title: Palmitate, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induces the expression of interleukin-6 in human myotubes through proteasome-dependent activation of nuclear factor-kappaB.
abstract: Circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations are associated with impaired insulin action in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. However, a causal relationship between elevated plasma FFAs and IL-6 has not been shown. Because skeletal muscle represents a major target of impaired insulin action, we studied whether FFAs may affect IL-6 expression in human myotubes. We demonstrate that specifically saturated FFAs, e.g. palmitate (0.25 mm), induce IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion by a proteasome-dependent mechanism that leads to a rapid and chronic activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Insulin, high glucose concentrations, or unsaturated FFAs did not activate IL-6 expression. In fact, the unsaturated FFA linoleate inhibited palmitate-induced IL-6 production. Because inhibition of palmitate metabolism by the acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitor triacsin C did not abolish IL-6 expression, it appears that the palmitate molecule per se exerts the observed effects. Furthermore, we show that in human myotubes, IL-6 activates the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in concentrations similar to hepatocytes. However, no inhibitory effect of IL-6 on insulin action, determined as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase association with insulin receptor substrate-1, Akt phosphorylation, and glycogen synthesis, was detected. We conclude that IL-6 expression may be modulated by the composition of circulating FFA, e.g. by diet, and that skeletal muscle cells could be target cells for IL-6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Pathobiochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weigert
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brodbeck
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kausch
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Machicao
authors.forename: Hans U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
authors.forename: Erwin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Schleicher
mesh_terms: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005947:Glucose; D006003:Glycogen; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human