title: Vitamin C transport in oxidized form across the rat blood-retinal barrier.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the mechanisms of vitamin C transport across the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS. [(14)C]Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and [(14)C]ascorbic acid (AA) transport in the retina across the BRB were examined using in vivo integration plot analysis in rats, and the transport mechanism was characterized using a conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line (TR-iBRB2) as an in vitro model of the inner BRB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparent influx permeability clearance (K(in)) per gram of retina of [(14)C]DHA and [(14)C]AA was found to be 2.44 x 10(3) microL/(min x g retina) and 65.4 microL/(min x g retina), respectively. In the retina and brain, the K(in) of [(14)C]DHA was approximately 38 times greater than that of [(14)C]AA, whereas there was no major difference in the heart. The K(in) of [(14)C]DHA in the retina was eight times greater than that in the brain. HPLC analysis revealed that most of the vitamin C accumulated in AA form in the retina. These results suggest that vitamin C is mainly transported in DHA form across the BRB and accumulates in AA form in the rat retina. In an in vitro uptake study in TR-iBRB2 cells, the initial uptake rate of [(14)C]DHA was 37 times greater than that of [(14)C]AA, which is in agreement with the results of the in vivo study. [(14)C]DHA uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells took place in an Na(+)-independent and concentration-dependent manner with a K(m) of 93.4 microM. This process was inhibited by substrates and inhibitors of glucose transporters. [(14)C]DHA uptake was inhibited by D-glucose in a concentration-dependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration of 5.56 mM. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunostaining analyses revealed that expression of GLUT1 and -3 was greater than that of the Na(+)-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporter (SVCT)-2 in TR-iBRB2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin C is mainly transported across the BRB as DHA mediated through facilitative glucose transporters and accumulates as AA in the rat retina.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan. hosoyak@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosoya
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minamizono
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terasaki
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier / Q000502:physiology*; D002196:Capillaries; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters; D027981:Symporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters; D027981:Symporters; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid