title: Noninvasive assessment of the injured human spinal cord by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: METHODS
  A magnetic resonance imaging technique that enables indirect detection of neuronal activity has been developed for the spinal cord. In the present study, this method, spinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is applied to the first study of the injured spinal cord, with the goal of better clinical assessment of the entire cord.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this project are: (1) to investigate the neuronal activity that can be detected in the spinal cord caudal to a chronic injury by means of spinal fMRI, and (2) to develop spinal fMRI as a clinical diagnostic tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  fMRI of the spinal cord was carried out in 27 volunteers with cervical or thoracic spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Of these volunteers, 18 had complete injuries, and nine had incomplete injuries. Spinal fMRI was carried out in a 1.5 T clinical MR system, using established methods. Thermal stimulation at 10 degrees C was applied to the fourth lumbar dermatome on each leg, and images were obtained of the entire lumbar spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Areas of neuronal activity were consistently observed in the lumbar spinal cord in response to the thermal stimulation, even when the subjects had no awareness of the sensation. The pattern of activity was notably different compared with noninjured subjects. In general, subjects with complete SCI showed absent or diminished dorsal gray matter activity, but had enhanced ventral activity, particularly contralateral to the stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal fMRI is able to provide a noninvasive assessment of the injured spinal cord that does not depend on the patient's perception of the stimulus being applied. This work was carried out on a standard clinical MRI system without modification, and so is readily applicable in most MR units.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was funded by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
authors.affiliation: MR Technology Group, Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stroman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornelsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ethans
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Malisza
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomanek
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000502:physiology