title: Shoot development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is affected by the modular branching pattern of the stem and intra- and inter-shoot trophic competition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shoot architecture variability in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) was analysed using a generic modelling approach based on thermal time developed for annual herbaceous species. The analysis of shoot architecture was based on various levels of shoot organization, including pre-existing and newly formed parts of the stem, and on the modular structure of the stem, which consists of a repeated succession of three phytomers (P0-P1-P2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four experiments were carried out using the cultivar 'Grenache N': two on potted vines (one of which was carried out in a glasshouse) and two on mature vines in a vineyard. These experiments resulted in a broad diversity of environmental conditions, but none of the plants experienced soil water deficit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of the main axis was highly dependent on air temperature, being linearly related to thermal time for all stages of leaf development from budbreak to veraison. The stable progression of developmental stages along the main stem resulted in a thermal-time based programme of leaf development. Leaf expansion rate varied with trophic competition (shoot and cluster loads) and environmental conditions (solar radiation, VPD), accounting for differences in final leaf area. Branching pattern was highly variable. Classification of the branches according to ternary modular structure increased the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of branch development. The rate and duration of leaf production were higher for branches derived from P0 phytomers than for branches derived from P1 or P2 phytomers. Rates of leaf production, expressed as a -function of thermal time, were not stable and depended on trophic competition and environmental conditions such as solar radiation or VPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application to grapevine of a generic model developed in annual plants made it possible to identify constants in main stem development and to determine the hierarchical structure of branches with respect to the modular structure of the stem in response to intra- and inter-shoot trophic competition.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, UMR 759, INRA-ENSA.M, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 01, France. lebon@ensam.inra.fr
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lebon
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tardieu
authors.forename: Jeremie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lecoeur
mesh_terms: D015233:Models, Statistical; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000254:growth & development*; D013472:Sunlight; D013696:Temperature; D027843:Vitis / Q000254:growth & development*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water