title: EUK-134 reduces renal dysfunction and injury caused by oxidative and nitrosative stress of the kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative and nitrosative stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here we investigate the effect of EUK-134, a synthetic superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic, (i) on renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R in vivo and (ii) on proximal tubular cell (PTC) injury and death caused by oxidative and nitrosative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats, subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion (6 h), were administered EUK-134 (0.3 and 3 mg/kg, i.v.) prior to and during reperfusion, after which biochemical and histological indicators of renal dysfunction and injury were measured. The expression of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine formation were determined immunohistochemically and used as indicators of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Primary cultures of rat PTCs, isolated and cultured from the kidney cortex, were incubated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 1 mM for 2 h) in the presence of increasing concentrations of EUK-134 (1-100 microM) after which PTC injury and death were measured. The effects of EUK-134 on serum levels of NO in rats subjected to renal I/R or on NO production by PTCs incubated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 100 IU/ml) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 microg/ml) in combination for 24 h were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EUK-134 produced a significant reduction in renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R. Specifically, serum creatinine levels, an indicator of renal dysfunction, were reduced from 227 +/- 11 (n = 12, I/R only) to 146 +/- 9 microM (n = 12, I/R +3 mg/kg EUK-134). Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, an indicator of tubular damage, was reduced from 42 +/- 5 (n = 12, I/R only) to 22 +/- 3 IU/l (n = 12, I/R +3 mg/kg EUK-134). EUK-134 significantly reduced renal injury caused by oxidative stress in vivo (reduction in PAR formation), and in vitro EUK-134 reduced PTC injury and death caused by H2O2. However, EUK-134 also reduced nitrosative stress caused by I/R in vivo (reduction of iNOS expression and nitrotyrosine formation), which was reflected by a significant reduction in serum NO levels in rats subjected to renal I/R. Specifically, serum NO levels were reduced from 57 +/- 12 (n = 12, I/R only) to 23 +/- 3 mM (n = 12, I/R +3 mg/kg EUK-134). In vitro, EUK-134 significantly reduced NO production by PTCs incubated with IFN-gamma/LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that EUK-134 reduces renal I/R injury not only via reduction of oxidative stress, but also by reducing nitrosative stress caused by renal I/R.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Prabal K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Nimesh S A
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Espen O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kvale
authors.forename: Paul A J
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Keith N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Helder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mota-Filipe
authors.forename: Martyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiemermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012459:Salicylates / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C433928:EUK-134; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012459:Salicylates; D009569:Nitric Oxide