title: Role of cholesterol, calcium, and mitochondrial activity in the susceptibility for cryodamage after a cycle of freezing and thawing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate the levels of two concrete sperm markers, cholesterol and Ca(+2), together with mitochondrial activity on raw semen samples with the post-thaw recovery of spermatozoa with progressive motility on human sperm samples as the first step to improve sperm cryostorage protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled prospective research project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private and university-affiliated setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples from 122 males attending our center for infertility (n = 47) or semen donation (n = 75) were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mean basic semen parameters of the 122 semen samples studied before and after the freezing and thawing process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined Ca(+2) and cholesterol concentrations on seminal plasma by enzymoimmunoanalysis techniques, intracellular Ca(+2) concentrations, cholesterol concentrations in the sperm plasma membrane and mitochondrial activity by fluorometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholesterol concentration in seminal plasma and cholesterol contents in the sperm membrane and mitochondrial activity were studied. No correlations were initially found to be of statistical significance. Regarding seminal plasma and intracellular sperm Ca(+2) concentrations, a statistically significant negative correlation was found (P=.036 and P=.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher cholesterol contents do not appear to protect sperm against cryodamage. Conversely, Ca(+2) equilibrium appears to be essential for a good post-thaw recovery. Mitochondrial activity is not reflecting the possibilities of sperm survival and is probably not a good indicator of the sperm metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), Valencia, Spain. marcos.meseguer@ivi.es
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meseguer
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Conejero
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simón
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicer
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Remohí
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D002118:Calcium