title: Meox homeodomain proteins are required for Bapx1 expression in the sclerotome and activate its transcription by direct binding to its promoter.
abstract: The axial skeleton of vertebrates derives from the sclerotomal compartment of the somites. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that the transcription factors Pax1, Pax9, Meox1, Meox2, and Bapx1 are all required for sclerotomal differentiation. Their hierarchical relationship is, however, poorly understood. Because Bapx1 expression in the somites starts slightly later than that of the Meox genes, we asked whether Bapx1 is one of their downstream targets. Our analysis of Meox1; Meox2 mutant mice supports this hypothesis, as Bapx1 expression in the sclerotome is lost in the absence of both Meox proteins. Using transient-transfection assays, we show that Meox1 activates the Bapx1 promoter in a dose-dependent manner and that this activity is enhanced in the presence of Pax1 and/or Pax9. Furthermore, by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we demonstrate that Meox1 can bind the Bapx1 promoter. The palindromic sequence TAATTA, present in the Bapx1 promoter, binds the Meox1 protein in vitro and is necessary for Meox1-induced transactivation of the Bapx1 promoter. Our data demonstrate that the Meox genes are required for Bapx1 expression in the sclerotome and suggest that the mechanism by which the Meox proteins exert this function is through direct activation of the Bapx1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain. irodrigo@cajal.csic.es
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovolenta
authors.forename: Baljinder S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mankoo
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051764:PAX9 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D019170:Somites; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C484193:MEOX2 protein, human; C484871:Meox1 protein, mouse; C484194:Meox2 protein, mouse; C491536:NKX3-2 protein, human; C107965:Nkx3-2 protein, mouse; D051764:PAX9 Transcription Factor; C497323:PAX9 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C070835:PAX1 transcription factor