title: Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools. Survey in CapeTown and Nairobi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of comparative data on the prevalence and effects of exposure to violence in African youth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress symptoms and gender differences in adolescents from two African countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 2041 boys and girls from 18 schools in CapeTown and Nairobi completed anonymous self-report questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 80% reported exposure to severe trauma, either as victims or witnesses. Kenyan adolescents, compared with South African, had significantly higher rates of exposure to witnessing violence (69% v. 58%), physical assault by a family member (27% v. 14%) and sexual assault (18% v. 14%). But rates of current full-symptom post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (22.2% v. 5%) and current partial-symptom PTSD (12% v. 8%) were significantly higher in the South African sample. Boys were as likely as girls to meet PTSD symptom criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the lifetime exposure to trauma was comparable across both settings, Kenyan adolescents had much lower rates of PTSD. This difference may be attributable to cultural and other trauma-related variables. High rates of sexual assault and PTSD, traditionally documented in girls, may also occur in boys and warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, CapeTown, South Africa. sseedat@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seedat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyamai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Njenga
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vythilingum
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014754:Violence