title: Timing of triggering in relation to the cardiac cycle in nonelite rifle shooters.
abstract: This study investigated the timing of the trigger pull in relation to the cardiac cycle during air rifle shooting. Electrocardiogram) was recorded from 20 male nonelite rifle shooters in two separate testing sessions. The testing was conducted at an indoor shooting range using an optoelectronic shooting system. Each participant fired a shot in the standing position at a distance of 10 m from the target. The results showed that compared to random triggering, the shooters fired more often during the phase of 10-50% of the R wave-to-R wave (R-R) interval and less often during the phase of 50-90%. With regard to performance accuracy, the participants exhibited average or above average performance, when the shot occurred in the beginning (0-50%) and in the end (70-99%) of the R-R interval. The less optimal range for the triggering was located within the 50-70% phase of the R-R interval. The length of R-R interval (i.e., heart rate) did not affect the relation of shot placement within the cardiac cycle to the accuracy of shooting performance. The present results extend previous findings by showing that in air rile shooting the optimum firing time within the cardiac cycle may be located in the systolic phase. It is argued that the systole-diastole dichotomy is not a sufficiently accurate way to investigate the effects of shot placement in the cardiac cycle. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which the relationship between the timing of triggering within the cardiac cycle and shooting performance depends a shooter's skill level.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland. niilo.konttinen@kihu.fi
authors.forename: Niilo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mets
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lyytinen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paananen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*