title: Effects of periadolescent versus adult cocaine exposure on cocaine conditioned place preference and motor sensitization in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age of initial exposure to addictive substances is inversely proportional to risk of developing drug dependence. There is debate, however, as to whether intake at a young age causes dependency or whether young people who experiment with addictive substances are predisposed to dependency by other factors. OBJECTIVES. We tested the relationship between cocaine exposure at two different ages in mice and the development of subsequent drug-seeking behavior to test for age-specific exposure effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed dose-response analysis of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor activity in periadolescent and adult C57Bl/6J mice. In addition, we pretreated periadolescent and adult C57Bl/6J mice with cocaine or saline in the home cage or a drug-associated context, and then examined their behavior in a biased CPP procedure in adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-response relationships were similar between the two age groups. In the pretreatment experiments, we observed locomotor sensitization during the pretreatment in periadolescent but not adult mice. We also observed an enhanced aversion to the non-preferred side of the chamber in periadolescent mice compared to adult mice, which was alleviated by cocaine association with that side. Third, we observed that after further conditioning in adulthood, there were no pretreatment-specific effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with a "vulnerable brain" hypothesis for responses to cocaine based on our findings that periadolescent mice exhibit greater locomotor sensitization to cocaine, and greater baseline anxiety responses that are alleviated by cocaine exposure compared to adult mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Schramm-Sapyta
authors.forename: Adeola R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Danny G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Winder
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine