title: Predictors of transfusion requirements for cardiac surgical procedures at a blood conservation center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies defining perioperative risk factors for allogeneic transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery were limited to highly selected cardiac surgery populations or were associated with high transfusion rates. The purpose of this study was to determine perioperative risk factors and create a formula to predict transfusion requirements for major cardiac surgical procedures in a center that practices a multimodality approach to blood conservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an observational study on 307 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, valve, and combined (coronary artery bypass grafting and valve) procedures. An equation was derived to estimate the risk of transfusion based on preoperative risk factors using multivariate analysis. In patients with a calculated probability of transfusion of at least 5%, intraoperative predictors of transfusion were identified by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients (11%) required intraoperative or postoperative allogeneic transfusions. Preoperative factors as independent predictors for transfusions included red blood cell mass, type of operation, urgency of operation, number of diseased vessels, serum creatinine of at least 1.3 mg/dL, and preoperative prothrombin time. Intraoperative factors included cardiopulmonary bypass time, three or fewer bypass grafts, lesser volume of acute normovolemic hemodilution removed, and total crystalloid infusion of at least 2,500 mL. The derived formula was applied to a validation cohort of 246 patients, and the observed transfusion rates conformed well to the predicted risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multimodality approach to blood conservation in cardiac surgery resulted in a low transfusion rate. Identifying patients' risks for transfusion should alter patient management perioperatively to decrease their transfusion rate and make more efficient use of blood resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey, USA. david.moskowitz@ehmc.com
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Aryeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shander
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cousineau
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goldweit
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bodian
authors.forename: Seth I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Perelman
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: M Arisan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ergin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009515:New Jersey; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data