title: Angiogenesis model for ultrasound contrast research: exploratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize an angiogenesis model for imaging research that is stable and can be imaged several times over the angiogenic time course.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice and rats received two injections of 0.4 mL of extract of basement membrane matrix (Matrigel; Becton Dickinson Labware, Bedford, MA) in the subcutaneous spaces on either side of the spine. One of the two Matrigel plugs in each animal had either 0.1 microg/mL of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (11 mice), 1.0 microg/mL of bFGF (12 mice, 5 rats), or 1.0 microg/mL of bFGF and 60 U/mL of heparin (11 mice). Three to 12 days after implantation, animals were imaged before and after the administration of up to four injections of 0.1 mL AF0150. Phase inversion imaging was used on a Siemens Elegra (Siemens ultrasound, Issaquah, WA) equipped with a 13 MHz VFX transducer. Three observers subjectively assessed the pattern of enhancement using a four-point scale. The Matrigel plugs were then removed and two observers graded the angiogenic response on a four-point scale. Ten Matrigel plugs, five with 1.0 microg/mL bFGF and five without, were evaluated histologically following immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD31.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angiogenic response was greater in Matrigel plugs with 1.0 than with 0.1 microg/mL of bFGF. Heparin did not increase the angiogenic response. Vessels were predominantly at the periphery of the plugs with variable central penetration. Plugs appeared anechoic and homogeneous on ultrasound. Contrast enhancement within the plug occurred in 44% of mice with an angiogenic response at or after day 6 and the enhancement increased with the angiogenic response. In the others, peripheral enhancement could not be distinguished from the enhancement of surrounding tissues that were also hyperemic. The thicker rat skin interfered with plug assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stable angiogenesis model without the complexity of tumors is described. This model offers the opportunity to image the development and/or inhibition of angiogenesis. Neovasculature in Matrigel was detectable using ultrasound contrast. Quantitative studies correlating the degree of enhancement to microvascular density will be determined in subsequent studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lucidarme
authors.forename: Thai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corbeil
authors.forename: Sang-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mattrey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007797:Laminin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D012106:Research; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D012884:Skin Window Technique; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003287:Contrast Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C059485:matrigel; D006493:Heparin; D003094:Collagen