title: Multiple transport modes of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
abstract: The cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1; ref. 2) is a bi-directional Ca2+ transporter that contributes to the electrical activity of the heart. When, and if, Ca2+ is exported or imported depends on the Na+/Ca2+ exchange ratio. Whereas a ratio of 3:1 (Na+:Ca2+) has been indicated by Ca2+ flux equilibrium studies, a ratio closer to 4:1 has been indicated by exchange current reversal potentials. Here we show, using an ion-selective electrode technique to quantify ion fluxes in giant patches, that ion flux ratios are approximately 3.2 for maximal transport in either direction. With Na+ and Ca2+ on both sides of the membrane, net current and Ca2+ flux can reverse at different membrane potentials, and inward current can be generated in the absence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, but not Na+. We propose that NCX1 can transport not only 1 Ca2+ or 3 Na+ ions, but also 1 Ca2+ with 1 Na+ ion at a low rate. Therefore, in addition to the major 3:1 transport mode, import of 1 Na+ with 1 Ca2+ defines a Na+-conducting mode that exports 1 Ca2+, and an electroneutral Ca2+ influx mode that exports 3 Na+. The two minor transport modes can potentially determine resting free Ca2+ and background inward current in heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
authors.forename: Tong Mook
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hilgemann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002412:Cations / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D017136:Ion Transport; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C110374:sodium-calcium exchanger 1; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium