title: Programmed cell death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a mechanism of pathogenic and therapeutic importance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic disease of adulthood. Mounting evidence indicates that molecular components of the programmed cell death (PCD) machinery are implicated in the demise of motor neurons in this illness. PCD, rather than being passive, is an active mechanism of cell death tightly regulated by multiple molecular pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thus far, little is known about the etiology and the pathogenesis of ALS. However, several studies support the view that PCD is instrumental in ALS neurodegenerative process. Data from postmortem ALS specimens and from experimental models of ALS show that some dying motor neurons exhibit features reminiscent of apoptosis, a prominent morphologic form of PCD. In addition, many key molecular components of the PCD machinery are activated in ALS spinal cords. Supporting the significance of these alterations, genetic and pharmacological interventions aimed at mitigating these changes prolong survival and attenuate neurodegeneration in a mouse model of ALS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphologic evidence of PCD in ALS remains an equivocal. However, the molecular evidence of PCD involvement in ALS is compelling. Moreover, preclinical studies in mice demonstrate the beneficial effects of targeting PCD on ALS-like neurodegeneration. The neurologist needs to be familiar with the concept of PCD and the potential significance of targeting PCD as neuroprotective strategies for ALS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center of Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. SP30@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Przedborski
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000235:genetics; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020169:Caspases