title: Measurement of DNA damage and apoptosis in Molt-4 cells after in vitro exposure to radiofrequency radiation.
abstract: To determine whether exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation can induce DNA damage or apoptosis, Molt-4 T lymphoblastoid cells were exposed with RF fields at frequencies and modulations of the type used by wireless communication devices. Four types of frequency/modulation forms were studied: 847.74 MHz code-division multiple-access (CDMA), 835.62 MHz frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA), 813.56 MHz iDEN(R) (iDEN), and 836.55 MHz time-division multiple-access (TDMA). Exponentially growing cells were exposed to RF radiation for periods up to 24 h using a radial transmission line (RTL) exposure system. The specific absorption rates used were 3.2 W/kg for CDMA and FDMA, 2.4 or 24 mW/kg for iDEN, and 2.6 or 26 mW/kg for TDMA. The temperature in the RTLs was maintained at 37 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C. DNA damage was measured using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. The annexin V affinity assay was used to detect apoptosis. No statistically significant difference in the level of DNA damage or apoptosis was observed between sham-treated cells and cells exposed to RF radiation for any frequency, modulation or exposure time. Our results show that exposure of Molt-4 cells to CDMA, FDMA, iDEN or TDMA modulated RF radiation does not induce alterations in level of DNA damage or induce apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lagroye
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Higashikubo
authors.forename: Eduardo G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moros
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Straube
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: Jack D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Baty
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roti Roti
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D040421:Cell Phone; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007945:Leukemia, Lymphoid / Q000473:pathology*; D008872:Microwaves; D011846:Radio Waves
chemical_list: D004247:DNA