title: Tissue-engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the alginate-recovered-chondrocyte method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue engineering of nasal septal cartilage has numerous potential applications in craniofacial reconstruction. Chondrocytes suspended in alginate gel have been shown to produce a substantial cell-associated matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether cartilage tissue could be generated using the alginate-recovered-chondrocyte (ARC) method, in which chondrocytes are cultured in alginate as an intermediate step in tissue fabrication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal septal chondrocytes from five patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion, then expanded in monolayer culture. At confluency, a portion of those cells were seeded at high density onto a semipermeable membrane and cultured for 14, 21, or 28 days (monolayer group). The remaining cells were suspended in alginate and cultured until a cell-associated matrix was observed (10-17 days). Cells and their associated matrix were released from alginate (ARC group), seeded onto a semipermeable membrane, and cultured as already described. DNA (Hoechst 33258 Assay), glycosaminoglycan (GAG; dimethylmethylene blue assay), and collagen (hydroxyproline assay) were analyzed biochemically. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess expression of collagens type I and type II. Histochemistry was performed to localize cells accumulating sulfated GAG (Alcian blue stain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ARC constructs, in contrast to the monolayer constructs, had substantial structural stability and the histologic and gross appearance of cartilaginous tissue. ARC constructs demonstrated significantly greater GAG and collagen accumulation than monolayer constructs (P <.05). Histologic analysis revealed substantial GAG and collagen type II production and only moderate collagen type I production. The composition of the matrix was thus similar to that of native human septal cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue-engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the ARC method has the histologic and gross appearance of native cartilage and has biochemical composition more like that of native cartilage than monolayer constructs. This is the first report of human nasal septal neocartilage formation without the use of biodegradable scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA. stanchia@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stanley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Eugene J-M A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Thonar
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sah
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D003094:Collagen; D004247:DNA