title: Childhood adversities as risk factors for alexithymia and other aspects of affect dysregulation in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Affect regulation is assumed to be a biologically based function that can become disrupted by inadequate parenting and by traumatic experiences. We studied the relation between the perceived parental parenting style, and sexual and physical abuse, with alexithymia, dissociation, anxiety and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study psychiatric outpatients were administered a structured interview on childhood physical and sexual abuse and they completed a number of questionnaires about the parenting styles of their parents, and about alexithymia, dissociation and mood pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal and paternal parenting styles were moderately correlated with alexithymia and depression. The paternal parenting style was also correlated with dissociation. Optimal parenting of one of the parents had a buffering effect on the degree of alexithymia, but not on the severity of other forms of affect dysregulation. The effect of sexual or physical abuse did not add to that of parental parenting style in terms of predicting affect dysregulation. However, a positively perceived maternal parenting style was found to have a buffering effect in terms of the degree of alexithymia, if sexual abuse had also taken place.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived parenting does appear to be of some significance in the development of alexithymia. Optimal parenting of one of the parents may protect against the development of alexithymia when the parenting of the other parent is perceived as non-optimal. However, it is likely that other factors besides parental care and sexual or physical abuse play an important role in the development of an adequate affect regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. cgkooiman@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Cornelis G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kooiman
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Rees Vellinga
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: Nel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Draijer
authors.forename: Rutger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Trijsburg
authors.forename: Harry G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rooijmans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D012307:Risk Factors