title: Cardiac anesthesiology, professionalism and ethics: a microcosm of anesthesiology and medicine.
abstract: The granting of professional status to medicine by society at large entails obligations by physicians. Those physicians in the young subspecialty of cardiac anesthesiology have fulfilled these obligations by developing a body of scientific and clinical knowledge and the technical bases to increase survival and decrease morbidity of patients with heart disease undergoing either cardiac or noncardiac surgery. Furthermore, they have contributed effectively to the broad practice of medicine. However, a strong argument can be made that these contributions, though benefiting many individual patients, do not by themselves completely fulfill our obligations. The concept of Civic Professionalism states that our moral responsibilities as physicians must be expanded beyond our immediate patients. Physicians have the obligation to use their knowledge and influence to promote the common good. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes access to health care as a basic tenet. The present health care system of the United States excludes many people. Thus, cardiac anesthesiologists have a moral obligation to actively advocate for universal access to health care until it is achieved. Doing so will make the specialty of cardiac anesthesiology an example to the entire profession of medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac anesthesiologists have contributed to enhanced survival and decreased morbidity of patients with heart disease undergoing surgery. These achievements do not by themselves fulfill the moral obligations incurred by the concept of Civic Professionalism, however. Cardiac anesthesiologists, in common with all physicians, must share the obligation to advocate for the human right of universal access to health care.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Anaesthesia and Division of Medical Ethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history / Q000592:standards*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history / Q000592:standards*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000266:history; D013038:Specialization