Enhancement of P2X(7)-induced pore formation and apoptosis: an early effect of diabetes on the retinal microvasculature.
OBJECTIVE
A sight-threatening complication of diabetes is cell death in retinal capillaries. Currently, the mechanisms responsible for this classic manifestation of diabetic retinopathy remain uncertain. The hypothesis for the current study is that diabetes increases the vulnerability of retinal microvessels to the potentially lethal consequences of having their P2X(7) purinoceptors activated. A pathophysiological role is suspected for these receptor-operated channels because, in addition to transducing retinovascular responses to extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the sustained opening of these channels can induce the formation of large transmembrane pores.


METHODS
In pericyte-containing retinal microvessels that were freshly isolated from nondiabetic and streptozotocin-injected rats, cells with pores were identified by the uptake of YO-PRO-1. Cell viability was assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion, and cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity, TUNEL positivity, and nuclear morphology were used to detect apoptotic cells. Patch-clamp recordings assessed electrophysiological parameters.


RESULTS
Activation of P2X(7) receptors caused large pores to form and apoptosis to occur in retinal capillaries of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Of importance to diabetes, the agonist concentration needed to open pores and trigger apoptosis decreased markedly soon after the onset of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. However, despite this increased sensitivity, diabetes minimally affected the P2X(7)-induced ionic currents. Thus, rather than upregulate the number of functional P2X(7) receptor/channels, diabetes appears to facilitate the channel-to-pore transition that occurs during activation of these purinoceptors. In this way, normally nonlethal concentrations of P2X(7) ligands may trigger apoptosis in microvessels of the diabetic retina.


CONCLUSIONS
A diabetes-induced increase in the vulnerability of retinal microvessels to the lethal effect of P2X(7) receptor activation may be a previously unrecognized mechanism by which diabetic retinopathy progresses.
Sugiyama
Tetsuya
T
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
Kobayashi
Masato
M
Kawamura
Hajime
H
Li
Qing
Q
Puro
Donald G
DG
Kobayshi
Masato
M
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001583:Benzoxazoles; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002470:Cell Survival; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D020286:Pericytes; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
D001583:Benzoxazoles; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007473:Ion Channels; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; C089813:YO-PRO 1; C033901:3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate