title: The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's resiliency and adjustment.
abstract: The unique relations of effortful control and impulsivity to resiliency and adjustment were examined when children were 4.5 to 8 years old, and 2 years later. Parents and teachers reported on all constructs and children's attentional persistence was observed. In concurrent structural equation models, effortful control and impulsivity uniquely and directly predicted resiliency and externalizing problems and indirectly predicted internalizing problems (through resiliency). Teacher-reported anger moderated the relations of effortful control and impulsivity to externalizing problems. In the longitudinal model, all relations held at T2 except for the path from impulsivity to externalizing problems. Evidence of bidirectional effects also was obtained. The results indicate that effortful control and impulsivity are distinct constructs with some unique prediction of resiliency and adjustment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA. nancy.eisenberg@asu.edu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spinrad
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fabes
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cumberland
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valiente
authors.forename: Sandra H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Losoya
authors.forename: Ivanna K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000786:Anger; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002667:Child Reactive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009042:Motivation; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013223:Statistics as Topic