title: Assessment of the fetal nasal bone at 11-14 weeks of gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefit of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in the examination of the fetal nasal bone at 11-14 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the fetal nasal bone in 120 stored volumes acquired transabdominally with a 3D scanner from singleton pregnancies at 11-14 weeks of gestation. The volume acquisition had been performed following conventional ultrasound examination that had demonstrated presence of the fetal nasal bone. The volumes were obtained with two-dimensional (2D) start images in transverse, coronal mid-sagittal, parasagittal and oblique longitudinal sections of the fetal head.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the transverse and coronal sections, a satisfactory image demonstrating presence of the nasal bone was achieved in only three and one, respectively, of the 20 volumes that we obtained. In mid-sagittal sections, the nasal bone was always visible when the angle was within a range of 30-60 degrees, without the need for sectional image analysis. None of the images with an angle >60 degrees or <30 degrees was satisfactory. In the parasagittal sections with the fetal profile at 45 degrees, a good-quality image of the nasal bone was possible in all cases that were examined, irrespective of the distance from the mid-sagittal plane. In the oblique longitudinal sections with the fetal profile at 45 degrees, there were 10 volumes where the 2D start section was at 0-25 degrees from the midline and in all these cases the nasal bone was successfully visualized. In contrast, only 5/20 cases where the 2D start section was at 25-90 degrees from the midline provided a satisfactory image demonstrating the nasal bone. In 5/10 volumes obtained with the fetus facing downwards the nasal bone was visible in both the 2D and 3D images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a 3D volume the extent to which the nasal bone can be demonstrated to be present in a given reconstructed section is entirely dependent on obtaining a good initial 2D view.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rembouskos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vandecruys
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*