title: Transcription of Drosophila troponin I gene is regulated by two conserved, functionally identical, synergistic elements.
abstract: The Drosophila wings-up A gene encodes Troponin I. Two regions, located upstream of the transcription initiation site (upstream regulatory element) and in the first intron (intron regulatory element), regulate gene expression in specific developmental and muscle type domains. Based on LacZ reporter expression in transgenic lines, upstream regulatory element and intron regulatory element yield identical expression patterns. Both elements are required for full expression levels in vivo as indicated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Three myocyte enhancer factor-2 binding sites have been functionally characterized in each regulatory element. Using exon specific probes, we show that transvection is based on transcriptional changes in the homologous chromosome and that Zeste and Suppressor of Zeste 3 gene products act as repressors for wings-up A. Critical regions for transvection and for Zeste effects are defined near the transcription initiation site. After in silico analysis in insects (Anopheles and Drosophila pseudoobscura) and vertebrates (Ratus and Coturnix), the regulatory organization of Drosophila seems to be conserved. Troponin I (TnI) is expressed before muscle progenitors begin to fuse, and sarcomere morphogenesis is affected by TnI depletion as Z discs fail to form, revealing a novel developmental role for the protein or its transcripts. Also, abnormal stoichiometry among TnI isoforms, rather than their absolute levels, seems to cause the functional muscle defects.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 28002, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: José-Rodrigo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrús
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D019210:Troponin I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C499409:Mef2 protein, Drosophila; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019210:Troponin I