title: Cyclosal-pronucleotides--development of first and second generation chemical trojan horses for antiviral chemotherapy.
abstract: Pronucleotides represent a promising alternative to improve the biological activity of nucleoside analogs against different viral diseases. Moreover, pronucleotides are valuable tools for studies concerning the nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism. The basic idea is to achieve nucleotide delivery into cells, bypassing limitations with intracellular formation of nucleotides from their nucleoside precursors. The cycloSal-concept is one of several pronucleotide systems reported so far but is the only approach in which a pronucleotide is cleaved successfully by a simple but selective chemical hydrolysis. Beside others, for the nucleoside analog d4T the application of the cycloSal-approach improved antiviral potency. In the first part, the basic concept, the chemistry, different structural modifications and their effects on the antiviral potency of the cycloSal-d4TMP triesters have been discussed in this review. In the second part, first results of a conceptional extension of the original cycloSal-approach will be summarized. Once the pronucleotides have passed the membrane, the aim is to trap the cycloSal-phosphate triesters inside the cells. Therefore, enzyme-cleavable groups have been attached via a linker to the cycloSal-moiety.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6; D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. chris.meier@chemie.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meerbach
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balzarini
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018119:Stavudine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C415254:Cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine monophosphate; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D009711:Nucleotides; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; D018119:Stavudine