title: Parental smoking and related behaviours influence adolescent tobacco smoking: results from the 2001 New Zealand national survey of 4th form students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether parental smoking and other parental behaviours are risk factors for smoking in 14- and 15-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  National cross-sectional survey of 14 930 female and 14 341 male 4th form students who answered an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire in November 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of both parents smoking on the risk of daily smoking by students varied significantly (p <0.0001) between ethnic groups, being strongest for Asian students (adjusted relative risk (RR) = 6.64 compared with students of non-smoking parents), intermediate for European (RR = 3.11) and Pacific (RR = 3.05) students, and weakest for Maori (RR = 1.74). Adolescent smoking was also positively associated with pocket money amount and living in a home where people smoked. Two thirds of daily smoking could be explained by the combined exposure to one or more of the following factors: parental smoking, pocket money >5 dollars per week, and smoking in the house.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental behaviour is a key determinant of smoking by New Zealand adolescents. Efforts that target the role of parents should be pursued, such as health promotion strategies that advise parents about the possible benefits of banning smoking in the home, limiting pocket money, and not providing cigarettes to their children.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. r.scragg@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scragg
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laugesen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001519:Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires