title: Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
abstract: Halonitromethanes are drinking water disinfection byproducts that have recently received a high priority for health effects research from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Our purpose was to identify and synthesize where necessary the mixed halonitromethanes and to determine the chronic cytotoxicity and the acute genotoxicity of these agents in mammalian cells. The halonitromethanes included bromonitromethane (BNM), dibromonitromethane (DBNM), tribromonitromethane (TBNM), bromochloronitromethane (BCNM), dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM), bromodichloronitromethane (BDCNM), chloronitromethane (CNM), dichloronitromethane (DCNM), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Low- and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the mixed chloro-bromonitromethanes in finished drinking waters, and analytical standards that were not commercially available were synthesized (BDCNM, DBCNM, TBNM, CNM, DCNM, BCNM). The rank order of their chronic cytotoxicity (72 h exposure) to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was DBNM > DBCNM > BNM > TBNM > BDCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM > TCNM. The rank order to induce genomic DNA damage in CHO cells was DBNM > BDCNM > TBNM > TCNM > BNM > DBCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM. The brominated nitromethanes were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. This research demonstrated the integration of the procedures for the analytical chemistry and analytical biology when working with limited amounts of sample. The halonitromethanes are potent mammalian cell cytotoxins and genotoxins and may pose a hazard to the public health and the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. mplewa@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Plewa
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jazwierska
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A Bruce
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: McKague
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016923:Cell Death; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008697:Methane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008697:Methane