title: [Hemiparetic cerebral palsy and startle epilepsy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed electroclinical features and evolution in nine patients with hemiparetic cerebral palsy associated with SE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with mean age 12.3 years and a follow up from 1 to 11 years were studied, analyzing etiology, neurological examination, psychometric evaluation, age at onset and semiology of epileptic seizures, EEGs and neuro-radiological findings, response to treatment and evolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etiologies were: porencephaly in 4 cases, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in 2, bacterial meningitis in 1, herpetic encephalitis in 1 and meningo-encephalitis in the last. All cases had mental retardation. Mean age at onset of epileptic seizures was 4 years. Mean age at onset of startle seizures was 6. The startle seizures were characterized by sudden tonic contractions of the paretic hemibody, provoked by auditory stimulus in 6, somatosensory in 2 and both types of stimulus in 1. Falls were observed in 6 patients. Seizures were daily and always when awake. Unprovoked focal seizures with or without secondary generalization were found in 8 cases, and in 6 they presented previously to the startle seizures. Interictal EEGs showed unilateral spikes in 3, bilateral spikes in 3 and generalized polyspike-wave paroxysms in the other three cases. Ictal EEGs were obtained in 8 of the 9 patients and showed diffuse paroxysms of rhythms 6-11 Hz. Cerebral CT scan and/or MRI revealed extensive unilateral encephalomalacia in 5 and porencephaly in 4. The different antiepileptic schedules were unsuccessful in all cases. Surgery was performed in two patients. They are free of seizures after 1 to 4 years of follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SE should be considered as a distinctive epileptic syndrome or a particular electro-clinical evolution in patients with a large unilateral brain lesion associated with provoked reflex seizures usually refractory to antiepileptic drugs. Epileptic surgery should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital de Niños Prof Dr JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina. rcaraballo@janssen.com.ar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caraballo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semprino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cersósimo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sologuestua
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fejerman
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology