title: Farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib is well tolerated, induces stabilization of disease, and inhibits farnesylation and oncogenic/tumor survival pathways in patients with advanced multiple myeloma.
abstract: Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) with mutated RAS are less likely to respond to chemotherapy and have a shortened survival. Therefore, targeting RAS farnesylation may be a novel approach to treatment of MM. We evaluated the activity and tolerability of the farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor tipifarnib (Zarnestra) in a phase 2 trial as well as its ability to inhibit protein farnesylation and oncogenic pathways in patients with relapsed MM. Forty-three patients (median age, 62 years [range, 33-82 years]) with a median of 4 (range, 1-6) chemotherapy regimens entered the study. Tipifarnib, 300 mg orally twice daily, was administered for 3 weeks every 4 weeks. The most common toxicity was fatigue occurring in 66% of patients. Other toxicities included diarrhea, nausea, neuropathy, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Sixty-four percent of the patients had disease stabilization. Treatment with tipifarnib suppressed FTase (but not geranylgeranyltransferase I) in bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and also inhibited the farnesylation of HDJ-2 in unfractionated mononuclear cells and purified myeloma cells. Inhibition of farnesylation did not correlate with disease stabilization. Finally, tipifarnib decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) but not Erk1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2) in bone marrow cells. We conclude that tipifarnib is tolerable, can induce disease stabilization, and can inhibit farnesylation and oncogenic/tumor survival pathways.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alsina
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: A Nelida
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Belle
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerbino
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Price-Troska
authors.forename: Rose M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahmann
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bruzek
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Greipp
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Saïd M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sebti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D005260:Female; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C107481:DNAJA1 protein, human; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D015363:Quinolones; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins; C402769:tipifarnib