Fingernails and toenails as biomarkers of subchronic exposure to fluoride from dentifrice in 2- to 3-year-old children.
This work evaluated the use of fingernails and toenails as biomarkers of subchronic exposure to fluoride (F) from fluoride dentifrice (FD) in 2- to 3-year-old children. Ten 2- to 3-year-old children used a placebo dentifrice (without F) for 28 days, FD (1,570 ppm F as monofluorophosphate) for the following 28 days, and then placebo dentifrice for an additional 28 days, then returned to their usual dentifrices. Fingernails and toenails were clipped every 2 weeks, during the experimental period and for an additional 22 weeks. Nail F was analyzed by electrode following hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. There were no significant differences between fingernail and toenail F concentrations. Mean peak F concentrations occurred 16 weeks after starting the use of FD. Results suggest that fingernails and toenails may be suitable biomarkers of subchronic exposure to F from FD in small children.
Corrêa Rodrigues
Maria Heloísa
MH
Department of Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
de Magalhães Bastos
José Roberto
JR
Rabelo Buzalaf
Marília Afonso
MA
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004058:Diffusion; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D010710:Phosphates; D010919:Placebos; C012980:fluorophosphate; D005459:Fluorides