title: Simultaneous determination of 1- and 2-naphthol in human urine using on-line clean-up column-switching liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection.
abstract: We developed a new 3-D HPLC method for on-line clean-up and simultaneous quantification of two important naphthalene metabolites, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, in human urine. Except an enzymatic hydrolysis no further sample pre-treatment is necessary. The metabolites are stripped from urinary matrix by on-line extraction on a restricted access material pre-column (RAM RP-8), transferred in backflush mode onto a silica-based CN-(cyano)phase column for further purification from interfering substances. By another successive column switching step both analytes are transferred with a minimum of overlapping interferences onto a C12 bonded reversed phase column with trimethylsilyl endcapping where the final separation is carried out. The entire arrangement is software controlled. Eluting analytes are quantified by fluorescence detection (227/430 nm) after an external calibration. Within a total run time of 40 min we can selectively quantify both naphthols with detection limits in the lower ppb range (1.5 and 0.5 microg/l for 1- and 2-naphthol, respectively) with excellent reliability (ensured by precision, accuracy, matrix-independency and FIOH quality assurance program participation). First results on a collective of 53 occupationally non exposed subjects showed mean levels of 11.0 microg/l (1-naphthol) and 12.9 microg/l (2-naphthol). Among smokers (n=21) a significantly elevated mean level of urinary naphthols was determined (1-naphthol: 19.2 microg/l and 2-naphthol: 23.7 microg/l) in comparison to non smokers (n=32; 1-naphthol: 5.6 microg/l, 2-naphthol: 5.6 microg/l).
authors.affiliation: Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009284:Naphthols / Q000652:urine*; D011786:Quality Control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D009284:Naphthols; C029350:1-naphthol; C028405:2-naphthol