title: Multiple-image radiography.
abstract: Conventional radiography produces a single image of an object by measuring the attenuation of an x-ray beam passing through it. When imaging weakly absorbing tissues, x-ray attenuation may be a suboptimal signature of disease-related information. In this paper we describe a new phase-sensitive imaging method, called multiple-image radiography (MIR), which is an improvement on a prior technique called diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI). This paper elaborates on our initial presentation of the idea in Wernick et al (2002 Proc. Int. Symp. Biomed. Imaging pp 129-32). MIR simultaneously produces several images from a set of measurements made with a single x-ray beam. Specifically, MIR yields three images depicting separately the effects of refraction, ultra-small-angle scatter and attenuation by the object. All three images have good contrast, in part because they are virtually immune from degradation due to scatter at higher angles. MIR also yields a very comprehensive object description, consisting of the angular intensity spectrum of a transmitted x-ray beam at every image pixel, within a narrow angular range. Our experiments are based on data acquired using a synchrotron light source; however, in preparation for more practical implementations using conventional x-ray sources, we develop and evaluate algorithms designed for Poisson noise, which is characteristic of photon-limited imaging. The results suggest that MIR is capable of operating at low photon count levels, therefore the method shows promise for use with conventional x-ray sources. The results also show that, in addition to producing new types of object descriptions, MIR produces substantially more accurate images than its predecessor, DEI. MIR results are shown in the form of planar images of a phantom and a biological specimen. A preliminary demonstration of the use of MIR for computed tomography is also presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA. wernick@iit.edu
authors.forename: Miles N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wernick
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wirjadi
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Nikolas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Galatsanos
authors.forename: Yongyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jovan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brankov
authors.forename: Oral
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oltulu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anastasio
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muehleman
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D005528:Foot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity