title: Activator protein 2alpha inhibits tumorigenicity and represses vascular endothelial growth factor transcription in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Activator protein-2alpha (AP-2) is a transcription factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation in mammalian cells. We have shown previously that although AP-2 is expressed highly in normal prostatic epithelium, its expression is lost in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer, suggesting that loss of AP-2 plays a role in prostate cancer development. We demonstrate that forced AP-2 expression in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP-LN3 (AP-2 negative) inhibited dramatically tumor incidence in nude mice. To identify the genes that might have been responsible for this effect, we used microchip expression array. We found several genes known to be involved in malignancy were deregulated, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. Because VEGF was down-regulated by 14.7-fold in the AP-2-transfected cells and because it is a major angiogenic factor in prostate cancer development and progression, we chose to examine the AP-2-VEGF interaction. Our evidence suggests that AP-2 repressed transcriptionally the VEGF promoter by competing with the transcriptional activator Sp3. Loss of AP-2 in prostate cancer cells reduced the AP-2:Sp3 ratio and activated VEGF expression. AP-2 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in prostate cancer. Elucidating the molecular events resulting from loss of AP-2 in the prostate epithelium has implications for the understanding and prevention of the onset of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Maribelis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pettaway
authors.forename: Renduo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stoeltzing
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Menashe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bar-Eli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A