title: Low educational attainment, John Henryism, and cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from personally relevant stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The John Henryism hypothesis proposes that a high level of John Henryism (JH: high-effort coping with psychosocial demands) is predictive of hypertension at low but not high socioeconomic status (SES). The objectives of the present study were to determine whether high JH and low SES (education, income, job status, and job strain) were associated with increased cardiovascular responses to laboratory social stressors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 58 normotensive, healthy black men age 23 to 47 years. The procedure included the completion of psychosocial questionnaires and participation in a psychophysiological reactivity protocol. The reactivity protocol involved the following experimental tasks and associated recovery periods: an active speech task and an anger recall task. Measures of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and rate pressure product (RPP) were obtained continuously using a Finapres beat-to-beat blood pressure monitor throughout the reactivity protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At high JH, low (compared with high) education level was linked with higher DBP during anger recall and final recovery, higher SBP during final recovery, and higher HR and RPP during speech preparation and final recovery (p <.05). Among subjects with low education, high (vs. low) JH was associated with higher SBP, HR, and RPP during final recovery (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  John Henryism may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease among people with low education by increased cardiovascular reactivity and prolonged recovery to stress.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. merrittma@grc.nia.nih.gov
authors.forename: Marcellus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Redford B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sollers
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009657:North Carolina; D009790:Occupations; D011287:Prejudice; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013060:Speech; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001741:Black or African American