title: [Diagnosis and treatment of carcinoid meningitis: a challenge to the neurologist and oncologist].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two clinical types of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors are observed: local and disseminated. The former (meningeal carcinomatosis) consists in nodular infiltration of leptomeninges, while the latter (carcinomatous meningitis)--in tumor cells free floating in the cerebrospinal fluid and adhering as a monolayer to the surface of neural structures. Despite the same etiology, the two types of metastasis differ in their clinical manifestation and prognosis. Meningeal carcinomatosis is more frequently diagnosed nowadays due to advances in neuroimaging techniques and the long survival of breast cancer patients. Patients with local, nodular infiltration of leptomeninges may survive many years without symptoms of the disease. On the other hand, carcinomatous meningitis, with its usually violent course and short survival, has become a major problem for oncologists and neurologists because of limited efficacy and considerable toxicity of the treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge about carcinomatous meningitis in breast cancer patients, taking into account pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The second aim was to present the authors' experience with the treatment of breast cancer patients suffering from carcinomatous meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  37 patients with breast cancer and carcinomatous meningitis were treated in the Oncology Center, Warsaw, in the years 2000-2002. Their mean age was 51. The diagnosis was based on results of neurological examination, MRI scan, and the presence of neoplastic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. In a majority of cases combined treatment was applied, including intrathecal administration of cytostatics, intravenous systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observation period ranged from 2 to 33 months. A response to the treatment was achieved in 76% of the patients. Their median overall survival was 19 weeks, mean 18 weeks. Seven patients (19%) survived for over 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ever-growing incidence of carcinomatous meningitis in the course of breast cancer has become a serious clinical problem for neurologists and oncologists. Treatment results are disappointing, although the combined modality treatment appears to be the best option. New pharmacological approaches to the treatment of meningeal malignancy are required to improve the outcome of patients with carcinomatous meningitis.
authors.affiliation: Kliniki Nowotworów Piersi i Chirurgii Rekonstrukcyjnej Centrum Onkologii w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rudnicka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niwińska
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruszfeld
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pieńkowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods*; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods*