title: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in human prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The growth and dissemination of tumors has been associated with angiogenesis, which is regulated by a group of polypeptide factors including vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C binds its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) to promote growth of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, microarray technology was used to build tissue arrays of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinomas (PCa) using tissues from 640 patients. Slides were sectioned and stained with a polyclonal antibody to VEGFR-3 using a standard immunoperoxidase method and digitized. Immunoreactivity was scored using a 0-3+ semiquantitation scoring system for both intensity and percentage. The sum index was obtained by totaling the scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGFR-3 is expressed in normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, but VEGFR-3 expression is up-regulated in PCa. We also found that VEGFR-3 is correlated with pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (Pre-PSA), Gleason score, and lymph node metastasis. The recurrence-free 5-year survival in cases with lower sum index (0-3) was significantly higher than that in cases with higher sum index (4-6) (77.3, 69.6%, respectively, P = 0.037) by Kaplan-Meier actuarial model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that VEGFR-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and may play an important role in facilitating lymphatic spread of PCa; high-level of VEGFR-3 expression in prostate cancer cells increases the risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Rile
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mamoun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Makato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohori
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frolov
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011467:Prostate / Q000502:physiology*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3