title: Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New sleep disturbance model in rats is useful for estimating the characteristics of some hypnotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to investigate the utility of a sleep disturbance model by placing rats on a grid suspended over water using three kinds of hypnotics, that is, short-acting benzodiazepine (triazolam), intermediate-acting benzodiazepine (flunitrazepam) and long-acting barbiturate (phenobarbital).
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrodes for measurement of EEG and EMG were implanted into the frontal cortex and the dorsal neck muscle of rats. EEG and EMG were recorded with an electroencephalogram. SleepSign ver.2.0 was used for EEG and EMG analysis. Total times of wakefulness, non-REM and REM sleep were measured from 0900 to 1500 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rats placed on the grid suspended over water up to 1 cm under the grid surface, not only triazolam but also flunitrazepam and phenobarbital caused a shortening of sleep latency. Both flunitrazepam and phenobarbital were effective in increasing of total non-REM sleep time in rats placed on sawdust or the grid, and the effects of both drugs in rats placed on the grid were larger than those in rats placed on sawdust. Measurement of the hourly non-REM sleep time was useful for investigating the peak time and duration of effect of the three hypnotics. Phenobarbital showed a decrease in total REM sleep time in rats placed on the grid, although both triazolam and flunitrazepam were without effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present insomnia model can be used as a sleep disturbance model for testing not only the sleep-inducing effects but also the sleep-maintaining effects including non-REM sleep and REM sleep of hypnotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinomiya
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shigemoto
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Omichi
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Utsu
authors.forename: Mitsunobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mio
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamei
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives