title: Assessment of the effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilizers to remediate Pb-contaminated soil using in vitro test.
abstract: The addition of P-containing amendments was found to effectively reduce the bioaccessibility of Pb in soils to the human, using an in vitro test. For all treatments with P additions, the removal of soluble Pb in the small intestinal phase was observed. The effectiveness of various P treatments in the small intestinal phase generally followed this order at the equivalent P addition level: hydroxyapatite (HA)>phosphate rock (PR)>HA+single super-phosphate (SSP)>SSP. The relatively low effectiveness of P amendments at the gastric phase may be explained by the high solubility of pyromorphite at relatively low pH of 1.7, compared with that at the neutral small intestinal pH. Single super-phosphate showed the best performance in minimizing the bioaccessibility of Pb in the gastric phase, possibly due to its highest solubility at pH 1.7. Single super-phosphate showed the best performance in minimizing the bioaccessibility of Pb in gastric phase, possibly due its highest solubility at pH 1.7. However, in the small intestinal phase, SSP appears to be the least effective amendment, possibly due to its lowest Ca supply level to replace Pb form exchangeable sites, as reflected by its lowest molar Ca/P ratio of 1:2. The disagreement of the sequential extraction results with that of the in vitro test results indicated that the sequential extraction was not suitable for the assessment of the effect of P addition on minimizing the bioaccessibility of Pb to human due to the formation of pyromorphite during the extraction procedure. Results from this study also suggested that the time required for the in vitro test might be shortened for fast screening.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuanging Road, Beijing 100085, PR China.
authors.forename: X-Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y-G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: S-B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L-L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: X-P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D005308:Fertilizers; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D002118:Calcium