title: Hyperplastic gastric tumors induced by activated macrophages in COX-2/mPGES-1 transgenic mice.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid biosynthesis, plays a key role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Among various prostanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) appears to be most responsible for cancer development. To investigate the role of PGE2 in gastric tumorigenesis, we constructed transgenic mice simultaneously expressing COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 in the gastric epithelial cells. The transgenic mice developed metaplasia, hyperplasia and tumorous growths in the glandular stomach with heavy macrophage infiltrations. Although gastric bacterial counts in the transgenic mice were within the normal range, treatment with antibiotics significantly suppressed activation of the macrophages and tumorous hyperplasia. Importantly, the antibiotics treatment did not affect the macrophage accumulation. Notably, treatment of the transgenic mice with lipopolysaccharides induced proinflammatory cytokines through Toll-like receptor 4 in the gastric epithelial cells. These results indicate that an increased level of PGE2 enhances macrophage infiltration, and that they are activated through epithelial cells by the gastric flora, resulting in gastric metaplasia and tumorous growth. Furthermore, Helicobacter infection upregulated epithelial PGE2 production, suggesting that the COX-2/mPGES-1 pathway contributes to the Helicobacter-associated gastric tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Makoto M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Taketo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000276:immunology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections; D006965:Hyperplasia; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008861:Microsomes / Q000201:enzymology; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; C000605865:Ptges protein, mouse