title: Semirigid partial annuloplasty band allows dynamic mitral annular motion and minimizes valvular gradients: an echocardiographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional mitral annuloplasty devices include both rigid rings, which restrict annular motion, and soft rings and bands, which can locally deform. Conflicting data exist regarding their impact on annular dynamics. We studied mitral annuloplasty with a semirigid partial band and with a nearly complete rigid ring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms (n = 14) and predischarge transthoracic echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed in patients undergoing mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with either a rigid ring (n = 77) or a semirigid partial band (n = 38). Each transesophageal echocardiogram was analyzed with TomTec three-dimensional software to produce cardiac cycle frame planimetry and to measure device geometry. Actual device sizes provided reference dimensions. Blinded analysis of Doppler data from transthoracic echocardiograms was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation of the quantitative transesophageal echocardiogram methodology revealed a 1.3% +/- 0.3% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) underestimation of actual linear dimension. With the semirigid partial band, systolic valve orifice area and intertrigonal distance decreased from 6.14 +/- 0.37 to 5.55 +/- 0.24 cm(2) (-9.6%; p = 0.01) and from 2.69 +/- 0.08 to 2.55 +/- 0.13 cm (-5.2%; p = 0.03), respectively. Systolic anterior-posterior distance decreased from 2.1 +/- 0.10 to 1.95 +/- 0.06 cm (-7.1%; p = 0.01) compared with diastole. In contrast, rigid ring orifice area was unchanged (4.12 +/- 0.15 to 4.10 +/- 0.16 cm(2); -0.5%; p = 0.48) during the cardiac cycle. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed significantly lower mitral inflow gradients with semirigid partial band (mean gradients compared with rigid ring, 4.0 +/- 0.3 versus 5.0 +/- 0.3 mm Hg; p = 0.02; peak gradients, 8.9 +/- 0.5 versus 11.1 +/- 0.5 mm Hg; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic measurements of annular dynamics are valid and reliable when discrete annuloplasty devices are present. In contrast to the rigid ring, the semirigid partial band permits more physiologic geometric changes and is associated with lower postoperative mitral valve gradients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharony
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Ambika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nayar
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McAleer
authors.forename: Aubrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delianides
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kronzon
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grossi
mesh_terms: D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004548:Elasticity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012984:Software