title: Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the growth factor profile of fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used in the clinical setting to heal problem wounds, yet its direct effects on fibroblasts are not clear. The present study evaluates the effects of HBO on the growth and autocrine production of growth factors by fibroblasts grown in an in vitro, serum-free environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dermal fibroblasts were propagated in serum-free media and subjected to daily 90-minute HBO treatments at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 atm of pressure for 7 consecutive days. Cell proliferation and growth-factor assays for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) were performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 1, HBO inhibited growth of fibroblasts at all atmospheric pressures compared with control. By day 7, cell proliferation was significantly enhanced only in cells treated with 2.0-atm HBO compared with controls. Secretion of bFGF was significantly increased by HBO-treated fibroblasts on day 1; VEGF levels slightly increased with HBO treatment on day 1, but this effect was not statistically significant; TGF-beta1 levels were detectable on day 1 only for control and HBO-treated cells at 1.0 atm, and not detectable for any cell groups after day 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that daily HBO treatment enhances the growth of fibroblasts when administered to a critical degree. Also, HBO appears to directly effect fibroblast production of autocrine growth factors on initial exposure. We postulate that fibroblasts possess the ability to respond to hyperoxia directly, which causes changes in cell signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation and growth factor production.
authors.affiliation: Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Division of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif. 94305-5328, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Goutham K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gorti
authors.forename: Susan Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000819:agonists
chemical_list: C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors