title: Intraoperative effects of combined versus general anesthesia during major liver surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study compares the intraoperative effects of combined versus general anesthesia during major liver surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective randomized study, 70 patients were divided into 2 group of 35 subjects. Group A received general anesthesia (thiopentone, fentanyl, vecuronium, sevoflurane in a closed circuit) 15 minutes after placement of an epidural catheter (D9-D10) and induction of epidural anesthesia (6 ml 2% naropine). Continuous epidural infusion was initiated before surgical incision and continued with 0.2% naropine (7 ml/h) until the end of the operation. Group B received combined intraoperative anesthesia wit fentanyl doses according to hemodynamic parameters and 0.1 mg/kg morphine 30-4 minutes before cutaneous suture. Hemodynamic values were measured at base line (T0), and then at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after induction of general anesthesia (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively). On recovery, patients were assessed for pain at rest and on movement reported on a visual analog scale; degree of motor blockade according to the Bromage scale; appearance of side effects; use af analgesic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) was noted within each group at 15 minutes after induction of general anesthesia. Significant differences in ABP were found between the 2 groups at T1 to T5, whereas HR values were substantially similar. The mean intraoperative use of fentanyl was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A, as was that of vecuronium. Pain intensity on recovery in patients who received epidural anesthesia was lower both at rest and on movement; only the patients in Group B required additional analgesics. No motor blockade was observed in either group. Nausea and vomiting were more frequent in Group B; hypotension was more frequent in Group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms the safety of locoregional anesthesia in liver surgery, with good hemodynamic stability and absence of major side effects. The lower intraoperative use of opioids and muscle relaxants in patients who received epidural anesthesia confirms the neurovegetative protection this method provides. The data support the hypothesis that greater intraoperative use of opioids may be responsible for the higher incidence of side effects. Therefore, the intraoperative use of combined low-concentration anesthetic agents alone appears to offer a reasonable treatment option that provides adequate pain control at recovery from general anesthesia, with only minor side effects typically associated with analgesic (motor blockade) and opioids (nausea and vomiting). Given the complications associated with the technique, it should be performed by an expert anesthetist.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia and Resuscitation Specialty School, Department of Emergency and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilio, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siniscalchi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Begliomini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matteo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Pietri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasetto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D009294:Narcotics