title: Incidence of Fas positivity and deoxyribonucleic acid double-stranded breaks in human ejaculated sperm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of Fas positivity and DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as indicators of early- and late-stage apoptosis in ejaculated sperm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fas positivity was assessed by flow cytometry and DSB by the neutral Comet assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Andrology Laboratory, Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five infertile men undergoing infertility investigations and 10 fertile men undergoing vasectomies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage Fas-positive cells, percentage DNA fragmentation, olive tail moment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apoptotic marker Fas was detected in ejaculated sperm, with a higher incidence of Fas positivity in teratozoospermic and asthenozoospermic than in normozospermic semen. No Fas positivity was observed in fertile men's sperm. Deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation (DSB) was greater in infertile than in fertile men's sperm and also greater in sperm in semen than in sperm prepared for assisted conception. There was an inverse relationship between DSB and both sperm concentration and motility. There was no relationship between Fas positivity and DNA damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fas was expressed in sperm of infertile men. In contrast, DNA fragmentation was observed in all sperm of fertile and infertile men and correlated with inadequate concentration and motility, which suggests that sperm DSB are ubiquitous and are not solely associated with apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, N. Ireland, UK. c.mcvicar@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McVicar
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Lauren H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Dalzell
authors.forename: Sheena E M
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004542:Ejaculation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019014:fas Receptor; D004247:DNA