title: Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists prevent the increase in striatal glutamate levels induced by glutamate uptake inhibitors.
abstract: Active uptake by neurons and glial cells is the main mechanism for maintaining extracellular glutamate at low, non-toxic concentrations. Activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors increases extracellular glutamate levels, while A(2A) receptor antagonists reduce stimulated glutamate outflow. Whether a modulation of the glutamate uptake system is involved in the effects elicited by A(2A) receptor blockers has never been investigated. This study examined the ability of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists to prevent the increase in glutamate levels induced by blockade of the glutamate uptake. In rats implanted with a microdialysis probe in the dorsal striatum, perfusion with 4 mm l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC, a transportable competitive inhibitor of glutamate uptake), or 10 mm dihydrokainic acid (DHK, a non-transportable competitive inhibitor that mainly blocks the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1), significantly increased extracellular glutamate levels. The effects of PDC and DHK were completely prevented by the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists SCH 58261 (0.01 mg/kg i.p.) and/or ZM 241385 (5 nm via probe). Since an impairment in glutamate transporter function is thought to play a major role in neurodegenerative disorders, the regulation of glutamate uptake may be one of the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of A(2A) receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy. apintor@iss.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pintor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galluzzo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grieco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pèzzola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reggio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Popoli
mesh_terms: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C098657:5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c)pyrimidine; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; C097270:ZM 241385; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C020889:dihydrokainic acid; C083486:pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid