title: Prevention of postnatal distress or depression: an evaluation of an intervention at preparation for parenthood classes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, provided to expectant couples in routine antenatal classes, on the postpartum psychosocial adjustment of women and men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3*3 between subjects randomised control design was utilised. The two factors were condition and self-esteem. Preparation for Parenthood programs were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: usual service ('control'), experimental ('empathy'), or non-specific control ('baby-play'). The latter condition controlled for the non-specific effects of the intervention, these being: the provision of an extra class; asking couples to consider the early postpartum weeks; and receiving booster information after the antenatal class, and again shortly after the birth. Women and men were categorised into three levels of self-esteem, as measured antenatally: low, medium and high.
  
  
  METHODS
  268 participants were recruited antenatally. Interview data and self-report information was collected from 202 of these women at 6 weeks postpartum, and 180 women at 6 months postpartum. The intervention consisted of a session focusing on psychosocial issues related to becoming first-time parents. Participants discussed possible postpartum concerns in separate gender groups for part of the session, and then discussed these issues with their partners. Hypothetical scenarios depicting stressful situations in the early postpartum weeks for women and men were discussed, with solutions that parents have found useful given to the participants. In the non-specific control condition, the session focused on the importance of play with a baby, with videotapes and discussion around how parents can play with infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 weeks postpartum there was a significant interaction effect between condition and self-esteem on maternal adjustment. Women with low self-esteem, who had received the intervention, were significantly better adjusted on measures of mood and sense of competence than low-self-esteem women in either of the two control conditions. There were no main or interaction effects by 6 months postpartum. The beneficial effect at 6 weeks was related to partners of these women being more aware of how the mother was feeling, and with women reporting greater satisfaction with the sharing of home and baby tasks. There were no significant main or interaction effects for men at either time point, other than men with low self-esteem reporting poorer adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This brief and inexpensive intervention was effective in reducing postpartum distress in some first-time mothers at 6 weeks postpartum. The effectiveness of this intervention was related to an increased level of awareness in the men as to how their partners were experiencing the early postpartum weeks. That the effect was only evident for women who, antenatally, reported being low in self-esteem, is an important advance in our knowledge of the effectiveness of such prevention programs. No previous studies have investigated the differential effectiveness of such programs depending upon the woman's level of self-esteem, and this finding indicates that future work should measure this variable. These findings should be understood in the context that the population sampled were those attending preparation for parenthood classes, and thus different interventions will be needed for couples who do not attend such classes. This brief psychosocial intervention can be readily applied to antenatal classes routinely conducted in hospitals or the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. stephen.matthey@swsahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matthey
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: Bryanne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010298:Parity; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome