title: Video analysis of the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although ankle sprains are frequent in football, little is known about their mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the injury mechanisms for ankle injuries in male elite football.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Videotapes and injury information were collected for 313 of 409 matches from Norwegian and Icelandic elite football during the 1999 to 2000 seasons. Video recordings of incidents that resulted in ankle injuries were analyzed and cross-referenced with injury reports from the team medical staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 46 acute ankle injuries were reported to have occurred, that is, 4.5 injuries per 1000 match hours. Of these, 26 (57%) were identified on the videotapes. Two mechanisms thought to be specific to football were found: 1) player-to-player contact with impact by an opponent on the medial aspect of the leg just before or at foot strike, resulting in a laterally directed force causing the player to land with the ankle in a vulnerable, inverted position; and 2) forced plantar flexion where the injured player hit the opponent's foot when attempting to shoot or clear the ball.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic video analysis provides detailed information on the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football-for lateral ligament sprains and for the condition dubbed "footballer's ankle."
authors.affiliation: Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, University of Sports and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway. thor.einar.andersen@nih.no
authors.forename: Thor Einar
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Tonje Waale
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Floerenes
authors.forename: Arni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnason
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D014743:Videotape Recording