Chromatin targeting of de novo DNA methyltransferases by the PWWP domain.
DNA methylation patterns of mammalian genomes are generated in gametogenesis and early embryonic development. Two de novo DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, are responsible for the process. Both enzymes contain a long N-terminal regulatory region linked to a conserved C-terminal domain responsible for the catalytic activity. Although a PWWP domain in the N-terminal region has been shown to bind DNA in vitro, it is unclear how the DNA methyltransferases access their substrate in chromatin in vivo. We show here that the two proteins are associated with chromatin including mitotic chromosomes in mammalian cells, and the PWWP domain is essential for the chromatin targeting of the enzymes. The functional significance of PWWP-mediated chromatin targeting is suggested by the fact that a missense mutation in this domain of human DNMT3B causes immunodeficiency, centromeric heterochromatin instability, facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, which is characterized by loss of methylation in satellite DNA, pericentromeric instability, and immunodeficiency. We demonstrate that the mutant protein completely loses its chromatin targeting capacity. Our data establish the PWWP domain as a novel chromatin/chromosome-targeting module and suggest that the PWWP-mediated chromatin association is essential for the function of the de novo methyltransferases during development.
Ge
Ying-Zi
YZ
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Pu
Min-Tie
MT
Gowher
Humaira
H
Wu
Hai-Ping
HP
Ding
Jian-Ping
JP
Jeltsch
Albert
A
Xu
Guo-Liang
GL
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002503:Centromere; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase; D008677:Metaphase; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B
D002843:Chromatin; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B; C000717967:DNMT3A protein, human; C000715535:Dnmt3a protein, mouse