title: Determination of fluoride ions released from resin-based dental materials using ion-selective electrode and ion chromatograph.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the quantities of total and free fluoride ions released from four resin-based composites containing fluoride (Heliomolar (HE), UniFil S (UF), Beautifil (BE) and Reactmer paste (RP)) and one glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Fil Plus Aplicap (KF)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five disk specimens of each material were prepared and the fluoride release was measured at 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The amounts of total and free fluoride ions released from materials were measured by using an ion-selective electrode (ISE) and ion chromatography (IC). Data were statistically analyzed using a t-test at a significant level of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For HE, fluoride release is undetectable using the ISE but was detected by the IC method. There were no significant differences in the free and total fluoride ions released from UF and BE (p>0.05). For RP, the free fluoride ions were significantly lower than the total fluoride ions after 4 days (p<0.05). KF showed significant difference between total and free fluoride ions at 7 and 28 days (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nature of the fluoride incorporated into dental materials affected the amounts of free and total fluoride ions released from materials.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Science Unit, School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, NE2 4BW, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. itota@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itota
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Carrick
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rusby
authors.forename: Omar Taha
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Al-Naimi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshiyama
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C470433:Beautifil composite resin; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; C029012:Composite Dental Resin; D003188:Composite Resins; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C513708:Heliomolar; D008298:Maleates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C483424:Unifil S; C465006:reactmer paste; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C040964:Ketac-Fil; D005459:Fluorides