title: Fifteen-year follow up of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic sclerotherapy has emerged as an effective treatment for bleeding esophageal varices both in adults and children but the long-term outcome is poorly defined in children. The authors report a 15-year follow up of sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1982 and February 1992, 69 children with bleeding esophageal varices underwent sclerotherapy; variceal eradication was achieved in 63 (91.3%) patients, with procedure-related morbidity of 28.9% and mortality of 1.4%. Fifty-nine patients with variceal eradication were followed for between 10.4 and 20.1 years (mean, 15.1 +/- 3.1 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median period of 3 years (range, 1.2-12.8 years), seven (11.9%) patients presented with recurrent bleeding (esophageal varices, four; gastric varices, two; and duodenal ulcer, one). Recurrent bleeding occurred in six of seven (85.7%) patients within the first 4 years of initial variceal eradication. Esophageal varices recurred in eight (13.6%) patients. Five of the seven patients with recurrent bleeding and all eight with recurrent varices were effectively treated with further sclerotherapy. Two patients with gastric variceal bleeding unresponsive to sclerotherapy underwent shunt surgery. Elective surgery was required in eight additional patients for reasons other than recurrent varices or bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that (i) sclerotherapy is the ideal, safe and effective treatment for bleeding esophageal varices, that it prevented bleeding in 88.1% patients after variceal eradication and hence, should be included in primary management strategies; (ii) follow-up endoscopy should be performed on a yearly basis for the first 4 years after variceal eradication; and (iii) surgery is required as a complementary technique for patients with uncontrolled bleeding, painful splenomegaly, growth retardation and symptomatic portal biliopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Showkat Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zargar
authors.forename: Ghulam Nabi
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Yattoo
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Javid
authors.forename: Bashir Ahmad
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Altaf Hussain
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Nisar Ahmad
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ghulam Mohammad
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gulzar
authors.forename: Jaswinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Hakim Mohamad
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shafi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D015911:Sclerotherapy