Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use.
BACKGROUND
Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study examined cognitive functioning in abstinent MDMA users and MDMA-naive controls.


METHODS
Participants completed measures of intelligence, motor function, attention, memory span, verbal fluency, immediate and delayed verbal memory, and working memory. They were also assessed for the presence of psychopathology. In addition to comparing cognitive function in MDMA users relative to controls, the possibility that clinically dysfunctional MDMA use increases the risk of cognitive impairment was examined.


RESULTS
MDMA users exhibited relative deficits in mnemonic and executive functions. Additionally, users that met DSM-IV substance use disorder criteria for lifetime MDMA abuse or dependence exhibited a number of additional deficits relative to those who did not meet these criteria.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that clinically dysfunctional, rather than purely recreational, MDMA use is associated with cognitive impairment. Future research studies of diverse samples of users may shed light on the mechanisms that underlie these differences.
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Karen L
KL
Hanson
Monica
M
Luciana
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014888:Wechsler Scales
D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine