title: Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell- attracting chemokine (CTACK) levels in allergic diseases: TARC and CTACK are disease-specific markers for atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue infiltration of CD4(+) T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. T-cell trafficking is mediated by specific chemokines and their receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the participation of the chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) in a large population of patients with allergic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum TARC and CTACK levels were measured in 455 patients with allergic disease. Patients were characterized as having atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, or combinations or as healthy control subjects. Serum TARC and CTACK levels were correlated with disease activity in patients with AD. Furthermore, in 7 patients with AD, serum TARC and CTACK levels were studied after the start of systemic cyclosporin A treatment. Finally, TARC and CTACK localization was checked by immunohistochemistry in lesional skin biopsy specimens of patients with AD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both TARC and CTACK serum levels in patients with AD were significantly higher than those in healthy control subjects and patients with allergic respiratory disease. Furthermore, serum TARC and CTACK levels significantly correlated with disease activity in patients with AD. Serum TARC levels paralleled clinical improvement in patients treated with cyclosporin A. Immunoreactive TARC was found in infiltrating cells and endothelial cells of the dermis but not in epidermal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum TARC level is an objective parameter for disease severity specific for AD. Furthermore, it is a promising tool for treatment monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The, Netherlands.
authors.forename: DirkJan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hijnen
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Bruin-Weller
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oosting
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebre
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel-Koomen
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knol
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D054414:Chemokine CCL17; D054425:Chemokine CCL27; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C106230:CCL17 protein, human; C492276:CCL27 protein, human; D054414:Chemokine CCL17; D054425:Chemokine CCL27; D019742:Chemokines, CC