title: Propofol decreases waste anesthetic gas exposure during pediatric bronchoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the anesthetic gas exposure and operating conditions during insufflation anesthesia with halothane-alone versus halothane-propofol in children undergoing direct laryngobronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six children were enrolled in this randomized prospective study, with institutional review board approval and informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children were anesthetized by halothane mask induction and anesthesia was maintained using spontaneous ventilation with insufflation. No muscle relaxants or opioids were used. In the halothane group, halothane was titrated as needed. In the propofol group, halothane was decreased to 1% inspired concentration and the propofol was titrated as needed to maintain spontaneous ventilation and a still patient. Trace anesthetic gases, hemodynamic stability, and operating conditions were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were similar in age, weight, and bronchoscopy time. There was significantly less gas exposure in the propofol group (25 +/- 33 parts per million) versus the halothane group (66 +/- 97 ppm; P <.02). There was a trend toward earlier emergence in the halothane group (33 +/- 13 minutes) versus the propofol group (41 +/- 17 minutes). Postoperative stridor was common, occurring in 30% of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insufflation anesthesia with spontaneous respiration provides excellent surgical conditions for laryngobronchoscopy. The addition of propofol resulted in fewer airway complications (P =.047). Although the addition of propofol significantly decreased anesthetic gas exposure in the operating room, both techniques resulted in operating room pollution that exceeded the maximum levels of 2 ppm per hour recommended by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zestos
authors.forename: Debashish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Sankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haupert
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009873:Operating Rooms; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006221:Halothane; D015742:Propofol