title: The significance of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) for sea-salt episodes and acidification-related effects in Norwegian rivers.
abstract: Acidification of Norwegian surface waters, as indicated by elevated concentrations of sulfate and a corresponding reduction in acid neutralizing capacity and pH, is a result of emission and subsequent deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. Episodic sea-salt deposition during severe weather conditions may increase the effects of acidification by mobilizing more toxic aluminum during such episodes. Changes in climatic conditions may increase the frequency and strength of storms along the coast thus interacting with acidification effects on chemistry and biota. We found that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is linked to sea-salt deposition and sea-salt induced water chemistry effects in five rivers. Particularly, toxic levels of aluminum in all rivers were significantly correlated with higher NAO index values. Further, temporal trends were studied by comparing tendencies for selected statistical indices (i.e. frequency distributions) with time. The selected indices exhibited strong correlations between the NAO index, sea-salt deposition and river data such as chloride, pH and inorganic monomeric aluminum, pointing at the influence of North Atlantic climate variability on water chemistry and water toxicity. The potentially toxic effects of sea-salt deposition in rivers seem to be reduced as the acidification is reduced. This suggests that sea-salt episodes have to increase in strength in order to give the same potential negative biological effects in the future, if acid deposition is further reduced. More extreme winter precipitation events have been predicted in the northwest of Europe as a result of climate change. If this change will be associated with more severe sea-salt episodes is yet unknown.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Televeien 3, N-4879 Grimstad, Norway. atle.hindar@niva.no
authors.forename: Atle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hindar
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tørseth
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Orsolini
mesh_terms: D015258:Acid Rain; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009664:Norway; D045483:Rivers; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D015258:Acid Rain; D012965:Sodium Chloride