title: Microwave-assisted extraction for the simultaneous determination of thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and carbendazim residues in fresh and cooked vegetable samples.
abstract: Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was carried out for the simultaneous determination of the insecticides thiamethoxam [(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene(nitro)amine], imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine], and the fungicide carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate) in vegetable samples. Five crop samples consisting of cabbage, tomatoes, chilies, potatoes, and peppers were fortified with the three pesticides and subjected to MAE followed by cleanup to remove coextractives prior to analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Using the selected microwave exposure time and power setting, the recoveries of the three pesticides from the fortified vegetable samples ranged from 68.1 to 106%. The corresponding recoveries for samples processed simultaneously but without microwave exposure ranged from 37.2 to 61.4%. The recoveries by MAE were comparable to those obtained by the conventional blender extraction technique. The precision of the MAE method was demonstrated by relative standard deviations of <7% for the three pesticides. The cooked cabbage and tomato samples showed no breakdown of the parent compounds, and the recoveries of three pesticides were comparable to those obtained with the uncooked samples.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. skhan6@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Shashi B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Shahamat U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D002219:Carbamates; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C006698:carbendazim