Disparities in screening mammography. Current status, interventions and implications.
OBJECTIVE
This paper describes trends in screening mammography utilization over the past decade and assesses the remaining disparities in mammography use among medically underserved women. We also describe the barriers to mammography and report effective interventions to enhance utilization.


METHODS
We reviewed medline and other databases as well as relevant bibliographies.


RESULTS
The United States has dramatically improved its use of screening mammography over the past decade, with increased rates observed in every demographic group. Disparities in screening mammography are decreasing among medically underserved populations but still persist among racial/ethnic minorities and low-income women. Additionally, uninsured women and those with no usual care have the lowest rates of reported mammogram use. However, despite apparent increases in mammogram utilization, there is growing evidence that limitations in the national survey databases lead to overestimations of mammogram use, particularly among low-income racial and ethnic minorities.


CONCLUSIONS
The United States may be farther from its national goals of screening mammography, particularly among underserved women, than current data suggests. We should continue to support those interventions that increase mammography use among the medically underserved by addressing the barriers such as cost, language and acculturation limitations, deficits in knowledge and cultural beliefs, literacy and health system barriers such as insurance and having a source regular of medical care. Addressing disparities in the diagnostic and cancer treatment process should also be a priority in order to affect significant change in health outcomes among the underserved.
Division of General Internal Medicine, Ruch Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. 60612, USA. Monica_Peek@rush.edu
Monica E
ME
Peek
Jini H
JH
Han
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000639:trends*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000639:trends*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology