The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults.
BACKGROUND
The metabolic syndrome is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between the metabolic syndrome and risk for chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.


METHODS
Participants 20 years of age or older were studied in the chronic kidney disease (n = 6217) and microalbuminuria (n = 6125) analyses.


METHODS
The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of 3 or more of the following risk factors: elevated blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high triglyceride level, elevated glucose level, and abdominal obesity. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, and microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio of 30 to 300 mg/g.


RESULTS
The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria in participants with the metabolic syndrome compared with participants without the metabolic syndrome were 2.60 (95% CI, 1.68 to 4.03) and 1.89 (CI, 1.34 to 2.67), respectively. Compared with participants with 0 or 1 component of the metabolic syndrome, participants with 2, 3, 4, and 5 components of chronic kidney disease had multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of 2.21 (CI, 1.16 to 4.24), 3.38 (CI, 1.48 to 7.69), 4.23 (CI, 2.06 to 8.63), and 5.85 (CI, 3.11 to 11.0), respectively. The corresponding multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of microalbuminuria for participants with 3, 4, and 5 components were 1.62 (CI, 1.10 to 2.38), 2.45 (CI, 1.55 to 3.85), and 3.19 (CI, 1.96 to 5.19), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the metabolic syndrome might be an important factor in the cause of chronic kidney disease.
Chen
Jing
J
Tulane University Schools of Medicine and Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
Muntner
Paul
P
Hamm
L Lee
LL
Jones
Daniel W
DW
Batuman
Vecihi
V
Fonseca
Vivian
V
Whelton
Paul K
PK
He
Jiang
J
D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology