title: Evidence that the Na+-K+ leak/pump ratio contributes to the difference in endurance between fast- and slow-twitch muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscles containing predominantly fast-twitch (type II) fibres [ext. dig. longus (EDL)] show considerably lower contractile endurance than muscles containing mainly slow-twitch (type I) fibres (soleus). To assess whether differences in Na+-K+ fluxes and excitability might contribute to this phenomenon, we compared excitation-induced Na+-K+ leaks, Na+ channels, Na+-K+ pump capacity, force and compound action potentials (M-waves) in rat EDL and soleus muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated muscles were mounted for isometric contractions in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer and exposed to direct or indirect continuous or intermittent electrical stimulation. The time-course of force decline and concomitant changes in Na+-K+ exchange and M-waves were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During continuous stimulation at 60-120 Hz, EDL showed around fivefold faster rate of force decline than soleus. This was associated with a faster loss of excitability as estimated from the area and amplitude of the M-waves. The net uptake of Na+ and the release of K+ per action potential were respectively 6.5- and 6.6-fold larger in EDL than in soleus, which may in part be due to the larger content of Na+ channels in EDL. During intermittent stimulation with 1 s 60 Hz pulse trains, EDL showed eightfold faster rate of force decline than soleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The considerably lower contractile endurance of fast-twitch compared with slow-twitch muscles reflects differences in the rate of excitation-induced loss of excitability. This is attributed to the much larger excitation-induced Na+ influx and K+ efflux, leading to a faster rise in [K+]o in fast-twitch muscles. This may only be partly compensated by the concomitant activation of the Na+-K+ pumps, in particular in fibres showing large passive Na+-K+ leaks or reduced content of Na+-K+ pumps. Thus, endurance depends on the leak/pump ratio for Na+ and K+.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Arhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005552:Forelimb; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012964:Sodium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D011188:Potassium