Long-term subthreshold electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion and a canine model of sudden cardiac death.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to develop a high-yield canine model of sudden cardiac death (SCD).


BACKGROUND
Because electrical stimulation is a powerful means to elicit nerve sprouting, we hypothesize that subthreshold electrical stimulation is more effective than nerve growth factor (NGF) infusion in inducing nerve sprouting and SCD in dogs with myocardial infarction (MI) and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB).


METHODS
We gave subthreshold electrical stimulation to the left stellate ganglion (LSG) in six normal dogs for 41 +/- 9 days (protocol 1) and to six dogs with MI and CAVB for 41 +/- 29 days, while continuously monitoring their cardiac rhythm (protocol 2). We also monitored the rhythm of two dogs with MI, CAVB, and NGF infusion to the LSG and determined the ventricular nerve density in six healthy control dogs.


RESULTS
In protocol 1, the hearts from dogs with LSG electrical stimulation had a higher density of nerve fibers immunopositive to tyrosine hydroxylase, synaptophysin, and growth-associated protein-43 than those of normal control dogs (p < 0.01). In protocol 2, there was a high magnitude of cardiac nerve sprouting in all dogs studied. Ventricular tachycardia > or =8 beats and > or =20 beats was more frequent in dogs with electrical stimulation than in dogs with NGF infusion to the LSG (36 +/- 60 and 11 +/- 17 vs. 4.7 +/- 6.1 and 0.1 +/- 0.33 episodes per day, p < 0.05 and p < 0.03, respectively). Four of six dogs in protocol 2 had SCD.


CONCLUSIONS
Subthreshold electrical stimulation of the LSG induces cardiac nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyperinnervation and facilitates the development of a high-yield canine model of ventricular arrhythmia and SCD.
Swissa
Moshe
M
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Zhou
Shengmei
S
Gonzalez-Gomez
Ignacio
I
Chang
Che-Ming
CM
Lai
Angela C
AC
Cates
Adam W
AW
Fishbein
Michael C
MC
Karagueuzian
Hrayr S
HS
Chen
Peng-Sheng
PS
Chen
Lan S
LS
D000818:Animals; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D013233:Stellate Ganglion; D013997:Time Factors