title: Relationship between periodontal pocket sulfide levels and subgingival species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many species implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). This investigation examined the relationship between levels of sulfide and subgingival bacterial species in the same periodontal pockets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty chronic periodontitis subjects were measured clinically at six sites per tooth for plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, suppuration, pocket depth and attachment level. Subgingival plaque samples, taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth, were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Sulfide levels were measured at the same sites using a Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 system. Clinical and microbiological data were averaged for sulfide-positive and -negative sites separately in each subject and then averaged across subjects. Significance differences in clinical and microbial parameters between sulfide-positive and -negative sites were sought using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total DNA probe counts (x10(5), +/-SEM) at sulfide-negative and -positive sites were 44.0 +/- 9.9 and 65.0 +/- 13.3, respectively (p < 0.01). Seventeen species were found at significantly higher levels in sulfide-positive than -negative sites. These included abundant producers of VSC such as members of the genera Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Treponema and Eubacterium, and Bacteriodes forsythus, Selenomonas noxia and Propionibacterium acnes. Prevotella intermedia, Bacteriodes forsythus, Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii and Treponema denticola exhibited the greatest difference in mean counts between sulfide-negative and -positive sites. Orange and red complex species were at higher counts at shallow (< 4 mm) sulfide-positive than shallow sulfide-negative sites. Although not statistically significant, mean clinical parameters were somewhat higher at sulfide-positive than sulfide-negative sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-pocket sulfide levels reflect the levels of sulfide-producing species and may provide useful diagnostic information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. gtorresyap@forsyth.org
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torresyap
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D045182:Fusobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006089:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D018720:Prevotella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013357:Subgingival Curettage; D013440:Sulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014208:Treponema / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D013440:Sulfides