title: Isokinetic peak torque and hamstring/quadriceps ratios in young basketball players. Effects of age, velocity, and contraction mode.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to provide an extensive isokinetic profile, including peak torque and "functional" and "conventional" muscle group ratios, of basketball players throughout the developmental years 12-17. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of age and angular velocity on peak torque and reciprocal muscle group ratios, and observed the force-velocity pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basketball players (n=180) 12 to 17 years. were divided according to their age in 6 equal (n=30) groups aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 years. All subjects performed maximum knee extension and flexion efforts at 60 inverted exclamation mark /s and 180 inverted exclamation mark /s angular velocities under eccentric and concentric conditions. The absolute (Nm) peak torque was measured, and the relative peak torque (PT/BW) and "functional" and "conventional" reciprocal muscle group ratio (%) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PT/BW values of knee flexors ranged from 0.98 to 2.29 Nm/kg and of extensors from 1.53 to 3.69 Nm/kg, across all age, velocity, and muscle action levels. PT/BW was higher at slow speed and during eccentric contraction irrespective of age and angular velocity/muscle action. The results indicated a significant (p<0.05) age-related increase in peak torque independent of changes in BW. The force-velocity patterns were similar across ages. The "functional" and "conventional" ratios were not affected by age, but increased with increase in angular velocity, except the CON(KF)/ECC(KE) ratio that was higher (p<0.05) at slow speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides an extensive isokinetic profile of a knee joint in basketball players throughout developmental years 12-17. Coaches and physical therapist may use these information when evaluating and planning exercise programs during training and rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sports Performance and Coaching Laboratory, Aristotelio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. gerodimos@medscape.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerodimos
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mandou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafeiridis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ioakimidis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kellis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque