title: Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among U.S. adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine prevalence and odds of functional disability in individuals with diabetes and comorbid major depression compared with individuals with either diabetes or major depression alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 30,022 adults aged > or = 18 years from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were analyzed. Four disease categories were created: no diabetes and no major depression, major depression alone, diabetes alone, and diabetes and comorbid major depression. Prevalence of functional disability was calculated for each disease category. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the odds and correlates of functional disability by disease category controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, census region, and disability-associated comorbidity. STATA was used for all analyses to account for the complex survey design of NHIS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrevalence of functional disability by disease category was as follows: no diabetes and no major depression (24.5%); major depression (51.3%); diabetes (58.1%); and diabetes and comorbid major depression (77.8%). With no diabetes and no major depression as reference and after adjusting for relevant covariates, the odds of functional disability was 3.00 (95% CI 2.62-3.42) for major depression, 2.42 (2.10-2.79) for diabetes, and 7.15 (4.53-11.28) for diabetes and comorbid major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with diabetes and comorbid major depression have higher odds of functional disability compared with individuals with either diabetes or major depression alone. Additional studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Center for Healthcare Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. egede1@musc.edu
authors.forename: Leonard E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Egede
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology