title: [Bispectral index and desflurane concentration below 1 MAC].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the relationship between bispectral index (BIS, A-2000, Aspect Medical Systems, USA) and end-tidal desflurane concentrations below 1 MAC which is especially the range of interest if desflurane is combined with remifentanil for fast-track anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  With institutional review board approval and written informed consent we investigated 50 adult ASA I-III patients scheduled for minor orthopaedic surgical procedures. The BIS electrode (BIS-Sensor, Aspect Medical Systems, USA) was positioned on the patient's forehead as recommended by the manufacturer. All patients were premedicated with 0.15 mg x kg(-1) diazepam orally in the evening and on the morning before surgery. Induction of anaesthesia was started with a remifentanil infusion at 0.4 micro g x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 5 min later 2 mg x kg(-1) propofol was given for hypnosis. Immediately after intubation, remifentanil was reduced to 0.2 micro g x kg(-1) x min(-1), and the depth of anaesthesia was adjusted according to clinical needs by regulating the desflurane concentration. Starting 20 min after induction, a total of 1,483 data pairs, i.e. end-tidal desflurane concentrations with corresponding BIS values, was recorded. During surgery data pairs were analysed by linear regression analysis for each patient separately. During emergence from anaesthesia, desflurane effect compartment concentrations were simulated and non-linear regression analysis was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a relationship between BIS ranges and mean end-tidal desflurane concentrations: A BIS range of 100-85 was related to 1.1+/-0.7 vol%, BIS 84-65 to 1.5+/-1.2 vol%, BIS 64-50 to 2.9+/-1.3 vol% and BIS 49-40 to 3.1+/-0.9 vol%. In particular, end-tidal desflurane concentrations related to these BIS ranges were significantly different from each other (ANOVA; P<0.05). Intraoperatively, we obtained a correlation coefficient of R=0.42+/-0.24 (mean+/-SD, range 0.05-0.96), during emergence from anaesthesia the correlation coefficient was R=0.84+/-0.12 (range 0.61-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could demonstrate a relationship between bispectral index and end-tidal desflurane concentrations below 1 MAC with a BIS range of 49-40 being associated with approximately 0.5 MAC of desflurane during desflurane-remifentanil-anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes. marc.wrobel@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreuer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000077335:Desflurane; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010880:Piperidines; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D000077208:Remifentanil