title: Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men with epilepsy have reduced fertility, and antiepileptic drugs may affect semen quality. Moreover, animal studies suggest that valproate (VPA) may be associated with testicular atrophy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate reproductive function in men with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty men with epilepsy and 41 control men were evaluated for their reproductive health. Fifteen men were taking carbamazepine (CBZ) and 18 men oxcarbazepine (OXC) for partial epilepsy, and 27 men were taking VPA for generalized epilepsy. Reproductive hormones were assayed from serum samples, semen analysis and ultrasonography of the testicles were performed, and testicular volume was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men on CBZ had low serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations (p < 0.001), and men on VPA had high concentrations of serum androstenedione (p < 0.001). The frequency of morphologically abnormal sperm was higher among CBZ-treated (p < 0.01), OXC-treated (p < 0.05), and VPA-treated men (p < 0.01) than among the control men. Moreover, both CBZ and VPA were associated with poor motility of sperm (p < 0.05). In addition, the frequency of abnormally low sperm concentration was high in men on CBZ (p < 0.001), and the frequency of any sperm abnormality was high in men on VPA (p < 0.01). The VPA-treated men with abnormal sperm had smaller testicular volumes than the control men (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBZ, OXC, and VPA are associated with sperm abnormalities in men with epilepsy. In addition, VPA-treated men with generalized epilepsy who have abnormal sperm may have reduced testicular volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Finland. jouko.isojarvi@oulu.fi
authors.forename: J I T
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Isojärvi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Löfgren
authors.forename: K S T
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Juntunen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Päivänsalo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rautakorpi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuomivaara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006065:Gonadotropins, Pituitary / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D006065:Gonadotropins, Pituitary; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; C422364:inhibin B; D002220:Carbamazepine; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D007265:Inhibins; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D014635:Valproic Acid; D011388:Prolactin; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine