title: Hand anthropometry of Indian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on the physical dimension of the hand of Indian women are scanty. This information is necessary to ascertain human-machine compatibility in the design of manual systems for the bare and gloved hand, such as design and sizing of hand tools, controls, knobs and other applications in different kinds of precision and power grips. The present study was undertaken to generate hand anthropometric data of 95 women, working in informal industries (beedi, agarbatti and garment making).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty one hand measurements of the right hand (lengths, breadths, circumferences, depths, spreads and clearances of hand and fingers) were taken, using anthropometric sliding and spreading calipers, measuring tape and handgrip strength dynamometer. The data were statistically analyzed to determine the normality of data and the percentile values of different hand dimensions, and simple and multiple regression analysis were done to determine better predictors of hand length and grip strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hand breadths, circumferences and depths were approximately normally distributed, with some deviation in case of the finger lengths. Hand length was significantly correlated with the fist, wrist and finger circumferences. The fist and wrist circumferences, in combination, were better predictors of hand length. The hand lengths, breadths and depths, including finger joints of the Indian women studied were smaller than those of American, British and West Indian women. The hand circumferences of the Indian women were also smaller than the American women. Grip strengths of Indian women (20.36 +/- 3.24 kg) were less than those of American, British and West Indian women. Grip strength was found to be statistically significant with hand dimensions, such as hand height perpendicular to wrist crease (digit 5), proximal interphalangeal joint breadth (digit 3) and hand spread across wedge 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The women who are forced to frequently use cutters, strippers and other tools, which are not optimally designed to their hand dimensions and strength range, might have higher prevalence of clinical symptoms and disorders of the hand. In view of the human hand-tool interface requirements, the present data on Indian women would be useful for ergo-design applications of hand tools and devices.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Ahmedabad, India. anjalinag@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health