title: The Ross procedure as the surgical treatment of active aortic valve endocarditis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors' experience is reported of aortic valve replacement (AVR) using the pulmonary autograft in patients with active aortic valve endocarditis, including an urgent Ross procedure in infants with the acute condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients aged between 8 months and 38 years, with a diagnosis of aortic valve endocarditis, have undergone AVR using the Ross procedure at the authors' institution since October 1997. The diagnosis was established by clinical and echocardiographic findings. Indications for surgery were severe aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure in all patients, with the addition of thromboembolic events (n = 3), persistent hyperpyrexia (n = 3) and vegetations (n = 5). Four infants with no history of congenital cardiac malformation underwent urgent surgery because of acute bacterial endocarditis and rapid hemodynamic deterioration. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae in three patients, and Kingella kingi and Staphylococcus aureus in one patient each. Four patients were culture-negative. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics for four to six weeks postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no perioperative or late deaths, and no recurrent endocarditis at the implanted valves. Echocardiographic evaluation at discharge showed trivial to mild aortic insufficiency, with no stenosis at the left ventricular outflow tract. Similar findings were found across the right ventricular outflow tract. At follow up (range: 4 months to 5.5 years), none of the patients showed progression of aortic valve insufficiency or developed stenosis; three had mild and moderate homograft stenosis (Doppler gradient 20-40 mmHg), and all children had moderate homograft insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ross procedure is an excellent therapeutic option for active aortic valve endocarditis in young patients, and demonstrates low morbidity and mortality. Early surgery may be indicated in patients with acute aortic valve endocarditis because of the rapidly progressive nature of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Einat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birk
authors.forename: Erez
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sharoni
authors.forename: Ovadia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: Georgios P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Georghiou
authors.forename: Bernardo A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vidne
authors.forename: Eldad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male