title: Patentability of life and ethics.
abstract: Patent law has relied in part on ethical considerations since its inception in Europe. Such considerations have been introduced more recently in the United States. Whereas the EU Directive on the protection on the occasion of the Human Genome Project of biotechnological inventions was intended to foster economic development in Europe, its implementation is outweighted by controversy about patenting life and commercialization of science. The confusion created must be cleared at the international level through harmonization of patent office policies preventing abusive commercial practices in the absence of inventiveness.
authors.affiliation: European Group of Ethics of the European Union, Ministère délégué aux Affaires européennes, 37, quai d'Orsav, 75351 Paris, France. noelle.lenoir@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Noëlle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lenoir
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005060:Europe; D019369:Life; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*