title: Sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma to aminoflavone: role of CYP1A1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aminoflavone analogue (AF) exhibits antitumor activity in vitro, particularly against neoplastic cells of renal origin. We identified cellular correlates of responsiveness to AF in continuous human tumor renal cell carcinoma lines and in tumor cell isolates, termed renal carcinoma cell strains, from patients with clear cell and papillary renal neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro antiproliferative activity of AF was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B protein dye assay. In vivo antitumor activity of the drug was determined in mice bearing xenografts. Covalent binding of AF/metabolite(s) was assessed following exposure of cells to AF for 16 hours. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA and apoptosis were quantitated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AF produced total growth inhibition in vitro in 3 of 6 human tumor renal cell lines at concentrations of 90 to 400 nM. In vivo treatment of mice bearing xenografts of the Caki-1 renal cell carcinoma, sensitive to AF in vitro, resulted in significant antitumor activity, including tumor-free survivors. Studies in 13 renal cell strains isolated from patients with clear cell (9) or papillary (4) renal cell carcinoma indicated that 3 of 4 papillary strains were sensitive to AF compared with 2 of 9 clear cell strains. AF sensitive renal cell lines and strains exhibited induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression, increased covalent binding of AF metabolite(s) and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF has noteworthy antitumor activity against certain human tumor renal cell lines in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with drug metabolism to covalently binding metabolites after CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression. We hypothesize that it leads to apoptosis induction. AF sensitive renal cell strains are predominantly of the papillary histological type. These results are limited by the small numbers of cell lines and cell strains but they are suggestive of the need for further testing in larger collections of cell strains.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Loaiza-Pérez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hose
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Worrell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sausville
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Vistica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000502:physiology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1