title: Adsorption, transformation, and bioavailability of the fungicides carbendazim and iprodione in soil, alone and in combination.
abstract: When studying the effect of mixtures of toxic substances on soil organisms, attention must be paid to peculiarities in exposure to mixtures as opposed to that of single toxicants. The fungicides carbendazim and iprodione compete in the adsorption to soil. The presence of iprodione reduced the adsorption of carbendazim by 30%, while carbendazim reduced the adsorption of iprodione by 70%. Iprodione had little effect on the transformation rate of carbendazim in soil. However, carbendazim retarded the transformation of iprodione in soil by 26%. The concentration of the fungicides in pore water was found to be substantially higher for mixtures than when a fungicide alone was present in the soil. The effect of the additional fungicide on the concentration is especially apparent in the period following the first 1 to 2 weeks of the incubation. The inclusion of copper in the mixture has little additional effect on the concentration of the fungicides in pore water.
authors.affiliation: Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Minze.Leistra@wur.nl
authors.forename: Minze
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leistra
authors.forename: Arriënne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Matser
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002219:Carbamates; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D006827:Hydantoins; D007700:Kinetics; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006827:Hydantoins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D003300:Copper; C006698:carbendazim; C033148:iprodione