Experimental model of pediatric asphyxial cardiopulmonary arrest in rats.
OBJECTIVE
Develop a clinically relevant model of pediatric asphyxial cardiopulmonary arrest in rats.


METHODS
Prospective interventional study.


METHODS
University research laboratory.


METHODS
Postnatal day 16-18 rats (n = 9/group).


METHODS
Anesthetized rats were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated, and vascular catheters were inserted. Vecuronium was administered, and the ventilator was disconnected from the rats for 8 mins, whereupon rats were resuscitated with epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, and chest compressions until spontaneous circulation returned. Shams underwent all procedures except asphyxia.


RESULTS
Asphyxial arrest typically occurred by 1 min after the ventilator was disconnected. Return of spontaneous circulation typically occurred <30 secs after resuscitation. An isoelectric electroencephalograph was observed for 30 mins after asphyxia, and rats remained comatose for 12-24 hrs. Overall survival rate was 85%. Motor function measured using beam balance and inclined plane tests was impaired on days 1 and 2, but recovered by day 3, in rats after asphyxia vs. sham injury (p <.05). Spatial memory acquisition measured using the Morris-water maze on days 7-14 and 28-35 was also impaired in rats after asphyxia vs. sham injury (total latency 379 +/- 28 vs. 501 +/- 40 secs, respectively, p <.05). DNA fragmentation was detected in CA1 hippocampal neurons bilaterally 3-7 days after asphyxia. Neurodegeneration detected using Fluorojade B was seen in bilateral CA1 hippocampi and layer V cortical neurons 3-7 days after asphyxia, with persistent neurodegeneration in CA1 hippocampus detected up to 5 wks after asphyxia. CA1 hippocampal neuron survival after asphyxia was 39-43% (p <.001 vs. sham). Evidence of DNA or cellular injury was not detected in sham rats.


CONCLUSIONS
This model of asphyxial cardiopulmonary arrest in postnatal day 17 rats produces many of the clinical manifestations of pediatric hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. This model may be useful for the preclinical testing of novel and currently available interventions aimed at improving neurologic outcome in infants and children after cardiopulmonary arrest.
Fink
Ericka L
EL
Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
Alexander
Henry
H
Marco
Christina D
CD
Dixon
C Edward
CE
Kochanek
Patrick M
PM
Jenkins
Larry W
LW
Lai
Yichen
Y
Donovan
Holly A
HA
Hickey
Robert W
RW
Clark
Robert S
RS
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000150:complications*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley