title: [Intranasal and buccal midazolam in the treatment of acute seizures].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are several personal and social problems involved in the administration of rectal diazepam that make it unsuitable for use in public places and by non medical workers, in children and especially in teenagers and adults. Intranasal and oral midazolam could be an alternative to rectal diazepam. We review the efficacy and safety of these ways of administering midazolam, which is already used in some countries as a sedative and as an anticonvulsive drug, despite the fact that it has not yet received authorisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intranasal midazolam (INM) was first used as a sedative in dental extractions, echocardiography, endoscopies or surgery, especially in children. After proving its efficacy electroencephalographically in patients with seizures, it started to be used to interrupt acute seizures. In three randomised trials, the efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in hospitalised patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of intravenous or rectal diazepam, with a similar speed of action and safety; no studies have been conducted, however, in the extra hospital milieu and its risk of respiratory depression may be like that of other benzodiazepines. One of the problems of using the parenteral solution for intranasal administration is the irritation that is produced by its acidic pH and the relatively large volume that has to be administered. These problems could be reduced by using aerosols containing a solution of midazolam in cyclodextrin, which accomplishes a greater concentration with a pH that is less acidic. Oral administration can be used in patients with nasal secretions or intense movements of the head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal or oral midazolam can improve the treatment of acute seizures in the hospital milieu and, more especially, in the extra hospital milieu when patients are attended by non medical staff. There is a need, however, for trials that prove its efficacy and safety in this situation.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, España. facasj@humv.es
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Armijo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herranz
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pena Pardo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adín
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D012449:Safety; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam