title: Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice.
abstract: Quantum dots having four different surface coatings were tested for use in in vivo imaging. Localization was successfully monitored by fluorescence imaging of living animals, by necropsy, by frozen tissue sections for optical microscopy, and by electron microscopy, on scales ranging from centimeters to nanometers, using only quantum dots for detection. Circulating half-lives were found to be less than 12 min for amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid), short-chain (750 Da) methoxy-PEG or long-chain (3400 Da) carboxy-PEG quantum dots, but approximately 70 min for long-chain (5000 Da) methoxy-PEG quantum dots. Surface coatings also determined the in vivo localization of the quantum dots. Long-term experiments demonstrated that these quantum dots remain fluorescent after at least four months in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. bbal@andrew.cmu.edu
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ballou
authors.forename: B Christoffer
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lagerholm
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Marcel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bruchez
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Waggoner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013154:Spleen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols