title: Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older depressed patients are at high risk for development of hyponatremia after initiation of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, despite clinical monitoring and preventive management. The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and etiology of paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older patients and to identify patient characteristics that may account for variability in susceptibility to this adverse event.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in a university-based ambulatory psychiatric research clinic from August 1999 through September 2001. Patients included 75 men and women aged 63 through 90 years (mean +/- SD age, 75.3 +/- 6.0 years) who received a diagnosis of a current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, major depressive episode and were prescribed paroxetine. We monitored plasma sodium levels before initiating paroxetine therapy and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of treatment. In a subset of individuals, we measured levels of antidiuretic hormone, glucose, serum urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Hyponatremia was defined as a plasma sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L after initiation of paroxetine therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyponatremia developed in 9 (12%) of the 75 patients after initiation of paroxetine treatment. Mean +/- SD time to development of hyponatremia was 9.3 +/- 4.7 days (median, 9 days; range, 1-14 days; n = 8). In the multivariate regression, lower body mass index and lower baseline plasma sodium level (<138 mEq/L) were significant risk factors for the development of hyponatremia in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatremia is an under recognized and potentially serious complication of paroxetine treatment in older patients. Our results provide a foundation for understanding the etiology and risk factors associated with paroxetine-induced hyponatremia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. fabiant@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Tanya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Amico
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kroboth
authors.forename: Benoit H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Salem G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Bensasi
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Mary Amanda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dew
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003404:Creatinine; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D012964:Sodium; D014667:Vasopressins