title: [Acquisition of age- and sex-dependent patient data for the calculation of annual radiation exposure in nuclear medicine: a German pilot study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study for estimation of radiation exposure due to diagnostic procedures in nuclear medicine using routine data of hospitals and practices in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitals and practices willing to participate in the study supplied data of one year (1997), containing information on patients' identification number, age, sex, type of diagnostic procedure, radiopharmaceutical, administered activity, type of health insurance (private/public), inpatient/outpatient status, and so-called Leistungsziffer, which describes the type of medical performances in Germany. The effective dose per examination was calculated according to ICRP 80. Mean, standard deviation, median, 5th and 95th percentiles of the effective dose were calculated, stratified by type of organ system and also by sex and age, including patients of > or = 18 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  82,039 examinations from patients of 9 hospitals and practices were analyzed. The median (5-95(th) percentiles) of the effective dose per examination for all patients was 2.9 mSv (0.4-8.5 mSv); 1.2 examinations per patient and year were performed on average. The three most frequent examinations were bone scans (median 3.4 mSv; 2.9-5.1), thyroid (0.9 mSv; 0.4-2.2) and cardiovascular studies (7.3 mSv; 3.8-20.2). The median effective dose for 18 to 40 years old women was 1.0 mSv (0.4-5.8), for women between 41 and 65 years 2.2 mSv (0.4-7.3) and for women older than 65 years 2.4 mSv (0.5-7.6). The corresponding values for men were 2.6 mSv (0.3-7.6); 3.3 mSv (0.4-9.1), and 3.4 mSv (0.5-8.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to gain an accurate determination of radiation exposure of diagnostic procedures in nuclear medicine by routine data.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnell-Inderst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nosske
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stamm-Meyer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brix
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011859:Radiography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012737:Sex Factors; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals