title: Comprehensive evaluation of ureteral healing after electrosurgical endopyelotomy in a porcine model: original report and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endopyelotomy (EP) has yet to equal the success achieved with open dismembered pyeloplasty. To understand better the ureteral response to EP we performed a timed histopathological evaluation of the porcine ureter after Acucise (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, California) EP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 28 domestic pigs bilateral Acucise EPs were performed and bilateral 7Fr stents were placed. The kidneys, ureters and bladder were harvested after EP at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 18 hours, 1, 3 and 5 days, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The stents were removed after 4 weeks. The healing area of the ureter was sectioned. Half was fixed in formalin 10%, stained and evaluated by light microscopy. The other half was frozen and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure steady state levels of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, collagen type 1, integrin and fibronectin transcript expression. Immunohistochemistry for actin, desmin and myosin expression was completed. The same studies were applied to the mid portion of the unoperated ureter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial sealing of the ureterotomy defect was by blood clot and periureteral fat. Complete healing of the mucosa was observed at 2 weeks in animals without an associated urinoma. However, in no case did the muscle layer bridge the whole circumference of the ureter despite followup out to 8 weeks. In the operated ureter elevated expression of keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 3 and integrin was detected 2 hours after the operation and sustained for 7 to 14 days after the procedure. Immunohistochemistry revealed that most presumed myocytes seen in the defect were actually myofibroblasts. Persistent urinoma formation beyond the first few days appeared to slow the healing process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urothelium regenerated rapidly over an iatrogenic ureteral defect despite the absence of a lamina propria. Muscle cell coverage failed to occur completely at 8 weeks. In the initial 8 weeks of the healing process myofibroblasts appear to be prevalent. A persistent urinoma negatively impacts the healing process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cassio R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.forename: Hsueh-Kung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ephrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olweny
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bostwick
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing