title: Diabetic pregnancy associated with increased epidermal growth factor in cord serum at term.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidermal growth factor is a ubiquitous mitogen that also possesses insulin-like properties. Fetal mal-growth is associated with altered epidermal growth factor levels. Maternal diabetes is frequently complicated by macrosomia, but the effect of maternal diabetes on fetal epidermal growth factor levels is not known. We studied cord serum epidermal growth factor concentrations in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and in normal pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord serum epidermal growth factor concentrations were measured at birth by a sandwich-type time-resolved immunofluorometric assay in 63 pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in 25 pregnancies complicated by insulin-treated gestational diabetes, and in 56 normal pregnancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cord serum epidermal growth factor correlated positively with the duration of pregnancy in diabetic and normal pregnancies. In a subgroup of women at similar gestational ages (38-39 weeks), cord serum epidermal growth factor concentrations were higher in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (962 +/- 211 ng/L, P =.047; n = 9) and in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (1133 +/- 115 ng/L, P =.001; n = 9) than in controls (564 +/- 75 ng/L; n = 22). In multiple regression analysis, only umbilical artery hemoglobin in diabetic pregnancies and vaginal delivery in normal pregnancies were associated with cord serum epidermal growth factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidermal growth factor concentrations are higher than normal in fetuses of diabetic mothers at term. Pregnancy complications, such as hypertensive disorders, fetal hypoxia and fetal malgrowth, may not explain the rise in epidermal growth factor levels. We hypothesize that the rise in epidermal growth factor levels is a metabolic response of the fetoplacental unit to diabetes-related hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  III
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, 00290 Helsinki, Finland. mikko.loukovaara@hus.fi
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukovaara
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teramo
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: Ulf-Håkan
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Stenman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor