title: Traumatic stress in late pregnancy.
abstract: Traumatic stress has traditionally been studied in the aftermath of traumatic events. In contrast, this study aimed to explore if traumatic stress can occur before an event that is perceived as threatening or feared. Traumatic stress, as related to the forthcoming delivery, was studied in 1224 women. Background data and psychological characteristics were assessed in early pregnancy and traumatic stress and fear of childbirth in late pregnancy. Of all subjects, 2.3% met all DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 5.8% fulfilled criteria B, C, and D in late pregnancy. Traumatic stress and fear of childbirth correlated significantly. High trait anxiety, depressive symptomatology, psychological/psychiatric counseling related to childbirth, and self-reported psychological problems, measured in early pregnancy, were risk factors for traumatic stress and fear of childbirth in late pregnancy. Results suggest the occurrence of "pre"traumatic stress (i.e., a threatening forthcoming event provoking symptoms similar to those after a traumatic event).
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden. johso@imk.liu.se
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Söderquist
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wijma
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wijma
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires