title: Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab) has no direct effect on larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).
abstract: Earlier studies have shown that larvae of the green lacewing predator Chrysoperla carnea are negatively affected when preying on lepidopteran larvae that had been fed with transgenic maize expressing the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. To test whether the observed effects were directly caused by the Cry1Ab toxin, we have developed a bioassay which allows us to feed high concentrations of the toxin directly to the predator. The results of these feeding studies show no direct toxic effect of Cry1Ab on C. carnea larvae. The amount of toxin ingested by first instar C. carnea in the present study was found to be a factor 10,000 higher than the concentration ingested when feeding on Bt-reared lepidopteran larvae, a treatment that was previously shown to have a negative impact on the predator. In addition, feeding first instar C. carnea with the Cry1Ab toxin did not affect the utilisation of subsequently provided prey. Furthermore, the quality of the prey provided to first instars did not affect the sensitivity of second and third instar C. carnea to the Bt-toxin. The presented results strongly suggest that C. carnea larvae are not sensitive to Cry1Ab and that earlier reported negative effects of Bt-maize were prey-quality mediated rather than direct toxic effects. These results, together with the fact that lepidopteran larvae are not regarded as an important prey for C. carnea in the field, led us to conclude that transgenic maize expressing Cry1Ab poses a negligible risk for this predator.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture (FAL), Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. joerg.romeis@fal.admin.ch
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romeis
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bigler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis