title: The NASA Smart Probe Project for real-time multiple microsensor tissue recognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remote surgery requires automated sensors, effectors and sensor-effector communication. The NASA Smart Probe Project has focused on the sensor aspect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NASA Smart Probe uses neural networks and data from multiple microsensors for a unique tissue signature in real time. Animal and human trials use several probe configurations: (1) 8-microsensor probe (2.5 mm in diameter) for rodent studies (normal and subcutaneous mammary tumor tissues), and (2) 21-gauge needle probe with 3 spectroscopic fibers and an impedance microelectrode for breast cancer diagnosis in humans. Multisensor data are collected in real time (update 100 times/s) using PCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human data (collected by NASA licensee BioLuminate) from 15 women undergoing breast biopsy distinguished normal tissue from both benign tumors and breast carcinoma. Tumor margins and necrosis are rapidly detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time tissue identification is achievable. Potential applications, including probes incorporating nanoelectrode arrays, are presented.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. rja@russelljandrews.org
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mah
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008839:Microelectrodes; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration