title: [Ketamine: the past 30 years and its future].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are two isomers of ketamine: S(+) ketamine and R(-) ketamine. Effects of this drug are mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), opioid and muscarinic receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to its high lipid solubility and low protein binding, ketamine is extensively distributed in the body. Ketamine metabolism is mediated by hepatic microsomal enzymes.
  Ketamine causes increased intracranial pressure, bronchodilation and stimulation of cardiovascular system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  It is used for premedication, sedation, induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Ketamine is an ideal anesthetic agent for trauma victims, patients with hypovolemic and septic shock, patients with pulmonary diseases.
  Even subanesthetic doses of ketamine have analgesic effects, so ketamine is also recommended for postoperative analgesia. Recent results show that ketamine is not always effective as an analgesic in treatment of chronic pain and that some side effects limit its use in patients with chronic pain.
  Combination of ketamine and midazolam can be very useful and safe for sedation and pain relief in intensive care patients, especially during ventilator management. Ketamine may be the anesthetic of choice for painful procedures in intensive care units.
authors.affiliation: Institut za onkologiju, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Institutski put 4. dsakic@eunet.yu
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radovanović
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pjević
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine