title: Recovery from severe hepatitis caused by mushroom poisoning without liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toxic mushroom poisoning leads to a variety of clinical outcomes ranging from self-limited gastrointestinal symptoms to fulminant hepatic failure requiring orthotopic liver transplantation. We reviewed the outcomes of patients with severe acute hepatitis secondary to mushroom poisoning, treated with contemporary modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted to our institution over a 5-year period with elevated transaminase levels (>1000 IU/L) attributed to recent mushroom ingestion. The patients' clinical course, laboratory data, and treatment regimen were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients who presented with severe hepatitis after mushroom ingestion qualified for analysis. The mean peak serum levels were: aspartate transaminase 5488 IU/L, alanine transaminase 7618 IU/L, and total bilirubin 10.5 mg/dL. The mean peak prothrombin time was 31 seconds. One patient developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Three patients developed encephalopathy ranging from grade I to III. All 8 patients survived without significant morbidity or need for liver transplantation. Subgroup analysis revealed that older patients spent more days in the intensive care unit and subsequently had longer hospital stays. The older group also had a trend toward more severe laboratory abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with severe hepatitis from mushroom poisoning are thought to have a poor prognosis and frequently need liver transplantation for survival. We suggest that with early and aggressive multidisciplinary care, such patients have improved outcomes and may avoid liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center, 2340 Clay Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rengstorff
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonacini
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009145:Mushroom Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase