title: Anticancer chemosensitization and radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor AG14361.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) facilitates the repair of DNA strand breaks. Inhibiting PARP-1 increases the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging chemotherapy and radiation therapy in vitro. Because classical PARP-1 inhibitors have limited clinical utility, we investigated whether AG14361, a novel potent PARP-1 inhibitor (inhibition constant <5 nM), enhances the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in human cancer cell cultures and xenografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of AG14361 on the antitumor activity of the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide, topoisomerase I poisons topotecan or irinotecan, or x-irradiation or gamma-radiation was investigated in human cancer cell lines A549, LoVo, and SW620 by proliferation and survival assays and in xenografts in mice by tumor volume determination. The specificity of AG14361 for PARP-1 was investigated by microarray analysis and by antiproliferation and acute toxicity assays in PARP-1-/- and PARP-1+/+ cells and mice. After intraperitoneal administration, the concentration of AG14361 was determined in mouse plasma and tissues, and its effect on PARP-1 activity was determined in tumor homogenates. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AG14361 at 0.4 micro M did not affect cancer cell gene expression or growth, but it did increase the antiproliferative activity of temozolomide (e.g., in LoVo cells by 5.5-fold, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.9-fold to 5.9-fold; P =.004) and topotecan (e.g., in LoVo cells by 1.6-fold, 95% CI = 1.3-fold to 1.9-fold; P =.002) and inhibited recovery from potentially lethal gamma-radiation damage in LoVo cells by 73% (95% CI = 48% to 98%). In vivo, nontoxic doses of AG14361 increased the delay of LoVo xenograft growth induced by irinotecan, x-irradiation, or temozolomide by two- to threefold. The combination of AG14361 and temozolomide caused complete regression of SW620 xenograft tumors. AG14361 was retained in xenografts in which PARP-1 activity was inhibited by more than 75% for at least 4 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AG14361 is, to our knowledge, the first high-potency PARP-1 inhibitor with the specificity and in vivo activity to enhance chemotherapy and radiation therapy of human cancer.
authors.affiliation: Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almassy
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Batey
authors.forename: A Hilary
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: Stacie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canan-Koch
authors.forename: Barbara W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Durkacz
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hostomsky
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kumpf
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: Jianke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maegley
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Notarianni
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skalitzky
authors.forename: Huw D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Lan-Zhen
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Kaye J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Curtin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D052176:Azulenes; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D051379:Mice; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077204:Temozolomide; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C479234:1-(4-dimethylaminomethylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-7H-2,7,9a-benzo(cd)azulen-6-one; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D052176:Azulenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003606:Dacarbazine; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D000077204:Temozolomide