title: EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: frequency-specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a common assumption underlying the clinical use of electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback training (neurofeedback), that the modulation of discreet frequency bands is associated with frequency-specific effects. Specifically, the proposal was assessed that enhancement of the low beta components sensorimotor rhythm (SMR: 12-15 Hz) and beta1 (15-18 Hz) affect different aspects of attentional processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n=25) were randomly allocated to training with either an SMR or beta1 protocol, or to a non-neurofeedback control group. Subjects were assessed prior and subsequent to the training process on two tests of sustained attention. The neurofeedback participants were also assessed on target P300 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes in a traditional auditory oddball paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protocol-specific effects were obtained in that SMR training was associated with increased perceptual sensitivity 'd prime' (d'), and reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Beta1 training was associated with faster reaction times and increased target P300 amplitudes, whereas no changes were evident in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurofeedback training of SMR and beta1 band components led to significant and protocol-specific effects in healthy subjects. The data can be interpreted as indicating a general attention-enhancing effect of SMR training, and an arousal-enhancing effect of beta1 training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK. te2111@columbia.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egner
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gruzelier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001611:Beta Rhythm; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male