title: Continuous nasogastric tube feeding: monitoring by combined use of refractometry and traditional gastric residual volumes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional use of gastric residual volumes (GRVs) is insensitive and cannot distinguish retained enteral formula from the large volume of endogenous secretions. We designed this prospective study to determine whether refractometry and Brix value (BV) measurements could be used to monitor gastric emptying and tolerance in patients receiving continuous enteral feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients on continuous nasogastric tube feeding were divided into two groups; patients with lower GRVs (<75 ml) in Group 1, patients with higher GRVs (>75 ml) in Group 2. Upon entry, all gastric contents were aspirated, the volume was recorded (Asp GRV), BV measurements were made by refractometry, and then the contents were reinstilled but diluted with 30 ml additional water. Finally, a small amount was reaspirated and repeat BV measurements were made. Three hours later, the entire procedure was repeated a second time. The BV ratio, calculated (Cal) GRV, and volume of formula remaining were calculated by derived equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean BV ratios were significantly higher for those patients in Group 2 compared to those in Group 1. All but one of the 22 patients (95%) in Group 1 had a volume of formula remaining in the stomach estimated on both measurements to be less than the hourly infusion rate (all these patients had BV ratios <70%). In contrast, six of the 14 patients in Group 2 (43%) on both measurements were estimated to have volumes of formula remaining that were greater than the hourly infusion rate (all these patients had BV ratios >70%). Three of the Group 2 patients (21%) whose initial measurement showed evidence for retention of formula, improved on repeat follow-up measurement assuring adequate gastric emptying. The remaining five patients from Group 2 (35%) had a volume of formula remaining that was less than the hourly infusion rate on both measurements. The pattern of Asp GRVs and serial pre- and post-dilution BVs failed to differentiate these patients in Group 2 with potential emptying problems from those with sufficient gastric emptying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refractometry and measurement of the BV may improve the clinical utilization of GRVs, by its ability to identify the component of formula within gastric contents and track changes in that component related to gastric emptying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Republic of China, Taipei, Taiwan. weikuohome@hotmail.com
authors.forename: W-K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McClave
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012031:Refractometry / Q000379:methods