title: [Ozone decline and UV increase].
abstract: The following results have been obtained from long-term observations on the ozone layer and UV at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeigenberg:The seasonally varying decline of the ozone layer determines the maximum exposure to UV. Since ozone decline shows the highest rates in the spring months the UV exposure has most strongly increased in this time of the year. This is especially important because in spring the human skin is not adapted to UV exposure. Weather changes from day to day can induce rapid ozone reductions in spring about -30% which in turn is followed by an increase in UV of about 40%. Clouds, especially the transparent cirrus clouds (high clouds consisting of ice particles) have increased in frequency during spring and fall while a decrease is observed in summer. This change in cloudiness reduces the daily UV dose in spring and fall while it is enhanced in summer. With increasing height above sea level UV rises by roughly 10% per 1000 m (rule of thumb). Snow reflects the UV-radiation by up to 80% enhancing the UV-doses at relevant conditions. Strong volcano eruptions destroy ozone in the stratosphere additionally during 1-2 years after the eruption. Therafter the ozone layer recovers. In April 1993, after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), the UV burden was still 40% higher than average. Miniholes and streamers can appear unexpected on a short-time scale and cross over Central Europe within 1-2 days, thus enhancing UV irradiation. The human skin reacts to UV exposure depending on the type of skin. The campaign "Sonne(n) mit Verstand" of the Bavarian Ministries for Environment, for Health and for Education informs about the danger of UV radiation (see www.sonne-mit-ver-stand.de). The German Weather Service informs the public on present developments of the ozone layer and relevant topics byits ozone bulletin, which is also available via internet under (www.dwd.de/deFundE/Observator/MOHp/hp2/ozon/bulletin.htm).
authors.affiliation: Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trepte
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D006801:Humans; D010126:Ozone; D012621:Seasons; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D012914:Snow; D013471:Sunburn / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D010126:Ozone