title: [The effects of active and passive humidification on ventilation-associated nosocomial pneumonia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Airway humidification of ventilated patients in an intensive care unit may be established by heated humidifying systems (active) or by the means of a (passive) heat and moisture exchange filter (HMEF). There is a controversial discussion about the influence of the type of humidification on the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Among 3,585 patients both methods were tested over a period of 21 months in an open, non-randomized cohort study. The aim of the investigation was to compare the incidence of VAP caused by a change of humidification strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in a 16-bed surgical intensive care unit who required mechanical ventilation, were included. In the first period (period AB) 1,887 cases were handled with a heated humidifier. During the second period (period PB) 1,698 patients were treated using a HMEF. Infection control was established according to the national Infection Surveillance Program (KISS) based on the CDC criteria for VAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period of 42 months, 99 cases of VAP were reported. The incidence for VAP was found to be 13.5 (AB) and 9.6 (PB) per 1,000 ventilator days, a rate of 32.3 and 22.4 VAP per 1,000 patients, respectively. The rate of VAP among the groups ( p=0.068) and the incidence of VAP per 1,000 ventilator days ( p=0.089) only just failed to reach a significant level, but in the group of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 2 days, the difference did reach statistical significance ( p=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the rate of VAP could be significantly reduced by changing the strategy from active to passive humidification devices, especially concerning patients requiring long-term respirator therapy. A more physiological humidification and a reduced number of airway manipulations are discussed as a possible explanation.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinikhygiene, medizinische Mikrobiologie und klinische Infektiologie, Klinikum Nürnberg. r.kranabetter@klinikum-nuernberg.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kranabetter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kammermeier
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Just
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heuser
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*