title: Antibody array-generated profiles of cytokine release from THP-1 leukemic monocytes exposed to different amphotericin B formulations.
abstract: Cytokine antibody arrays were used to establish the profiles of cytokine release from THP-1 monocytes exposed to different amphotericin B (AMB) drug delivery systems. Fungizone (FZ) and Amphotec (ABCD) caused the release of significantly more inflammatory molecules and the release of inflammatory molecules at higher levels than either AmBisome (L-AMB) or Abelcet (ABLC) after 6 h of treatment. Specifically, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8), GRO-(alphabetagamma), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES, IL-10, and IL-6 were detected and semiquantified with a chemiluminscence imaging system. TNF-alpha, IL-8, and MCP-1 were the most predominant; however, little if any TNF-alpha was present in ABLC- or L-AMB-treated cultures. The TNF- alpha and IL-8 levels determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay correlated with the relative cytokine levels measured by using the antibody arrays. Although the viabilities of THP-l monocytes in all AMB-treated cultures were similar by trypan blue exclusion, the amount of lactic dehydrogenase released was significantly larger in FZ- and ABCD-treated cultures than in L-AMB- and ABLC-treated cultures, indicating more membrane perturbations with those formulations. Membrane cation channel formation was also measured in model cholesterol-containing large unilamellar vesicles to directly assess the ion channel formation ability of the system. Only FZ and ABCD induced significant ion currents at concentrations less than 1.5 x 10(-5) M. These results may help provide rationales for the immediate cytokine-mediated side effects observed with FZ and ABCD and the reduced side effects observed with L-AMB and ABLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702, USA. Turtinen@uwec.edu
authors.forename: Lloyd W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Turtinen
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Prall
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nauss
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hartsel
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000906:Antibodies; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D007473:Ion Channels; D020543:Proteome; D000666:Amphotericin B; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase