title: Use of the VIP-Man model to calculate energy imparted and effective dose for x-ray examinations.
abstract: A male human tomographic model was used to calculate values of energy imparted (epsilon) and effective dose (E) for monoenergetic photons (30-150 keV) in radiographic examinations. Energy deposition in the organs and tissues of the human phantom were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations. Values of E/epsilon were obtained for three common projections [anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), and lateral (LAT)] of the head, cervical spine, chest, and abdomen, respectively. For head radiographs, all three projections yielded similar E/epsilon values. At 30 keV, the value of E/epsilon was approximately 1.6 mSv J(-1), which is increased to approximately 7 mSv J(-1) for 150 keV photons. The AP cervical spine was the only projection investigated where the value of E/epsilon decreased with increasing photon energy. Above 70 keV, cervical spine E/epsilon values showed little energy dependence and ranged between approximately 8.5 mSv J(-1) for PA projections and approximately 17 mSv J(-1) for AP projections. The values of E/epsilon for AP chest examinations showed very little variation with photon energy, and had values of approximately 23 mSv J(-1). Values of E/epsilon for PA and LAT chest projections were substantially lower than the AP projections and increased with increasing photon energy. For abdominal radiographs, differences between the PA and LAT projections were very small. All abdomen projections showed an increase in the E/epsilon ratio with increasing photon energy, and reached a maximum value of approximately 13.5 mSv J(-1) for AP projections, and approximately 9.5 mSv J(-1) for PA/lateral projections. These monoenergetic E/epsilon values can generate values of E/epsilon for any x-ray spectrum, and can be used to convert values of energy imparted into effective dose for patients undergoing common head and body radiological examinations.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Program, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NES Building, Tibbits Avenue, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huda
authors.forename: X George
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Kent M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Ernest M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scalzetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional / Q000379:methods*; D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014481:United States; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000379:methods; D014965:X-Rays