title: Incidence of BRAF oncogene mutation and clinical relevance for primary cutaneous melanomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to clarify the incidence of B-raf oncogene (BRAF) mutations in primary cutaneous melanomas, their relation to tumor progression, and effect on disease outcome. Somatic mutations of BRAF kinase, a component of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, are frequently reported (>65%) in nevi and malignant melanomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed BRAF mutation frequency in exons 11 and 15 in primary (n = 59) and metastatic (n = 68) melanomas. Direct sequencing of PCR products was performed on DNA isolated and purified from microdissected tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen mutations (31%) at exon 15 were detected in primary melanoma with a significantly (P = 0.001) higher frequency in patients < 60 years old. Incidence of BRAF mutation did not correlate with Breslow thickness. Presence of BRAF mutation of primary tumors did not effect overall disease-free survival. BRAF mutation frequency in metastatic lesions was 57% and significantly (P = 0.0024) higher than primary melanomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary tumor development and disease outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department Molecular Oncology, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Dave S B
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hoon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf