title: Multiple apoptotic caspase cascades are required in nonapoptotic roles for Drosophila spermatid individualization.
abstract: Spermatozoa are generated and mature within a germline syncytium. Differentiation of haploid syncytial spermatids into single motile sperm requires the encapsulation of each spermatid by an independent plasma membrane and the elimination of most sperm cytoplasm, a process known as individualization. Apoptosis is mediated by caspase family proteases. Many apoptotic cell deaths in Drosophila utilize the REAPER/HID/GRIM family proapoptotic proteins. These proteins promote cell death, at least in part, by disrupting interactions between the caspase inhibitor DIAP1 and the apical caspase DRONC, which is continually activated in many viable cells through interactions with ARK, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian death-activating adaptor APAF-1. This leads to unrestrained activity of DRONC and other DIAP1-inhibitable caspases activated by DRONC. Here we demonstrate that ARK- and HID-dependent activation of DRONC occurs at sites of spermatid individualization and that all three proteins are required for this process. dFADD, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian FADD, an adaptor that mediates recruitment of apical caspases to ligand-bound death receptors, and its target caspase DREDD are also required. A third apoptotic caspase, DRICE, is activated throughout the length of individualizing spermatids in a process that requires the product of the driceless locus, which also participates in individualization. Our results demonstrate that multiple caspases and caspase regulators, likely acting at distinct points in time and space, are required for spermatid individualization, a nonapoptotic process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jun R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Stephanie Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Vernooy
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Nieng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yigong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013087:Spermatids / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C111891:DIAP1 protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D011506:Proteins; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases; C084083:Fad7 protein, Arabidopsis; D020169:Caspases; C118731:dronc protein, Drosophila