title: Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis (AR) affecting approximately 20-30% of women in childbearing age can be considered one of the most common group of medical conditions that complicate pregnancy. AR with symptoms of nasal obstruction, sneezing, and itching may require pharmacotherapy. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of different available agents that can be used during pregnancy with respect to both maternal and fetal well being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best first-line approach in the management of AR is avoidance of allergens. If environmental modification is ineffective, then the pharmacologic agents should be chosen. For symptoms of rhinorrhea, sneezing, or itching, intranasal cromolyn, with its excellent safety profile, should be considered as first-line therapy. If cromolyn is ineffective or poorly tolerated, first-generation (e.g., chlorpheniramine and tripelennamine) and second generation (e.g., cetirizine and loratadine) antihistamines can be given. Intranasal steroids (e.g., beclomethasone dipropionate, and budesonide) can be added to first-line therapy especially for severe nasal obstruction. There are no epidemiological studies with newer intranasal steroids (e.g., flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, and mometasone furoate) during the first trimester of pregnancy. Immunotherapy has not proven to be teratogenic and is clinically useful in improving symptoms. Oral and topical decongestants can be considered as second-line therapy, for short-term relief, when no safer alternative is available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul University, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nesil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keleş
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium