title: Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nocturia is a common condition often attributed in aging men to benign prostatic enlargement. Older adults are prone to nocturnal sleep disturbance, of which disturbed circadian rhythm may be a component since it improves with nighttime administration of melatonin. This study was designed to investigate melatonin as a potential treatment for nocturia associated with bladder outflow obstruction in older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 men with urodynamically confirmed bladder outflow obstruction and nocturia were entered into a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study assessing the effect of 2 mg controlled release melatonin at night on nocturia. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and after each 4-week treatment period using a frequency volume chart, the International Prostate Symptom Score and symptom problem index. Maximum urinary flow rate and post-void residual urine volume were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline frequency of nocturia was 3.1 episodes per night. There were 7 men (35%) with detrusor overactivity and 10 (50%) had nocturnal polyuria. Melatonin and placebo caused a decrease in nocturia of 0.32 and 0.05 episodes per night (p = 0.07) and a decrease in the nocturia bother score of 0.51 and 0.05, respectively (p = 0.008). Nocturia responder rates (a reduction from baseline of at least -0.5 episodes per night) differed between the active medication and placebo groups (p = 0.04). Daytime urinary frequency, International Prostate Symptom Score, relative nocturnal urine volume, maximum urinary flow rate and post-void residual were unaffected by melatonin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melatonin treatment is associated with a significant nocturia response rate, improvement in nocturia related bother and a good adverse effect profile. However, it is uncertain whether the observed changes in this study are clinically significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. M.J.Drake@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin