title: Selected haemostatic factors in carotid bifurcation plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the concentration of selected haemostatic factors (HFs): thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), antithrombin (AT), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and D-dimers in carotid bifurcation plaques and to compare plaque composition in different subgroups of patients (mainly those with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight consecutive patients (20 symptomatic, 18 asymptomatic) undergoing carotid endarterectomy were enrolled in the study. The concentration of selected HFs in carotid plaques was measured using mainly enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Simultaneously, the concentration of HFs in plasma was also obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatic plaques contained significantly more TAT complexes (p=0.03). AT was found only in nine out of 38 carotid plaques and was present mainly in symptomatic carotid plaques (n=8/9)(p<0.006). No significant differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques with respect to t-PA, PAI-1 and D-dimers concentration. There was an increased concentration of TAT (p<0.001), t-PA (p<0.02) and D-dimers (p<0.02) in carotid plaques of diabetic patients. Patients with coexisting intermittent claudication had elevated levels of D-dimers in carotid plaques (p<0.02). The only positive correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of AT in plasma and carotid plaques (R=0.76; p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the evaluated HFs are the components of a carotid plaque. Symptomatic patients have increased concentration of TAT complexes in a carotid plaque. The symptomatic carotid plaque contains AT more frequently, which correlates positively with AT plasma levels. The most marked changes in the carotid plaque haemostatic composition (expressed by elevated levels of TAT, t-PA and D-dimers) have diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, L Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Migdalski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jawien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotschy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knapik-Bieniek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000032:analysis; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors