title: Characterization and taste-masking evaluation of acetaminophen granules: comparison between different preparation methods in a high-shear mixer.
abstract: The aim of this study was to prepare and to investigate acetaminophen taste-masked granules obtained in a high-shear mixer using three different wet granulation methods (method A: water granulation, method B: granulation with a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) binding solution and method C: steam granulation). The studied formulation was: acetaminophen 15%, alpha-lactose monohydrate 30%, cornstarch 45%, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 5% and orange flavour 5% (w/w). In vitro dissolution studies, performed at pH 6.8, showed that steam granules enabled the lower dissolution rate in comparison to the water and binding solution granules; these results were then confirmed by their lower surface reactivity (D(R)) during the dissolution process. Moreover, the results of the gustatory sensation test performed by six volunteers confirmed the taste-masking effects of the granules, especially steam granules (P<0.001). Morphological, fractal and porosity analysis were then performed to explain the dissolution profiles and the results of the gustatory sensation test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the smoother and the more regular surface of steam granules with respect to the samples obtained using methods A and B; these results were also confirmed by their lower fractal dimension (D(s)) and porosity values. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a shift of the melting point of the drug, which was due to the simple mixing of the components and not to the granulation processes. In conclusion, the steam granulation technique resulted a suitable method to comply the purpose of this work, without modifying the availability of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy. beatrice@biocfarm.unibo.it
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Passerini
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voinovich
authors.forename: Marisa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magarotto
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013649:Taste; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014867:Water; D000082:Acetaminophen; D011205:Povidone; D007785:Lactose