title: Visits to the emergency room for asthma attacks and short-term variations in air pollution. A case-crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 'case-crossover' design is a strategy fitted to studying transient effects of intermittent exposure on acute-onset disease occurring shortly after exposure. It has the important advantage of eliminating most confounding variables, allowing a stronger causality inference.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationships between emergency room (ER) visits for asthma attacks and gaseous air pollution changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 549 individuals, 3-49 years old, visiting the ER during 1 year. Exposure to gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3) on the same day and up to 4 days before was computed according to the patient's address. The statistical analysis included meteorological data as potential confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association could be shown between ER visits and SO2 or NO2 levels. In contrast, there was a statistically significant association between ER visits and mean O3 levels, on the day of admission and also on D -2 and D -3. For an increase of 10 microg/m3, the risk of requiring an ER admission increased by 6-10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this new strategy, we confirmed that ozone changes lead to a moderate increase in risk of requiring an ER admission in asthmatic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases and Allergy, Hopital Nord, and UPRES Equipe d'Accueil No. 1784 Biogénotoxicologie et mutagénèse environnementale - IFR 112: Pôle Méditerranéen des Sciences de l'Environnement, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutin-Forzano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gratecos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jullian
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramadour
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanteaume
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lafay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charpin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide