title: Modafinil improves recovery after general anesthesia.
abstract: Recovery from general anesthesia often involves residual sedation, drowsiness, fatigue, and lack of energy that may last hours to days. Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting drug approved for patients with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. We evaluated the effect of single doses of modafinil (200 mg) and placebo in patients recovering from general anesthesia. Thirty-four subjects participated in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study approved by our IRB. Preoperatively, patients were asked to rate various symptoms they had experienced over the previous 24-h using a verbal analog scale (VAS) of 0 to 10 as well as discrete scale when indicated. Postoperatively, once the patient was able to tolerate oral intake and met our institutional discharge criteria, the study drug (modafinil 200 mg or placebo) was administered with a sip of water. Patients were contacted 24 (1) hours after dosing to evaluate postdischarge symptoms. Patients in the placebo group reported significantly more postoperative fatigue (4.8 [3.3] versus 1.4 [1.8]), exhaustion (4.3 [3.3] versus 2.4 [3.1]), or degree of feeling worn out (4.7 [3.6] versus 2.9 [2.4]). Significantly more patients reported moderate to severe fatigue in the placebo group (65% versus 12%). Two major themes of "alertness" and "energy" were expressed by 71% of the patients receiving modafinil versus 18% of those receiving placebo. Patients recovering from general anesthesia can significantly benefit from modafinil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modafinil significantly reduces fatigue and improves feelings of alertness and energy in postoperative patients. Patients recovering from general anesthesia can significantly benefit from modafinil administration.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Cooper Health System, Camden, New Jersey, and the ‡Center for Research in Medical Education, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Ghassem E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hojat
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khaleghi
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Alex T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Marr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005221:Fatigue / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil