title: Intravesical therapy options for neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
abstract: METHODS
  Review article.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuro-Urology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review considers intravesical treatment options of neurogenic detrusor overactivity and discusses the underlying mechanism of action, clinical safety and efficacy, and the future trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available literature was reviewed using medline services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral anticholinergic drugs are widely used to treat detrusor overactivity, but they are ineffective in some patients or cause systemic side effects such as blurred vision or dry mouth. As an alternative, topical therapy strategies have been suggested to achieve a profound inhibition of the overactive detrusor and to avoid high systemic drug levels. Currently available intravesical treatment options either act on the afferent arc of the reflex such as local anaesthetics or vanilloids or on the efferent cholinergic transmission to the detrusor muscle such as intravesical oxybutynin or botulinum toxin. Although an established and effective therapy, intravesical oxybutynin is not widely used. Evidence for clinical significance of intravesical atropine and local anaesthetic is missing. Intravesical capsaicin has been shown to improve clinical and urodynamic parameters, but cause pain in some patients. The intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin and the injection of botulinum-A toxin into the detrusor muscle are promising new options; however, randomised placebo-controlled studies to prove their safety and efficacy are still missing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravesical treatment strategies in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity may provide alternatives to established therapies such as oral anticholinergics. The selectivity of the intravesical treatment and the reduction or even the absence of side effects are major advantages of this topical approach.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Urology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schurch
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D004224:Diterpenes; C024353:resiniferatoxin; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A