title: Phencyclidine-induced behaviour in mice prevented by methylene blue.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a major public health problem that affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Schizophrenia-like symptoms can be induced in humans by phencyclidine (PCP), a drug with marked psychotomimetic properties. Phencyclidine disrupts prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rodents, a measure which has also been shown to be disrupted in schizophrenic patients. This effect is blocked by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, suggesting that nitric oxide plays an important role in this effect of phencyclidine. Methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase and nitric oxide syntase inhibitor, has shown therapeutic value as an adjuvant to conventional antipsychotics in the therapy of schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate if phencyclidine-(4 mg/kg)induced disruption of prepulse inhibition could be affected by methylene blue (50 or 100 mg/kg) in mice. Furthermore, the effect of methylene blue (50 mg/kg) on phencyclidine-(4 mg/kg)induced hyperlocomotion was investigated. The present study shows that phencyclidine readily disrupts prepulse inhibition in mice without affecting pulse-alone trials. It was also found that methylene blue prevents the decrease in prepulse inhibition caused by phencyclidine in a dose-related manner. Furthermore, the increase in locomotor activity caused by phencyclidine was reduced by pretreatment with methylene blue. The results from the present study further support the suggestion that the nitric oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase pathway is involved in pharmacological and behavioural effects of phencyclidine. Since phencyclidine as well exerts psychotomimetic characteristics, agents that interfere with the nitric oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase pathway may be of therapeutic value also in the treatment of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klamer
authors.forename: Jörgen A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006213:Hallucinogens; D010622:Phencyclidine; D008751:Methylene Blue