title: Sweet babies: chocolate consumption during pregnancy and infant temperament at six months.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chocolate contains several biologically active components potentially having behavioral and psychological consequences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether chocolate consumption and stress experiences during pregnancy predict mother-rated infant temperament at 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenatal frequency of chocolate consumption and intensity of psychological stress experience of the mothers, and temperament characteristics of the infants 6 months postpartum were evaluated in 305 consecutive, healthy mother-infant dyads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers who reported daily consumption of chocolate rated more positively the temperament of their infants at 6 months. Maternal prenatal stress predicted more negatively tuned ratings of the infant temperament, particularly among those who reported never/seldom chocolate consumption. However, this effect was not observed among the mothers reporting weekly or daily chocolate consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to producing subjective feelings of psychological well being, chocolate may have effects at multiple environmental and psychological levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. karata2@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Anu-Katriina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Anna-Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Järvenpää
authors.forename: Timo E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Strandberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002099:Cacao; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament