title: GM-CSF counteracts hemorrhage-induced suppression of cytokine-producing capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether a treatment with the hematopoietic growth factor GM-CSF restores the attenuated ex-vivo cytokine-producing capacity of macrophages after sublethal hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 microg/animal of recombinant murine GM-CSF after shock via arterial line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemorrhagic shock was established by pressure-controlled bleeding to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg for 35-40 min and consecutive resuscitation. 24 h after hemorrhage, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production of isolated macrophages derived from different compartments was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction of LPS-induced TNFalpha production was found in whole blood cultures (1.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml after sham vs. 0.23 +/- 0.08 ng/ml after shock operation), macrophages derived from spleen (0.88 +/- 0.23 ng/ml after sham vs. 0.03 +/- 0.1 ng/ml after shock operation), peritoneum (2.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml after sham vs. 0.29 +/- 0.4 ng/ml after shock operation) and bronchoalveolar fluid (0.65 +/- 0.13 ng/ml after sham vs. 0.003 +/- 0.027 ng/ml after shock operation, mean +/- S.D.). In cells from animals treated with GM-CSF a significantly enhanced LPS-induced TNFalpha production in splenic, alveolar and peritoneal macrophages was found after shock compared to the cells derived from untreated animals (peritoneum: 289 +/- 366 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock vs. 2066 +/- 94 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock and GM-CSF; lung: 9 +/- 12 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock vs. 64 +/- 17 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock and GM-CSF; spleen: 58 +/- 96 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock vs. 548 +/- 47 ng/ml TNFalpha after shock and GM-CSF). Blood cultures collected from rats after hemorrhagic shock did not show a significant increase of TNFalpha-production after GM-CSF treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorrhagic shock caused a depression of the TNFalphaa response to LPS which was partly counteracted by treatment with GM-CSF. Therefore, GM-CSF represents a promising approach to normalise trauma- and shock-induced immune dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lendemans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: F U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flohé
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor