title: Low yield of ancillary diagnostic studies in neonates infected with Candida.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fungal infection can be a significant complication for the critically ill neonate. However, the usefulness of extensive radiologic and ophthalmologic investigations in this population has not been thoroughly elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence of organ fungal involvement diagnosed by ancillary testing (echocardiogram, ophthalmologic examination, brain imaging, and renal ultrasound (RUS)) among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients with Candida infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single center review of all NICU patients with Candida-positive cultures of blood, urine, peritoneal fluid, endotracheal tube aspirate, or cerebrospinal fluid from January 1, 1997 to June 1 2002. Data regarding the number of positive cultures, species isolated, and presence of specific risk factors and clinical symptoms were recorded for each case, as well as occurrence, timing and results of ancillary testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 66 patients had at least one positive culture for Candida. The majority (71%) were <1500 g at birth, and mean gestational age was 29.5+/-5.6 weeks. Echocardiograms were obtained in 54/66 (82%), and ophthalmology examinations were obtained in 36/66 (55%); none of these was consistent with fungal involvement. Brain imaging was performed in 50/66 (76%), only one of which was positive, in a patient with 16 positive blood cultures for Candida albicans. RUS were performed in 58/66 (88%) of patients, with concerning findings for fungal involvement in seven of the studies. RUS findings alone did not appear to consistently influence the length of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ancillary evaluations to investigate for fungal dissemination were undertaken frequently, but were of overall low yield. Although ancillary testing may be of limited additional value in centers with a low threshold for suspecting fungal infections and an aggressive approach to therapy, potentially important findings, which could impact management, may occur.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drohan
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Benitz
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hintz
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000382:microbiology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004452:Echocardiography; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D012189:Retrospective Studies