title: Computer image analysis for measuring lean and fatty areas in cross-sectioned dry-cured hams.
abstract: The aims of this study were 1) to apply computer image analysis to obtain measures of lean and fatty areas on the cross section of dry-cured hams, 2) to investigate variation of these measures, and 3) to evaluate reproducibility and repeatability of these techniques. Traits of concern were the cross-sectional area (SA), lean, or muscles, area (LA), and the fatty area (FA) centered on the cross section and surrounded by biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and quadriceps femoris, as well as the FA-to-SA ratio (FESR). Hams were obtained from crossbred pigs (n = 279) slaughtered at 9 mo of age (mean BW of 169 +/- 17 kg). Digital images of the cross section of dry-cured hams were captured using standardized procedures. Three replicated measures of areas were collected by three operators using three image analysis techniques (automatic, automatic-assisted, and manual). Variance components were estimated using a linear model that included slaughter group, gender, and gender x slaughter group as fixed effects and operators, pig, and operator x pig as random effects. Statistical analyses considered all measures (n = 7,533) or measures collected after reinstruction of all operators for spatial calibration of the analysis system (n = 4,428). Average SA, LA, FA, and FESR were 350 cm2, 220 cm2, 8.7 cm2, and 2.5%, respectively. Variability of FA (CV = 42%) and of FESR (CV = 39%) was four times greater than that of SA and LA. Slaughter group, pig, operator, and operator x pig effects were the most (P < 0.01) important sources of variation of measures. Correlations between measures obtained with different techniques were greater (P < 0.01) than 0.90, with the exception of LA measures. Coefficients of reproducibility for SA and LA ranged from 87 to 94%, whereas those for FA and FESR ranged from 88 to 98%. Coefficients of repeatability ranged from 92 to 99%. Automatic-assisted and manual methods provided more reproducible and repeatable measures than the automatic technique. Spatial calibration of the software system was a key issue affecting reproducibility and repeatability. Reinstructing the analysts for spatial calibration enhanced both reproducibility and repeatability of all methods of analysis. Computer image analysis is a technique suitable for measuring lean and fatty areas in cross-sectioned hams, providing reproducible and repeatable measures, and it might be used in large sample-based studies to investigate causes of defective fatty areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy. paolo.carnier@unipd.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnier
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sturaro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bondesan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005524:Food Technology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine