title: Loss of C-terminal alpha-helix decreased SDF-1alpha-mediated signaling and chemotaxis without influencing CXCR4 internalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility that a novel alpha-helix-defective mutant of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) (SDF-1/54R) acts as an antagonist of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4).
  
  
  METHODS
  According to the genetic sequence of natural SDF-1alpha, a recombinant alpha-helix-defective mutant of SDF-1alpha was designed and some biologic characteristics of this mutant were demonstrated. The migration of Jurkat cells was assessed with chemotactic assay. ERK phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot with a specific anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody. Intracellular calcium influx was examined by flow cytometer with a calcium indicator dye Fluo-3AM. The CXCR4 on the cell surface was detected by flow cytometer with a PE conjoined anti-human CXCR4 antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with native SDF-1alpha, SDF-1/54R displayed apparent decrease in chemotactic ability, ERK1/2 activation, and intracellular calcium influx in Jurkat cells. However, the binding to CXCR4 and inducing CXCR4 internalization of SDF-1/54R did not change outstandingly. Moreover, a competitive inhibitory effect of SDF-1/54R on the migration of Jurkat cells induced by native SDF-1alpha was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alpha-helix-defective mutant of SDF-1alpha, SDF-1/54R that remained both the N-terminus and the central beta-sheet region, decreased SDF-1alpha-mediated signaling and chemotaxis but did not influence CXCR4 internalization, which suggested that SDF-1/54R might be developed as an anti-CHIV inhibitor with high biological potency and low side-effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy School of Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510612, China.
authors.forename: Shao-hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Xian-da
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Xiao-hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shao-xi
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium