title: Clinical and epidemiological characteristic of tularemia in Kazakhstan.
abstract: From 1950 to 1977, 5049 human tularemia cases were registered that had been associated with a large number of non-immunized people coming to Kazakh tularemia endemic areas from different places of Soviet Union to harvest the grain. Since 1978, the number of tularemia patients has considerably decreased and during 1992-2001 thirty-one human cases were reported. Epidemiological analysis showed that infection was transmitted by a variety of routes, including bites of infected arthropod, ingestion of infected food and water, transfer to mouth by contaminated hands and direct contact from skinning musk-rats and hares. The disease presented mainly as glandular-bubonic (62.5%), bubonic (25.0%) or pulmonary (12.5%) forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Kazakh Scientific Center for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meka-Mechenko
authors.forename: Alim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aikimbayev
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunitza
authors.forename: Kenes
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ospanov
authors.forename: Gulnara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Temiralieva
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dernovaya
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luchnova
authors.forename: Aigul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdirassilova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012377:Rodentia; D013997:Time Factors; D014406:Tularemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000382:microbiology