title: In vitro activity of gemifloxacin and contemporary oral antimicrobial agents against 27247 Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic isolates: a global surveillance study.
abstract: This study was a multi-centre, multi-country surveillance of 27247 Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates collected from 131 study centres in 44 countries from 1997 to 2000. MICs of gemifloxacin were compared with penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, azithromycin, clarithromycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin and levofloxacin by broth microdilution. Penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae was extremely high in the Middle East (65.6%), Africa (64.0%) and Asia (60.4%) and lower in North America (40.3%), Europe (36.9%) and the South Pacific (31.8%). Macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae was highest in Asia (51.7%) but varied widely between laboratories in Europe (26.0%), North America (21.6%), the Middle East (13.7%), the South Pacific (10.6%) and Africa (10.0%). All the study quinolones were highly active against penicillin-resistant and macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae. Overall, gemifloxacin had the lowest MIC(90) at 0.06 mg/l with MICs 4-64-fold lower than ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and grepafloxacin against S. pneumoniae. Gemifloxacin MICs were more potent than grepafloxacin > levoflaxacin > ciproflaxin against the Gram-positive aerobes and shared comparable Gram-negative activity with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories International for Microbiology Studies, International Health Management Associates Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA. sbouchillon@ihmainc.com
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bouchillon
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoban
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Poupard
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000349:Africa; D000569:Americas; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001208:Asia; D044362:Australasia; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005060:Europe; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077735:Gemifloxacin; D014943:Global Health; D006088:Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009287:Naphthyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011159:Population Surveillance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D009287:Naphthyridines; D000077735:Gemifloxacin