title: Evaluation of the synergistic effect of insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factors on the risk of breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance (which was measured using fasting blood C-peptide) and its joint association with insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3]) on the risk of breast carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in the current study were 400 case-control pairs from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Pretreatment biospecimens and interview data were collected from all breast carcinoma cases and their individually matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast carcinoma risk was found to be statistically significantly increased when higher blood levels of C-peptide and IGFs were noted in a dose-response manner. There was a statistically significant twofold to threefold increased risk of breast carcinoma for women in the highest quartile of C-peptide, IGF-1, or IGFBP-3 compared with women in the lowest quartiles. Women with high levels of both C-peptide and IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 also were found to have a substantially higher risk of breast carcinoma than those women with a high level of only one of these molecules. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 3.79 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.03-7.08) for those with a higher level of both C-peptide and IGF-1 and 4.03 (95% CI, 2.06-7.86) for those with a higher level of both C-peptide and IGFBP-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study suggest that insulin resistance and IGFs may synergistically increase the risk of breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8300, USA. wei.zheng@banderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Alecia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiao-Ou
authors.initials: XO
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II