title: The inhibition of mercury absorption by dietary ethanol in humans: cross-sectional and case-control studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the inhibition of mercury absorption by ethanol was serendipitously discovered in 1965,(1) a limited number of small number studies with both animal and human subjects have reported results consistent with this finding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate this phenomenon in a large scale human study with low level Hg exposed dentists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected for a sample of 1171 dentists, and both cross sectional and case-control methods were utilised to examine the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abstainers (n = 345) had significantly higher urinary mercury concentrations (HgU) than drinkers (n = 826): 5.4 microg/l v 4.8 microg/l. Multiple linear regression showed a significant effect of ethanol dose on HgU after adjusting for potential confounders. A case-control analysis in which cases were defined as those individuals with urinary Hg concentrations of > or =15 microg/l (approximately top 5%), and controls as those with concentrations of <1.0 microg/l ( approximately bottom 5%), showed a clear protective dose-response relation; there was a decreasing risk of being a "case" (having an HgU > or =15 microg/l) with increasing ethanol consumption. The significance of the adjusted model is p<0.001, and the chi2 test for trend across ethanol consumption categories in the adjusted model is p<0.05, confirming the dose-response relation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that this straightforward investigation provides the first specific confirmation in a large scale human study of the inhibitory effect of ethanol on urinary mercury concentration, and by inference, on mercury absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. mickeym@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naleway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D003815:Dentists; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013695:Temperance
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury