Missed insulin meal boluses and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels in children receiving insulin pump therapy.
OBJECTIVE
To identify possible causes of suboptimal glycemic control (ascertained by hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] level) in youths using insulin pump therapy.


METHODS
Forty-eight youths who were receiving insulin pump therapy for > or =6 months, and who were using insulin pumps and blood glucose meters with data that could be downloaded at our facility, are included in this cross-sectional study. Possible causes of suboptimal glycemic control were evaluated by using 4 information sources: 1) insulin pump data downloads; 2) glucose meter data downloads; 3) patient/family questionnaire about insulin bolusing habits, eating habits, exercise, and blood glucose testing habits; and 4) a physician questionnaire. Physicians completed the questionnaire during the patient interview after reviewing the downloaded information and discussing these results with the patient/family.


RESULTS
The mean (+/- standard deviation) age of participants was 15.3 (+/-3.0) years (range: 7-20 years), and the mean (+/- standard deviation) duration of type 1 diabetes and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was 8.2 (+/-4.0) and 1.9 (+/-1.0) years, respectively. Patients who missed <1 bolus per week had a mean (95% confidence interval) HbA1c level of 8.0% (7.7, 8.3), whereas those who missed > or =1 mealtime boluses per week had a mean HbA1c level (95% confidence interval) of 8.8% (8.6, 9.1). No significant relationships were found between HbA1c levels in males and females, the amount of exercise per week, or bolusing before insulin pump disconnection for exercise. Although not significant, a trend was found for those who missed <1 bolus per week to perform more blood glucose tests per day and for those who bolused before a meal rather than after to have lower HbA1c levels. Significant correlations were found between HbA1c levels and the number of missed mealtime boluses per week (r =.414) and mean blood glucose levels (r =.70).


CONCLUSIONS
Missed mealtime insulin boluses seem to be the major cause of suboptimal glycemic control in youths with diabetes receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy.
Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Jonathan
J
Burdick
H Peter
HP
Chase
Robert H
RH
Slover
Kerry
K
Knievel
Laura
L
Scrimgeour
Aristides K
AK
Maniatis
Georgeanna J
GJ
Klingensmith
D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin