title: Salivary cortisol and posttraumatic stress disorder in a low-income community sample of women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder have demonstrated a profile of low cortisol. Studies with women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on childhood sexual abuse and holocaust survivors, both of whom experienced trauma during development, which could be different than adult trauma exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an epidemiologic sample of low-income women from an urban area in Michigan, we conducted structured psychiatric interviews and saliva cortisol collection on a subsample of women with exposure to trauma but never PTSD (n = 72), recent PTSD (n = 29), and past PTSD (n = 70). Saliva cortisol was collected at awakening, 30 minutes later, at bedtime, and during a clinic visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent trauma exposure but not past trauma exposure led to an increase in saliva cortisol. Neither recent PTSD nor past PTSD resulted in any saliva cortisol changes compared with the trauma exposed, never PTSD group. Recent major depression (past 12 months) demonstrated a weak effect (p =.08) on bedtime saliva cortisol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While recent trauma exposure can increase saliva cortisol, neither recent nor past PTSD affected saliva cortisol in our community sample of women. Our data do not support saliva cortisol changes associated with PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tolman
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witkowski
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014754:Violence; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone