title: Dysthymic reactions of women undergoing chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies or karyotyping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of anxiety and depression, as well as liability to depression, of women undergoing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) due to the risk of giving birth to a child suffering from hemoglobinopathy, or trisomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 309 women who attended the Fetal Medicine Unit of Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece for a first trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS). One hundred and fifty-nine women (group A) underwent CVS due to increased possibility of carrying an embryo with beta-thalassemia, while 150 women had the procedure because of an increased nuchal translucency measurement, or a positive first trimester biochemical screening (group B). Three hundred and nine women, matched by age and gestational age with those of the study group, who were not subjected to any diagnostic intervention formed the control group. We further investigated differences of dysthymic reactions among three subgroups of women at risk for hemoglobinopathy: (a) women undergoing their first pregnancy; (b) women who had been pregnant more than once but had not any children, and (c) women who had given birth to at least one healthy child, irrespective of previous terminations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of clinically elevated levels of anxiety and depression was significantly higher in groups A and B compared to controls (p<0.001), while no significant difference was found in mean anxiety and depression, as well as the liability to depression among the three groups. Clinically elevated levels of depression were found in 10.1 and 4.7% of the women of the hemoglobinopathy and karyotyping group, respectively. Especially women who had no children, due to previous pregnancy terminations presented significantly higher incidence of elevated depression compared to women who were pregnant for the first time, or women who had given birth to at least one healthy child in their life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study highlight the necessity of training medical and nursing personnel to understand and respond to the psychological and social needs of women undergoing CVS due to increased risk for hemoglobinopathy, and especially to those who have no children and who have a history of pregnancy termination due to an affected fetus.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lykeridou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: Danai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papadatou
authors.forename: Grigoris
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaslamatzis
authors.forename: Ourania
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dafni
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antsaklis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006453:Hemoglobinopathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data