title: Transdermal delivery system for zidovudine: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation.
abstract: The objective of this study was to prepare a transdermal delivery system (TDS) for zidovudine (AZT) with a combination of menthol and oleic acid as penetration enhancers incorporated in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and to evaluate ex vivo as well as in vivo permeation across rat skin. It was found that AZT in gel formulation was stable in both refrigerated as well as accelerated stability conditions for 3 months and further, the gel did not significantly retard the permeability of AZT across the skin in comparison with solution formulation. Ex vivo steady state flux of AZT across rat skin from gel was 2.26 mg cm(-2) h(-1), which is sufficient to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations. Intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters of AZT in rats were determined and used together with ex vivo flux data to generate theoretical plasma profiles of AZT and compared with plasma concentrations achieved after application of TDS. Further, steady state plasma concentrations of drug following multiple applications of TDS were determined and good correlations between ex vivo and in vivo data were observed. In addition, the combination of penetration enhancers used at 2.5% w/w in this study proved efficient in achieving sufficient enhancement in the transdermal permeability of AZT across rat skin with reduced skin irritation potential when compared with individual penetration enhancers at higher concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Sector 67, Phase 10, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sunil Thomas Kumar
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Narishetty
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panchagnula
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D005782:Gels; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D008610:Menthol; D019301:Oleic Acid; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D015215:Zidovudine; D008747:Methylcellulose