title: Reproducibility and accuracy of automated probe measurements of gingiva and bone levels on stone casts following guided bone regeneration treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For evidence-based evaluation of guided bone regeneration (GBR), accurate registration of changes in gingiva and bone levels is needed. A new method is introduced and evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a clinical trial with 30 patients, alginate impressions of the surgical area including the interproximal gingiva and alveolar bone at the adjacent teeth were made in duplicate prior to and during GBR surgery, fixture installation and abutment connection. Poured in hard stone, the casts were used for repeated measurements of the level of the free gingival margin and the alveolar bone with an automated probe (Florida disc-probe(R)), using the incisal edge as a fixed reference point. The reproducibility and accuracy of these measurements were evaluated by means of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients and Generalizability Theory. The effect of treatment was evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generalizability Theory indicated a high accuracy of the gingiva- and bone-level measurements: the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for gingiva and bone levels were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The intra-cast reproducibility was 0.09+/-0.07 mm (mean+/-SD) and the inter-cast reproducibility was 0.10+/-0.09 and 0.20+/-0.07 mm for gingiva and bone levels, respectively. Clinical applicability is demonstrated by the fact that manova revealed on average a small but highly significant (p=0.001) effect of the staged surgical intervention on the gingiva and bone levels at the adjacent teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the presented method makes it possible to evaluate reproducibly and accurately changes in gingiva and bone levels for GBR studies.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Oral Implantology, Department of Oral Function, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), The Netherlands. E.vd.Zee@acta.nl
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van der Zee
authors.forename: Marie-Faustine
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oosterveld
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Waas
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D003761:Dental Impression Technique; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D003765:Models, Dental; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010517:Periodontics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants