title: Development and validation of a quality-of-life measure for men with nocturia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and assess the psychometric properties of a short self-report nocturia-specific Quality-of-Life (QOL) questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nocturia Quality-of-Life questionnaire (N-QOL) was developed using focus group interviews with men experiencing nocturia. To refine it further and psychometrically validate the questionnaire, 107 men with nocturia (from four urology clinics in the United Kingdom) completed the pilot N-QOL, along with measures of health status and sleep quality. To assess reproducibility, men from one clinic completed the pilot N-QOL again at 1 week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After standard item reduction analyses, 18 items were dropped from the pilot questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the remaining 13-item instrument were tested in accordance with standard criteria. Factor analysis identified two subscales, sleep/energy and bother/concern, loading at 0.5 and greater. The N-QOL overall score and subscales proved to be internally consistent (alpha = 0.84 to 0.90) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74 to 0.82). N-QOL scores correlated with sleep quality (P <0.01) as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and energy/vitality and social functioning (P <0.01) as measured by the SF-36 Health Survey, demonstrating good convergent validity. The N-QOL also demonstrated statistically significant differences between the scores of those experiencing one, two, and three or more episodes of nocturia on an average night, indicating excellent discriminant validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses provide support for the psychometric validity of the N-QOL for use in a male population with nocturia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Outcomes Research, Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals, Sandwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hareendran
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Mona L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Ruaraidh P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: MacDonagh
authors.forename: Jeremy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*