title: Gliding characteristics and gap formation for locking and grasping tendon repairs: a biomechanical study in a human cadaver model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the frictional characteristics and mechanical properties of various locking and grasping suture techniques in a human in vitro model of flexor tendon repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five cadaveric human flexor digitorum profundus tendons were transected in zone II and repaired using 1 of 5 core suture methods (n = 9 per group): either grasping (modified grasping Kessler, modified Lee) or locking (Pennington, modified Pennington, locking Lee) loop suture techniques. All repairs used 4-0 Supramid looped core suture and an epitenon running suture of 6-0 nylon. Gliding resistance at the tendon-pulley interface was measured along with failure strength and gap formation. The force to produce 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, and 2.0-mm gaps were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of the locking repairs, the locking Lee, had a gliding resistance significantly higher than that of one of the grasping repairs (modified grasping Kessler) and the other 2 locking repairs (Pennington, modified Pennington) (p <.05). There was no significant difference between the other grasping (modified Kessler, modified Lee) and locking (Pennington, modified Pennington) suture configurations (p =.21). The maximum force of one of the locking repairs, the modified Pennington repair (48.0 N; standard deviation, 3.9) was significantly higher than the other locking and grasping repairs (p <.05). The force required to produce more than 1.5 mm of gap for the modified Pennington repair was also significantly higher than that for some of the other grasping (modified Kessler, modified Lee) and locking (Pennington) repairs (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of significant difference in gliding resistance among the similarly designed modified grasping Kessler, Pennington, and modified Pennington repairs (overall mean, 0.87 N; standard deviation, 0.16) suggests that the locking loop configuration itself does not adversely affect tendon gliding resistance. The modified Pennington repair increased not only ultimate strength but also resistance to gap formation more than 1.5 mm.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.forename: Chunfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zobitz
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength