title: Transesophageal echocardiography improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve thrombosis: results of the international PRO-TEE registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate whether quantitation of thrombus burden with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can help risk-stratify patients undergoing thrombolysis of prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Thrombolytic therapy of PVT has an unpredictable risk of embolization and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international registry of patients with suspected PVT undergoing two-dimensional/Doppler and TEE before thrombolysis was established. All TEE studies were reviewed and quantitated by a single observer blinded to all data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1985 to 2001, 107 patients (71 females; age 24 to 86 years) from 14 centers (6 in the U.S.) were identified. The majority of cases involved the mitral valve (79 mitral, 13 aortic, and 15 tricuspid). Hemodynamic success rate was achieved in 85% and was similar across valves. Overall complications were observed in 17.8%, and death in 5.6%. Predictors of complications were: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, presence of shock, sinus tachycardia, hypotension, previous history of stroke, thrombus extension beyond the valve ring, and thrombus area. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that two variables were independent predictors of complications: thrombus area by TEE (odds ratio [OR] 2.41 per 1 cm2 increment, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 5.19) and prior history of stroke (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.35 to 15.38). A thrombus area <0.8 cm2 identified patients at lower risk for complications from thrombolysis, irrespective of NYHA functional class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In PVT, the thrombus size imaged with TEE is a significant independent predictor of outcome. Transesophageal echocardiography can identify low-risk groups for thrombolysis irrespective of symptom severity and is therefore recommended in the management of prosthetic valve thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roudaut
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sagie
authors.forename: Maie S A
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Sergio C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pontes Júnior
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carreras
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnaout
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Stainback
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thadhani
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zoghbi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology