title: Dispersion and transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts from fecal pats under simulated rainfall events.
abstract: The dispersion and initial transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts from fecal pats were investigated during artificial rainfall events on intact soil blocks (1,500 by 900 by 300 mm). Rainfall events of 55 mm h(-1) for 30 min and 25 mm h(-1) for 180 min were applied to soil plots with artificial fecal pats seeded with approximately 10(7) oocysts. The soil plots were divided in two, with one side devoid of vegetation and the other left with natural vegetation cover. Each combination of event intensity and duration, vegetation status, and degree of slope (5 degrees and 10 degrees ) was evaluated twice. Generally, a fivefold increase (P < 0.05) in runoff volume was generated on bare soil compared to vegetated soil, and significantly more infiltration, although highly variable, occurred through the vegetated soil blocks (P < 0.05). Runoff volume, event conditions (intensity and duration), vegetation status, degree of slope, and their interactions significantly affected the load of oocysts in the runoff. Surface runoff transported from 10(0.2) oocysts from vegetated loam soil (25-mm h(-1), 180-min event on 10 degrees slope) to up to 10(4.5) oocysts from unvegetated soil (55-mm h(-1), 30-min event on 10 degrees slope) over a 1-m distance. Surface soil samples downhill of the fecal pat contained significantly higher concentrations of oocysts on devegetated blocks than on vegetated blocks. Based on these results, there is a need to account for surface soil vegetation coverage as well as slope and rainfall runoff in future assessments of Cryptosporidium transport and when managing pathogen loads from stock grazing near streams within drinking water watersheds.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water and Waste Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. c.davies@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Cheryl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Christobel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaucner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Nanda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altavilla
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Deere
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ashbolt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D033661:Oocysts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water