title: Double silicone intubation as treatment for persistent congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The great majority of children with nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction are successfully treated with probing or conventional silicone tube intubation. A small percentage of patients fail to have their NLD obstruction resolved with these procedures and require dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of double bicanalicular silicone intubation with placement of two loops of silicone tubing through the NLD for treatment of persistent NLD obstruction in children as an alternative to DCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten eyes of 9 patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction who had failed conventional therapies and were to otherwise undergo DCR were instead treated with double bicanalicular silicone tube intubation. Resolution of preoperative symptoms and signs of NLD obstruction were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At an average follow-up of 40 +/- 5.6 months, all patients had improvement in symptoms and signs. The mean patient age was 31 +/- 3.2 months. The average duration of intubation was 15 +/- 0.73 months. Eight of 10 eyes had complete resolution of NLD obstruction symptoms. Two of 10 treated eyes had occasional symptoms of mattering with upper respiratory infection and exposure to wind or cold but required no further treatment. Nine of 10 eyes were treated for congenital NLD obstruction. The remaining patient had failed conventional bicanalicular intubation after repair of a traumatic common canalicular avulsion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double bicanalicular silicone tube intubation is an effective alternative to DCR in selected children who have failed conventional therapies for NLD obstruction. This treatment obviated DCR in all patients in this study.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Randy O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Mauffray
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Elner
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007440:Intubation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012826:Silicone Elastomers