title: Comparison of coronary sinus morphology in patients with and without atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia by intracardiac echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dual AV nodal physiology is the electrophysiologic substrate for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), but the anatomic basis for this arrhythmia remains to be elucidated. Atrial flutter (AFL) has been shown to be more frequently inducible in patients with AVNRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 3.2-French, 20-MHz intracardiac ultrasound (ICUS) catheter was introduced into the coronary sinus (CS), and two-dimensional ICUS images were recorded during transducer pullback in 21 patients with AVNRT and 18 control patients. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the CS was created using the TomTec Imaging system. The area of the CS lumen at 15 mm within the CS ostium (os) was not significantly different in patients with and without AVNRT (54.4 +/- 34.7 mm2 vs 39.1 +/- 28.5 mm2). However, the area of the CS os was significantly larger in patients with AVNRT than in those without (112.1 +/- 60.9 mm2 vs 71.7 +/- 44.4 mm2, P < 0.05). Three-dimensional morphology of the CS os revealed flaring in patients with AVNRT, giving it a "windsock" appearance. Sustained AFL was induced in 10 of 21 patients with AVNRT, but in none of 18 control patients (P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CS os was significantly wider in patients with AVNRT than in those without. These findings may have important implications for arrhythmia pathogenesis in AVNRT as well as AFL.
authors.affiliation: The Second Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kimie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Riko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Hidezou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kofune
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oshikawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Katsuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanmatsuse
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001830:Body Surface Area; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*