title: Empathy, communication, deception.
abstract: Empathy is understood as a mode of understanding operating on a subconscious level of mental processing. The cognitive element can only abstractly be distinguished from its affective expression. When recognizing a fellow creature we involuntarily sympathize with it. Recognition of covert motivations of overt behavior is the first step in formation of a communication channel between two (or more) empathizing agents. Yet, since communication evolved in variably complex social environments it was subject to pressure of conflicting individual interests. Deception thus evolved as an adaptive evolutionary strategy. Empathic understanding does not necessarily entail recognition of agent's real intentions. Deception may be achieved on both conscious and unconscious processing levels. A sufficient degree of biopsychosocial maturity must be reached for a child to be able to independently recognize verbal and non-verbal communication finesses. Once this level has been attained, the prevailing emotional orientation determines his/her degree of empathizing competence.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janović
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivković
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nazor
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grammer
authors.forename: Veljko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jovanović
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D008192:Deception; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans