title: Validation of an auditory startle response system using chemicals or parametric modulation as positive controls.
abstract: Neurotoxicity regulatory guidelines mandate that automated test systems be validated using chemicals. However, in some cases, chemicals may not necessarily be needed to prove test system validity. To examine this issue, two independent experiments were conducted to validate an automated auditory startle response (ASR) system. In Experiment 1, we used adult (PND 63) and weanling (PND 22) Sprague-Dawley rats (10/sex/dose) to determine the effect of either d-amphetamine (4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg) or clonidine (0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg) on the ASR peak amplitude (ASR PA). The startle response of each rat to a short burst of white noise (120 dB SPL) was recorded over 50 consecutive trials. The ASR PA was significantly decreased (by clonidine) and increased (by d-amphetamine) compared to controls in PND 63 rats. In PND 22 rats, the response to clonidine was similar to adults, but d-amphetamine effects were not significant. Neither drug affected the rate of the decrease in ASR PA over time (habituation). In Experiment 2, PND 31 Sprague-Dawley rats (8/sex) were presented with 150 trials consisting of either white noise bursts of variable intensity (70-120 dB SPL in 10 dB increments, presented in random order) or null (0 dB SPL) trials. Statistically significant sex- and intensity-dependent differences were detected in the ASR PA. These results suggest that in some cases, parametric modulation may be an alternative to using chemicals for test system validation.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA. BRMarable@dow.com
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Marable
authors.forename: Jacques P J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maurissen
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D003000:Clonidine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine