title: A 4-year longitudinal study on risk factors for alcoholism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longitudinal studies are needed to resolve inconsistencies in previous findings regarding antecedents of alcoholism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate genetic and environmental risk factors for alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-year longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort was randomly selected from 4 aboriginal groups in Taiwan. Cohort subjects free from any alcohol use disorder at phase 1 (n=499) were reassessed approximately 4 years later (phase 2). The percentage of participants who completed the study was 98.4%.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized semistructured clinical interview for alcoholism and other psychiatric comorbidity was used in both phases of the study. The main outcome measure was the incidence of alcohol use disorder. Specific risk factors examined included sociodemographic factors, family history of alcoholism, extent of acculturation, psychiatric comorbidity, and alcohol-metabolizing genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the risk for alcoholism was significantly higher among subjects who were male (odds ratio [OR], 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79-4.32), aged 15 to 24 years (OR, 5.05; 95% CI, 2.06-6.18), unmarried (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.03-2.49), and employed (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.34-3.77) and had a higher educational level (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.12-2.75), a family history of alcoholism (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.06-2.83), and a higher extent of cultural assimilation (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.28-3.35). Two specific risk pathways emerged on multivariate analysis: the highest risk was among subjects aged 25 to 34 years with anxiety disorders (OR, 16.86; 95% CI, 3.98-71.41), and the other was among men with the less active ADH2*1 gene (OR, 5.87; 95% CI, 2.73-12.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on incidence cases of alcoholism among aboriginal Taiwanese, this study confirms the significant roles of anxiety disorders and of the ADH2*1 allele as antecedents of alcoholism among specific age and sex groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. bmandrew@gate.sinica.edu.tw
authors.forename: Andrew T A
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shur-Fen
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Gau
authors.forename: Tony H H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jung-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yuh-Terng
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase