title: The effectiveness of auxiliary features on a tooth preparation with inadequate resistance form.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No study has evaluated the efficacy of auxiliary tooth preparation elements for crowns with originally reduced resistance form.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effects of different auxiliary preparation features on the resistance form of crowns with reduced axial wall and total occlusal convergence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Ivorine tooth was prepared on a milling machine with 20-degree total occlusal convergence (TOC), 2.5 mm of occlusocervical dimension, and a shoulder finish line. This design lacked geometric resistance form. The crown preparation was subsequently modified to include mesiodistal grooves, mesiodistal boxes, buccolingual grooves, occlusal inclined planes, an occlusal isthmus, and reduced TOC in the axial wall from 20 to 8 degrees TOC in the cervical 1.5 mm of the axial wall. The grooves and boxes were placed into the tooth with the same 20-degree TOC as the initial axial walls. Ten standardized metal dies were used for each preparation design. Standardized complete metal crowns were fabricated for all specimens. The metal crowns were cemented on metal dies with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. A strain gauge was placed at the mid-lingual cervical area of each crown preparation margin. The resistance of each specimen was evaluated when force was applied at a 45-degree angulation to the long axis of the die in a lingual to buccal direction. The peak loads during crown dislodgment, as well as the tensile stress at the mid-lingual cervical area, were measured using a universal testing machine (Kgs) for each specimen. The control group consisted of 10 dies, with the original crown preparation having no geometric resistance form and no auxiliary preparation features. Strain gauges provided the force (Kgs) that resulted in electric currency disrupt at the crown/die interface, thus providing data regarding the force required for slight crown micromovement (2 microm). Data between control and experimental groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (alpha=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proximal grooves, proximal boxes, buccolingual grooves, occlusal inclined planes, and occlusal isthmuses were not effective at increasing a crown's resistance to dislodgement when the tooth preparation lacked resistance. The only crown modification that offered enhanced resistance form when compared with the control group was the reduced TOC in the cervical half of the axial wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study the crown preparation modification that significantly enhanced the resistance form of a compromised tooth preparation was reducing the TOC at the cervical aspect of the axial wall. Placing auxiliary retentive features such as grooves and boxes into a compromised tooth preparation (2.5 mm occlusocervical dimension and 20-degree TOC) was not effective when these retentive features possessed the same 20-degree TOC as the prepared axial walls.
authors.affiliation: Center for Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Calif 92350, USA. pproussaef@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Periklis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proussaefs
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Campagni
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002484:Cementation; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003442:Crowns; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology; D019246:Tooth Preparation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements