title: Analysis of vitamin D-regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)2D3] exerts growth inhibitory, pro-differentiating, and pro-apoptotic effects on prostate cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions, we employed cDNA microarrays to study 1,25(OH)2D3-regulated gene expression in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  mRNA isolated from LNCaP cells treated with vehicle or 50 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 for various lengths of time were hybridized to microarrays carrying approximately 23,000 genes. Some of the putative target genes revealed by the microarray analysis were verified by real-time PCR assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,25(OH)2D3 most substantially increased the expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene. Our analysis also revealed several novel 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive genes. Interestingly, some of the key genes regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 are also androgen-responsive genes. 1,25(OH)2D3 also down-regulated genes that mediate androgen catabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The putative 1,25(OH)2D3 target genes appear to be involved in a variety of cellular functions including growth regulation, differentiation, membrane transport, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, DNA repair, and inhibition of metastasis. The up-regulation of IGFBP-3 gene has been shown to be crucial in 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated inhibition of LNCaP cell growth. 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation of androgen-responsive genes as well as genes involved in androgen catabolism suggests that there are interactions between 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen signaling pathways in LNCaP cells. Further studies on the role of these genes and others in mediating the anti-cancer effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 may lead to better approaches to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA.
authors.forename: Aruna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinghal
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raghavachari
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peehl
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D004260:DNA Repair; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014807:Vitamin D