title: DLB fluctuations: specific features that reliably differentiate DLB from AD and normal aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether certain aspects of fluctuations reliably distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 200 community-dwelling cognitively normal elderly persons, 70 DLB patients, and 70 AD patients with collateral informants. A 19-item questionnaire was administered to the informants that queried about symptoms of fluctuations and delirium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluctuations occur infrequently in nondemented elderly persons aged 58 to 98 years. In contrast, four characteristics of fluctuations were found to significantly differentiate AD from DLB. These composite features include daytime drowsiness and lethargy, daytime sleep of 2 or more hours, staring into space for long periods, and episodes of disorganized speech. The presence of three or four features of this composite occurred in 63% of DLB patients compared with 12% of AD patients and 0.5% of normal elderly persons. Informant endorsement of three or four of these items yielded a positive predictive value of 83% for the clinical diagnosis of DLB against an alternate diagnosis of AD. Endorsement of fewer than three items had a negative predictive value of 70% for the absence of a clinical diagnosis of DLB in favor of AD. The authors present evidence of test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and empirical verification with a separate cross-validation sample. Fluctuations were not associated with any particular combination of hallucinations, parkinsonism, or REM sleep behavior disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on informant report, disturbed arousal and disorganized speech are specific aspects of fluctuations in dementia with Lewy bodies that reliably distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease and normal aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. ferman.tanis@mayo.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ferman
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Boeve
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ivnik
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knopman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graff-Radford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dickson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology*