title: Modulation of intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ induced by the cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.
abstract: The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger current was measured in single guinea pig ventricular myocytes, using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique, and intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) was monitored simultaneously with the fluorescent probe Indo-1 applied intracellularly through a perfused patch pipette. In external solutions, which have levels of Ca2+ (approximately 66 microM Ca2+) thought low enough to inhibit exchanger turnover, the removal of external Na+ (by replacement with Li+) induced both an outward shift of the holding current and an increase in [Ca2+](i), even though the recording pipette contained 30 mM bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), sufficient to completely block phasic contractions. The effects of Na+ removal were blocked either by the extracellular application of 2 mM Ni2+ or by chelating extracellular Ca2+ with 1 mM EGTA. In the presence of 10 microM Ryanodine, the effects of external Na+ substitution with Li(+) on both membrane current and [Ca2+](i) were attenuated markedly in amplitude and at a much slower time course. Reversal potentials were estimated by using ramp pulses and by defining exchange currents as the Ni2+-sensitive components. The experimental values of the reversal potential and [Ca2+](i) were used to calculate cytosolic Na+ ([Na+](i)) by assuming an exchanger stoichiometry of 3Na+ : 1Ca2+. These calculations suggested that in the nominal absence of external Ca2+ ( approximately 66 microM under our experimental conditions), the exchanger operates at -40 mV as though approximately 40 mM Na+ had accumulated in the vicinity of the intracellular binding sites. We conclude that under the conditions of low extracellular Ca2+ and high intracellular Ca2+ buffering, the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger can still generate sufficient Ca2+ influx on the removal of external Na+ to markedly increase cytosolic free Ca2+.
authors.affiliation: University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium