title: Avoidable mortality in Europe (1980-1997): a comparison of trends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse international variations of trends in "avoidable" mortality (1980-1997).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel model was used to study trends in avoidable and "non-avoidable" mortality and trends by cause of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen countries of the European Union, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 avoidable causes of death among men and women aged 0-64 years. Mortality and population data were derived from the WHO mortality database; and perinatal mortality rates, from the Health for All statistical database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Avoidable mortality declined (1980-1997) in all the countries except Hungary. The difference between the trends in avoidable and non-avoidable mortality was small (-2.4% compared with -1.5%) and diminished over time. The largest trend variations between countries are attributable to causes mainly or partly amenable to prevention. For five of the 19 causes of death the international variations diminished over time. Various countries show trends that deviate significantly (p<0.003) from the mean trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One explanation for the small and diminishing difference between avoidable and non-avoidable mortality is that some large avoidable causes show unfavourable trends. Another possible explanation is that the category of non-avoidable mortality is "polluted" by causes that have become avoidable with time. It is therefore suggested that Rutstein's lists of avoidable outcomes (1976) be updated to enable the appropriate monitoring of healthcare effectiveness. In countries that show unfavourable developments for specific avoidable causes, further research must unravel the causes of these trends.
authors.affiliation: Department for Public Health Forecasting, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands. henriette.treurniet@rivm.nl
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Treurniet
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Boshuizen
authors.forename: P P M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Harteloh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D003625:Data Collection; D005062:European Union / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000639:trends