title: Family history and behavioral abnormalities in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the role of family history, infrequent voiding, poor fluid intake, functional stool retention and inadequate anogenital hygiene or toilet habits in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The possible occurrence of these risk factors was assessed in 90 Swiss girls with recurrent urinary tract infections and in a control group of 45 girls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family history was positive in 42% of patients and in 11% of controls (p <0.001). Behavioral abnormalities were also more frequently noted in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections than in the control group (81% vs 56%, p <0.01). There were 137 abnormalities in 73 girls with recurrent urinary tract infections and 30 abnormalities in 25 controls. Two or more abnormalities each, that is 2 in 32 girls and 3 in 16, were noted in 48 girls with recurrent urinary tract infections and in 5 control girls. No controls presented with more than 2 abnormalities. Infrequent voiding (54% vs 24%, p <0.001), poor fluid intake (53% vs 16%, p <0.001) and functional stool retention (30% vs 13%, p <0.05) were more frequently disclosed in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections than in control girls. In contrast, the frequency of inadequate stool hygiene or toilet habits was similar in patients and controls (14% and 13%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of girls with recurrent urinary tract infections should focus on identifying behavioral aspects, including infrequent voiding, poor fluid intake and functional stool retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Boudewijn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Weg
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donadini
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Ramelli
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bianchetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013557:Switzerland; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*