title: Bacterial colonization during de novo plaque formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine microbial changes that occur during plaque formation in a dentition free of gingival inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects were recruited. The study included one preparatory period (2 weeks) and a plaque accumulation period (4 days). The volunteers exercised proper tooth cleaning methods, were scaled and received repeated professional mechanical tooth cleaning during the preparatory period. During the plaque accumulation period, the participants abstained from plaque control measures. Plaque was scored on the approximal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular premolars on Days 0, 1, 2 and 4 using a scale from 0 to 5 and according to the criteria of the Quigley and Hein Plaque Index (QHI). Supragingival plaque samples were obtained from the same intervals and surfaces and evaluated using a checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean QHI increased from 0 to 1.6 (Day 4). The total number of organisms on Day 0 averaged 140 x 10(5) and increased to about 210 x 10(5) after 4 days without oral hygiene. The most dominant species on Day 0 were members of the genus Actinomyces. These organisms comprised almost 50% of the microbiota evaluated. None of the Actinomyces species increased significantly during the 4 days. Some Streptococcus species increased significantly over time as well as species of the genera Capnocytophaga, Campylobacter, Fusobacteria and Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present investigation, the preparatory phase established a situation with minimal gingival inflammation and close to zero amounts of dental plaque. The Day 0 plaque samples exhibited high proportions of Actinomyces species. During the 4 days of no oral hygiene, there was a small increase in total numbers of organisms as well as a modest increase in the proportion of "disease-associated" taxa such as species of the "orange complex" species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Göteborg University, Sweden. ramberg@odontologi.gu.se
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramberg
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekino
authors.forename: Naciye Guzin
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindhe
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003741:Dental Deposits / Q000382:microbiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D045182:Fusobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*