title: Targeting of lacZ reporter gene expression with radioiodine-labelled phenylethyl-beta- d-thiogalactopyranoside.
abstract: There has recently been increasing interest in the development of radioprobes that specifically target proteins transcribed from expression of reporter genes of interest. The purpose of this study was to develop a radioprobe that targets one of the most widely used reporter genes, the bacterial lacZ gene. We synthesised and purified radioiodine-labelled phenylethyl-beta- d-thiogalactopyranoside (PETG), a competitive inhibitor specific against Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. We showed that [(125)I]iodo-PETG specifically binds to beta-galactosidase as verified by column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after incubation of radiotracer with the protein. We also showed through enzyme kinetic studies that iodo-PETG retains inhibitory action against beta-galactosidase activity. COS-7 cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the lacZ gene had viral titre-dependent enhancements in [(125)I]iodo-PETG uptake ( r(2)=0.897; P=0.001), which reached up to 642.5%+/-16.7% of control levels ( P<0.00001). Moreover, the level of uptake was highly correlated to luminescent measurements of beta-galactosidase activity ( r(2)=0.878; P<0.0001). These results confirm that radioiodine-labelled PETG specifically targets beta-galactosidase and that its uptake rates faithfully reflect levels of expression of the lacZ reporter gene. Further investigations were performed in nude mice bearing human neuroblastoma tumours transferred with the lacZ gene. Compared with control tumours, lacZ-expressing tumours were slightly better visualised on [(123)I]iodo-PETG images and had a modest increase in tumour to muscle count ratio (2.6+/-0.2 vs 1.9+/-0.1, P<0.05). The present results provide proof-of-principle for the potential of radiolabelled inhibitors as promising radiotracers to monitor lacZ gene expression levels. Future modifications to improve cell permeability should enhance in vivo contrast levels and may allow the use of radiolabelled beta-galactosidase inhibitors for non-invasive monitoring of lacZ gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangnamgu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Sung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Joon Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jin-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Yearn Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Byung-Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D019556:COS Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007763:Lac Operon / Q000235:genetics; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013862:Thiogalactosides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013862:Thiogalactosides; C066907:phenylethylthio-beta-galactopyranoside; D001616:beta-Galactosidase