title: Possible contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase to renal injury in aldosterone/salt-induced hypertensive rats.
abstract: Studies were performed to test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contribute to the pathogenesis of aldosterone/salt-induced renal injury. Rats were given 1% NaCl to drink and were treated with one of the following combinations for 6 weeks: vehicle (0.5% ethanol, SC, n=6); aldosterone (0.75 microg/H, SC, n=8); aldosterone plus a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; eplerenone (0.125% in chow, n=8); aldosterone plus an antioxidant; and tempol (3 mmol/L in drinking solution, n=8). The activities of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38MAPK, and big-MAPK-1 (BMK1) in renal cortical tissues were measured by Western blot analysis. Aldosterone-infused rats showed higher systolic blood pressure (165+/-5 mm Hg) and urinary excretion of protein (106+/-24 mg/d) than vehicle-infused rats (118+/-3 mm Hg and 10+/-3 mg/d). Renal cortical mRNA expression of p22phox, Nox-4, and gp91phox, measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, was increased in aldosterone-infused rats by 2.3, 4.3, and 3.0-fold, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content in renal cortex was also higher in aldosterone (0.23+/-0.02) than vehicle-infused rats (0.09+/-0.01 nmol/mg protein). ERK1/2, JNK, and BMK1 activities were significantly elevated in aldosterone-infused rats by 3.3, 2.3, and 3.0-fold, respectively, whereas p38MAPK activity was not changed. Concurrent administration of eplerenone or tempol to aldosterone-infused rats prevented the development of hypertension (127+/-2 and 125+/-5 mm Hg), and the elevations of urinary excretion of protein (10+/-2 and 9+/-2 mg/day) or TBARS contents (0.08+/-0.01 and 0.11+/-0.01 nmol/mg protein). Furthermore, eplerenone and tempol treatments normalized the activities of ERK1/2, JNK, and BMK1. These data suggest that ROS and MAPK play a role in the progression of renal injury induced by chronic elevations in aldosterone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan. akira@kms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagami
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Hideyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyomoto
authors.forename: Takatomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shokoji
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Youichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077545:Eplerenone; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000502:physiology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048054:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D013113:Spin Labels; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013113:Spin Labels; D013148:Spironolactone; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000450:Aldosterone; D000077545:Eplerenone; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C498911:Nox4 protein, rat; C086986:CYBA protein, human; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048054:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C001803:tempol