title: Cerebral infarctions and the relationship of depression symptoms to level of cognitive functioning in older persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies report an association between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in old age. The neurobiologic basis of this association is unknown. The authors examined whether cerebral infarcts (present in 55 persons) accounted for the association of depressive symptoms with cognitive impairment in a group of 153 older Catholic nuns, priests, and brothers (67 with dementia and 86 without dementia).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent detailed clinical evaluations and brain autopsy at death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values for depressive symptoms during the time of participation were associated with level of cognitive functioning proximate to death in analyses that controlled for age, sex, education, and Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. The association of depressive symptoms with cognitive functioning was essentially unchanged after controlling for cerebral infarctions, which suggests that depressive symptoms, cerebral infarctions, and AD pathology were independently related to cognitive function. Similar results were found in analyses with episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and visual-spatial ability. The results did not change in analyses examining the volume or location of cerebral infarctions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that cerebral infarctions do not account for the association of depressive symptoms with level of cognitive functioning. The neurobiologic basis for this association remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurological Sciences, Rush-University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dbennett@rush.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002977:Clergy; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index