title: A strategy to reduce the numbers of fish used in acute ecotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals.
abstract: The pharmaceutical industry gives high priority to animal welfare in the process of drug discovery and safety assessment. In the context of environmental assessments of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), existing U.S. Food and Drug Administration and draft European regulations may require testing of APIs for acute ecotoxicity to algae, daphnids, and fish (base-set ecotoxicity data used to derive the predicted no-effect concentration [PNECwater] from the most sensitive of three species). Subject to regulatory approval, it is proposed that testing can be moved from fish median lethal concentration (LC50) testing (typically using > or = 42 fish/API) to acute threshold tests using fewer fish (typically 10 fish/API). To support this strategy, we have collated base-set ecotoxicity data from regulatory studies of 91 APIs (names coded for commercial reasons). For 73 of the 91 APIs, the algal median effect concentration (EC50) and daphnid EC50 values were lower than or equal to the fish LC50 data. Thus, for approximately 80% of these APIs, algal and daphnid acute EC50 data could have been used in the absence of fish LC50 data to derive PNECwater values. For the other 18 APIs, use of an acute threshold test with a step-down factor of 3.2 is predicted to give comparable PNECwater outcomes. Based on this preliminary scenario of 91 APIs, this approach is predicted to reduce the total number of fish used from 3,822 to 1,025 (approximately 73%). The present study, although preliminary, suggests that the current regulatory requirement for fish LC50 data regarding APIs should be succeeded by fish acute threshold (step-down) test data, thereby achieving significant animal welfare benefits with no loss of data for PNECwater estimates.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca Global Safety Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, TQ5 8BA, United Kingdom. tom.hutchinson@brixham.astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buzby
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huggett
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laenge
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lillicrap
authors.forename: Jürg Oliver
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.forename: Roy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia; D004345:Drug Industry; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D056890:Eukaryota; D005399:Fishes; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018401:Sample Size; D018675:Toxicity Tests