title: Sexual trauma and pregnancy: a conceptual framework.
abstract: In this paper, we propose that a history of sexual traumatization is associated with pregnancy complications and poor pregnancy-related outcomes. We further hypothesize that this relationship is mediated by the sequelae of trauma (psychopathology, health problems, and increased negative health behaviors). We review the literature linking sexual trauma with psychopathology, health, and health behavior and then outline the impact of these variables on pregnancy. Based on this review, we draw conclusions about the potential impact of sexual trauma on pregnancy outcomes. We suggest future directions for this area of research and discuss the clinical implications of this association, including the development of prenatal intervention and prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92108, USA. crodgers@hubris.net
authors.forename: Carie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Ariel J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Twamley
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000523:psychology; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health