title: A new luciferase reporter gene assay for the detection of androgenic and antiandrogenic effects based on a human prostate specific antigen promoter and PC3/AR human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: We developed a new mammalian cell-based luciferase reporter gene assay for androgenic and antiandrogenic activities of chemicals and environmental samples. Environmental samples usually have a complex matrix that may contain the constituents acting as androgen receptor (AR) agonists, AR antagonists or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists. AhR agonists are known to elicit the antiandrogenic effect through cross-talk between AR and AhR signal transduction pathways. In this study, PC3/AR human prostate carcinoma cells were transiently transfected with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter-driven luciferase expression plasmid. The cells were treated with a test compound or an environmental sample for 24 h at 37 degrees C and then measured for luciferase activity. The luciferase activity was induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in a concentration-dependent manner in a concentration range from 10 fM to 1 nM. R1881, a synthetic androgen receptor agonist, induced luciferase activity and its inductive effects was additive to that of DHT. The luciferase activity was not induced by cortisol, a glucocorticoid, progesterone, a progestin, and 17beta-estradiol, an estrogen in a concentration range of up to 1 microM. DHT-induced luciferase activity was reduced by bicalutamide and cyproterone acetate, AR antagonists, and also by benzo[a]pyrene, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, through AhR-mediated pathways. All of these findings indicate that the present assay system correctly responds to AR agonists, AR antagonists and AhR agonist and, therefore, it is a powerful tool for the sensitive and selective screening of chemicals and environmental samples for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activities. We developed the first assay system, in which the expression of luciferase was driven by the promoter of a prostate-specific antigen gene, a typical human androgen-regulated gene.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan. kizu@p.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kizu
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishida
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toriba
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizokami
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Burnstein
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Klinge
authors.forename: Kazuichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawai
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D008156:Luciferases; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen