Direct cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy.
Direct cholangiopancreatoscopy has played a minor role in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary disorders, initially because of instrument fragility and suboptimal imaging, and later because of improvements in noninvasive and semi-invasive imaging techniques. Digital scopes provide superior images and hold the promise of increased application and improved durability.
Kozarek
Richard
R
Section of Gastroenterology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. gasrak@vmmc.org
Kodama
Tadashi
T
Tatsumi
Yoshihide
Y
D001652:Bile Ducts; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts