title: Concerns regarding lamotrigine and breast-feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many women with epilepsy who are planning a pregnancy are treated with lamotrigine (LTG), resulting in greater fetal exposure to the drug. Current care guidelines suggest that mothers with epilepsy breast-feed their children. These recommendations are made without regard to how nursing newborns metabolize medication. Lamotrigine is extensively metabolized by glucuronidation, which is immature in neonates and may lead to accumulation of medication. This article reports LTG levels in full-term nursing newborns born to mothers with epilepsy on lamotrigine monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum LTG levels were obtained in nursing mothers and their neonates on Day 10 of life. Maternal LTG clearance during pregnancy and postpartum was determined and correlated with levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four mothers with partial epilepsy on LTG monotherapy were evaluated. Serum LTG levels in nursing newborns ranged from <1.0 to 2.0 microg/mL on Day 10 of life. Three babies had LTG levels >1.0 microg/mL. After excluding one child with an undetectable level, the LTG levels in newborns were on average 30% (range 20-43%) of the maternal drug level. No decline was noted in two children with repeat levels at 2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum concentrations of LTG in breast-fed children were higher than expected, in some cases reaching "therapeutic" ranges. These high levels may be explained by poor neonatal drug elimination due to inefficient glucuronidation. Our observation that not all newborns had a high LTG level suggests considerable genetic variability in metabolism. Our limited data suggest monitoring blood levels in nursing children and the need for individual counseling for women with epilepsy regarding breast-feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Joyce.Liporace@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liporace
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Anelyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Abreu
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D000077213:Lamotrigine