title: Mammographic casting-type calcification associated with small screen-detected invasive breast cancers: is this a reliable prognostic indicator?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to establish whether mammographic casting-type calcification associated with small screen-detected invasive breast cancers is a reliable prognostic indicator.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively identified 50 consecutive women diagnosed with an invasive cancer less than 15 mm who showed associated casting calcification on their screening mammograms. Controls were identified that showed no microcalcification and were matched for tumour size, histological type and lymph node status. A minimum of 5 years follow-up was obtained, noting recurrence and outcome. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression, depending on the outcome variable, were used to analyse the data, taking the matched design into account in both cases. Where small numbers prohibited the use of logistic regression, Fisher's exact test was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five deaths from breast cancer occurred out of the 50 cases, of which three were lymph node positive, two were lymph node negative and none were grade 3. None of the 78 control cases died from breast cancer. The difference in breast cancer death rates was significant by Fisher's exact test (p=0.02). Risk of recurrence was also significantly increased in the casting cases (OR=3.55, 95% CI 1.02-12.33, p=0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the overall outcome for small screen-detected breast cancers is good, our study suggests that casting calcification is a poorer prognostic factor. The advantage of a mammographic feature as an independent prognostic indicator lies in early identification of high-risk patients, allowing optimization of management.
authors.affiliation: The South West London Breast Screening Service, The Duchess of Kent Unit, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Given-Wilson
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies