title: A comparison of injury criteria used in evaluating seats for whiplash protection.
abstract: A protocol has been proposed for testing seats for whiplash protection, however injury criteria have not yet been chosen. Assuming that whiplash symptoms arise from non-physiological motions of vertebral segments, we determined the ability of proposed criteria to predict peak individual vertebral displacements. Twenty-eight volunteers were subjected to rear impacts while seated in a car seat with head restraint, mounted onto a sled. Accelerometers were used to record head and torso accelerations. The volunteer data was used as a basis for testing post-mortem human specimens (PMHS). The seat was replaced by a platform onto which was mounted each of 11 cervico-thoracic spines. An instrumented headform was mounted to the upper end of the spine. The head restraint, head-to-restraint geometry, sled, and impact pulse remained the same. Head and T1 accelerations were measured and individual vertebral sagittal (XZ) plane rotations and translations were obtained from high speed video. Proposed injury criteria (NIC, Nkm, Nte, Nd) were tested for their ability to predict average, total, and peak intervertebral displacements. PMHS specimens had chest and head X (horizontal) and Z (vertical) linear accelerations similar to volunteers whose heads hit the head restraint. The best predictors were: Nd shear and peak intervertebral posterior translation (r(2) = 0.80), Nd extension and peak extension angle (r(2) = 0.70), and Nd distraction and peak distraction (r(2) = 0.51). Therefore consideration should be given to a displacement based injury criteria such as Nd in assessment of whiplash protection devices.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Sciences Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. atencer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Tencer
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*