[Smoking habits of employees and patients in the psychiatric department of a general hospital].
OBJECTIVE
Health promotion is becoming an increasingly more meaning in hospitals within their health promotion, primary and secondary prevention programmes. With reference to the preventive measures regarding nicotine dependence, it was first of all the objective of this study to determine the smoking habits of employees and patients in a psychiatric clinic. The question was also which implications for clinical practice could be drawn from this.


METHODS
Apart from the Fagerstroem Test for nicotine dependence, a new questionnaire was developed, supported by the questionnaire "Smoke free in hospital", developed by the Federal Agency for Health Education, and implemented. 382 Patients and 484 employees were questioned. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS, and in addition thereto, the T-Test and the chi (2)-Test were used.


RESULTS
Definite gender differences pertaining to smoking habits could be demonstrated. Women smoked less often (p < 0.001) and less (p < 0.01) than men and were less dependent on nicotine (p < 0.007). With increasing age, the number of smokers declined. In questioning the employees, it was clear, that there were no significant differences between doctors and nurses regarding their smoking habits. However, employees in the clinic working shifts were consuming more cigarettes daily (p < 0.044) and had a higher degree of dependence (p < 0.01). On questioning the patients, it was demonstrated that the number of smokers (92%) consuming cigarettes, dependence were significantly higher on the wards for dependence diseases. Overall it was clear that there were definite qualitative and quantitative differences in the smoking habits of both patients and employees. Patients smoke more often (p < 0.001) and are more dependent (p < 0.001) than employees. There were no differences between the two groups regarding the motivation to stop smoking (smokers willing to stop: 36%). However, more patients (38.5%) than employees (23.8%) expressed the opinion, that it is the task of the Hospital employees to regularly point out the risks of smoking.


CONCLUSIONS
In the psychiatric clinic in question, the results demonstrated that cigarette consumption and nicotine dependency, for both patients and employees, are serious problems that can be transferred into comparable clinics and departments. Patients are more affected than employees. Other studies proved that psychiatric patients smoke twice as much as people without psychiatric diseases.


CONCLUSIONS
Against the background, that health promotion and prevention should increasingly become the task of every hospital, further studies will be necessary to establish health promotive activities influencing smoking patients and employees. Specific treatment modalities regarding the motivation to change are still not available. Added to that, it must be tested within the German Health System, whether a clinically supervised smoking cessation programme complementing the treatment of the main diagnosis (a psychiatric disease) is demanded by the affected person, whether the clinic can finance it, and whether it can be successfully implemented.
Schulz
M
M
Zentrum für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapeutische Medizin der Krankenanstalten Gilead Bielefeld. M.Schulz@psychiatrie.gilead.de
Töpper
M
M
Behrens
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution