title: Maternal temperature monitoring during labor: concordance and variability among monitoring sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated maternal temperature in labor is associated with adverse immediate and long-term neonatal outcomes. Conventional methods of temperature measurement may not reflect the intrauterine temperature, which constitutes the fetal environment. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the most reliable noninvasive method of temperature monitoring in labor that would best reflect changes in intrauterine temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women in labor receiving epidural analgesia had temperature readings taken every 10 seconds from the uterine cavity, ear canal, and skin surface of the leg and abdomen and hourly from the mouth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients were studied for a mean of 228 minutes (range 56-464 minutes). The best indicator of intrauterine temperature was oral temperature, with a mean intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.42, 0.77). On average, oral temperature underestimated intrauterine temperature by 0.8 degrees C (95% confidence interval 0.7 degrees C, 1 degrees C). Allowing for this, oral temperature greater than 37.2 degrees C detected an intrauterine temperature greater than 38 degrees C with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 96%. The intraclass correlation coefficients of all other sites with intrauterine temperature were poor (0.1 or less). As expected, the temperature at all sites increased as labor progressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral temperature, measured carefully, has an acceptable correlation with intrauterine temperature and is recommended for routine detection of maternal pyrexia in labor. Continuous skin and external auditory canal temperature measurements did not correlate well.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-3
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Bagrit Centre for Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom. sujoybanerjee@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Sujoy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cashman
authors.forename: Steve M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yentis
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Steer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors