title: Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy remains as to whether cannabis acts as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia or other functional psychotic illnesses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine critically the evidence that cannabis causes psychosis using established criteria of causality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On an individual level, cannabis use confers an overall twofold increase in the relative risk for later schizophrenia. At the population level, elimination of cannabis use would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuming a causal relationship. Cannabis use appears to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause for psychosis. It is a component cause, part of a complex constellation of factors leading to psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cases of psychotic disorder could be prevented by discouraging cannabis use among vulnerable youths. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which cannabis causes psychosis.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. l.arseneault@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arseneault
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witton
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors