title: Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity enhances axonal regeneration.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-induced cellular signaling through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway plays a critical role in Wallerian degeneration and subsequent regeneration, processes that depend on Schwann cell (SC) activity. TNF dose-dependently induces Schwann cell and macrophage activation in vivo and apoptosis in primary SC cultures in vitro, while inhibition of p38 MAPK is thought to block these cellular processes. We show with Western blots that after sciatic nerve crush injury, phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK is significantly increased (P < 0.01) in distal nerve segments. In tissue sections, p38 co-localized immunohistochemically with activated Schwann cells (GFAP) and to a lesser degree with macrophages (ED-1). In other experiments, animals were gavaged with Scios SD-169 (10 or 30 mg/kg) or excipient (PEG300) 1 day before and daily after crush injury to the sciatic nerve. SD-169 is a proprietary oral inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity. The rate of axonal regeneration was determined by the functional pinch test and was significantly increased in treated animals 8 days after crush injury (P < 0.05; 30 mg/kg dose). In SD-169-treated animals with nerve transection, nerve fibers regenerating through a silicone chamber were morphologically more mature than untreated nerves when observed 28 days after transection. TNF immunofluorescence of distal nerve segments after crush injury suggested that SD-169 reduced SC TNF protein. In support of these findings, SD-169 significantly reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-mediated primary SC death in culture experiments. We conclude that inhibition of p38 activity promotes axonal regeneration through interactions with SC signaling and TNF activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. myers@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medicherla
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protter
authors.forename: W Marie
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Campana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019771:Axotomy; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases