title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signals for beta1-integrin expression and adhesion in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) expression with increased beta1-integrin expression and determine the ability of autocrine G-CSFR signaling to promote bladder cancer cell adhesion by way of beta1-integrin. beta1-integrin is expressed at higher levels in more invasive bladder carcinoma cells and participates in the process of tissue invasion. Cancer cell invasion and metastasis in some ways mimic normal neutrophil behavior. In neutrophils, G-CSF acts through its receptor to enhance adhesion and migration. A significant fraction of bladder carcinoma has been reported to express both G-CSF and G-CSFR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined bladder carcinoma tissue samples obtained from segmental or radical cystectomy specimens for expression of G-CSF, G-CSFR, and beta1-integrin using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical methods. We determined the G-CSFR-mediated beta1-integrin adhesion using a static adhesion assay and the bladder cancer cell line 5637.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of 14 bladder cancer samples expressed G-CSFR. All 11 G-CSFR positive tumors also expressed G-CSF, and the G-CSF/G-CSFR positive tumors had elevated beta1-integrin protein levels. All but one G-CSFR negative tumor demonstrated low beta1-integrin protein levels. In four G-CSF/G-CSFR positive tumors for which distant urothelium was available for examination, G-CSF, G-CSFR, and beta1-integrin expression was also increased. In the 5637 cell line, we demonstrated G-CSFR-mediated upregulation of beta1-integrin-dependent adhesion to fibronectin and laminin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-CSF/G-CSFR expression in some bladder cancers appears to be an early event during malignant transformation that increases beta1-integrin expression and adhesion and thereby may promote tissue invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Leukocyte Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Arup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Seth P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lerner
mesh_terms: D019898:Autocrine Communication; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019012:Integrin beta1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D019012:Integrin beta1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor