title: [Anthrax and carbuncle: two sides of the same coin].
abstract: The disease caused by Bacillus anthracis is one of the most critical concerns to the general public and public health authorities due both to the anthrax cases caused by the intentional release of the germ in the USA at the close of 2001 when letters and packages were contaminated with anthrax spores, and the current threat of biological warfare. After a brief excursus on the history of the terms Anthrax and Carbuncle, we survey the main evidence of anthrax found in the ancient literature, and deal with the identification of the pathogenic agent responsible for the disease and the subsequent discovery of the first anthrax vaccine and its use in order to control the spread of the disease in the cattle. Finally, we examine some of the most important episodes of occupational exposure to the Bacillus anthracis that occurred in the past two centuries and the preventive measures applied both to employees and the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ippolito
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000881:Anthrax / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D022122:Anthrax Vaccines; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000266:history; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history; D005060:Europe; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D022122:Anthrax Vaccines