title: Perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide production in HIV-dementia.
abstract: Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) often results in neurological dysfunction including HIV dementia (HIVD). Alterations in cytokine and redox balance are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of HIVD, but the specific mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction and death are unknown. Activation of cytokine receptors and oxidative stress can induce the production of ceramide from membrane sphingomyelin, and recent findings suggest that ceramide is an important mediator of a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. We now report that levels of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and hydroxynonenal (HNE) are significantly increased in brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid of HIVD patients. Exposure of cultured neurons to the neurotoxic HIV proteins gp120 and Tat resulted in increased cellular levels of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and HNE. The ceramide precursor palmitoyl-CoA sensitized neurons to Tat and gp120 toxicity, whereas an inhibitor of ceramide production reduced Tat and gp120-induced increases of ceramide and HNE and protected the neurons from Tat and gp120-induced death. These results suggest that HIV-1 infection may promote a lipid imbalance in neural cells, resulting in an overproduction of ceramide and consequent cellular dysfunction and death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. nhaughe1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Haughey
authors.forename: Roy G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamara
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turchan
authors.forename: Avindra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mattson
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000494:pharmacology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D002518:Ceramides; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D013107:Sphingolipids; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal