title: Pesticides in shallow groundwater of Bahawalnagar, Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
abstract: In Pakistan there is little data on environmental contamination of rural water sources by pesticides. This study evaluated pesticide contamination of groundwater in four intensive cotton growing districts. Water samples were collected from 37 rural open wells in the areas of Bahwalnagar, Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab and analysed for eight pesticides which are mostly used. Information on types of pesticide used and distance to nearest pesticide mixing area and application areas was obtained for each site. From the eight pesticides analysed, six pesticides were detected in the water samples. Only cypermethrin and cabosulfan were not detected. The percentage of detection of bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, carbofuran, endosulfan, methyl parathion and monocrotophos was, respectively 13.5%, 5.4%, 59.4%, 8%, 5.4% and 35.1% in July; 16.2%, 13.55%, 43.2%, 8%, N.D. (not detected) and 24.3% in October. Maximum contamination levels (MCLs) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water were not exceeded. The study has shown the need for monitoring pesticide contamination in rural water resources, and the development of drinking water quality standards for specific pesticides in Pakistan. The conclusions and recommendations will be disseminated to senior decision makers in central and local governments, extension agents and farmers.
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Land Reclamation, Irrigation and Power Department Punjab, Canal Bank, Moghulpura, Lahore, Pakistan. tariqmi2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad Ilyas
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.forename: Shahzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afzal
authors.forename: Ishtiaq
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000838:Anions / Q000032:analysis; D002412:Cations / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D003368:Gossypium; D010154:Pakistan; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical