title: Evaluation of an in vitro dialysis system to predict drug removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variation in the extent of drug removal under different dialysis conditions presents a challenge for prediction of drug elimination and dosage regimen adjustment during haemodialysis (HD). Dependence on clinical pharmacokinetic studies in HD patients for dosing guidelines is problematic given the increasing number of dialysers with variable rates of drug removal. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize drug removal using an in vitro system and to evaluate its reliability to predict in vivo elimination by HD using vancomycin (VANC) as a model drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro dialysis was performed for 2 h (volume 4.0 l normal saline, initial VANC concentration 30 mg/l, flow rate 300 ml/min, dialysate flow 800 ml/min) using four different dialysers: polymethylmethacrylate (BK-2.1 U), polysulfone (F-80), AN69 (Filtral-20) and hemophan (COBE 700HE). The in vitro dialysis clearance for VANC (CL(D)) for the polysulfone dialyser was compared with values determined in eight HD patients. In vitro VANC CL(D) for all dialysers was compared with the clearance and KoA for B12 reported for each dialyser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro VANC CL(D) values were 93+/-11 ml/min for the polymethylmethacrylate BK-2.1, 136+/-7 ml/min for the AN69, 65+/-9 ml/min for the hemophan COBE 700HE and 143+/-10 ml/min for the polysulfone F80. The CL(D) for the polysulfone F80 was not statistically different from the in vivo CL(D) of 135+/-18 ml/min (P = 0.48). In vitro VANC CL(D) correlated with the B12 CL(D) (r(2) = 0.77) and the B12 KoA (r(2) = 0.63) reported for each dialyser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VANC CL(D) in HD patients for the polysulfone dialyser was correctly predicted using the in vitro dialysis system. Use of this system may be superior to estimations of drug CL(D) based on dialyser information provided by the manufacturer for compounds of similar molecular weight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. jhudson@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Joanna Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D014640:Vancomycin