Radiation disaster response: preparation and simulation experience at an academic medical center.
OBJECTIVE
A mass casualty disaster drill involving the simulated explosion of a radiation dispersal device (dirty bomb) was performed with the participation of multiple hospitals, emergency responders, and governmental agencies. The exercise was designed to stress trauma service capacities, communications, safety, and logistic functions. We report our experience and critique of the planning, training, and execution of the exercise, with special attention to the integrated response of the Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Health Physics, and Emergency Medicine.


METHODS
The Health Physics Department presented multiple training sessions to the Emergency Medicine Department, Operating Room, and ancillary staff; reviewing basics of radiation biology and risk, protection standards, and detection of radiocontamination. Competency-based simulations using Geiger-Müller detectors and sealed sources were performed. Two nuclear medicine technologists played an important role in radiation discrimination-that is, assessment of radioactive contamination with survey meters and radionuclide identification based on gamma-spectroscopy of wipe smears from patients' clothing, skin, and orifices. Three Health Physics personnel and one senior Nuclear Medicine staff member were designated the radiation control officers for assigned teams triaging or treating patients. Patients were triaged and, when indicated, decontaminated.


RESULTS
Within a 2-h period, 21 simulated victims arrived at our institution's Emergency Room. Of these, 11 were randomized as noncontaminated, with 10 as contaminated. Decontamination procedures were implemented in a hazardous materials (HAZMAT) decontamination trailer and, for the 5 patients with simulated serious injuries, in a designated trauma room. A full debriefing took place at the conclusion of the exercise. Staff largely complied with appropriate radiation protection protocols, although decontamination areas were not effectively controlled. The encountered limitations included significant lapses in communications and logistics, lack of coordination in the flow of patients through the HAZMAT trailer, insufficient staff to treat acute patients in a radiation control area, additional personnel needed for transport, and insufficient radiation safety personnel to control each decontamination room.


CONCLUSIONS
Nuclear Medicine personnel are particularly well qualified to assist Health Physics and Emergency Medicine personnel in the preparation for, and management of, mass casualty radiation emergencies. Simulation exercises, though resource intensive, are essential to an institution's determination of response capability, performance, and coordination with outside agencies.
Schleipman
A Robert
AR
Department of Health Physics and Radiopharmacology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. aschleipman@partners.org
Gerbaudo
Victor H
VH
Castronovo
Frank P
FP
D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D003666:Decontamination; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006283:Health Physics; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education; D009684:Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital; D016544:Patient Simulation; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D017751:Safety Management; D014218:Triage