title: Effect of a vitrification protocol on the lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and the hatching rates of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) embryos.
abstract: Vitrification, is the most promising option for the cryopreservation of fish embryos but requires high concentrations of potentially toxic cryoprotectants. In this study, embryos from Turbot and Zebrafish, each in two developmental stages, were submitted to a four stepwise cryoprotectant incorporation protocol. After incubation in the vitrificant solution (5M dimethyl sulfoxide, 2M methanol, 1M ethylen-glycol and 10% sucrose) embryos were loaded in straws and plunged into liquid nitrogen. The activity of two cytoplasmic enzymes, LDH and G6PDH, and the hatching rates were analyzed in control embryos, those subjected to the cryoprotectant solutions and in frozen/thawed embryos. Results showed that the cryoprotectants incorporation protocol did not have important effects on the analyzed enzymatic activities, which remained at similar levels to that in control embryos but significantly reduced the hatching rates. Turbot was less sensitive than Zebrafish to the toxic effect of the cryoprotectants, achieving hatching rates of 74.8% in comparison with fresh control embryos at G stage, whereas in Zebrafish only 17.7% of hatching was reported with five somites-treated embryos. In Turbot, G stage was more resistant to the cryoprotectants and thus more convenient for further vitrification studies. After vitrification no survival was recorded and enzymatic activities dropped significantly, particularly in Zebrafish, indicating cell damage and loss of cytoplasmic enzymes. Nevertheless, total cell lysis was not produced, and once again Turbot was more resistant to the effect of vitrification, particularly at the later stage. In that stage, Turbot embryos showed around 50% of G6PDH activity after vitrification, in comparison with the control, indicating the preservation of some cellular activity after freezing-thawing, despite the loss of developmental ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cabrita
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Paz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuñado
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anel
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Herráez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000196:embryology*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase