title: Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the incidence of child emotional and physical abuse, associated risk factors and psychosocial symptoms in a cross-cultural comparison between post-communist bloc countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-thousand one-hundred forty-five children ages 10-14 from Latvia (N = 297), Lithuania ( N = 300), Macedonia (N = 302), and Moldova (N = 246) participated in the study. They completed questionnaires assessing their experience of emotional or physical abuse, and provided information about family risk-factors and psychosocial symptoms, including PTSD-related symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rates of maltreatment differed by country, as did levels of reported psychosocial symptoms. Incidence of emotional and physical abuse differed by region, with higher levels of abuse reported in the rural regions. In all four countries, a similar association between emotional/physical abuse and psychosocial symptoms was found, with the uniformly largest correlation between emotional abuse and anger. When examining the combined scores of emotional and physcial abuse, even higher correlation's were found, particularly in relation to anger and depression. In all four countries, parental overuse of alcohol was associated with emotional and/or physical abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show differences by country in child-reported levels of emotional and physical abuse, but similar patterns of correlation with psychosocial symptoms and the risk factors of parental alcohol overuse and living in a rural area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Jurmalas gatve 74/76, Riga LV-1083, Latvia.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sebre
authors.forename: Ieva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sprugevica
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novotni
authors.forename: Dimitar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonevski
authors.forename: Vilmante
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pakalniskiene
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turchina
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011584:Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires