Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization.
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. The purpose of this study was to understand the natural history of chronic kidney disease with regard to progression to renal replacement therapy (transplant or dialysis) and death in a representative patient population.


METHODS
In 1996 we identified 27 998 patients in our health plan who had estimated glomerular filtration rates of less than 90 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) on 2 separate measurements at least 90 days apart. We followed up patients from the index date of the first glomerular filtration rates of less than 90 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) until renal replacement therapy, death, disenrollment from the health plan, or June 30, 2001. We extracted from the computerized medical records the prevalence of the following comorbidities at the index date and end point: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, and renal anemia.


RESULTS
Our data showed that the rate of renal replacement therapy over the 5-year observation period was 1.1%, 1.3%, and 19.9%, respectively, for the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) stages 2, 3, and 4, but that the mortality rate was 19.5%, 24.3%, and 45.7%. Thus, death was far more common than dialysis at all stages. In addition, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and anemia were more prevalent in the patients who died but hypertension prevalence was similar across all stages.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that efforts to reduce mortality in this population should be focused on treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and anemia.
Keith
Douglas S
DS
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, USA.
Nichols
Gregory A
GA
Gullion
Christina M
CM
Brown
Jonathan Betz
JB
Smith
David H
DH
D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome