title: Frequency-dependent electrical detection of protein binding events.
abstract: Frequency-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the changes in electrical response that accompany specific binding of a protein to its substrate, using the biotin-avidin system as a model. Our results show that avidin, at concentrations in the nanomolar range, can be detected electrically in a completely label-free manner under conditions of zero average current flow and without the use of any auxiliary redox agents. Impedance measurements performed on biotin-modified surfaces of gold, glassy carbon, and silicon were obtained over a wide frequency range, from 5 mHz to 1 MHz. On each biotin-modified surface, binding of avidin is most easily detected at low frequencies, <1 Hz. Electrical circuit modeling of the interface was used to relate the frequency-dependent electrical response to the physical structure of the interface before and after avidin binding. Electrical measurements were correlated with measurements of protein binding using fluorescently labeled avidin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Tami L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lasseter
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamers
mesh_terms: D001360:Avidin / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001710:Biotin / Q000737:chemistry; D017097:Electric Impedance; D011485:Protein Binding; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001360:Avidin; D001710:Biotin