title: Cloning of a novel signaling molecule, AMSH-2, that potentiates transforming growth factor beta signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activins are important regulators of developmental cell growth and differentiation. Signaling by these factors is mediated chiefly by the Smad family of latent transcription factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are a large number of uncharacterized cDNA clones that code for novel proteins with homology to known signaling molecules. We have identified a novel molecule from the HUGE database that is related to a previously known molecule, AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM), an adapter shown to be involved in BMP signaling. Both of these molecules contain a coiled-coil domain located within the amino-terminus region and a JAB (Domain in Jun kinase activation domain binding protein and proteasomal subunits) domain at the carboxy-terminus. We show that this novel molecule, which we have designated AMSH-2, is widely expressed and its overexpression potentiates activation of TGF-beta-dependent promoters. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that Smad7 and Smad2, but not Smad3 or 4, interact with AMSH-2. We show that overexpression of AMSH-2 decreases the inhibitory effect of Smad7 on TGF-beta signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that knocking down AMSH-2 expression by RNA interference decreases the activation of 3TP-lux reporter in response to TGF-beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report implicates AMSH and AMSH-2 as a novel family of molecules that positively regulate the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Our results suggest that this effect could be partially explained by AMSH-2 mediated decrease of the action of Smad7 on TGF-beta signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. nibarro1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ibarrola
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kratchmarova
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moustakas
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D020014:K562 Cells; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D011485:Protein Binding; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497806:SMAD7 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008156:Luciferases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C476302:STAMBPL1 protein, human; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase