title: The cardiovascular dose-response effects of isoflurane alone and combined with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cardiovascular effects (arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolic acid-base status) of three doses (MAC multiples) of isoflurane alone and combined with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized double-blind, two-period cross-over trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six mature healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana).
  
  
  METHODS
  The iguanas received each of two treatments, saline 0.1 mL kg(-1) (SAL) and butorphanol 1.0 mg kg(-1) (BUT) during isoflurane anesthesia. Treatments were separated by at least 1 week. The iguanas were exposed to each of the three minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) in random order. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane and maintained using controlled ventilation. Instrumentation included use of an ECG, airway gas monitor, cloacal thermometer, esophageal pulse oximeter, and the placement of a femoral arterial catheter. Body temperature was stabilized and maintained at 32 degrees C. The treatment was administered, and the animals were equilibrated for 20 minutes at each MAC multiple. At each concentration, the heart rate, blood pressure (systolic, mean, diastolic), end-tidal CO2, and SpO2 were measured. At 1.0 and 2.0 MAC, simultaneous blood samples were drawn from the tail vein/artery complex and femoral catheter for blood gas analysis. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures looking for differences between treatments and among MAC multiples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in any of the cardiovascular variables between the treatments. Significant differences among isoflurane MAC multiples were observed for HR, mean, diastolic, and systolic blood pressures. Blood pressure and heart rate decreased with an increasing dose of anesthetic. There were no significant differences between treatments or MAC multiples for any of the blood gas variables. The blood pH, PCO2, HCO3-, and hemoglobin saturation differed significantly between sites. Pulse oximetry values measured from the carotid complex did not correlate with and were significantly different from the calculated hemoglobin saturation values determined using the gas analyzer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular depression associated with isoflurane anesthesia in the green iguana is dose dependent. The degree of cardiovascular depression was not significantly different when isoflurane was combined with butorphanol. This finding suggests that the pre-emptive or intraoperative use of butorphanol is unlikely to be detrimental to cardiovascular function. Butorphanol may be a useful anesthetic adjunct to isoflurane anesthesia in the green iguana.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. cmosley@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Craig A E
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dyson
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007076:Iguanas / Q000502:physiology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D002077:Butorphanol