Evaluation of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine or bupivacaine for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy in the dog.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if intraperitoneal (i.p.) and incisional (s.c.) lidocaine or bupivacaine provide analgesia following ovariohysterectomy (OHE).


METHODS
Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial.


METHODS
Thirty dogs presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective OHE.


METHODS
Dogs were pre-medicated with acepromazine and butorphanol, induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. They were randomly assigned to three groups: 10 received 8.8 mg kg(-1) 2% lidocaine with epinephrine i.p. (LID); 10 received 4.4 mg kg(-1) 0.75% bupivacaine i.p. (BUP); and 10 received 0.9% saline i.p. (SAL) upon completion of OHE. All i.p. doses were standardized to 0.88 mL kg(-1) with saline. An additional 2 mL of undiluted solution was placed s.c. prior to incisional closure. Dogs were scored at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 18 hours post-extubation by one observer. Dogs were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and sedation, and a composite pain scale (CPS) that included physiologic and behavioral variables. Dogs were treated with 0.22 mg kg(-1) butorphanol + acepromazine if their VAS (pain) score was >50. Parametric variables were analyzed using Student's t-test or repeated measures ANOVA as appropriate. Non-parametric variables were analyzed by chi2-test.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences in age, weight, incision length, surgery time, anesthesia time, or total thiopental dose among groups. Peak post-surgical pain scores for all groups occurred at 0.5 hours and returned to baseline by 18 hours. Dogs in the BUP group had significantly lower VAS-pain scores overall than dogs in the SAL group. Seven out of 10 dogs in the SAL group, 4/10 in the LID group and 2/10 in the BUP group were treated with supplemental acepromazine and butorphanol. No differences between groups were detected with the CPS. No adverse side-effects were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings support the use of i.p. and s.c. bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia following OHE in the dog.
Carpenter
Rachael E
RE
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. recarpenter99@aol.com
Wilson
Deborah V
DV
Evans
A Thomas
AT
D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D007267:Injections / Q000662:veterinary; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine