title: Long-term impairment of acquisition of a spatial memory task following isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors demonstrated previously that isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia attenuates performance improvement on an already-learned spatial memory task and that the effect persists for weeks. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that learning of new information is particularly susceptible to prolonged disruption after general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six- (n = 5) and 20- (n = 5) month-old male Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized for 2 h with 1.2% isoflurane, 70% nitrous oxide, and 30% oxygen. Age-matched control rats received 30% oxygen and 70% nitrogen (n = 5 per group). Rats breathed spontaneously, and anesthetic and oxygen concentrations were measured. Spatial learning was assessed daily for 21 days on a 12-arm radial maze (RAM) beginning 48 h after anesthesia. In a post hoc experiment to examine locomotion, swim speed was assessed in a separate group of identically treated rats (n = 3 per group) for 4 days beginning 48 h after anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aged rats were slower to complete the maze, made fewer correct choices before first error, and made more errors at baseline than young rats (P < 0.05). Anesthesia worsened maze performance in both age groups, as evidenced by increased time to complete the maze and a decreased number of correct choices before first error (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in total number of errors. Interestingly, there were no age-by-anesthesia interactions. Aged rats swam slower than adult rats (P < 0.001), but there were no differences between the control and anesthesia groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia is associated with a persistent deficit in RAM performance that is not explained by impaired locomotion. This impairment occurs in adult and aged rats, indicating that it is not an age-specific phenomenon. Thus, RAM performance is altered after general anesthesia for longer than predicted by the pharmacology of the drugs used, which, by inference, suggests a long-term deficit in learning/memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Culley
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Rustam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yukhananov
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crosby
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide