title: Separation of fluorescence signals from Ca2+ and NADH during cardioplegic arrest and cardiac ischemia.
abstract: Determinations of intracellular [Ca(2+)](i) during ischemia using fluorescent indicators are hampered by overlapping cellular autofluorescence (AF), which largely depends on NADH. If Ca(2+) is to be determined under different kinds of ischemia, signal separation merits special attention. We used triple wavelength excitation fluorescence to separate autofluorescence from [Ca(2+)]-dependent fura-2 fluorescence. Excitation at 360 nm served as third, Ca(2+)-insensitive wavelength. Using an appropriate evaluation procedure, we separated Ca(2+)-dependent signals from autofluorescence which is semiquantitatively associated with NADH, an indicator of the cellular redox state. We compared changes of [Ca(2+)](i) in isolated hearts during ischemia following cardioplegic arrest with those after transient stop of nutritive perfusion. We observed [Ca(2+)] transients in spontaneously beating hearts, persisting during ischemic episodes, and an increase of mean [Ca(2+)](i). In contrast, cardioplegic arrest stopped periodical [Ca(2+)](i) transients and heart beats simultaneously. [Ca(2+)](i) remained at diastolic values, tended to decrease during the first minutes of cardioplegic arrest and then increased slowly. Autofluorescence increased under both conditions. During ischemia, this increase was faster than in cardioplegia experiments. It started after the last heart beat despite persisting perfusion. Our measurements demonstrate that rhythmical heart beat is essential for sufficient perfusion. Reduced [Ca(2+)](i) under cardioplegic arrest may influence metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 365, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brachmanski
authors.forename: Martha Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nobiling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009243:NAD; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2