title: Children who avoid drinking cow's milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures.
abstract: The full fracture histories of 50 children (30 girls and 20 boys, age range 3 to 13 years) who had avoided drinking cow's milk for prolonged periods were compared with those in a birth cohort of more than 1,000 children from the same city. Children who avoided milk did not use calcium-rich food substitutes appropriately and had low dietary calcium intakes and low bone mineral density values. Many were overweight (22 of 50). Significantly more of the children who avoided milk reported fractures (16 observed vs 6 expected, chi(2)=31.0, P<.001, df=5). They also experienced more total fractures than the birth cohort population (22 observed vs 8 expected, chi(2)=33.6, P<.001, df=5). All of the fractures occurred before puberty, the majority (18 of 22) being associated with only slight trauma. Forearm fractures were especially common (12 fractures). We conclude that young children avoiding milk are prone to fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand. ailsa.goulding@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goulding
authors.forename: Jennifer E p
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rockell
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Ianthe E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary