title: An analysis of chest wall and diaphragm motions in patients with idiopathic scoliosis using dynamic breathing MRI.
abstract: METHODS
  The motions of chest wall and diaphragm were measured in patients with scoliosis and healthy individuals using dynamic breathing magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the motions of the chest wall and the diaphragm during deep breathing in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite the central role of the respiratory motions in maintaining ventilation, it is difficult to measure and describe the motions because of the limited methods available. The kinematics of respiration in scoliosis have not yet been clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequences were used for 18 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 9 healthy individuals. The chest wall and diaphragm motions were evaluated using a cineloop view and a fusion display of maximal inspiratory and expiratory images. The data were analyzed quantitatively by measuring displacements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory chest wall movements were significantly restricted in patients with scoliosis, although the diaphragm motion was normal. An analysis of the fusion magnetic resonance displays superimposed with the maximal inspiratory and expiratory images facilitated the understanding of the abnormal respiratory motion in patients with scoliosis. There was some correlation between the values of respiratory motions and pulmonary function tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present technique is useful for assessing respiratory mechanisms dynamically and noninvasively. One of the distinguishing features of respiratory dysfunction in patients with scoliosis is their limited chest wall motion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba-shi 260-8677, Japan. tkotani@wa2.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Keijiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaso
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruta
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Hideshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000502:physiology*