In-depth analysis of the thylakoid membrane proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts: new proteins, new functions, and a plastid proteome database.
An extensive analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana peripheral and integral thylakoid membrane proteome was performed by sequential extractions with salt, detergent, and organic solvents, followed by multidimensional protein separation steps (reverse-phase HPLC and one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis gels), different enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein cleavage techniques, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics. Altogether, 154 proteins were identified, of which 76 (49%) were alpha-helical integral membrane proteins. Twenty-seven new proteins without known function but with predicted chloroplast transit peptides were identified, of which 17 (63%) are integral membrane proteins. These new proteins, likely important in thylakoid biogenesis, include two rubredoxins, a potential metallochaperone, and a new DnaJ-like protein. The data were integrated with our analysis of the lumenal-enriched proteome. We identified 83 out of 100 known proteins of the thylakoid localized photosynthetic apparatus, including several new paralogues and some 20 proteins involved in protein insertion, assembly, folding, or proteolysis. An additional 16 proteins are involved in translation, demonstrating that the thylakoid membrane surface is an important site for protein synthesis. The high coverage of the photosynthetic apparatus and the identification of known hydrophobic proteins with low expression levels, such as cpSecE, Ohp1, and Ohp2, indicate an excellent dynamic resolution of the analysis. The sequential extraction process proved very helpful to validate transmembrane prediction. Our data also were cross-correlated to chloroplast subproteome analyses by other laboratories. All data are deposited in a new curated plastid proteome database (PPDB) with multiple search functions (http://cbsusrv01.tc.cornell.edu/users/ppdb/). This PPDB will serve as an expandable resource for the plant community.
Friso
Giulia
G
Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Giacomelli
Lisa
L
Ytterberg
A Jimmy
AJ
Peltier
Jean-Benoit
JB
Rudella
Andrea
A
Sun
Qi
Q
Wijk
Klaas J van
KJ
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D020407:Internet; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000737:chemistry*
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020543:Proteome