title: Empathy, enablement, and outcome: an exploratory study on acupuncture patients' perceptions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct an exploratory, retrospective study of acupuncture patients' perceptions of practitioner empathy, patient enablement, and health outcome, and to investigate the associations between them.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective, observational study, questionnaires were distributed to 192 patients randomly selected from a population of 6348 who, several months previously, had participated in a survey of acupuncture safety, and had agreed to be contacted again. The main measures included patients' perceptions of their practitioners' empathy using the Consultation and Relational Empathy Measure, the Patient Enablement Instrument, and the Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital Outcome Scale (measuring change in main complaint and well-being).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 143 (74%) patients responded (27% men and 73% women) with an average age of 51 years. Comparisons between the population, the sample selected, and the responding sample showed reasonable equivalence. The majority of patients (71%) were in the middle of an ongoing course of treatment at the time of completing the questionnaires for this study. 36% of patients were attending for reasons of "general well-being," 34% for musculoskeletal problems, 11% for emotional or psychological problems, and 19% for other reasons. Empathy and enablement scores were not influenced by age or reason for attendance, but men showed significantly lower scores than women (p < 0.05). Patient enablement was significantly positively correlated with perception of their practitioners' empathy (Spearman's rho = 0.256, p < 0.01). Enablement in turn was strongly positively correlated with the outcome of both the main complaint (rho = 0.457, p < 0.0001) and improved well-being (rho = 0.521, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' perceptions of consultations with their acupuncturists suggest that their experience of empathy is significantly associated with patient enablement, which in turn is highly correlated with improved self-reported health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for Traditional Chinese Medicine, 296 Tadcaster Road, York YO24 1ET, UK. hugh@ftcm.org.uk
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.forename: Stewart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scullion
authors.forename: Kate J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom