title: Early recognition of newborn goat kids by their mother: II. Auditory recognition and evidence of an individual acoustic signature in the neonate.
abstract: The vocal recognition of newborn kids by their mother at 2 days postpartum and the possible existence of interindividual differences in the voice structure of newborn kids were investigated in two separate studies. The ability of goats to discriminate between the bleats of their own versus an alien kid was tested at 2 days postpartum in mothers being prevented access to visual and olfactory cues from the young. Goats spent significantly more time on the side of the enclosure from which their own kid was bleating, looked in its direction for longer, and responded more frequently to the bleats of their own than to those of the alien kid (p < 0.05). In the second study, the sonograms of 13 kids, studied from Days 1 to 5, showed significant interindividual differences for the five variables taken into account and on each of the 5 days (duration of bleat, fundamental frequency, peak frequency, and numbers of segments and of harmonics). The potential for individual coding ranged between 1.1 and 4.1, indicating that for some variables variations between individuals were greater than intraindividual variations. Furthermore, when considering the five parameters together, the discriminating scores showed an average of 95% in the 78 combinations of any 2 kids for any given day. Finally, some significant intraindividual differences also were found between days, suggesting ontogenic changes in the characteristics of the kid's voice in early life. Therefore, mother goats are likely to recognize the vocalizations of their 48-hr-old kids, as they show sufficient interindividual variability to allow the existence of individual vocal signatures, even though some of the characteristics of the bleats change rapidly over time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Etología Instituto de Neurobiología Campus UNAM-UAQ Juriquilla AP 1-1142, Querétaro, 76001, México. garciate@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terrazas
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Serafin
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poindron
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology