title: Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in a large right ventricular outflow tract: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our initial experience with percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in animals with large pulmonary trunks, using a modified percutaneous approach.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement has recently been introduced, and early clinical experience has been reported. This technique is presently limited to patients with a right ventricular outflow tract no bigger than 22 mm in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  In seven animals (groups 1 and 3), we implanted a newly designed nitinol stent in the shape of a conduit with a central restriction of its diameter, containing an 18-mm bovine valve, as a one-step procedure. The animals in groups 1 and 3 were sacrificed after valve implantation and after two-month follow-up, respectively. In the second group (n = 3), we expected to percutaneously reduce the diameter of the pulmonary artery. Eight weeks later, we implanted an 18-mm valve mounted in a balloon-expandable stent. These animals were sacrificed after valve implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 10 devices were successfully delivered and were functioning perfectly at the initial evaluation and after two months. We failed to cross the tricuspid valve in two cases. The downsize mechanism allowed the pulmonary diameter to be reduced from 30 to 18 mm, without an impact on right ventricular function in any of the animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-surgical implantation of a pulmonary valve is possible in ewes with all types of pulmonary trunk, regardless of its size. A "downsize" stent is needed to allow valve implantation in a large trunk. Further refinements will make this technique feasible in humans.
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris cedex, France. younes.boudjemline@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boudjemline
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agnoletti
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidi
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonhoeffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D023421:Models, Animal; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D015607:Stents; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*