title: Characterization of the SAR-distribution of the Sigma-60 applicator for regional hyperthermia using a Schottky diode sheet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characterization of the performance of an hyperthermia applicator by phantom experiments is an essential aspect of quality assurance in hyperthermia. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the energy distribution of the Sigma-60 applicator of the BSD2000 phased array system operated within the normal frequency range of 70-120 MHz. Additionally, the accuracy of the flexible Schottky diode sheet to measure E-field distributions was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The flexible Schottky diode sheet (SDS) consists of 64 diodes mounted on a flexible 125 microm thick polyester foil. The diodes are connected through high resistive wires to the electronic readout system. With the SDS E-field distributions were measured with a resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 cm in a cylindrical phantom, diameter of 26 cm and filled with saline water (2 g/l). The phantom was positioned symmetrically in the Sigma-60 applicator. RF-power was applied to the 4-channel applicator with increasing steps from 25W to a total output of 400 W.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complete system to measure the E-field distribution worked fine and reliably within the Sigma-60 applicator. The E-field distributions measured showed that the longitudinal length of the E-field distribution is more or less constant, e.g. 21-19 cm, over the frequency range of 70-120 MHz, respectively. As expected, the radial E-field distributions show a better focusing towards the centre of the phantom for higher frequencies, e.g. from 15.3-8.7 cm diameter for 70-120 MHz, respectively. The focusing target could be moved accurately from the left to the right side of the phantom. Further it was found that the sensitivity variation of nine diodes located at the centre of the phantom was very small, e.g. < 3% over the whole frequency range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SAR distributions of the Sigma-60 applicator are in good agreement with theoretically expected values. The flexible Schottky diode sheet proves to be an excellent tool to make accurate, quantitative measurements of E-field distributions at low (25 W) and medium (400 W) power levels. An important feature of the SDS is that it enables one to significantly improve quantitative quality assurance procedures and to start quantitative comparisons of the performance of the different deep hyperthermia systems used by the various hyperthermia groups.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit Hyperthermia, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. g.c.vanrhoon@erasmus.mc.nl
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Van Rhoon
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Van Der Heuvel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ameziane
authors.forename: P J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Volenec
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Der Zee
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011786:Quality Control