title: Cox-2 is needed but not sufficient for apoptosis induced by Cox-2 selective inhibitors in colon cancer cells.
abstract: The role of Cox-2 in NSAID-induced apoptosis is debated. We studied the role of Cox-2 inhibition in apoptosis induced by a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, SC236 (a structural analogue of celecoxib) in two colon cancer cell lines, HT29 (expressing Cox-2 protein) and HCT116 (not expressing Cox-2 protein). Apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. SC236 0-75 microM decreased cell numbers and induced apoptosis to identical levels in HT29 and HCT116 cells. However, SC236, concentrations >75 microM reduced Cox-2 protein expression in HT29 cells and induced greater levels of apoptosis in HT29 than in HCT116 cells. In contrast, sulindac sulfide (SSD) (which inhibits Cox-1 and Cox-2) 0-200 microM or sulindac sulfone (SSN) 0-500 microM (without significant activity against Cox-1 or Cox-2) caused identical decreases in cell number and increases in apoptosis in HT29 and HCT116 cells. Neither SSD nor SSN altered the expression of Cox-2 in HT29 cells. To determine that the higher levels of apoptosis in HT29 cells with SC236 >75 microM were related to decreased Cox-2 protein levels, we decreased Cox-2 protein expression in HT29 cells with curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and studied its effect on SC236-induced apoptosis. Curcumin augmented apoptosis induced by SC236 in HT29 cells but not in Cox-2 lacking HCT116 cells. In conclusion, selective Cox-2 inhibitors can induce apoptosis independent of Cox-2 expression. However they may selectively target cells that express Cox-2 by decreasing their Cox-2 protein expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, St. Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA. agarwalb@slu.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swaroop
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Protiva
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirin
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013467:Sulindac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003474:Curcumin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013467:Sulindac; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C025462:sulindac sulfide; C025463:sulindac sulfone