title: Single-sample preparation for simultaneous cellular redox and energy state determination.
abstract: A simple and reliable method for the preparation of biological samples for the evaluation of biochemical parameters representative of the redox and energy states, such as glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), coenzyme A (CoASH), oxidized CoASH, ascorbate, malondialdehyde, oxypurines, nucleosides, and energy metabolites, is presented. Fast deproteinization under nonoxidizing conditions is obtained by tissue homogenization in ice-cold, nitrogen-saturated CH3CN + 10 mM KH2PO4 (3:1; v:v), pH 7.40. After sample centrifugation to pellet precipitated proteins, organic solvent removal is performed on clear supernatants by three washings with large volumes of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade chloroform. The remaining aqueous phase, free of solvent and any lipid-soluble substances that may interfere with the further metabolite analysis, is used for the simultaneous ion-pairing HPLC determination of 39 compounds by means of a Kromasil C-18, 250 x 4.6-mm, 5-microm-particle-size column with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as the pairing reagent. Results obtained by using the present method to prepare different rat tissue extracts demonstrate that it is possible to perform a single tissue preparation only for monitoring, in the same sample, compounds representative of the redox state (through the direct determination of GSH, GSSG, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH, CoASH, and oxidized CoASH) and of the cell energy state (by the analysis of oxypurines, nucleosides, and energy metabolites). Applicability of this sample processing procedure to quantify variations of the aforementioned compounds under pathological conditions was effected in rats subjected to moderate closed-head trauma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy. lazzarig@mbox.unict.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazzarino
authors.forename: Angela Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Amorini
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fazzina
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vagnozzi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signoretti
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donzelli
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Stasio
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003065:Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D009243:NAD; D009249:NADP; D005978:Glutathione; D003065:Coenzyme A; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide