title: Effect of Carbopol and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the mechanical, rheological, and release properties of bioadhesive polyethylene glycol gels.
abstract: This study examined the mechanical (hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) and rheological (zero-rate viscosity and thixotropy) properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) gels that contain different ratios of Carbopol 934P (CP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP). Mechanical properties were examined using a texture analyzer (TA-XT2), and rheological properties were examined using a rheometer (Rheomat 115A). In addition, lidocaine release from gels was evaluated using a release apparatus simulating the buccal condition. The results indicated that an increase in CP concentration significantly increased gel compressibility, hardness, and adhesiveness, factors that affect ease of gel removal from container, ease of gel application onto mucosal membrane, and gel bioadhesion. However, CP concentration was negatively correlated with gel cohesiveness, a factor representing structural reformation. In contrast, PVP concentration was negatively correlated with gel hardness and compressibility, but positively correlated with gel cohesiveness. All PEG gels exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropy, indicating a general loss of consistency with increased shearing stress. Drug release T50% was affected by the flow rate of the simulated saliva solution. A reduction in the flow rate caused a slower drug release and hence a higher T50% value. In addition, drug release was significantly reduced as the concentrations of CP and PVP increased because of the increase in zero-rate viscosity of the gels. Response surfaces and contour plots of the dependent variables further substantiated that various combinations of CP and PVP in the PEG gels offered a wide range of mechanical, rheological, and drug-release characteristics. A combination of CP and PVP with complementary physical properties resulted in a prolonged buccal drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia. yvonne@usm.my
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Peh
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Hanbali
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000268:Adhesiveness; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D012995:Solubility; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005782:Gels; D011145:Polyvinyls; C006912:carboxypolymethylene; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D008012:Lidocaine; D011205:Povidone