title: Mood disorders and serotonin transporter density in ecstasy users--the influence of long-term abstention, dose, and gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") on the serotonin (5-HT) system have been described in animals and humans, but little is known about long-term effects of ecstasy use on mood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate short-term and long-term effects of ecstasy use on mood and its association with 5-HT neurotoxicity, dose, and gender in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen moderate ecstasy users, 23 heavy ecstasy users, 16 former heavy ecstasy users and 15 drug-using, but ecstasy-naive controls were included. Mood was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Outcomes were correlated with 5-HT transporter (SERT) density, assessed with [123I]beta-CIT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of mood disorders assessed by CIDI did not differ between all groups. The overall test for differences in BDI scores between groups was near significance (P=0.056), with BDI scores higher in former heavy ecstasy users than in ecstasy-naive controls (P=0.045). BDI scores were correlated with the total number of ecstasy tablets used (r=0.310; P=0.021). No associations between CIDI or BDI outcomes and SERT density or gender were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ecstasy use is not associated with clinical depression (CIDI). However, the number of ecstasy tablets taken lifetime was associated with higher BDI scores for depressive mood, and this relationship seemed to persist after ecstasy use had stopped. We did not find that depressed mood in ecstasy users was associated with decrease in SERT density. Prospective studies are needed to establish the causal relationship between ecstasy use and depressed mood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology G1-229, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, m.m.dewin@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Maartje M L
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Win
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: den Heeten
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012737:Sex Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine