title: Food insecurity in metropolis of the developing world--observations from central district of Karachi, Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of household food insecurity at various income levels in urban areas of Karachi.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional survey of different localities in the central district of Karachi was carried out. The data was collected through household interviews of housewives conducted by trained nutritionist. Housewives were interviewed about food security status of the household.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 797 families were visited from the central district of Karachi. Mean Food Security Score increased with income level. The difference was statistically significant (ANOVA) between 1st and second (P=0.000) and 2nd and 3rd group (P=0.000) but not between 3rd and fourth group. At the very low and low income levels 83% & 51% families respectively were food insecure in any degree, while this percentage was very low at the middle (6.3%) and high income level (1.8%). The difference in prevalence of food insecurity between the VLI and LI, and, LI and MI income groups was statistically significant (chi.sq. test, p<0.001 in each case). Hunger (because of lack of money) was experienced in the preceding year only by "very low income" (37%) and "low income" families (17%). Use of coping strategies was most frequently mentioned for parents and then for children and only occasionally for infants or grand parents. Females were more likely to be effected by food insecurity than males. Meat, milk and fruits were the food groups which were preferred and considered healthy but were avoided because of lack of money by a majority (51%-86%) of families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of having an impression of being an affluent city of Pakistan, the prevalence of food insecurity with and without hunger is rampant not only among very low income (slum dwellers) but also among low income families of Karachi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, RLAK Government College of Home Economics, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hakeem
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asar
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Shaikh
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D019370:Observation; D010154:Pakistan; D011203:Poverty; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health