title: Neurophysiological monitoring of spinal cord function during instrumented anterior cervical fusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) monitor global spinal cord function, and the interpretation of motor loss is based on inferred rather than direct measurements. Therefore, SSEPs may not be useful for identifying motor function deficits caused by anterior spinal column injury or nerve root injury during decompression or placement of instrumentation. For these reasons, adjunctive methods for monitoring may be especially useful during cervical spine surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of SSEP and transcranial electrical motor evoked potential (tceMEP) monitoring of spinal cord function during anterior fusion of the cervical spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive instrumented, anterior cervical spine surgeries performed by the same surgeon at a single institution for 119 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Record of neurophysiological alerts during surgery and record of postoperative neurological deficits not present before surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal cord function was monitored intraoperatively with recordings of ulnar and posterior tibial nerve SSEPs and tceMEPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six neurophysiologic alerts occurred that prompted surgeon and/or anesthesiologist intervention. Three patients developed new motor weakness after surgery. One patient had temporary right-leg weakness that was predicted accurately by the disappearance of the right lower extremity tceMEPs. One patient had additional temporary postoperative compromise of the right C5-C6 spinal nerve roots that could not be detected intraoperatively because of absent baseline tceMEPs from the affected muscles. For one patient who developed quadriparesis postoperatively, tceMEP monitoring was precluded by the excessive use of neuromuscular blockade during the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results illustrate the potential utility of intraoperative SSEPs and the tceMEPs for detection of changes in spinal cord function related to patient positioning and hemodynamic effects during anterior cervical fusion.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Monitoring Associates, Inc., 25 Bala Ave., Suite 105, Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004, USA. ranal@msn.com
authors.forename: Bikash
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Anthony K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sestokas
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D009482:Neurophysiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome