title: Summing coincidence errors using 152Eu lungs to calibrate a lung-counting system: are they significant?
abstract: The use of a lung phantom containing 152Eu/241 Am activity can provide a sufficient number of energy lines to generate an efficiency calibration for the in vivo measurements of radioactive materials in the lungs. However, due to the number of energy lines associated with 152Eu, coincidence summing occurs and can present a problem when using such a phantom for calibrating lung-counting systems. A Summing Peak Effect Study was conducted at three laboratories to determine the effect of using an efficiency calibration based on a 152Eu/241 Am lung phantom. The measurement data at all three laboratories showed the presence of sum peaks. While one of the laboratories found only small biases (< 5%) when using the 152Eu/241 Am calibration, the other facilities noted up to 30% positive bias in the 140 keV to 190 keV energy range that prevents the use of the 152Eu/241 Am lung phantom for routine calibrations. Although manufactured by different vendors, the three facilities use similar types of germanium detectors (38 cm2 by 25 mm thick or 38 cm2 by 30 mm thick) for counting. These results underscore the need to evaluate the coincidence summing effect, which appear system dependent, when using a nuclide such as 152Eu for the calibration of low-energy lung counting systems and highlight the problem of using a general calibration curve in place of specific nuclide calibration factors.
authors.affiliation: Human Monitoring Laboratory, Environmental Radiation Hazards Division, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario. gary_h_kramer@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hauck
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D005063:Europium / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D005063:Europium