title: An integrated approach to an analysis of symptom management in patients with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a definition, describe uses, and identify essential attributes of symptom management by emphasizing the philosophical base for the concept.
  
  
  METHODS
  51 references (i.e., books and articles) published from 1980-2003 and located through the Ovid database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms are subjective and personal phenomena, incorporating the dimensions of symptom occurrence, symptom distress, and symptom experience. Symptom management has been conceptualized and described as self-activity. Symptom status is the direct outcome of symptom management, with symptom distress, quality of life, and performance as major indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The essential attributes of symptom management in patients with cancer are subjectivity, experientiality, intentionality, multidimensionality, dynamic process, and positive and negative outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings can help oncology nurses and other healthcare professionals to better understand the process of managing a symptom and the influential factors that affect positive outcomes. The information from this analysis can be used to design educational and interventional programs for symptom management. Future research is needed to establish interventions that relieve and decrease the distress from or prevent the occurrence of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing, New York University, New York City, NY, USA. mf67@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Mei R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: LeMone
authors.forename: Roxanne W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McDaniel
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy; D015399:Nursing Research; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing