title: Preliminary screening study of reproductive outcomes after exposure to yarrow in the pregnant rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is used for the treatment of diarrhea, as a urinary antiseptic, hypotensive, and diuretic. Yarrow also has traditionally been used as an abortifacient, emmenagogue, contraceptive, and for stimulating uterine contractions. For this reason, it is contra-indicated for use in pregnancy. There has, however, been little scientific research carried out to either confirm or refute this recommendation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were dosed, orally by gavage using 56 times the human dose of yarrow daily on either gestation days (GD) 1-8 or GD 8-15. Two groups of controls were included; the first received water and the second received an equivalent dose of ethanol to that found in the yarrow preparation over the two gestation periods. On GD 20, rats were sacrificed, placentae were weighed, and corpora lutea counted. The fetuses were weighed and examined for signs of external, internal or skeletal malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose used was not materno-toxic. There was no increase in pre- or post-implantation losses suggesting that yarrow was neither an abortifacient nor a contraceptive. Placental weights were increased in rats treated with yarrow on GD 8-15 compared to water and ethanol controls and on GD 1-8 compared to water control fetuses. Body weight was reduced in fetuses exposed to yarrow on GD 8-15 compared to water control fetuses. There was no difference in incidence of external or internal malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study it was found that yarrow, when administered to rats at 56 times the human dose, was associated with reduced fetal weight and increased placental weight. In the absence of a no observable effect level for these variables it must be concluded that the consumption of yarrow is contraindicated during pregnancy until further investigations have been carried out.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Boswell-Ruys
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Brown-Woodman
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D031162:Achillea / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects; D000075202:Contraindications; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations; D013723:Teratogens