title: Venous pressure measurements in the superior and inferior vena cava: the influence of intra-abdominal pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship of pressure in the inferior vena cava (Pivc) with a) pressure in the superior vena cava (Psvc), b) intra-abdominal pressure as measured in the urinary bladder (Pcyst).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 38 mechanically ventilated patients. Simultaneous measurements of Psvc, Pivc and Pcyst (151 sets of measurements) were performed. Measurements were divided in: Group A (Pcyst < 10 mmHg), group B (10 mmHg < or = Pcyst < 15 mmHg), group C (Pcyst > or = 15 mmHg). Statistical analysis was performed with paired t-test, Pearson correlation. Results are expressed in mean +/- SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Groups A and B, Psvc and Pivc were not significantly different and they were highly correlated (10.8+/-0.5 mmHg vs. 10.9+/-0.5 mmHg, r=0.93 for Group A and 14.4+/-0.7 mmHg vs. 14.7+/-0.6 mmHg, r=0.87 for Group B). Pcyst was significantly lower than Pivc in both groups. In Group C, Pivc was significantly higher than Psvc (18.9+/-0.7 mmHg vs. 16.4+/-0.7 mmHg). There was no significant difference between Pivc and Pcyst (19.2+/-0.6 mmHg). Pivc significantly correlated with Pcyst (r=0.78) and Psvc (r=0.7). A. When Pcyst > Psvc, Pivc was higher than Psvc (p<0.01). With Pcyst < 15 mmHg, no significant difference was found between Pcyst and Pivc and they were correlated (r=0.766, p<0.05). Pressures in the superior and inferior vena cava were also correlated (r=0.764, p<0.05). With Pcyst > or = 15 mmHg, Pivc was lower than Pcyst (p<0.01). It correlated highly with Pcyst (r=0.85, p<0.01) and less strongly with Psvc (r=0.701, p<0.01). B. When Pcyst < or = Psvc, no difference between Pivc and Psvc was observed. With Pcyst < 15 mmHg, Pivc was higher than Pcyst (p<0.01) and highly correlated with Psvc (r=0.932, p<0.01). Pivc also correlated with Pcyst (r=0.69, p<0.01). With Pcyst > or = 15 mmHg, Pivc was higher than Pcyst (p<0.01) and correlated with Psvc (r=0.74, p<0.01) and Pcyst (r=0.789, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Psvc and Pivc are interchangeable in the absence of an increased Pcyst, when Pcyst is high, measurements of Pivc are misleading. A Pcyst > Psvc results in a "waterfall" effect, and Pivc does not accurately reflect Psvc any more.
authors.affiliation: B ICU, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece. nikolaos_markou@hotmail.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Markou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grigorakos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myrianthefs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boutzouka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evagelopoulou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Apostolakos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baltopoulos
mesh_terms: D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014690:Venous Pressure