title: Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running.
abstract: Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n= 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n= 5) or 8 deg (n= 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n= 5) and one group served as control (n= 9). One biopsy was taken from each subject 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken up to 7 days post exercise. Compared to the control group, none of the markers of inflammation in muscle and epimysium samples was different in any exercised group. Only subjects in the Downhill groups experienced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and increased serum creatine kinase activity (CK). The detected levels of immunohistochemical markers for T cells (CD3), granulocytes (CD11b), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1beta (HIF-1beta) were greater in epimysium from exercised subjects with DOMS ratings >3 (0-10 scale) compared to exercised subjects without DOMS but not higher than controls. Eccentric physical exercise (downhill running) did not result in skeletal muscle inflammation 48 h post exercise, despite DOMS and increased CK. It is suggested that exercise can induce DOMS by activating inflammatory factors present in the epimysium before exercise. Repeated physical training may alter the content of inflammatory factors in the epimysium and thus reduce DOMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Christer.malm@anatomy.umu.se
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: The Late Bertil
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: Rodica
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenkei
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renström
authors.forename: Ingrid E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekblom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005205:Fascia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: C497396:ARNT protein, human; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D017252:CD3 Complex; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D006728:Hormones; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; C507837:LIF protein, human; C507840:LIFR protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D011506:Proteins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019014:fas Receptor; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003402:Creatine Kinase