title: Biological effects of blue light from dental curing units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the effects of three common dental photo-curing light sources (quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH), plasma-arc (PAC), and laser) on the cellular function of fibroblasts in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse fibroblasts were exposed to light from dental photo-curing units for clinically relevant durations, with total energy exposures ranging from 1.3 to 60 J/cm(2). The temperature rise of the cell-culture medium was measured to assess any possible effect from temperature increases, and cellular function was assessed by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mitochondria. To directly compare the three light sources, additional experiments were done using equivalent total energy exposures from each source by adjusting the exposure durations for each unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiments that used clinically relevant exposure durations for each light, exposures ranging from 5 J/cm(2) (laser) to 15 J/cm(2) (PAC, QTH) irreversibly suppressed SDH activity nearly 100% when compared to no-light controls up to 72 h post-exposure. For the PAC and QTH sources, exposures as low as 3.5 J/cm(2) also irreversibly suppressed SDH activity. When equivalent energies were used from each light source, exposures of 1 J/cm(2) did not suppress SDH activity for the QTH and laser sources, but significantly (50%) suppressed SDH for the PAC source, indicating a difference in the biological effects of the outputs of the different curing units. Equivalent energy exposure experiments also indicated a definite dependence of SDH activity on the total light energy of exposure. Temperature rises ranged from 2 to 9 degrees C, and elevated temperatures lasted for 60-300 s above the base temperature of 37 degrees C, but peak temperature and the duration of temperature elevation were not always related and depended on the light source used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from the current study indicate that these photo-curing sources pose some risk of disrupting cellular function in vivo. Further study is necessary in other cell types and under more clinically relevant conditions to estimate the in vivo risk of photo-curing to oral tissues.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1260, USA. watahaj@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wataha
authors.forename: Petra E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lockwood
authors.forename: Jill B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rueggeberg
authors.forename: Regina L W
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Messer
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D003748:Dental Equipment; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006219:Halogens; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011791:Quartz; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014978:Xenon
chemical_list: D006219:Halogens; D011791:Quartz; D014978:Xenon; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase