title: Incidence and distribution of argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency in human cancers: a method for identifying cancers sensitive to arginine deprivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) was the first of two enzymes to convert citrulline to arginine. This pathway allowed cells to synthesize arginine from citrulline, making this amino acid nonessential for the growth of most mammalian cells. Previous studies demonstrated that several human tumor cell lines were auxotrophic for arginine due to an inability to express ASS. Selective elimination of arginine from the circulation of animals with these tumors is a potentially effective anticancer treatment. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the frequency of ASS deficiency and arginine auxotrophy in a variety of human malignant tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed the expression of ASS by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody in a variety of human tumor biopsies. They found that the incidence of ASS deficiency varied greatly with the tumor type and tissue of origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma were most frequently deficient in ASS. Some human cancers were almost always positive for ASS (e.g., lung and colon carcinomas). However, other human cancers, including sarcomas, invasive breast carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma, also were sometimes ASS deficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicated that immunohistochemical detection of ASS may prove an effective means for determining ASS deficiency in malignant human tumors and for identifying patients most likely to respond to arginine deprivation therapy. Based on these results, human clinical trials using arginine-degrading enzyme therapy to treat patients with advanced melanoma or hepatocellular carcinoma have been initiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, T. H. Morgan Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curley
authors.forename: C Mark
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ensor
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Holtsberg
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bomalaski
authors.forename: Mike A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D001124:Argininosuccinate Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001706:Biopsy; D020159:Citrullinemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D001124:Argininosuccinate Synthase