title: Role of adenylate and guanylate cyclases in beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of internal anal sphincter smooth muscle.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the role of adenylate (AC) versus guanylate cyclase (GC) signaling pathways in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle relaxation by beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and beta(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) activation by xamoterol, procaterol, and disodium 5-[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl]amino)propyl]-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate (CL 316243), respectively. The above-mentioned agonists produced concentration-dependent relaxation of the smooth muscle strips. Both the selective G(i/o)alpha and G(s)alpha antagonists 8,8'-(carbonylbis(imino-3,1-phenylene))bis-(1,3,5-naphthalene trisulfonic acid) (NF 023) and 4,4',4",4"'-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis(carbonylimino)))tetrakis-benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid (NF 449), respectively, inhibited the relaxation induced by procaterol. However, only NF 023 inhibited the relaxation induced by xamoterol and CL 316243. 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, a soluble GC inhibitor, significantly inhibited the relaxation induced by different agonists. In contrast, the selective AC inhibitor [9-(tetrahydro-2'-furyl)adenine] (SQ 22536) inhibited only the relaxation induced by procaterol. (9R,10S,12S)-2,3,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg: 3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-l][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid, hexyl ester (KT 5720), a cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, attenuated the relaxation by procaterol, whereas (9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12, hexahydro-10-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-oxo-9.12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-I][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid methyl ester (KT 5823), a selective cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor, attenuated the relaxation induced by xamoterol and CL 316243. Xamoterol produced significant increase in cGMP levels, whereas only procaterol enhanced the cAMP levels. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of beta(1), beta(2), and beta(3)-AR subtypes in the IAS. In summary, beta(2)-AR activates both G(s)alpha and G(i/o)alpha-protein subunits and induces relaxation in the rat IAS via both cAMP/cGMP pathways. In contrast, the beta(1)/beta(3)-ARs activation causes the smooth muscle relaxation via G(i/o)alpha-protein subunit/GC/GMP/PKG pathway. These studies are important for the understanding of intracellular mechanisms underlying IAS smooth muscle relaxation and in turn the pathophysiology of certain anorectal motility disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Fangxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Márcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Godoy
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rattan
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000502:physiology*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000502:physiology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D017265:Procaterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology*; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000502:physiology; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000502:physiology; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000502:physiology; D013498:Suramin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017307:Xamoterol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D007211:Indoles; C105374:NF023; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; C073601:KT 5823; C017759:9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine; C057416:KT 5720; D013498:Suramin; D017307:Xamoterol; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D000225:Adenine; D017265:Procaterol