title: Anti-inflammatory activity, cytotoxicity and active compounds of Tinospora smilacina Benth.
abstract: Tinospora smilacina Benth. has been used in Australian indigenous medicine for the treatment of headache, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. As part of an investigation into the anti-inflammatory potential of plants using an ethnopharmacological approach, the present study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tinospora smilacina. An ethanol extract of this plant was evaluated in vitro for anti-inflammatory activities on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and phospholipase A(2) (PA(2)). The ethanol extract of Tinospora smilacina showed inhibitory activities on COX-1, COX-2, 5-LO and PA(2) with the IC(50) values of 63.5, 81.2, 92.1 and 30.5 micro g/mL respectively. Cytotoxic effect of the extracts of Tinospora smilacina was investigated in vitro using ATP-based luminescence assay and the results showed no cytotoxic effect on cell lines of skin fibroblasts (1BR3), human Caucasian hepatocyte carcinoma (Hep G2) and human Caucasian promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60). This paper also describes the results of fractionations and bioassay guided chemical studies, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory activity is due to triterpene-fatty acid esters and free fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii 96822, USA. rachelli@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Rachel W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brushett
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Waterman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000187:drug effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018517:Plant Roots; D018547:Plant Stems; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects; D012756:Sheep; D031610:Tinospora
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D010741:Phospholipases A