title: Persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from Hanoi and Hochiminh City, Vietnam: contamination, accumulation kinetics and risk assessment for infants.
abstract: Despite the ban on persistent organochlorines (OCs) in most of the developed nations, their usage continued until recently in many Asian developing countries including Vietnam, for agricultural purposes and vector-borne disease eradication programs. In this study, we collected human breast milk samples from the two big cities in Vietnam: Hanoi (n=42) and Hochiminh (n=44) and determined the concentrations of persistent OCs such as PCBs, DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and tris-4-chlorophenyl-methane (TCPMe). The contamination pattern of OCs was in the order of DDTs > PCBs > HCHs > CHLs approximately HCB approximately TCPMe. Compilation of available data indicated that DDT residue levels in human breast milk from Vietnam were among the highest values reported for Asian developing countries as well as developed nations. This result suggests recent usage of DDTs in both north and south Vietnam. Interestingly, in both cities, the p,p'-DDT portion was higher in multiparas than those in primiparas. Considering the fact that the interval between the first and the second child of a mother in Vietnam is usually short, this result probably indicates continuous intake of DDTs in the population. Analysis of infant exposure to DDTs via breast milk suggested that the daily intake rates for number of individuals are close to or above the threshold for adverse effects which may raise concern on children health.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Nguyen Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.forename: Tu Binh
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunisue
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Mafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Pham Hung
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Viet
authors.forename: Bui Cach
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tuyen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002706:Chlordan / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003906:Developing Countries; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010298:Parity; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D002706:Chlordan; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls