title: The effect of participation in the WIC program on preschoolers' diets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate nutrient, food intake, and snacking behavior by participation in the WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted by USDA in 1994 to 1996 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical analysis was performed correcting for sample design effects and weighting for children in two income groups (<130%, n=1772 and 130% to 185% of poverty, n=689).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among WIC participants, the prevalence of snacking was significantly lower (68%) compared with nonparticipants (72%) (chi(2)=5.9, P=.01). For those <130% of poverty, WIC had a beneficial effect on the intake of fat, carbohydrates, added sugar, and fruit from the total diet as well as on added sugar from snacks. These were independent of food stamp participation. For those with higher incomes, the beneficial effects were limited to added sugar, iron density, and fruit intake for the total diet. A similar significant effect of decreased added sugar intake from snacks was also seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are in line with previous research showing beneficial effects of WIC participation among preschoolers, primarily for nutrients targeted by the program. This study shows that the effect can reach beyond those targeted nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, and the Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. am_siegariz@unc.edu
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siega-Riz
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Guilkey
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011632:Public Assistance; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary