Bioluminescence inhibition assays for toxicity screening of wood extractives and biocides in paper mill process waters.
The risk associated with wood extractives, biocides, and other additives in pulp and paper mill effluents was evaluated by performing a characterization of process waters and effluents in terms of toxicity and chemical analysis. The individual toxicity of 10 resin acids, two unsaturated fatty acids, and three biocides was estimated by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition with a ToxAlert 100 system. Median effective concentration values (EC50) of 4.3 to 17.9, 1.2 to 1.5, and 0.022 to 0.50 mg/L were obtained, respectively. Mixtures of these three families of compounds showed antagonistic effects. Chemical analysis of process waters was performed by liquid chromatography- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biocides such as 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)-benzotiazole (TCMTB) (EC50 = 0.022 mg/L) and 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilpropionamide (DBNPA) (EC50 = 0.50 mg/L) were the most toxic compounds tested and were detected at concentrations of 16 and 59 microg/L, respectively, in a closed-circuit recycling paper mill. Process waters from kraft pulp mills, printing paper mills, and packing board paper mills showed the highest concentration of resin acids (up to 400 microg/L) and accounted for inhibition percentages up to 100%. Detergent degradation products such as nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) and the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) were also detected in the waters at levels of 0.6 to 10.6, 0.3 to 1.4, and 0.7 to 187 microg/L, respectively. However, once these waters were biologically treated, the concentration of detected organic compounds diminished and the toxicity decreased in most cases to values of inhibition lower than 20%.
Rigol
Anna
A
Department de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Latorre
Anna
A
Lacorte
Sílvia
S
Barceló
Damià
D
D045784:Abietanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001681:Biological Assay; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010209:Paper; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014934:Wood
D045784:Abietanes; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009570:Nitriles; D010636:Phenols; D013844:Thiazoles; D013861:Thiocyanates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C104310:2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole; C007320:2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide