title: Biventricular pacing during cardiac operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biventricular pacing (resynchronization therapy) improves the duration and quality of life in a subset of patients with congestive heart failure, but this technique has received little attention in the cardiac surgery literature. This report presents some preliminary ideas about its rationale and technique, and some likely indications for this procedure during the performance of cardiac operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We briefly summarize the theory and the results of the randomized clinical trials of resynchronization therapy that led us to consider biventricular pacing for high-risk cardiac surgery patients. We present s ome techniques for using temporary and permanent biventricular pacing in the operating room. We review the hospital records and present early results of the first 25 patients in whom we implanted permanent left ventricular free wall pacing electrodes with the intent of implanting biventricular pacing devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biventricular pacing has great potential to simplify the management and improve the outcomes of some cardiac surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, California, USA. vgaudiani@pccvs.com
authors.forename: Vincent A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gaudiani
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Audrey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic