title: Indian Agarwal megalencephalic leukodystrophy with cysts is caused by a common MLC1 mutation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A distinct clinical syndrome characterized by megalencephaly, mild to moderate cognitive decline, slowly progressive spasticity, ataxia, occasional seizures, and extensive white matter changes with temporal cysts by imaging studies has been described in a particular ethnic group (Agarwals) in India. This disorder is very similar to megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a newly characterized leukodystrophy whose molecular basis was recently shown to be mutations in a gene (KIAA0027) that has been renamed MLC1.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if this disorder among the Agarwals is due to mutations in MLC1 by a mutation screening study conducted on affected Agarwal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA from these Indian leukodystrophy patients was screened for mutations in the entire coding region, including the exon-intron boundaries, of the MLC1 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three affected individuals whose clinical and imaging presentations were consistent with MLC were screened. All were from northern India and included 31 known Agarwals, 1 non-Agarwal, and 1 adopted patient whose ethnicity is unknown. All 31 Agarwal patients tested positive for a homozygous insertion of a cytosine in exon 2. The adopted patient was homozygous for A157E. No mutation in the coding region was found in the non-Agarwal patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indian patients with megalencephaly and MRI changes that show extensive white matter changes with temporal cysts should raise suspicion for MLC. Members of the Agarwal ethnic group affected with the disorder present with a mildly progressive course and show a common mutation (320insC) in the MLC1 gene, suggesting a founder effect.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. rgorospe@cnmresarch.org
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gorospe
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kainu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001259:Ataxia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D018703:Founder Effect; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006257:Head / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development; D020279:Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: C425069:MLC1 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins