title: Rearing condition and rh5-HTTLPR interact to influence limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in infant macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans and macaques, a promoter polymorphism that decreases transcription of the serotonin transporter gene is associated with anxiety. Serotonin transporter gene disruption in rodents produces anxious animals with exaggerated limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) responses to stress. We wanted to determine whether serotonin transporter gene promoter variation (rh-5HTTLPR) and rearing condition would interact to influence endocrine responses to stress in infant rhesus macaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were reared with their mothers (MR, n = 141) or in peer-only groups (PR, n = 67). At 6 months of age, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels were determined at baseline and during separation stress. Serotonin transporter genotype (l/l and l/s) was determined with polymerase chain reaction followed by gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortisol levels increased during separation, and there was a main effect of rearing condition, with decreased cortisol levels among PR macaques. Animals with l/s rh5-HTTLPR genotypes had higher ACTH levels than did l/l animals. Adrenocorticotropic hormone levels increased during separation, and there was a separation x rearing x rh5-HTTLPR interaction, such that PR-l/s animals had higher ACTH levels during separation than did other animals studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that serotonin transporter gene variation affects LHPA axis activity and that the influence of rh5-HTTLPR on hormonal responses during stress is modulated by early experience.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Studies, National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland 20837, USA.
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Timothy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dvoskin
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwandt
authors.forename: Maribeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Champoux
authors.forename: Klaus Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Suomi
authors.forename: J Dee
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Higley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001143:Arousal / Q000235:genetics*; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010379:Peer Group; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012701:Serotonin; D006854:Hydrocortisone