title: Periarterial application of papaverine during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy improves early graft function after kidney transplantation in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) increases incentives to donation by subjects who might refuse an open operation. However, the incidence of delayed graft function is higher after LDN than after open operation. This may be caused by the reduction of renal perfusion as a result of the raised intraabdominal pressure and mechanically induced renal angiospasm during the operation. We conducted experiments to find out whether the application of papaverine around the renal artery during LDN could improve early graft function after transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal function was studied in 10 male pigs (weight approximately 25 kg). The left kidney was harvested laparoscopically (intraabdominal pressure 8 mmHg). Five animals were randomly selected to have perivascular application of 50 mg papaverine (treatment group) before preparation of the vessels. In controls no papaverine was used. After LDN and open right nephrectomy the left kidney was autotransplanted. The main outcome measures were volume of urine produced and creatinine clearance during the first 20 h after the transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were comparable in respect of body weight, hemodynamic values, amount of infusions, warm and cold ischemia time, and duration of anastomosis. Urine output and creatinine clearance were significantly higher in pigs treated with papaverine than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Papaverine substantially improved early graft function in pigs when applied around the renal artery during LDN. Whether this is applicable to procurement of human kidneys remains to be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. johannes.zacherl@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zacherl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feussner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Erhardt
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stangl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004231:Diuresis; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006085:Graft Survival; D007267:Injections; D007511:Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D010208:Papaverine