title: Endoscopic exploration of the brachial plexus: technique and topographic anatomy--a study in fresh human cadavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The indications for and timing of brachial plexus exploration in closed injuries are controversial. The time-consuming surgery proves its worth in some cases, whereas spontaneous regeneration might have been possible in others. The differentiation is difficult, because no investigational method reveals the exact morphological correlates of the nerve lesions. Minimally invasive, direct observation of the structures is a possible solution. Here we describe our surgical technique and the anatomic features of the normal brachial plexus appreciated with the endoscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one brachial plexus in 11 fresh cadavers were investigated. Endoscopic exploration was performed at the supraclavicular and infraclavicular levels. The method involves insertion of an optic shaft-integrated retractor through a stab wound; retraction of landmark muscles produces a working space, into which other instruments are introduced for dissection. After completion of endoscopic surgery, open dissection was performed to verify the endoscopically identified structures and to assess iatrogenic injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The omohyoid muscle is a reliable landmark in the supraclavicular region, beneath which the suprascapular nerve can be observed. Following the suprascapular nerve proximally leads to the plexus trunks. Infraclavicular exploration first reveals the axillary artery. The plexus and its nerves are traced around this artery. The anatomic features were constant in all cases, with variations in fat accumulation depending on the corporeal constitution. We detected iatrogenic injuries to the medial circumflex humeral vessels in two cases. No nerve injuries were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic technique combined with intraoperative nerve stimulation studies might provide important information on the type of morphological damage in closed brachial plexus injuries and thus might become an important tool for determination of the surgical treatment strategy. Clinical work is under way.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany. kartik.krishnan@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: Kartik G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pinzer
authors.forename: Friedemann
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reber
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schackert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000473:pathology*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology*