title: Mupirocin prophylaxis against nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus infections in nonsurgical patients: a randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is a major risk factor for nosocomial S. aureus infection. Studies show that intranasal mupirocin can prevent nosocomial surgical site infections. No data are available on the efficacy of mupirocin in nonsurgical patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of mupirocin prophylaxis in preventing nosocomial S. aureus infections in nonsurgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  3 tertiary care academic hospitals and 1 nonacademic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  1602 culture-proven S. aureus carriers hospitalized in nonsurgical departments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapy with mupirocin 2% nasal ointment (n = 793) or placebo ointment (n = 809), twice daily for 5 days, started 1 to 3 days after admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nosocomial S. aureus infections according to defined criteria, in-hospital mortality, duration of hospitalization, and time to nosocomial S. aureus infection. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were genotyped to assess whether infection was caused by endogenous strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mupirocin and placebo groups did not statistically differ in the rates of nosocomial S. aureus infections (mupirocin, 2.6%; placebo, 2.8%; risk difference, 0.2 percentage point [95% CI, -1.5 to 1.9 percentage points]), mortality (mupirocin, 3.0%; placebo, 2.8%; risk difference, -0.2 percentage point [CI, -1.9 to 1.5 percentage points]), or duration of hospitalization (median for both, 8 days). However, time to nosocomial S. aureus infection was decreased in the mupirocin group from 12 to 25 days (P > 0.2). A total of 77% of S. aureus nosocomial infections were endogenous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A few infections in both groups may have been missed because investigators assessed a patient for infection only if microbiology culture results were positive for S. aureus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine culture for S. aureus nasal carriage at admission and subsequent mupirocin application does not provide effective prophylaxis against nosocomial S. aureus infections in nonsurgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.wertheim@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Heiman F L
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Wertheim
authors.forename: Margreet C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Alewijn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Jan A J W
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kluytmans
authors.forename: Christina M J E
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Vandenbroucke-Grauls
authors.forename: Marlene H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Meester
authors.forename: Peter H J
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van Keulen
authors.forename: Henri A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Verbrugh
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology; D009824:Ointments; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009824:Ointments; D016712:Mupirocin