title: Direct cost of medical management of epilepsy among adults in Italy: a prospective cost-of-illness study (EPICOS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the costs of epilepsy from a nationwide survey comparing adult patients included in different prognostic categories.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-month prospective observational study was conducted in 15 epilepsy centers from Northern, Central, and Southern Italy. The study population included a random sample of individuals aged 18 years and older with newly diagnosed (ND) epilepsy, seizure remission (R), occasional seizures (OS), active non-drug-resistant (NDR) seizures, drug-resistant (DR) seizures, or surgical candidates (SC). Estimates of the direct costs of care of epilepsy were based on the use of diagnostic examinations, laboratory tests, specialist consultations, hospital admissions, day-hospital days, and drugs, taking the Italian National Health Service perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 631 patients (ND 62, R 158, OS 155, NDR 114, DR 128, and SC 14). The SC group had the highest total cost per patient (3,619 euros) followed by DR (2,190 euros), ND (976 euros), NDR (894 euros), OS (830 euros), and R (561 euros). For each epilepsy group, the main components of the total cost were drugs and hospital admissions. Drug costs increased from the R group to the DR group. The new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were the largest part of the cost of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of epilepsy in referral patients vary significantly according to the time course of the disease and the response to treatment. Hospital admissions and drugs are the major sources of expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. beghi@marionegri.it
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cornago
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016527:Drug Costs; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants