title: Ethics in qualitative health research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the release of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS), there has been a growing interest in research ethics concommitant with an increase in the use of qualitative design for health research. Qualitative studies present unique ethical problems that may be poorly understood by researchers and research ethics boards (REBs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the ethical problems in qualitative research, and to make recommendations that will help researchers develop ethical qualitative proposals, and help REBs review these proposals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of literature and philosophical analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative studies raise unique issues with respect to methods, protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality, all of which are central to the principles of the TCPS. The problems are partly inherent, as the design tends to emerge as the study proceeds, and the research question may change. Researchers and REBs must become more aware, through education and critical reflection, of the types of problems that might arise in these studies, and of the approaches that might be taken to minimize risk to participants.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada. oberle@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Oberle
mesh_terms: D035841:Behavioral Research / Q000941:ethics*; D002170:Canada; D003219:Confidentiality; D032962:Consent Forms; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research; D032984:Ethics, Research; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000592:standards; D018907:Privacy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012107:Research Design; D035842:Research Subjects; D035844:Researcher-Subject Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment