title: Questioning a class effect: does ACE inhibitor tissue penetration influence the degree of fibrinolytic balance alteration following an acute myocardial infarction?
abstract: There is a common belief in a class effect among angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This is unsubstantiated for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Because vascular tissue is a source of the endogenous fibrinolytic markers, and ACE inhibition in vascular tissue favorably influences the fibrinolytic system, the authors hypothesized that a high-tissue-penetrating ACE inhibitor would provide a more favorable reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and an increase in tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) after AMI compared to a low-tissue-penetrating ACE inhibitor. In a randomized open-label trial, patients received the high-tissue-penetrating quinapril (n = 15) or low-tissue-penetrating enalapril (n = 15) immediately following an AMI. PAI-1 and t-PA antigen (ng/mL) were measured at baseline and through 14 days of treatment. There was no difference in baseline PAI-1 or t-PA antigen between treatments. PAI-1 antigen trended toward being lower with quinapril versus enalapril on day 1 (24.44 +/- 14.96 vs. 36.94 +/- 19.49, respectively, p = 0.059) and was significantly lower on day 3 (17.32 +/- 9.57 vs. 27.49 +/- 9.61, respectively, p = 0.009). Analysis of PAI-1 antigen over time by two-factor ANOVA with replication found significantly lower concentrations of PAI-1 antigen over the entire treatment period with quinapril versus enalapril (p < 0.003). This investigation of ACE inhibitor tissue-penetrating influence on markers of reinfarction risk suggests there may be a greater early reduction in PAI-1 with a more highly tissue-penetrating ACE inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 3601 4th Street, Suite 1C162, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tsikouris
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Meyerrose
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziska
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fike
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004656:Enalapril / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000077583:Quinapril; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines; D004656:Enalapril; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D000077583:Quinapril