title: Lymphocyte reduction induced by hindlimb unloading: distinct mechanisms in the spleen and thymus.
abstract: Hindlimb unloading (HU) in rodent is a well-accepted ground-based model used to simulate some of the conditions of space flight and reproduce its deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and immune systems. In this study, the effects of HU on lymphocyte homeostasis in the spleen and thymus of mice were examined. HU was found to drastically deplete various cell populations in the spleen and thymus. These changes are likely to be mediated by apoptosis, since DNA strand breaks indicative of apoptosis were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling in both splenocytes and thymocytes. Surprisingly, administration of opioid antagonists or interference with the Fas-FasL interaction was able to block HU-induced reductions of splenocytes, but not thymocytes. On the other hand, steroid receptor antagonists blocked the reduction of lymphocyte numbers in both spleen and thymus. Therefore, the effects of HU on the homeostasis of splenocytes and thymocytes must be exerted through distinct mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 661 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Li Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Jian Nian
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Arthur I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Yu Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000502:physiology*; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000378:metabolism; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000378:metabolism; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor; D015735:Mifepristone; D009271:Naltrexone