title: Assessment of urinary metals following exposure to a large vegetative fire, New Mexico, 2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In May 2000, a vegetative fire burned 47,000 acres in northern New Mexico, including 7500 acres of land administered by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. We evaluated potential human exposures from the fire.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed two populations (firefighters and the general population) in four cities for urine heavy metal concentrations. Reference concentrations were based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multivariate linear regression assessed the association of urinary metal concentrations with smoke exposure. We also performed isotopic analysis of uranium and cesium on a subset of specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 92 firefighters and 135 nonfirefighters participated. In both populations, urinary nickel, cesium, chromium, and uranium concentrations were greater than expected compared with NHANES III reference values. No values required immediate medical follow-up. Regression analysis demonstrated that for National Guard members, arsenic and cadmium levels were significantly related to smoke exposure, and for firefighters, cesium and arsenic levels were significantly related to exposure; however, only for cesium in National Guard members was this association in the positive direction. Isotopic analysis demonstrated that the cesium and uranium were naturally occurring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some people had spot urine metal concentrations above nationally derived reference values, and values for some metals were associated with smoke exposure. These associations had little public health or clinical importance. Studies of exposures resulting from vegetative fires are difficult, and careful consideration should be given to the technical and communication processes at the outset of a fire exposure investigation. Recommendations for future investigations include testing as soon as possible during or after a fire, and early clinical consultation with a medical toxicologist.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. msw6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Mitchell I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Voorhees
authors.forename: C Mack
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sewell
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paschal
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Patrick E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redd
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000652:urine*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009516:New Mexico; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012906:Smoke
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012906:Smoke