Outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst the elderly in Singapore.
BACKGROUND
In line with other established protocols, our unit has instituted a standardised protocol for the management of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury since 1996 in our neurointensive care unit.


METHODS
We reviewed the outcomes, at 6 months' post-injury, in an elderly group aged > or = 64 years (73.86 +/- 8.0 years) and compared them to a younger group aged 20 to 40 years (29.2 +/- 5.7 years) in a cohort of 324 patients. Outcome was dichotomised as favourable (mild and moderate disability but independent; Glasgow Outcome Score [GOS] 4 and 5), unfavourable (severe disability and persistent vegetative state; GOS 2 and 3) and death (GOS 1).


RESULTS
In the elderly group, the mortality (55.4%) was slightly more than double that of the younger group (20.9%); 21.5% had an unfavourable outcome (14.2% in the younger group) and only 23% had a favourable outcome (compared to 64.9% in the younger group). The final outcomes were significantly worse in all levels in the elderly group. This was in spite of data showing that the mechanism of injury was of a higher impact in the younger group, with a higher incidence of polytrauma and cervical spine injury. On admission, the mean Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 8.3 +/- 3.91 for the elderly group and 8.59 +/- 4.05 for the younger group (P = 0.763). Computed tomography scan showed that the elderly had a higher incidence of mass lesions (extradural haematoma and subdural haematoma) and traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. A subgroup (29.2%) of elderly patients had no surgical intervention based on poor clinical/neurological status, premorbid functional status and pre-existing medical conditions, with their family's consent. The GCS of < or = 8, on admission, was significant (P <0.001) in predicting mortality in the elderly. In the elderly group, the female gender had a higher mortality rate (70.4%) than the males (44.7%) (P = 0.19).


CONCLUSIONS
Age must be considered an independent factor in outcome prediction in the elderly with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. A more conservative approach in the management of an elderly patient with severe head injury may be reasonable given its dismal outcomes after careful dialogue with the relatives.
Gan
B K
BK
Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
Lim
J H G
JH
Ng
I H B
IH
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000628:therapy; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D002772:Cholera Toxin