title: Evaluation of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine or bupivacaine for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy in the dog.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if intraperitoneal (i.p.) and incisional (s.c.) lidocaine or bupivacaine provide analgesia following ovariohysterectomy (OHE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty dogs presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective OHE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were pre-medicated with acepromazine and butorphanol, induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. They were randomly assigned to three groups: 10 received 8.8 mg kg(-1) 2% lidocaine with epinephrine i.p. (LID); 10 received 4.4 mg kg(-1) 0.75% bupivacaine i.p. (BUP); and 10 received 0.9% saline i.p. (SAL) upon completion of OHE. All i.p. doses were standardized to 0.88 mL kg(-1) with saline. An additional 2 mL of undiluted solution was placed s.c. prior to incisional closure. Dogs were scored at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 18 hours post-extubation by one observer. Dogs were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and sedation, and a composite pain scale (CPS) that included physiologic and behavioral variables. Dogs were treated with 0.22 mg kg(-1) butorphanol + acepromazine if their VAS (pain) score was >50. Parametric variables were analyzed using Student's t-test or repeated measures ANOVA as appropriate. Non-parametric variables were analyzed by chi2-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in age, weight, incision length, surgery time, anesthesia time, or total thiopental dose among groups. Peak post-surgical pain scores for all groups occurred at 0.5 hours and returned to baseline by 18 hours. Dogs in the BUP group had significantly lower VAS-pain scores overall than dogs in the SAL group. Seven out of 10 dogs in the SAL group, 4/10 in the LID group and 2/10 in the BUP group were treated with supplemental acepromazine and butorphanol. No differences between groups were detected with the CPS. No adverse side-effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the use of i.p. and s.c. bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia following OHE in the dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. recarpenter99@aol.com
authors.forename: Rachael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Deborah V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: A Thomas
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D007267:Injections / Q000662:veterinary; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine