title: Augmented 18F-FDG uptake in activated monocytes occurs during the priming process and involves tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C.
abstract: Activated monocytes with a high (18)F-FDG accumulation can affect the results of clinical PET studies. To better understand the mechanisms regulating monocytic (18)F-FDG uptake, we investigated the effect of priming and respiratory-burst generation and further evaluated the role of potential protein kinase pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified human monocytes were primed with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and respiratory burst was generated by stimulation of primed cells with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Oxygen-intermediate generation was assessed by luminescence measurements after the addition of lucigenin. (18)F-FDG uptake after 30 min of incubation was measured for unprimed control cells, primed cells, and PMA-stimulated cells. The role of protein kinases was investigated using respective inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PMA stimulation of primed monocytes dramatically increased oxygen-intermediate generation, leading to a 42.2 +/- 1.1 fold higher level of cumulative luminescence compared with unprimed control cells, whereas IFN-gamma priming alone resulted in low luminescence levels (13.9% +/- 4.6% of PMA-stimulated cells). In contrast, priming alone was sufficient to augment monocytic (18)F-FDG uptake to 273.3% +/- 16.7% of control levels (P < 0.001), and it was not further increased by PMA stimulation. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, and the specific protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, completely abolished the priming-induced enhancement of (18)F-FDG uptake and lowered uptake to control levels. Under the same conditions, wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase)-specific inhibitor, and cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, were associated with only minor reductions in the enhanced-uptake effect of priming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFN-gamma priming alone, without stimulation of respiratory-burst activity, is sufficient to induce maximal augmentation of (18)F-FDG uptake in monocytes. Furthermore, this metabolic effect appears to involve tyrosine kinases and the protein kinase C pathway but is independent of the PI3 kinase pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Kyung-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yearn Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Byung-Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016260:Monocytes, Activated Killer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; C016658:phorbolol myristate acetate; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D010100:Oxygen