title: Effective ultrasonographic predictor for the diagnosis of acute lobar nephronia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Correct identification of acute lobar nephronia (ALN) is necessary to prevent progression to renal abscess. The goal of this retrospective study was to determine whether the sonographic finding of severe nephromegaly (i.e. renal length greater than mean + 3 sd) is a preselection criterion for computed tomographic (CT) scanning in diagnosing pediatric ALN among children with an acute upper urinary tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a new imaging work-up scheme to detect pediatric ALN. All patients with urinary tract infection were evaluated with ultrasonography. If a markedly enlarged kidney or focal mass was present sonographically, CT scanning was done immediately. CT scanning was also performed when the patient had borderline nephromegaly and remained febrile for 72 h after start of antibiotic treatment. ALN diagnosis was made on the basis of positive CT findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients with ALN (13 left, 7 right, 10 bilateral) and one with acute pyelonephritis were identified. ALN in all patients resolved after 3 weeks of antibiotic treatment. Thirty-nine of the 62 kidneys evaluated showed severe nephromegaly, and 10 had focal renal masses. With CT diagnosis of ALN as the reference standard, the sensitivity of severe nephromegaly was 90.0% and the specificity was 86.4%. When the focal renal mass was added as a combining predictor, the sensitivity further increased to 95%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric ALN was effectively predicted using sonographic findings of severe nephromegaly and/or focal mass before CT scanning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yong-Kwei
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tsau
authors.forename: Shu-Yeh
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tsung-Lung
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005490:Focal Infection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods