title: Rapid expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in newly hatched chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.
abstract: Poultry meat and eggs contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are common sources of acute gastroenteritis in humans. However, the exact nature of the immune mechanisms protective against Salmonella infection in chickens has not been characterized at the molecular level. In the present study, bacterial colonization, development of pathological lesions, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression were investigated in the liver, spleen, jejunum, ileum, and cecal tonsils in newly hatched chickens 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral infection with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. Very high bacterial counts were found in the ileum and cecal contents throughout the experiment, whereas Salmonella started to appear in the liver only from 24 h postinfection. Large numbers of heterophils, equivalent to neutrophils in mammals, and inflammatory edema could be seen in the lamina propria of the intestinal villi and in the liver. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), K60 (a CXC chemokine), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta, and IL-1 beta levels were significantly upregulated in the intestinal tissues and in the livers of the infected birds. However, the spleens of the infected birds show little or no change in the expression levels of these cytokines and chemokines. Increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (up to several hundred-fold) correlated with the presence of inflammatory signs in those tissues. This is the first description of in vivo expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in response to oral infection with Salmonella in newly hatched chickens.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom. gskw2@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: G S K
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Withanage
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wigley
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mastroeni
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barrow
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maskell
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McConnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines