title: Premorbid proneness to distress and episodic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic stress has been associated with impaired episodic memory, but the association of premorbidly experienced distress with memory function in Alzheimer's disease is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the link between proneness to distress and Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 363 persons with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. At baseline, a knowledgeable informant rated each person's premorbid personality (that is, before dementia onset) along five dimensions, one of which was the tendency to experience psychological distress. Participants underwent structured clinical evaluations at baseline and then annually for up to four years. Each evaluation included 17 cognitive tests from which previously established measures of episodic memory, visuoconstruction, repetition, and naming were derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a series of random effects models adjusted for age, sex, and education, premorbid distress proneness was associated with baseline impairment in episodic memory but not with impairment in other cognitive domains, or with change in any cognitive domain. No other trait was related to baseline function or rate of decline in any cognitive domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that premorbid proneness to experience psychological distress is related to level of impairment in episodic memory in persons with Alzheimer's disease, but neither distress proneness nor other personality traits are related to disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. rwilson@rush.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fleischman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gilley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors