title: Role of thrombolysis in free-flap salvage.
abstract: Approximately 5 percent of microvascular free-tissue transfers fail; often this is due to microvascular or peri-anastomotic thrombosis. Various reports have advocated the use of thrombolytics for salvage of these flaps, although clinical evidence supporting this approach is sparse. The authors attempted to review their own and other published results and present an algorithm for the use of thrombolytics in the management of failing free flaps. A retrospective review of 590 free flaps, revealed 71 (12 percent) requiring re-exploration for impending flap failure, determined by standard clinical indicators. Forty-four (62 percent) were found to have pedicle thrombosis and 20 (28 percent) received thrombolysis with streptokinase or urokinase. All 44 flaps were grouped by final outcome and thrombolytic use for comparison. In 24 (55 percent) of the flaps with evidence of thrombosis, the use of thrombolytics was felt to be inappropriate or unnecessary; 13 (54 percent) of these were salvaged. Twenty flaps, however, did receive thrombolysis and 6 (30 percent) of these were salvaged. There was no statistically significant difference among groups with respect to preoperative risk factors, age, gender, flap type, and site of anastomotic thrombosis. There was a twofold higher use of vein grafts in the failed vs. salvaged flaps (36 percent vs. 15.7 percent), and no flaps with vessel grafts were salvaged with thrombolytics. Despite the fact that all flaps were re-explored within 3 hr of a problem being detected, the mean time from the initial operation to re-exploration was significantly higher in flaps that did not respond to thrombolytics (63. 8 vs. 32.8 hr, respectively, p=0.0457). Also, the mean time to re-exploration was significantly higher in the salvaged flaps receiving thrombolysis vs. those that did not (32.8 vs. 22.3 hr, respectively, p=0.0264). While early detection and re-exploration are crucial for salvaging failing free flaps, those flaps unresponsive to other standard interventions may benefit from the selective use of thrombolytics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panchapakesan
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.forename: Eamon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beausang
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lipa
authors.forename: Ralph W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Neligan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*