Preventing macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk for both micro-and macrovascular complications, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common causes of death in these patients, accounting for almost 70% of the deaths. Given the high prevalence of the condition and the expected global increase in the prevalence of type 2 DM, a case is made for prevention of these serious complications in order to reduce the individual morbidity and the economic burden on society. In this review we present the knowledge of how macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 DM may be prevented, and suggest possible strategies for doing so.A thorough search of the published literature was conducted and we first present relevant epidemiological studies demonstrating the impact of important risk factors for CVD in DM, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, smoking, familial premature coronary heart disease and some non-classical risk factors such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Secondly, we review the results from published randomized controlled clinical trials and meta-analysis of these, evaluate the findings and suggest strategies for preventing CVD in patients with type 2 DM using non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Present knowledge indicates that most patients with type 2 DM either have manifest CVD or have a high risk for future cardiovascular events, men with DM have a 2- to 4-fold; and women with DM a 3- to 5-fold increased risk for cardiovascular death compared with non-diabetic individuals. Care of patients with type 2 DM should include yearly risk assessment by the use of published risk equations or risk charts. On the background of this assessment, an individual risk reducing strategy should be tailored to each patient's need, including the treatment of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia together with the use of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and ACE inhibitors. Such measures can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 DM.
Johansen
Odd E
OE
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Research Unit, Baerum Hospital, Baerum, Norway. o-ejoh@online.no
Birkeland
Kåre I
KI
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008019:Life Style; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors