title: Estrogen receptor-beta inhibits skeletal growth and has the capacity to mediate growth plate fusion in female mice.
abstract: To determine the long-term role of ER beta in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth, appendicular and axial skeletal growth was followed and compared in female ER beta-/-, ER alpha-/-, and ER alpha-/- beta-/- mice. Our results show that ER beta inhibits appendicular and axial skeletal growth and has the capacity to induce fusion of the growth plates.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Estrogen affects skeletal growth and promotes growth plate fusion in humans. In rodents, the growth plates do not fuse after sexual maturation, but prolonged treatment with supraphysiological levels of estradiol has the capacity to fuse the growth plates. It should be emphasized that the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha-/- and the ER alpha-/- beta-/-, but not the ER beta-/-, mouse models have clearly increased serum levels of estradiol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The skeletal growth was monitored by X-ray and dynamic histomorphometry, and the growth plates were analyzed by quantitative histology, calcein double labeling, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and TUNEL assay in 4- and 18-month-old female ER beta-/-, ER alpha-/-, and ER alpha-/- beta-/- mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young adult (4-month-old) ER beta-/- mice demonstrated an increased axial- and appendicular-skeletal growth, supporting the notion that ER beta inhibits skeletal growth in young adult female mice. Interestingly, the growth plates were consistently fused in the appendicular skeleton of 18-month-old female ER alpha-/- mice. This fusion of growth plates, caused by a prolonged exposure to supraphysiological levels of estradiol in female ER alpha-/- mice, must be mediated through ER beta because old ER alpah-/- beta-/- mice displayed unchanged, unfused growth plates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that ER beta is a physiological inhibitor of appendicular- and axial-skeletal growth in young adult female mice. Furthermore, we made the novel observation that ER beta, after prolonged supraphysiological estradiol exposure, has the capacity to mediate growth plate fusion in old female mice.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Andrei.Chagin@cck.ki.se
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chagin
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moverare
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sävendahl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D013977:Tibia / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen