title: Changes in blood carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice subjected to stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans with deficiency of the very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), C14-C18 acylcarnitines accumulate. In this paper we have used the VLCAD knockout mouse as a model to study changes in blood carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles under stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  VLCAD knockout mice exhibit stress-induced hypoglycaemia and skeletal myopathy; symptoms resembling human VLCADD. To study the extent of biochemical derangement in response to different stressors, we determined blood carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles after exercise on a treadmill, fasting, or exposure to cold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even in a nonstressed, well-fed state, knockout mice presented twofold higher C14-C18 acylcarnitines and a lower free carnitine of 72% as compared to wild-type littermates. After 1 h of intense exercise, the C14-C18 acylcarnitines in blood significantly increased, but free carnitine remained unchanged. After 8 h of fasting at 4 degrees C, the long-chain acylcarnitines were elevated 5-fold in knockout mice in comparison with concentrations in unstressed wild-type mice (P < 0.05), and four out of 12 knockout mice died. Free carnitine decreased to 44% as compared with unstressed wild-type mice. An increase in C14-C18 acylcarnitines and a decrease of free carnitine were also observed in fasted heterozygous and wild-type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-chain acylcarnitines in blood increase in knockout mice in response to different stressors and concentrations correlate with the clinical condition. A decrease in blood free carnitine in response to severe stress is observed in knockout mice but also in wild-type littermates. Monitoring blood acylcarnitine profiles in response to different stressors may allow systematic analysis of therapeutic interventions in VLCAD knockout mice.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany. ute.spiekerkoetter@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Spiekerkoetter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayatepek
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Exil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wijburg
authors.forename: R J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wanders
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D044942:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; C116917:acylcarnitine; D044942:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; D002331:Carnitine