title: Effects of passive cardiac containment on left ventricular structure and function: verification by volume and flow measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardiac support device (CSD, Acorn) is a compliant, textile-mesh graft placed around the ventricles to prevent further dilatation and to improve function in congestive heart failure. The aim of this study was to verify post-operative changes in left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, blood flow, and myocardial mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients underwent contrast-enhanced, electrocardiography-triggered electron-beam computerized tomography before and 6 to 9 months after CSD implantation. We measured volume and flow using the slice-summation method and the indicator-dilution technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant changes for the following parameters: end-diastolic volume decreased from 382.9 +/- 140.2 ml to 311.3 +/- 138.7 ml, end-systolic volume from 310.4 +/- 132.4 ml to 237.4 +/- 133.8 ml, end-diastolic diameter from 75.3 +/- 7.8 mm to 70.7 +/- 11.6 mm, end-systolic diameter from 65.8 +/- 7.8 mm to 60.0 +/- 14.0 mm, and myocardial mass from 298.6 +/- 79.6 g to 263.1 +/- 76.8 g. Ejection fraction increased from 20.3% +/- 6.4% to 27.8% +/- 13.1%. We found no significant differences for stroke volume (from 72.5 +/- 24.6 ml to 73.8 +/- 23.6 ml), heart rate (from 80.5 +/- 11.0 beats per minute to 76.5 +/- 6.8 beats per minute), and total cardiac output (from 5.8 +/- 1.9 liter/min to 5.6 +/- 1.8 liter/min). Mitral regurgitation fraction decreased from 30.5% +/- 15.5% to 15.6% +/- 12.8%, increasing antegrade cardiac output from 3.8 +/- 0.9 liter/min to 4.7+/-1.5 liter/min. For most parameters, pre- and post-operative values in these patients differed significantly from those in an age- and gender-matched control group. In each patient, we observed a small hyperdense stripe along the pericardium after surgery, but we observed no local complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional structural and functional data obtained by computerized tomography volume and flow measurements confirm the safety and efficacy of CSD implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Charité Medical School, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Alexander.Lembcke@gmx.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lembcke
authors.forename: Till H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dushe
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: Christian N H
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Enzweiler
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: Wolfgang F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Konertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*