title: Altered T wave dynamics in a contracting cardiac model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The implications of mechanical deformation on calculated body surface potentials are investigated using a coupled biophysically based model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cellular model of cardiac excitation-contraction is embedded in an anatomically accurate two-dimensional transverse cross-section of the cardiac ventricles and human torso. Waves of activation and contraction are induced by the application of physiologically realistic boundary conditions and solving the bidomain and finite deformation equations. Body surface potentials are calculated from these activation profiles by solving Laplace's equation in the passive surrounding tissues. The effect of cardiac deformation on electrical activity, induced by contraction, is demonstrated in both single-cell and tissue models. Action potential duration is reduced by 7 msec when the single cell model is subjected to a 10% contraction ramp applied over 400 msec. In the coupled electromechanical tissue model, the T wave of the ECG is shown to occur 18 msec earlier compared to an uncoupled excitation model. To assess the relative effects of myocardial deformation on the ECG, the activation sequence and tissue deformation are separated. The coupled and uncoupled activation sequences are mapped onto the undeforming and deforming meshes, respectively. ECGs are calculated for both mappings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding mechanical contraction to a mathematical model of the heart has been shown to shift the T wave on the ECG to the left. Although deformation of the myocardium resulting from contraction reduces the T wave amplitude, cell stretch producing altered cell membrane kinetics is the major component of this temporal shift.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. np.smith@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Nicolas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Buist
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pullan
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D019209:Troponin C / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019209:Troponin C; D002118:Calcium