title: A technique for the measurement of patellar tracking during weight-bearing activities using ultrasound.
abstract: A new fixation device, the femoral clamp, was developed in this study for the ultrasound measurement of patellar medio-lateral motion during sitting and squatting knee flexion/extension. Seventeen subjects, 6 males, 11 females, aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited for the test. Results showed that the patella moved medially then laterally from extension to flexion when sitting. Weight-bearing knee motion produced a more laterally tracked patella without the presence of the initial medial patellar translation. The tracking patterns of the patellae were similar regardless of knee movement direction. The patellar lateral position was greatly affected by the movement task (p < 0.0005), and was also influenced by gender for maximum medial position (p < 0.05). The reproducibility of the measurement was between 0.29 and 0.90 for the intra-rater and 0.34-0.75 for the inter-rater reliability. The accuracy of the ultrasound measurement was validated by interventional magnetic resonance (iMR) imaging of the patella and the mean error of the measurement was 1.4 +/- 3.2 mm. Although further research is needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of this method, it has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining patellar tracking data during load-bearing activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Yi-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: A M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010329:Patella / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*