Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes.
The pleiotropic effects of retinoids are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) which are ligand-activated transcription factors. In response to retinoid binding, RAR/RXR heterodimers undergo major conformational changes and orchestrate the transcription of specific gene networks, through binding to specific DNA response elements and recruiting cofactor complexes that act to modify local chromatin structure and/or engage the basal transcription machinery. Then the degradation of RARs and RXRs by the ubiquitin-proteasome controls the magnitude and the duration of the retinoid response. RARs and RXRs also integrate a variety of signaling pathways through phosphorylation events which cooperate with the ligand for the control of retinoid-target genes transcription. These different modes of regulation reveal unexpected levels of complexity in the dynamics of retinoid-dependent transcription.
Bastien
Julie
J
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR 7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, Illkirch Cedex 67404, France.
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D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism
D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D025801:Ubiquitin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex