title: Type A botulinum toxin in the upper aspect of the face.
abstract: The use of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for facial rejuvenation was first systematically developed by Carruthers and Carruthers on the upper aspect of the face. In the early 1990s, the first studies of the cosmetic use of BTX-A were published. BTX-A was only approved in 2002, however, by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration when extensive cosmetic studies were evaluated. The treatment of facial wrinkles with BTX-A has truly changed the concepts held by physicians regarding facial rejuvenation, mainly on the upper aspect of the face. It is one of the most common cosmetic procedures currently performed by physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Plinio Brasil Milano 476, 90520-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. dohexsel@zaz.com.br
authors.forename: Dóris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hexsel
authors.forename: Taciana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dal'forno
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015595:Skin Aging
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A