title: Gender differences in health-related quality of life among patients with asthma.
abstract: This study has a twofold objective: 1) to explore to what extent suffering from asthma affects the HRQL of men and women differently at several stages of disease severity and 2) to analyze whether the informed poorer HRQL of asthmatic women is related to their higher scores on instruments measuring emotionally disordered symptoms. One hundred fifty-one outpatient asthmatics (84 women and 67 men) completed the Spanish versions of the Asthma Quality of Life questionnaire (AQL), as well as anxiety and depression inventories. A full history, physical examination, and pulmonary function test were performed on all subjects. Patients were classified into one of four asthma severity categories following the criteria of the Global Initiative on Asthma (GINA). There were no gender differences in sociodemographic variables, asthma duration, GINA, FEV1 or dyspnea. However, women showed a poorer HRQL than men, as well as high degrees of anxiety and depression. When these data were reanalyzed taking into account the four groups of asthma severity, women only reported a poorer HRQL than men at the intermittent asthma level. The gender differences on depression and anxiety scores were maintained at the three lower severity levels, but not at the most severe asthma degree. When depression and anxiety scores were partialed out, the AQL scores maintained significant relationships with asthma severity, dyspnea, and FEV1, both in women and men. Therefore, only in men were there also relationships among AQL and sociodemographic data. The best predictor of the women's HRQL was the dyspnea score, whereas in men it was the asthma severity (GINA).
authors.affiliation: Department of Personality Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. amparo.belloch@uv.es
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belloch
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perpiñá
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Moragón
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Diego
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Francés
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors