title: Low-frequency sonophoresis: a review.
abstract: Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to a variety of molecules (sonophoresis). The enhancement induced by ultrasound is particularly significant at low-frequencies (f<100 kHz, low-frequency sonophoresis). This review summarizes mechanisms and applications of low-frequency sonophoresis. In vitro, in vivo, as well as clinical studies demonstrating the effect of low-frequency ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery and glucose extraction are summarized. Mechanistic insights gained through a number of investigations are also reviewed. Finally, reports on the synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound with other enhancers including chemicals and iontophoresis are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. samir@engineering.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitragotri
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kost
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations