title: The treatment of gastroparesis in the age of the gastric pacemaker: a review.
abstract: Gastroparesis is a chronic disabling condition of impaired gastric motility that results in decreased quality of life. Currently available medical therapy consists of prokinetic medication combined with antiemetic therapy, dietary modifications, and nutritional supplementation. Many patients continue to have a suboptimal clinical response despite maximal use of these modalities. Instead of surgery, which involves irreversible stomach-modifying procedures, gastric electrical stimulation (GES) with a high-frequency/low-energy stimulus was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and can now be used in this setting. This approach has been shown to decrease symptom frequency and severity, reduce hospitalizations and medical costs, and improve quality of life. Occurrence of complications with this device are uncommon (< 5% of patients). Preliminary studies of new gastric stimulators that restore gastric contractility are promising, but additional investigation is needed. This article reviews the pathophysiology and epidemiology of gastroparesis and the role of conventional medical therapies, and discusses GES therapy with respect to its mechanisms of action, appropriate application, results and benefits, and future directions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Buckles
authors.forename: Jameson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCallum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial