title: The reliability of frequency-doubling perimetry in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether healthy young children are able to perform automated static perimetry reliably using the frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimeter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy children aged 4 to 14 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent, in 1 randomly chosen eye, 2 consecutive visual field (VF) tests using the C-20 full-threshold program of the commercially available FDT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Global measures included mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), test duration and reliability indices, including fixation losses and false-positive and false-negative errors. Fixation losses are checked 6 times throughout the examination, rather than being continuously monitored. Two scoring systems, based on the total deviation probability plot, classified each VF as normal or abnormal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects completed the VF test. The better of 2 examinations (as determined by the MD score) was used for analysis. The average test duration was 4.9+/-0.7 minutes for the entire group. The mean MD and PSD were -0.78+/-4.9 and 6.7+/-6.2, respectively. A clear correlation to age was found for MD, PSD, abnormality of the VF, and test duration (all P<0.05). Of all VFs, 32.5% were unreliable, such that at younger than 8 years of age, 42.9% of the VFs were unreliable, compared with 23.1% for those older than 8 years. Younger than 8 years of age, 78.6% of VFs were abnormal, whereas for ages 8 years and older, 26.9% of VFs were abnormal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency-doubling technology seems to be a clinically feasible VF method for evaluating young children older than approximately 8 years of age. The reliability indices, MD, test duration, and the reproducibility of the VF test were found to be highly correlated with age, in such a way that these parameters all improved with increasing age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Hospital, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. eblumenthal@md.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Eytan Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horani
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anteby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*