title: The design of child restraint system (CRS) labels and warnings affects overall CRS usability.
abstract: A study was conducted that assessed the effectiveness of different child restraint system (CRS) label/warning designs on users' installation performance. Forty-eight paid participants installed a convertible CRS in a vehicle, and two child test dummies in a CRS, using one of four label conditions. The label conditions were: (1) no labels, (2) the manufacturer's labels that were already affixed to the CRS ("Current"), (3) labels that were designed according to a combination of the current U.S. regulations concerning CRS labels and recently proposed changes to these regulations ("Proposed"), and (4) labels that were designed according to human factors principles and guidelines, and that were based on a hierarchical behavioral task analysis ("Optimal"). Results demonstrated that, overall, the Optimal labels resulted in higher usability ratings and better task performance. This indicates that labels designed using human factors and task analyses that identify critical task information requirements for label features will result in increased user compliance with instructions, higher usability, and improved task performance. Surprisingly, having no labels on the CRS resulted in better installation performance than when either the Current or the Proposed label conditions were used. This indicates that label design can decrease task performance; the actual physical design of a CRS may be just as critical as label content in the installation choices provided to the user. Collectively, results suggest that implementation of the proposed changes to the U.S. regulations concerning CRS labeling would likely not result in increased performance or usability compared to existing manufacturer labels that follow the current guidelines. In order to achieve significantly better ease-of-use and task performance, it would be necessary to implement features of the Optimal label condition.
authors.affiliation: Ergonomics Division, Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Directorate, Transport Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. brownc@tc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rudin-Brown
authors.forename: Mike P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Greenley
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Alice F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Salway
authors.forename: Beverley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis