title: Intrathecal clonidine and bupivacaine have synergistic analgesia for acute thermally or inflammatory-induced pain in rats.
abstract: We investigated the interaction between spinally administered bupivacaine and clonidine using an animal model of acute and inflammatory pain. Rats implanted with lumbar intrathecal catheters were injected intrathecally with saline (control), bupivacaine (1 to 100 microg), or clonidine (0.1 to 3 microg) and tested for their responses to thermal stimulation to the tail (tail flick test) and subcutaneous formalin injection into the hindpaw (formalin test). The effects of the combination of bupivacaine and clonidine on both stimuli were tested by isobolographic analysis. General behavior and motor function were examined as side effects. The 50% effective doses of bupivacaine and clonidine were significantly smaller when combined compared with each single drug in both the tail flick test (2.82 and 0.11 microg versus 7.1 and 0.29 microg, respectively) and phase 1 (0.24 and 0.009 microg versus 5.7 and 0.15 microg) and phase 2 (0.31 and 0.012 microg versus 3.2 and 0.16 microg) of the formalin test. Side effects were decreased by the combination. These results suggest a favorable combination of intrathecal bupivacaine and clonidine in the management of acute and inflammatory pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analgesic interaction between intrathecally administered bupivacaine and clonidine was examined during acute thermal and inflammatory-induced pain in rats. The analgesia produced by the combination of these two drugs was synergistic in both acute thermal and inflammatory induced pain, with a decrease in behavioral side effects.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005557:Formaldehyde; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine