title: [Clinical high- and ultrahigh-field MR and its interaction with biological systems].
abstract: The field strength of the static field in MRI has increased from 0.015 to 12 Tesla (T) during the last 25 years, which is about an 800 fold increase. In addition to low- and high field systems (1.5-4 T), ultra-high field systems with field strengths above 4 T are now available for human MRI. The extension of non-significant risk status for clinical fields up to 8 T by the FDA in July 2003 facilitates the further growth of this technology. The increase in field strength creates the need for a better understanding of the safety challenges to ensure safety for human imaging applications. This encompasses understanding the effects of the strong magnetic field at the atomic and molecular level and from biological tissue to organ systems. Moreover, in addition to the effects of a static magnetic field, the effects of radio-frequency- and gradient-fields have to be considered. This paper reviews the safety relevant issues for high- and ultrahigh field MR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA. kangarlu.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kangarlu
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Baudendistel
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heverhagen
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Knopp
mesh_terms: D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012306:Risk