title: Framing the problem of measuring and improving healthcare quality: has the Quality Health Outcomes Model been useful?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the uses of the Quality Health Outcomes framework and indicator categories in the healthcare literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied personal communications and conducted a literature search using computerized databases since 1997, when the recommendations of the Invitational Conference on Measures and Outcomes of Care Delivery were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Quality Health Outcomes Model has been used explicitly to frame a small number of research summaries and programs. The outcome indicator categories can be found in several "report card" initiatives in the United States and Canada. Use of these outcome categories, thought to be sensitive to nursing care inputs, has grown since 1977, with a rising number of uses linked to system or organizational factors or interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model and others like it are increasingly forming the conceptual framework for studies that evaluate quality and system interventions to improve care. However, the available data continue to require the linking of negative outcomes (adverse events, complications) to structural and process inputs that reflect nursing care. An urgent need remains to incorporate this broader range of outcomes into available databases.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, Washington 98195-7265, USA. pmitch@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Pamela H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Norma M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000458:organization & administration; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D014481:United States; D016270:United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality