title: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional study of conversion to open surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a multi-institutional review of the incidence and factors contributing to conversion from laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) to open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) among eight surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records from all patients undergoing LRP at seven institutions were reviewed to assess the incidence of open conversion to RRP. The clinical, operative, pathologic, and functional outcomes of patients who required conversion were compiled and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 670 operations, 13 (1.9%) were converted from LRP to RRP. The most common steps at which conversion occurred were the apical dissection (38%) and the posterior seminal vesicle dissection (31%). Failure to progress was the most common cause of conversion, followed by injury to adjacent structures and hypercarbia. Comorbidities associated with conversion were prior pelvic surgery and obesity (body mass index greater than 30). Six of the 13 conversions occurred in the surgeons' first 5 cases. Despite open conversion, patients were continent (no pads) (92%) and potent (44%) with at least 6 months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open conversion from LRP to RRP is an uncommon event, but is more likely to occur during a surgeon's early experience. Surgeons beginning their experience with LRP are advised to select their patients carefully to minimize the need for conversion to open surgery. Obese patients and those at risk of periprostatic adhesions should initially not be considered for LRP. Despite open conversion, the functional outcomes did not appear to be adversely affected.
authors.affiliation: Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Sam B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhayani
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pavlovich
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Strup
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fabrizio
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Jihad H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaouk
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies