title: Development of cholinergic chronotropic control in chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos.
abstract: In chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos, instantaneous heart rate begins to fluctuate with the appearance of rapid, transient decelerations at around the end of the second week of incubation. Previously, it was shown that instantaneous heart rate decelerations were eliminated by administration of atropine and concurrently heart rate baseline was elevated in late embryos. Because the previous study lacked statistical treatment and there has been recent controversy over the development of tonic vagal control of the heart, we reexamine the hypothesis that transient decelerations of instantaneous heart rate are mediated by vagus nerve and the vagal tone begins to appear at around the end of the second week of incubation. Atropine administration tests were conducted for sixty-seven 11- to 14-day-old and 18-day-old embryos in total. Heart rate decelerations appeared sporadically in three out of ten 12-day-old embryos, but the difference of mode heart rate before and after administration of atropine was not significant. Seven out of nine 13-day-old embryos and all nine 14-day-old embryos showed heart rate decelerations and the difference of mode heart rate before and after atropine administration was significant. In late (18-day-old) embryos, magnitude and frequency of instantaneous heart rate decelerations further increased with additional appearance of transient, irregular accelerations. Administration of varying doses of atropine completely eliminated the heart rate decelerations and elevated the heart rate baseline more markedly than in young embryos, indicating the maturation of vagal tone late in incubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto-cho, 27-1, 050-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuoka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tazawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine