title: Noninvasive polarized light microscopy quantitatively distinguishes the multilaminar structure of the zona pellucida of living human eggs and embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the architecture of the zona pellucida in living human eggs and embryos, noninvasively with the PolScope, a digital polarizing light microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PolScope was used to examine zonae pellucida of living human eggs and embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic IVF clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing fresh, nondonor infertility treatment who underwent egg aspiration, fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection or traditional IVF, and cleavage-stage embryo transfer (day 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  The PolScope imaged the zona of eggs before intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in cleavage-stage embryos before transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thickness and retardance of three zona layers were measured from eight quadrants. Mean and variance in thickness and retardance were calculated for individual eggs and embryos, between eggs and embryos of a cohort, and across the sample patient population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cleavage-stage (day 3) embryos have thinner zonae (15.2 +/- 2.9 microm) than both immature (20.4 +/- 2.4 microm) and mature (19.5 +/- 2.2 microm) eggs. The zona of embryos is thinner, primarily owing to thinning of the outer layer. The thicker the zona layer, the greater its retardance. Considerable variation exists in the thickness and retardance of zona layers around individual eggs and embryos and between members of a cohort. The zona of eggs and embryos from different patients differ in thickness, retardance, and variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thickness and organization of zonae pellucida of human eggs and embryos varies considerably and can be quantitatively imaged with the PolScope.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University Medical School, 1 Blackstone Place, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Trimarchi
mesh_terms: D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000648:ultrastructure*