title: Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy: initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureterocalicostomy is a reconstructive option in the rare patient with surgically failed or difficult ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction with fibrosis and significant hydronephrosis. We introduce the technique of laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was performed in 2 patients, of whom 1 had UPJ obstruction and multiple secondary calculi in a dilated, dependent lower pole calix, and 1 had surgically failed UPJ obstruction with a scarred pelvis and significant hydronephrosis. Using a transperitoneal technique the UPJ was dismembered and suture ligated, the cut end of the ureter was spatulated, the attenuated lower pole renal parenchyma was amputated and mucosa-to-mucosa ureterocaliceal anastomosis was performed with running 4-zero absorbable suture over a stent. In the first case 32 renal calculi were also removed using a combination of laparoscopic nephroscopy and intraoperative ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cases 1 and 2 operative time was 5.2 and 2.5 hours, estimated blood loss was 200 and 75 cc, and hospital stay was 2 days, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. The stent was removed at 8 and 5 weeks, respectively. Postoperative retrograde pyelogram and diuretic renal scan confirmed anastomotic patency and improved drainage in each patient. At 9 months patient 1 remains without flank symptoms and a second renal scan at 6 months showed further improvement in drainage. Patient 2, who continued to be symptomatic with flank discomfort despite objective improvement in drainage parameters, elected secondary nephrectomy at 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy is feasible and it effectively duplicates established open surgical principles. To our knowledge the initial experience in the literature is presented.
authors.affiliation: Section of Laparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Inderbir S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cherullo
authors.forename: Andrew  P
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Mihir M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Sidney C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Jihad H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaouk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*