Country of birth, socioeconomic position, and healthcare expenditure: a multilevel analysis of Malmö, Sweden.
OBJECTIVE
The principle of equity aims to guarantee allocation of healthcare resources on the basis of need. Therefore, people with a low income and persons living alone are expected to have higher healthcare expenditures. Besides these individual characteristics healthcare expenditure may be influenced by country of birth. This study therefore aimed to investigate the role of country of birth in explaining individual healthcare expenditure.


METHODS
Multilevel regression model based on individuals (first level) and their country of birth (second level).


METHODS
The city of Malmö, Sweden.


METHODS
All the 52 419 men aged 40-80 years from 130 different countries of birth, who were living in Malmö, Sweden, during 1999.


RESULTS
At the individual level, persons with a low income and persons living alone showed a higher healthcare expenditure, with regression coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) being 0.358 (0.325 to 0.392) and 0.197 (0.165 to 0.230), respectively. Country of birth explained a considerable part (18% and 13%) of the individual differences in the probability of having a low income and living alone, respectively. However, this figure was only 3% for having some health expenditure, and barely 0.7% with regard to costs in the 74% of the population with some health expenditure.


CONCLUSIONS
Malmö is a socioeconomically segregated city, in which the country of birth seems to play only a minor part in explaining individual differences in total healthcare expenditure. These differences seem instead to be determined by individual low income and living alone.
Beckman
A
A
Department of Community Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
Merlo
J
J
Lynch
J W
JW
Gerdtham
U-G
UG
Lindström
M
M
Lithman
T
T
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden