Evaluation of a bifocal reflector on a clinical lithotripter.
OBJECTIVE
To perform in vitro and in vivo tests using a clinical lithotripter in order to determine whether a bifocal reflector is more efficient and produces the same or less tissue damage than a conventional ellipsoidal reflector for electrohydraulic lithotripters.


METHODS
A standard ellipsoidal and a novel bifocal reflector were tested on a Tripter Compact lithotripter (Direx Medical Systems, Petach Tikva, Israel). The bifocal reflector was constructed by joining two sectors of two rotationally symmetrical ellipsoidal reflectors having different distances between their foci. The F1 foci of the sectors coincided, creating a separation between the F2 foci. The fragmentation efficiency of the reflectors was compared using kidney-stone models. Shockwave-induced trauma was evaluated in vivo by treating both kidneys of six healthy dogs. One kidney was exposed to shockwaves generated with the conventional reflector, and the other kidney was treated using the bifocal reflector. Pressure measurements were obtained for both reflectors using needle hydrophones.


RESULTS
The new design appeared to be more efficient than the conventional reflector in breaking up kidney-stone models. Tissue damage did not increase when using the bifocal reflector.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of bifocal, instead of standard ellipsoidal, reflectors should be considered as an alternative to improve extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
Loske
Achim M
AM
Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM, Querétaro, Qro, México. loske@fata.unam.mx
Prieto
Fernando E
FE
Gutierrez
Jorge
J
Zendejas
Horacio
H
Saita
Alberto
A
Velez Gomez
Esequiel
E
D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004867:Equipment Design; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological