title: Relationship between regional shortening and asynchronous electrical activation in a three-dimensional model of ventricular electromechanics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asynchronous electrical activation can cause abnormalities in perfusion and pump function. An electromechanical model was used to investigate the mechanical effects of altered cardiac activation sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used an anatomically detailed three-dimensional computational model of the canine ventricular walls to investigate the relationship between regional electrical activation and the timing of fiber shortening during normal and ventricular paced beats. By including a simplified Purkinje fiber network and anisotropic impulse conduction in the model, computed electrical activation sequences were consistent with experimentally observed patterns. Asynchronous time courses of regional strains during beats stimulated from the left or right ventricular epicardium showed good agreement with published experimental measurements in dogs using magnetic resonance imaging tagging methods. When electrical depolarization in the model was coupled to the onset of local contractile tension development by a constant time delay of 8 msec, the mean delay from depolarization to the onset of systolic fiber shortening was 14 msec. However, the delay between the onset of fiber tension and initial shortening varied significantly; it was as late as 60 msec in some regions but was also as early as -50 msec (i.e., 42 msec before depolarization) in other regions, particularly the interventricular septum during free-wall pacing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large variation in delay times was attributable to several factors including local anatomic variations, the location of the site relative to the activation wavefront, and regional end-diastolic strain. Therefore, we conclude that these factors, which are intrinsic to three-dimensional ventricular function, make the regional sequence of fiber shortening an unreliable surrogate for regional depolarization or electromechanical activation in the intact ventricles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412, USA.
authors.forename: Taras P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Usyk
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McCulloch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010496:Pericardium / Q000502:physiology; D016276:Ventricular Function