title: Excitotoxic degeneration of hypothalamic orexin neurons in slice culture.
abstract: Several lines of evidence indicate that narcolepsy, a sleep disorder, results from the loss of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin)-containing neurons, but the mechanisms responsible for selective elimination of this neuronal population are unknown. Using organotypic rat hypothalamic slice cultures, we investigated vulnerability of orexin neurons to excitotoxic insults. Twenty-four hours of incubation with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) followed by a recovery period of 72 h resulted in a marked decrease in the number of orexin-immunoreactive neurons, whereas melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-immunoreactive neurons in the same cultures were relatively spared. In contrast, orexin neurons were more resistant to kainic acid cytotoxicity than MCH neurons. Examinations of the effects of several endogenous glutamate receptor agonists as well as a glutamate transporter blocker highlighted quinolinic acid as an endogenous excitotoxin that could cause selective loss of orexin neurons as compared to MCH neurons by activating NMDA receptors. In addition, quinolinic acid-induced decrease of orexin neurons was prevented by an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. These results provide the first evidence concerning cytotoxic consequences onto orexin neurons, and indicate that NMDA receptor-mediated injury may contribute to the selective loss of these neurons in the hypothalamus, a prominent neuropathological feature found in narcolepsy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Sakyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008543:Melanins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009498:Neurotoxins; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D017378:Quinolinic Acid