title: Salicylate reduces cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salicylate was recently shown to provide protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats. We have demonstrated that enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production mediates, in part, cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine if the protective effects of salicylate were mediated through inhibition of TNF-alpha in vivo and to explore the mechanism of inhibition in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of treatment with cisplatin alone and in combination with sodium salicylate in mice on renal function, histology, and gene expression were determined. The effects of cisplatin and salicylate on TNF-alpha expression, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activity, and apoptosis were determined in vitro using cultured murine proximal tubule cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salicylate significantly reduced both the functional and histologic evidence of cisplatin renal injury. Cisplatin increased the renal expression of TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, heme oxygenase-1, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Treatment with sodium salicylate blunted the increase in TNF-alpha mRNA and also reduced serum TNF-alpha protein levels. Salicylate had little protective effect when administered with cisplatin to TNF-alpha-deficient mice. Cisplatin increased the degradation of I kappa B (I kappa B) in a time-dependent manner and also increased nuclear NF-kappa B binding activity. Salicylate inhibited I kappa B degradation and NF-kappa B binding activity in the presence of cisplatin. In addition, salicylate inhibited the cisplatin induced TNF-alpha mRNA increase in mouse proximal tubule epithelial (TKPT) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that salicylate acts via inhibition of TNF-alpha production to reduce cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The inhibition of TNF-alpha production may be mediated via stabilization of I kappa B.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, The Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: W Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D012459:Salicylates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002945:Cisplatin