title: Habitual fish consumption and glycated haemoglobin: the EPIC-Norfolk study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between habitual fish consumption and a continuous measure of glycaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  EPIC-Norfolk, a population-based cohort study of diet and chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 4500 men and 5509 women, aged 40-78 y, without self-reported diabetes. Diet was assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and glycaemia was measured by glycated haemoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women only, in analyses adjusted for age, the HbA(1c) level was positively associated with eating fried fish and inversely associated with eating oily fish (b=0.036, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0033, 0.069; and b=-0.046, 95% CI:-0.086, -0.0064 respectively). These associations were attenuated by adjustment for family history of diabetes, smoking status and physical activity level, but the association with fried fish remained statistically significant (b=0.033, 95% CI: 0.00056, 0.066). Adjusting for total energy, alcohol, fruit and vegetable intakes resulted in further attenuation and both associations were no longer statistically significant. In men, there was no evidence that HbA(1c) level was associated with fish consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study found no evidence of an association between fish consumption and HbA(1c) after taking other lifestyle factors into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A-H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: K-T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005399:Fishes / Q000145:classification*; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017747:Seafood / Q000145:classification*; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin