title: Disability self-assessment and upper quarter muscle balance between female dental hygienists and non-dental hygienists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to compare disability self-assessment and upper quarter muscle balance female dental hygienists and non dental hygienist females. The upper quarter was operationally defined as the shoulder and neck region. Muscle balance was operationally defined as muscle flexibility and muscle performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 41 working dental hygienists and 46 non dental hygienists participated in the study. Muscle flexibility of the upper quarter was measured by inclinometry or standard muscle length testing. Muscle performance was measured by timing the duration of four statically maintained positions. Subjects filled out the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPNPQ), which is a disability self-assessment. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used during data analysis to adjust for the mean age difference between the dental hygienist group (38.0 years) and the non-dental hygienist group (29.3 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that female dental hygienists are more likely than non dental hygienist females to develop tightness in the upper trapezius (p = 0.007) and the levator scapula (p = 0.01) of the non dominant upper quarter and lower fibers of the pectoralis major of the dominant upper quarter (p = 0.03) Muscle performance trends in the dental hygienist group supported muscle balance theory that short muscles remain strong while lengthened muscles become weak. The dental hygienist group had higher disability scores in all nine parts of the NPNPQ compared to the non-dental hygienist group, five of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that muscle imbalances in the upper quarter are more common in female dental hygienists than in female non dental hygienists and may contribute to the numerous upper quarter pathologies associated with the practice of dental hygiene. Further research is needed to determine if upper quarter strengthening and flexibility exercises performed by dental hygienists can reduce disability self-assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, USA.
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Godges
authors.forename: Everett B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: Joni A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Grenith J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Sharon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D003756:Dental Hygienists; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016353:Self-Examination / Q000379:methods*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016526:Workload