title: Influence of fall height and impact surface on biomechanics of feet-first free falls in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of our study were to assess biomechanics associated with feet-first free falls in 3-year-old children and to investigate the influence of impact surface type and fall height on key biomechanical measures associated with injury risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeatable feet-first free fall experiments were conducted in a laboratory mock-up environment using an instrumented Hybrid II 3-year-old test dummy. Impact surface type and fall height were varied to examine their influence on biomechanical measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feet-first falls from short distances (27 in.) (0.69 m) were found to have a low risk of contact-type head injury, regardless of impact surface type. When comparing different types of impact surfaces in a 27 in. (0.69 m) fall, head acceleration associated with falls onto playground foam was significantly less than that associated with falls onto wood, linoleum or padded carpet. For falls onto playground foam, femoral compressive loads and bending moments were found to significantly increase as fall height increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impact surface type and fall height were found to influence biomechanics associated with injury risk in feet-first free falls as assessed through experimental mock-ups using an instrumented child test dummy. Feet-first falls from short distances (27 in.) (0.69 m) were associated with a low risk of contact-type head injury as assessed using HIC, irrespective of impact surface type.
authors.affiliation: Child Advocacy and Injury Research Center, Childrens' Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ginaber@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Gina E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bertocci
authors.forename: Mary Clyde
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deemer
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aguel
authors.forename: Janine E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Janosky
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogeley
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000058:Accidental Falls; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D013499:Surface Properties; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology