title: Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene affects how long dopamine acts in the prefrontal cortex. The Methionine polymorphism, which results in a slower breakdown of prefrontal dopamine, is associated with better adult prefrontal cortex function. The authors investigated the relation between the COMT gene polymorphism and cognitive performance in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were tested on cognitive tasks that depend on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and seem to be sensitive to the level of dopamine there (dots-mixed task), depend on that neural region but appear insensitive to its dopamine content (self-ordered pointing), and depend on other neural systems (recall memory and mental rotation). After data collection, cheek swabs were obtained from all children. DNA was extracted and genotyped for the COMT gene with polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who were homozygous for the Methionine polymorphism performed significantly better on the dots-mixed task but not on others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide an existence proof that genotypic differences can relate to differences in cognitive performance in typically developing children. The authors achieved a level of specificity never previously attempted; the COMT polymorphism was found to be differentially related to performance on tasks linked to the same prefrontal region by whether cognitive requirements of the tasks were sensitive to the level of dopamine found. These results challenge accepted notions that since dopamine is important for some cognitive functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex, it is important for all. The differential sensitivity of distinct cognitive abilities to specific neurotransmitters may make possible targeted pharmacological interventions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center Campus, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Waltham 02452, USA. adele.diamond@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fossella
authors.forename: Lorrie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gehlbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003062:Codon; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000201:enzymology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D004247:DNA; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase