title: Neutralizing antibody against interleukin-6 attenuates posthemorrhagic vasospasm in the rat femoral artery model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The degree to which inflammation contributes to the development of posthemorrhagic vasospasm is controversial. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between various inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) and the development of experimental vasospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Posthemorrhagic vasospasm was produced in the rat femoral artery model. A latex pouch was placed around each femoral artery, and one pouch was injected with autologous blood and the other with saline as an internal control. Animals were killed at various time points (1 h to 16 d) after surgery (blood exposure), and the degree of vasospasm was assessed by image analysis of artery cross sectional area. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the ability of a polyclonal antibody against rat IL-6 to inhibit vasospasm was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rat femoral artery model produced a biphasic vasospasm response, with maximal chronic delayed vasospasm occurring at 8 days after hemorrhage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a significant increase in IL-6 concentrations in blood-exposed arteries relative to saline-exposed arteries at multiple time points (6, 12, 24, and 48 h) after hemorrhage (P < 0.0001). A relative increase in IL-1alpha levels was noted at 24 hours (P < 0.01). IL-1beta levels were similarly elevated in both blood- and saline-exposed arteries, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were not detectable. Administration of a neutralizing polyclonal antibody against rat IL-6 directly into the blood-exposed periarterial pouch at the time of initial surgery resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of vasospasm compared with vehicle-treated controls at 8 days after hemorrhage (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that cytokine-mediated inflammation is active in the setting of posthemorrhagic vasospasm produced by the rat femoral artery model. In particular, the profound increase in IL-6 levels after exposure to hemorrhage and the ability of a polyclonal antibody against IL-6 to reduce vasospasm suggest that IL-6 may play a prominent role in the development of vasospasm in this model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Sanat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bonneau
authors.forename: Vernon M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chinchilli
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cockroft
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000276:immunology*; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors