title: SEM/EDS evaluation of porcelain adherence to gold-coated cast titanium.
abstract: The adhesion between titanium and dental porcelain is related to the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction layer formed on cast-titanium surfaces during porcelain firing. The diffusion of oxygen could be suppressed by coating the titanium surface with a thin gold layer. This study characterized the effects of gold coating on titanium-ceramic adhesion. ASTM grade II CP titanium was cast into a MgO-based investment (Selevest CB, Selec). The specimen surfaces were air abraded with 110-microm Al(2)O(3) particles. Gold coating was applied on titanium surfaces by three methods: gold-paste (Deck Gold NF, Degussa-Ney) coating and firing at 800 degrees C for three times, single gold-paste coating and firing followed by sputter coating (40 mA, 500 s), and sputter coating (40 mA, 1000 s). Surfaces only air abraded with Al(2)O(3) particles were used as controls. An ultra-low-fusing dental porcelain (Vita Titankeramik, Vident) was fused on titanium surfaces. Specimen surfaces were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. The titanium-ceramic adhesion was evaluated by a biaxial flexure test (N = 8), and area fraction of adherent porcelain (AFAP) was determined by EDS. Numerical results were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls test at alpha = 0.05. SEM fractography showed a substantial amount of porcelains remaining on the gold-sputter-coated titanium surfaces. A new Au(2)Ti phase was found on gold-coated titanium surface after the firing. Significantly higher (p <.05) AFAP values were determined for the gold-sputter-coated specimens compared to the others. No significant differences were found among the other groups and the control. Results suggested that gold coatings used in this study are not effective barriers to completely protect titanium from oxidation during the porcelain firing, and porcelain adherence to cast titanium can be improved by gold-sputter coating used in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guiatas
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okabe
mesh_terms: D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D006046:Gold; D014025:Titanium