title: Urological manifestations of Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identified the urological anomalies seen in patients with Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature on Down syndrome and its associated genitourinary pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Associated defects have been reported throughout the genitourinary tract. The most common renal anomalies seen are renal hypoplasia, obstructive uropathy and glomerular microcysts. Decreased creatinine clearance has also been noted. Developmental anomalies, such as megaureter and vesicoureteral reflux, have been reported. Dysfunctional voiding and urinary retention have been found in these patients. Posterior urethral valves and hypospadias have also been seen. The testicular abnormalities most frequently reported are cryptorchidism, testicular cancer and infertility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved understanding and identification of the various urological anomalies associated with Down syndrome will aid in the care of these patients. In addition, an awareness of perioperative issues will further facilitate a smooth clinical course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30345, USA.
authors.forename: Erica Schalow
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broecker
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: Hal C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Scherz
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: A  Massad
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery