title: Isolation and characterization of circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus from sewage and stream waters in Hispaniola.
abstract: Twenty-one cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were reported on the island of Hispaniola in 2000. Laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) type 1 in stool samples obtained from patients. As a complement to the active search for cases of AFP, environmental sampling was conducted during November and December 2000, to test for cVDPV in sewage, streams, canals, and public latrines. Fifty-five environmental samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of polioviruses by use of cell culture followed by neutralization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Of the 23 positive samples, 10 tested positive for poliovirus type 1, 7 tested positive for poliovirus type 2, 5 tested positive for poliovirus type 3, and 1 tested positive for both poliovirus type 2 and type 3. By sequence analysis of the complete viral capsid gene 1 (VP1), a 2.1%-3.7% genetic sequence difference between 7 type 1 strains and Sabin type 1 vaccine strain was found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses are highly related to cVDPV isolated from clinical cases and form distinct subclusters related to geographic region. Our findings demonstrate a useful role for environmental surveillance of neurovirulent polioviruses in the overall polio eradication program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA. janvinje@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gregoricus
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Howard E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gary
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Caceres
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Venczel
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macadam
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dobbins
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wait
authors.forename: Gwangpyo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landaverde
authors.forename: Olen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins