title: A retrospective data analysis of the impact of the New York triplicate prescription program on benzodiazepine use in medicaid patients with chronic psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benzodiazepines are treatment mainstays for several disorders, but there is often concern about dependency and addiction. In January 1989, New York implemented regulations requiring physicians to order benzodiazepines using state-monitored triplicate prescription forms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the triplicate prescription program (TPP) on changes in use of benzodiazepines and other psychoactive drugs in clinically vulnerable Medicaid populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an interrupted time series with comparison series design, psychoactive medication use was examined in the New York (intervention) and New Jersey (control) Medicaid programs before and after implementation of the New York benzodiazepine TPP among community-dwelling Medicaid beneficiaries aged >/=19 years continuously enrolled from January 1988 through December 1990 in New York or New Jersey with diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizoid personality disorder, or schizotypal personality disorder; bipolar disorder; epilepsy; and/or panic disorder, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, social phobia, or specific phobia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 125,837 New York and 139,405 New Jersey Medicaid beneficiaries were continuously enrolled and met the study inclusion criteria. Of these, there were 6054 Medicaid enrollees in New York and 6875 enrollees in New Jersey who were clinically vulnerable patients with >/=1 of the specified diagnoses. New York Medicaid patients with any of these diagnoses experienced a -48.1% relative change (95% CI, -50.0% to -46.2%) in benzodiazepine use at 6 months after TPP implementation, with no decline in use in New Jersey patients. The largest reduction in benzodiazepine use was seen among patients with seizure disorder (-59.9% at 6 months; 95% CI, -63.9% to -55.9%). Although use of substitute drugs increased slightly in New York after the TPP, it did not offset reductions in benzodiazepine use. The effects of TPP were sustained for 7 years of follow-up and had the greatest impact on nonproblematic benzodiazepine use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the time period studied in this analysis, the New York TPP reduced benzodiazepine use among chronically ill patients for whom these agents represent effective treatment. Our findings suggest that many patients previously receiving benzodiazepines did not receive any pharmacologic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lsimoniw@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simoni-Wastila
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross-Degnan
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Leon E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cosler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fanning
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salzman
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Soumerai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009515:New Jersey; D009518:New York; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines