title: 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily is more efficacious than 1% hydrocortisone acetate in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical corticosteroids are the usual treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) in children but can have side-effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the efficacy and safety of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily over a 3-week period with the twice daily application of 1% hydrocortisone acetate (HA) ointment in children with moderate to severe AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients applied ointment daily to all affected body surface areas. The primary study endpoint was the percentage change in the modified Eczema Area and Severity Index (mEASI) between baseline and treatment end.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred and twenty-four patients, aged 2-15 years, applied 0.03% tacrolimus ointment once daily (n = 207), twice daily (n = 210) or 1% HA twice daily (n = 207). By the end of treatment, application of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment both once or twice daily resulted in significantly greater median percentage decreases in mEASI (66.7% and 76.7%, respectively) compared with 1% HA (47.6%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the median percentage decrease in mEASI was significantly greater for patients applying 0.03% tacrolimus twice daily compared with once daily (P = 0.007). Patients with severe AD benefited especially from twice daily application of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment compared with once daily application (P = 0.001). Transient mild to moderate skin burning occurred significantly more often in the 0.03% tacrolimus groups (P = 0.028) but resolved in most cases within 3-4 days. Laboratory parameters showed no clinically relevant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  0.03% tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily is significantly more efficacious than 1% HA in treating moderate-severe AD in children. Twice daily application of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment results in the greatest improvement in mEASI, and is especially effective in patients with severe baseline disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. sakari.reitamo@hus.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitamo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cambazard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel-Koomen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobozy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palatsi
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; C021650:hydrocortisone acetate; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D016559:Tacrolimus