title: The efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  s: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of premixed 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen on the quality of sedation and pain control during fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric pulmonary department in a pediatric tertiary university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred five children aged 1 month to 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients inhaled after sedation and local anesthesia either premixed 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen (nitrous oxide group) or premixed 50% nitrogen and oxygen (control group) during FB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of failure was significantly greater in the control group (62%) than in the nitrous oxide group (21%, p = 0.00003). The efficacy of premixed 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen was also demonstrated with higher satisfaction scores (p = 0.000001), lower Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scores (p = 0.002), better visual analog scale ratings (p = 0.03), and improved behavior scores. Side effects were minor and similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the improved efficacy of sedation, pain control, and safety of premixed 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen for FB in children.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique et INSERM 213, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris, France. brigitte.fauroux@trs.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fauroux
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onody
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tourniaire
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koscielny
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clément
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen