title: Enhancing outcomes in the management of treatment resistant depression: a focus on atypical antipsychotics.
abstract: Clinical trials indicate that over 50% of depressed patients show an inadequate response to antidepressant therapy, and that incomplete recovery from major depressive disorder (MDD) increases the risk of chronicity and recurrence. Recovery, complete remission of symptoms, and a return to baseline psychosocial function, should be the goal of therapy. Poor response to adequate antidepressant treatment has been termed treatment resistant depression (TRD). Issues such as adherence, missed diagnosis of psychotic depression, bipolar disorder, or comorbid anxiety must be investigated as reasons why patients have not responded to initial therapeutic strategies. Beyond ensuring optimal use of the index antidepressant, treatment strategies for TRD include switching to another antidepressant, and augmentation or combination with two or more agents. Since little comparative data exist it is important to consider side-effect burden, partial response, and previous medication history when deciding between strategies. In patients with TRD, adding or augmenting with lithium, tri-iodothyronine or atypical antipsychotics have demonstrated benefits. Augmentation with atypical antipsychotics, including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, and quetiapine, show promising results in terms of improving remission rates. Other interventions, including non-pharmacologic strategies and investigational physical treatments, have demonstrated some benefits, but availability and patient preference should also be considered. With today's therapeutic alternatives, full remission of depression is an attainable goal. For some patients, combination and augmentation strategies earlier in treatment may increase the likelihood of remission.
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton North, 8th floor, Room 222 Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. sidney.kennedy@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Sidney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004597:Electroshock; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents