title: Comparison of two, three and four 45 degrees image fields obtained with the Topcon CRW6 nonmydriatic camera for screening for diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of the nonmydriatic camera is gaining increasing acceptance for the detection of diabetic retinopathy when integrated into a community-tailored program. We performed a study to evaluate the optimal number and positioning of photographic fields necessary to screen for diabetic retinopathy with the Topcon CRW6 nonmydriatic camera.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective masked cross-sectional comparative study, we compared the assessment of diabetic retinopathy using two, three or four 45 degrees fundus images (centred respectively on the disc and the macula; on the disc, on the macula and temporal to the macula; and on the disc, on the macula, temporal to the macula and superotemporal to the macula, including the superior temporal vein) acquired with the Topcon CRW6 nonmydriatic camera, with the grading of the seven standard stereoscopic 30 degrees field photographs (7SF). The study population consisted of 98 consecutive adult patients known to have type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus who presented for the first time to the diabetic retinopathy clinic of a tertiary care centre in Montreal. All patients underwent four nonmydriatic fundus photography sessions of both eyes, 7SF photography with pupil dilation and a complete ophthalmologic examination with pupil dilation by a retina specialist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the 7SF, the sensitivity and specificity of screening for any retinopathy (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] grade greater than 10) using the two central fields were 95.7% and 78.1% respectively. The corresponding values with three image fields were 97.6% and 71.9%, and with four image fields, 97.6% and 65.6%. The sensitivity and specificity of screening for mild or worse disease (ETDRS grade 35 or greater) using the two central fields were 87.5% and 92.3%. The corresponding values with three image fields were 88.9% and 94.6%, and with four image fields, 88.9% and 91.9%. Poor image quality occurring with the addition of extra fields resulted in an increase of 6.2% in the rate of referral to an ophthalmologist. The use of two image fields missed no cases of retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of image fields in addition to the two 45 degrees images centred on the disc and the macula on imaging with the Topcon CRW6 nonmydriatic camera did not significantly increase the sensitivity or specificity of screening for diabetic retinopathy. Contrary to the desired effect, the addition of fields resulted in diminished utility and cost-effectiveness of this screening approach.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Que.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.forename: Marie Carole
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Angioi
authors.forename: Jacques A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gresset
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olivier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index