title: Effects of GM-CSF, IL-3, and GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein on apoptosis of human myeloid leukemic cell line Tf-1 induced by irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effects of three cytokines on the apoptosis of Tf-1 cells induced by gamma irradiation and investigate the relationship between apoptosis and caspase-3 activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different cytokines GM-CSF, IL-3 and GM-CS/IL-3 fusion protein were added into the irradiated Tf-1 cells. MTT assay, morphology, flow cytometry, and DNA fragmentation assay were used to observe the effects of cytokines on apoptosis. The caspase-3 activity was determined with a fluorocytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiated Tf-1 cells showed typical morphological characteristic of apoptosis demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and were accumulated in G0/G1 phase. In the groups treated with growth factors after irradiation, three cytokines significantly increased the viability rate, distinctly decreased the apoptosis rate and the proportion of DNA fragmentation. When Tf-1 cells were irradiated by gamma irradiation, caspase-3 activity was increased at different time points. In comparison with the control group in which no growth factor was added after the cells were irradiated, the caspase-3 activity of irradiated Tf-1 cells was significantly inhibited by addition of the above cytokines. Thirty-six hours after irradiation, in the control group, GM-CSF, IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-3 in combination, and two GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein groups, the apoptosis rate was 73 %, 11 %, 15 %, 13 %, 12 %, and 13 %. The percent of fragmented DNA was 36 %, 19 %, 18 %, 14 %, 13 %, and 14 %. The fluorescence intensity was 16923, 5529, 6581, 5322, 5426, and 5485.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-CSF, IL-3, and GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein could protect Tf-1 cells from apoptosis induced by gamma irradiation. After Tf-1 cells were irradiated, the caspase-3 activity was significantly increased but was dramatically decreased by the above cytokines. The remarkable inhibition of caspase-3 activity may be one of the mechanisms of these hematopoietic growth factors exerting their anti-apoptotic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Su-Rong
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Ying-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Qin-Yan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000473:pathology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D007377:Interleukin-3; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases