title: Rank-shaping regularization of exponential spectral analysis for application to functional parametric mapping.
abstract: Compartmental models are widely used for the mathematical modelling of dynamic studies acquired with positron emission tomography (PET). The numerical problem involves the estimation of a sum of decaying real exponentials convolved with an input function. In exponential spectral analysis (SA), the nonlinear estimation of the exponential functions is replaced by the linear estimation of the coefficients of a predefined set of exponential basis functions. This set-up guarantees fast estimation and attainment of the global optimum. SA, however, is hampered by high sensitivity to noise and, because of the positivity constraints implemented in the algorithm, cannot be extended to reference region modelling. In this paper, SA limitations are addressed by a new rank-shaping (RS) estimator that defines an appropriate regularization over an unconstrained least-squares solution obtained through singular value decomposition of the exponential base. Shrinkage parameters are conditioned on the expected signal-to-noise ratio. Through application to simulated and real datasets, it is shown that RS ameliorates and extends SA properties in the case of the production of functional parametric maps from PET studies.
authors.affiliation: Hammersmith Imanet, Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: Federico E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Turkheimer
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Roger N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: John A D
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Aston
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals