title: A porcine model of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pig has been extensively used in biomedical research because of the similarities in organ structure and function to humans. It is desirable to have an animal model of oxaluria and urolithiasis with physiological, anatomical and nutritional characteristics that more closely resemble those of man. In this study we determined if feeding pigs trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (HP) increased urine oxalate levels and if it would serve as a model for human hyperoxaluria and stone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Yorkshire-Durox cross-bred pigs were fed HP for up to 20 days. Urine was periodically collected and analyzed for oxalate levels and the presence of crystalluria. After 20 days of feeding the kidneys were removed and examined grossly and microscopically for indications of injury, crystal deposition and stone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding pigs 10% HP (weight per weight HP/food) produced hyperoxaluria, which reached a maximum and leveled off by day 6. Urine oxalate remained near this level until the study ended at 20 days regardless of the further increase in HP to 20% of the weight of the food. When the kidneys were removed and grossly examined, calcium oxalate encrustations were observed on multiple papillary tips. Histopathological observation of the papillary tissue showed tissue injury and crystal deposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pigs fed HP have hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystalluria, and calcium oxalate papillary deposits form that may be precursors of kidney stones. The use of the pig as a model of human hyperoxaluria and stone formation should prove ideal for studies of these human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin,, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Linda Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wiessner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate