title: The effect of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic evidence for a protective effect of exogenous female sex hormones on the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is contradictory. We examined whether exposure to either oral contraceptives (OC) or postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is associated with the development of RA in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We separately examined the relationship between use of OC and ERT on the risk of RA in a population based case-control study. Case patients, including all female residents of Rochester, Minnesota, > or = 18 years of age, who first fulfilled 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA between 1955 and 1994 (n = 445), were compared with age matched female controls from the community. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to determine whether OC or ERT exposure had an effect on RA development after controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an inverse association between ever-use of OC and the risk of RA, which persisted after adjusting for potential confounders in multivariate analyses (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34, 0.92). Earlier calendar-year of first exposure to OC was associated with lower OR for RA. We found no evidence of a significant association of ERT with RA risk (adjusted OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.69, 1.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to OC, but not ERT, significantly reduces the risk of development of RA. The risk of developing RA is lower when OC exposure occurred in earlier years, which suggests that the higher doses of estrogens and progestins contained in earlier OC preparations may have a stronger protective effect against developing RA. While this protective effect is strong, it only explains a small portion of the observed decrease in RA incidence over the past few decades because the proportion of Rochester women exposed to OC is quite small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michele F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Crowson
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: O'Fallon
authors.forename: Sherine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens