title: Developmental potential of human pronuclear zygotes in relation to their pronuclear orientation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pronuclear zygote morphology has gained much attention recently due to its possible value in predicting implantation and pregnancy. The present study was performed to assess the developmental potential of zygotes with four different pronuclear orientations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study involved 150 IVF and 190 ICSI patients seeking fertility treatment. Pronuclear zygotes were classified for orientation of the pronuclei in relation to the second polar body placed at the 6 o'clock position. Four types of pronuclear (PN) zygote were recognized, namely PN(1), PN(2), PN(3) and PN(4). The main outcome measures were early cleavage rate, quality of embryos, and implantation and pregnancy rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common types of pronuclei orientations were PN(1) (31.5%) and PN(2) (29.3%), followed by PN(3) (20.5%) and PN(4) (18.5%). A significantly higher proportion of zygotes with PN(1) and PN(4) types of pronuclear orientation underwent early cleavage and developed into grade I embryos compared with other types (P < 0.0001). There was a tendency for higher implantation and pregnancy rates among patients who received embryos developed from PN(1)- and PN(4)-type oocytes, but this was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zygotes exhibit four types of pronuclear orientation, and this is independent of the fertilizing spermatozoon or its entry point into the oocytes, whether IVF or ICSI is employed. Early cleavage was associated with PN(1)- and PN(4)-type zygotes, but implantation and pregnancy rates were not associated with pronuclear orientation. Implantation and pregnancy rates tended to be higher for embryos developed from PN(1) and PN(4) pronuclear zygotes. Further studies on a combination of pronuclear orientation and equality of nucleoli may provide a better guide to the implantation potential of embryos.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Gleneagles IVF Centre, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore 258500. suresh.cccrm@pacific.net.sg
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kattera
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D015053:Zygote / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure