title: Waist-hip ratio and low HDL predict the risk of coronary artery disease in Pakistanis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish risk factor causal associations for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the native Pakistani population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study of 200 cases with angiographically documented CAD and 200 age- and sex-matched controls without angiographic evidence of CAD. Patients on lipid lowering therapy were excluded. Lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical risk factors were assessed in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of CAD was associated with current, past or passive smoking, a history of diabetes and high blood pressure, a positive family risk factors in this study; levels were below history of CAD, body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio (WHR), low apolipoprotein A1 or low HDL, lipoprotein (a), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol to HDL ratio (TC/HDL) and creatinine on univariate conditional logistic regression analysis. In multiple regression analysis, significant independent associations were found with low HDL (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.04-0.34; p < 0.001) positive family history (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.09-2.93; p = 0.02), CRP (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.19-1.75; p < 0.001) and WHR (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08; p = 0.01). Angiograms were also quantified for the extent and severity of CAD by the Gensini scoring system. Quantitative angiographic data showed associations with age (p = 0.01), the duration of diabetes (p = 0.04), WHR (p = 0.06), low HDL (p < 0.001), lipoprotein (a) (p = 0.001), creatinine (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.007). Results indicate that total and LDL cholesterol were not significant currently accepted thresholds for treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiovascular risk profile in this population is consistent with metabolic syndrome where low HDL and WHR can be used to predict the risk of CAD. Results suggest the need to redefine the currently practised approach to CAD management in this population to fit local needs.
authors.affiliation: Heartfile, 1 Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan. sania@heartfile.org
authors.forename: Sania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishtar
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lumb
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambert-Hammill
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mattu
authors.forename: Saqib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahab
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badar
authors.forename: Aayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehsan
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Marber
authors.forename: Jaswinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001824:Body Constitution; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine