title: Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors.
abstract: The rate of light delivery (fluence rate) plays a critical role in photodynamic therapy (PDT) through its control of tumor oxygenation. This study tests the hypothesis that fluence rate also influences the inflammatory responses associated with PDT. PDT regimens of two different fluences (48 and 128 J/cm(2)) were designed for the Colo 26 murine tumor that either conserved or depleted tissue oxygen during PDT using two fluence rates (14 and 112 mW/cm(2)). Tumor oxygenation, extent and regional distribution of tumor damage, and vascular damage were correlated with induction of inflammation as measured by interleukin 6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 and 2 expression, presence of inflammatory cells, and treatment outcome. Oxygen-conserving low fluence rate PDT of 14 mW/cm(2) at a fluence of 128 J/cm(2) yielded approximately 70-80% tumor cures, whereas the same fluence at the oxygen-depleting fluence rate of 112 mW/cm(2) yielded approximately 10-15% tumor cures. Low fluence rate induced higher levels of apoptosis than high fluence rate PDT as indicated by caspase-3 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling analysis. The latter revealed PDT-protected tumor regions distant from vessels in the high fluence rate conditions, confirming regional tumor hypoxia shown by 2-(2-nitroimidazol-1[H]-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) acetamide staining. High fluence at a low fluence rate led to ablation of CD31-stained endothelium, whereas the same fluence at a high fluence rate maintained vessel endothelium. The highest levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and neutrophilic infiltrates were measured with 48 J/cm(2) delivered at 14 mW/cm(2) ( approximately 10-20% cures). The optimally curative PDT regimen (128 J/cm(2) at 14 mW/cm(2)) produced minimal inflammation. Depletion of neutrophils did not significantly change the high cure rates of that regimen but abolished curability in the maximally inflammatory regimen. The data show that a strong inflammatory response can contribute substantially to local tumor control when the PDT regimen is suboptimal. Local inflammation is not a critical factor for tumor control under optimal PDT treatment conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Stress Biology and the Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. barbara.henderson@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Barbara W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Sandra O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Gollnick
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Philaretos C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kousis
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Cheney
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C438056:2-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-acetamide; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D002734:Chlorophyll; C083998:2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D010100:Oxygen