title: FT-IR study of the Chara corallina cell wall under deformation.
abstract: Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy was used to investigate both the chemical composition of, and the effects of an applied strain on, the structure of the Chara corallina cell wall. The inner layers of the cell wall are known to have a transverse cellulose orientation with a gradient through the thickness to longitudinal orientation in the older layers. In both the native state and following the removal of various biopolymers by a sequential extraction infrared dichroism was used to examine the orientation of different biopolymers in cell-wall samples subjected to longitudinal strain. In the Chara system, cellulose microfibrils were found to be aligned predominantly transverse to the long axis of the cell and became orientated increasingly transversely as longitudinal strain increased. Simultaneously, the pectic polysaccharide matrix underwent molecular orientation parallel to the direction of strain. Following extraction in CDTA, microfibrils were orientated transversely to the strain direction, and again the degree of transverse orientation increased with increasing strain. However, the pectic polysaccharides of the matrix were not detected in the dichroic difference spectra. After a full sequential extraction, the cellulose microfibrils, now with greatly reduced crystallinity, were detected in a longitudinal direction and they became orientated increasingly parallel to the direction of strain as it increased.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Geraldine A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Toole
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacuráková
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.forename: Reginald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D048429:Cell Size; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D044784:Chara / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D002457:Cell Extracts; D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C005686:sodium carbonate; C005390:CDTA; D004492:Edetic Acid; C029943:potassium hydroxide