Imaging dynamic redox changes in mammalian cells with green fluorescent protein indicators.
Changes in the redox equilibrium of cells influence a host of cell functions. Alterations in the redox equilibrium are precipitated by changing either the glutathione/glutathione-disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG) and/or the reduced/oxidized thioredoxin ratio. Redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (GFP) allow real time visualization of the oxidation state of the indicator. Ratios of fluorescence from excitation at 400 and 490 nm indicate the extent of oxidation and thus the redox potential while canceling out the amount of indicator and the absolute optical sensitivity. Because the indicator is genetically encoded, it can be targeted to specific proteins or organelles of interest and expressed in a wide variety of cells and organisms. We evaluated roGFP1 (GFP with mutations C48S, S147C, and Q204C) and roGFP2 (the same plus S65T) with physiologically or toxicologically relevant oxidants both in vitro and in living mammalian cells. Furthermore, we investigated the response of the redox probes under physiological redox changes during superoxide bursts in macrophage cells, hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions, and in responses to H(2)O(2)-stimulating agents, e.g. epidermal growth factor and lysophosphatidic acid.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0647, USA.
Colette T
CT
Dooley
Timothy M
TM
Dore
George T
GT
Hanson
W Coyt
WC
Jackson
S James
SJ
Remington
Roger Y
RY
Tsien
D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000860:Hypoxia; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009154:Mutation; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry
D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D016877:Oxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D008239:Lysine; C032881:lysophosphatidic acid; D010100:Oxygen; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide