title: Anal sphincter injury after forceps delivery: myth or reality? A prospective ultrasound study of 93 females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of anal sphincter injury after forceps delivery in a large population of females managed by trained obstetricians in a French hospital and to identify factors predictive for anal sphincter injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study of healthy females older than 18 years with no history of anal incontinence, anorectal abnormalities, or anorectal surgery after their first vaginal delivery. All females were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire concerning intestinal transit and continence status. Physical examination and endoanal ultrasonography were performed after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between November 1999 and November 2000, 93 females were included in the study after their first forceps delivery. Eleven patients (11.8 percent) had a partial defect involving the external sphincter, visible on ultrasonography. One patient (1.1 percent) had a partial defect of external sphincter with complete defect of internal sphincter (sequelae of primary repair of a third-degree perineal tear). Seventeen patients (18.2 percent) had flatus incontinence, and four patients (4.3 percent) had liquid stool incontinence. A high daily number of stools was significantly associated with sphincter defect visible on ultrasonography (P=0.02). The development of anal incontinence was not related to sphincter defect on ultrasonography. There was a strong association between perineal tear and sphincter defect visible on ultrasonography (odds ratio, 4.5 (range, 1.2-16.7)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal sphincter injury after forceps delivery was identified in <13 percent of our large population of healthy females. Our study does not confirm previous observations that anal sphincter injury is common after forceps delivery; previously published studies may have overestimated the prevalence of this condition. The only factor with significant predictive value for anal sphincter injury was perineal tear. Anal endosonography should be recommended after obstetric perineal tear.
authors.affiliation: Proctologie Médico-Chirurgicale, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint Simon, Paris, France. v.deparades@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Parades
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Etienney
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thabut
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tawk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Assemekang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marié
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Toubia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wehbe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mosnier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gadonneix
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atienza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography