title: Gene microarray analysis of human brain arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) display abnormal expression of various angiogenesis-related genes and their products. We examined gene expression patterns in BAVMs by the gene microarray technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed BAVM and control brain samples obtained by temporal lobectomy for medically intractable seizure by Affymetrix Human Gene Set U95Av2 (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). The gene microarray data were compared with new and previously published data that used conventional molecular biology techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed six BAVM and five control brain samples. From 12,625 gene probes assayed, 1781 gene probes showed differential expression between BAVMs and controls. BAVM samples had a gene expression pattern that was distinct from those of control brain samples. Increased messenger ribonucleic acid expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A was accompanied by increased expression of its protein product. A majority of the gene data was in agreement with previously published data. The gene microarray data generated a new testable hypothesis regarding integrin, and we found increased expression of integrin alphavbeta3 protein in BAVMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gene expression pattern of BAVMs was distinct from those of control brain samples. We verified the gene microarray data by demonstrating that increased gene expression levels for angiogenesis-related molecules were accompanied by increased levels of their protein product expression. The gene microarray technique may be a useful tool to study multiple pathways simultaneously in BAVM specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, and Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California-San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. ccr@anesthesia.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaly
authors.forename: Campbell L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Holly K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Dressman
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marchuk
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D012333:RNA, Messenger