title: Characterization of a naphthalene derivative inhibitor of retroviral integrases.
abstract: The retroviral integrase protein (IN) is essential for virus replication and, therefore, an attractive target for the development of inhibitors to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diverse classes of compounds that are active against this protein have been discovered using in vitro assays. Here we describe the synthesis of a novel compound, 3,8-dibromo-7-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2BrNSA), which inhibits the in vitro activities of the full-length HIV-1 and avian sarcoma virus (ASV) integrases, and the isolated catalytic core fragment of the ASV protein (residues 52-207). The compound also inhibits retroviral reverse transcriptase in vitro, but the IC(50) for the HIV-1 enzyme is almost two orders of magnitude higher than for HIV-1 integrase. The inhibitor was found to be active in cell culture, preventing reporter gene transduction of HeLa cells by both ASV and HIV-1 vectors. Neither viral attachment nor uptake into cells appeared to be affected in these transfections, whereas accumulation of vector DNA and its joining to host DNA were both drastically reduced in the presence of the inhibitor. Propagation of two different strains of replication-competent HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also reduced by the inhibitor, allowing survival of a substantial number of cells in the treated cultures. Based on these and other results we speculate that binding of 2BrNSA to integrase in infected cells interferes not only with its catalytic activity but also with critical interactions that are required for the formation or function of the reverse transcriptase complex. Its activity in cell culture suggests that this inhibitor may provide a valuable new lead for further development of drugs that target early steps in the HIV life cycle.
authors.affiliation: Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-2497, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kulkosky
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taganov
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Greger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Skalka
mesh_terms: D001358:Avian Sarcoma Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019429:Integrase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D019429:Integrase Inhibitors; D009281:Naphthalenes