title: The allelic modulation of apolipoprotein E expression by oestrogen: potential relevance for Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease but appears to be associated with greater risk in women than in men. Some studies suggest that the level of APOE may of its own modulate the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Sex differences and an apparent benefit of oestrogen therapy suggest a role for oestrogen. APOE expression is influenced by oestrogen and oestrogen therapy may not benefit women bearing an APOE epsilon4 allele. These findings suggest an interaction between oestrogen and APOE in the Alzheimer's disease process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the hypothesis that APOE expression is regulated by a genomic mechanism and is modified by the polymorphisms in APOE associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro binding studies were undertaken between oestrogen receptors and fragments of the human APOE gene. APOE gene expression was studied to investigate a possible functional interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  APOE epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 coding and -219 G/T promoter polymorphisms influenced binding to the oestrogen receptor and altered transcriptional activity in response to oestrogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An allele dependent modulation of oestrogen induced regulation of APOE might be involved in the increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in women bearing an epsilon4 allele.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lendon
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D016384:Consensus Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011994:Recombinant Proteins