title: Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in Pakistani patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune process in which cutaneous lesions occur in majority of patients. This study from Karachi, Pakistan was conducted to determine the pattern and prevalence of such lesions in SLE in Pakistani patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety eight patients with SLE fulfilling the clinical and laboratory criteria of the American Rheumatology Association were examined between 1986 and 2001 for the presence of cutaneous manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin changes noted were: noncicatricial diffuse alopecia (22%), malar rash (31%), mucosal lesions (20%), discoid eruptions (15%), photosensitivity (33%), vascular lesions (20%), pruritus (17%), and pigmentary changes (22%). Peripheral gangrene, chronic ulcers, Raynauds phenomenon, urticaria, chilblains, thrombophlebitis, palmar erythema, and erythema multiform were rare. Anti ANA and anti dsDNA were positive in 93% and 83% patients respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A different clinical pattern was noted in our patients than reported previously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: S M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*