title: The forces applied by female and male chiropractors during thoracic spinal manipulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On average, women weigh less, have a smaller frame, and are less muscular than men. Since the peak thrust force applied during spinal manipulative treatments can be quite high and must be reached in a very short period of time, one might question the physical ability of women to generate such high forces.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the forces generated by male and female chiropractors as they deliver spinal manipulation to the thoracic spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male and 14 female experience-matched chiropractors participated in this study. They each manipulated 1 of 9 asymptomatic male adult subjects of similar height and weight. The clinicians were asked to manipulate a transverse process in the vicinity of T4 and T9. Any technique could be used as long as the treatment thrust was in a posterior to anterior direction and the hand contact fit onto the sensor pad (area = 100 cm2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences (P<.05) between male and female chiropractors for any measurements in the upper thoracic area. For the lower thoracic manipulations, the preload forces for the male chiropractors were significantly greater (P<.05) than those for the female chiropractors. The remaining variables were the same between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female chiropractors produce, from a mechanical point of view, similar manual treatments as their male colleagues.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forand
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drover
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Suleman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Symons
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026882:Manipulation, Chiropractic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology