title: The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between the metabolic syndrome and risk for chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants 20 years of age or older were studied in the chronic kidney disease (n = 6217) and microalbuminuria (n = 6125) analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of 3 or more of the following risk factors: elevated blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high triglyceride level, elevated glucose level, and abdominal obesity. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, and microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio of 30 to 300 mg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria in participants with the metabolic syndrome compared with participants without the metabolic syndrome were 2.60 (95% CI, 1.68 to 4.03) and 1.89 (CI, 1.34 to 2.67), respectively. Compared with participants with 0 or 1 component of the metabolic syndrome, participants with 2, 3, 4, and 5 components of chronic kidney disease had multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of 2.21 (CI, 1.16 to 4.24), 3.38 (CI, 1.48 to 7.69), 4.23 (CI, 2.06 to 8.63), and 5.85 (CI, 3.11 to 11.0), respectively. The corresponding multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of microalbuminuria for participants with 3, 4, and 5 components were 1.62 (CI, 1.10 to 2.38), 2.45 (CI, 1.55 to 3.85), and 3.19 (CI, 1.96 to 5.19), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the metabolic syndrome might be an important factor in the cause of chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Schools of Medicine and Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
authors.forename: L Lee
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Vecihi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batuman
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology