title: Increased incidence of diagnosed depressive illness in hypogonadal older men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-associated hypogonadism (testosterone deficit) occurs in 30% of men after the age of 55; it is associated with decreased muscle mass, bone mineral density, and libido, and with anorexia, fatigue, and irritability. Although some of these symptoms overlap with those of depression, the association between the 2 disorders is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if hypogonadal men have an increased incidence of depressive illness compared with eugonadal men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical cohort study using computerized medical records, followed by a manual medical record review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-eight men 45 years and older, without prior diagnosed depressive illness and with consistently normal or low testosterone levels (total testosterone level < or =200 ng/dL [< or =6.94 nmol/L]; or free testosterone level < or =0.9 ng/dL [< or =0.03 nmol/L]) at baseline and during a 2-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of, and time to, a depression diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-year incidence of diagnosed depressive illness was 21.7% in hypogonadal men vs 7.1% in others (chi2(1)=6.0, P=.01). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significant difference between hypogonadal and eugonadal men in time to diagnosed depression (log-rank test chi2(1)=6.9, P=.008). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the association of hypogonadism and time to depression diagnosis, adjusting for age, race, number of clinic visits, alcohol use disorders, prostate cancer, and overall medical comorbidity. The unadjusted hazard ratio for depression with hypogonadism was 3.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-9.4) (P=.01). Controlling for all covariates, hypogonadism remained significantly associated with depression (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-12.0) (P=.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypogonadal men showed an increased incidence of depressive illness and a shorter time to diagnosis of depression. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to clarify the role of testosterone in the treatment of depressive illness in older men.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. molly.shores@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Molly M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shores
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Alvin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Moceri
authors.forename: Bradford
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Felker
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kivlahan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013739:Testosterone / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone