title: The effects of Le Fort I osteotomies on velopharyngeal and speech functions in cleft patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthognathic surgery alters or even worsens symptoms of velopharyngeal insufficiency in cleft patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate how advancing the maxilla would affect the speech and articulation disorders of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study in which we compiled and evaluated the speech scores of 54 cleft lip and palate patients who underwent maxillary advancement between 1981 and 2001. Although 34 individuals underwent an isolated Le Fort I advancement, 20 patients had a combined Le Fort I advancement/mandibular setback operation. The following variables were recorded from both preoperative and postoperative speech evaluations: presence of a pharyngeal flap at the time of surgery, oronasal fistulas, nasality, 7 different articulation errors, velopharyngeal function assessment, and overall speech score. Preoperative and postoperative changes in the data were analyzed using the McNemar test and paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decrease in competent velopharyngeal function mechanisms was noted postoperatively (42% to 18%), increased borderline incompetence (9% to 22%), and complete velopharyngeal insufficiency (13% to 20%). Speech scores deteriorated significantly (P <.05), whereas articulation defects insignificantly (P =.146) improved after surgery (84% to 73%), with those related to the anterior dentition (P =.064) showing the greatest change (64% to 47%). The frequency of hyponasality decreased after surgery. The number of cases of mild to moderate hypernasality increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms previous findings that patients with clefts of the lip and palate or palate alone are predisposed to velopharyngeal function alteration after maxillary advancement, particularly with borderline function preoperatively. However, the results show that surgical correction of skeletal relationships and occlusion may translate into improvements in certain aspects of speech disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cleft Palate Craniofacial Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA. rav3@pitt.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janulewicz
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gassner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D016155:Oral Fistula / Q000503:physiopathology; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016156:Respiratory Tract Fistula / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology