title: Microscopic and gross extravesical extension in pathological staging of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated clinical outcomes in patients with pathological microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical tumor extension with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder following radical cystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 236 patients, including 173 males (73%) and 63 females, underwent radical cystectomy for pathological primary bladder TCC with extravesical extension (pT3), of whom 69 (29%) had pT3a and 167 (71%) had pT3b disease. At a median followup of 8.9 years (range 0 to 19.4) lymph node involvement, local and distant recurrences, and clinical outcomes were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 236 patients with pT3 tumors 106 (45%) had lymph node positive disease, including 34 of 69 (49%) with pT3a and 72 of 167 (43%) with pT3b disease. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate for patients with pT3a tumors was 48% compared with 47% for those with pT3b disease (p = 0.89). Recurrence-free survival was significantly better in patients with lymph node negative disease than in those with positive lymph nodes irrespective of the extent of extravesical involvement (pT3a vs pT3b). Local pelvic recurrence developed in 13 of the 236 patients (6%), while 84 (36%) had distant metastatic disease. Of the patients with recurrence, the type of recurrence (local or distant) was not associated with tumor stage (pT3a vs pT3b, p = 0.71). Lymph node involvement was a significant risk factor for distant tumor recurrence (p <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiating between microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical tumor involvement of TCC as outlined in the revised 1997 TNM staging system does not appear to have prognostic significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kenneth Norris, Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, 90089, USA. quekm@usc.edu
authors.forename: Marcus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groshen
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lieskovsky
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy