title: Elevated sex-hormone binding globulin in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hormone levels change significantly with increasing age. These changes may be related to, or be associated with, the emergence of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and seventy-six women over the age of 65 were studied from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP). These women were selected from a group of healthy Medicare beneficiaries that were aged 65 and older living in the geographically defined area of northern Manhattan in New York City. Serum levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found between patients with AD and controls only in the level of SHBG, which was 20% higher in patients compared to controls (68.5nmol/l versus 54.7nmol/l, P<0.001). We also estimated levels of total E2 because after menopause, E2 is largely derived from E1. AD patients had significantly lower levels of estimated E2 (AD 0.46 versus controls 0.49, P<0.01). Differences remained significant after adjusting for age, ethnic group, education, and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A marked increase in SHBG levels was found in AD patients. SHBG normally responds to circulating testosterone and estrogen, therefore, elevated SHBG suggests an abnormal increase in its production and regulation. Further work is needed to clarify the cause and consequences of this observation.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Elena K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: Ming X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayeux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D004970:Estrone; D013739:Testosterone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone