title: Is there evidence of a sphincter system in Wharton's duct? Etiological factors related to sialolith formation.
abstract: The exact cause of the formation of sialoliths is unknown. Detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of sialolithiasis is necessary to define new therapeutic procedures. The possible presence of a sphincter system in Wharton's duct has been described frequently in the context of diagnostic sialendoscopy. Serial histological examination of the entire Wharton's duct in four samples revealed no anatomical correlation for the presence of a sphincter. Secretory disturbances and viscous secretions as well as microlith formation and ductal obstruction cannot fully explain the genesis of sialoliths. The coaction of those factors with participation of bacteria leads to the development of sialoliths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps University, Marburg 35037, Germany. teymoort@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teymoortash
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: Jochen Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D018987:Salivary Ducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015494:Salivary Gland Calculi / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013364:Submandibular Gland Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology