title: Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.
abstract: Precise patterns of cell division and migration are crucial to transform the neuroepithelium of the embryonic forebrain into the adult cerebral cortex. Using time-lapse imaging of clonal cells in rat cortex over several generations, we show here that neurons are generated in two proliferative zones by distinct patterns of division. Neurons arise directly from radial glial cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) and indirectly from intermediate progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Furthermore, newborn neurons do not migrate directly to the cortex; instead, most exhibit four distinct phases of migration, including a phase of retrograde movement toward the ventricle before migration to the cortical plate. These findings provide a comprehensive and new view of the dynamics of cortical neurogenesis and migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA. scn8@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Noctor
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martínez-Cerdeño
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivic
authors.forename: Arnold R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kriegstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology