title: Typhoid fever: clinical diagnosis versus laboratory confirmation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently there has been an increase in the clinically diagnosed typhoid fever in various parts of Nigeria with subsequent increase in public fear of possible epidemics of the disease. In this study the accuracy of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and stool specimens from 260 patients clinically diagnosed typhoid fever were investigated using Widal test and bacteriological culture methods respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-four (51.5%) of the cases investigated were positive and that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the clinically diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed typhoid fever cases. Causative organisms were Salmonella typhi 46 (34.3%); S paratyphi B 34 (25.4%); S paratyphi A 24 (17.9%); S paratyphi C 20 (14.9%); other Salmonella spp 10 (7.5%). Young adults and males were predominantely affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the clinically diagnosed typhoid cases were misdiagnosis and the hue and cry by the general public on the epidemic of typhoid fever could not be justified. It is recommended that careful detailed history taking, meticulous clinical examination and prompt bacteriological culturing of specimens from suspected typhoid cases will improve the accuracy of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ngwu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Agbo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification; D012698:Serologic Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013045:Species Specificity; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology