title: Andrographolide reduces inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures by inhibiting microglial activation.
abstract: Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Recent reports have indicated that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating macrophage and neutrophil activity. Whereas microglia, the counterpart of macrophages in the brain, are pivotal in the inflammatory process in the central nervous system, the effect of ANDRO on inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration has not been examined. In this study, we show that both pretreatment and post-treatment with ANDRO exhibited a significant protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity in mixed neuron-glia cultures, as determined by [(3)H]dopamine uptake and immunocytochemical analysis. In contrast, ANDRO showed no protective effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine (0.5 microM)-induced neurotoxicity in neuron-enriched cultures. ANDRO significantly attenuated LPS-induced microglial activation and production of reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E(2). Furthermore, ANDRO dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced inducible nitric-oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in BV-2 microglia, as determined by Western blot. These findings demonstrate that ANDRO reduces inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures by inhibiting microglial activation. In addition, these results indicate that ANDRO may have clinical utility for the treatment of inflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. wang16@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tongguang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jau-Shyong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000187:drug effects; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C030419:andrographolide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium