Clinical and economic consequences of a reimbursement restriction of nebulised respiratory therapy in adults: direct comparison of randomised and observational evaluations.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the results of a randomised and an observational evaluation of the same policy that restricted reimbursement for nebulised respiratory medications in adult patients in a community setting.


METHODS
Cluster randomised controlled trial and observational time series with historical controls.


METHODS
Pharmacare, the government funded drug benefits plan for elderly people and patients receiving social assistance in British Columbia, Canada.


METHODS
In the randomised controlled trial 104 clusters of medical practices, pair matched by geography and approximately by practice size, were randomised to the intervention group (449 patients affected by the policy on 1 March 1999), and the control group (offered a six month exemption, affecting 386 patients). The observational analysis included all Pharmacare beneficiaries (excluding the 386 exempt patients) who had used any nebulised drugs six months before the policy (4624 patients).


METHODS
Pharmacare restricted reimbursement for nebulised bronchodilators, steroids, and cromoglycate to patients whose doctors applied for an individual patient's exemption, giving an appropriate clinical reason.


METHODS
Number of contacts with doctors and services, emergency admissions to hospital, and utilisation of and expenditure for respiratory drugs in databases of British Columbia's Ministry of Health.


RESULTS
Contacts with doctors or emergency admissions to hospital did not increase in association with the restriction, regardless of the analytical approach. In the observational analysis, we found a reduction of C24 dollars per patient month in all nebulised drug use (95% confidence interval 19 to 29) and an increase of C3 dollars per patient month in all expenditure for inhalers (1.4 to 4.5). The randomised evaluation found savings of C8 dollars per patient month for nebulisers (P = 0.24) and no increase in spending on inhalers (P = 0.79). Correcting for 60% non-compliance by exempt doctors in a sensitivity analysis yielded similar results as the observational evaluation.


CONCLUSIONS
Observational as well as randomised analyses found moderate net savings and no increase in unintended healthcare outcomes after restricting reimbursement for nebulised respiratory drugs. Randomised policy trials are feasible and, if carefully implemented, likely to be concordant with observational evaluations.
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, 1620 Tremont St (Suite 3030), Boston, MA 02120, USA. schneeweiss@post.harvard.edu
Sebastian
S
Schneeweiss
Malcolm
M
Maclure
Bruce
B
Carleton
Robert J
RJ
Glynn
Jerry
J
Avorn
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001955:British Columbia; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017046:Cost Savings; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged
D001993:Bronchodilator Agents