title: Interaction with leukocytes: phospholipid-stabilized versus albumin-shell microbubbles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm that BR14 microbubbles (MBs) can be phagocytosed by activated leukocytes, to determine their stability after phagocytosis, and to evaluate how such characteristics influence the fate of neutrophils containing MBs after insonation.
  
  
  METHODS
  BR14 and human albumin MBs (2 x 10(7)/mL) were incubated with activated human neutrophils (2 x 10(6)/mL) to allow phagocytosis. Deflation rate of the phagocytosed MBs after pulsed insonation (one burst per second for 5 seconds) at 1.8 MHz with peak negative pressure of -540 kPa or -1,340 kPa, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling stain-positive cell count after insonation were compared between the two agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At -540 kPa, phagocytosed MBs remained nearly unchanged for both agents after insonation. At -1,340 kPa, although human albumin MBs were disrupted on the first or second burst, BR14 MBs remained undisrupted. After -540-kPa insonation, a similar number of apoptotic cells appeared in neutrophils containing human albumin and BR14 MBs. At -540 kPa, LDH leakage was limited in human albumin MBs and BR14 MBs. At -1,340 kPa, LDH leakage was significantly increased in human albumin MBs and BR14 MBs (P <.01, both vs -540 kPa). Apoptotic cells were significantly decreased in human albumin MBs and BR14 MBs (P <.01, both vs -540 kPa). LDH leakage was lower and apoptotic cell count was greater in BR14 MB-containing neutrophils than in human albumin MB-containing neutrophils (both P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with human albumin MBs, BR14 MBs were more stable after phagocytosis with insonation. This stability is associated with less disruption and greater induction of apoptosis in leukocytes after relatively high-pressure insonation in the range for diagnostic use.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinomiya
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oshita
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Katsufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizushige
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C471302:BR14 contrast agent; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010743:Phospholipids; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase