title: Cushing's syndrome due to interaction between inhaled corticosteroids and itraconazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of an interaction between inhaled corticosteroids and itraconazole causing iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome and provide a review of the relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 70-year-old white woman on long-term treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma was diagnosed as having Scedosporium apiospermum infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. As a result, she was treated with itraconazole for 2 months. She subsequently developed Cushing's syndrome due to a probable cytochrome P450-mediated interaction between itraconazole and budesonide. She also had secondary adrenal insufficiency requiring prolonged treatment with replacement hydrocortisone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Budesonide is a potent glucocorticoid that is metabolized in the liver by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme to inactive metabolites. Itraconazole is a potent cytochrome P450 inhibitor. It can inhibit the metabolism of oral or inhaled corticosteroids, producing cortisol excess leading to Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. An assessment of causality indicated a possible adverse interaction between itraconazole and budesonide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of itraconazole and inhaled corticosteroids is increasingly being used to treat conditions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Clinicians need to be aware of the potential for an interaction between such a combination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. mbolland@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bolland
authors.forename: Warwick
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bagg
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ticehurst
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D000068298:Fluticasone; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D021681:Scedosporium; D012874:Skin Diseases, Infectious / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000730:Androstadienes; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D017964:Itraconazole; D019819:Budesonide; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000068298:Fluticasone