The effects of smoking and its cessation on 8-epi-PGF2alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
BACKGROUND
Oxidative stress and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) are associated with diabetic complications, and smoking is a risk factor.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed (i) to compare urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha and plasma and urinary TGF-beta1 levels obtained in heavy smokers with Type 1 diabetes with those observed in age-matched non-smoker patients with Type 1 diabetes and controls, and (ii) to investigate the effects of smoking cessation (SC) on the above-mentioned parameters in patients with Type 1 diabetes.


RESULTS
Compared with control subjects (n = 12), non-smoker diabetic patients (n = 12) presented higher values of urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha (74.2 +/- 29.6 vs. 29.6 +/- 11.1 pg/mg urinary creatinine, P = 0.01), plasma TGF-beta1 (7.7 +/- 4.7 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001) and urinary TGF-beta1 (15.3 +/- 6.3 vs. 8.1 +/- 4.4 ng/mg urinary creatinine, P = 0.02). Compared with non-smoker diabetic patients, smoker diabetic patients (n = 16) showed higher levels of urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha (107.8 +/- 40.2 vs. 74.2 +/- 29.6 pg/mg urinary creatinine, P = 0.0001), plasma TGF-beta1 (12.6 +/- 4.9 vs. 7.7 +/- 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001) and urinary TGF-beta1 (27.5 +/- 16.0 vs. 15.3 +/- 6.3 ng/mg urinary creatinine, P = 0.01). Smoker patients were included in a smoking cessation programme. In the 10 patients that gave up smoking there was a reduction of urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha (basal: 110.47 +/- 47.0 vs. week 12: 73.2 +/- 25.6; P < 0.001), plasma TGF-beta1 (basal: 11.2 +/- 5.9 vs. week 12: 4.89 +/- 2.25; P < 0.01) and urinary TGF-beta1 (basal: 18.12 +/- 9.27 vs. week 12: 10.32 +/- 2.0; P < 0.01) levels.


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with Type 1 diabetes, smoking increased oxidative stress, evaluated by lipid peroxidation, and TGF-beta1 production. Smoking cessation decreased these parameters, providing additional support to encourage diabetic patients to give up smoking.
Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
L
L
Flores
M
M
Vidal
J
J
Abian
A
A
Cases
J Ma
JM
Campistol
J
J
Clària
S
S
Lario
E
E
Esmatjes
D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000652:urine*
C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost; D003367:Cotinine