title: Nematode management in sustainable and subsistence agriculture.
abstract: In small-scale, subsistence agriculture in the tropics and the subtropics, traditional farming practices have evolved that provide a sustainable means of reducing the incidence and damage caused by pests including nematodes. Other newer, cultural and low-input practices can also be successfully introduced in small-scale farming. In sustainable and subsistence farming systems, nematodes and some other pests can be managed by integrating different farming practices into four strategies: preventing the introduction and spread of nematodes; using direct, nonchemical, cultural and physical control methods; encouraging naturally occurring biological control agents; and maintaining or enhancing the biodiversity inherent in multiple cropping and multiple cultivar traditional farming systems to increase the available resistance or tolerance to nematodes.
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Parasitology, 395A Hatfield Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire AL4 OXU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bridge