title: Evaluating the impact of population and high-risk strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the potential effectiveness of different "high-risk" and "population" approaches to the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle-aged British men, after correction for regression dilution bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a combination of cohort and randomised controlled trial evidence to estimate the effectiveness of high-risk strategies, based on the identification of high-risk factors or high absolute risk, and strategies based on population-wide reductions in cholesterol and blood pressure. High-risk strategies were potentially effective but would need to be used widely to have a substantial effect on CVD in the population. Aggressive pharmacological treatment (using statins, beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors and aspirin) in individuals with a 10-year Framingham event risk of >or=30% (6% of population) would have reduced major CVD by at most 11%. This figure increased to 34% at a >or=20% treatment threshold (26% of population). In contrast, modest downwards shifts in the population distributions of serum total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure led to marked expected reductions in major CVD. Taking regression dilution bias into account, 10% reductions in long-term mean blood cholesterol and blood pressure could have reduced major CVD by 45%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If high-risk strategies are to have a major impact on CVD in the population, they need to be more widely used than previously envisaged. Population-wide reduction of major risk factors is needed if CVD is to be substantially reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK. j.emberson@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emberson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors