title: Third generation oral contraceptive use and cardiovascular risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the relationship between third generation oral contraceptive (OC) use and various cardiovascular risk factors--including markers of inflammation--in a population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on OC use were obtained from women, aged 25-44 years participating in the MONICA Augsburg survey 1994-1995. Complete data were available from 841 women. Third generation OCs were defined as OCs containing desogestrel or gestodene, the remaining OC products were summarized in the group "other OC."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women taking third generation OCs had significantly higher C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to the "other OC" group and non-users. In contrast, LDL-cholesterol was identical in the three groups. The analyses of interaction between smoking and OC use revealed that smoking women taking third generation pills had a less favourable pattern concerning inflammatory markers compared to women not on OC or using other products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potentially harmful effects of OCs may arise from their positive association with the acute phase response. There is a close relationship with inflammatory markers in particular in women taking third generation OCs, which may, at least in part, contribute to the increased atherothrombotic risk, reported specifically in these women.
authors.affiliation: GSF-Research, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Döring
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D009652:Norpregnenes; C033273:Gestodene; D017135:Desogestrel; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein