title: Inside PBL groups: observation, confirmations and challenges.
abstract: This article is based on a study of nine problem-based learning (PBL) groups with eight medical students and one tutor in each. The groups were observed at their two-weekly meetings for three weeks. The observations were recorded by video and written reports. Three illustrative examples of these observations are presented and discussed. The purpose of the study was to understand how processes in PBL groups correspond with the theory-based intentions for this type of learning and teaching and to discuss the theoretical foundations for problem-based learning. The observations confirm the expectation that groups in the observed program would follow a systematic stepwise progression. The groups were also found to become more flexible and self-directed in their use of PBL as they became more familiar with the approach, provided that the tutor did not dominate the interactions. It is argued that processes in problem-based learning should be understood not only in the light of theories focusing on individual learning and knowledge construction, but also from other theoretical perspectives. Socio-cultural perspectives with constructs such as collaborative learning, apprenticeship and modelling shed new light on what happens inside PBL groups in ways that will enhance learning and tutoring.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Educational Research, University of Oslo, Norway. k.h.lycke@ped.uio.no
authors.forename: Kirsten Hofgaard
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lycke