title: A noninvasive murine model of hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study describes a novel murine method of the Controlled Tension Tourniquet (CTT). The CTT applies a measured circumferential tension to hind limbs using a tourniquet attached to digital strain gauges, and is useful for investigating hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were subjected to 1, 3, or 6 h of unilateral hind limb ischemia followed by either 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Blood flow in the ischemic, reperfused, and contralateral limbs was monitored using a Laser Doppler Imager. Edema in the IR limbs was documented by changes in the wet weight to dry weight ratio. Myeloperoxidase and tetrazolium based mitochondrial activity assays indicated neutrophil infiltration and tissue viability, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During reperfusion following 1, 4, or 6 h, flow stabilized at 100%, 53%, and 23% of baseline levels, respectively. Edema was present all in IR limbs after 4 h of reperfusion, but increased with the duration of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion neutrophil infiltration was equivalent in all IR limbs after all intervals of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion, tissue viability after 1 h of ischemia was equivalent to sham or contralateral limbs. At 3 or 6 h of ischemia and 24 h reperfusion decreased tissue viability to 40% of sham and contralateral limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTT provides a reproducible, noninvasive model of acute limb ischemia, which reflects the biochemical indices of microvascular injury, inflammation and flow characteristic of reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bonheur
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Albadawi
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014022:Tissue Survival; D014111:Tourniquets
chemical_list: D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor