Newer aspects of hepatic encephalopathy.
Recently attempts have been made to standardize terminology in the field of hepatic encephalopathy. We are now facing a new problem. Chronic hepatitis C-induced cirrhosis occurs in an older population; this may change the presentation pattern of hepatic encephalopathy in future. Ammonia has once again become prominent as the leading toxin likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. How ammonia interacts with other proposed mechanisms should be an area of active research. The treatment arena has seen some advances. Unfortunately, the economics of having newer treatments approved in the USA is formidable. Rifaximine, L-ornithine-L-aspartate, sodium benzoate and possibly flumazenil appear to be significant advances. More elective shunt suppression for selected patients will be seen. Liver transplantation remains the only option for truly intractable hepatic encephalopathy.
Mullen
Kevin D
KD
Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA. kdm@po.cwru.edu
D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000633:toxicity; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D009626:Terminology as Topic
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004745:Enkephalins; D018757:GABA Modulators; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D008345:Manganese; D000641:Ammonia