title: Life events, entrapments and arrested anger in depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent, evolution derived theory of depression has suggested that aroused but arrested defences of fight (arrested anger) and flight (entrapments) may be important components of depression. This study therefore set out to explore unexpressed anger and entrapment in depression. The focus was on the nature of severe life events and difficulties, the time course of arrested defences, fantasies of escaping, fantasies of expressing anger, and reasons for not acting on emotions/behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty diagnosed depressed people, being treated for depression, were interviewed using the Life Event and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS). They then completed five further questionnaires: the escape inhibition questionnaire; the reasons for not escaping questionnaire; the anger inhibition questionnaire; the reasons for not expressing anger questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In regard to arrested flight, 88% of the group acknowledged strong desires to escape difficulties in their life but many felt unable to. Transcript analysis from the LEDS also indicated strong themes of entrapment. 38.7% felt trapped before becoming depressed. Fantasies of escaping were common, but making actual plans to get away less common. A variety of reasons were given for not escaping: In regard to arrested anger, 82% felt they suppressed their anger and 56% felt this problem predated their depression. A number of different reasons were given for not expressing anger. Despite self-blame often being seen as important to depression, we found that for many severe life events and difficulties patients did not blame themselves. Rather they blamed external circumstances or other people and saw these as the source of their entrapment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disturbances in fight/flight mechanisms are common in depression. For some these may predate a depression and may play a causal role, whilst for others these experiences emerge with the depression. Depression is related to chronic stress states and clinical attention to disturbances in flight/flight may throw light on these states and offer novel approaches to intervention.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Unit, Kingsway Hospital, Derby DE22 3LZ, UK. p.gilbert@derby.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D004924:Escape Reaction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics