Management of urinary incontinence in women: scientific review.
BACKGROUND
Urinary incontinence is a common health problem among women that negatively impacts quality of life. Therefore, it is important that primary care physicians have an understanding of how to manage urinary incontinence effectively.


OBJECTIVE
To review the most recent, high-quality evidence regarding the etiology and management of urinary incontinence in women.


METHODS
Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and the ACP Journal Club were performed to identify English-language articles published between 1998-2003 that focused on the etiology or treatment of urinary incontinence in adult women. The references of each retrieved article were reviewed and an expert in the field was contacted to identify additional relevant articles.


METHODS
Using a combination of more than 80 search terms, we included articles of etiology that were cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, or systematic reviews of cohort, case-control, and/or cross-sectional studies. Studies of treatment had to be randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. The quality of each article was assessed independently by each author and inclusion (n = 66) was determined by consensus.


RESULTS
Multiple factors have been found to be associated with urinary incontinence, some of which are amenable to modification. Factors associated with incontinence include age, white race, higher educational attainment, pregnancy-related factors, gynecological factors, urological and gastrointestinal tract factors, comorbid diseases, higher body mass index, medications, smoking, caffeine, and functional impairment. There are several effective nonpharmacological treatments including pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, bladder training, and prompted voiding. Anticholinergic drugs are effective in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence. Several surgical interventions are effective in the management of stress incontinence, including open retropubic colposuspension and suburethral sling procedure.


CONCLUSIONS
Urinary incontinence in women is an important public health concern, and effective treatment options exist.
Holroyd-Leduc
Jayna M
JM
San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Jayna.Holroyd-Leduc@med.va.gov
Straus
Sharon E
SE
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012307:Risk Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists