title: Trends in private and public health insurance for adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies (1984-1995) of adolescent health insurance have shown little change in the proportion with coverage. Federally mandated expansions in Medicaid were offset by declines in private coverage. Further expansions of Medicaid and implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) have opened new avenues for increasing coverage rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the current health insurance status of adolescents, the demographic and socioeconomic correlates of insurance coverage, and document recent changes in public and private coverage rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data on 12 995 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years, who had been included in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. We conducted multivariate analyses to assess the independent association of age, sex, race, poverty status, family structure, family size, and region on the likelihood of having insurance coverage. Results are compared with previously published findings on adolescent health insurance coverage spanning 1984 to 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insurance coverage for adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 12.2% of adolescents were uninsured in 2002, which is a decrease from 14.1% in 1995 (P<.003). The decrease occurred entirely because of an expansion of public coverage and is concentrated among children in poor (<100% of the federal poverty level) and near-poor (100%-199% of the federal poverty level) families. A substantial decrease in the differences between poor and higher-income groups occurred between 1995 and 2002 due to gains in coverage for adolescents in poor and near-poor families and losses in coverage among those in middle- and upper-income families (> or =200% of the federal poverty level). Specifically, the proportion of adolescents in poor families without coverage declined from 27.4% in 1995 to 19.7% in 2002 (P<.001). The proportion of adolescents in near-poor families without coverage declined from 24.8% in 1995 to 19.2% in 2002 (P<.002). In contrast, the proportion of adolescents in middle- and higher-income families without insurance increased from 4.1% in 1995 to 6.3% in 2002 because availability of insurance through the private market declined (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modest but significant reduction in the percentage of adolescents without insurance has occurred since 1995, largely as a result of expansions in public coverage. An even larger reduction in the proportion of adolescents without coverage would have occurred, if not for a reduction in private coverage for adolescents in middle- and higher-income families.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. pauln@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Newacheck
authors.forename: M Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Claire D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States