title: The effect of a communal lifestyle on depressive symptoms in late life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares depression levels among lifetime kibbutz members (n = 525) and old-age kibbutz residents (n = 366) with a comparable national sample (n = 412) and assesses the relationship between depression and individual differences related to lifetime in a kibbutz (e.g., health) and those related to current living conditions (e.g., social network).
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis is based on data from the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study conducted in Israel between 1989 and 1992 and the follow-up during 1993 and 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings indicate significantly lower depressive symptomatology among women, but not among men, residing in kibbutz communities. The women's lower level of depressive symptoms appears to be a result of better physical and mental functioning among kibbutz members and of such favorable lifestyle characteristics as frequent contact with their children among old-age kibbutz residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both lifetime and current living conditions contribute to better mental health of women in the kibbutz at older ages.
authors.affiliation: The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology, and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel. tzviabl@gertner.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Tzvia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blumstein
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benyamini
authors.forename: Zahava
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Ziva
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Novikov
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walter-Ginzburg
authors.forename: Baruch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Modan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support