Developmental changes in upper airway dynamics.
Normal children have a less collapsible upper airway in response to subatmospheric pressure administration (P(NEG)) during sleep than normal adults do, and this upper airway response appears to be modulated by the central ventilatory drive. Children have a greater ventilatory drive than adults. We, therefore, hypothesized that children have increased neuromotor activation of their pharyngeal airway during sleep compared with adults. As infants have few obstructive apneas during sleep, we hypothesized that infants would have an upper airway that was resistant to collapse. We, therefore, compared the upper airway pressure-flow (V) relationship during sleep between normal infants, prepubertal children, and adults. We evaluated the upper airway response to 1). intermittent, acute P(NEG) (infants, children, and adults), and 2). hypercapnia (children and adults). We found that adults had a more collapsible upper airway during sleep than either infants or children. The children exhibited a vigorous response to both P(NEG) and hypercapnia during sleep (P < 0.01), whereas adults had no significant change. Infants had an airway that was resistant to collapse and showed a very rapid response to P(NEG). We conclude that the upper airway is resistant to collapse during sleep in infants and children. Normal children have preservation of upper airway responses to P(NEG) and hypercapnia during sleep, whereas responses are diminished in adults. Infants appear to have a different pattern of upper airway activation than older children. We speculate that the pharyngeal airway responses present in normal children are a compensatory response for a relatively narrow upper airway.
The Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-2533, USA. marcus@email.chop.edu
Carole L
CL
Marcus
Lucila B
LB
Fernandes Do Prado
Janita
J
Lutz
Eliot S
ES
Katz
Cheryl A
CA
Black
Patricia
P
Galster
Kathryn A
KA
Carson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000399:Air Pressure; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000254:growth & development*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000502:physiology
D002245:Carbon Dioxide