title: Inherited diseases involving g proteins and g protein-coupled receptors.
abstract: Heterotrimeric G proteins couple seven-transmembrane receptors for diverse extracellular signals to effectors that generate intracellular signals altering cell function. Mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the G protein-coupling receptors to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase cause developmental abnormalities of bone, as well as hormone resistance (pseudohypoparathyroidism caused by loss-of-function mutations) and hormone hypersecretion (McCune-Albright syndrome caused by gain-of-function mutations). Loss- and gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified as the cause of an increasing number of retinal, endocrine, metabolic, and developmental disorders. GPCRs comprise an evolutionarily conserved gene superfamily ( 1 ). By coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCRs transduce a wide variety of extracellular signals including monoamine, amino acid, and nucleoside neurotransmitters, as well as photons, chemical odorants, divalent cations, hormones, lipids, peptides and proteins. Following a brief overview of G protein-coupled signal transduction, we review the growing body of evidence that mutations in genes encoding GPCRs and G proteins are an important cause of human disease.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. spiegela@extra.niddk.nih.gov
authors.forename: Allen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Lee S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins