Mechanisms of insulator function in gene regulation and genomic imprinting.
Correct temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression are required to establish unique cell types. Several levels of genome organization are involved in achieving this intricate regulatory feat. Insulators are elements that modulate interactions between other cis-acting sequences and separate chromatin domains with distinct condensation states. Thus, they are proposed to play an important role in the partitioning of the genome into discrete realms of expression. This review focuses on the roles that insulators have in vivo and reviews models of insulator mechanisms in the light of current understanding of gene regulation.
Engel
Nora
N
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Bartolomei
Marisa S
MS
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D038101:Insulator Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics