title: Effect of skin temperature on the cholinergic sensitivity of the human eccrine sweat gland.
abstract: Although sweat gland activity is directly controlled by the central nervous system, which detects changes in core body temperature, sweat glands can also be influenced by local cutaneous thermal conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study sought to determine the effect of local skin temperature on pilocarpine-induced sweating within a range of typical skin temperatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen subjects (30 +/- 6 years; 172 +/- 11 cm; 72.8 +/- 11.0 kg) had forearm sweat rates measured at rest following pilocarpine iontophoresis at each of three skin temperatures in randomized order: warm (T(warm) = 37.1 +/- 0.9 degrees C), control (T(con) = 32.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C), and cool (T(cool) = 26.6 +/- 1.3 degrees C). T(skin) was raised and lowered with an electric heating pad and gel ice pack, respectively. Forearm T(skin) was measured with a skin temperature probe. Pilocarpine iontophoresis was used on an approximately 7 cm(2) area of the anterior forearm to stimulate localized sweating. Following stimulation, sweat was collected from the area for 15 min with a Macroduct Sweat Collection System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a higher sweat rate at T(warm) (p = 0.001) and T(con) (p = 0.006) compared to that at T(cool). However, there was no difference between the sweat rate at T(warm) and that at T(con) (p = 0.127).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicated that skin temperatures below approximately 32 degrees C affect local sweat production primarily by altering glandular sensitivity to the neurotransmitter, whereas skin temperatures above approximately 32 degrees C predominantly affect neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, sweat glands display maximal or near maximal cholinergic sensitivity at resting skin temperature in a thermoneutral environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7251, U.S.A. ddipas1@uic.edu
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DiPasquale
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buono
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kolkhorst
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013545:Sweat Glands / Q000502:physiology*; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D010862:Pilocarpine; D000109:Acetylcholine