title: Lipid, glucose and homocysteine metabolism in women treated with a GnRH agonist with or without raloxifene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although GnRH analogues are widely used to treat a variety of sex hormone-related diseases, little is known about their effect on metabolism. Therefore, we have evaluated the effect of a GnRH analogue, administered with or without raloxifene, on serum levels of lipoproteins, glucose, insulin and homocysteine (Hcy).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred premenopausal women with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas were initially enrolled and randomized to receive 3.75 mg/28 days leuprolide acetate depot associated with 60 mg/day raloxifene hydrochloride (group A) or 1 placebo tablet/day (group B) for six cycles of 28 days. At entry and at cycle 6, subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, including body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio measurements, and blood chemistry assays for serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, Hcy, vitamin B(12) and folate concentrations. Insulin resistance was evaluated with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline parameters were similar in the two groups. At cycle 6, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in group B. In group A, LDL-C levels were unchanged, and TC, HDL-C and TG levels were increased (P < 0.05). Serum TC and LDL-C levels differed (P < 0.05) between the groups. Glucose levels were unchanged between and within groups, whereas insulin levels and HOMA scores increased (P < 0.05) versus baseline in group B. Post-treatment Hcy levels were higher (P < 0.05) versus baseline in group B; they were unchanged in group A. Serum vitamin B(12) and folate concentrations were unchanged in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GnRH analogues alter serum lipoprotein and Hcy levels and increase insulin resistance. These acute metabolic changes may be prevented or reduced by raloxifene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy. stephanopalumbo@tin.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palomba
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orio
authors.forename: Annalidia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.forename: Francesco Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sbano
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colao
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mastrantonio
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D017697:Premenopause; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010919:Placebos; D014280:Triglycerides; D006710:Homocysteine; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D005492:Folic Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D016729:Leuprolide; D014805:Vitamin B 12