title: Thrombin preconditioning upregulates transferrin and transferrin receptor and reduces brain edema induced by lysed red blood cells.
abstract: Pretreatment with a low dose of thrombin reduces brain edema after both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. We call this phenomenon thrombin preconditioning (TPC) or thrombin-induced brain tolerance. The present study examines whether TPC can attenuate the brain edema induced by lysed red blood cells (RBCs) to determine whether thrombin production early in an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) might alter potentially injurious events associated with clot resolution. It also examines whether TPC might be protective by altering iron handling within the brain, particularly through modulating transferrin (Tf) and transferrin receptor (TfR) levels. Brain edema was measured by wet/dry weight. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used for Tf and TfR measurements. We found that TPC reduces lysed RBC-induced brain edema and upregulates both Tf and TfR levels in the brain. Thrombin formation after an ICH may be part of a signaling cascade that acts to limit potentially injurious events associated with clot resolution through altering iron-handling proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0532, USA. guohuaxi@umich.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004912:Erythrocytes; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D014168:Transferrin; D013917:Thrombin