title: TLR signaling pathways.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been established to play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components. TLR signaling pathways arise from intracytoplasmic TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs. Recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated that TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TIRAP, and TRIF, modulate TLR signaling pathways. MyD88 is essential for the induction of inflammatory cytokines triggered by all TLRs. TIRAP is specifically involved in the MyD88-dependent pathway via TLR2 and TLR4, whereas TRIF is implicated in the TLR3- and TLR4-mediated MyD88-independent pathway. Thus, TIR domain-containing adaptors provide specificity of TLR signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, and ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C494232:IRF3 protein, human; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; C476286:Ticam1 protein, mouse; C470409:TICAM1 protein, human; C434984:TIRAP protein, human; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C410602:TOLLIP protein, human; C485837:Tollip protein, mouse; C485959:PELI1 protein, human; C496559:CHUK protein, human; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human