title: Red blood cell nitric oxide as an endocrine vasoregulator: a potential role in congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A respiratory cycle for nitric oxide (NO) would involve the formation of vasoactive metabolites between NO and hemoglobin during pulmonary oxygenation. We investigated the role of these metabolites in hypoxic tissue in vitro and in vivo in healthy subjects and patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the capacity for red blood cells (RBCs) to dilate preconstricted aortic rings under various O2 tensions. RBCs induced cyclic guanylyl monophosphate-dependent vasorelaxation during hypoxia (35+/-4% at 1% O2, 4.7+/-1.6% at 95% O2; P<0.05). RBC-induced relaxations during hypoxia correlated with S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) (R2=0.88) but not iron nitrosylhemoglobin (HbFeNO) content. Relaxation responses for RBCs were compared with S-nitrosoglutathione across a range of O2 tensions. The fold increases in relaxation evoked by RBCs were significantly greater at 1% and 2% O2 compared with relaxations induced at 95% (P<0.05), consistent with an allosteric mechanism of hypoxic vasodilation. We also measured transpulmonary gradients of NO metabolites in healthy control subjects and in patients with CHF. In CHF patients but not control subjects, levels of SNO-Hb increase from 0.00293+/-0.00089 to 0.00585+/-0.00137 mol NO/mol hemoglobin tetramer (P=0.005), whereas HbFeNO decreases from 0.00361+/-0.00109 to 0.00081+/-0.00040 mol NO/mol hemoglobin tetramer (P=0.03) as hemoglobin is oxygenated in the pulmonary circulation. These metabolite gradients correlated with the hemoglobin O2 saturation gradient (P<0.05) and inversely with cardiac index (P<0.05) for both CHF patients and control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm that RBC-bound NO mediates hypoxic vasodilation in vitro. Transpulmonary gradients of hemoglobin-bound NO are evident in CHF patients and are inversely dependent on cardiac index. Hemoglobin may transport and release NO bioactivity to areas of tissue hypoxia or during increased peripheral oxygen extraction via an allosteric mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Borunendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tufnell-Barrett
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bleasdale
authors.forename: Christopher J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beeton
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frenneaux
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D002302:Cardiac Output; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011817:Rabbits; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000097:blood; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; C103574:S-nitrosohemoglobin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; C073661:dinitrosyl iron complex; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen