title: Reducing complications in cervicofacial rhytidectomy by tumescent infiltration: a comparative trial evaluating 678 consecutive face lifts.
abstract: Tumescent infiltration has been widely used in body-contouring surgery to facilitate dissection and reduce blood loss. Although its use in facial surgery has been suggested, there are presently no comparative studies of its efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term outcome in a large series of consecutive face lifts performed with and without tumescence. During a 6-year period, 678 consecutive face lifts were performed: 449 without tumescence and 229 with tumescent infiltration using 200 ml on each side of the face. The spectrum of techniques included the extended superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) procedure, the lateral SMASectomy, the extended supraplatysmal plane lift, and the cutaneous face lift. Complications, such as hematoma, skin necrosis, alopecia, and scar quality, were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. The use of tumescent infiltration facilitated dissection, particularly in the neck. Postoperative swelling and bruising were reduced in the tumescent group. In comparisons of major complications between groups, no difference was seen in hematoma rate (p > 0.5), although the incidence of other complications was significantly reduced by tumescent infiltration. Significant reduction was observed in the rate of skin necrosis (p = 0.03), alopecia (p = 0.006), hypertrophic scarring (p = 0.001), stretched scarring (p = 0.003), and scar revision (p < 0.001). This is the first comparative study of tumescent infiltration in facial rejuvenation surgery. Tumescence made dissection easier and significantly reduced the incidence of troublesome complications. The surgical technique and aesthetic implications for rejuvenation surgery are discussed.
authors.affiliation: bmjones@glabalnet.co.uk
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grover
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D014221:Triamcinolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014221:Triamcinolone; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D004837:Epinephrine