title: Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cloacal exstrophy is a rare, complex defect of the entire pelvis and its contents that occurs during embryogenesis and is associated with severe phallic inadequacy or phallic absence in genetic males. For about 25 years, neonatal assignment to female sex has been advocated for affected males to overcome the issue of phallic inadequacy, but data on outcome remain sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed all 16 genetic males in our cloacal-exstrophy clinic at the ages of 5 to 16 years. Fourteen underwent neonatal assignment to female sex socially, legally, and surgically; the parents of the remaining two refused to do so. Detailed questionnaires extensively evaluated the development of sexual role and identity, as defined by the subjects' persistent declarations of their sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the 14 subjects assigned to female sex declared themselves male during the course of this study, whereas the 2 raised as males remained male. Subjects could be grouped according to their stated sexual identity. Five subjects were living as females; three were living with unclear sexual identity, although two of the three had declared themselves male; and eight were living as males, six of whom had reassigned themselves to male sex. All 16 subjects had moderate-to-marked interests and attitudes that were considered typical of males. Follow-up ranged from 34 to 98 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine neonatal assignment of genetic males to female sex because of severe phallic inadequacy can result in unpredictable sexual identification. Clinical interventions in such children should be reexamined in the light of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008588:Meningocele / Q000601:surgery; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery