title: Complications of abdominal urologic laparoscopy: longitudinal five-year analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze complications of abdominal laparoscopic surgery of the urinary tract at a single institution during a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1996 to 2000, we identified 894 abdominal laparoscopic procedures performed at a single institution: 600 nephrectomies (live donor, simple, radical, nephroureterectomy, and partial), 112 pyeloplasties, 61 renal biopsies, 35 retroperitoneal lymph node dissections, 31 renal cyst ablations, 18 adrenalectomies, and 37 other abdominal procedures. The charts were retrospectively reviewed for complications, which were classified as operative, postoperative, or medical. Complications were correlated with patient age and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 118 complications (13.2%) occurred. Two patients (0.2%) died. As a result of operative complications, the procedure of 13 patients (1.5%) was converted to an open one. As a result of postoperative complications, 13 (1.5%) underwent operative and 6 (0.7%) nonoperative intervention. The most common intraoperative complications were vascular (n = 23), adjacent organ (n = 10), and bowel (n = 9) injuries. The most common postoperative complications were neuromuscular pain (n = 12), hematoma (n = 11), urine leak (n = 7), and wound infection (n = 7). The differences in the annual complication rates for all procedures did not attain statistical significance (P = 0.5). Among all procedures, excluding live donor nephrectomy, complications of any kind correlated with a greater patient American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rather than decreasing, the overall incidence of laparoscopic complications did not change significantly during a 5-year period at our institution. The factors contributing to this observation likely included the progression of inexperienced individual surgeons through the learning curve, the introduction of new, more sophisticated laparoscopic procedures, and stable rates of patient comorbidity. This experience may represent the average complication rate for urologic laparoscopy at a large-volume, academic training center.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J Kellogg
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Varkarakis
authors.forename: Koon H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000293:injuries; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology