KATP channel openers: structure-activity relationships and therapeutic potential.
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP) channels) are heteromeric complexes of pore-forming inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits and regulatory sulfonylurea receptor subunits. K(ATP) channels were identified in a variety of tissues including muscle cells, pancreatic beta-cells, and various neurons. They are regulated by the intracellular ATP/ADP ratio; ATP induces channel inhibition and MgADP induces channel opening. Functionally, K(ATP) channels provide a means of linking the electrical activity of a cell to its metabolic state. Shortening of the cardiac action potential, smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of both insulin secretion, and neurotransmitter release are mediated via K(ATP) channels. Given their many physiological functions, K(ATP) channels represent promising drug targets. Sulfonylureas like glibenclamide block K(ATP) channels; they are used in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Openers of K(ATP) channels (KCOs), for example, relax smooth muscle and induce hypotension. KCOs are chemically heterogeneous and include as different classes as the benzopyrans, cyanoguanidines, thioformamides, thiadiazines, and pyridyl nitrates. Examples for new chemical entities more recently developed as KCOs include cyclobutenediones, dihydropyridine related structures, and tertiary carbinols.
Mannhold
Raimund
R
Department of Laser Medicine, Molecular Drug Research Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. mannhold@uni-duesseldorf.de
D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012106:Research; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors
D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate