title: The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe.
abstract: In Europe, secondary particulate matter (PM) comprises 50% or more of PM 2.5. To reduce PM concentrations requires lowering precursor emissions. Since the 1980s, SO(2) emissions have decreased by more than 60%, while particle concentrations have decreased less. NO(x) and NH(3) emissions have decreased slightly. The role of ammonia in particle formation is addressed here. It is shown that secondary PM concentrations can only be effectively reduced if ammonia emissions are decreased in much the same way as those of SO(2) and NO(x).
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), PO Box 1, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands. erisman@ecn.nl
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Erisman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaap
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000633:toxicity; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005060:Europe; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D009566:Nitrates; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D013431:Sulfates; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D000641:Ammonia