title: Performance enhanced headgear: a scientific approach to the development of protective headgear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a continuing debate about the performance of protective headgear in rugby union, rugby league, and Australian rules football.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact energy attenuation performance of foam that could be incorporated into headgear and examine the performance of prototypes of modified headgear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Impact tests were conducted on polyethylene foams and protective headgear. Free fall drop tests with a rigid headform on to a flat rigid anvil were conducted. Resultant headform acceleration was measured. Means of the headform acceleration maxima for repeat tests were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests on polyethylene foam indicated that an increase in thickness from 10 mm to 16 mm would improve headgear performance. These modifications were incorporated in part into two headgear models: the Albion Headpro and the Canterbury brand Body Armour honeycomb headgear. The headgear tests show that significant reductions in headform acceleration were achieved by increasing the foam density and thickness. Mean headform acceleration maxima for the 16 mm thick modified rugby headgear was about 25% of that of standard headgear for lateral impact 0.3 and 0.4 m drop heights and 27% for the centre front 0.3 m drop tests. At these impacts, the headform acceleration for the modified rugby headgear was below 200 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes. Whether these are sufficient to reduce the rate or severity of concussion in rugby and Australian rules football can only be shown by formal prospective studies on the field.
authors.affiliation: School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. a.mcintosh@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Finch
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D020959:Polyethylene
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene