title: Inverse correlation between genetic aberrations and malignancy grade in ependymal tumors: a paradox?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of our study was to investigate the inverse correlation between number of genetic aberrations and malignancy grade in ependymal tumors at the ploidy level.
  
  
  METHODS
  we examined seven myxopapillary ependymomas (mpEs) (WHO grade I), 28 spinal and cerebral ependymomas (Es) (WHO grade II), and 18 cerebral anaplastic ependymomas (aEs) (WHO grade III) using image DNA cytometry. The ploidy status was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and with the results obtained by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis that we performed in about half of these tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mpEs were exclusively located in the spinal cord and aEs in the cerebrum only, whereas Es were located in both the spinal cord and brain. We found aneuploidy or tetraploidy to be common in the group of mpEs (6 out of 7) and much less frequent in Es (6 out of 28) and aEs (4 out of 18). Three-year postoperative survival was 100% for mpEs, 100% for spinal Es, 92% for cerebral Es, and 33% for aEs. Our CGH results in a selection of these tumors revealed the highest number of genetic aberrations in the mpEs (average 16; n = 2), a lower number in Es (average 12; n = 11) and the lowest number in aEs (average 5; n = 6). Interestingly, in the group of Es and aEs, a high number of genetic aberrations as detected by CGH was not correlated with aneuploidy or tetraploidy. Three patients, all with mpEs had local seeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results underline that mpEs are distinctly different from Es and aEs at the genetic level and that extensive genomic alterations and aneuploidy in ependymal tumors are not in itself an indicator of malignant behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. h.gilhuis@czzoneu.umcn.nl
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gilhuis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Laak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Boerman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beute
authors.forename: J L M J
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Teepen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grotenhuis
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kappelle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D011003:Ploidies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis