title: Prostate cancer screening and mortality: a case-control study (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a case-control study at Kaiser Permanente Northwest to assess the association between digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, separately and together, and prostate cancer mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 171 KPNW members who died as a result of prostate cancer from 1992 to 1999 and 342 randomly-selected KPNW members matched to the cases on age, sex, and length of plan membership. History of screening was determined from medical records and laboratory databases for cases and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DRE and/or PSA screening at any time up to and including the case diagnosis date had taken place among 69.0% of cases and 74.6% of controls. After using logistic regression analysis to adjust for matching variables and a provider diagnosis of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), we found an inverse association between receipt of a prostate cancer screening test and prostate cancer mortality (odds ratio (OR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46 - 1.1). Most of the screening tests were DREs, and it was not possible to assess the separate influence of PSA screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that men who have been screened for prostate cancer have a reduced risk of dying as a result of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, 3800 N. Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227, USA. Sheila.Weinmann@kp.org
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weinmann
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richert-Boe
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen