title: Risk factors for cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.
abstract: Cranial ischemic complications (CICs) are among the presenting manifestations of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Yet patients with GCA may develop CICs at a later stage, despite steroid therapy. In the current report we delineate risk factors for CICs, both at presentation and during follow-up, and review the relevant literature. We reviewed charts of 175 patients with GCA. Follow-up data were available for 166 patients. CICs at presentation or developing within 2 weeks of GCA diagnosis were considered GCA related. CICs developing later were considered GCA related only when associated with other GCA-related manifestations or acute-phase reactions. Associations between CICs and other variables were tested by multivariate analysis. At presentation, 43 patients (24.6%) had CICs. Risk factors were transient cerebro-ophthalmic ischemic episodes (COIEs) (odds ratio [OR] 4.3) and male sex (OR 2.5), while the presence of systemic symptoms was "protective" (OR 0.3). During follow-up 8.4% of patients with GCA developed new CICs. Risk factors in these cases were previous CICs at presentation (OR 5.6) and transient COIEs developing during follow-up (OR 14.8). The use of low-dose aspirin was protective (OR 0.2). These data, together with data from the literature review, suggest that GCA patients with transient COIEs and without fever or other systemic symptoms are at increased risk of presenting with CICs. Risk factors for late-developing CICs were CICs at presentation and late-developing transient COIEs.
authors.affiliation: From Shaare-Zedek Medical Center (GN, MM, MS), Jerusalem; Bikur-Cholim Hospital (YB), Jerusalem; School of Public Health, Hadassah Medical Center (MB), Jerusalem; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School (AR), Jerusalem; and Sapir Medical Center (RN), Kfar-Saba, Israel.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nesher
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berkun
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mates
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baras
authors.forename: Ronit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nesher
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubinow
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonnenblick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin