title: Out of the ashes: the life, death, and rebirth of the "safer" cigarette in the United States.
abstract: From 1964 through the early 1980s, both federal and voluntary agencies endorsed the concept of "safer" cigarettes. Beginning in the mid-1980s, several factors, including revelations of tobacco industry malfeasance, the development of nicotine replacement therapy, and the reconceptualization of smoking as a chronic disease, led to "safer" cigarettes being discredited. In the past few years, some public health professionals have begun to reconsider the viability of developing such products. The issue before us is stark: will a commitment to limiting the toll exacted by smoking preclude the tolerance of a product that while not safe may possibly be safer?
authors.affiliation: Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. alf4@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colgrove
mesh_terms: D000574:American Medical Association; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D008192:Deception; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing / Q000639:trends; D015969:National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D011057:Politics; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000266:history*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States; D014492:United States Public Health Service; D014837:Voluntary Health Agencies
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine