title: Nonlinear oral pharmacokinetics of the alpha-antagonist 4-amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[4-(morpholinocarbonyl)-perhydro-1,4-diazepin-1-yl]quinoline in humans: use of preclinical data to rationalize clinical observations.
abstract: 4-amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[4-(morpholinocarbonyl)-perhydro-1,4-diazepin-1-yl]quinoline (UK-294,315) is an antagonist of the human alpha1-adrenoceptor and exhibits nonlinear oral pharmacokinetics in humans. Superproportional increases in Cmax occur (220-fold, over a 1- to 50-mg dose range), area under the curve increases linearly, but time to maximum concentration decreases with dose, suggesting variation in rate but not extent of absorption. Oral absorption in humans is extensive, with only 14% of an orally administered (20 mg) radiolabeled dose excreted unchanged in the feces. In rats and dogs, UK-294,315 is partially eliminated as unchanged drug in feces (29 and 14% of an intravenous dose, respectively). Oral bioavailability is low in rats (11%) and high in dogs (71%), in keeping with systemic clearance. Fecal elimination of unchanged drug was 60% after oral administration to rats, indicating incomplete absorption in this species, whereas absorption in dogs is complete. UK-294,315 is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate (Km, 15 microM) exhibiting polarized flux in Caco-2 cell monolayers, saturable across a concentration range of 5 to 200 microM. Furthermore, the observations in vitro occurred at similar concentrations to those estimated in the gut lumen in clinical trials (dose range, 1-100 mg). It is considered that P-gp acts as a saturable absorption barrier to UK-294,315, slowing the rate of absorption at low doses, and is responsible for the observed nonlinearity in oral disposition in humans. Rat and dog pharmacokinetic studies offered limited insight into the process(es) driving nonlinear pharmacokinetics in humans. Our current understanding of the functional effects of P-gp in the human intestine, in combination with in vitro studies at clinically relevant concentrations, has helped rationalize the clinical data for UK-294,315.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, UK. anthony_harrison@sandwich.pfizer.com
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edgington
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roffey
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comby
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001381:Azepines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011804:Quinolines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: C483030:4-amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-(morpholinocarbonyl)--perhydro-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)quinoline; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001381:Azepines; D011804:Quinolines