Anti-apoptotic effects of rosiglitazone in hypercholesterolemic rabbits subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on the extent of postischemic myocyte apoptosis and elucidated the potential mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the effects of rosiglitazone (RSG) on postischemic myocardial apoptosis in HC rabbits were investigated.


METHODS
Male New Zealand rabbits were fed normal or high cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. Three weeks after being fed a high cholesterol diet, HC rabbits were randomized to receive vehicle or RSG during the remaining 5 weeks. Rabbits were then subjected to 60 min of coronary occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion.


RESULTS
Compared with rabbits fed with a normal diet, HC rabbits had increased caspase-3 activity, apoptotic cell death and retarded contractile function recovery after reperfusion. HC increased iNOS expression, total NOx and nitrotyrosine contents, indicating that an increased nitrative stress occurred in HC myocardial tissue. Activity of a hypertrophic/anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2, was significantly decreased while activation of a pro-apoptotic MAPK, p38, was increased. Treatment with RSG in HC rabbits attenuated postischemic myocardial nitrative stress, restored a beneficial balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic MAPK signaling, reduced postischemic myocardial apoptosis, and improved cardiac functional recovery.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrated that HC increased postischemic myocardial apoptosis likely by increasing the production of pro-apoptotic molecules, activating pro-apoptotic signaling pathways and inhibiting anti-apoptotic signaling. In addition, our results suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists may not only attenuate the formation of atherosclerosis associated with hypercholesterolemia as previously reported, but may also protect the heart from subsequent ischemic/reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis.
Liu
Hui-Rong
HR
Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Thompson Building, Room 241, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Tao
Ling
L
Gao
Erhe
E
Lopez
Bernard L
BL
Christopher
Theodore A
TA
Willette
Robert N
RN
Ohlstein
Eliot H
EH
Yue
Tian-Li
TL
Ma
Xin-Liang
XL
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004032:Diet; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists*
D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D009569:Nitric Oxide