title: Use of reflectors to enhance the synergistic effects of solar heating and solar wavelengths to disinfect drinking water sources.
abstract: Aluminum reflectors were added to solar units designed to inactivate faecal microorganisms (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci, FRNA coliphage, C. perfringens) in stream water and diluted sewage by the two mechanisms (solar heat, solar UV) known to inactivate microorganisms. During sunny conditions, solar units with and without reflectors inactivated E. coli to <1 CFU/100 ml to meet drinking water standards. Solar units with reflectors disinfected the water sooner by increasing the water temperature by 8-10 degrees C to 64-75 degrees C. However, FRNA coliphages were still detected in these samples, indicating that this treatment may not inactivate pathogenic human enteric viruses. During cloudy conditions, reflectors only increased the water temperature by 3-4 degrees C to a maximum of 43-49 degrees C and E. coli was not completely inactivated. Under sunny and cloudy conditions, the UV wavelengths of sunlight worked synergistically with increasing water temperatures and were able to disinfect microorganisms at temperatures (45-56 degrees C), which were not effective in inactivating microorganisms. Relative resistance to the solar disinfecting effects were C. perfringens > FRNA coliphages > enterococci > E. coli > faecal coliform.
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, 6001 W. Pershing Road, Cicero, Illinois 60804, USA. Geeta.rijal@mwrdgc.org
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Rijal
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fujioka
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D000818:Animals; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003090:Coliphages / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D012993:Solar Energy; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum