title: Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades.
abstract: Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit drug that causes neurodegenerative effects in humans. In rodents, METH induces apoptosis of striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) -containing neurons. This paper provides evidence that METH-induced cell death occurs consequent to interactions of ER stress and mitochondrial death pathways. Specifically, injections of METH are followed by an almost immediate activation of proteases calpain and caspase-12, events consistent with drug-induced ER stress. Involvement of ER stress was further supported by observations of increases in the expression of GRP78/BiP and CHOP. Participation of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the transition of AIF, smac/DIABLO, and cytochrome c from mitochondrial into cytoplasmic fractions. These changes occur before the apoptosome-associated pro-caspase-9 cleavage. Effector caspases-3 and -6, but not -7, were cleaved with the initial time of caspase-3 activation occurring before caspase 9 cleavage; this suggests possible earlier cleavage of caspase-3 by caspase-12. These events preceded proteolysis of the caspase substrates DFF-45, lamin A, and PARP in nuclear fractions. These findings indicate that METH causes neuronal apoptosis in part via cross-talks between ER- and mitochondria-generated processes, which cause activation of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Health, DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Subramaniam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Pierre-Antoine H
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Noailles
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ladenheim
authors.forename: Jean Lud
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cadet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000166:cytology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008694:Methamphetamine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D002154:Calpain; D020169:Caspases