title: Characteristics associated with physician discipline: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been increasing attention devoted to patient safety. However, the focus has been on system improvements rather than individual physician performance issues. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between certain physician characteristics and the likelihood of medical board-imposed discipline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unmatched, case-control study of 890 physicians disciplined by the Medical Board of California between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 2001, compared with 2981 randomly selected, nondisciplined controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for physician discipline with respect to age, sex, board certification, international medical school education, and specialty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male sex (OR, 2.76; P<.001), lack of board certification (OR, 2.22; P<.001), increasing age (OR, 1.64; P<.001), and international medical school education (OR, 1.36; P<.001) were associated with an elevated risk for disciplinary action that included license revocation, practice suspension, probation, and public reprimand. The following specialties had an increased risk for discipline compared with internal medicine: family practice (OR, 1.68; P =.002); general practice (OR, 1.97, P =.001); obstetrics and gynecology (OR, 2.25; P<.001); and psychiatry (OR, 1.87; P<.001). Physicians in pediatrics (OR, 0.62; P =.001) and radiology (OR, 0.36; P<.001) were less likely to receive discipline compared with those in internal medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain physician characteristics and medical specialties are associated with an increased likelihood of discipline.
authors.affiliation: Medical Board of California, USA. neal-kohatsu@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kohatsu
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Leslie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004647:Employee Discipline / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005550:Foreign Medical Graduates / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008007:Licensure, Medical; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010820:Physicians / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards; D011336:Probability; D013038:Specialization; D013044:Specialty Boards