title: The relationship between a dementia diagnosis, chronic illness, medicare expenditures, and hospital use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether dementia increases medical expenditures, the probability of hospitalization, and potentially preventable hospitalization, controlling for variables including age and comorbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 1 year of claims data comparing usage by patients with claims for dementia with usage by those without dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries in 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with fee-for-service Medicare Parts A and B coverage for 1999 (N=1,238,895; dementia patients n=103,512).
  
  
  METHODS
  Per capita expenditures, rate of all-cause hospitalization, rate of preventable hospitalization as defined using ambulatory-care sensitive condition (ACSC) admissions, and dementia identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, codes 290, 294, and 331.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of dementia was 8.3%. In a model of expenditures in those who survived the year adjusting for age, sex, race, and comorbidity, dementia was associated with an incremental cost of 6,927 US dollars, or 3.3 times greater total expenditures than in nondementia patients (P<.001), with higher expenditures for each specific type of Medicare service. Hospitalization accounted for 54% of adjusted costs. The adjusted odds of hospitalization associated with dementia were 3.68 (95% confidence interval (CI)=3.62-3.73) and adjusted odds of ACSC hospitalization were 2.40 (95% CI=2.35-2.46). In those who died, the associations were positive but of smaller magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a nationally representative sample, higher Medicare expenditures associated with a diagnosis of dementia are in large part due to increased hospitalization. Further study is needed into the factors associated with high rates of hospitalization in dementia patients including aspects of ambulatory management that may be improved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. julie.bynum@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Julie P W
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bynum
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rabins
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niefeld
authors.forename: Gerard F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology