title: Surgical timing in orbital fracture treatment: experience with 108 consecutive cases.
abstract: Orbital fractures can lead to esthetic deformities and functional impairments, and adequate surgical timing is considered important in obtaining good results from surgery. By means of chart review, a retrospective analysis was carried out in 108 consecutive cases of pure orbital fractures to investigate the differences in surgical timing and the correlations with patient age and clinical and radiographic findings. In this analysis, surgical timing of pure orbital fractures was strongly related to the combination of parameters such as anatomical location of the fracture, eventual exposure of the fracture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage or penetrating wounds, age of patients, eventual functional impairments or muscle entrapment, and serious conditions of compression or ischemia. As the data confirmed, an urgent approach was considered indispensable in severe orbital apex fractures and in orbital fractures with CSF leakage, penetrating objects, or exposure. Early surgery was necessary within 3 days in children with diplopia (type IIIb) and mainly within 7 days in adults with double vision (type IIIa). Delayed surgery, within 12 days in all cases, was performed orbital wall fractures with no impairments (type II) or in orbital rim fractures (type I). Data from this retrospective analysis confirm the need for an aggressive approach to all orbital fractures. In our experience, surgery was performed within 12 days and most orbital fractures were treated during the first week after trauma, which is earlier than previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matteini
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renzi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becelli
authors.forename: Evaristo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iannetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy; D004172:Diplopia / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013353:Subdural Effusion / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors