title: Cerebral oxygenation during exercise in cardiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until recently, compensatory mechanisms have been believed to regulate adequately cerebral blood flow in humans. However, this has been called into question by a series of new investigations suggesting that patients with left ventricular dysfunction suffer from cerebral hypoperfusion. We compared cerebral oxygenation during incremental exercise between patients with valvular heart disease and normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients with valvular disease and 33 normal subjects performed a symptom-limited incremental exercise test using a cycle ergometer. Oxyhemoglobin at the forehead was continuously monitored during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. Respiratory gas measurements were performed on a breath-by-breath basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase in oxyhemoglobin during exercise was significantly lower in the patients with valvular disease than in normal subjects. The change in oxyhemoglobin during exercise (DeltaO(2)Hb) at the forehead was negatively correlated with the slope of the increase in minute ventilation to the increase in carbon dioxide output (DeltaE/DeltaCO(2)), and positively correlated with the peak oxygen uptake (O(2)), gas exchange threshold (GET), and slope of the increase in O(2) to the increase in the work rate (DeltaO(2)/DeltaWR). Among the patients with valvular disease, 15 patients showed a decrease in oxyhemoglobin at the forehead during exercise. When compared with the patients with increased oxyhemoglobin, those with decreased levels exhibited a higher DeltaE/DeltaCO(2) and a lower peak O(2), GET, and DeltaO(2)/DeltaWR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings strongly suggest that cerebral oxygenation during exercise is dependent on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. The study also indicated the presence of cerebral hypoperfusion during exercise in cardiac patients whose cardiac output fails to increase normally.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Tokyo, Japan. koike@cepp.ne.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oohara
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshimoto
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: Long Tai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins