title: Use of statins and fracture: results of 4 prospective studies and cumulative meta-analysis of observational studies and controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and recent in vitro and animal data suggest that statins promote bone formation and increase bone strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether statin use is associated with a reduced risk for fracture, we analyzed statin use and fracture rates in 4 large prospective studies (the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, the Fracture Intervention Trial, the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study, and the Rotterdam Study). We searched MEDLINE through January 2002 and abstracts from major scientific meetings and performed a cumulative meta-analysis of published and unpublished observational studies and clinical trials. The meta-analysis included 8 observational studies and 2 clinical trials that reported statin use and documented fracture outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for multiple factors, including age, body mass index, and estrogen use, we found a trend toward fewer hip fractures (relative hazards [RHs], 0.19-0.62) and, to a lesser extent, nonspine fractures (RHs, 0.49-0.95) among statin users in each of the 4 prospective studies. The meta-analysis of observational studies was consistent with these findings. The summary odds ratio (OR) for statin use and hip fracture was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.75), whereas that for nonspine fracture was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.55-0.88). The meta-analysis of clinical trial results did not support a protective effect with statin use for hip fracture (summary OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.48-1.58) or nonspine fracture (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83-1.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observational studies suggest that the risk for hip and nonspine fractures is lower among older women taking statin medications for hyperlipidemia, but post hoc analyses of cardiovascular trials do not. Controlled trials specifically designed to test the effect of statins on skeletal metabolism and fracture are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94105, USA. dbauer@psg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Greg R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: Sophie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ensrud
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Klift
authors.forename: Huibert A P
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pols
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors