Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is upregulated in an endotoxin-induced model of bladder inflammation in rats.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine found in epithelial cells as preformed stores, such that MIF release can activate innate immune responses. Our identification of MIF stores in the urothelium suggests that MIF may function in the bladder's initial response to infectious stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To test this hypothesis, we observed changes in MIF, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and c-fos in the bladder, L6-S1 spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) and MIF changes in the prostate following intravesical LPS. Intravesical LPS induced bladder edema and leukocyte infiltration, as well as increased MIF protein and mRNA in the bladder and lumbosacral spinal cord. Expression of immediate-early gene c-fos, a transcription factor used as a marker of neuronal activation, increased in the L6-S1 spinal cord and L6-S1 DRG of rats that received LPS. We conclude that significant increases in bladder MIF expression and protein in response to intravesical LPS may represent part of this organ's initial innate immune response. In addition, MIF upregulation may represent a neural response to visceral inflammation. Finally, changes in prostate MIF content after intravesical LPS suggest that MIF may be involved in viscerovisceral interactions associated with chronic pelvic pain syndromes.
Meyer-Siegler
Katherine L
KL
Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Research & Development Service (151), and University of South Florida, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Tampa, FL, USA. Katherine.Siegel@med.va.gov
Ordorica
Raul C
RC
Vera
Pedro L
PL
D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat