title: Molecular imaging of drug-modulated protein-protein interactions in living subjects.
abstract: Networks of protein interactions mediate cellular responses to environmental stimuli and direct the execution of many different cellular functional pathways. Small molecules synthesized within cells or recruited from the external environment mediate many protein interactions. The study of small molecule-mediated interactions of proteins is important to understand abnormal signal transduction pathways in cancer and in drug development and validation. In this study, we used split synthetic renilla luciferase (hRLUC) protein fragment-assisted complementation to evaluate heterodimerization of the human proteins FRB and FKBP12 mediated by the small molecule rapamycin. The concentration of rapamycin required for efficient dimerization and that of its competitive binder ascomycin required for dimerization inhibition were studied in cell lines. The system was dually modulated in cell culture at the transcription level, by controlling nuclear factor kappaB promoter/enhancer elements using tumor necrosis factor alpha, and at the interaction level, by controlling the concentration of the dimerizer rapamycin. The rapamycin-mediated dimerization of FRB and FKBP12 also was studied in living mice by locating, quantifying, and timing the hRLUC complementation-based bioluminescence imaging signal using a cooled charged coupled device camera. This split reporter system can be used to efficiently screen small molecule drugs that modulate protein-protein interactions and also to assess drugs in living animals. Both are essential steps in the preclinical evaluation of candidate pharmaceutical agents targeting protein-protein interactions, including signaling pathways in cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Bio-X Program, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA.
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paulmurugan
authors.forename: Tarik F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Massoud
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D019281:Dimerization; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D051381:Rats; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; C058028:immunomycin; D008156:Luciferases; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus