title: Associations between anxiety disorders and physical illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In contrast to the literature on the association of depression with medical illness, less is known about the comorbidity among anxiety and somatic disorders. Although associations between anxiety disorders and medical illnesses have been reported, prior studies have not adjusted for the effects of gender, substance abuse/dependence, and depression. This study examined the patterns of comorbidity of anxiety disorders and physical illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 262 probands were selected from treatment settings or were randomly recruited from the community. DSM-III-R diagnoses were obtained based on direct interview (SADS) or family history information, and lifetime history of numerous medical illnesses were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a lifetime anxiety disorder reported higher rates of several medical illnesses than did persons without anxiety. After controlling for the effects of gender, comorbid substance abuse/dependence and/or depression, significant associations were found between anxiety disorder and cardiac disorders (OR = 4.6), hypertension (OR = 2.4), gastrointestinal problems (OR = 2.4), genitourinary disorders (OR = 3.5), and migraine (OR = 5.0). A similar pattern was observed for probands with panic or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety disorders were associated with a specific pattern of cardiac disorders, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, genitourinary difficulties, and migraine; individuals presenting with anxiety disorders or medical illness need therefore to be evaluated carefully for comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. martin_haerter@psyallg.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Härter
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merikangas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology