title: Visual reflex seizures induced by complex stimuli.
abstract: Visual reflex seizures induced by complex stimuli may be triggered by patterned and flashing displays that are now ubiquitous. The seizures may be clinically generalized, but unilateral and bilateral myoclonic attacks also may be triggered, especially in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and recently, clearly focal reflex occipital lobe seizures have been described. Some seizure-triggering properties of video displays can be identified, such as perceived brightness, pattern, flicker frequency, and color. Knowledge of these is useful in planning individual treatment and in designing regulations for screen content of television broadcasts or for other video displays. Some subjects will also be sensitive to cognitive or action-programming activation, especially when playing video games, and this can increase the chance of seizure triggering. Nonspecific factors such as sleep deprivation, prolonged exposure, and drug or alcohol use also may play a role in reflex seizure occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Clinic, Montreal Neurological Hospital, and Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Zifkin
authors.forename: Yushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D018910:Video Games / Q000009:adverse effects