title: Molecular and biologic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the United States.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. Type I isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types II and III isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. Little is known of genotypes of T. gondii isolates from wild animals. In the present report, genotypes of isolates of T. gondii from wildlife in the United States are described. Sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to T. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and tissues from animals with titers of 1:25 (seropositive) were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the hearts of 21 of 34 seropositive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Mississippi and from 7 of 29 raccoons (Procyon lotor); 5 of 6 bobcats (Lynx rufus); and the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and coyote (Canis latrans) from Georgia. Toxoplasma gondii was also isolated from 7 of 10 seropositive black bears (Ursus americanus) from Pennsylvania by bioassay in cats. All 3 genotypes of T. gondii based on the SAG2 locus were circulating among wildlife.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA. jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: De Young
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Eberhard
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Nace
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Punkosdy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sreekumar
authors.forename: M C B
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: O C H
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sumners
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demarais
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology*; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D001681:Biological Assay; D002335:Carnivora / Q000469:parasitology*; D002415:Cats; D003670:Deer / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006321:Heart / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001503:Ursidae / Q000469:parasitology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan