title: Trypsin IV, a novel agonist of protease-activated receptors 2 and 4.
abstract: Certain serine proteases signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs) and thereby regulate hemostasis, inflammation, pain and healing. However, in many tissues the proteases that activate PARs are unknown. Although pancreatic trypsin may be a physiological agonist of PAR(2) and PAR(4) in the small intestine and pancreas, these receptors are expressed by cells not normally exposed pancreatic trypsin. We investigated whether extrapancreatic forms of trypsin are PAR agonists. Epithelial cells lines from prostate, colon, and airway and human colonic mucosa expressed mRNA encoding PAR(2), trypsinogen IV, and enteropeptidase, which activates the zymogen. Immunoreactive trypsinogen IV was detected in vesicles in these cells. Trypsinogen IV was cloned from PC-3 cells and expressed in CHO cells, where it was also localized to cytoplasmic vesicles. We expressed trypsinogen IV with an N-terminal Igkappa signal peptide to direct constitutive secretion and allow enzymatic characterization. Treatment of conditioned medium with enteropeptidase reduced the apparent molecular mass of trypsinogen IV from 36 to 30 kDa and generated enzymatic activity, consistent with formation of trypsin IV. In contrast to pancreatic trypsin, trypsin IV was completely resistant to inhibition by polypeptide inhibitors. Exposure of cell lines expressing PAR(2) and PAR(4) to trypsin IV increased [Ca(2+)](i) and strongly desensitized cells to PAR agonists, whereas there were no responses in cells lacking these receptors. Thus, trypsin IV is a potential agonist of PAR(2) and PAR(4) in epithelial tissues where its resistance to endogenous trypsin inhibitors may permit prolonged signaling.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0660, USA.
authors.forename: Graeme S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amadesi
authors.forename: Eileen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Nigel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bunnett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies; D016466:CHO Cells; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D004765:Enteropeptidase / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000166:cytology; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007527:Isoenzymes; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D014362:Trypsinogen; D014357:Trypsin; D004765:Enteropeptidase; C112908:protease-activated receptor 4