title: Health expectancy in the Russian Federation: a new perspective on the health divide in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in the Russian Federation and in countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  WHO mortality data and data on self-reported health from the World Values Survey and the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey were used to compare the above three regions. Life expectancy was calculated using Sullivan's method, with years of life lived divided into healthy and unhealthy. The gap in healthy life expectancy between the Russian Federation and Western Europe was examined by decomposing the difference by gender and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability of remaining alive and healthy declines faster in the Russian Federation than in Western Europe, with the gap between Eastern Europe and the Russian Federation widening at older ages. In the Russian Federation, this rapid decline is due mainly to the high probability of death or of poor health for men and women, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a large toll of premature male mortality in the Russian Federation but there also appears to be a substantial burden of ill-health among women. As in other countries, the responses of men and women to adversity differ, leading to premature death in men but survival in a poor state of health in women. Epidemiological studies including objective measures of health would help policy-makers to estimate more precisely the scale and nature of this problem. Policy-makers must recognize that health expectancy in the Russian Federation is reduced in both men and women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Economic Forecasting, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Evgueni M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Andreev
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Vladimir M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Shkolnikov
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors