title: An anatomic study of nasal tip supporting structures.
abstract: Successful rhinoplasty depends on nasal tip support and its influence on nasal tip projection. It is generally agreed that the components of nasal tip support include the attachment between the upper and lower lateral cartilages, the attachment between the lateral crus of the lower lateral cartilage and the pyriform aperture, the attachment between the paired domes of the lower lateral cartilages, and the medial crural attachment to the caudal septum. However, these structures are still not clearly determined, and there was no anatomic study of nasal tip supporting structures in Asia. The purpose of this study was to determine the nasal tip supporting structures and find out the differences in these structures between white and Asian people. Ten noses of fresh cadavers were investigated. Dissection was performed and the previously mentioned nasal tip supporting structures were observed and excised. Histologic examination was done with hematoxylin and eosin stain and Van Gieson elastin stain. Macroscopic study showed that there were dense fibrous tissue between the upper and lower lateral cartilages, dense fibrous tissue and sesamoid cartilages between the lateral crus and the pyriform aperture, loose connective tissue between the paired domes of lower lateral cartilages, and no identified specific tissue between the medial crus and the caudal septum. Microscopic investigation allowed a more detailed analysis of these structures. Between the upper and lower lateral cartilages, dense collagen fibers were running in one direction and anchoring firmly to each cartilage, which meets the histologic criteria of a ligament. Between the lateral crus and the pyriform aperture, there were intermingled collagen fibers and muscular fibers, which meets the histologic criteria of fibromuscular tissue. Between the paired domes of lower lateral cartilages, there were few fibers with abundant amorphous ground substances, which meets the histologic criteria of loose connective tissue. Based on our results, we recommend that the previously mentioned nasal tip supporting structures should be named intercartilaginous ligament, sesamoid fibromuscular tissue, and interdomal loose connective tissue, respectively. In addition, we consider that the loose connection between the domes of middle crura and the absence of an attachment of the medial crura to the caudal septum can be one of the reasons why the nasal tip of Asian people is broad and unprojected and the base is wide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine and Medical Science Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. pshan@kumc.or.kr
authors.forename: Seung-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dong-Geun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woo-Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*