title: Cardiovascular disease in renal allograft recipients is associated with elevated sialic acid or markers of inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more common in patients with renal failure, even after renal transplantation. We wished to examine the relationship between markers of inflammation and CVD in stable renal transplant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety stable renal transplant outpatients with no recent illnesses or rejection were invited for study. Blood was drawn for a variety of inflammatory markers including total plasma sialic acid (SA) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CVD were significantly older than patients without (54 +/- 12 vs. 42 +/- 14 yr, p < 0.01) and had significantly lower total cholesterol (4.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 5.1 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Time from transplantation, present creatinine and blood pressure, smoking history were similar in both groups. Patients with CVD had significantly higher levels of SA (89.2 +/- 22.3 vs. 77.4 +/- 13.9 mg/dL, p = 0.01); fibrinogen [4.6 (2.2-6.7) vs. 3.6(1.9-5.7) g/L; p = 0.05); and C-reactive protein (CRP) [2.2 (1.5-8.0) vs 1.5 (0.7-3.0) microg/dL] than those without CVD. A logistic multiple linear regression analysis of the data with CVD as the dependent variable, and all the other parameters as independent variables, showed significant associations (F = 16.9; p < 0.001) with diastolic blood pressure (beta = 5.6; p = 0.02) and CRP (beta = 4.4; p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that inflammation is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal allografts. The measurement of sialic acid as a risk factor may be superior to that of CRP in this group as its concentration is independent of renal function.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rashed S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bakri
authors.forename: Behdad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afzali
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.forename: Rajaventhan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sriskantharan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharma-Ariza
authors.forename: Won-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mohanaluxmi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sriharan
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D006710:Homocysteine; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid