title: Recruitment of the nucleolar remodeling complex NoRC establishes ribosomal DNA silencing in chromatin.
abstract: The rRNA gene cluster consists of multiple transcription units. Half of these are active, while the other half are transcriptionally inactive. Previously, in vivo studies have demonstrated that silencing of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is mediated by the chromatin remodeling NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex). To explore the mechanisms underlying NoRC-directed silencing of rDNA transcription, we investigated the effect of recombinant NoRC on RNA polymerase I transcription on reconstituted chromatin templates. We show that NoRC interacts with the transcription terminator factor (TTF-I), and this interaction is required both for the binding of TTF-I to its promoter-proximal target site and for the recruitment of NoRC to the promoter. After association with the rDNA promoter, NoRC alters the position of the promoter-bound nucleosome, thereby repressing RNA polymerase I transcription. This NoRC-directed rDNA repression requires the N terminus of histone H4. Repression is effective before preinitiation complex formation and as such is unable to exert an effect upon activated rDNA genes. Furthermore, the early steps of rDNA repression do not depend on DNA and histone modifications. These results reveal an important role for TTF-I in recruiting NoRC to rDNA and an active role for NoRC in the establishment of rDNA silencing.
authors.affiliation: Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Molekularbiologie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80336 Munich. German.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strohner
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Németh
authors.forename: Karl P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grummt
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Längst
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004278:DNA, Superhelical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D012318:RNA Polymerase I / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins
chemical_list: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D004278:DNA, Superhelical; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D012318:RNA Polymerase I; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C436708:BAZ2A protein, human; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins; C504003:TTF1 protein, human; C409462:SMARCA5 protein, human