title: Use of frozen semen to avoid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission by donor insemination: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reappraisal of current guidelines mandating frozen-thawed semen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the use of frozen semen with the use of fresh semen from the same donors without a second antibody test.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model computer simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical cohort of 80000 women whose husbands are azoospermic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulation with calculation of costs and payoffs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total lifetime direct health care costs, costs per live birth, life expectancy, quality adjusted life years (QALY), marginal cost effectiveness (dollar/QALY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  If all 80000 women who undergo donor insemination in the United States each year chose to use fresh semen from donors screened according to the current practice guidelines but without semen cryopreservation, there would be 8881 more births and the mean cost per live birth would be US dollars 15501 less. One recipient would become infected with HIV-1 every 5.1 years, during which time over 180000 noninfected children would be born. The average life expectancy of recipients would be reduced by 2 days, but their quality-adjusted life expectancy would increase by over 1 month. Medicolegal costs to physicians would need to exceed US dollars 780 million per infection to equalize the cost effectiveness of the fresh and frozen policies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guidelines should be revised to allow the use of fresh semen by informed recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Emmet J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016365:Liability, Legal / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States