title: Neuropsychological function in manganese alloy plant workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate potential nervous system effects of manganese (Mn) exposure in workers employed in manganese-alloy-producing plants.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred male Mn alloy plant workers were compared with 100 age-matched referents. The subjects were examined with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Exposure was assessed by measurement of Mn concentrations in the workroom air, blood and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric mean (GM) concentration of inhalable Mn in workroom air was 301 microg/m(3). The GM concentration of Mn in whole blood (181 nmol/l vs 160 nmol/l) ( P=0.002) and urine (0.9 nmol/mmol creatinine vs 0.4 nmol/mmol creatinine) ( P<0.001) was higher among the exposed subjects than among the referents. The Mn-exposed subjects had increased postural tremor while conducting a visually guided tremor test (static steadiness test) compared with the referents (mean number of contacts 94 vs 59 ( P= 0.001); duration of contacts (in seconds) 5.1 vs 3.5 ( P=0.003)). The tremor had larger frequency dispersion, indicating that the tremor included a wider variety of frequencies, among the exposed subjects than among the referents, assessed by the "TREMOR" test system. Smoking habits (self-reported) influenced the tremor parameters significantly, the Mn-exposed smokers having more tremor than the non-smoking Mn-exposed subjects. No differences between the groups were found in tests for cognitive functions, reaction time or in symptom reporting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Mn-exposed subjects had increased hand tremor compared with their referents. The tremor was related to exposure parameters. Smoking habits (self-reported) influenced the tremor parameters.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 8149 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway. rita.bast@stami.no
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bast-Pettersen
authors.forename: Dag G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ellingsen
authors.forename: Siri M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hetland
authors.forename: Yngvar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Thomassen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002617:Chemical Industry; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D011930:Reaction Time; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese