title: WCA Recommendations for the long-term treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition. In addition to combat-related PTSD, the disorder occurs in civilians exposed to severe traumatic events, with the community prevalence rate for the combined populations reaching as high as 12%. If left untreated, PTSD may continue for years after the stressor event, resulting in severe functional and emotional impairment and a dramatic reduction in quality of life, with negative economic consequences for both the sufferer and society as a whole. Although PTSD is often overlooked, diagnosis is relatively straightforward once a triggering stressor event and the triad of persistent symptoms-reexperiencing the traumatic event, avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma, and hyperarousal have been identified. However, comorbid conditions of anxiety and depression frequently hamper accurate diagnosis. Treatment for PTSD includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The latter includes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Only SSRIs have been proven effective and safe in long-term randomized controlled trials. Current guidelines from the Expert Consensus Panel for PTSD recommend treatment of chronic PTSD for a minimum of 12-24 months.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Research Unit on Anxiety Disorder, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Tygerberg, South Africa. djs2@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Borwin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bandelow
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okasha
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Swinson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zohar
mesh_terms: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors