title: Combination of clozapine and amisulpride in treatment-resistant schizophrenia--case reports and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical outcome of patients suffering from schizophrenic psychoses has been considerably improved by atypical antipsychotics like clozapine and amisulpride. In patients whose symptomatology cannot be ameliorated by monotherapy, it might be necessary to combine two atypical antipsychotics. While clozapine interacts with a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, amisulpride predominantly binds with high affinity to D3/D2-dopamine receptors. Combination can be considered if a supplementary dopamine-receptor blockade is desired.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on the therapy of 15 patients using a combination regimen of amisulpride and clozapine. Data were collected from patient records. The case reports document previous treatment attempts, describe the reason for the combination therapy, and determine its effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major (six cases) or at least marked (eight cases) improvement of previously treatment-resistant positive and negative symptoms could be achieved by using a mean clozapine dose of 375 mg/day (serum level 0.38 mg/l) and an amisulpride dose of 527 mg/day. Additionally, by reducing the clozapine dose compared to monotherapy by 24 %, a significant reduction of side effects was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of amisulpride with clozapine considerably enriches the therapeutic arsenal in cases of severe schizophrenic psychoses. Additional prospective studies are needed in order to systematically evaluate this new treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. zink@kv.zi-mannheim.de
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Knopf
authors.forename: Fritz A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Henn
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thome
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000077582:Amisulpride; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013469:Sulpiride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D013469:Sulpiride; D000077582:Amisulpride; D003024:Clozapine