title: Spinal cord abnormalities in recently diagnosed MS patients: added value of spinal MRI examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most recent diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) ascertain that findings from spinal cord MRI can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space. Because little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of cord lesions early in the disease, the authors studied the prevalence of spinal cord abnormalities in patients with early-stage MS and assessed their impact on diagnostic classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The brains and spinal cords of 104 recently diagnosed patients with MS were examined. Median interval between first symptom and diagnosis was 18.4 months. The brain MRI protocol included before and after gadolinium axial T1-weighted conventional spin-echo sequences and dual-echo spin-echo images. For spinal cord MRI, sagittal cardiac-triggered dual-echo T2-weighted and sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo images were included. Clinical assessment for each patient included age, sex, clinical signs for spinal cord involvement, and Expanded Disability Status Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal cord MRIs were found in 83% of patients, usually with only focal lesions. Diffuse cord abnormalities were found in 13% of patients, although in isolation they were found in only three patients. Focal cord lesions were often multiple (median number, 3.0), small (median, 0.8 vertebral segments), and primarily (56.4%) situated in the cervical spinal cord. In 68 of 104 patients (65.4%), two or more focal lesions were visible on spinal cord images. The criteria for dissemination in space, as defined in the McDonald criteria for the brain, were met in only 66.3% of the patients. This percentage increased to 84.6% when spinal cord MRI abnormalities were also included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal cord abnormalities are prevalent in patients with early-stage MS, have distinct morphologic characteristics, and help to determine dissemination in space at time of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: MR Center for MS Research, Departments of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J.Bot@VUMC.nl
authors.forename: J C J
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Polman
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lycklama à Nijeholt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergers
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ader
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium