title: Retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis of cetirizine in children aged 6 months to 12 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate retrospectively the population pharmacokinetics of cetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine, in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from six clinical trials, in which cetirizine was administered orally in various formulations and in single and multiple dosage regimens. The population consisted of 112 children (33 female and 79 male) aged 6 months to 12 years. A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was fitted to the plasma concentration-time profiles using nonlinear mixed effects modelling with first-order estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A linear association was found between apparent clearance (CL/F) and age with the former increasing by 0.12 l h(-1) per year. The intercept of the relationship was slightly lower for female children (0.59 vs. 0.77 l h(-1) in male). The population estimate of CL/F for an average age of 7 years was 1.61 and 1.43 l h(-1) for male and female children, respectively. A linear association was found between apparent volume of distribution (V/F) and age with the former increasing by 1.4 l year(-1), with an intercept of 4.0 l. The population estimate of V/F for an average age of 7 years was 13.9 l. The magnitudes of interpatient variability were 35.6% for CL/F and 19.7% for V/F. The magnitude of residual variability in cetirizine concentrations was 26.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population analysis predicts a linear increase in cetirizine CL/F and V/F with age, with CL/F being slightly lower in female children, relative to males of the same age. However, this gender difference probably has no clinical consequences. Since V/F increased more rapidly with age than CL/F, a nonlinear increase in half-life was seen, from < 4 h in infants to near the adult value at 12 years of age. The current recommended dosing regimens that younger children should receive lower but more frequent doses, are confirmed by the present analysis.
authors.affiliation: Medeval Ltd, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitsiu
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Oneeb
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Longueville
authors.forename: Armel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockis
mesh_terms: D017332:Cetirizine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D017332:Cetirizine