title: Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860): exploring the details of nephron structure and function in the post-Bowman period.
abstract: Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860), an anatomist working in New York, undertook a series of studies which attempted to define the microscopic structure of the nephrons in a variety of species. Given that he published his findings 15 years after William Bowman's seminal paper on the subject, he was able to add only a few of the finer details to the picture. He observed the continuity of the epithelium of the glomerular capsule with that of the proximal tubule and he demonstrated that the glomerular tuft is covered by a layer of epithelial cells. In a series of studies on human renal function he erroneously concluded that the glomerulus must have an excretory function in addition to its filtration function and that diuretics act primarily on the glomerlus. The latter conclusion was based upon observations of substances not currently categorized as being diuretic agents. The absence of a major conceptual advance in the writings of Isaacs probably accounts for that fact that his contribution has been largely forgotten.
authors.affiliation: Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK. l.fine@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Leon G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D009398:Nephrology / Q000266:history*; D009518:New York