title: Primaquine-induced hemolytic anemia: susceptibility of normal versus glutathione-depleted rat erythrocytes to 5-hydroxyprimaquine.
abstract: Primaquine is an important antimalarial agent because of its activity against exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium spp. Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia, however, are dose-limiting side effects of primaquine therapy. These hemotoxic effects are believed to be mediated by metabolites, although the identity of the toxic specie(s) and the mechanism underlying hemotoxicity have remained unclear. Previous studies showed that an N-hydroxylated metabolite of primaquine, 6-methoxy-8-hydroxylaminoquinoline, was capable of mediating primaquine-induced hemotoxicity. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the hemolytic potential of 5-hydroxyprimaquine (5-HPQ), a phenolic metabolite that has been detected in experimental animals. 5-HPQ was synthesized, isolated by flash chromatography, and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In vitro exposure of (51)Cr-labeled erythrocytes to 5-HPQ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in erythrocyte survival (TC(50) of ca. 40 microM) when the exposed cells were returned to the circulation of isologous rats. 5-HPQ also induced methemoglobin formation and depletion of glutathione (GSH) when incubated with suspensions of rat erythrocytes. Furthermore, when red cell GSH was depleted (>95%) by titration with diethyl maleate to mimic GSH instability in human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, a 5-fold enhancement of hemolytic activity was observed. These data indicate that 5-HPQ also has the requisite properties to contribute to the hemotoxicity of primaquine. The relative contribution of N-hydroxy versus phenolic metabolites to the overall hemotoxicity of primaquine remains to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oatis
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jollow
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McMillan
mesh_terms: D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D004355:Drug Stability; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D011319:Primaquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C056497:5-hydroxyprimaquine; D008706:Methemoglobin; D005978:Glutathione; D011319:Primaquine