title: Form and variability during sit-to-stand transitions: children versus adults.
abstract: In performing the sit-to-stand transition, young children (6- to 7-year-olds) were expected to display a movement form similar to that of adults. However, movement consistency was predicted to be poorer in children than in adults because they lack refinement of motor control processes. Kinematic analysis of 10 repetitions of the sit-to-stand movement was carried out for 6 typically developing children and 6 adults. Supporting the authors' prediction of comparable form, no differences were evident between age groups for sequence of joint onsets, proportional duration of segmental motion, or in angle-angle plots of displacement at 2 segments. In contrast, within-participant variability was found to be higher for children: Coefficients of variation for most kinematic measures were twice those seen for adults. The authors interpret the children's lack of movement consistency as a reflection of inadequate stabilization of an internal model of intersegmental dynamics. Whereas adults have attained a skill level associated with refinement of that model, children have not. Children have an additional control problem because changes in body morphology throughout childhood require ongoing updating of the internal model that controls intrinsic dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark and Teachers College, Columbia University, USA. bowlby@umdnj.edu.
authors.forename: Phyllis L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Guarrera-Bowlby
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gentile
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009048:Motor Skills; D009949:Orientation; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values