title: American and Japanese women use different coping strategies during normal pregnancy.
abstract: In this longitudinal study, pregnant women in Japan and the United States reported on three coping strategies. Two are individually phrased: personal influence over outcomes and acceptance of outcomes. The third, social assurance, is grounded in relationships, noting that close others can influence outcomes. A European American sample rated acceptance highest as a strategy, whereas Japanese women rated social assurance highest. For Americans, acceptance correlated with better pregnancy outcomes (less distress over time, better prenatal care, and less weight gain). For Japanese women, social assurance predicted a more positive maternal relationship. Acceptance correlated with less Time 1 distress in both samples. Surprisingly, personal influence generally did not predict positive outcomes in either sample, perhaps because normal pregnancy is a time-limited event with a positive prognosis. The findings are consistent with the view that well-being is related to individual variables in the United States but also to features of social relationships in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Muhlenberg College, USA. morling@psych.udel.edu.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morling
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007564:Japan; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D012945:Social Values / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*