title: In vivo tumor imaging using a near-infrared-labeled endostatin molecule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endostatin is a 20-kD C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII and is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Imaging technologies that use near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are well suited to the laboratory setting. The goal of this study was to determine whether endostatin labeled with a NIR probe (Cy5.5) could be detected in an animal after intraperitoneal injection and whether it would selectively localize in a tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endostatin was conjugated to Cy5.5 monofunctional dye and purified from free dye by gel filtration. LLC, a murine tumor, was implanted in C57BL/6 mice. The tumors were allowed to grow to 350 mm(2), at which point the mice were injected with 100 microg/100 microL endostatin-Cy5.5 and imaged at various points under sedation. Imaging was performed using a lightproof box affixed to a fluorescent microscope mounted with a filter in the NIR bandwidth (absorbance maximum 675 nm and emission maximum 694 nm). Images were captured by a CCD and desktop computer and stored as 16-bit Tiff files. The mice were also serially imaged for uptake into the tumor and washout from the tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After intraperitoneal injection, endostatin-Cy5.5 was quickly absorbed, producing a NIR fluorescent image of the tumors at 24 h that persisted through 7 days. However, the signal peaked at 42 h after injection. Control animals included mice containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of an actin promotor, which expresses GFP in every cell; tumor-free mice injected with endostatin-Cy5.5; mice with tumors that were not injected with endostatin-Cy5.5; and mice with tumors injected with dye alone. In the four sets of control animals, no NIR photon emissions were detected at 24 hours or 5 days. Only the GFP mouse was detected using the GFP filter. Unlike previous analogous studies with 4-N-(S-glutathionylacetyl)amino) phenylarsenoxide (GSAO)-Cy5.5 in which the tumor image faded with time, the endostatin-Cy5.5 NIR signal was emitted from the tumor up to 7 days after injection, the last time point examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrated that endostatin covalently bound to Cy5.5 will migrate from a distant intraperitoneal injection site to a tumor. These data indicate that endostatin-Cy5.5 is appropriate for selectively imaging tumors in experimental animals. Furthermore, data suggest that the anti-angiogenic effect of endostatin occurs through a local mechanism of action, within the tumor or tumor vasculature, rather than through a systemic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Molecular Therapeutics Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Building 10, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Citrin
authors.forename: Tamalee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sproull
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tofilon
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camphausen
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004338:Drug Combinations; D043169:Endostatins; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; C098793:CY5.5 cyanine dye; D002232:Carbocyanines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D043169:Endostatins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes