title: Labile iron in parenteral iron formulations: a quantitative and comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence of iron-mediated oxidative stress, neutrophil dysfunction and enhanced bacterial growth after intravenous (IV) iron administration has been ascribed to a labile or bioactive iron fraction present in all IV iron agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantify and compare the size of the labile fraction in several classes of IV iron agents, we examined iron donation to transferrin (Tf) in vitro. We added dilutions of ferric gluconate, iron sucrose and each of two iron dextran preparations to serum in vitro, passed the resulting samples through alumina columns to remove iron agent and free organic iron, and measured Tf-bound iron in the resulting eluates. Comparing results to serum samples without added iron, we calculated delta Tf-bound iron for each agent at each concentration. Finally, we compared delta Tf-bound iron to the concentration of added agent and calculated the percent iron donation to Tf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Tf-bound iron increased with added iron concentration for each agent: delta Tf-bound iron was directly related to the concentration and type of iron agent (P<0.001). Mean percent iron donation to Tf ranged from 2.5 to 5.8% with the following progression: iron dextran-Dexferrum<iron dextran-INFeD<iron sucrose<ferric gluconate. Pairwise differences between agents for percent iron donation were statistically significant (P<0.05) only between ferric gluconate and both iron dextran agents, and between iron sucrose and iron dextran-Dexferrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 2-6% of total iron in commonly used IV iron compounds is available for in vitro iron donation to Tf. This fraction may contribute to evidence of bioactive iron in patients after IV iron administration.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, USA. dvanwyck@sprynet.com
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Wyck
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005937:Glucaric Acid; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D014168:Transferrin; D013395:Sucrose; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex; D007501:Iron; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005937:Glucaric Acid; C035552:ferric gluconate