title: Hippocampal volume, spectroscopy, cognition, and mood in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hippocampal volume reduction, declarative memory deficits, and cortisol elevations are reported in persons with major depressive disorder; however, data linking cortisol elevations with hippocampal atrophy are lacking. Prescription corticosteroid-treated patients offer an opportunity to examine corticosteroid effects on hippocampal volume and biochemistry and memory in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients on long-term prescription corticosteroid therapy and 15 controls of similar age, gender, ethnicity, education, height, and medical history were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Stroop Color Word Test and other neurocognitive measures, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, corticosteroid-treated patients had smaller hippocampal volumes and lower N-acetyl aspartate ratios, lower scores on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Stroop Color Word Test, and higher Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy have smaller hippocampal volumes, lower N-acetyl aspartate ratios, and declarative memory deficits compared with controls. These findings support the idea that corticosteroid exposure appears to be associated with changes in hippocampal volume and functioning in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8849, USA.
authors.forename: E Sherwood
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Dixie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: J  Woolston
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frol
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobadilla
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanczyc
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleckenstein
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Babcock
authors.forename: C Munro
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cullum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate