Comparative cytotoxicity of N-substituted N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea in precision-cut rat liver slices.
In order to more rationally design thiourea-containing drugs and drug candidates, specifically thiourea-containing histamine H3 receptor antagonists, it is necessary to develop structure-toxicity relationships (STRs). For this purpose, the cytotoxicity of a series of thiourea-containing compounds was tested in precision-cut rat liver slices. A concentration of 1000 microM of N-p-bromophenyl, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea (8) or N-p-nitrophenyl, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea (9) was found to cause cytotoxicity, evidenced as LDH leakage, resulting in more than 95% LDH leakage after 6h. N-p-Methoxyphenyl, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea (6) caused 40.6 +/- 19.7% LDH leakage after 6h. Control levels of cell death (1% methanol as control vehicle) were below 20% in 6h. After 6h of exposure, N-p-chlorophenyl, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea (7), 8, and 9 were already found to cause significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 microM. At 200 microM, 9 was found to cause significantly more cytotoxicity than 7 and 8. N-Naphthyl, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea (12) was found to cause significant cytotoxicity towards precision-cut rat liver slices after 6h of exposure to a concentration of 500 microM. All other N-substituted, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea tested in this study were not found to be cytotoxic towards precision-cut rat liver slices within the 6h of exposure up to a concentration of 1000 microM. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and mitochondrial MTT reduction activity were also examined after exposure of slices to N-substituted, N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea. Both of these markers, however, were not found to provide additional information regarding the possible mechanisms of cytotoxicity, i.e. GSH depletion or reduced mitochondrial activity since these markers did not clearly precede LDH leakage. A correlation was found between cytotoxicity towards precision-cut rat liver slices and Vmax/Km values for the formation of sulfenic acids from N-substituted N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea by hepatic rat flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO). The compound with the highest Vmax/Km value for the formation of sulfenic acids, 9, was also the most cytotoxic. Compounds with a significantly lower Vmax/Km value, 7, 8, and 12, were less cytotoxic than 9. Compounds with a Vmax/Km value for the formation of sulfenic acids lower than 0.0788 ml/(minmg) were found not to be cytotoxic towards precision-cut rat liver slices for concentrations up to 1000 microM at an exposure time of 6h. It is concluded, from this study, that N-phenyl substituted N'-(4-imidazole-ethyl)thiourea-containing electron-withdrawing p-substituents are cytotoxic towards precision-cut rat liver slices. Cytotoxicity is increased with increasing electron-withdrawing capacity of the p-substituent. A correlation was found to exist between Vmax/Km value for the formation of sulfenic acids by rat liver FMO enzymes and cytotoxicity.
Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rob C A
RC
Onderwater
Jan N M
JN
Commandeur
Nico P E
NP
Vermeulen
D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008867:Microtomy; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity*
D007093:Imidazoles; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D010105:Oxygenases; C020066:dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide forming); D005978:Glutathione; D013890:Thiourea