title: Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on IMP dehydrogenase after the first dose and after long-term treatment in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is routinely used as an immunosuppressant in a fixed daily dose regimen although it shows marked fluctuations in pharmacokinetics, and despite the fact that in regard to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), there is a well-known association between the pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to determine the time course and the variability in cellular target of MPA after renal transplantation, we investigated the pharmacodynamic response in 8 patients receiving 1 g MMF for the first time prior to renal transplantation and in 8 stable renal transplant patients maintained on long-term MMF therapy (1 g b.i.d.) for more than 1 year. The pharmacodynamic response was measured using inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activity in peripheral mononuclear cells. MPA plasma concentrations were measured in parallel, IMPDH activity in 89 healthy blood donors was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a high interindividual variability in IMPDH activity in the 89 untreated healthy volunteers (4.0 - 32.9 nmol/h/mg protein), in 8 patients on dialysis (5.3 - 18.9 nmol/h/mg protein) and in 8 renal transplant patients under long-term MMF treatment (2.3 - 14.4 nmol/h/mg protein). The mean AUC0-12h for mycophenolic acid was 2-fold higher in patients receiving long-term treatment with MMF (62.2 +/- 16.6 mg x h/ml) compared to dialysis patients receiving 1 g MMF for the first time (31.5 +/- 15.6 mg x h/ml). Despite this pharmacokinetic difference there were no statistically significant differences in the cellular pharmacodynamic response. Minimal IMPDH activity (1.62 +/- 1.23 vs. 1.77 +/- 1.49 nmol/h/mg protein) and maximal IMPDH inhibition (87.5 +/- 0.08 vs. 77.4 +/- 18.8%) during the dosing interval were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The considerable interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of MMF as well as in the drug target support the use of pharmacodynamic drug monitoring to optimize MMF dosing and to reduce the risk of graft rejection and side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. petra.glander@charite.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glander
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hambach
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waiser
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Budde
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid