title: Particulate air pollution and panel studies in children: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panel studies have been used to investigate the short term effects of outdoor particulate air pollution across a wide range of environmental settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the results of such studies in children, estimate summary measures of effect, and investigate potential sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by searching electronic databases to June 2002, including those where outcomes and particulate level measurements were made at least daily for > or =8 weeks, and analysed using an appropriate regression model. Study results were compared using forest plots, and fixed and random effects summary effect estimates obtained. Publication bias was considered using a funnel plot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty two studies were identified, all except two reporting PM10 (24 hour mean) >50 microg x m(-3). Reported effects of PM10 on PEF were widely spread and smaller than those for PM2.5 (fixed effects summary: -0.012 v -0.063 l x min(-1) per microg x m(-3) rise). A similar pattern was evident for symptoms. Random effects models produced larger estimates. Overall, in between-study comparisons, panels of children with diagnosed asthma or pre-existing respiratory symptoms appeared less affected by PM10 levels than those without, and effect estimates were larger where studies were conducted in higher ozone conditions. Larger PM10 effect estimates were obtained from studies using generalised estimating equations to model autocorrelation and where results were derived by pooling subject specific regression coefficients. A funnel plot of PM10 results for PEF was markedly asymmetrical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of identified studies indicate an adverse effect of particulate air pollution that is greater for PM2.5 than PM10. However, results show considerable heterogeneity and there is evidence consistent with publication bias, so limited confidence may be placed on summary estimates of effect. The possibility of interaction between particle and ozone effects merits further investigation, as does variability due to analytical differences that alter the interpretation of final estimates.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Network, South Worcestershire Primary Care Trust, Isaac Maddox House, Shrub Hill Road, Worcester WR4 9RW, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ayres
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants