title: Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In observational studies, elevated plasma total homocysteine levels have been positively associated with ischemic stroke risk. However the utility of homocysteine-lowering therapy to reduce that risk has not been confirmed by randomized trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether high doses of folic acid, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and cobalamin (vitamin B12), given to lower total homocysteine levels, reduce the risk of recurrent stroke over a 2-year period compared with low doses of these vitamins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind randomized controlled trial (September 1996-May 2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  3680 adults with nondisabling cerebral infarction at 56 university-affiliated hospitals, community hospitals, private neurology practices, and Veterans Affairs medical centers across the United States, Canada, and Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants received best medical and surgical care plus a daily multivitamin containing the US Food and Drug Administration's reference daily intakes of other vitamins; patients were randomly assigned to receive once-daily doses of the high-dose formulation (n = 1827), containing 25 mg of pyridoxine, 0.4 mg of cobalamin, and 2.5 mg of folic acid; or the low-dose formulation (n = 1853), containing 200 microg of pyridoxine, 6 microg of cobalamin and 20 microg of folic acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrent cerebral infarction (primary outcome); coronary heart disease (CHD) events and death (secondary outcomes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean reduction of total homocysteine was 2 micromol/L greater in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group, but there was no treatment effect on any end point. The unadjusted risk ratio for any stroke, CHD event, or death was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8-1.1), with chances of an event within 2 years of 18.0% in the high-dose group and 18.6% in the low-dose group. The risk of ischemic stroke within 2 years was 9.2% for the high-dose and 8.8% for the low-dose groups (risk ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.3) (P =.80 by log-rank test of the primary hypothesis of difference in ischemic stroke between treatment groups). There was a persistent and graded association between baseline total homocysteine level and outcomes. A 3- micromol/L lower total homocysteine level was associated with a 10% lower risk of stroke (P =.05), a 26% lower risk of CHD events (P<.001), and a 16% lower risk of death (P =.001) in the low-dose group and a nonsignificantly lower risk in the high-dose group by 2% for stroke, 7% for CHD events, and 7% for death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial, moderate reduction of total homocysteine after nondisabling cerebral infarction had no effect on vascular outcomes during the 2 years of follow-up. However, the consistent findings of an association of total homocysteine with vascular risk suggests that further exploration of the hypothesis is warranted and longer trials in different populations with elevated total homocysteine may be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Toole
authors.forename: M René
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Malinow
authors.forename: Lloyd E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: L Creed
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: Virginia J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Sides
authors.forename: Chin-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D012008:Recurrence; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12