title: Can support and education for smoking cessation and reduction be provided effectively by midwives within primary maternity care?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that appropriate interventions delivered by midwives within usual primary maternity care, can assist women to stop or reduce the amount they smoke and facilitate longer duration of breast feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cluster randomised trial of smoking education and breast-feeding interventions in the lower North Island, New Zealand, midwives were stratified by locality and randomly allocated into a control group and three intervention groups. The control group provided usual care. Midwives in the intervention groups delivered either a programme of education and support for smoking cessation or reduction, a programme of education and support for breast feeding or both programmes. Sixty-one midwives recruited a total of 297 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured programmes provided by midwives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women receiving only the smoking cessation or reduction programme were significantly more likely to have reduced, stopped smoking or maintained smoking changes than women in the control group, at 28 weeks and 36 weeks gestation. Women receiving both the smoking cessation and breast-feeding education and support programmes were significantly more likely than women in the control group to have changed their smoking behaviour at 36 weeks gestation. There was no difference in rates of cessation or reduction between the groups in the postnatal period. There was no difference in rates of full breast feeding between the control and intervention groups for women who planned to breast feed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Education and support by midwives, as part of primary midwifery, can facilitate smoking cessation and reduction during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand. dmcleod@wnmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pullon
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benn
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viccars
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crooke
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D009520:New Zealand; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health