Plasma bubble formation induced by holmium laser: an in vitro study.
OBJECTIVE
To use the elementary physical measurements of temperature and size to prove that the thermal effects produced by the holmium laser's pulses are due to the formation of a plasma bubble. The physical phenomenon related to high temperatures generated during procedures with the holmium laser (holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet) was the object of our interest.


METHODS
Using a double micrometric slide attached to a 550-microm optic fiber and two thermocouples submerged in water, a series of pulses of 0.8 J at 10 to 30 Hz was delivered from a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, and we recorded temperatures on both frontal and lateral planes. Subsequently, samples of prostatic tissue and small stones were treated with 1.5 J at 20 Hz on both frontal and lateral planes.


RESULTS
Treatment with 1.5 J at 30 Hz (frontal plane) and with 1.5 J at 20 Hz (lateral plane) produced the ablation of the structure of the thermocouple at 2 mm and 1 mm, respectively, indicating plasma formation. The dimensions of the bubble after the delivery of 1.5 J at 20 Hz was 2 x 1.5 mm. Coagulation of the prostatic tissue took place at 1 mm from the plasma bubble, on both frontal and lateral planes.


CONCLUSIONS
The plasma bubble that forms at the tip of the fiber connected to the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser makes it possible to work on stones and soft tissues. The coagulation of the prostatic tissue is caused by the hot water-vapor bubble that forms on the edge of the plasma bubble. During lithotripsy, guidewires and baskets within the expansion area of the plasma bubble risk damage.
Cecchetti
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W
INFM, Department of Chemistry-Physics, Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy.
Zattoni
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F
Nigro
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Tasca
A
A
D000535:Aluminum; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005740:Gases; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007834:Lasers; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D011467:Prostate; D017640:Silicates; D013696:Temperature; D014545:Urinary Calculi; D014867:Water; D015019:Yttrium
D005740:Gases; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017640:Silicates; D014867:Water; D015019:Yttrium; D000535:Aluminum; D006695:Holmium