title: Antiangiogenic effect of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 on pancreatic cancer cell line: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) gene transfer into pancreatic cancer cell line PC-3, and the mechanisms involved in this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full length human SSTR2 cDNA was introduced into pancreatic cancer cell line PC-3 by lipofectamine-mediated transfection. Positive clones were screened by G418 and stable expression of SSTR2 was detected by immunohistochemistry SABC methods and RT-PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the cell culture supernatants of SSTR2-expressing cells, vector control and mock control cells. Furthermore, the expressions of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected by immunohistochemistry SABC methods and RT-PCR in these cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF levels in the cell culture supernatants were significantly reduced in the SSTR2-expressing cells (first week, 172.63+/-21.2 ng/L and after two months, 198.85+/-26.44 ng/L) compared with the vector control (first week, 790.39+/-86.52 ng/L and after two months, 795.69+/-72.35 ng/L) and mock control (first week, 786.42+/-90.62 ng/L and after two months, 805.32+/-84.36 ng/L) (P<0.05). The immunohistochemical assay showed a significant reduction of the integral optical density of VEGF and MMP-2 in the SSTR2-expressing cells (42.25+/-8.6 and 70.5+/-6.25, respectively) compared with the vector control (85.75+/-12.9 and 110.52+/-13.5, respectively) and mock control (82.6+/-9.28 and 113.56+/-9.62, respectively) (P<0.05). Conversely, the average gray value of VEGF and MMP-2 was significantly increased in the SSTR2-expressing cells (121.56+/-8.43 and 134.46+/-19.95, respectively) compared with the vector control (55.72+/-5.6 and 62.26+/-12.68, respectively) and mock control cells (58.48+/-6.2 and 65.49+/-9.16, respectively) (P<0.05). Moreover, the expressions of VEGF mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA were significantly reduced in the SSTR2-expressing cells (0.1384+/-0.017 and 0.2343+/-0.070, respectively) compared with the vector control (1.024+/-0.117 and 0.806+/-0.119, respectively) and mock control (1.085+/-0.105 and 0.714+/-0.079, respectively) (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of reintroduced human SSTR2 gene exerts its antiangiogenic effects by down-regulating the expressions of the factors involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, suggesting SSTR2 gene transfer as a new strategy of gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Zheng-Ren
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Laxmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Da-Yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ren-Yi
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C093733:somatostatin receptor 2