title: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in the treatment of patients with recurrent non-cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent non-cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) carry a dismal prognosis when treated with conventional chemotherapy alone. XSWe tested the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous stem-cell rescue (ASCR) in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility mandated either minimal residual disease or evidence of chemosensitivity before HDC. Conditioning consisted of carboplatin (CBDCA) (500 mg/m(2) or AUC = 7 mg/ml min using the Calvert formula) on days -8 to -6, thiotepa (300 mg/m(2)), and etoposide (250 mg/m(2)) on days -5 to -3. Irradiation was given post HDC selectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 17 patients treated in this study, there were eight pineoblastoma(s) (pineo), seven cortical PNETs, and two arising elsewhere. Relapse was either local (nine) or metastatic to the brain (four) or spine (four). Two patients received HDC as the sole therapy for recurrence; additionally, eight underwent surgical debulking before HDC, and nine received irradiation, including six after HDC. Median age at ASCR was 3.9 years. Two patients died of toxicity (11%) and ten experienced tumor relapse (range: 23-361 days post ASCR). Five patients with cortical PNETs remain alive disease-free (median follow-up: 8.3 years); four of them received irradiation post HDC. The difference in 5-year event-free survival (EFS) between patients with pineo and other supratentorial PNETs was significant (0 vs. 62.5 +/- 17%, P = 0.0065). Both surgery at relapse and irradiation post HDC were favorable prognostic factors (P = 0.006 and 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with recurrent cortical PNETs can be cured with this strategy. Surgical debulking before, and irradiation after HDC play an important role in treatment success.
authors.affiliation: Children's Cancer Group: New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broniscer
authors.forename: Theodore P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sposto
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D017599:Neuroectodermal Tumors / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome