title: Increased anticholinergic challenge-induced memory impairment associated with the APOE-epsilon4 allele in the elderly: a controlled pilot study.
abstract: The degree to which elderly adults experience cognitive impairments from centrally acting anticholinergic drugs is variable, but the cause of this variability is unknown. The present study examined the epsilon4 allele as a possible modulator of the effects of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (Artane( trade mark )), an anticholinergic drug, on memory functioning. Of the 24 cognitively intact, elderly participants (age range 62-76), 12 who possessed the epsilon4 allele, participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, three-way study. All participants were tested after receiving a single oral dose of trihexyphenidyl (1 or 2 mg) or placebo, with a 7-day washout period between sessions. Memory and psychomotor tests were administered at baseline, and at 1, 2.5, and 5 h post-treatment. Results showed that participants with the epsilon4 allele demonstrated significant impairments in delayed recall after both 1 and 2 mg doses of trihexyphenidyl while the non-epsilon4 group did not. Additionally, while acute administration of the 2 mg dose significantly impaired total recall in both epsilon4 and non-epsilon4 carriers, the epsilon4 carriers showed a more persistent impairment. These findings held when participants with the epsilon2 allele were excluded from the analyses. The epsilon4 groups did not differ with respect to psychomotor performance or plasma drug levels. These results provide evidence suggesting that the epsilon4 allele plays a significant role in increasing cognitive sensitivity to trihexyphenidyl and that a temporal component of memory consolidation may be especially vulnerable. A larger study is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Psychiatry Program, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. pomara@nki.rfmh.org
authors.forename: Nunzio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wesnes
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sidtis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl