Validation of night blindness reports among children and women in a vitamin A deficient population in rural Tanzania.
OBJECTIVE
This study validates different definitions of reported night blindness (XN) in a vitamin A deficient African population with no local term for XN.


METHODS
Case-control study with follow-up after treatment.


METHODS
Eight primary schools and health centres in rural Tanzania.


METHODS
A total of 1214 participants were screened for reported XN and other eye signs of xerophthalmia: 461 children aged 24-71 months, 562 primary school-age children and 191 pregnant or breast-feeding women. All 152 cases of reported XN were selected for the validation study and group matched with 321 controls who did not complain of XN. XN reports were validated against serum retinol concentrations and pupillary dark adaptation measurements in cases and controls.


METHODS
All children and women who reported XN or had other signs of active xerophthalmia were treated with vitamin A and followed up 3-4 weeks later. Half of the untreated control group who had their serum retinol examined in the baseline examination were also followed up.


RESULTS
The overall prevalence of reported XN was 12.5%. At baseline, mean pupillary threshold (-1.52 vs -1.55 log cd/m(2), P=0.501) and median serum retinol concentrations (0.95 vs 0.93 micromol/l, P=0.734) were not significantly different in cases and controls either overall or in each population group. More restricted case definitions reduced the prevalence of reported XN to 5.5% (P<0.001), but there was still no significant difference between cases and controls although the results were in the expected direction. After treatment, the median serum retinol concentration improved significantly only in the most deficient group, the young children. Dark adaptation improved in all the subgroups but the difference was only significant for young children and primary school-age children when the restricted case definitions were used.


CONCLUSIONS
XN reports are a poor indicator of vitamin A deficiency in this population.


BACKGROUND
Task Force Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland.
Wedner
S H
SH
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. susanne.wedner@lshtm.ac.uk
Ross
D A
DA
Congdon
N
N
Balira
R
R
Spitzer
V
V
Foster
A
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014985:Xerophthalmia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
D014801:Vitamin A