title: [Competitive karate and the risk of HIV infection--review, risk analysis and risk minimizing strategies].
abstract: Bleeding facial injuries are not uncommon in competitive karate. Nevertheless, the risk of an infection with HIV is extremely low. Guidelines about the prevention of HIV infections are presented. Especially in contact sports and martial arts the athletes, judges and staff have to recognize and employ these recommendations. Bleeding wounds of the hands due to contact with the opponents teeth can be minimized by fist padding.
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Aachen. rmueller-rath@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller-Rath
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mumme
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miltner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skobel
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005858:Germany; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000293:injuries*; D012306:Risk; D016635:Universal Precautions