title: Functional properties of natural human PAX6 and PAX6(5a) mutants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pax6 is essential for development of the eye, brain, and pancreas. Two major products of PAX6 are specific DNA-binding proteins, PAX6 and PAX6(5a). PAX6(5a) contains a short insertion influencing its DNA-binding activity. Heterozygous mutations in PAX6 result in abnormal eye development implicating haploinsufficiency. Deletions of one PAX6 allele result in aniridia characterized by severe ocular phenotypes. Approximately 10% of PAX6 mutations encode missense mutations. These mutations usually cause less severe abnormalities than does aniridia. The moderate phenotypes raise the possibility that different ocular tissues are differently sensitive to specific mutations. To test this hypothesis, we probed functional properties of individual mutated Pax6 proteins in a variety of conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations in PAX6 and PAX6(5a) were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis and tested by transfections in four cell lines using reporters containing three different Pax6 binding sites. Pax6 binding to DNA was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional studies of PAX6 and PAX6(5a) and their eight natural missense (G18W, R26G, A33P, S43P, G64V, I87R, V126D and R128C) and two nonsense (R317X and S353X) disease-causing mutants revealed unexpected pleiotropic effects in gene regulation, not predicted by the PAX6-DNA crystal structure. Transactivation by PAX6 and PAX6(5a) was dependent on the location of mutation, type of DNA-binding site, and cellular environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides evidence that activation by PAX6 and PAX6(5a) is modulated by specific cellular environments. It is likely that moderate phenotypes associated with PAX6 missense mutations originate from abnormal protein function in a restricted number of ocular cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Bharesh K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kveta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cveklová
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cvekl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016466:CHO Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D006224:Cricetinae; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000502:physiology*; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D011485:Protein Binding; D011817:Rabbits; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; C000605730:PAX6 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors