title: [Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). A report of two cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review the past years of research on paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature on PANDAS published from 1995 onward was systematically reviewed. The review focuses on definition and diagnostic consideration aetiological and therapeutical issues. To illustrate the clinical characteristic of PANDAS authors present two cases of children with a severe course of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-streptococcal autoimmunity has been postulated as an aetiologic factor in the development of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder, tic disorders including Tourette's disorder. This hypothesis arose from a series of clinical observations including the documentation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms of children affected by Sydenham's chorea, a variant of rheumatic fever characterised by neurological dysfunction and also by concomitant investigations of childhood-onset OCD and Tourette's syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of these studies led to the identification of children whose clinical course is characterised by abrupt and dramatic symptom exacerbations which are temporally related to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. The identification of such a subgroup will allow for testing of the model of pathogenesis as well as development of novel treatment and prevention strategies. Future research are needed to explore the nature of PANDAS and their relationship with different psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Kliniki Psychiatrii Wieku Rozwojowego AM w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bryńska
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolańczyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology