title: Contrast harmonic imaging improves the evaluation of left ventricular function in ventilated patients: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the value of contrast echocardiography (CE) in the assessment of left ventricular (LV) wall motion in ventilated patients in comparison with transesophageal (TOE) and standard fundamental transthoracic imaging (SE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic echocardiograms were done in 40 ventilated patients. Wall motion was evaluated using the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography on SE, CE and TOE. A visualization score was assigned on a scale of 2-0 for each of 16 segments. The segment was assigned a value of 2 if the segment was seen in both systole and diastole, 1 if seen only in systole or diastole, and 0 if not seen at all. A confidence score was also given for each segment with each technique (unable to evaluate; not sure; sure). The ejection fraction (EF) was estimated visually for each technique, and a confidence score was also applied to the EF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visualization score 0 was present in 6.2 segments/patient on SE, 1.2 on CE (P<0.0001) and 1.1 on TOE (P<0.0001). An average of 6.5 segments were read with surety on SE, 11.5 on CE (P<0.0001) and 12.3 on TOE ( P<0.0001 ). There was no significant difference for CE vs TOE. EF was uninterpretable in 32% on SE, 0% on CE (P<0.001 and 0% on TOE (P<0.001). The EF was read with surety in 53% of patients on SE, 88% on CE (P < 0.0001) and 93% with TOE (P<0.0001) with no difference for CE vs TOE. Thus, wall motion was seen with more confidence on CE and TOE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the ventilated patients with suboptimal transthoracic echocardiograms for the evaluation of the LV function, CE provides image quality of regional and global LV function similar to that achieved with TOE echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Academisch Ziekenhuis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. bcosyns@skynet.be
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cosyns
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: El Haddad
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lignian
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weytjens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schoors
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Camp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception