Developmental rate and ultrastructure of vitrified human pronuclear oocytes after step-wise versus direct rehydration.
BACKGROUND
This study compared the viability of human pronuclear oocytes subjected to vitrification followed by post-thaw step-wise removal of cryoprotectants versus direct rehydration, in terms of their subsequent in vitro survival and ultrastructural features.


METHODS
A total of 115 three-pronuclei stage oocytes were cryopreserved in super-open-pulled straws by vitrification in 40% ethylene glycol + 0.75 mol/l sucrose for either 1 min or 10 s at 38 degrees C, followed by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen. After thawing, oocytes vitrified for 1 min (group 1) or 10 s (group 2) were expelled into a graded series of sucrose solutions (1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.12 mol/l) for removal of the cryoprotectant in five 2.5 min steps. A second batch of oocytes vitrified for either 1 min (group 3) or 10 s (group 4) were directly expelled into culture medium at 38 degrees C after thawing. Finally, the ultrastructural changes occurring in oocytes in each of the treatment groups were evaluated.


RESULTS
Oocyte development (division to two-blastomere stage) rates after in vitro culture were 82, 83, 0 and 0% for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The harsh osmotic process involved in direct rehydration provoked ultrastructural changes, including the disruption of cytoplasmic and pronuclear membranes as well as intracellular organelles.


CONCLUSIONS
The direct post-thaw rehydration of human pronuclear oocytes has lethal osmotic effects, such that protocols for vitrifying human pronuclear oocytes should include the step-wise removal of the cryoprotectant.
Isachenko
Vladimir
V
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cologne, Germany. VovaIsachenko@yahoo.com
Montag
Markus
M
Isachenko
Eugenia
E
Nawroth
Frank
F
Dessole
Salvatore
S
van der Ven
Hans
H
D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009995:Osmosis; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D014867:Water