title: Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytoestrogens, which are abundant in flaxseed and soy, have chemical structures resembling those of endogenous estrogens and have been shown to exert hormonal effects, thereby affecting chronic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effects of consuming equal amounts of flaxseed or soy on estrogen metabolism and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a parallel design, the diet of postmenopausal women (n = 46) was supplemented with either a placebo, soy (25 g soy flour), or flaxseed (25 g ground flaxseed) muffin for 16 wk. Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and at the endpoint. Urine samples were analyzed for phytoestrogens, estrogen metabolites (2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone), and serum hormones (estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate). Serum and urine samples were also analyzed for biochemical markers of bone metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrone, but not of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, increased significantly in the flaxseed group (P = 0.05). In the flaxseed group, the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone was positively correlated with urinary lignan excretion (r = 0.579, P = 0.02). In the soy and placebo groups, no significant correlation was observed. No significant change in serum hormones or biochemical markers of bone metabolism was observed within or between the treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with flaxseed modifies urinary estrogen metabolite excretion to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. This modification by flaxseed is associated with an increase in urinary lignan excretion. Despite the shift in estrogen metabolism to favor the less biologically active estrogens, a negative effect on bone cell metabolism was not observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Wendy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilditch
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nickell
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Lilian U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000652:urine; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds; D013025:Glycine max
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D028321:Plant Preparations