title: Montserrat volcanic ash induces lymph node granuloma and delayed lung inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A substantial amount of Montserrat volcanic ash, containing up to 24% of cristobalite (w/w), a fibrogenic crystalline silica, has been generated since the first documented eruption in 1995. The bioreactivity of the ash and its two major components: cristobalite and anorthite have been studied in vivo for a year following intratracheal instillation into rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats (n=5) were instilled with a sterile vehicle solution (0.15 M NaCl) and/or three doses (1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg) of each of the dust, and were sacrificed at 13, 25 or 49 weeks post-instillation for quantitative biochemical and histopathological analyses in the lung and lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cristobalite caused inflammation in the lung and granuloma in the hilar lymph nodes associated with significant size augmentation at 13 weeks post-instillation (P<0.05) and cristobalite (5.0 mg) induced fibrosis in the lung at 49 weeks post-exposure. However, the Montserrat volcanic ash caused inflammation in the lung at 49 weeks post-treatment without any fibrogenic response although the ash (5.0 mg) triggered significant lymph node enlargement without significant changes in the lung at 13 weeks post-treatment (P<0.05). Dose and time independent responses in the anorthite-exposed lung and lymph nodes suggest that a single instillation of 5.0 mg of poorly soluble mineral dust does not induce any change in the lung or lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ash produces inflammatory reactions in lymph nodes at 13 weeks post-instillation in rats. These effects are seen much earlier than any inflammatory reaction in the lung. The onset of the lung inflammation is delayed until 49 weeks post-exposure. Despite the high cristobalite content of the ash, there is no evidence of any lung fibrogenic responses.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, PO Box 911, Cardiff, CF10 3US, UK. leesh1@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sang Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Roy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D006099:Granuloma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014900:West Indies
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C074225:anorthite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide