title: A tyrosine-based sorting signal regulates intracellular trafficking of protease-activated receptor-1: multiple regulatory mechanisms for agonist-induced G protein-coupled receptor internalization.
abstract: Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for thrombin, is irreversibly proteolytically activated, internalized, and then sorted to lysosomes and degraded. Internalization and lysosomal sorting of activated PAR1 is critical for termination of receptor signaling. We previously demonstrated that activated PAR1 is rapidly phosphorylated and internalized via a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent pathway that is independent of arrestins. Toward understanding the mechanisms responsible for activated PAR1 internalization through clathrin-coated pits we examined the function of a highly conserved tyrosine-based motif, YXXL, localized in the cytoplasmic carboxyl tail of the receptor. A mutant PAR1 in which tyrosine 383 and leucine 386 were replaced with alanines (Y383A/L386A) was significantly impaired in agonist-triggered internalization and degradation compared with wild-type receptor. In contrast, constitutive internalization, and recycling of unactivated PAR1 Y383A/L386A mutant was not affected, suggesting that tonic cycling of the mutant receptor remained intact. Strikingly, a PAR1 C387Z truncation mutant in which the YXXL motif was exposed at the C terminus constitutively internalized and degraded in an agonist-independent manner, whereas C387Z truncation mutant in which the critical tyrosine and leucine were mutated to alanine (C387Z-Y383A/L386A) failed to internalize. Inhibition of PAR1 C387Z mutant constitutive internalization with dominant-negative K44A dynamin blocked agonist-independent degradation of the mutant receptor. Together these findings strongly suggest that internalization of activated PAR1 is controlled by multiple regulatory mechanisms involving phosphorylation and a highly conserved tyrosine-based motif, YXXL. This study is the first to describe a function for a tyrosine-based motif, YXX, in GPCR internalization and reveal novel complexities in the regulation of GPCR trafficking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
authors.forename: May M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paing
authors.forename: Brenda R S
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trejo
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002966:Clathrin / Q000737:chemistry; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007930:Leucine / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000737:chemistry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002966:Clathrin; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014443:Tyrosine; D007930:Leucine; D000409:Alanine