title: Circulatory and respiratory complications of carbon dioxide insufflation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although providing excellent outcome results, laparoscopy also induces particular pathophysiological changes in response to pneumoperitoneum. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of a CO(2) pneumoperitoneum can help minimize complications while profiting from the benefits of laparoscopic surgery without concerns about its safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of articles on the pathophysiological changes and complications of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum as well as prevention and treatment of these complications was performed using the Medline database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main pathophysiological changes during CO(2) pneumoperitoneum refer to the cardiovascular system and are mainly correlated with the amount of intra-abdominal pressure in combination with the patient's position on the operating table. These changes are well tolerated even in older and more debilitated patients, and except for a slight increase in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, no other significant cardiovascular complications occur. Although there are important pulmonary pathophysiological changes, hypercarbia, hypoxemia and barotraumas, they would develop rarely since effective ventilation monitoring and techniques are applied. The alteration in splanchnic perfusion is proportional with the increase in intra-abdominal pressure and duration of pneumoperitoneum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A moderate-to-low intra-abdominal pressure (<12 mm Hg) can help limit the extent of the pathophysiological changes since consecutive organ dysfunctions are minimal, transient and do not influence the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Carsten_Gutt@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gutt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oniu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrabi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schemmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashfi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Büchler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology; D004646:Emphysema / Q000209:etiology; D005740:Gases / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide