title: Association of pre- and postoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta(1) and interleukin 6 and its soluble receptor with prostate cancer progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have shown that preoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), interleukin 6 (IL)-6, and its receptor (IL-6sR) are associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. The objectives of this study were to confirm these findings and to examine the association of changes in plasma levels of these markers after surgery with disease progression in a large consecutive cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of TGF-beta(1), IL-6, and IL-6sR were measured pre- and postoperatively (6-8 weeks after surgery) in 302 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre- and postoperative levels of TGF-beta(1) were significantly elevated in patients with extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, and metastases to lymph nodes. In contrast, preoperative levels of IL-6 and IL-6sR, but not postoperative levels, were significantly associated with tumor volume, prostatectomy Gleason sum, and metastases to lymph nodes. In a postoperative model that included pre- and postoperative TGF-beta(1), IL-6, and IL-6sR and standard postoperative parameters, postoperative TGF-beta(1) and prostatectomy Gleason sum were significant predictors of overall and aggressive disease progression. Although, for all patients, plasma levels of all three markers declined significantly after prostate removal, for patients that experienced disease progression, only IL-6 and IL-6sR levels decreased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, preoperative plasma levels of TGF-beta(1) and IL-6sR are associated with metastases to regional lymph nodes, presumed occult metastases at the time of primary treatment, and disease progression. After prostate removal, postoperative TGF-beta(1) level increases in value over preoperative levels for the prediction of disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Baylor Prostate Center, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Traxel
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Kuichun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Slawin
mesh_terms: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011003:Ploidies; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1