title: Induction of intracellular cytokine production in human monocytes/macrophages stimulated with ligands of pattern recognition receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed the role of the pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which recognize different molecular structures present on microorganisms, apoptotic, senescent and tumor cells, in the stimulation of human monocyte and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) for the production of intracellular cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes and MDM were stimulated with different ligands of scavenger receptors (SR) and mannose receptor (MR). Production of intracellular cytokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 10 and 12 (IL-10, IL-12) was determined by flow cytometry following staining with anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ligands of SR type A: fucoidan, polyguanylic acid (polyG), chemically modified low density lipoproteins (LDL), ligands of SR-B: native and chemically modified LDL, and ligand of mannose receptor (MR)-mannan induced strong expression of intracellular TNF alpha and weaker IL-10 in monocytes, while phosphatidylserine (PdS) was without effect. IL-12 was stimulated only by fucoidan and polyG. The induction of cytokine m-RNA generally followed the pattern and the magnitude of intracellular cytokine production. In MDM, intracellular TNF alpha and IL-12 expression was induced by mannan, native and modified LDL, but not other ligands. Expression of IL-10 was less pronounced and occurred following stimulation with fucoidan, polyG and modified, but not native, LDL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that some PRR ligands may be involved in activation of monocytes/MDM for the production of mainly proinflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha, IL-12) implicating their role in the response to microbial and tumor invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mytar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawlicka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szatanek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wołoszyn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piekarska
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zembala
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008351:Mannans / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011068:Poly G / Q000494:pharmacology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051117:Scavenger Receptors, Class A; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008024:Ligands; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008351:Mannans; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051117:Scavenger Receptors, Class A; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D011068:Poly G; C007789:fucoidan