Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer.
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Until 500 generations ago, all humans consumed only wild and unprocessed food foraged and hunted from their environment. These circumstances provided a diet high in lean protein, polyunsaturated fats (especially omega-3 [omega-3] fatty acids), monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other beneficial phytochemicals. Historical and anthropological studies show hunter-gatherers generally to be healthy, fit, and largely free of the degenerative cardiovascular diseases common in modern societies. This review outlines the essence of our hunter-gatherer genetic legacy and suggests practical steps to re-align our modern milieu with our ancient genome in an effort to improve cardiovascular health.
O'Keefe
James H
JH
Mid America Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Consultants, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA. jhokeefe@cc-pc.com
Cordain
Loren
L
D001628:Beverages; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000266:history*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015894:Genome, Human; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008460:Meat; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000009:adverse effects
D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids