title: USF2 is connected to GAAAATATGATA element and associates with androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation in prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously identified a GAAAATATGATA binding site (pros) of a transcription factor involved in prostatic and androgen-dependent gene regulation. We now purified the potential factors interacting with the pros and characterized their co-operation with the androgen receptor (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequence-specific DNA affinity chromatography, mass-spectrometry, electromobility shift assays, supershifts, glutathione-S-transferase pull-downs, and transient transfections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several proteins bound to the pros site, but only upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) was confirmed to be part of the transcription factor complex. Weak interaction was detected between AR and the transcription factor complex. Physical proximity between the androgen response element (ARE) and the pros was shown to be important for their co-operation. In the presence of pros and androgen, AR achieves its maximal efficiency even at low concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protein complex binding to the GAAAATATGATA site does not have a significant independent function, but may interact with AR if GAAAATATGATA is physically close to the ARE and enhances the transactivation function of AR.
authors.affiliation: Biocenter Oulu and Research Center for Molecular Endocrinology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research of Reproductive Health, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kivinen
authors.forename: Lila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Patrikainen
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurkela
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porvari
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vihko
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D016350:Leucine Zippers; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497184:USF2 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors