title: The amount of calcium-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite in aortic valves is influenced by gender and associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study evaluated the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), gene polymorphism, calcification and fibrosis of stenotic aortic valves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calcium content of 187 excised stenotic aortic valves was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Hydroxyproline content was quantified. Left-heart catheterization was performed. CRF and genotypes of the interleukin 10, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) polymorphisms were assessed. Calcification consisted of Ca-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite, Ca(10 - x)(HPO4)x(PO4)(6 - x)(OH)(2 - x); with 0<or=x<or=1. Calcification (quintiles) was positively associated with the mean gradient across the aortic valve (44 +/- 14, 52 +/- 17, 54 +/- 16, 60 +/- 15, 68 +/- 19 mm Hg; p<0.001). Males (n=101) had a higher degree of calcification (26.1 +/- 8.9 vs 20.8 +/- 9.2 mass%; p<0.001), despite the same mean gradient across the aortic valve (56 +/- 17 vs 56 +/- 19 mm Hg; p=0.958). CRF were not, whereas interleukin 10 polymorphisms -1082, -819, and -592 were significantly associated with the degree of calcification. Furthermore, if certain allele carriers had additionally the rare CCR5 or CTGF allele the degree of calcification was higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcification of stenotic aortic valves consists of Ca-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite. Gender and genetic polymorphisms have an impact on the degree of aortic valve calcification.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52152 Aachen, Germany. jrortlepp@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Jan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ortlepp
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mevissen
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huster
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dronskowski
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Langebartels
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zerres
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanrath
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D017886:Durapatite / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite; D006909:Hydroxyproline