title: Botulinum-A toxin injection into the detrusor: a safe alternative in the treatment of children with myelomeningocele with detrusor hyperreflexia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and durability of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia in children with myelomeningocele (MMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 15 patients with MMC (10 male and 5 female, mean age 5.8 years), all nonresponders to orally and intravesically administered anticholinergic medication and all on clean intermittent catheterization. Pretreatment assessment included a videourodynamic evaluation, an incontinence score and a mercaptoacetyltriglycine-3 renal scan. We injected 10 U/kg to a maximum of 360 U of botulinum-A toxin into the detrusor at 25 to 40 sites, sparing the trigone. Followup lasted between 12 and 30 months. All children underwent a urodynamic reevaluation, an assessment of the bladder capacity and an incontinence score at 3, 9 and 12 months after the first injection. A second intravesical injection was administered after 12 months and followup repeated as in the first year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the first injection treatment mean bladder reflex volume increased from 72.00 +/- 28.12 ml to 298 +/- 32.45 ml (mean +/- SD, p <0.001). Maximum detrusor pressure decreased from 78.76 +/- 23.14 cm H2O to 42.76 +/- 24.34 cm H2O (p <0.001). Maximum bladder capacity increased from 136.34 +/- 45.71 ml to 297.02 +/- 87.17 ml (p <0.001). Detrusor compliance increased from 18.29 +/- 27.19 ml/cm H2O to 51.17 +/- 38.17 ml/cm H2O (p <0.001). Of the 15 patients 13 became completely dry with CIC. The remaining 2 patients improved from score 3 to 1. Results after 9 months were similar to those obtained after 3 months. Mean durability of the effect of the drug was 10.5 months after the first as well as after the second intravesical injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum-A toxin is a safe alternative in the management of detrusor hyperreflexia in children with MMC. The preliminary results regarding urodynamic parameters and continence have been promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Schwestern, Linz, Austria. marcus.riccabona@bhs.at
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koen
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Beckers
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goedele
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pycha
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lusuardi
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A