title: A threshold mechanism governing activation of the developmental regulatory protein sigma F in Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: The RNA polymerase sigma factor sigma(F) is a developmental regulatory protein that is activated in a cell-specific manner following the formation of the polar septum during the process of spore formation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Activation of sigma(F) depends on the membrane-bound phosphatase SpoIIE, which localizes to the septum, and on the formation of the polar septum itself. SpoIIE is responsible for dephosphorylating and thereby activating the phosphoprotein SpoIIAA, which, in turn, triggers the release of sigma(F) from the anti-sigma(F) factor SpoIIAB. Paradoxically, however, the presence of unphosphorylated SpoIIAA is insufficient to cause sigma(F) activation as SpoIIAA reaches substantial levels in mutants blocked in polar septation. We now describe mutants of SpoIIE, SpoIIAA, and SpoIIAB that break the dependence of sigma(F) activation on polar division. Analysis of these mutants indicates that unphosphorylated SpoIIAA must reach a threshold concentration in order to trigger the release of sigma(F) from SpoIIAB. Evidence is presented that this threshold is created by the action of SpoIIAB, which can form an alternative, long lived complex with SpoIIAA. We propose that formation of the SpoIIAA-SpoIIAB complex serves as a sink that traps SpoIIAA in an inactive state and that only when unphosphorylated SpoIIAA is in excess to the sink does activation of sigma(F) take place.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carniol
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eichenberger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Losick
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C064971:FliA protein, Bacteria; D012808:Sigma Factor; C030069:spore-specific proteins, Bacillus; D001616:beta-Galactosidase