title: Depression and vascular disease: what is the relationship?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the 'vascular depression' hypothesis proposes that vascular disease predisposes to, precipitates or perpetuates depression, and this proposal has stimulated further research into the relationship of depression to vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the nature of the relationship between depression and vascular diseases by reviewing epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging and neuropathology studies which have reported on the relationship of depression to coronary artery disease, stroke disease, alterations in blood pressure, vascular dementia, diabetes mellitus and cholesterol levels and by reviewing potential mechanisms by which depression could be associated with vascular diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  there is abundant and increasing evidence from these different lines of research that depression has a bidirectional association with vascular diseases and plausible mechanisms exist which explain how depression might increase these vascular diseases and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this was not a systematic review and so not every report of relevance has been included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  depression has a clear bidirectional relationship with vascular diseases. Further study is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved and to investigate the benefits of conventional and novel treatments for vascular diseases in depressive illness.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK. a.j.thomas@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Rajesh N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Kalaria
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol