title: Clinical profile and outcome of acute respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the etiological factors, clinical features, treatment modalities and outcome of acute respiratory failure in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted over 15 months. Fifty children with acute respiratory failure, diagnosed by serial arterial blood gas analysis, were consecutively enrolled. Ventilation therapy was initiated when the FiO2 requirement went above 0.6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary diseases accounted for majority (68%) of cases, followed by nervous system (12%); and cardiovascular and skeletal muscle system diseases (10%, each). Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause of acute respiratory failure (11 cases). The majority of cases were in the age group 1 month to < 1 year (26 cases). The commonest signs were altered depth and pattern of respiration (100%), chest wall retractions (88%), flaring of alae nasae (88%), tachypnea (84%), tachycardia (82%), and irritability (64%). Cyanosis was noticed in only 26 (52%) cases. Thirty-six (72%) children required ventilation therapy. The overall mortality was 58%. The mortality was high (55.9% to 66.7%), irrespective of the primary system involved. Significantly higher mortality was associated with co-existent malnutrition (p<0.001), Type I failure (p=0.039) and ventilation therapy (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute respiratory failure has varied etiology and clinical manifestations, and a high mortality. Its outcome is independent of age of the child and the primary system involved. Malnutrition and Type I failure are factors associated with a poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India. karandesunil@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karande
authors.forename: Rajneesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murkey
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Madhuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome