title: The mechanism and prevention of soccer eye injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the mechanism and the means of preventing soccer eye injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kicked soccer ball velocities were measured for a range of ages and experience. Soccer balls (sizes 3, 4, and 5), inflated to 3, 6, and 9 psi, were impacted onto an artificial orbit and the results analysed at 1000 frames per second. Protective eyewear was fitted to a headform then impacted and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean peak ball velocity was 20.4 (SD 6.2) m/s. Soccer balls at 18 m/s entered the orbit between 7.5 and 8.7 mm. There was no significant difference in orbital penetration as a result of ball size or pressure. The soccer ball stayed in the orbit approximately 10 ms and appeared to have a suction effect as it withdrew. Protective eyewear that complied with sports protective eyewear standard ASTM F803 prevented contact of the ball to the eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The soccer ball causes eye injury by entering the orbit. Protectors that pass ASTM F803 would prevent orbital intrusion.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Medford, MA, USA. vinger@comcast.net
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vinger
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Capão Filipe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005135:Eye Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009915:Orbit / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical