title: Effect of smoking on global cognitive function in nondemented elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrary to early case-control studies that suggested smoking protects against Alzheimer disease (AD), recent prospective studies have shown that elderly who smoke may be at increased risk for dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the effect of smoking on cognition in nondemented elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter cohort, the European Community Concerted Action Epidemiology of Dementia (EURODEM), including the Odense, Personnes Agées Quid (Paquid), Rotterdam, and Medical Research Council: Ageing in Liverpool Project-Health Aspects (MRC ALPHA) Studies, 17,610 persons aged 65 and over were screened and examined for dementia. After an average 2.3 years of follow-up, 11,003 nondemented participants were retested. Excluding incident dementia cases and those without baseline information on smoking gave an analytical sample of 9,209 persons. Average yearly decline in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was compared among groups, adjusting for age, sex, baseline MMSE, education, type of residence, and history of myocardial infarction or stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMSE score of persons who never smoked on average declined 0.03 point/year. The adjusted decline of former smokers was 0.03 point greater and of current smokers 0.13 point greater than never smokers (p < 0.001). Higher rates of decline by smoking were found in men and women, persons with and without family history of dementia, and in three of four participating studies. Higher cigarette pack-year exposure was correlated with a significantly higher rate of decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking may accelerate cognitive decline in nondemented elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs. Hofman, Launer, Ott, and Stijnen), Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Letenneur
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: J R M
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kragh-Sorensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Lage
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology