title: Non-neoplastic granulosa cells within ovarian vascular channels: a rare potential diagnostic pitfall.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe six cases seen in consultation in which artefactual vascular involvement within the ovary by benign granulosa cells caused diagnostic confusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five cases, the initial favoured diagnoses of the submitting pathologists were metastatic carcinoma (three cases) and immature neural elements within a teratoma (two cases). In two cases, the ovary contained a benign cystic teratoma (one with struma ovarii), in two cases endometriosis, in one case follicular cysts, and in the other no pathological lesion was present. In all cases, several small ovarian vascular channels contained cohesive groups of cells with mildly atypical nuclei and cytoplasm, which varied from scant to abundant and eosinophilic. In four cases, mitotic figures were identified. The cells were morphologically consistent with benign granulosa cells and were associated in four cases with a nearby follicle lined by similar cells. There was no evidence of a mass lesion, grossly or histologically, to suggest a granulosa cell tumour. The nature of the cells was confirmed using immunohistochemistry for alpha inhibin and calretinin in one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This phenomenon is probably an artefact secondary to surgical trauma or sectioning within the laboratory; alternatively, it could be related to ovulation. It is important that this benign process is not misinterpreted as cancer, either primary or metastatic, which may prompt inappropriate treatment or investigations that are not needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. mccluggage@bll.n-i.nhs.uk
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McCluggage
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D064032:Calbindin 2; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D010053:Ovary / Q000098:blood supply; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C576764:CALB2 protein, human; D064032:Calbindin 2; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; C094377:inhibin-alpha subunit; D007265:Inhibins