title: Linking hospital discharge and death records--accuracy and sources of bias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and apply an automated linkage algorithm to 10 years of California hospitalization discharge abstracts and death records (1990 to 1999), evaluate linkage accuracy, and identify sources of bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 1,858,458 acute hospital discharge records with unique social security numbers (SSNs) from 1 representative year of discharge data (1997), which had at least 2 years of follow-up, 66,410 of 69,757 deaths occurring in the hospital (95%) and 66,998 of 1,788,701 of individuals discharged alive (3.7%) linked to death records. Linkage sensitivity and specificity were estimated as 0.9524 and 0.9998 and positive and negative predictive values as 0.994 and 0.998 (corresponding to 400 incorrect death linkages among out-of-hospital death record linkages and 3,300 unidentified record pairs among unlinked live discharges).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based upon gold standard linkage rates, discharge records for those of age 1 year and older without SSNs may have 2,520 additional uncounted posthospitalization deaths at 1 year after admission. Gold standard comparison for those with SSNs showed women, the elderly, and Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks had more unlinked hospital death records, although absolute differences were small. The concentration of unidentified linkages among discharge records of traditionally vulnerable populations may result in understating mortality rates and other estimates (i.e., events with competing hazard of death) for these populations if SSN is differentially related to a patient's disease severity and comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because identification of cases of out-of-hospital deaths has improved over the past decade, observed improvements in patient survival over this time are likely to be conservative.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 911 Broxton Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736, USA. dzingmond@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zingmond
authors.forename: Zhishen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ettner
authors.forename: Honghu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003628:Database Management Systems; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003644:Death Certificates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity