title: Distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation.
abstract: In an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre(-1) liquid formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation). The injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. The present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence and persistence in pine tissues of sufficient amounts of emamectin benzoate to inhibit nematode propagation. A cleanup procedure prior to quantitative analysis of emamectin benzoate by fluorescence HPLC was devised. The presence of the compound in concentrations sufficient to inhibit nematode propagation in the shoots of current growth and its persistence for 3 years explained the marked preventative effect. Non-distribution of emamectin benzoate in some parts of the lower trunk suggested that the formulation should be injected at several points for large trees in order to distribute the compound uniformly to lower branches.
authors.affiliation: Development Department, Izutsuya Chemical Industry Co Ltd, 1-11-30 Hanazono, Kumamoto 860-0072, Japan. izuchem@ruby.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawazu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D020171:Botrytis / Q000254:growth & development; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism*; D028223:Pinus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D007559:Ivermectin; C108024:emamectin benzoate