title: Medical management of deliberate drug overdose: a neglected area for suicide prevention?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overdoses account for a quarter of all suicides in England. The number of people who survive the immediate effects of their overdose long enough to reach medical attention, but who subsequently die in hospital is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of overdose suicides dying in hospital and describe their sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional analysis of routinely collected Hospital Episode Statistics data for England (1997 to 1999) to identify hospital admissions for overdose among people aged 12+ and the outcome of these admissions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1997 and 1999 there were 233 756 hospital admissions for overdose, 1149 (0.5%) of these ended in the death of the patient such deaths accounted for 28% [corrected] of all overdose suicides and 8% [corrected] of total suicides. The median time between admission and death was three days (interquartile range one to nine days). The most commonly identified drugs taken in fatal overdose were paracetamol compounds, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Around a quarter of all overdose suicide deaths occur subsequent to hospital admission. Further more detailed research is required to discover if better pre-admission and in-hospital medical management of those taking serious overdoses may prevent some of these deaths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK. d.j.gunnell@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gunnell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004630:Emergencies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D000082:Acetaminophen