HIV-1 Tat directly binds to NFkappaB enhancer sequence: role in viral and cellular gene expression.
HIV-1 Tat protein reprograms cellular gene expression of infected as well as uninfected cells apart from its primary function of transactivating HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter by binding to a nascent RNA stem-loop structure known as the transactivator response region (TAR). Tat also induces chromatin remodeling of proviral LTR-mediated gene expression by recruiting histone acetyl transferases to the chromatin, which results in histone acetylation. Furthermore several studies have shown convincing evidence that Tat can transactivate HIV-1 gene expression in the absence of TAR, the molecular mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. Here we show a direct interaction of Tat with nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) enhancer, a global regulatory sequence for many cellular genes both in vitro and in vivo. This interaction not only provides a novel molecular basis to explain TAR-independent transactivation in HIV-1, but also points toward the potential mechanism of Tat- mediated modulation of cellular genes.
Dandekar
Dineshkumar H
DH
Division of Organic Chemistry (Synthesis), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
Ganesh
Krishna N
KN
Mitra
Debashis
D
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D015696:Gene Products, tat; D016328:NF-kappa B; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus