title: The hypolipidemic natural product Commiphora mukul and its component guggulsterone inhibit oxidative modification of LDL.
abstract: There is accumulating evidence that LDL oxidation is essential for atherogenesis, and that antioxidants that prevent this oxidation may either slow down or prevent atherogenesis. In the present study, we found that Commiphora mukul and its cholesterol-lowering component, guggulsterone, effectively inhibited LDL oxidation mediated by either catalytic copper ions, free radicals generated with the azo compound 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), soybean lipoxygenase enzymatically, or mouse peritoneal macrophages. This inhibition was assessed by the decrease in the following parameters describing LDL oxidation: conjugated dienes, relative electrophoretic mobility (REM), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, oxidation-specific immune epitopes as detected with a monoclonal antibody against oxidized LDL, and the accumulation of LDL derived cholesterol esters in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We concluded that C. mukul and its lipid-lowering component, guggulsterone, significantly inhibit LDL oxidation. The combination of antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties of C. mukul and guggulsterone makes them especially beneficial against atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA. xw@jax.org
authors.forename: Xiaosong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greilberger
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ledinski
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kager
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paigen
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jürgens
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000032:analysis; D029744:Commiphora; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004586:Electrophoresis; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001391:Azo Compounds; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D000939:Epitopes; D005609:Free Radicals; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D011282:Pregnenediones; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C046728:2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane); D003300:Copper; D002784:Cholesterol; C023617:pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione; D008084:Lipoxygenase