title: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients: quality of life in recipients with and without ICD shock delivery: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The experiences of patients who received shocks from their implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and how these events affect their overall adjustment are poorly understood. Our goal was to evaluate quality of life and psychological well-being, and the prevalence of, and changes in, depression and anxiety of patients who did or did not experience defibrillatory shocks in the first 12 months after ICD implantation. In total 167 patients were monitored after discharge. Four self-administered questionnaires were used. The first assessment took place before ICD implantation, the remaining three at 1, 6 and 12 months after discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We classified patients into three shock groups and one no shock group. A small group of ICD recipients (26%) received ICD shock delivery, usually during the last 6 months of the study. Borderline significant differences were found within the groups over time regarding physical role limitations (P < 0.051). Those who experienced shocks throughout the year (group 1) felt more limited in their daily activities due to physical or mental problems. All groups health (P < 0.001). Overall quality of life did not change significantly after 6 months. Anxiety and depression did not change significantly over time. In total 22-66% of patients reported clinically significant depressive symptoms throughout the first year, and 31-83% clinically significant symptoms of anxiety. ICD recipients who had experienced a shock were significantly more anxious one-year postdischarge than those who had not received a shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall quality of life and psychological well-being did not change in ICD recipients, irrespective of whether they experienced defibrillatory shocks. The high prevalence of depression and anxiety can be interpreted as a response to the perceived physical and mental problems regarding daily activities. Our data indicate that patients who have experienced an ICD shock do not adapt well to living with an ICD, they are more anxious than ICD recipients who received no shocks. However, the anticipation of having another shock after experiencing one is less stressful than that of the first shock. We conclude that the lasting psychological distress will not dissipate spontaneously or naturally and that psychosocial interventions may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Psychology of Health and Illness, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.c.m.kamphuis@med.uu.nl
authors.forename: H C M
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kamphuis
authors.forename: J R J
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: R N W
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: J A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Winnubst
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors