Gender and uninsurance among young adults in the United States.
OBJECTIVE
Although one third of young adults in the United States are uninsured, lack of insurance in this age group has been the subject of few published studies. Because opportunities to obtain public and private insurance are likely to differ for men and women, the objective of this study was to describe the gender-specific relationship of sociodemographic variables and lack of insurance among young adults.


METHODS
We examined data for 6884 young adults (aged 19-24 years) who completed the Sample Adult Questionnaire of the National Health Interview Survey for 1998, 1999, and 2000. Gender-stratified multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of being uninsured associated with race/ethnicity, household income, major activity in the previous week, marital status, and pregnancy (women).


RESULTS
Overall, 32% of male participants and 27% of female participants reported being uninsured at the time of the survey. Uninsured men outnumbered insured men in several sociodemographic categories, including Hispanic men (58% uninsured), men not attending high school (85%), and men employed in a workplace that did not offer health insurance (51%). High rates of uninsurance were reported by women not attending high school (65%), Hispanic women (46%), those who were keeping house (41%), and women with a household income between 10 000 dollars and 20 000 dollars (41%). In multiple logistic regression models, many of the sociodemographic variables studied were similarly correlated with health insurance for both men and women. Employment in a workplace where the young adult was not offered health insurance coverage, low household income, low educational attainment, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with increased odds of being uninsured for both genders. Having attended college, higher household income, and being a student or employed in a workplace that offers health insurance coverage were associated with lower odds of being uninsured for both genders.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that additional opportunities for health insurance coverage are needed for young adults-particularly men, Hispanics, and those in low- and middle-income households. Increasing the availability of employment-based health insurance, discouraging attrition from primary and secondary education, and the creation of insurance opportunities for minorities and near-poor and middle-income households are potentially important target areas for programs that seek to reduce the number of uninsured young adults.
Callahan
S Todd
ST
Division of Adolescent Medicine and Behavioral Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212-3100, USA. todd.callahan@vanderbilt.edu
Cooper
William O
WO
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States