title: Botulinum toxin injection versus laparoscopic myotomy for the treatment of esophageal achalasia: economic analysis of a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of esophageal achalasia is still controversial: current therapies are palliative and aim to relieve dysphagia by disrupting or relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle fibers with botulinum toxin. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and economic results of two such treatments: laparoscopic myotomy and botulinum toxin injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37 patients with esophageal achalasia were randomly assigned to receive laparoscopic myotomy (20) or two Botox injections 1 month apart (17). All patients were treated at the same hospital and were part of a larger multicenter study. Symptom score, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and esophageal diameter at barium swallow were compared. The economic analysis was performed considering only the direct costs (cost per treatment and cost effectiveness, i.e., cost per patient healed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality and morbidity were nil in both groups. The actuarial probability of being asymptomatic at 2 years was 90% for surgery and 34% for Botox (p < 0.05). The initial cost was lower for Botox (1,245 Euros) than for surgery (3,555 Euros), but when cost effectiveness at 2 years was considered, this difference nearly disappeared: Botox 3,364 Euros, surgery 3,950 Euros.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botox is still the least costly treatment, but the minimal difference in the longer term does not justify its use, given that surgery is a risk-free, definitive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (Clinica Chirurgica 4), University of Padova School of Medicine, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. giovanni.zaninotto@unipd.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaninotto
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vergadoro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Annese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molena
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizzetto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epifani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruol
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ancona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001466:Barium Sulfate; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A