title: Detection of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA using a peptide nucleic acid probe in paraffin-embedded archival specimens.
abstract: Although the human genome project has been completed, the functions of many genes remain undetermined. In situ hybridization (ISH) is a key method for identifying cells in which a given messenger RNA is transcribed. Paraffin-embedded specimens remain precious materials for research, but preservation of high-quality RNA in these specimens is not expected unless ample caution was taken during fixation. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a recently developed hybrid molecule with genetic information that has high stability and high affinity to the complementary DNA or RNA. We applied a PNA probe to mRNA ISH of liver specimens obtained by autopsy and embedded in paraffin 28-48 years ago. An 18-mer PNA probe for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used. Staining was then analyzed in association with morphology by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and with the time between death of the patient and tissue fixation. Notably, specimens fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin 48 years ago yielded excellent results if the time before fixation was short enough (<8 h). There was a significant inverse correlation between the intensity of ISH staining and the time before fixation. Oligonucleotide PNA probe, albeit at high cost, would increase the value of paraffin-embedded specimens in storage for use in human medical research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiroyasu
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirase
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiai
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyokuni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016477:Artifacts; D015342:DNA Probes; D005260:Female; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases