title: [Paraneoplastic syndromes in three patients with renal cell carcinoma].
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma was diagnosed in three male patients, 45, 53 and 52 years of age. In addition, they had paraneoplastic symptoms: hypercalcaemia, hyperglycaemia and elevated hepatic enzyme levels, respectively. All three patients underwent tumour nephrectomy, after which the paraneoplastic symptoms disappeared. The first patient died 16 months postoperatively, while the other two were alive and free of symptoms after a follow-up of nine months and four years, respectively. Many patients with renal cell carcinoma remain asymptomatic for a long period of time and 30% of all patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The classic triad of flank pain, haematuria and an abdominal mass occurs in only 10% of all cases. However, 20-40% of all patients present with signs of a paraneoplastic syndrome, of which anaemia (20-40%), fever (30%), hypertension (24%), hypercalcaemia (10-15%) and hepatic dysfunction (3-6%) are the most common.
authors.affiliation: Afd. Urologie, Universitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen. mgsteffens@chello.nl
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: de Mulder
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Mulders
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome