title: Objective assessment of lower airway involvement in chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When associated with lower airway involvement, the morbidity and the cost of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can increase. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the clinical and radiological characteristics of the upper airways in CRS patients scheduled for functional endoscopic sinus surgery and to correlate these findings with the functional changes of the lower airways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five adult patients with CRS were subjected to clinical and endoscopic assessments, computed tomography scan, and allergic assessments using validated scoring systems. Lower airways were assessed by clinical history, pulmonary function test, histamine bronchial provocation test, and chest x rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty percent of CRS patients were shown to have associated lower airway involvement, i.e., 24% had asthma and 36% had small airway disease (SAD). Nasal congestion and nasal polyps were the most common clinical findings in both of these subgroups of patients. In addition, there was a negative correlation between computed tomography scan findings of the sinuses and the obstructive parameters on pulmonary function test in SAD but not in the asthma subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results showed that different kinds of lower airway involvement frequently could be associated with CRS. Some are manifest such as asthma and some are hidden such as SAD and histamine bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, University Hospital, Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vincken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000209:etiology*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery