title: A comparison of three rating scales for measuring subjective phenomena in clinical research. II. Use of experimentally controlled visual stimuli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study of three types of global scales we found that verbal rating scales were particularly reliable for rating auditory stimuli. We now wanted to check the performance of the scales for rating experimentally controlled visual stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a prospective, experimentally controlled, clinimetric study, which was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of the Autonomous University of Puebla Medical School in the state capital city of Puebla, Mexico. A total of 20 fifth-year medical students participated in the study. Visual stimuli consisted of 15 cards with five different intensities on the gray-to-black scale, administered randomly in three sessions to each subject. With regard to main outcome measurement, validity and consistency indices were determined for visual analog scale (VAS), numerical rating score (NRS), and verbal rating scale (VRS) to rate visual stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For validity, correlation coefficients between scales and reference standard were high, especially in VRS (r=0.902). For consistency, VRS had highest kappa value (k(w)=0.71) for interobserver variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three instruments could be hierarchically ranked for their indices of validity and consistency. Being more consistent than VAS and NRS, VRS merits more frequent usage in clinical research.
authors.affiliation: Subdirección de Servicios Paramédicos, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponce de Leon
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lara-Muñoz
authors.forename: Alvan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: Carolyn K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D014894:Weights and Measures