title: The combination of enoxaparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and an early invasive approach among acute coronary syndrome patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the feasibility and safety of enoxaparin in combination with glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as part of an early invasive strategy in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trials in patients with ACS have evaluated the utility of enoxaparin, adjuvant GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors with PCI, and an early invasive approach. Information about the combination of all three of these approaches, however, is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with ACS underwent cardiac catheterization, of whom 23 underwent PCI with enoxaparin and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary endpoint of the study, a composite of death, myocardial infarction or urgent revascularization at 30 days, occurred in 8% of patients undergoing PCI. There were no deaths. One patient received a blood transfusion. No other adverse events occurred. These event rates were comparable to those from the pooled EPILOG/EPISTENT database, in which intravenous unfractionated heparin was used in conjunction with GP IIb/IIIa receptor blockade. The mean anti-Xa level in patients undergoing PCI was 0.74   0.48 U/ml. The majority of patients who underwent PCI within eight hours of their last dose of enoxaparin had therapeutic anti-Xa levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with ACS, enoxaparin in combination with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and an early invasive approach resulted in comparable clinical complication and bleeding rates versus historical references utilizing unfractionated heparin.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Desk F25, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. bhattd@ccf.org
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Deepak L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moliterno
authors.forename: W Frank
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D015951:Factor Xa