title: Application of granular media filtration in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
abstract: Laboratory experiments were conducted at room temperature (20-25 degrees C) using four identical filter columns made of Plexiglas, each of 1 m height and 15 cm internal diameter, packed with granular media of 70 cm depth. Each filter was operated at a constant filtration rate, thus four rates were tested in the range of 2-15 m(3) m(-2) d(-1). Mono-media (sand) and dual-media (sand and anthracite) were tested and three types of municipal wastewaters, namely raw, primary and secondary-treated effluents were applied. The results obtained indicate that considerable improvements in effluent quality could be attained by tertiary sand filtration. Removal of solids, organics and bacteria was not significantly affected by the increase in filtration rate from 2 to 15 m(3) m(-2) d(-1). The highest removal efficiency was obtained at low filtration rate of 2 m(3) m(-2) d(-1), but higher filtration rates achieved acceptable removal efficiencies and provided effluents of good quality to satisfy the irrigation water quality standards. Since the conventional sand filters in wastewater treatment plants operate at a rate in the range of 2-5 m(3) m(-2) d(-1), utilization of high rate filtration is advantageous and would result in significant cost savings. However, with high filtration rates the filters require more frequent backwashing. Dual-media filters achieved 50% reductions in BOD suggesting that filtration could be used to treat primary effluents in emergency cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. mfhamoda@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hamoda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Ghusain
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Al-Jasem
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005374:Filtration; D010316:Particle Size; D011786:Quality Control; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply