title: Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms.
abstract: The primary objective was to compare reported antimicrobial usage between conventional and organic dairy farms. A secondary objective was to contrast selected management characteristics of conventional and organic dairy herds. A questionnaire was administered on site to selected dairy farmers located in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin. Organic herds (n = 32) were smaller and produced less milk than conventional herds (n = 99). Lactating cows in organic dairies were more likely to be housed in tie stalls, whereas most conventional dairies housed cows in free stalls and milked in a parlor. Total mixed rations and purchased feeds were used on more conventional dairy farms compared with organic dairy farms. Conventional dairy producers were more likely to use advice from veterinarians for recommendations of treatment, and organic dairy producers were more likely to rely on advice from other farmers. Based on recall of antibiotic usage in the previous 60 d, 5.1, 84.9, 9.1, and 0.9% of farmers with conventional herds reported treatment of none, 1 to 10%, 11 to 25%, and >25% of milk cows, respectively. Most organic farmers (90.6%) reported no antibiotic treatments of milk cows, whereas 9.4% reported treating 1 to 10% of milk cows. Ceftiofur was the most commonly reported antibiotic for both farm types. Milk replacer containing antibiotics was reportedly used on 49.5% of conventional herds but only on one organic herd (3.1%). Antibiotics were used in heifer calves on 74.7% of conventional herds versus 21.9% of organic herds. Antibiotics to treat mastitis were used on 79.8% of conventional herds but on none of the organic herds. Most organic farms were in compliance with standards in advance of implementation of regulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zwald
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ruegg
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kaneene
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Warnick
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Halbert
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D058870:Food, Organic; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007476:Ionophores / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007774:Lactation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D003049:Coccidiostats; D007476:Ionophores; C053503:ceftiofur