title: Spatial velocity profile changes along the cord in normal human fetuses: can these affect Doppler measurements of venous umbilical blood flow?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have assumed a parabolic velocity profile through the umbilical vein (UV) to derive the mean spatial velocity that is indispensable for flow rate calculations. However, the structure and arrangement of the umbilical cord suggest that velocity profiles may vary. The aim of this study was to evaluate UV spatial flow velocity profiles at different sites along the umbilical cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten singleton pregnancies with a gestational age between 26 and 34 weeks were included in the study. Ultrasound equipment with an inbuilt function for analysis of the spatial velocity profile along a line located in a fixed plane was used to obtain UV velocity profiles. Velocity profiles were obtained at the placental insertion and in a free intra-amniotic loop of the cord. Two-dimensional (2D) velocity distribution coefficients were evaluated as ratios between mean and maximum velocities along the investigated lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2D velocity distribution coefficients at the placental insertion (0.85 +/- 0.03) were significantly higher (P < 0.00001) than those obtained from a free loop of cord (0.76 +/- 0.03). Values indicated that velocity profiles are approximately flat at the placental insertion and become more parabolic moving downstream. Moreover, profiles become skewed in association with cord curvature and show peculiar biphasic shapes immediately downstream from the placenta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow velocity profiles in the UV are not perfectly parabolic and modify along the cord. These characteristics may affect the evaluation of UV blood flow rate.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mechanics of Biological Structures, Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano University of Milan, Milan, Italy. pennati@biomed.polimi.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pennati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Gasperi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rognoni
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000502:physiology*