title: Soluble adhesion molecules in Finnish schoolchildren with signs of preclinical type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We measured the circulating concentrations of the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1 (sCD54) and L-selectin (sCD62L) in 104 non-diabetic Finnish schoolchildren testing positive for one or more diabetes-associated autoantibodies and in 104 autoantibody-negative children to elucidate the relationship between soluble adhesion molecules and humoral, genetic and metabolic markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to analyse serum sICAM-1 and sL-selectin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sICAM-1 and sL-selectin levels were comparable in the autoantibody-positive and control children, even when comparing children with multiple autoantibodies with those having one or no autoantibodies. The IA-2A titres in children testing positive for this autoantibody correlated with the sICAM-1 concentrations (rs=0.62, P=0.05), but otherwise no significant associations were seen between the autoantibody specificities and the concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules. Control children with HLA DQB1 genotypes conferring a low or decreased risk of type 1 diabetes had higher levels of sL-selectin than those with high or moderate risk genotypes (P=0.04). sL-selectin concentrations were significantly increased in the autoantibody-positive children with a first-phase insulin response (FPIR) below the 5th (n=11;P=0.026) or 10th percentiles (n=17;P=0.009) relative to the children with a normal FPIR. No associations were observed between sICAM-1 concentrations and DQB1 genotypes or FPIR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that there are a few conspicuous signs of endothelial/leukocyte activation reflected in increased circulating levels of soluble adhesion molecules in schoolchildren who are positive for markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes. The correlation between sICAM-1 concentrations and IA-2A levels in the IA-2A-positive children suggests that the former may increase in late preclinical type 1 diabetes, as IA-2A are the last autoantibodies to appear in the prediabetic process. Increased sL-selectin concentrations in subjects with impaired beta-cell function may reflect an active destructive insulitis process.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Research Centre, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahko
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019041:L-Selectin