title: Molecular resolution of the family Dreissenidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) with emphasis on Ponto-Caspian species, including first report of Mytilopsis leucophaeata in the Black Sea basin.
abstract: Considerable uncertainty exists in determination of the phylogeny among extant members of the Dreissenidae, especially those inhabiting the Ponto-Caspian basin, as multiple systematic revisions based on morphological characteristics have failed to resolve relationships within this group of bivalves. In this study we use DNA sequence analyses of two mitochondrial gene fragments, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), to determine phylogenetic relationships among Dreissena rostriformis, D. bugensis, D. polymorpha, D. stankovici, Congeria kusceri, and Mytilopsis leucophaeata. Dreissena stankovici was determined to represent a sister taxa to D. polymorpha and both are more closely related to other extant Dreissena species than Congeria or Mytilopsis. Sequence divergence between D. rostriformis and D. bugensis was relatively low (0.3-0.4%), suggesting that these two taxa constitute a single species. However, environmental differences suggest two races of D. rostriformis, a brackish water race (rostriformis) and a freshwater race (bugensis). Spread of bugensis-type individuals into habitats in the Caspian Sea that are occupied by rostriformis-type individuals may create novel hybridization opportunities. Species-specific molecular markers also were developed in this study since significant intraspecific variation in morphological features complicates dreissenid identification. Using two gene fragments (nuclear 28S and 16S), we identified restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) that distinguish among D. rostriformis/bugensis, D. polymorpha, and D. stankovici and revealed the presence of a cryptic invader to the Black Sea basin, Mytilopsis leucophaeata. This is the first report of this North American native in southern Europe.
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont., Canada N9B 3P4. therriaultt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Therriault
authors.forename: Margaret F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Docker
authors.forename: Marina I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Orlova
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Hugh J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: MacIsaac
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008974:Mollusca / Q000235:genetics*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012426:Russia; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes