title: Mediastinoscope-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) is a radical strategy for treatment of esophageal cancer, and the morbidity and mortality are high. Transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) is advantageous because it avoids thoracotomy and has a shorter surgical time, but risk of intraoperative morbidity stresses the surgeon and lymph node sampling is not possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mediastinoscope-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy (MATHE) was performed in 42 patients with esophageal cancer. Patients with superficial esophageal cancer and medical risk were included. Feasibility and efficacy of this procedure are discussed by examining short- and long-term morbidity, mortality, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the mediastinoscope, esophagectomy was performed safely under direct vision. There was only a small amount of bleeding, and surgical time was short. Little morbidity and no deaths were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MATHE is a safe and minimally invasive technique that allows direct visualization of mediastinal structures Lymph node sampling was feasible because of clear visualization of the mediastinum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan. tangoku@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tangoku
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003964:Diaphragm; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008481:Mediastinoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology