title: Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study.
abstract: Although diet is believed to influence colorectal cancer risk, the long-term effects of a diet with a high glycemic load are unclear. The growing recognition that colorectal cancer may be promoted by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance suggests that a diet inducing high blood glucose levels and an elevated insulin response may contribute to a metabolic environment conducive to tumor growth. We prospectively followed a cohort of 38 451 women for an average of 7.9 years and identified 174 with incident colorectal cancer. We used baseline dietary intake measurements, assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, to examine the associations of dietary glycemic load, overall dietary glycemic index, carbohydrate, fiber, nonfiber carbohydrate, sucrose, and fructose with the subsequent development of colorectal cancer. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs). Dietary glycemic load was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (adjusted RR = 2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.40 to 5.80, comparing extreme quintiles of dietary glycemic load; P(trend) =.004) and was associated, although not statistically significantly, with overall glycemic index (corresponding RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.98 to 2.98; P(trend) =.04). Total carbohydrate (adjusted RR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.10 to 5.27, comparing extreme quintiles of carbohydrate; P(trend) =.02), nonfiber carbohydrate (corresponding RR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.22 to 5.54; P(trend) =.02), and fructose (corresponding RR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.13 to 3.87; P(trend) =.08) were also statistically significantly associated with increased risk. Thus, our data indicate that a diet with a high dietary glycemic load may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: I-Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications*; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology