title: The risk of congenital abnormalities in children fathered by men treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine before conception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and mercaptopurine is commonly used in patients with various chronic diseases. The few existing data on the reproductive safety of these drugs after paternal use before conception are inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of congenital abnormalities in children fathered by men exposed to azathioprine or mercaptopurine before conception.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a Danish population-based cohort study, based on data from the Prescription Database, the Medical Birth Registry and the Hospital Discharge Registry of North Jutland County, Denmark. Fifty-four exposed pregnancies, in which the father filed a prescription for azathioprine or mercaptopurine (between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2001) before conception, were included. The controls comprised 57 195 pregnancies with no paternal azathioprine or mercaptopurine use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four children with congenital abnormalities (underlying paternal diseases: glomerulonephritis and severe skin disease) were found in 54 exposed pregnancies (7.4%), compared with 2334 (4.1%) in controls. The adjusted odds ratio for congenital abnormalities in children fathered by men treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.7-5.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data may indicate that paternal use of azathioprine or mercaptopurine before conception is associated with an increased risk of congenital abnormalities. However, more data are needed to determine whether the association is causal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus and Aalborg University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. bn@soci.au.dk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nørgård
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D001379:Azathioprine