title: Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals have been reported in surface waters, prompting legitimate public concern, as pharmaceuticals are biologically active compounds used daily by the public. Currently there are ecotoxicological data available for <1%, thus, the European Union Commission's Scientific committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity, and Environment (CSTEE) recommended use of (Q)SAR models and precaution to prioritize further risk assessment of approximately 4500 compounds and their adjuvants. We ranked 2986 different pharmaceutical compounds in 51 classes relative to hazard toward algae, daphnids, and fish using the EPIWIN program. This ranking cannot be used to acquit a compound based on predicted relative ranking. Modifying additives were the most toxic classes. Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, antiviral, anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and antipsychotics, corticosteroid, and thyroid pharmaceuticals were the predicted most hazardous therapeutic classes. The overall relative order of susceptibility was estimated to be daphnids > fish > algae. Expert judgment is needed to assess specific hazards for classes like microbial resistance and antibiotics, sex hormones, and endocrine disruptors. As human health and the function of ecological systems are interconnected and subject to the precautionary principle, harmonization of evidence for correlation and causality of adverse effects seems sensible in an ethical and cost-effective context to facilitate substitution of hazardous compounds. Data available: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~hsander/.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Bovey Building, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1. hsander@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects; D005062:European Union; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000145:classification; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D007220:Industrial Waste; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical