title: Environmental conditions and variation in levels of sun exposure among children in child care.
abstract: Sun exposure in childhood is 1 of the risk factors for developing skin cancer, yet little is known about levels of exposure at this age. This is particularly important in countries with high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) such as Australia. Among 49 children 3 to 5 years of age attending child care centers, UVR exposure was studied under 4 conditions in a repeated measures design; sunny days, cloudy days, teacher's instruction to stay in the shade, and a health professionals instruction to apply sunscreen. Three different data collection methods were employed: (a) completion of questionnaire or diary by parents and researcher, (b) polysulphone dosimeter readings, and (c) observational audits (video recording). Results of this study indicated that more than half the children had been sunburnt (pink or red) and more than a third had experienced painful sunburn (sore or tender) in the last summer. Most wore short sleeve shirts, short skirts or shorts and cap, that do not provide optimal levels of skin protection. However, sunscreen was applied to all exposed parts before the children went out to the playground. Over the period of 1 hr (9-10 a.m.) the average amount of time children spent in full sun was 22 min. On sunny days there was more variation across children in the amount of sun exposure received. While the potential amount of UVR exposure for young children during the hour they were outside on a sunny day was 1.45 MED (Minimum Erythemal Dose), they received on average 0.35 MED, which is an insufficient amount to result in an erythemal response on fair skin even without the use of sunscreen.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Promotion and Cancer Prevention Research, School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia. w.stanton@mailbox.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Hassan Nazmus
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Saleheen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013471:Sunburn / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents