title: Repopulation of moderately well-differentiated and keratinizing GL human squamous cell carcinomas growing in nude mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that, reminiscent of the regulated proliferative response of normal squamous epithelium, squamous cell carcinomas that have preserved characteristics of differentiation have a greater repopulation capacity during fractionated irradiation than undifferentiated tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate repopulation in moderately well-differentiated and keratinizing GL human squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  GL human squamous cell carcinomas were transplanted s.c. into the right hind leg of NMRI nu/nu mice. Irradiation was performed with 5.4 Gy fractions under clamp hypoxia or with 2 Gy fractions under ambient conditions. Six, 12, or 18 fractions were given daily, every second day, or every third day. Graded top-up doses were applied under clamp hypoxia to determine the tumor control dose 50% (TCD(50)). A total of 20 TCD(50) assays were performed and analyzed using maximum-likelihood techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With an increasing number of daily 5.4 Gy fractions under clamp hypoxia, the top-up TCD(50) values decreased significantly from 50.9 Gy (95% CI: 47, 54) after single doses to 0 Gy after 18 fractions. For the same number of fractions, the top-up TCD(50) increased with increasing overall treatment time. The results are consistent with a constant repopulation rate with a clonogenic doubling time (T(clon)) of 12.7 days (8.6, 16.8). Under ambient blood flow, the top-up TCD(50)s for daily 2 Gy fractions decreased significantly, but were less pronounced than for 5.4 Gy fractions under clamp hypoxia. For a given number of fractions under ambient conditions, the top-up TCD(50)s did not increase significantly with overall treatment time, except for irradiation with 12 fractions in 36 days compared to 12 and 24 days. The T(clon) value from these data was 24.0 days (11.6, 36.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate a slow but significant rate of repopulation of clonogenic tumor cells during fractionated irradiation of GL human squamous cell carcinomas under clamp hypoxia without indication of a change of the repopulation rate during treatment. Less pronounced repopulation was observed for irradiation under ambient conditions, which might be explained by preferential survival of hypoxic and therefore nonproliferating cells. Taken together with our previous studies on poorly differentiated FaDu tumors (Petersen et al., IJROBP 2001;51:483-493), the results support important heterogeneity of kinetics and mechanisms of repopulation, in particular of the influence of the oxygenation status of surviving clonogenic cells on the repopulation rate during fractionated irradiation, in different experimental squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Clinic, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hessel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hörcsöki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zips
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Thames
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002455:Cell Division; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous