title: Unexplained fetal death is associated with changes in the adaptive limb of the maternal immune response consistent with prior antigenic exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The causes of fetal death are largely unknown. CD4 T cells have been classified according to the expression of the CD45 isoforms into 'naive-like' T cells (CD45RA) and 'memory-like' T cells (CD45RO). An increase in the percentage of the CD45RO has been interpreted as indicating prior antigenic exposure of the host and, in newborns, evidence of infection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether unexplained fetal death was associated with a change in the proportion of 'naive-like' and 'memory-like T cells' in the maternal blood, as determined by the CD45 isoforms on the surface of CD4+ lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted to compare the CD45 sub-population of lymphocytes in patients with intrauterine fetal death (n = 26) and normal pregnancy (n = 89). The percentages of CD45RA+, CD45RO+ and CD45RA+/CD45RO+ on CD4+ T lymphocytes were determined in maternal blood using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Results were reported as a percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with intrauterine fetal death had a higher percentage of CD45RO+ CD4+ T lymphocytes than normal pregnant women (fetal death: median 57.7%, range 35.4-78.6 vs. normal pregnancy: median 49.9%, range 19.1-86.8; p = 0.004). Fetal death was associated with a lower median percentage of CD45RA+ CD4+ lymphocytes than in normal pregnant women (fetal death: median 32.3%, range 15.3-58.0 vs. normal pregnancy: median 40.2%, range 11.2-67.3; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the percentage of cells with dual expression (CD45RA+/CD45RO+) between the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior exposure to microbial products (bacterial or viral) or other unidentified antigens may result in a shift of the sub-population of 'naive-like' T cells to 'memory-like' T cells in mothers with unexplained fetal death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Refuerzo
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gervasi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens