title: A differentially pumped secondary electron detector for low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: A new design of secondary electron (SE) detector is described for use in low-vacuum scanning electron microscopes. Its distinguishing feature is a separate detector chamber, which can be maintained at a pressure independent of the pressure in the specimen chamber. The two chambers are separated by a perforated membrane or mesh across which an electric field is applied, making it relatively transparent to low-energy electrons but considerably less so to the gas molecules. The benefits of this arrangement are discussed. The final means of detecting the electrons can be a conventional scintillator and photomultiplier arrangement or any of the methods using the ambient gas as an amplifying medium. Images obtained with the detector show good SE contrast and low backscattered electron contribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK. mj13@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zadrazil
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004583:Electrons; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014618:Vacuum