title: Psychiatric emergencies after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population surveys suggest that the events of September 11, 2001, resulted in psychiatric emergencies in U.S. communities. This study tested the extent of such emergencies in San Francisco.
  
  
  METHODS
  S: Interrupted time-series designs were applied to counts of emergency calls to the police during the 424-day period beginning January 1, 2001, and of voluntary and coerced admissions to psychiatric emergency services during the 1620-day period beginning July 1, 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of men and women who were coerced into treatment increased significantly on Thursday, September 13, but the number of voluntary admissions was as expected. The number of telephone calls from citizens that police dispatchers judged to be mental health related increased significantly on Wednesday, September 12, and remained elevated through September 13. Several additional analyses were conducted to test the stability of the findings, and the results were essentially unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The events of September 11 may not have induced emergent mental illness in U.S. communities at relatively great distance from the attacks. However, it is possible that persons with severe mental illness were either more evident to or less tolerated by the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkley, California 94720, USA. rayc@uclink4.berkley.edu
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kessell
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pirkle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States