title: Early onset pneumonia: risk factors and consequences in head trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early onset pneumonia occurs frequently in head trauma patients, but the potential consequences and the risk factors of this event have been poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective observational study was undertaken in the surgical intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital in Clichy, France. Head trauma patients requiring tracheal intubation for neurologic reasons and ventilation for at least 2 days were studied to assess the risk factors and the consequences of early onset pneumonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 2-yr period, 109 head trauma patients were studied. The authors found an incidence of early onset pneumonia of 41.3%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria involved in early onset pneumonia. Patients with early onset pneumonia had a lower worst arterial oxygen tension:fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, more fever, more arterial hypotension, and more intracranial hypertension, factors known to worsen the neurologic prognosis of head trauma patients. Nasal carriage of S. aureus on admission (odds ratio, 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-14.0), aspiration before intubation (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-16.4) and barbiturate use (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-12.8) were found to be independent risk factors of early onset pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that early onset pneumonia leads to secondary injuries in head-injured patients. Nasal carriage of S. aureus, aspiration before intubation, and use of barbiturates are specific independent risk factors for early onset pneumonia and must be assessed to find and evaluate strategies to prevent early onset pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, University Xavier Bichat Paris 7, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92118 Clichy Cedex, France. regis.bronchard@bjn.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bronchard
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albaladejo
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brezac
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geffroy
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Seince
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Branger
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marty
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011023:Pneumonia, Staphylococcal / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification