title: Association between human-Pneumocystis infection and small-cell lung carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking is the most important but not the only risk factor in lung carcinoma. There is evidence that certain infections, which cause chronic inflammatory reactions, can also induce tumour development. It has recently been shown that patients with chronic pulmonary diseases present a high rate of subclinical Pneumocystis infection, and that the latter is able to induce inflammatory responses and alveolar cell alterations. The possible role of Pneumocystis infection in the development of lung neoplasms thus deserves consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction has been used to analyze the presence of DNA of two independent loci of the Pneumocystis genome: the mitochondrial region (mtLSU rRNA) and the gene encoding for the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 10 cases of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and 10 cases of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Five cases without lung pathology, and two cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia were also analyzed as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA of the microorganism was found in all the cases of SCLC but in only two of the NSCLC, and in none of the controls without pulmonary disease - thus implying a statistically significant association (P < 0.0001) between subclinical Pneumocystis infection and SCLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the nature of this association is not clear, it nevertheless constitutes an important finding - either the infection is specifically facilitated by this tumour or induces the development of this type of neoplasm in combination with other factors. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34 (3): 229-335
authors.affiliation: Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Horra
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Alonso
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Medrano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Respaldiza
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Montes-Cano
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Calderón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000556:secondary; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial