title: Spinal cord stimulation in complex regional pain syndrome: cervical and lumbar devices are comparably effective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used since 1967 for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. However, long-term effects of this treatment have not been reported. The present study investigated the long-term effects of cervical and lumbar SCS in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with a definitive implant were included in this study. A pain diary was obtained from all patients before treatment and 6 months and 1 and 2 years after implantation. All patients were asked to complete a seven-point Global Perceived Effect (GPE) scale and the Euroqol-5D (EQ-5D) at each post-implant assessment point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain intensity was reduced at 6 months, 1 and 2 years after implantation (P<0.05). However, the repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant, linear increase in the visual analogue scale score (P=0.03). According to the GPE, at least 42% of the cervical SCS patients and 47% of the lumbar SCS patients reported at least 'much improvement'. The health status of the patients, as measured on the EQ-5D, was improved after treatment (P<0.05). This improvement was noted both from the social and from the patients' perspective. Complications and adverse effects occurred in 64% of the patients and consisted mainly of technical defects. There were no differences between cervical and lumbar groups with regard to outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCS reduced the pain intensity and improves health status in the majority of the CRPS I patients in this study. There was no difference in pain relief and complications between cervical and lumbar SCS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forouzanfar
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kemler
authors.forename: W E J
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: A G H
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Kleef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord; D016896:Treatment Outcome