title: Reference intervals for plasma levels of fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, free protein S and antithrombin during third-trimester pregnancy.
abstract: During pregnancy, significant changes occur in the hemostatic system and in the plasma levels for several plasma proteins, especially towards term. In this study changes occurring during normal pregnancy and immediately postpartum were investigated to establish adequate reference intervals for important hemostatic parameters. Blood samples were collected during pregnancy weeks 33, 36, 39 and 1-3 h after delivery from 153 healthy pregnant women with at least one previous normal pregnancy. The plasma samples were analyzed for antithrombin, von Willebrand factor (vWf), free protein S and fibronectin. Fibronectin and vWf are contact-promoting proteins responsible for adhesion and aggregation during primary hemostasis, but are also released from thrombocytes during activation of the coagulation process. Antithrombin is the most important primary physiological inhibitor of activated serine proteases related to the coagulation cascade. Protein S is a co-factor to protein C and in cooperation is also an important inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. During third-trimester pregnancy, vWf was higher than in non-pregnant women, and continued to increase postpartum. The fibronectin plasma level was mostly unchanged in comparison with non-pregnant values. Within this reference interval it gradually increased during the third trimester, but fell slightly postpartum. Antithrombin decreased slightly during the third trimester and even further, postpartum. Free protein S decreased markedly but to a stable level from week 33 to 39, decreasing even more postpartum. The present results are concordant with clinical knowledge of increased risk of thrombosis during pregnancy and early puerperium, with increased levels of vWf and fibronectin and decreased levels of antithrombin and free protein S. Clearly, current reference values based on healthy non-pregnant subjects are not usable during late pregnancy and immediately postpartum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institute at Stockholm Söder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. karinwickstrom@hotmail.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wickström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edelstam
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Löwbeer
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siegbahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D017293:Protein S; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D000990:Antithrombin III