title: Chronic bilateral thalamic stimulation: a new therapeutic approach in intractable Tourette syndrome. Report of three cases.
abstract: Based on the results of thalamotomies described by Hassler in 1970, the authors performed bilateral thalamic high-frequency stimulation (HFS) in three patients with intractable Tourette syndrome (TS). In this report they describe the long-term effects. Three male patients (42, 28, and 45 years of age) had manifested motor and vocal tics since early childhood. The diagnosis of TS was made according to the criteria of the Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Any drug or alternative treatment had been either ineffective or only temporarily effective in all three patients. There was no serious comorbidity. The target for stimulation was chosen at the level of the centromedian nucleus, substantia periventricularis, and nucleus ventrooralis internus. After 2 weeks of test stimulation, the pulse generators were implanted. After a follow-up period of 5 years in the patient in Case 1, 1 year in the patient in Case 2, and 8 months in the patient in Case 3, all major motor and vocal tics had disappeared and no serious complications had occurred. When stimulation was applied at the voltage necessary to achieve an optimal result on the tics, a slight sedative effect was noted in all three patients. In the patients in Cases 1 and 3 there were stimulation-induced changes in sexual behavior. Chronic thalamic HFS may be an effective and safe treatment for medically intractable TS in adult patients. Unwanted stimulation-induced side effects may occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands. vva@snch.azm.nl
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Visser-Vandewalle
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vreeling
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Colle
authors.forename: Govert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoogland
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D013788:Thalamus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*