title: Amphotericin B lipid complex versus no treatment in the secondary prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-positive patients is characterized by a chronic course with frequent relapse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) in preventing VL relapses in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multicentre, open-label (with blinded centralized randomization), parallel, no-treatment, controlled clinical trial. HIV-infected patients, with at least one previous treated episode of VL and with negative bone marrow aspirate for Leishmania parasites prior to the study, were randomized to receive either ABLC 3 mg/kg/day every 21 days (ABLC) or no treatment (NT). Patients were followed-up every 9 weeks for up to 12 months, and the efficacy was measured as the proportion of patients remaining free (non-relapse) of VL at 1 year of follow-up. The primary analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifteen patients were screened, but only 17 were randomized: eight in the ABLC group and nine in the NT group. The intention-to-treat analysis of data showed 50% of patients remaining free of VL at 12 months of follow-up (95% CI = 15.7%, 84.3%) in the ABLC group, and 22.2% (95% CI = 2.8%, 60.0%) in the NT group. The non-relapse odds ratio was 3.5 (95% CI = 0.30%, 52.0%) favouring ABLC. ABLC was well tolerated: patients only presented infusion-related mild adverse events. No patients from either group discontinued treatment or died during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABLC, administered every 21 days for 12 months, is useful as secondary prophylaxis in preventing VL relapse in HIV-infected patients, and is well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9.100, 28034-Madrid, Spain. rlopezvelez.hrc@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Vélez
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Videla
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Márquez
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boix
authors.forename: Manuel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Mejías
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Górgolas
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Arribas
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laguna
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sust
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cañavate
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D000666:Amphotericin B