title: Failure of in vitro-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells from the synovial membrane to form ectopic stable cartilage in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported the identification in a nude mouse assay of molecular markers predictive of the capacity of articular cartilage-derived cells (ACDCs) to form ectopic stable cartilage that is resistant to vascular invasion and endochondral ossification. In the present study, we investigated whether in vitro-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the synovial membrane (SM) express the stable-chondrocyte markers and form ectopic stable cartilage in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrogenesis was induced in micromass culture with the addition of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). After acquisition of the cartilage phenotype, micromasses were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Alternatively, cells were released enzymatically and either replated in monolayer or injected intramuscularly into nude mice. Marker analysis was performed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell death was detected with TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cartilage-like micromasses and released cells expressed the stable-chondrocyte markers at levels comparable with those expressed by stable ACDCs. The released cells lost chondrocyte marker expression by 24 hours in monolayer and failed to form cartilage when injected intramuscularly into nude mice. Instead, myogenic differentiation was detected. When intact TGFbeta1-treated micromasses were implanted subcutaneously, they partially lost their cartilage phenotype and underwent cell death and neoangiogenesis within 1 week. At later time points (15-40 days), we retrieved neither cartilage nor bone, and human cells were not detectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chondrocyte-like phenotype of human SM MSCs, induced in vitro under specific conditions, appears to be unstable and is not sufficient to obtain ectopic formation of stable cartilage in vivo. Studies in animal models of joint surface defect repair are necessary to evaluate the stability of the SM MSC chondrocyte-like phenotype within the joint environment.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Bari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dell'Accio
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Luyten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology*; D016923:Cell Death; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010641:Phenotype; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C499177:COL2A1 protein, human; C447413:Col2a1 protein, mouse; D024043:Collagen Type II; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C496365:FGFR3 protein, human; C496366:Fgfr3 protein, mouse; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3