title: Reproducibility and side differences of mechanical tests for determining the structural strength of the proximal femur.
abstract: In this experimental study, we evaluated the reproducibility error of mechanical strength tests of the proximal femur when simulating a fall on the trochanter. Based on side differences in femoral failure loads in 55 pairs of femora, we estimated the upper limit of the precision error to be 15% for the side impact test, whereas the intersubject variability was >40%.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mechanical tests are commonly used as the gold standard for determining one of the main functions of bones, that is, to provide mechanical strength. However, it is unknown what magnitude of error is associated with these tests. Here we investigate the precision error and side difference of a side impact test of the proximal femur.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMC was measured using DXA in 54 pairs of femora from donors 79.0 +/- 10.6 years of age. Bones were tested to failure, simulating a fall on the greater trochanter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failure loads were 3951 +/- 1659N (CV% = 42%) on the right and 3900 +/- 1652N (CV% = 42%) on the left (no significant side difference). The average random difference of femoral BMC was 7 +/- 7% and that of femoral failure loads was 17 +/- 12%. The correlation between BMC and failure load was 79% (r2), but the association between side differences in failure load with those in BMC was only 4%. When confining the analysis to pairs with less than 5% differences in BMC (n = 31), side differences in failure loads were 15 +/- 13%. When correcting failure loads for side differences of BMC, the difference was 16 +/- 15%
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the upper limit of the precision error for femoral strength tests is approximately 15% in a side impact configuration. Given the large intersubject variability of failure loads, this test provides an efficient tool for determining the structural strength of the proximal femur in a fall.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany. eckstein@anat.med.uni-meunchen.de
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: Caecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wunderer
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Priemel
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lochmüller
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods*; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength