title: Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (FK506) in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled dose-finding study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (FK506) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibiting resistance to disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy, and to determine the optimal dosage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 212 patients with DMARD-resistant RA were enrolled in this double blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study and allocated to 3 groups. Patients were administered tacrolimus at a dosage of 1.5 mg/day (68 patients) or 3 mg/day (70 patients), or placebo (74 patients), for 16 weeks. They were allowed to continue taking prednisolone (< or = 5 mg/day) and/or one nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) during the study. Clinical assessment was based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACR 20% response rates were higher in both tacrolimus groups (3 mg: 48.3%; 1.5 mg: 24.6%) than in the placebo group (14.1%), with the rate in the 3 mg group significantly higher. There were no significant differences between the tacrolimus groups and placebo group in the incidence of adverse events. The main adverse events in the tacrolimus groups, especially in the 3 mg group, were renal function abnormalities and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, no significant differences were observed among the 3 groups in the incidence of any adverse event except decrease in serum Mg level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate excellent dose-dependent efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with DMARD-resistant RA and strongly suggest the usefulness of tacrolimus for treatment of RA. The optimal dosage appears to be 3 mg/day in terms of efficacy and safety.
authors.affiliation: Japanese Tacrolimus (FK506) RA Study Group, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. kondo@med.kitasato-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hirobumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irimajiri
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugawara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D011239:Prednisolone; D016559:Tacrolimus