title: Postoperative epidural anesthesia preserves lymphocyte, but not monocyte, immune function after major spine surgery.
abstract: Extensive spine surgery is associated with postsurgical pain. Epidural pain therapy may reduce postoperative stress responses and thereby influence immune functions. In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded prospective trial, 54 patients received either conventional patient-controlled IV analgesia (PCIA; morphine 3 mg/15 min) or patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA; 0.125% ropivacaine plus sufentanil 1 microg/mL at a base rate of 12 mL/h and bolus application of 5 mL/15 min). Circulating cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, and cell-surface receptor expression of immune cells (cluster of differentiation [CD]14, human leukocyte antigen-DR, CD86, CD71, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD19) were measured perioperatively to characterize immunological functions. PCEA, compared with PCIA, had no influence on altered levels of circulating cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inhibitory factor) or indicators of the stress response (CRP and cortisol). Also, no significant difference was found in monocyte numbers or their human leukocyte antigen-DR, CD86, or CD71 expression. In contrast, the postoperative decrease in B lymphocytes and T-helper cells was significant in the PCEA group. Natural killer cells decreased significantly in patients receiving PCEA compared with PCIA. Therefore, postoperative epidural pain therapy has no influence on monocyte functions but reduces natural killer cells and preserves B-cell and T-helper cell populations. Epidural analgesia thus influences the specific rather than the innate immune system and potentially blunts the postsurgical lymphocyte depression, which is relevant for infectious resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural analgesia affects the immune system. Postoperative epidural analgesia, compared with conventional IV opioid therapy, preserves lymphocyte rather than monocyte functions. An improvement of postoperative immune function by epidural analgesia therefore may improve postoperative resistance to infectious complications or to chronic pain states.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and †Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Charité, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tohtz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putzier
authors.forename: Wolfgang J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy; D011184:Postoperative Period; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017409:Sufentanil; D006854:Hydrocortisone