title: Pharmacokinetics, dosimetry, and toxicity of the targetable atomic generator, 225Ac-HuM195, in nonhuman primates.
abstract: Short-lived alpha-emitting isotopes individually conjugated to monoclonal antibodies have now reached human use, but little is still known about their toxicity. Use of antibody targetable (225)Ac nanogenerators is a new approach in the field of alpha-immunotherapy offering the advantage of a 10-d half-life (t(1/2)) and increased potency due to generation of 3 new atoms, yielding a total of 4 alpha-particles. However, the 3 alpha-emitting daughter elements generated have the potential for significant toxicity as these nuclides are no longer bound to the carrier IgG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cynomolgus monkeys were used to evaluate the toxicity of prototype (225)Ac nanogenerators. Monoclonal antibody HuM195 (anti-CD33) is the carrier for planned human clinical trials of (225)Ac; there are no CD33 sites in cynomolgus monkeys. In one experiment, 2 monkeys received a single intravenous dose of (225)Ac-HuM195 at 28 kBq/kg. This dose level is approximately the planned initial human dose. In another experiment, 2 animals received a dose escalation schedule of 3 increasing (225)Ac-HuM195 doses with a cumulative activity of 377 kBq/kg. The whole-blood t(1/2) of (225)Ac, ratios of (225)Ac to its ultimate alpha-emitting daughter nuclide (213)Bi, generation of monkey anti-HuM195 antibodies (MAHA), hematologic indices, serum biochemistries, and clinical parameters were measured. Monkeys were euthanized and examined histopathologically when the dose escalation reached toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blood t(1/2) of (225)Ac-HuM195 was 12 d, and 45% of generated (213)Bi daughters were cleared from the blood. MAHA production was not detected. Approximately 28 kBq/kg of (225)Ac caused no toxicity at 6 mo, whereas a cumulative dose of approximately 377 kBq/kg caused severe toxicity. In the cumulative dosing schedule, single doses of approximately 37 kBq/kg resulted in no toxicity at 6 wk. After approximately 130 kBq/kg were administered, no toxicity was observed for 13 wk. However, 28 wk after this second dose administration, mild anemia and increases of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were detected. After administration of an additional 185 kBq/kg, toxicity became clinically apparent. Monkeys were euthanized 13 and 19 wk after the third dose administration (cumulative dose was 377 kBq/kg). Histopathologic evaluation revealed mainly renal tubular damage associated with interstitial fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (225)Ac nanogenerators may result in renal toxicity and anemia at high doses. The longer blood t(1/2) and the lack of target cell antigens in cynomolgus monkeys may increase toxicity compared with human application. Therefore, a dose level of at least 28 kBq/kg may be a safe starting dose in humans. Hematologic and renal function will require close surveillance during clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miederer
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgouros
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Nai-Kong V
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scheinberg
mesh_terms: D000186:Actinium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D003401:Creatine; D000186:Actinium; C477390:lintuzumab