Men deny and women cry, but who dies? Do the wages of "denial" include early ischemic coronary heart disease?
OBJECTIVE
In this study patients with documented ischemic coronary heart disease (ICHD; prior MI or CAD per catheterization) were tested for the association of various measures of emotional distress with Age at Initial Diagnosis.


METHODS
The measures were chosen because of a published track record at predicting mortality in this population. Females were oversampled to achieve equivalent numbers of each sex (n=50), and thus equivalent statistical power. In a subset of patients (38 males and 32 females), Spouse/Friend Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklists (KSSFCs) were received.


RESULTS
Females reported more depression and anxiety than males. However, spouses or friends reported more anger for males. Denial (spouse/friend minus self-ratings) was greater in males for all three scales of the KSSFC (Anger, P=.005; Depression, P=.024; Anxiety, P=.001). Although females showed the same trend, self and spouse or friend ratings of distress were significantly associated with Age at Initial Diagnosis only in males. When split at the sample mean on the Spouse/Friend KSSFC AIAI (Anger) scale, Age at Initial Diagnosis occurred 14.2 years earlier in males.


CONCLUSIONS
Use of a significant other in assessing psychosocial/emotional distress in males may confer greater accuracy, and therefore predictive power for clinical endpoints.
Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands. markwketterer@cs.com
M W
MW
Ketterer
J
J
Denollet
J
J
Chapp
B
B
Thayer
S
S
Keteyian
V
V
Clark
S
S
John
A J
AJ
Farha
S
S
Deveshwar
D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D003448:Crying; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D015996:Survival Rate