title: Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass: program development and learning curve issues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of new procedures in heart surgery is a critical phase that includes learning curves and the risk of increased mortality or morbidity. Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting using robotic techniques represents such an innovative procedure. The aim of this report is to demonstrate the safe introduction of totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting using a stepwise and modular approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2001 until December 2002, 50 procedures were performed using the da Vinci telemanipulator system. After baseline training the following procedure modules were carried out in a stepwise manner: robotically assisted endoscopic left internal thoracic artery harvesting and completion of the procedure as conventional coronary artery bypass grafting, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass, or off-pump coronary artery bypass (n = 19), robotically assisted suturing of left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending anastomoses during conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 15), totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting on the arrested heart using remote access perfusion and aortic endocclusion coronary bypass grafting (n = 15). One patient was excluded intraoperatively from a robotic procedure due to pleural adhesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant learning curve was observed for left internal thoracic artery takedown time, y(min) = 181 - 39 x ln(x) (x = procedure number) (P <.001), and total operative time in totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting, y(min) = 595 - 87 x ln(x) x = (procedure number) (P =.028). The conversion rate in totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting was 2/15. Intensive care unit stay correlated significantly with total operative time (r =.427, P =.002). There was no hospital mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting can be safely implemented into a heart surgery program. Learning curves are steep for robotic left internal thoracic artery takedown and for performance of totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. Long operative times translate into prolonged intensive care unit stay in specific cases but not into increased mortality.
authors.affiliation: Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austria. johanes.o.obonatti@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonatti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schachner
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernecker
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chevtchik
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bonaros
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weidinger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D001317:Austria; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000193:education; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016730:Program Development; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome