title: Motivation, stress, and cortisol responses in skydiving.
abstract: This study examined metamotivational dominance, metamotivational states, and cortisol responses in skydiving participants. Data were obtained from 23 experienced skydivers 15 min. prior to and following a skydive. Respondents were mainly paratelic-conformist dominant and most occupied the conformist and arousal-seeking states prior to skydiving, assessed respectively, with Apter, et al.'s Motivational Style Profile and Cook, et al.'s measure of metamotivational states. Paratelic-conformist dominance indicates a predisposition towards conformity and a desire to be spontaneous, and the conformist and arousal seeking states reported prior to completing the skydive represent a desire to conform to expected norms but also to seek arousal. There was no significant change in scores for metamotivational state or stress following skydiving. Contrary to expectations, cortisol level prior to skydiving was negatively associated with external stress. These results support the paratelic, but not the negativistic, dominance found in previous samples of risk sport participants (no skydivers). The conformist dominance and pre-dive conformist metamotivational state scores of this sample may be fundamental for adhering to safety regulations imposed on skydivers. To obtain better understanding of this phenomenon, researchers should attempt to measure these variables during, rather than prior to and after, participation in risk sports.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Sciences, St. Mary's College, Twickenham, Middlesex, UK. thatchej@smuc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dorling
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013177:Sports; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone