title: Inhibitory mechanisms of YC-1 and PMC in the induction of iNOS expression by lipoteichoic acid in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: In the present study, the signal pathways involved in NO formation and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by LTA were investigated. We also compared the relative inhibitory activities and mechanisms of PMC, a novel potent antioxidant of alpha-tocopherol derivatives, with those of YC-1, an sGC activator, on the induction of iNOS expression by LTA in cultured macrophages in vitro and LTA-induced hypotension in vivo. LTA induced concentration (0.1-50 microg/mL)- and time (4-24 hr)-dependent increases in nitrite (an indicator of NO biosynthesis) in macrophages. Both PMC (50 microM) and YC-1 (10 microM) inhibited NO production, iNOS protein, mRNA expression, and IkappaBalpha degradation upon stimulation by LTA (20 microg/mL) in macrophages. On the other hand, PMC (50 microM) almost completely suppressed JNK/SAPK activation, whereas YC-1 (10 microM) only partially inhibited its activation in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, PMC (10 mg/kg, i.v.) and YC-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited the fall in MAP stimulated by LTA (10 mg/kg, i.v.) in rats. In conclusion, we demonstrate that YC-1 shows more-potent activity than PMC at abrogating the expression of iNOS in macrophages in vitro and reversing delayed hypotension in rats with endotoxic shock stimulated by LTA. The inhibitory mechanisms of PMC may be due to its antioxidative properties, with a resulting influence on JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations. YC-1 may be mediated by increasing cyclic GMP, followed by, at least partly, inhibition of JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations, thereby leading to inhibition of iNOS expression.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Hsin-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tsorng-Harn
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Chien-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chen-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Joen-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sheu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D007191:Indazoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009573:Nitrites; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C090937:3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; C120726:2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases