title: Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both diabetes mellitus and alcohol consumption are prevalent in the United States, yet physicians are poorly informed about how alcohol use affects risk for or management of diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review assessing the effect of alcohol use on the incidence, management, and complications of diabetes mellitus in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language studies in persons 19 years of age or older that were identified by searching the MEDLINE database from 1966 to the third week of August 2003 and the reference lists of key articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent assessors reviewed 974 retrieved citations to identify all experimental, cohort, or case-control studies that assessed the effect of alcohol use on diabetes risk, control, self-management, adverse drug events, or complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers extracted data and evaluated study quality on the basis of established criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two studies that met inclusion criteria were reviewed. Compared with no alcohol use, moderate consumption (one to 3 drinks/d) is associated with a 33% to 56% lower incidence of diabetes and a 34% to 55% lower incidence of diabetes-related coronary heart disease. Compared with moderate consumption, heavy consumption (>3 drinks/d) may be associated with up to a 43% increased incidence of diabetes. Moderate alcohol consumption does not acutely impair glycemic control in persons with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased incidence of diabetes mellitus and a decreased incidence of heart disease in persons with diabetes. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of alcohol consumption on glycemic control and noncardiac complications in persons with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA. ahoward@montefiore.org
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Julia H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Arnsten
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gourevitch
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012648:Self Care; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose