title: Phenotypic heterogeneity in pediatric autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease at first presentation: a single-center, 20-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presentation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in childhood provides an insight into comorbidities and potential areas for interventions and investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phenotypic heterogeneity at the time of first presentation was studied with respect to age of diagnosis, mode of presentation, parental inheritance pattern, renal function, associated hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Fifty-five children (median age of presentation, 8.7 years; 27% < 1 year) with ADPKD from 44 families followed up between March 1983 and March 2003 were reviewed. The diagnosis was based on family history and ultrasound confirmation of cysts. Progression of renal disease was followed over the study period (mean duration of follow-up, 4.9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A family history of ADPKD was known at presentation in 89%, which precipitated the screening diagnostic imaging in 59% of these children. Maternal inheritance was displayed in 51%, whereas 5% had no known family history of ADPKD. Bilateral renal findings were present in 78%. Hypertension (>95(th) percentile for age) was present in 22%, and hyperlipidemia was present in 54%. Renal function was not significantly diminished in 98% of patients with creatinine clearance > or =3rd percentile for age, and 7% had persistent proteinuria (>150 mg/d). No subjects had hepatic, splenic, or pancreatic cysts on ultrasound scan. A subpopulation of 10 patients had features of ADPKD dating back to prenatal ultrasound scans. All prenatal cases were characterized by bilateral renal findings, 90% had a known family history of ADPKD at the time of presentation, and 89% of these patients displayed maternal inheritance. Follow-up studies showed a persistence of hyperlipidemia despite pharmacotherapeutic treatment of hypertension, infrequent proteinuria, and sustained renal function in most patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that many children at the time of first presentation have a significant prevalence of modifiable risk factors: hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperlipidemia, in the face of normal renal function. The results also show a unique presentation existing in prenatal subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. james.tee@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Acott
authors.forename: D Heather
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: John F S
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Crocker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal