title: Darwin, deception, and facial expression.
abstract: Darwin did not focus on deception. Only a few sentences in his book mentioned the issue. One of them raised the very interesting question of whether it is difficult to voluntarily inhibit the emotional expressions that are most difficult to voluntarily fabricate. Another suggestion was that it would be possible to unmask a fabricated expression by the absence of the difficult-to-voluntarily-generate facial actions. Still another was that during emotion body movements could be more easily suppressed than facial expression. Research relevant to each of Darwin's suggestions is reviewed, as is other research on deception that Darwin did not foresee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekman
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008192:Deception; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D012904:Smiling; D013997:Time Factors