title: Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: clinical features and laboratorial findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study prospectively the clinical features and laboratorial characteristics of 24 patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). PCM is an infectious disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, endemic in subtropical areas of Central and South America.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 173 cases of PCM, 24 (13.9%) had CNS involvement (NPCM) and were studied prospectively from 1993 to 1997. In all the patients, the diagnosis of systemic PCM was made by the demonstration of the P. brasiliensis organisms or positive serology, DID (double immunodiffusion). In seven cases the diagnosis was made by means of a CNS biopsy. CNS clinical manifestations, neuroimaging (CT or MRI) and CSF cytochemical characteristics were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 44 years (range 25-72 years); 23 patients were male, only one was female. Neurological symptoms began before systemic symptoms in 21%; simultaneously in 33%, and after systemic symptoms in 46%. Epilepsy was the more frequent neurological presentation (44%). Twenty-three cases had parenchymatous involvement and in two of these cases there was an association with meningitis and one case had spinal cord involvement. Lesions were more frequent in the brain hemispheres (69%), in 65% there were multiple granuloma characterized by hypodense images with annular or nodular enhancing. All cases were treated with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprin. Four patients died, while 20 patients showed a good therapeutic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPCM should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of expanding lesions of the CNS and meningoencephalitis. Being alert to this diagnosis depends on knowledge of epidemiology. There was good response to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Division, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Especialidade de Neurologia, Rua General Carneiro, 181, sala 1236, Curitiba, PR 80060-900, Brazil. sergio@hc.ufpr.br
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Queiroz-Telles
authors.forename: H A G
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Teive
authors.forename: C E L
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Werneck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020314:Central Nervous System Fungal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010228:Paracoccidioides / Q000254:growth & development*; D010229:Paracoccidioidomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005719:gamma-Globulins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005719:gamma-Globulins; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D005947:Glucose