title: Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of palonosetron in patients receiving highly emetogenic cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a dose-ranging clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although currently available 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor (5-HT3) antagonists are effective, not all patients receiving these agents achieve adequate control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Palonosetron, a potent and highly selective 5-HT3 antagonist with a strong affinity for 5-HT3 and a prolonged plasma elimination half-life, may provide a longer duration of action than other approved agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-one patients were randomly assigned to receive a single intravenous bolus dose of palonosetron (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 90 microg/kg) before administration of highly emetogenic chemotherapy, with no pretreatment with corticosteroids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four highest doses of palonosetron were similarly effective during the first 24 h, producing clearly higher complete response (CR) (no emesis, no rescue medication) rates in the 3, 10, 30 and 90 microg/kg groups (46%, 40%, 50% and 46%, respectively) than in the 0.3-1 microg/kg group (24%) of evaluable patients (n = 148). The 3 microg/kg dose was identified as the lowest effective dose. A single dose of palonosetron showed prolonged efficacy in preventing delayed emesis, with approximately one-third of patients who received palonosetron 10 or 30 microg/kg maintaining a CR throughout the 7-day period following chemotherapy administration. Dose-proportional increases in pharmacokinetic parameters and a long plasma half-life (43.7-128 h) were observed. Palonosetron was well-tolerated, with no dose-response effect evident for the incidence or intensity of adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palonosetron is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the prevention of CINV following highly emetogenic chemotherapy, with 3 and 10 microg/kg identified as the lowest effective palonosetron doses.
authors.affiliation: California Cancer Care, Greenbrae, CA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: MacKintosh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ritch
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cornett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macciocchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077924:Palonosetron; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007546:Isoquinolines; D011812:Quinuclidines; D000077924:Palonosetron; D002945:Cisplatin