title: International law and law enforcement firearms.
abstract: Several international agreements set constraints on the legitimate use of firearms as representing lethal force. Their meaning in terms of weapons technology must take into account their operational frame of reference, and legitimate warfare can be regarded as a law enforcement operation with similar principles on the use of force. Changes in weapons technology, such as new types of ammunition, transforming firearms into weapons with less-lethal and even humanitarian options, require new interpretations of the legislation. A division into lethal and non-lethal weapons is an oversimplification and the separation of international humanitarian law into military and law enforcement provisions can be questioned from the technical aspect. The type of technology acceptable for law enforcement use of firearms should be defined. An assessment for weapon injury should not be based on lethality, but rather on the potential for tissue damage and its reversibility.
authors.affiliation: Police Technical Centre, 00561 Helsinki, Finland. jorma.jussila@ptk.poliisi.fi
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jussila
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Normia
mesh_terms: D005389:Firearms / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D005610:Freedom; D014943:Global Health; D006806:Human Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods; D008891:Military Science / Q000592:standards*; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods; D014754:Violence / Q000639:trends*; D014857:Warfare / Q000941:ethics