title: Shedding new light on the "safe" club drug: methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-related fatalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the pathology, toxicology, cause, and manner of death in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-associated fatalities in the United States. Although use trends are increasing, data regarding the hazards of MDMA are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors obtained fatality reports from participating medical examiners in the United States. Cases were identified as "drug-unrelated" when MDMA did not directly cause death (e.g., motor vehicle collision); deaths from drug toxicity were judged "drug-related."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight (8%) of the surveyed medical examiners reported 102 deaths associated with MDMA use from 1999 to 2001. Ten percent of fatalities occurred in 1999 and 90% thereafter, representing a 400% relative increase. Victims tended to be young (mean age = 25), white (n = 87 [85%]), male (n = 70 [69%]), and otherwise healthy. Seventy-one (70%) deaths were drug-related (DR) and 31 (30%) were drug-unrelated (DU). Twenty-four (35%) DR deaths had a mean delay of 6.7 hours (95% CI = 5.1 to 8.2) in activating emergency medical services. Fifty-five DR cases (81%) were found in asystole and pronounced dead at the scene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MDMA-associated fatal events typically occur in young, otherwise healthy individuals. MDMA's impact on the public health and safety of young adults and teenagers needs further assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. mmpatel@emory.edu
authors.forename: Manish M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ratcliff
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000506:poisoning*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine