title: Effects of pregnanolone alone and in combination with other positive GABAA modulators on complex behavior in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although positive modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptors generally produce similar behavioral effects, regardless of which modulatory site on the GABA(A) receptor complex mediates these effects, some differences have been observed between the effects of neuroactive steroids and those of other positive GABA(A) modulators.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was designed to compare the behavioral effects of a neuroactive steroid to those of other positive GABA(A) modulators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats responded under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response chains, with responding maintained under a second-order fixed-ratio 2 schedule of food presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnanolone, flunitrazepam, pentobarbital and ketamine, an antagonist at NMDA receptors, dose-dependently decreased response rates and increased the percentage of errors in both components of the multiple schedule. Although the rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects of pregnanolone, pentobarbital and ketamine were quantitatively similar to each other, flunitrazepam was less effective in decreasing response rates and more effective in increasing errors than the other three drugs. A dose of 3.2 mg/kg pregnanolone potentiated the effects of flunitrazepam and pentobarbital, producing 2- to 3-fold shifts to the left in the dose-effect curves. In contrast, pregnanolone did not alter the ketamine dose-effect curves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disruptive effects of the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone are qualitatively similar to those of other positive GABA(A) modulators as well as ketamine; however, the potentiation of the effects of flunitrazepam and pentobarbital, and not ketamine, emphasizes the importance of GABA(A) receptors in the behavioral effects of pregnanolone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA. lgerak@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gerak
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Winsauer
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moerschbaecher
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011280:Pregnanolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018757:GABA Modulators; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D011280:Pregnanolone