title: Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the active form of vitamin D, prevents Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Epidemiological data show a threefold increase in human Type 1 diabetes when vitamin D deficiency was present in the first months of life. To evaluate whether a similar dietary deficiency affects diabetes incidence in NOD mice, we generated NOD mice with vitamin D deficiency in early life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breeding pairs of NOD mice, as well as their offspring (test mice), were kept in surroundings devoid of ultraviolet light and were fed a vitamin D-depleted diet for 100 days. Mice were followed for 250 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 250 days, 35% (12/35) male and 66% (22/33) female vitamin D-deficient mice were diabetic compared to 15% (6/40, p=0.05) and 45% (13/29, p<0.01) of the control mice. At 100 days no difference in insulitis was seen, but more vitamin D-deficient mice were glucose intolerant. Higher IL1 expression was detected in islets of vitamin D-deficient mice and their peritoneal macrophages had an aberrant cytokine profile (low IL1 and IL6, high IL15). Thymus and lymph nodes of vitamin D-deficient mice contained less CD4(+)CD62L(+) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D status increases the expression of Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Our data in NOD mice, as well as human epidemiological data, point to the importance of preventing vitamin D deficiency in early childhood. Controlling this dietary factor could be an easy and safe way to reduce the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in subjects who are genetically at risk.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giulietti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gysemans
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stoffels
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Etten
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Decallonne
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Overbergh
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Catholic University of Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. chantal.mathieu@med.kuleuven.ac.be.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium