title: Differential expression of thromboxane synthase in prostate carcinoma: role in tumor cell motility.
abstract: Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or P-450 epoxygenase pathways can generate a variety of eicosanoids. Thromboxane synthase (TxS) metabolizes the cyclooxygenase product, prostanglandin H(2), into thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), which can cause vessel constriction, platelet activation, and aggregation. Here we demonstrate that human prostate cancer (PCa) cells express enzymatically active TxS and that this enzyme is involved in cell motility. In human PCa cell lines, PC-3, PC-3M, and ML-2 cells expressed higher levels of TxS than normal prostate epithelial cells or other established PCa cell lines such as DU145, LNCaP, or PPC-1. We cloned and sequenced the full-length TxS cDNA from PC-3 cells and found two changes in the amino acid residues. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor specimens revealed that expression of TxS is weak or absent in normal differentiated luminal, or secretory cells, significantly elevated in less differentiated or advanced prostate tumors, and markedly increased in tumors with perineural invasion. TxS expressed in PC-3 cells was enzymatically active and susceptible to carboxyheptal imidazole, an inhibitor of TxS. The biosynthesis of TXA(2) in PC-3 cells was dependent on COX-2, and to a lesser extent, COX-1. Treatment of PC-3 cells with a COX-1 selective inhibitor, piroxicam, reduced TXA(2) synthesis by approximately 40%, while the COX-2 specific inhibitor NS398 reduced TXA(2) production by approximately 80%. Inhibition of TxS activity or blockade of TXA(2) function reduced PC-3 cell migration on fibronectin, while having minimal effects on cell cycle progression or survival. Finally, increased expression of TxS in DU145 cells increased cell motility. Our data suggest that human PCa cells express TxS and that this enzyme may contribute to PCa progression through modulating cell motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Daotai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zacharek
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xinglin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamberti
authors.forename: Keqin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yilong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yande
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grignon
authors.forename: Kenneth V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Honn
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013930:Thromboxane-A Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013930:Thromboxane-A Synthase