title: Alcohol and drug abuse among persons with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the one-month prevalence and impact of substance abuse in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of King County were surveyed by mail. This multifaceted health survey included questions pertaining to substance abuse. Seven hundred and thirty-nine out of 1374 potential participants (54%) returned the survey, while 708 reported a medically confirmed diagnosis of MS and provided sufficient data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen per cent of the sample screened positive for possible alcohol abuse or dependence, and 7.4% reported misusing illicit drugs or prescription medications within the previous month. Possible alcohol abuse and drug misuse were associated with younger age, less severe MS related disability and being employed, as well as greater self-reported depressive symptomatology. Most persons with alcohol problems indicated interest in learning more about ways to stop or cut down.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance abuse may be present in up to 19% of this sample and contribute to high rates of depression. There may be greater risk of harm due to substance abuse in people with MS because of the potential magnification of motor and cognitive impairments. Comprehensive MS care should include substance abuse screening and advice to cut down or abstain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box 359740, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. chb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ehde
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires