title: Induction of apoptosis by Citrus paradisi essential oil in human leukemic (HL-60) cells.
abstract: Limonene is a primary component of citrus essential oils (EOs) and has been reported to induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Little is known about induction of apoptosis by citrus EOs. In this study, we examined induction of apoptosis by Citrus aurantium var. dulcis (sweet orange) EO, Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) EO and Citrus limon (lemon) EO. These EOs induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells and the apoptosis activities were related to the limonene content of the EOs. Moreover, sweet orange EO and grapefruit EO may contain components besides limonene that have apoptotic activity. To identify the components with apoptotic activity, grapefruit EO was fractionated using silica gel columns, and the components were analyzed by GC-MS. The n-hexane fraction contained limonene, and the dichloromethane fraction (DF) contained aldehyde compounds and nootkatone. Decanal, octanal and citral in the DF showed strong apoptotic activity, suggesting that the aldehyde compounds induced apoptosis strongly in HL-60 cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cosmetics Sciences, Club Cosmetics Co., Ltd., 145-1, Ichibu-Cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0222, Japan. thata@clubcosmetics.co.jp
authors.forename: Tomona
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Ikuyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Norikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minamino
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watabe
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D032083:Citrus paradisi; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D000077222:Limonene; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D028321:Plant Preparations; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene