title: Low oxygen tension stimulates the redifferentiation of dedifferentiated adult human nasal chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of dissolved oxygen tension (DO) on the redifferentiation of dedifferentiated adult human nasal septum chondrocytes cultured as pellets.
  
  
  METHODS
  After isolation, human nasal chondrocytes were expanded in monolayer culture, which resulted in their dedifferentiation. Dedifferentiated cells were pelleted, transferred to a bioreactor and maintained for up to 21 days at 100% DO (21% oxygen), 25% DO (5.25% oxygen) or 5% DO (1% oxygen), which was controlled in the liquid phase. Redifferentiation was assessed by staining the extracellular matrix with safranin-O and by the immunolocalization of collagen types I, II, IX and of a fibroblast membrane marker (11-fibrau). In addition, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and DNA content were determined spectrophotometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In monolayer culture, cells dedifferentiated and multiplied 90- to 100-fold. Cell pellets cultured in a bioreactor under conditions of low oxygen tension (25% DO or 5% DO) stained intensely for GAGs and for collagen type II, but very weakly for collagen type I. After 14 days of culturing, cell pellets maintained at 5% DO stained more intensely for collagen IX and more weakly for 11-fibrau than did those incubated at 25% DO. After 21 days of culturing the GAG content of cell pellets maintained at 5% DO was significantly greater than that of those incubated at 25% DO. Under air-saturated conditions (100% DO), the DNA and GAG contents of cell pellets decreased with time in culture. After 21 days of culturing, both parameters were substantially lower in cell pellets maintained at 100% DO than in those incubated at low oxygen tensions. The staining signals for collagen types II and IX were much weaker, and those for the markers of dedifferentiation (collagen type I and 11-fibrau) much stronger under air-saturated conditions than at low oxygen tensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations demonstrate that using the present set-up, low oxygen tension stimulates the redifferentiation of dedifferentiated adult human nasal chondrocytes in pellet cultures.
authors.affiliation: Cartilage Tissue Engineering Group, Iso Tis S.A., Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malda
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Blitterswijk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Geffen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tramper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riesle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000032:analysis; D024081:Collagen Type IX / Q000032:analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D024081:Collagen Type IX; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D004247:DNA; D010100:Oxygen