement in the 14 study completers (mean +/- SD posttreatment Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 6.7 +/- 4). Treatment response was associated with significant metabolic changes: increases in hippocampus and dorsal cingulate (Brodmann area [BA] 24) and decreases in dorsal (BA 9/46), ventral (BA 47/11), and medial (BA 9/10/11) frontal cortex. This pattern is distinct from that seen with paroxetine-facilitated clinical recovery where prefrontal increases and hippocampal and subgenual cingulate decreases were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like other antidepressant treatments, CBT seems to affect clinical recovery by modulating the functioning of specific sites in limbic and cortical regions. Unique directional changes in frontal cortex, cingulate, and hippocampus with CBT relative to paroxetine may reflect modality-specific effects with implications for understanding mechanisms underlying different treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goldapple
authors.forename: Zindel
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bieling
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010555:Personality Inventory; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D017374:Paroxetine