title: Does the architecture of hospital facilities influence nosocomial infection rates? A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence regarding the effects of interventions to improve hospital design and construction on the occurrence of nosocomial infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of experimental and non-experimental, architectural intervention studies in intensive care units (ICUs), surgical departments, isolation units, and hospitals in general. The studies dated from 1975, and were in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Regardless of format, the studies were identified through seven medical databases, reference lists, and expert consultation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-eight scientific articles were identified; however, none of these described a meta-analysis, systematic review, or randomized, controlled trial. Most of the articles were categorized at the lowest level of evidence (expert judgment or consensus statements). Only 17 described completed concurrent or historical cohort studies matching the inclusion criteria (ICUs, 9; surgical departments, 4; isolation units, 2; hospitals in general, 2). The interventions generally included a move to other premises or renovation. However, in many studies, the staff-to-patient ratio was also improved. Some studies showed lower infection rates after intervention, but this finding cannot be generalized because of confounding and frequently small study populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of stringent evidence linking hospital design and construction with the prevention of nosocomial infection is partly attributable to the multifactorial nature of these infections, and some improvement will be seen if basic conditions such as the availability of sufficient space, isolation capacity, and facilities for handwashing are met. However, to our knowledge, other factors, especially the improper hand hygiene of medical staff, have greater impact.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dettenkofer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seegers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Motschall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Daschner
mesh_terms: D001108:Architecture; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010356:Patient Isolation; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control