title: Cell cycle-dependent regulation of smooth muscle cell activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although numerous diseases involving cellular proliferation are also associated with phenotypic changes, there has been little direct evidence that cell phenotype and the cell's response to external stimuli are modified during passage through different phases of the cell cycle. In this study, we demonstrate that an association exists between cell cycle progression and the expression of genes involved in cellular activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early cell cycle arrest of aortic smooth muscle cells was found to inhibit the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, important markers of vascular cell activation in diseases such as atherosclerosis. A combination of immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were used to document that TNFalpha-induced adhesion molecule upregulation was inhibited during G1-phase and S-phase, but not in G0-phase or G2/M-phase cells. The inhibition of adhesion molecule expression occurred at the level of transcription, as demonstrated by changes in the patterns of mRNA and protein accumulation in cycling and arrested cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early cell cycle phases may represent states in which the responses to a variety of stimuli that influence cell fate can be modulated, and these observations may have novel implications for the prevention and/or therapy of vascular proliferative, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco Medical School, San Francisco, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: Ruediger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Braun-Dullaeus
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Sedding
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Heiko E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: von der Leyen
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Dzau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1