title: Cardiovascular prophylaxis with aspirin: costs of supply and management of upper gastrointestinal and renal toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cost to the NHS of prescribed low-dose aspirin.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population based observational cohort study. Patients from Tayside Scotland (17 244 new users of dispensed aspirin each with 10 matched comparators) were included. A pragmatic analysis totalled costs from the start to end of the study and compared these with a matched cohort of aspirin nonusers to estimate excess costs. Fastidious analyses were done of subjects with no prior history of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) or renal disease where the cost that occurred during aspirin exposure, the 30 days following aspirin exposure and subsequent nonexposure was calculated adjusting for risk factors in each period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects took aspirin for only 1.18 of the 2.53 years follow-up (47% compliance). Aspirin use cost an additional 49.86 UK pounds per year (pragmatic analysis) made up of 1.96 UK pounds for aspirin tablets (4%), 5.49 UK pounds for dispensing costs (11%), 24.60 UK pounds for UGI complications (49%) and 17.81 UK pounds for renal complications (36%). The costs for managing complications were substantially lower in the fastidious analysis (2.66 UK pounds for UGI complications and 2.92 UK pounds for renal complications). Assuming that the antiplatelet trial meta-analysis is an accurate assessment of the benefits of aspirin, the costs of preventing one vascular event lay between 62 500 UK pounds (primary prevention, pragmatic analysis) and 867 UK pounds (secondary prevention, fastidious analysis). These costs may be underestimates due to the low compliance observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compliance with aspirin was poor. Serious adverse events were uncommon but despite this aspirin cost the NHS between 6 and 25 times the cost of aspirin tablets due to dispensing costs and the cost of managing adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Morant
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: J G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin