title: Sulfoxidation of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A).
abstract: The volatile anesthetic sevoflurane is degraded in anesthesia machines to the haloalkene fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (FDVE), which can cause renal and hepatic toxicity in rats. FDVE is metabolized to S-[1,1-difluoro-2-fluoromethoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-L-cysteine (DFEC) and (E) and (Z)-S-[1-fluoro-2-fluoromethoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl]-L-cysteine [(E,Z)-FFVC], which are N-acetylated to N-Ac-DFEC and (E,Z)-N-Ac-FFVC S-conjugates. Some haloalkene S-conjugates undergo sulfoxidation. This investigation tested the hypothesis that FDVE S-conjugates can also undergo sulfoxidation, by evaluating sulfoxide formation by human and rat liver and kidney microsomes and expressed P450s and flavin monooxygenases. Rat, and at lower rates human, liver microsomes oxidized (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC and N-Ac-DFEC to the corresponding sulfoxides. Much lower rates of (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC, but not N-Ac-DFEC, sulfoxidation occurred with rat and human kidney microsomes. In human liver microsomes, the P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole completely inhibited S-oxidation, while heating to inactivate FMO decreased (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC and N-Ac-DFEC sulfoxidation only 0 and 30%, respectively. Of the various cytochrome P450s examined, P450s 3A4 and 3A5 had the highest S-oxidase activity toward (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC; P450 3A4 was the predominant enzyme forming N-Ac-DFEC-SO. The P450 3A inhibitors troleandomycin and ketoconazole inhibited >95% of (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC sulfoxidation by P450 3A4 and 3A5 and 40-100% of (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC sulfoxidation by human liver microsomes and 15-85% of N-Ac-DFEC sulfoxidation by human liver microsomes. Sulfoxidation of DFEC was also examined in human liver microsomes. Substantial amounts of sulfoxide were observed, even in the absence of NADPH or protein, while enzymatic formation was comparatively minimal. These results show that FDVE S-conjugates undergo P450-catalyzed and nonenzymatic sulfoxidation and that enzymatic sulfoxidation of (Z)-N-Ac-FFVC and N-Ac-DFEC is catalyzed predominantly by P450 3A. The extent of FDVE sulfoxidation in vivo and the toxicologic significance of FDVE sulfoxides remain unknown and merit further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: T Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Altuntas
authors.forename: Sang B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Evan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kharasch
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004987:Ethers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004987:Ethers; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D013454:Sulfoxides; D000077149:Sevoflurane; C078742:fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D003545:Cysteine; D000111:Acetylcysteine