Use and abuse of opioid analgesics: potential methods to prevent and deter non-medical consumption of prescription opioids.
Medicinal opiates can produce both analgesia and euphoria. The mood altering action of this class of drugs has led to their abuse (non-medical use), a problem compounded by their physical dependence and addictive qualities. The legitimate expansion of clinical opioid analgesic use for severe chronic non-malignant pain, together with the introduction of high-dose extended-release (modified-release) oral tablet formulations of opioids with good bioavailability, has created increased opportunities for the illicit use of these prescribed drugs. Such use is now a major societal problem, with an incidence that appears to exceed the use of street narcotics such as heroin in the US. This review highlights the extent of the illicit use of prescribed opiate analgesics and some of the steps, legal, educational and pharmaceutical, that can be taken to potentially reduce the risk of their misuse or diversion for abuse.
Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. cwoolf@partners.org
Clifford J
CJ
Woolf
Maliha
M
Hashmi
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010361:Patients; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D024382:Professional Role; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D018570:Risk Assessment
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu