title: Retrograde tracheal intubation: beyond fibreoptic endotracheal intubation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy is the method of choice for coping with difficult tracheal intubations, a leading cause of catastrophic outcomes in anaesthesia. However, this technique is not always available or feasible. Retrograde intubation is a minimally invasive airway management technique with a flat learning curve and a high level of skill retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the anaesthesia records of 24 patients who underwent retrograde intubation. The success rate and the incidence of complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrograde tracheal intubation was successful in all 24 patients. In 21 patients it succeeded on the first attempt. In two patients it succeeded when the technique was changed from sliding over a guide wire to a pulling technique. The most common complication was a sore throat in almost 60% of the patients. Two patients had mild subcutaneous emphysema and one had minimal bleeding at the puncture site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these patients retrograde tracheal intubation was easy to perform, had a high success rate and a low incidence of complications. It is a reliable alternative when fibreoptic intubation is precluded, fails or is unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. weksler@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weksler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weksler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sidelnick
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chorni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rozentsveig
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gurman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ovadia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome