title: The eyes of oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis): pushing at the limits of sensitivity.
abstract: An extreme example of a low light-level lifestyle among flying birds is provided by the oilbird, Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithidae, Caprimulgiformes). Oilbirds breed and roost in caves, often at sufficient depth that no daylight can penetrate, and forage for fruits at night. Using standard microscopy techniques we investigated the retinal structure of oilbird eyes and used an ophthalmoscopic reflex technique to determine the parameters of these birds' visual fields. The retina is dominated by small rod receptors (diameter 1.3+/-0.2 microm; length 18.6+/-0.6 microm) arranged in a banked structure that is unique among terrestrial vertebrates. This arrangement achieves a photoreceptor density that is the highest so far recorded (approximately 1,000,000 rods mm(-2)) in any vertebrate eye. Cone photoreceptors are, however, present in low numbers. The eye is relatively small (axial length 16.1+/-0.2 mm) with a maximum pupil diameter of 9.0+/-0.0 mm, achieving a light-gathering capacity that is the highest recorded in a bird (f-number approximately 1.07). The binocular field has a maximum width of 38 degrees and extends vertically through 100 degrees with the bill projecting towards the lower periphery; a topography that suggests that vision is not used to control bill position. We propose that oilbird eyes are at one end of the continuum that juxtaposes the conflicting fundamental visual capacities of sensitivity and resolution. Thus, while oilbird visual sensitivity may be close to a maximum, visual resolution must be low. This explains why these birds employ other sensory cues, including olfaction and echolocation, in the control of their behaviour in low-light-level environments.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. g.r.martin@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Luz Marina
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Yleana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields