title: Computer-controlled, multilevel, morphometric analysis of blastomere size as biomarker of fragmentation and multinuclearity in human embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about blastomere size at different cleavage stages and its correlation with embryo quality in human embryos. Using a computer system for multilevel embryo morphology analysis we have analysed blastomeres of human embryos and correlated mean blastomere size with embryonic fragmentation and multinuclearity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive cohort of 232 human 2-, 3- and 4-cell embryos from patients referred for ICSI treatment were included. Sequences of digital images were taken by focusing at 5- micro m intervals through the embryo. Blastomere sizes and number of nuclear structures were evaluated based on these sequences. The degree of embryonic fragmentation was evaluated by normal morphological assessment prior to transfer and correlated to the blastomere sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result of normal cell cleavage, mean blastomere size decreased significantly from a volume of 0.28 x 10(6) microm(3) at the 2-cell stage to 0.15 x 10(6) microm(3) at the 4-cell stage (P < 0.001). Mean blastomere size decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing degree of embryonic fragmentation, where highly fragmented embryos showed a 43-67% reduction in blastomere volume compared with embryos with no fragmentation. Multinucleated blastomeres were significantly larger than non-multinucleated blastomeres (P < 0.001). On average, multinucleated blastomeres were 51.5, 67.8 and 73.1% larger than their non-multinucleated sibling blastomeres at the 2-, 3- and 4-cell stage, respectively. Furthermore, the average volume of non-multinucleated blastomeres originating from multinucleated embryos was significantly smaller than the average volume of the blastomeres from mononucleated embryos (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that the average blastomere size is significantly affected by degree of fragmentation and multinuclearity, and that computer-assisted, multilevel analysis of blastomere size may function as a biomarker for embryo quality.
authors.affiliation: The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Section 4071, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hnida
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engenheiro
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziebe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000166:cytology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048429:Cell Size; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum; D003201:Computers; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers