title: Increased levels of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine in type 1 diabetic patients with impaired renal function: correlation with markers of endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with renal failure have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, which may be the result of uraemic toxins, including advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of well-characterized AGEs, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) in relation to kidney function and to study the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of CML and CEL were measured in 60 type 1 diabetic patients categorized as having normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (>80 ml/min, n = 31) or decreased GFR (<80 ml/min, n = 29) as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. To assess the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation, markers of endothelial function von Willebrand factor (vWf), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue type-specific plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammatory activity, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of CML and CEL were increased in diabetic patients with decreased GFR as compared with patients with normal GFR [CML 4.9 (2-12.6) vs 2.9 (1.7-4.4) micromol/l, P<0.000; and CEL 1.7 (0.9-3.3) vs 1.2 (1.7-4.4) micromol/l, P = 0.004, respectively). Independently of the GFR, the plasma levels of CML and CEL were significantly associated with sVCAM-1, vWf and sTM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma levels of CML and CEL rise with deterioration of GFR. Furthermore, CML and CEL levels are associated with markers of endothelial activation independently of renal function. This suggests an involvement of these AGEs in the acceleration of cardiovascular complications in patients with renal impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariska L M
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lieuw-A-Fa
authors.forename: Victor W M
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: van Hinsbergh
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barto
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D019040:E-Selectin; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C054688:N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008239:Lysine