title: [Two surgery schools: Madrid and Barcelona. Ribera Sans and Salvador Cardenal (150th anniversary of their birth)].
abstract: Two eminent Spanish surgeons from the positivism period were born 150 years ago: Ribera Sans and Salvador Cardenal. To mark this anniversary I have studied their written work and their contribution to Spanish surgery as pioneers. Each school had its own place although they kept certain parallelism. Ribera worked in Madrid as a professor for 23 years and had many disciples. He initiated digestive, pediatric and thoracic surgery. He was a professor at San Carlos just like the surgeons: San Martín and Guedea. He was director of the Niño Jesús Hospital and a R. A. N. M. academic. Cardenal is a distinguished surgeon who carried out his work in Barcelona. He extended the use of the antiseptic method in Spanish surgery. He became Director of the Sagrado Corazón Hospital. He was also named Honorary professor of surgery and a member of the Royal School of Surgery in England, and R. A. Barcelona. His work was closely related to Dr. Ferrán's. His son was León Cardenal.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vázquez de Quevedo
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000266:history*; D013030:Spain