title: High-resolution MRI of the anatomy important in total mesorectal excision of the rectum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The surgical removal of a rectal carcinoma and the adjacent lymph nodes in an en bloc package lessens the risk of local recurrence due to residual tumor. Heightened awareness of good surgical techniques has created much interest in the anatomy involved in total mesorectal excision surgery, with particular focus on the fascial planes and nerve plexuses and their relationship to the surgical planes of excision. Clear preoperative depiction of these relationships is of value in determining tumor resectability. The aim of this study was to describe the radiologic appearance of these anatomic structures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. High-spatial-resolution T2-weighted MRI was performed using a 1.5-T system in cadaveric sections and in patients before they underwent total mesorectal excision surgery. Anatomic dissections of sagitally sectioned hemipelves were compared with MRIs obtained in vivo to establish criteria for visualization of the structures relevant to anterior resection of the rectum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-spatial-resolution MRI depicted a number of structures of importance in total mesorectal excision surgery. The mesorectal fascia, which forms the boundary of the surgical excision plane in total mesorectal excision, was identified, and the presacral fascia, peritoneal reflection, and Denonvilliers' fascia were also shown. Structures 1-2 mm in diameter were visualized because the contrast resolution afforded by T2-weighted fast spin-echo imaging permitted depiction of the inferior hypogastric nerve plexus and the fascial planes within the posterior pelvis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomic landmarks important to the performance of rectal cancer surgery, in particular the mesorectal fascia, may be defined on MRI and are of potential importance in the staging of tumors, assessing resectability, planning surgery, and selecting patients for preoperative neoadjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cardiff and the Vale NHS Trust, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, Wales. gina.brown@rmh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.forename: Geraint T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Chummy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sinnatamby
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D004210:Dissection; D005205:Fascia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome