title: Intestinal expression of mutant and wild-type progastrin significantly increases colon carcinogenesis in response to azoxymethane in transgenic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors recently reported that transgenic mice (hGAS) expressing pharmacologic levels of progastrin (PG) (> 10 nM to 100 nM) exhibited increased susceptibility to colon carcinogenesis in response to azoxymethane (AOM). It is not known whether PG functions as a cocarcinogen at the concentrations observed in patients with hypergastrinemia (approximately 1.0 nM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors generated transgenic mice that overexpressed either wild-type (wtPG) or mutant (mtPG) human PG in the intestinal mucosa using the murine fatty acid binding protein (Fabp) promoter. Fabp-PG mice and their wild-type littermates were treated with AOM, and their colons were examined for preneoplastic (aberrant crypt foci [ACF]) and neoplastic (adenomas [Ads] and adenocarcinomas [AdCas]) lesions after 2 weeks and 6 months of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACF and tumors were significantly more common (by a factor of approximately 2) in colon specimens from both Fabp-wtPG mice and Fabp-mtPG mice relative to wild-type mice. It is noteworthy that the multiplicity of ACF and the total number of small and large Ads and AdCas were significantly greater in colon specimens from Fabp-PG mice compared with colon specimens from wild-type mice, irrespective of gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study suggest that at concentrations (approximately 1.0 nM) far lower than the ones observed in hGAS mice, PG functions as an equally potent cocarcinogen and significantly increases the risk of colon carcinogenesis in response to AOM. Thus, PG may represent a clinically relevant target molecule in patients with hypergastrinemia or colon carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1043, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varro
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Pomila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000633:toxicity; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005755:Gastrins; D011498:Protein Precursors; C013706:big gastrin; D001397:Azoxymethane