title: Open-angle glaucoma and systemic thyroid disease in an older population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether thyroid disease is independently associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), using history of thyroid disease and current thyroxine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 persons, aged 49-97 years. Interviewers collected self-reported history of diagnosis and treatment for thyroid disease. Eye examinations included applanation tonometry, stereoscopic optic disc photography and automated perimetry. OAG was diagnosed from the presence of matching typical glaucomatous field changes and optic disc cupping, independent of intraocular pressure. Associations between thyroid disease (history and treatment) and OAG were assessed in a multivariate model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 324 participants (8.9%) reporting history of thyroid disease, 147 (4.0%) were currently using thyroxine. Although we could not accurately categorize the thyroid disorder for all cases, current use of thyroxine suggests a prior hypothyroid state. All thyroid disease subgroups affected women more frequently than men, P=0.001. OAG was diagnosed in 108 subjects (3.0%) and was more frequent in those reporting past thyroid disease (4.6 vs 2.8%). This relationship was not statistically significant after adjusting for potential confounders, multivariate odds ratio (OR) 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.9-2.9. OAG was significantly more frequent, however, in subjects reporting current thyroxine use (6.8 vs 2.8%), multivariate OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0-4.4, or history of thyroid surgery (6.5 vs 2.8%), multivariate OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population-based study suggests that thyroid disease, indicated by current thyroxine use or past thyroid surgery, could be independently related to OAG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rochtchina
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine