title: IGF-I prevents glutamate-mediated bax translocation and cytochrome C release in O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitors.
abstract: Oligodendroglial death due to overactivation of the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors is implicated in white matter damage in multiple CNS disorders. We previously demonstrated that glutamate induces caspase-3 activation and death of the late oligodendrocyte progenitor known as the pro-oligodendroblast (pro-OL) via activation of the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors. We also demonstrated that IGF-I had the unique ability to sustain activation of Akt in the pro-OL and provide long-term protection of these cells from glutamate-mediated apoptosis. The goal of these studies was to investigate the mechanisms of glutamate toxicity and IGF-I-mediated survival in the pro-OL. IGF-I prevented glutamate-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation. In contrast to IGF-I mediated survival mechanisms in neurons, IGF-I had no effect on the influx or recovery of intracellular calcium levels or on levels of major pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules including Bax or Bcl-xL. Rather, IGF-I prevented the glutamate-induced translocation of Bax to the mitochondria. Moreover, IGF-I prevented caspase-3 activation in pro-OLs as long as 8 h after exposure of the cells to glutamate, suggesting that delayed activation of IGF-I-mediated survival pathways can block glutamate-mediated apoptosis in pro-OLs. The results of these experiments define the mechanisms by which glutamate kills oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by which IGF-I blocks glutamate-induced apoptosis in these cells. The data also demonstrate that IGF-I disrupts the glutamate-mediated apoptotic pathway in the pro-OL through mechanisms that are distinct from its survival-promoting actions in neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Scaduto
authors.forename: Teresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000166:cytology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D045304:Cytochromes c; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium