title: Synonymous genetic polymorphisms within Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 subtypes may influence mutational routes to drug resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most published data on antiretroviral-drug resistance is generated from in vitro or in vivo studies of subtype B virus. However, this subtype is associated with <10% of HIV infections worldwide, and it is essential to explore subtype-specific determinants of drug resistance. One potential cause of the differences between subtypes is the synonymous codon usage at key resistance positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the nucleotide sequences at drug resistance-related sites, for all major Brazilian subtypes (B, C, and F1) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a change at positions 151 and 210 of the reverse-transcriptase region in subtype F1, such that the emergence of these key nucleoside/nucleotide analogue resistance mutations required an extra nucleotide change in subtype F1, compared with subtypes B and C. The clinical significance of position 210 was confirmed within a large Brazilian database, in which we identified a lower prevalence of the L210W mutation in subtype F1 virus, compared with subtype B virus, in patients matched for thymidine-analogue experience. An inverse relationship between the L210W and K70R mutations was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study illustrate an important mechanism by which a subtype may determine genetic routes to resistance, with implications for treatment strategies for populations infected with HIV-1 subtype F.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Genetica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dumans
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hué
authors.forename: Rodrigo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brindeiro
authors.forename: Deenan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: Amilcar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanuri
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001938:Brazil; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D016333:HIV Protease