title: Hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of Bid and Bax in tumors occurs via hypoxia-inducible factor 1-dependent and -independent mechanisms and contributes to drug resistance.
abstract: Solid tumors with disorganized, insufficient blood supply contain hypoxic cells that are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Drug resistance, an obstacle to curative treatment of solid tumors, can occur via suppression of apoptosis, a process controlled by pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family. Oxygen deprivation of human colon cancer cells in vitro provoked decreased mRNA and protein levels of proapoptotic Bid and Bad. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) was dispensable for the down-regulation of Bad but required for that of Bid, consistent with the binding of HIF-1alpha to a hypoxia-responsive element (positions -8484 to -8475) in the bid promoter. Oxygen deprivation resulted in proteosome-independent decreased expression of Bax in vitro, consistent with a reduction in global translation efficiency. The physiological relevance of Bid and Bax down-regulation was confirmed in tumors in vivo. Oxygen deprivation resulted in decreased drug-induced apoptosis and clonogenic resistance to agents with different mechanisms of action. The contribution of Bid and/or Bax down-regulation to drug responsiveness was demonstrated by the relative resistance of normoxic cells that had no or reduced expression of Bid and/or Bax and by the finding that forced expression of Bid in hypoxic cells resulted in increased sensitivity to the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Group, Bioinformatics Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Janine T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Erler
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cawthorne
authors.forename: Kaye J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koritzinsky
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Crispin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Demonacos
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dive
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494814:BID protein, human; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C494815:Bid protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D005047:Etoposide