title: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome as a result of non-meningococcal infection.
abstract: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome--massive adrenal haemorrhage in the setting of overwhelming clinical sepsis--is usually taken at necropsy to indicate meningococcal infection, and may be the only evidence of this pathogen. This report describes three fatal cases of the syndrome in which the causative organism proved to be a streptococcus. The organisms were detected during routine coroners' autopsies with histology and microbiological investigations. In two cases, the syndrome followed Streptococcus pneumoniae infection and in a third beta haemolytic streptococcus group A. Thus, adrenal haemorrhage alone cannot be taken to indicate meningococcal disease and other pathogens, particularly streptococcus, must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hairmyres Hospital, Glasgow G75 8RG, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foweraker
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gresham
mesh_terms: D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014884:Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology