title: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ribosomal frameshifting site is an invariant sequence determinant and an important target for antiviral therapy.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizes a distinctive form of gene regulation as part of its life cycle, termed programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting, to produce the required ratio of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. We carried out a sequence comparison of 1,000 HIV-1 sequences at the slippery site (UUUUUUA) and found that the site is invariant, which is somewhat surprising for a virus known for its variability. This prompted us to prepare a series of mutations to examine their effect upon frameshifting and viral infectivity. Among the series of mutations were changes of the HIV-1 slippery site to those effectively utilized by other viruses, because such mutations would be anticipated to have a relatively mild effect upon frameshifting. The results demonstrate that any change to the slippery site reduced frameshifting levels and also dramatically inhibited infectivity. Because ribosomal frameshifting is essential for HIV-1 replication and it is surprisingly resistant to mutation, modulation of HIV-1 frameshifting efficiency potentially represents an important target for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Preetha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Annmarie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pacchia
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Peltz
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal / Q000187:drug effects; D015685:Fusion Proteins, gag-pol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015685:Fusion Proteins, gag-pol; D015683:Gene Products, gag