title: Ultrafast microfluidic mixer and freeze-quenching device.
abstract: The freeze-quenching technique is extremely useful for trapping meta-stable intermediates populated during fast chemical or biochemical reactions. The application of this technique, however, is limited by the long mixing time of conventional solution mixers and the slow freezing time of cryogenic fluids. To overcome these problems, we have designed and tested a novel microfluidic silicon mixer equipped with a new freeze-quenching device, with which reactions can be followed down to 50 micros. In the microfluidic silicon mixer, seven 10-microm-diameter vertical pillars are arranged perpendicular to the flow direction and in a staggered fashion in the 450-pL mixing chamber to enhance turbulent mixing. The mixed-solution jet, with a cross section of 10 microm x 100 microm, exits from the microfluidic silicon mixer with a linear flow velocity of 20 m/s. It instantaneously freezes on one of two rotating copper wheels maintained at 77 K and is subsequently ground into an ultrafine powder. The ultrafine frozen powder exhibits excellent spectral quality and high packing factor and can be readily transferred between spectroscopic observation cells. The microfluidic mixer was tested by the reaction between azide and myoglobin at pH 5.0. It was found that complete mixing was achieved within the mixing dead time of the mixer (20 micros), and the first observable point for this coupled device was determined to be 50 micros, which is approximately 2 orders of magnitude faster than commercially available instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gerfen
authors.forename: Denis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: Syun-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D005615:Freezing; D006736:Horses; D007700:Kinetics; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D009211:Myoglobin; D019810:Sodium Azide