title: Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in a nonselected group of children with Down syndrome and to determine significant predisposing factors for this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university hospital in Madrid, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 108 consecutive children with Down syndrome (mean [SD] age, 7.9 [4.5] years; range, 1-18 years) independently of whether or not suggestive clinical features of sleep-disordered breathing were present.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to history, physical examination, and lateral radiographs of the nasopharynx, all participants underwent an overnight cardiorespiratory polygraphy at the hospital using a portable ambulatory device (Apnoescreen II plus). An apnea-hypopnea index of at least 3 was required for defining the presence of sleep-disordered breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing was 54.6%, with a significantly higher prevalence in boys (64.7%) than in girls (38.5%) (P < .05). The group with sleep-disordered breathing was significantly younger (6.4 [3.9] years) than those with normal polysomnographic recordings (9.6 [4.6] years) (P < .001). In the multivariate analysis, age (less than 8 years old) (odds ratio [OR], 3.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40, 8.06); male sex (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.32, 8.12); and tonsillar hyperplasia (OR, 5.24; 95% CI, 1.52, 19.03) were significantly associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Body mass index, adenoid hyperplasia, previous tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, congenital heart disease, malocclusion, and macroglossia did not affect the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome is very high, particularly in boys. Tonsillar hyperplasia may play a role in the pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing in these patients. Adenoid hyperplasia, obesity, and congenital heart disease were not important risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. med012585@saludalia.com
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Miguel-Díez
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Villa-Asensi
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Sala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen