title: Poncirus trifoliata fruit induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substances inducing apoptosis have shown efficacy in the treatment of cancers. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Rutaceae) fruits (PTF) has been used for the treatment of various cancers among Korean Oriental Medical doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  PTF-induced cytotoxicity of human leukemia HL-60 cells was monitored by the MTT assay. The apoptosis was determined by (a) apoptotic morphology in microscopy; (b) DNA fragmentation in electrophoresis and FACS analysis; and (c) activation of caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cytotoxic activity of PTF in HL-60 cells was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. PTF caused the cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, apoptotic body and DNA fragmentation. PTF-induced apoptosis is accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 and the specific proteolytic cleavage of PARP. However, PTF did not show cytotoxicity in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel finding provides evidence that PTF could be a candidate as an anti-leukemic agent through apoptosis of cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, 130-701 Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Mu
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Mi-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Na
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Bong-Keun
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Young-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Hyung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000473:pathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032104:Poncirus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts