title: Phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics promote microbial mineral reduction.
abstract: Natural products with important therapeutic properties are known to be produced by a variety of soil bacteria, yet the ecological function of these compounds is not well understood. Here we show that phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics can promote microbial mineral reduction. Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391, a root isolate that produces phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), is able to reductively dissolve poorly crystalline iron and manganese oxides, whereas a strain carrying a mutation in one of the phenazine-biosynthetic genes (phzB) is not; the addition of purified PCN restores this ability to the mutant strain. The small amount of PCN produced relative to the large amount of ferric iron reduced in cultures of P. chlororaphis implies that PCN is recycled multiple times; moreover, poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxide can be reduced abiotically by reduced PCN. This ability suggests that PCN functions as an electron shuttle rather than an iron chelator, a finding that is consistent with the observation that dissolved ferric iron is undetectable in culture fluids. Multiple phenazines and the glycopeptidic antibiotic bleomycin can also stimulate mineral reduction by the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR1. Because diverse bacterial strains that cannot grow on iron can reduce phenazines, and because thermodynamic calculations suggest that phenazines have lower redox potentials than those of poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxides in a range of relevant environmental pH (5 to 9), we suggest that natural products like phenazines may promote microbial mineral reduction in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kappler
authors.forename: Dianne K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020592:Shewanella / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D010619:Phenazines; C420923:phenazine-1-carboxamide