title: In human gestational diabetes mellitus congenital malformations are related to pre-pregnancy body mass index and to severity of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analysed the relationship between congenital malformations (CM) and severity of gestational diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2060 infants of mothers with gestational diabetes was studied. Universal screening and 3(rd) Workshop-Conference criteria were used to diagnose gestational diabetes. The severity of diabetes was assessed on the basis of previous hyperglycaemia, blood glucose values in diagnostic OGTT, area under the glucose curve, gestational age and HbA(1)c at diagnosis, insulin requirements during pregnancy, and OGTT after delivery. Potentially confounding variables (age, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking) were considered. The relationship of potential predictors with CM was analysed with several multivariate logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of CM was 6% for minor and 3.8% for major malformations (1.4% heart, 0.8% renal/urinary, 0.7% skeletal, 0.3% hypospadias, 0.2% central nervous system, 0.2% cleft lip/palate, 0.1% digestive tract, 0.3% other). In the final models, forward logistic regression analysis identified pre-pregnancy BMI as the predictor of CM (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.616); in the backward analysis additional predictors were 1-h blood glucose in diagnostic OGTT and gestational age at diagnosis (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.646). Both BMI and severity of gestational diabetes were predictors of heart and minor CM, whereas BMI predicted renal/urinary CM and severity of diabetes predicted skeletal CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these infants of mothers with gestational diabetes, severity of diabetes and pre-pregnancy BMI were predictors of CM, in accordance with the well-documented pathogenic role of BMI (in the general population) and hyperglycaemia (in diabetic pregnancy). BMI was the main predictor of more prevalent CM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erdozain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ginovart
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Adelantado
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cubero
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.|Centre Network of the Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Leiva
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of the Holy Cross and St. Paul, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain. rcorcoy@hsp.santpau.es.|Centre Network of the Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain. rcorcoy@hsp.santpau.es.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corcoy
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking