title: Comparison of unchanged n-hexane in alveolar air and 2,5-hexanedione in urine for the biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure in human volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biological monitoring of n-hexane (HEX) is based on the measurement of urinary 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD). In 2001, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists modified the biological exposure index (BEI) for HEX and suggested measuring free urinary 2,5-HD (without hydrolysis) (3.5 micromol/l) instead of total 2,5-HD (acid hydrolysis). This BEI value was derived from four field studies that involved worker exposures to variable concentrations of HEX and other solvents. This study was undertaken to characterize, for 5 consecutive days, the relationship between HEX exposure (25 ppm and 50 ppm) and (1). 2,5-HD urinary excretion and (2). HEX in alveolar air.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five volunteers (three women, two men) were exposed to HEX in an exposure chamber for 2 non-consecutive weeks (7 h/day). They were exposed to 50 ppm HEX, during the first week and to 25 ppm during the second week. Alveolar air and urine samples were collected at different intervals before, during and after the exposures. The concentration of unchanged HEX in alveolar air and the concentration of urinary 2,5-HD under three analytical conditions (with acid, or enzymatic hydrolysis and without hydrolysis) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the mean concentrations of HEX in alveolar air were 18 ppm (25 ppm) and 37 ppm (50 ppm), which indicates that approximately 73% of inspired HEX was expired unchanged in alveolar air by the volunteers. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations of urinary 2,5-HD for the last 4 h of exposure at the end of the week (day 5) following exposure to 50 ppm HEX were 30.4 micromol/l (+/-7.8 micromol/l) (acid hydrolysis); 5.8 micromol/l (+/-1.0 micromol/l) (enzymatic hydrolysis); 6.2 micromol/l (+/-0.9 micro mol/l) (without hydrolysis). Following the volunteers' exposure to 25 ppm HEX, the urinary excretion concentrations were 15.2 micromol/l +/- 1.9 micromol/l, 3.1 micromol/l +/- 0.7 micromol/l and 3.7 micromol/l +/- 0.5 micromol/l, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both free urinary 2,5-HD and HEX in alveolar air measurements could be used for the biological monitoring of HEX. Between these two indicators, HEX in alveolar air is less variable than 2,5-HD in urine, but the sampling time is more critical. Therefore, biological monitoring of HEX based on the measurement of free urinary 2,5-HD is preferable to HEX in alveolar air. Additionally, we believe that the 2,5-HD values reported in this study better reflect the actual levels of exposure to HEX alone than what has been previously reported in studies that involved co-exposure to other solvents, and that the current BEI value for HEX is most likely more protective than what has been believed up until now.
authors.affiliation: Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail. Université de Montréal, 2375, Chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1A8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamelin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Truchon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tardif
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001944:Breath Tests; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006586:Hexanes / Q000032:analysis*; D006588:Hexanones / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006586:Hexanes; D006588:Hexanones; C026385:n-hexane; C011269:2,5-hexanedione