Contextual tensions of the clinical environment and their influence on teaching and learning.
BACKGROUND
Academic medical centres face major challenges, and finding creative, effective strategies to support patient care and teaching are critical for survival. At the centre of these challenges is clinical teaching.


OBJECTIVE
To characterise how context influences clinical teaching.


METHODS
Multiple embedded case-study design analysed 3 internal medicine in-patient teams. Direct observations, interviews and documents were data sources. Triangulated data, audit trails and member checks enhanced trustworthiness.


RESULTS
Three tensions influenced clinical teaching: 1, patient census; 2, time sensitivity of the context; and 3, the multiple and conflicting commitments of participants. Patient census exhibited the greatest influence and was the catalyst for teaching, learning, and the allocation of total time. Time functioned as an important element influencing the pace of action, reflective and interpretative cognitive processes of the team, time available for action, and the general fatigue of the team. Conflicts among the multiple roles of ward team members disrupted individual and team teaching and learning.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinical teaching is an open system influenced by multiple forces. Learning, teaching and patient care were very closely coupled, and learning knowledge and using knowledge were parts of the same process within the clinical context.
Hoffman
Kimberly G
KG
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, MA 213 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
Donaldson
Joe F
JF
D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods