title: Endoscopic management of pediatric urolithiasis in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate our experience with the endoscopic management of lower and upper urinary tract stones in pediatric patients in the Republic of Yemen.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1998, 290 endoscopic operations were performed on 265 pediatric patients up to 14 years of age, 173 on the upper and 117 on the lower urinary tract. Of these procedures, 138 were percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 5 were endopyelotomy combined with percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 30 were ureteral lithotripsy, and 117 were percutaneous cystolithotomy. Of the 265 patients, 244 were boys and 21 girls (male/female ratio 11.6:1, upper tract 7.4:1, lower tract 116:1) aged 8 months to 14 years (mean age 7.1 years). The 26F adult nephroscope and 9.5F semirigid ureteroscope were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall success rate was 98.9%. Minor complications were observed in 29 patients (10.7%); severe complication did not occur. The nucleus and/or the main component of the stones was ammonium urate in 73.5% of the cases (upper tract 54%, but for those younger than 5 years, it was 75%; lower tract 93%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic management of pediatric urolithiasis is a safe and effective method. To our knowledge, this is the largest reported series on the endoscopic management of pediatric urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Semmelweis Hospital, Kiskunhalas, Hungary.
authors.forename: Endre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: A Munim
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flasko
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Morshed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000601:surgery; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications; D015006:Yemen / Q000453:epidemiology