title: A method to reduce the invasiveness of fetal catheterization in the cow.
abstract: Surgical intervention in general anesthesia (GA) of the cow in late gestation is a stressful condition for both mother and fetus, potentially leading to premature delivery or fetal death. The present study hypothesized that fetal catheterization at days 246-253 (90% of gestation) is done with less physical and metabolic stress for the mother and fetus, when the surgery is performed on a standing cow and local anesthesia (LA) rather than on a recumbent cow in general anesthesia. Fetal and uterine maternal intra-vascular catheters were implanted during general anesthesia (GA, n=24) or local analgesia (LA, n=7). Blood gases and metabolite levels in the fetal calves and their mothers were measured during surgery and for 5 days post-operatively. During surgery, venous blood pH was higher (7.44 +/- 0.01 versus 7.39 +/- 0.01, P<0.05) and hemoglobin and oxygen contents lower in LA cows compared with GA cows (9.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl versus 11.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, P<0.001 and 10.0 +/- 0.3 ml/dl versus 12.6 +/- 0.6 ml/dl, P<0.05). The differences between the two groups of fetuses reflected those of their dams in that LA fetuses showed lower arterial oxygen pressure (18.3 +/- 1.4 mmHg versus 24.8 +/- 1.4 mmHg, P<0.05) and hemoglobin (7.81 +/- 0.30 mg/dl versus 9.22 +/- 0.21 mg/dl P<0.01) and furthermore, they also showed higher blood glucose (2.4 +/- 0.2 mM versus 1.4 +/- 0.1 mM, P<0.01). During the 5 days post-surgery, 10 GA fetuses (42%) and 1 LA fetus (14%) died in utero. Bacterial contamination was implicated in six of the GA deaths and in the one LA death. In the dams with surviving calves, differences in hemoglobin (9.49 +/- 0.21 mg/dl versus 11.17 +/- 0.23 mg/dl P<0.001) and O2ct (10.9 +/- 0.3 ml/dl versus 12.5 +/- 0.5 ml/dl, P<0.05) were still present, and in addition, blood glucose was higher in LA versus GA cows (4.3 +/- 0.2 mM versus 3.8 +/- 0.1 mM, P<0.05). The choice of surgical method did not affect post-surgery blood chemistry in the surviving fetuses, except that the higher blood glucose in the LA fetuses at surgery tended to be maintained also post-operatively (2.0 +/- 0.2 mM versus 1.5 +/- 0.1 mM, P=0.07). The observed differences in blood chemistry parameters between the two methods of surgery and possibly in the fetal death may be explained by differences in catheterization method and the associated differences in physical and metabolic stress during and after surgery. Thus, surgery upon a standing cow in local anesthesia should be considered as an alternative to surgery in universal anesthesia for fetal catheterization in the cow in late gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies and Reproduction, Division of Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. mhs@kvl.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sangild
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greve
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D002404:Catheterization / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013513:Obstetric Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen