title: The influence of training on chemosensory event-related potentials and interactions between the olfactory and trigeminal systems.
abstract: It is not possible to accurately predict the perceptual response to odorants and odorant mixtures without understanding patterns of suppression and facilitation that result from interactions between the olfactory and trigeminal systems. The current study extends previous findings by exploring the effect of intensive training on the interaction between these systems and also by using a different mixed chemosensory stimulus to examine whether the principles established in earlier studies generalize to different odorants. Stimuli were chosen so as to selectively activate the olfactory (H2S) and trigeminal (CO2) nerves. In addition, linalool was included as a stimulus that activated both systems. Thirty-five participants (19 men, 16 women) rated the intensity of each stimulus when presented both alone and in binary mixtures (linalool + H2S, and linalool + CO2). Chemosensory event-related potentials were obtained from three recording positions. Analysis of intensity ratings showed that linalool was significantly less intense than the other stimuli when presented alone. In binary mixtures, H2S was strongly suppressed by linalool. One week of intensive odor training produced significant and specific reductions in the intensity of linalool and H2S, both alone and in their mixture. Training with a different odor (champignol) had no effect. Chemosensory event-related potential data confirmed previous findings showing changes in topographical distribution that reflected the degree of trigeminal activity. Binary mixtures generally produced larger amplitudes than single stimuli. Latencies clearly differentiated between the three single stimuli and the binary mixtures. Changes were observed in event-related potentials that reflected those obtained for intensity ratings in that they were observed for linalool and H2S in the linalool trained group only. The amplitude of the late 'endogenous' component (P3) was significantly decreased for these odors at frontal recording sites. In summary, strong and specific training effects were observed in intensity ratings for participants trained with the test odor (linalool), but not for those trained with a different odor. This was supported by a significant decrease of amplitudes of the event-related potentials at frontal recording sites following training with the test odor only
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences and Liberal Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2790, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Livermore
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009812:Odorants; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D010465:Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000187:drug effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C018584:linalool