title: Survival of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell cancer: a review of the IGCC classification by Cox regression and recursive partitioning.
abstract: The International Germ Cell Consensus (IGCC) classification identifies good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups among patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT). It uses the risk factors primary site, presence of nonpulmonary visceral metastases and tumour markers alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The IGCC classification is easy to use and remember, but lacks flexibility. We aimed to examine the extent of any loss in discrimination within the IGCC classification in comparison with alternative modelling by formal weighing of the risk factors. We analysed survival of 3048 NSGCT patients with Cox regression and recursive partitioning for alternative classifications. Good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups were based on predicted 5-year survival. Classifications were further refined by subgrouping within the poor prognosis group. Performance was measured primarily by a bootstrap corrected c-statistic to indicate discriminative ability for future patients. The weights of the risk factors in the alternative classifications differed slightly from the implicit weights in the IGCC classification. Discriminative ability, however, did not increase clearly (IGCC classification, c=0.732; Cox classification, c=0.730; Recursive partitioning classification, c=0.709). Three subgroups could be identified within the poor prognosis groups, resulting in classifications with five prognostic groups and slightly better discriminative ability (c=0.740). In conclusion, the IGCC classification in three prognostic groups is largely supported by Cox regression and recursive partitioning. Cox regression was the most promising tool to define a more refined classification. British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 1176-1183. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601665 www.bjcancer.com Published online 24 February 2004
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.vandijk@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Stenning
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dusseldorp
authors.forename: J D F
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Habbema
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D018237:Germinoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor