title: Congenital nasal anomalies: a classification scheme.
abstract: The purpose of this work was to develop a simple yet comprehensive classification scheme dedicated to congenital nasal anomalies. To date, no such classification system has been proposed and widely used. A 22-year retrospective review was performed. Two hundred sixty-one patients with congenital nasal anomalies were identified. From this extensive database, a systematic morphogenic classification system was devised. Congenital nasal deformities were classified into four categories. Type I, hypoplasia and atrophy, represents paucity, atrophy, or underdevelopments of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, cartilage, and/or bone. Type II, hyperplasia and duplications, representing anomalies of excess tissue, ranging from duplications of parts to complete multiples, are categorized here. In the type III category, clefts, the comprehensive and widely utilized Tessier classification of craniofacial clefts is applied. Type IV deformities consist of neoplasms and vascular anomalies. Both benign and malignant neoplasms are found in this category.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa., USA. joseph.losee@chp.edu
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losee
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.forename: Linton A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000151:congenital*