title: Formation of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) embryogenic callus involves peroxide-generating germin-like oxalate oxidase.
abstract: In wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), embryogenic callus formation comprises suppression of precocious germination by the zygotic embryo and the initiation of dedifferentiated cellular proliferation within it. Embryogenic calli are induced by treating immature embryos with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Upon withdrawal from 2,4-D, somatic embryos develop from the periphery of the callus. Prior to visible callus formation, there is a striking induction of "germin-like" oxalate oxidase ("gl-OXO": EC 1.2.3.4) gene expression. Accumulation of gl-OXO mRNA is rapidly stimulated upon auxin treatment, with a consequent development of apoplastic enzyme activity producing H(2)O(2) within the cell wall. Within the dedifferentiated calli, gl-OXO enzyme activity becomes widespread over the surface of embryogenic calli. Differentiation of somatic embryos is initiated in regions of densely cytoplasmic, meristematic cells that are marked by highly localised expression of gl-OXO activity within these embryogenic cell masses. We suggest that this localised generation of H(2)O(2) by gl-OXO promotes peroxidative cross-linking of cell wall components, thereby preventing cellular expansion and maintaining these cell masses in an embryogenically competent condition.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Plant Sciences, Leeds University, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.forename: Müge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turet
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cuming
mesh_terms: D018525:Germination; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014908:Triticum / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010545:Peroxides; D010940:Plant Proteins; C058814:germin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C020598:oxalate oxidase