title: Cigarette smoking exacerbates and its cessation ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria generally experience progressive glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) and blood pressure (BP) control but this therapy generally stabilizes GFR in those without macroalbuminuria. Cigarette smoking exacerbates GFR decline in patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria despite ACEI and BP control; whether this therapy prevents nephropathy progression in nonmacroalbuminuric type 2 diabetic smokers is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the course of urine excretion of indices of renal injury that distinguished patients with type 2 diabetes with and without macroalbuminuria but with normal plasma creatinine who were prospectively followed 6 months while receiving ACEI and BP control. We compared this course in nonsmokers and smokers with normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria (n = 157) and in response to smoking cessation in a separate cohort (n = 80) with microalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine excretion of transforming growth factor beta-1 (UTGFbetaV) increased in macroalbuminuric but not in nonmacroalbuminuric nonsmokers and UTGFbetaV rate was higher in smokers than nonsmokers within each albuminuria group. In the separate microalbuminuric cohort, the rate of UTGFbetaV change for quitting smokers was not different from nonsmokers (0.093 versus -0.123 ng/g of creatine/week, P = not significant) but that for nonquitting smokers (0.970) was higher than nonsmokers (P = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk compared with low risk for nephropathy progression have progressive renal injury as measured by increasing UTGFbetaV. Cigarette smoking exacerbates renal injury in type 2 diabetes despite BP control and ACEI, but its cessation in those with microalbuminuria ameliorates the progressive renal injury caused by continued smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: Temduang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chuahirun
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simoni
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seipel
authors.forename: Apurv
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harrist
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wesson
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta