title: Assessing age-related risk for gonococcal and chlamydial infections among females in Hawaii, 2001: a comparison of morbidity rates with screening test positivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  National and state public health officials generally present sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance information in terms of overall cases and population-based rates. Because many adolescents (especially in the younger ages) are not sexually active, the use of population-based denominators leads to the calculation of low age-specific STD rates. This study compared morbidity rates with screening test positivity for gonorrhea and chlamydia to better define age-related STD risk among females in Hawaii.
  
  
  METHODS
  All female gonorrhea and chlamydia cases reported to the Hawaii State Department of Health (HDOH) during 2001 were grouped by age. Population estimates were used to calculate age-specific morbidity rates. Age-specific screening test positivity was calculated by dividing the number of positive tests identified through the HDOH STD screening programs by the number of screening tests performed in each age category (x100).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although morbidity rates for both chlamydia and gonorrhea were low among 10-14 year olds, this group had the highest screening test positivity. Screening test positivity decreased incrementally with increasing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening test positivity may provide a more accurate estimate of STD risk for sexually active adolescents than population-based rates. Physicians should obtain sexual histories from their adolescent patients and provide STD prevention counseling and screening to those found to be sexually active. In addition, expanded STD screening and treatment services should be made available and accessible to young, sexually active adolescents because they appear to be at greatest risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences and Epidemiology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. katz@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Effler
authors.forename: Roy G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ohye
authors.forename: Maria Veneranda C
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D019352:Censuses; D002648:Child; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology