title: Interaction between gene polymorphisms of nitric oxide synthase and renin-angiotensin system in the progression of membranous glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) play a key role in the progression of primary glomerulonephritis (GN). Although previous studies have examined genetic risk associated with single gene variations, experiments assessing risk conferred by multiple gene variations are still scanty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of combination of variant alleles of four genes encoding for three components of the RAS [angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D), angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R 1166A/C), angiotensinogen (AGT M235T)] and for NOS (ecNOS4b/a) on the development and progression of membranous GN (MGN) were evaluated in a longitudinal study comparing 117 patients with serum creatinine (s-Cr) <1.5 mg/dl at renal biopsy and follow-up > or = 5 years (Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariate analysis). The control group consisted of DNA from 171 organ donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no relationship between single or combined variations of the four gene polymorphisms and development of MGN. Among single gene variations, there were no independent genetic risk factors for the progression of renal disease, after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, proteinuria, s-Cr, chronicity and activity index. However, double variation coincidences such as the combination of the allele a of ecNOS4b/a and both the allele D of ACE I/D (chi(2) =4.80, P = 0.028; HR = 1.97, 95% CI 0.98-3.96) and the allele T of AGT (M235T) (chi(2) = 5.09, P = 0.024; HR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.39-5.82) exerted an additional effect that was higher than that of the single gene variations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate a role for an interaction between simultaneous variations of genes encoding for NOS and components of RAS in the progression of MGN. Interactions between various polymorphisms may explain conflicting results obtained in previous studies that examined single gene variations, since the effect of a single locus variation may be influenced by the simultaneous presence of other variant alleles in polygenic diseases such as primary GN. However, the small sample sizes and possible multiple interactions limited the interpretation of the current findings, which may represent true biological interaction or simply statistical interactions or spurious results due to the small sample sizes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology, S.Giovanni-Molinette Hospital, Torino, Italy. estrattanefro@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stratta
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermond
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guarrera
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canavese
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carturan
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dall'Omo
authors.forename: Giovannino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertola
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: Edvige
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D000808:Angiotensinogen; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A