title: Determination of West Indian manatee vocalization levels and rate.
abstract: The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) has become endangered partly because of a growing number of collisions with boats. A system to warn boaters of the presence of manatees, based upon the vocalizations of manatees, could potentially reduce these boat collisions. The feasibility of this warning system would depend mainly upon two factors: the rate at which manatees vocalize and the distance in which the manatees can be detected. The research presented in this paper verifies that the average vocalization rate of the West Indian manatee is approximately one to two times per 5-min period. Several different manatee vocalization recordings were broadcast to the manatees and their response was observed. It was found that during the broadcast periods, the vocalization rates for the manatees increased substantially when compared with the average vocalization rates during nonbroadcast periods. An array of four hydrophones was used while recording the manatees. This allowed for position estimation techniques to be used to determine the location of the vocalizing manatee. Knowing the position of the manatee, the source level was determined and it was found that the mean source level of the manatee vocalizations is approximately 112 dB (re 1 microPa) @ 1 m.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6250, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niezrecki
authors.forename: Diedrich O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Beusse
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D020457:Trichechus manatus; D014828:Vocalization, Animal