title: gamma-Tocopherol biokinetics and transformation in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The uptake and biotransformation of gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) in humans is largely unknown. Using a stable isotope method we investigated these aspects of gamma-T biology in healthy volunteers and their response to gamma-T supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single bolus of 100 mg of deuterium labeled gamma-T acetate (d(2)-gamma-TAC, 94% isotopic purity) was administered with a standard meal to 21 healthy subjects. Blood and urine (first morning void) were collected at baseline and a range of time points between 6 and 240 h post-supplemetation. The concentrations of d(2) and d(0)-gamma-T in plasma and its major metabolite 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(b-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (-gamma-CEHC) in plasma and urine were measured by GC-MS. In two subjects, the total urine volume was collected for 72 h post-supplementation. The effects of gamma-T supplementation on alpha-T concentrations in plasma and alpha-T and gamma-T metabolite formation were also assessed by HPLC or GC-MS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, mean plasma alpha-T concentration was approximately 15 times higher than gamma-T (28.3 vs. 1.9 micromol/l). In contrast, plasma gamma-CEHC concentration (0.191 micromol/l) was 12 fold greater than alpha-CEHC (0.016 micromol/l) while in urine it was 3.5 fold lower (0.82 and 2.87 micromol, respectively) suggesting that the clearance of alpha-CEHC from plasma was more than 40 times that of gamma-CEHC. After d(2)-gamma-TAC administration, the d(2) forms of gamma-T and gamma-CEHC in plasma and urine increased, but with marked inter-individual variability, while the d(0) species were hardly affected. Mean total concentrations of gamma-T and gamma-CEHC in plasma and urine peaked, respectively, between 0-9, 6-12 and 9-24 h post-supplementation with increases over baseline levels of 6-14 fold. All these parameters returned to baseline by 72 h. Following challenge, the total urinary excretion of d(2)-gamma-T equivalents was approximately 7 mg. Baseline levels of gamma-T correlated positively with the post-supplementation rise of (d(0) + d(2)) - gamma - T and gamma-CEHC levels in plasma, but correlated negatively with urinary levels of (d(0) + d(2))-gamma-CEHC. Supplementation with 100 mg gamma-TAC had minimal influence on plasma concentrations of alpha-T and alpha-T-related metabolite formation and excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ingestion of 100mg of gamma-TAC transiently increases plasma concentrations of gamma-T as it undergoes sustained catabolism to CEHC without markedly influencing the pre-existing plasma pool of gamma-T nor the concentration and metabolism of alpha-T. These pathways appear tightly regulated, most probably to keep high steady-state blood ratios alpha-T to gamma-T and gamma-CEHC to alpha-CEHC.
authors.affiliation: Lung Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, King's College, London, UK. f.galli@unipg.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Ardesio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floridi
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002839:Chromans / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D024505:Tocopherols; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000378:metabolism; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D011422:Propionates; D014810:Vitamin E; C107690:2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D024505:Tocopherols