title: Central administration of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript increases phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein in corticotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons but not in prothyrotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
abstract: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has an important action on hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and adrenal axis, respectively. To elucidate the mechanisms by which CART mediates its effect on TRH and CRH neurons, we determined whether the exogenous administration of CART into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylates the transcription factor, cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB), in the nucleus of TRH and CRH neurons. CART dramatically increased the percentage of phosphoCREB (PCREB) immunolabeled cell nuclei in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in fasted as well as fed rats at 10-min postinjection, particularly in the medial parvocellular subdivision of the PVN. Double immunolabelling with CRH antiserum revealed that CART increased the number of CRH neurons containing PCREB from 10.5+/-1.2 % to 87+/-1.2% (P<0.001) in fasting animals and from 3.7+/-0.8% to 74+/-5.3% (P<0.001) in fed animals. In contrast, no significant change was observed in the percentage of proTRH neurons colocalizing with PCREB either in the fasted (11.7+/-1.85%) or fed animals (4.2+/-2.2%) as compared to their respective vehicle controls (2.5+/-1.4% and 4.6+/-1%). Ultrastructural analysis revealed that CART establishes axosomatic and axodendritic contacts with CRH neurons in the PVN. These data demonstrate a selective effect of CART to phosphorylate CREB in CRH, but not TRH neurons in the PVN. Since CART is capable of increasing the gene expression of both CRH and TRH in hypophysiotropic neurons, and CART-containing axon terminals establish synaptic relationships with hypophysiotropic CRH and TRH neurons, we propose that CART may signal to the nucleus by more than one pathway.
authors.affiliation: Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fekete
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lechan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000098882:Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Protein
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D000098882:Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Protein; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C046418:pro-thyrotropin releasing hormone; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid