title: [Warming efficacy and blood damaging of blood and infusion warmers].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inadequately warmed blood or infusions contribute to the development of perioperative hypothermia. Therefore we analysed the efficiency of several infusion warmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tested infusion warmers: Model Autoline (Barkey) 500OR/241(Arizant), BW 385L(Biotest), H250/D50 und D60 (Level-1), H500/D300 (Level-1), Warmflo FW537-I/HEC40 (Tyco). Different solutions (saline, colloid solution and packed red blood cells PRBC) were tested varying the infusion flow, temperature of the solution and infusion pressure. Effective warming was defined as an infusion temperature > or = 33 degrees C. Haemolysis was measured by the increase of free plasma haemoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infusion warmers were effective within the following flow ranges: Low flow rate (< 250 ml/h): Autoline, 500OR/241 and H250/D60. Medium flow rate (250-2500 ml/h): Autoline, 500OR/241, BW385L (> 480 ml/h), H250/D 60 und D50 (> or = 1300 ml/h), FW537-I/HEC40 (> 950 ml/h. High flow rate (2500-10,000 ml/h): BW385L (up to 5000 ml/h), H250/D50, H250/D60, H500/D300 and FW537-I/HEC 40(R). Highest flow rates (> 10,000 ml/h): H250/D60, H500/D300 and FW537-I HEC40. Colloidal solutions were warmed nearly as good as saline, cooled PRBC had a smaller range of effective warming. There was no relevant haemolysis in any of the tested systems (plasma free haemoglobin raise < 24 mg/dl in all systems).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The warming capacity of the system and the length of the uninsulated infusion system determine the efficiency of an infusion warmer. The range of effective warming of an infusion warmer should be known for proper application.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum Anaesthesiologie, Rettungs- und Intensivmedizin der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. omoerer@gwdg.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moerer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bräuer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weyland
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017694:Rewarming; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins