title: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: techniques, results and oncological outcome in 125 consecutive cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinoma is likely to become one of the most important indication for laparoscopic surgery. The laparoscopic technique combines the benefits of minimal invasive approach with established surgical principles. In our institution the laparoscopic transperitoneal approach with intact specimen removal has become the standard technique for radical nephrectomies. We report the indications, techniques and oncological outcome in a single center experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1999 and March 2003 we performed laparoscopic radical nephrectomies for renal cell cancer in 125 patients. Their initial staging, complications, and postoperative course were evaluated. During this period a total of about 1800 laparoscopic cases were performed. To date 82 patients were available for follow up data and have been analyzed for oncological outcome. Patients with primary metastatic disease were excluded from this analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  123 procedures out of 125 were successful. In two cases (1.6%) conversion to open surgery was necessary due to bleeding (1 case) or bowel injury (1 case). In additional 3 cases (2.4%) intraoperative complications could be managed laparoscopically. In two cases (1.6%) postoperative bleeding lead to open revision for hemostasis. The mean tumor size was 5.1cm (range 2-14 cm); median blood loss was 210 ml (range 50-900 ml). The mean surgical time was 200 min (range 90-435), including the learning curves of five surgeons. Histological findings were pT1 in 78 (62.4%), pT2 in 12 (9.6%) and pT3 in 28 (22.4%) patients. In 7 cases (5.6%) histology did not confirm malignant disease. Positive lymph nodes were detected in 3 cases (2.4%); surgical margins were negative for tumor in all patients. Follow-up was between 3 and 50 months with an average of 23.5 months. Disease progression was observed in 3 cases after 6, 11 and 12 months. No cases of local recurrence or port metastasis occurred during observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a routine, effective treatment for patients with pT1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. With more experience a tumor up to 10-12 m in size can be managed safely offering all the benefits of minimal surgery to the patients. Although no long-term follow-up is available our follow-up data up to 50 months confirm the effectiveness of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in terms of surgical principles and oncological outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt-University Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany. andreas.wille@charite.de
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roigas
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deger
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tüllmann
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Türk
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Loening
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome