title: Immune system alteration in response to two consecutive soccer games.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in leucocyte and monocyte subpopulations were investigated in 10 elite male soccer players aged 16-19 years. The purpose was to perform a descriptive study of immunological alterations in elite soccer players in response to two consecutive games separated by 20 h. It was hypothesized that in response to two games the players would show signs of short-term immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were taken before the first soccer game, immediately after the second game and after 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell surface antigens, testosterone and cortisol were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 6 h after the second game there was a significant increase in number of circulating neutrophils, mature (CD20+ CD5+) B cells and CD4/CD8 ratio. A significant decrease was observed in the number of natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and adhesion on lymphocytes and monocytes. In a delayed phase, 48 h after the second game the expression of both adhesion and signalling molecules increased on lymphocytes and monocytes. Changes in adhesion and signalling molecules at 48 h correlated negatively to the subjects VO2max, suggesting larger immunological response to similar exercise in subjects with lower aerobic exercise capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In response to competitive soccer exercise some immunological variables are enhanced while others are depressed. Observed changes may serve a purpose in adaptation to exercise by signalling via adhesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekblom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekblom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio / Q000379:methods; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000276:immunology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000276:immunology; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone