title: Low-field magnetic stimulation in bipolar depression using an MRI-based stimulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anecdotal reports have suggested mood improvement in patients with bipolar disorder immediately after they underwent an echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (EP-MRSI) procedure that can be performed within clinical MR system limits. This study evaluated possible mood improvement associated with this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mood states of subjects in an ongoing EP-MRSI study of bipolar disorder were assessed by using the Brief Affect Scale, a structured mood rating scale, immediately before and after an EP-MRSI session. Sham EP-MRSI was administered to a comparison group of subjects with bipolar disorder, and actual EP-MRSI was administered to a comparison group of healthy subjects. The characteristics of the electric fields generated by the EP-MRSI scan were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mood improvement was reported by 23 of 30 bipolar disorder subjects who received the actual EP-MRSI examination, by three of 10 bipolar disorder subjects who received sham EP-MRSI, and by four of 14 healthy comparison subjects who received actual EP-MRSI. Significant differences in mood improvement were found between the bipolar disorder subjects who received actual EP-MRSI and those who received sham EP-MRSI, and, among subjects who received actual EP-MRSI, between the healthy subjects and the bipolar disorder subjects and to a lesser extent between the unmedicated bipolar disorder subjects and the bipolar disorder subjects who were taking medication. The electric fields generated by the EP-MRSI scan were smaller (0.7 V/m) than fields used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of depression (1-500 V/m) and also extended uniformly throughout the head, unlike the highly nonuniform fields used in rTMS. The EP-MRSI waveform, a 1-kHz train of monophasic trapezoidal gradient pulses, differed from that used in rTMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data suggest that the EP-MRSI scan induces electric fields that are associated with reported mood improvement in subjects with bipolar disorder. The findings are similar to those for rTMS depression treatments, although the waveform used in EP-MRSI differs from that used in rTMS. Further investigation of the mechanism of EP-MRSI is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. mrohan@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parow
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Demopulos
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dager
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennen
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors