title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in a low-field intraoperative scanner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used for preoperative planning and intraoperative surgical navigation. However, most experience to date has been with preoperative images acquired on high-field echoplanar MRI units. We explored the feasibility of acquiring fMRI of the motor cortex with a dedicated low-field intraoperative MRI (iMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy volunteers were scanned with the 0.12-tesla PoleStar N-10 iMRI (Odin Medical Technologies, Israel). A finger-tapping motor paradigm was performed with sequential scans, acquired alternately at rest and during activity. In addition, scans were obtained during breath holding alternating with normal breathing. The same paradigms were repeated using a 3-tesla MRI (Siemens Corp., Allandale, N.J., USA). Statistical analysis was performed offline using cross-correlation and cluster techniques. Data were resampled using the 'jackknife' process. The location, number of activated voxels and degrees of statistical significance between the two scanners were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With both the 0.12- and 3-tesla imagers, motor cortex activation was seen in all subjects to a significance of p < 0.02 or greater. No clustered pixels were seen outside the sensorimotor cortex. The resampled correlation coefficients were normally distributed, with a mean of 0.56 for both the 0.12- and 3-tesla scanners (standard deviations 0.11 and 0.08, respectively). The breath holding paradigm confirmed that the expected diffuse activation was seen on 0.12- and 3-tesla scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate fMRI with a low-field iMRI is feasible. Such data could be acquired immediately before or even during surgery. This would increase the utility of iMRI and allow for updated intraoperative functional imaging, free of the limitations of brain shift.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. Schulder@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulder
authors.forename: Hooman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biswal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*