title: Beta-blocker underuse in secondary prevention of myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical benefits of beta-blockers as secondary prevention following a myocardial infarction (MI) and to address the reasons that clinicians are reluctant to use beta-blockers in specific patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for articles published from January 1966 to October 2002. Relevant studies were identified by systematic searches of the literature for all reported studies of associations between beta-blocker underuse and secondary prevention of MI. Additional studies were identified by a hand search of references of original or review articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language human studies were selected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Associations were observed in studies of beta-blocker use as secondary prevention of MI. A lower rate of beta-blocker treatment occurred in older patients and in patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and peripheral arterial disease. In addition, underuse was attributed to the perception of high rates of adverse events associated with beta-blockers. beta-Blocker use as secondary prevention of an MI can lead to a 19-48% decrease in mortality and up to a 28% decrease in reinfarction rates. Nonetheless, beta-blockers are significantly underused in many patient populations due to concomitant disease states. Due to their normal physiologic deterioration, the elderly are at an increased risk of low cardiac output and bradycardia when given a beta-blocker; therefore, they should be started on a low dose that is then slowly titrated. In diabetic patients, beta-blockers can impair glucose control leading to hypoglycemia; therefore, post-MI diabetic patients must routinely monitor their blood glucose levels. In patients with decompensated heart failure, beta-blocker use can lead to further cardiac depression, but lower oral starting doses with slow titration can reduce this risk. beta-Blockers can induce bronchospasm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, but cardioselective beta-blockers and appropriate use of medications such as albuterol can minimize these effects. Finally, in patients with peripheral arterial disease, with the exception of hypertensive patients with Reynaud's phenomenon, beta-blockers can be used safely. The only absolute contraindications to beta-blockers are severe bradycardia, preexisting sick sinus syndrome, second- and third-degree atrioventricular block, severe left ventricular dysfunction, active peripheral vascular disease with rest ischemia, or reactive airway disease so severe that airway support is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the cardiovascular benefits of beta-blockers as secondary prevention of MI significantly outweigh the risks associated with their use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Everly
authors.forename: Pamela C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cluxton
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists