title: Alcohol, but not lipopolysaccharide-induced liver apoptosis involves changes in intracellular compartmentalization of apoptotic regulators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While alcohol-induced augmentation of liver apoptosis has been demonstrated in humans and laboratory animals, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This study addresses the question whether alcohol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a putative mediator of alcohol effects on the liver, induce augmentation of liver apoptosis by intrinsic or extrinsic signaling pathways. This information may prove important for future design of therapies for alcoholic liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats were fed either an alcohol-containing liquid diet or an isocaloric, control diet for 15-16 weeks. At the end of feeding period, the rats were treated with LPS (0.8 mg.kg-1 body weight) or sterile saline and killed 3 and 24 hr later. The liver and blood were sampled for histology and biochemical assays. Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion and fractionated to yield mitochondria and cytoplasm. The propensity of mitochondria to undergo permeability transition in the presence of a Ca2+ overload was determined along with distribution of various apoptotic regulators (AIF, Smac2, Bax, cytochrome c, Bcl-XL, Bfl-1, and caspase-2) between mitochondria and cytoplasmic fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased liver apoptosis in alcohol-treated rats was associated with translocation of several apoptotic regulators between mitochondria and cytoplasm in a manner suggesting that alcohol induces augmentation of apoptosis by recruiting intrinsic apoptotic signals. LPS treatment of rats counteracted alcohol-induced changes in intracellular compartmentalization of apoptotic regulators despite an increased rate of apoptosis. LPS may, therefore, recruit extrinsic apoptotic signals, such as proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatocytes are to be able to mount an apoptotic response to both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Alcohol increases liver apoptosis predominantly through an intrinsic signaling pathway while LPS recruits extrinsic signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. i0deac01@gwise.louisville.edu
authors.forename: Ion V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Deaciuc
authors.forename: Nympha B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Ravshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burikhanov
authors.forename: Munira S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Voskresensky
authors.forename: Willem J S
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: De Villiers
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McClain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000431:Ethanol