title: Relationship of light quantity and anthocyanin production in Pennisetum setaceum Cvs. rubrum and red riding hood.
abstract: Pennisetum setaceum cvs. Rubrum and Red Riding Hood are purple-pigmented ornamental grasses when grown in high-light environments. In low-light environments, foliage appears light purple or green, and as a result, aesthetic appeal is reduced. The impact of light on anthocyanin pigmentation was compared for P. setaceum Rubrum foliage and flowers and Red Riding Hood foliage grown under different light intensities and light sources. Light environments included UV supplemental light in the greenhouse, high-pressure sodium supplemental light in the greenhouse, cool-white fluorescent light in a growth chamber, and full sun outside. Anthocyanins in two cultivars of P. setaceum were analyzed by HPLC and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral experiments. Two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, were identified in the leaves and flowers of both cultivars and quantified by HPLC analysis. The major anthocyanin in both cultivars was cyanidin 3-glucoside and had highest concentration (0.199% fresh weight) in Rubrum leaves grown under fluorescent lights in the growth chamber with a photoperiod of 24 h and a daily light integral (DLI) of 13.3 mol m(-)(2) day(-)(1) and in Rubrum and Red Riding Hood leaves and flowers (0.097 and 0.12% fresh weight) from plants grown outside in full sun with a photoperiod ranging from 15 to 13.5 h and DLI of 42 mol m(-)(2) day(-)(1). The minor anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, had the highest quantity in plants grown in low-light-intensity greenhouse environments with a photoperiod ranging from 15 to 13.5 h and DLI of 2.3-7.0 mol m(-)(2) day(-)(1). The functional significance of anthocyanins in P. setaceum Rubrum is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Navindra P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Seeram
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Muraleedharan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008027:Light; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D031782:Pennisetum / Q000378:metabolism*; D017440:Photoperiod; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins