title: Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine blood lead levels in urban populations of children (n = 2,510) and women (n = 874) in the early postpartum in certain districts of Lima and Callao, and to correlate those levels with particular exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1998 and January 1999 cross sectional study was conducted. The study population was selected using three sampling strategies in the government operated school system and from public pediatric and maternity hospitals at Lima and Callao, Peru. Study personnel were trained to collect finger stick blood samples with a protocol that minimizes external lead contamination. Lead determinations in blood and environmental samples were performed at the study site using portable anodic striping voltamenters. To determine the simultaneous effects of different predictors on blood lead levels, multivariate regression models were used to estimate adjusted mean differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean blood lead level in the children studied was 9.9 micrograms/dl ranging from 1 microgram/dl to 64 micrograms/dl with 29% of the children displaying values greater than 10 micrograms/dl and 9.4% at levels greater than 20 micrograms/dl. Among the women, the mean was 3.5 micrograms/dl (SD = 2.4 micrograms/dl), and 2.4% (n = 21) displayed levels greater than 10 micrograms/dl. Important differences were observed between the sample locations, and the highest levels were documented in the port region near Callao. The mean level of blood lead in this group was 25.6 micrograms/dl (SD = 4.6 micrograms/dl), while among the rest of the sample it was 7.1 micrograms/dl (SD = 5.1 micrograms/dl). The presence of a mineral storage area signified a difference in exposure in excess of 13 micrograms/dl for children living near the port area in contrast to the other children who were not as close to such fixed sources of lead exposure. For the participants in Lima, the risk of showing levels above 10 micrograms/dl was associated with exposure to high vehicular traffic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In metropolitan Lima, we conclude that the mean blood lead levels of the populations studied were not alarming and that a positive health impact can be made by a reduction of lead in gasoline. With regard to the port area, the study demonstrates that the presence of mineral storage areas pose a detrimental risk factor for the health of the children living in this area. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Salud Ambiental, Dirección de Salud Ocupacional, Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Avila
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narciso
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castañaga
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moscoso
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Luz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carbajal
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noonan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead