title: Pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, atypical facial pain, and burning mouth syndrome. A qualitative systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a systematic review of the literature in order to assess the pain-relieving effect and safety of pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as atypical facial pain (AFP), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study selection was based on randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Inclusion criteria included studies on adult patients (> or = 18 years) with TMD, RA of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), AFP, or BMS and a pain duration of > 3 months. Data sources included Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Psych Litt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies with a total of 368 patients met the inclusion criteria. Four trials were on TMD patients, 2 on AFP, 1 on BMS, 1 on RA of the TMJ, and 3 on mixed groups of patients with TMD and AFP. Of the latter, amitriptyline was effective in 1 study and benzodiazepine in 2 studies; the effect in 1 of the benzodiazepine studies was improved when ibuprofen was also given. One study showed that intra-articular injection with glucocorticoid relieved the pain of RA of the TMJ. In 1 study, a combination of paracetamol, codeine, and doxylamine was effective in reducing TMD pain. No effective pharmacologic treatment was found for BMS. Only minor adverse effects were reported in the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The common use of analgesics in TMD, AFP, and BMS is not supported by scientific evidence. More large RCTs are needed to determine which pharmacologic interventions are effective in TMD, AFP, and BMS.
authors.affiliation: Orofacial Pain Unit, Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Malmö University, SE-214 21 Malmö, Sweden. thomas.list@od.mah.se
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leijon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents