title: Outcomes of upper arm arteriovenous fistulas for maintenance hemodialysis access.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiocephalic fistulas for maintenance hemodialysis access are not feasible in all patients with end-stage renal disease. Our aim was to review our experience with 3 types of upper arm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) to ascertain whether they are reasonable alternatives to radiocephalic fistulas and which, if any, have superior performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcomes were maturation rate, time to maturation, assisted maturation rate, complication rates, reintervention rates, primary and assisted primary patency rates, and effects of comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six patients with end-stage renal disease underwent creation of a brachiocephalic, brachiobasilic, or brachial artery-to-median antecubital vein AVF. Overall, 80% matured, with 23% requiring an intervention to achieve maturity. The mean time to maturation was 3.8 months; 47% had a complication (inability to access, thrombosis, and so on), and 43% required additional interventions. The overall primary patency and assisted primary patency rates at 12 months were 50% and 74%, respectively. Brachiobasilic AVFs not superficialized immediately often needed a second operation. There were no significant differences in patency rates among the 3 AVF types. The AVFs in patients with diabetes took 2 months longer to mature than did those in patients without diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An upper arm AVF is a reasonable alternative for maintenance hemodialysis access when a radiocephalic AVF is not possible. There are 3 valid options from which to choose to best accommodate each patient's antecubital anatomy. Diabetes may adversely affect outcomes. Our data suggest that brachiobasilic AVFs should be superficialized at the initial procedure, if feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. hellfitz@aol.com
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schanzer
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McVicar
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Troppmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology