title: Biomechanical properties of patellar and hamstring graft tibial fixation techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: experimental study with roentgen stereometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reliable fixation of the soft hamstring grafts in ACL reconstruction has been reported as problematic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The biomechanical properties of patellar tendon (PT) grafts fixed with biodegradable screws (PTBS) are superior compared to quadrupled hamstring grafts fixed with BioScrew (HBS) or Suture-Disc fixation (HSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study with roentgen stereometric analysis (RSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten porcine specimens were prepared for each group. In the PT group, the bone plugs were fixed with a 7 x 25 mm BioScrew. In the hamstring group, four-stranded tendon grafts were anchored within a tibial tunnel of 8 mm diameter either with a 7 x 25 mm BioScrew or eight polyester sutures knotted over a Suture-Disc. The grafts were loaded stepwise, and micromotion of the graft inside the tibial tunnel was measured with RSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hamstring grafts failed at lower loads (HBS: 536 N, HSD 445 N) than the PTBS grafts (658 N). Stiffness in the PTBS group was much greater compared to the hamstring groups (3500 N/mm versus HBS = 517 N/mm and HSD = 111 N/mm). Irreversible graft motion after graft loading with 200 N was measured at 0.03 mm (PTBS), 0.38mm (HBS), and 1.85mm (HSD). Elasticity for the HSD fixation was measured at 0.67 mm at 100 N and 1.32 mm at 200 N load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hamstring graft fixation with BioScrew and Suture-Disc displayed less stiffness and early graft motion compared to PTBS fixation. Screw fixation of tendon grafts is superior to Suture-Disc fixation with linkage material since it offers greater stiffness and less graft motion inside the tibial tunnel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed graft motion for hamstring fixation with screw or linkage material at loads that occur during rehabilitation. This, in turn, may lead to graft laxity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Laboratory for Radiostereometric Analysis (RSA), Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schiel
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Steimer
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rupp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011091:Polyesters; D011859:Radiography; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters