title: Resistance to anti-VEGF agents.
abstract: The number of anti-angiogenic agents developed for clinical use has risen greatly over the past decade. Currently, more than 80 are in trials ranging from phase I through to phase III studies and many more are in preclinical evaluation. Much hope was envisaged for these new agents to become the panacea of anti-tumoural treatment. Unfortunately the single agent activity to date has proven to be disappointing although one trial has recently reported a survival advantage when chemotherapy was administered with anti-VEGF antibodies in the setting of advanced colorectal cancer. To an extent, this may be due to great expectations of cytostatic compounds, but recently many factors have been examined to explain the differences between clinical and experimental findings. In this review, some of the factors responsible for the discrepancy are examined, with a specific focus on inhibitors of VEGF. The key factors responsible for the lack of activity are tumour heterogeneity and redundancy in the VEGF signalling system. An increased understanding of these factors is critical to the development of effective anti-angiogenic agents and need to be taken into account as new generations of drugs emerge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research UK, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. Nton@picr.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ton
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Jayson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000608036:PGF protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor