title: Three-step reconstruction of complex saddle nose deformities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a reproducible surgical technique for augmentation rhinoplasty of complex saddle nose deformities, which are characterized by substantial loss of nasal structural support and result in multiple nasal abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series and surgical outcome study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 patients (32 female and 11 male; mean +/- SD age, 36 +/- 12 years) with complex saddle nose deformities and extensive loss of nasal volume, shape, and support who underwent reconstructive surgery between 1997 and 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized 3-step surgical procedure using autogenous costal cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of additional nasal abnormalities, graft recipient site conditions, postoperative complications, postoperative analgesic consumption, and subjective outcome assessed with a standardized telephone interview 2 years following surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides nasal abnormalities characteristic of complex saddle nose deformities, several additional nasal abnormalities were frequently encountered. Forty of the 43 patients had undergone previous septorhinoplasty, 26 of whom through multiple procedures. One transplant extrusion was recorded, which required revision surgery. In 8 patients, minor surgical corrections were performed. Nasal airflow was judged satisfactory or good by 30 of the 37 patients who were contacted by telephone and aesthetic appearance was considered good by 17, satisfactory by 10, and unsatisfactory by 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-step nasal reconstruction with costal cartilage is indicated in severe saddle nose deformities. It is a comparatively reliable surgical procedure yielding satisfying results even in patients with severe deformities and unfavorable recipient site conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany. herbert.riechelmann@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riechelmann
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rettinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000601:surgery*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004008:Diclofenac