title: Risk of selected birth defects by maternal residence close to power lines during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate selected birth outcomes from a published Norwegian cohort study in a nested case-control design with improved exposure data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two controls matched for sex, year of birth, and municipality were selected randomly for children with the following defects: central nervous system (CNS) defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects, oesophageal defects, and clubfoot. The distances between maternal addresses, during pregnancy, and power lines were obtained from maps mainly of scale 1:5000. The magnetic fields in the residences were estimated based on distance, current, voltage, and configuration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest increased risks were seen for hydrocephalus (OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.26 to 11.64) and for cardiac defects (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.89 to 2.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not support the hypothesis that residential exposure to electromagnetic fields from power lines causes any of the investigated outcomes.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway. kblaasaas@mil.no
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Blaasaas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tynes
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lie
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D011211:Electric Power Supplies / Q000009:adverse effects; D004559:Electric Wiring; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods