title: WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of panic disorder.
abstract: What are the symptoms of panic disorder and how is the disorder most effectively treated? One of the most commonly encountered anxiety disorders in the primary care setting, panic disorder is a chronic and debilitating illness. The core symptoms are recurrent panic attacks coupled with anticipatory anxiety and phobic avoidance, which together impair the patient's professional, social, and familial functioning. Patients with panic disorder have medically unexplained symptoms that lead to overutilization of healthcare services. Panic disorder is often comorbid with agoraphobia and major depression, and patients may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and, possibly, suicide. Research into the optimal treatment of this disorder has been undertaken in the past 2 decades, and numerous randomized, controlled trials have been published. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have emerged as the most favorable treatment, as they have a beneficial side-effect profile, are relatively safe (even if taken in overdose), and do not produce physical dependency. High-potency benzodiazepines, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants have also shown antipanic efficacy. In addition, cognitive-behavioral therapy has demonstrated efficacy in the acute and long-term treatment of panic disorder. An integrated treatment approach that combines pharmacotherapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy may provide the best treatment. Long-term efficacy and ease of use are important considerations in treatment selection, as maintenance treatment is recommended for at least 12-24 months, and in some cases, indefinitely.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. mpollack@partners.org
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allgulander
authors.forename: Borwin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bandelow
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Cassano
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Greist
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okasha
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Swinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors