title: Local delivery of marrow-derived stromal cells augments collateral perfusion through paracrine mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone marrow cell therapy is reported to contribute to collateral formation through cell incorporation into new or remodeling vessels. However, the possible role of a paracrine contribution to this effect is less well characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Murine marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) were purified by magnetic bead separation of cultured bone marrow. The release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was demonstrated by analysis of MSC conditioned media (MSC-CM). MSC-CM enhanced proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner; anti-VEGF and anti-FGF antibodies only partly attenuated these effects. Balb/C mice (n=10) underwent distal femoral artery ligation, followed by adductor muscle injection of 1x10(6) MSCs 24 hours later. Compared with controls injected with media (n=10) or mature endothelial cells (n=8), distal limb perfusion improved, and mid-thigh conductance vessels increased in number and total cross-sectional area. MSC injection improved limb function and appearance, reduced the incidence of auto-amputation, and attenuated muscle atrophy and fibrosis. After injection, labeled MSCs were seen dispersed between muscle fibers but were not seen incorporated into mature collaterals. Injection of MSCs increased adductor muscle levels of bFGF and VEGF protein compared with controls. Finally, colocalization of VEGF and transplanted MSCs within adductor tissue was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSCs secrete a wide array of arteriogenic cytokines. MSCs can contribute to collateral remodeling through paracrine mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA. tim.kinnaird@medstar.net
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinnaird
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stabile
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shou
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018189:Immunomagnetic Separation; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006133:Growth Substances; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; C000608037:Pgf protein, mouse; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor