title: Automated interictal spike detection and source localization in magnetoencephalography using independent components analysis and spatio-temporal clustering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetoencephalography (MEG) dipole localization of epileptic spikes is useful in epilepsy surgery for mapping the extent of abnormal cortex and to focus intracranial electrodes. Visually analyzing large amounts of data produces fatigue and error. Most automated techniques are based on matching of interictal spike templates or predictive filtering of the data and do not explicitly include source localization as part of the analysis. This leads to poor sensitivity versus specificity characteristics. We describe a fully automated method that combines time-series analysis with source localization to detect clusters of focal neuronal current generators within the brain that produce interictal spike activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first use an ICA (independent components analysis) method to decompose the multichannel MEG data and identify those components that exhibit spike-like characteristics. From these detected spikes we then find those whose spatial topographies across the array are consistent with focal neural sources, and determine the foci of equivalent current dipoles and their associated time courses. We then perform a clustering of the localized dipoles based on distance metrics that takes into consideration both their locations and time courses. The final step of refinement consists of retaining only those clusters that are statistically significant. The average locations and time series from significant clusters comprise the final output of our method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were processed from 4 patients with partial focal epilepsy. In all three subjects for whom surgical resection was performed, clusters were found in the vicinity of the resectioned area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented procedure is promising and likely to be useful to the physician as a more sensitive, automated and objective method to help in the localization of the interictal spike zone of intractable partial seizures. The final output can be visually verified by neurologists in terms of both the location and distribution of the dipole clusters and their associated time series. Due to the clinical relevance and demonstrated promise of this method, further investigation of this approach is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, 3740 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ossadtchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baillet
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mosher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thyerlei
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sutherling
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leahy
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors