title: Rapid identification of germline mutations in retinoblastoma by protein truncation testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the utility of protein truncation testing (PTT) for rapid detection and sequencing of germline mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB1).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed PTT, a technique based on the in vitro synthesis of protein from amplified RNA, on 27 probands from 27 kindreds with hereditary retinoblastoma. In 4 kindreds, PTT was also performed on 1 additional affected relative. Ten unrelated patients without retinoblastoma were included as negative control subjects. All PTT-detected mutations were further analyzed by focused sequencing of genomic DNA. When no mutation was detected by PTT, we performed exon-by-exon sequencing, as well as cytogenetic analysis by Giemsa-trypsin-Giemsa banding and by fluorescent in situ hybridization for RB1. The results of proband testing were used for direct genetic testing by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 11 relatives from 7 of the 27 kindreds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the probands tested, 19 (70%) of 27 tested positive for germline mutations by PTT. In 1 kindred, the proband had negative PTT results but an additional affected relative had positive PTT results. Focused DNA sequencing of 1 patient with positive PTT results from each of the 20 kindreds with positive PTT results revealed truncating mutations in 19 kindreds. Four demonstrated frameshift deletions, 6 had splice site mutations, and 9 showed nonsense mutations. Further analysis by genomic exon-by-exon sequencing and karyotype analysis of the 8 probands who tested negative for germline mutations by PTT revealed 1 splice site mutation, 2 missense mutations, and 1 chromosomal deletion. Focused sequencing based on positive PTT results was successfully used to confirm shared truncating mutations in additional affected family members in 2 kindreds. Using a multitiered approach to genetic testing, 23 (85%) of 27 kindreds had mutations identified and those detected by PTT received a positive result in as few as 7 days. In control subjects, PTT produced no false-positive results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein truncation testing is an effective, rapid single-modality screen for germline mutations in patients with retinoblastoma. When used as an initial screen, PTT can increase the yield of additional testing modalities, such as sequencing and chromosomal analysis, providing a timely and cost-effective approach for the diagnosis of heritable germline mutations in patients with retinoblastoma.Clinical Relevance The clinical application of PTT in retinoblastoma will improve detection of germline retinoblastoma mutations, which will supply critical information for prognosis, treatment planning, follow-up care, and genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Marita S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D016161:Genes, Retinoblastoma; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000235:genetics*; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein