Is there a relationship between chronic pain and autonomic dysreflexia in persons with cervical spinal cord injury?
The purpose of this study was to define the relationships among clinical characteristics of chronic pain, injury characteristics, affective factors and autonomic dysreflexia (AD) in people with chronic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). A survey containing questions concerning the presence of AD, demographic factors, clinical characteristics of pain and affective symptoms, was mailed to people with traumatic SCI and chronic pain included in the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis database. Of all subjects (n = 330) reporting chronic pain in a previous study, 181 had cervical injuries. Of this subset, 117 (64.6%) participated in the study. Thirty-five people (29.9%) reported AD in our study. Although intense pain has previously been reported to trigger AD, the average pain intensity was not predictive of AD. Pair-wise comparisons indicated that people reporting AD marked significantly more painful areas in the drawing and used more descriptive pain adjectives. Anxiety and sadness were significantly more frequent among people with AD. Furthermore, aggravation of pain due to muscle spasms, infections, full bladder, and constipation was significantly more common among people with AD. The logistic regression analysis indicated that a combination of having widespread pain, experiencing aggravation of pain due to infections, having a complete injury, and experiencing anxiety significantly predicted AD. Our results suggest that relationships between chronic pain and AD exist. Since multiple pain types are common after SCI and may be associated with AD, it is important to determine which pain types that may be particularly important for the condition of AD.
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA.
Eva
E
Widerström-Noga
Yenisel
Y
Cruz-Almeida
Andrei
A
Krassioukov
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D020211:Autonomic Dysreflexia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology