title: Nasal dyspnea: the place of rhinomanometry in its objective assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Nasal dyspnea" describes the common symptom of nasal airway obstruction, which usually is assessed subjectively. Objective, quantitative methods are needed to assess the nasal airway adequately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhinomanometry, in use for >30 years, was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No other symptom of rhinitis can be measured as objectively and accurately as that of nasal obstruction. Determinations by rhinomanometry are precise, usually better than 5%. Most rhinomanometers meet the published requirements of standardization by the International Rhinologic Society. An improved system for scoring symptoms of nasal dyspnea is suggested. Rhinomanometry, potentially a gold standard for the objective measurement of obstructed nasal airflow, has a proven place in the selection of patients for septal and nasal valve reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations are given for extension of the standards to account for the near universal computerization of equipment. Miniaturization of equipment will increase its application to trials of drugs for rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schumacher
mesh_terms: D004417:Dyspnea / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D025363:Rhinomanometry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index