title: Health effect levels for risk assessment of childhood exposure to arsenic.
abstract: Health risks to children from chemicals in soil and consumer products have become a regulatory focus in the U.S. This study reviews short-term health effect levels for arsenic exposure in young children (i.e., 0-6 years old). Acute health effects are described mostly in adults in case reports of arsenic poisoning from water or food and in studies of medicinal arsenic treatment. Several epidemiological studies report health effects from subchronic arsenic exposure in children primarily from drinking water in developing countries. Acute health effects typically include gastrointestinal, neurological, and skin effects, and in a few cases facial edema and cardiac arrhythmia. Dermatoses are most consistently reported in both adults and children with subchronic exposure. With low exposure, the prevalence and severity of disease generally increases with age (i.e., length of exposure) and arsenic dose. The available data collectively indicate a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level around 0.05mg/kg-day for both acute and subchronic exposure. At low doses, children do not appear to be more sensitive than adults on a dose-per-body-weight basis, although data for acute exposures are limited and uncertainties exist for quantifying potential neurological or vascular effects at low-level subchronic exposures. Based on these data, possible reference levels for acute and subchronic exposure in young children are 0.015 and 0.005mg/kg-day, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Exponent, 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA. tsujij@exponent.com
authors.forename: Joyce S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Rosalind A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoof
authors.forename: Gene C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic