title: K-ras and p16(INK4A)alterations in sputum of NSCLC patients and in heavy asymptomatic chronic smokers.
abstract: NSCLC rates among the most frequent and lethal neoplasm world-wide and a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality relies only upon effective early diagnostic strategies. We investigated K-ras mutations and p16(INK4A) hypermethylation in tumor tissue and sputum of 50 patients with NSCLC and correlated them with sputum cytology and with tumor staging, grading and location, to ascertain, in sputum, their potential diagnostic impact. The same genetic/epigenetic abnormalities and cytological features were also evaluated in sputum from 100 chronic heavy smokers. Genetic analysis identified molecular abnormalities in 64% tumors (14/50 K-ras mutations and 24/50 p16(INK4A) hypermethylation) and in 48% sputum (11/50 K-ras mutations and 16/50 p16(INK4A) hypermethylation). In tumors K-ras mutations and p16(INK4A) hypermethylation were mostly mutually exclusive, being found in the same patients in 3 cases only. Genetic abnormalities in sputum were detected only in molecular abnormal tumors. Molecular changes in sputum had rates of detection similar to cytology (42%) but the cyto-molecular combination increased the diagnostic yield up to 60%. Interestingly, the rate of detection of genetic changes in sputum of tumors at early stage (T1) was not significantly different from that of tumors at more advanced stage (T2-T4). In fact K-ras point mutations were frequently recognised in tumors at early stage while p16(INK4A) inactivation prevailed in tumors at advanced stage ( P=0.0063). As expected, diagnostic cytological findings were more frequently found in tumors at advanced stage (P=0.004). No correlation was found between tumor grading and location (central versus peripheral) and molecular changes. p16(INK4A) hypermethylation, but not K-ras mutations, was documented in sporadic cases of asymptomatic heavy smokers (4%) where it was uncoupled from cytological abnormalities. In conclusion the cyto-molecular diagnostic strategy adopted in this study was able to detect the majority of tumors but in order to be proposed as effective and early diagnostic tool, this molecular panel needs to be tested in prospective studies with adequate follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Destro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alloisio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laghi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Gioia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malesci
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cariboni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gribaudi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bulfamante
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roncalli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013183:Sputum
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16