title: Protein kinase inhibitors: insights into drug design from structure.
abstract: Protein kinases are targets for treatment of a number of diseases. This review focuses on kinase inhibitors that are in the clinic or in clinical trials and for which structural information is available. Structures have informed drug design and have illuminated the mechanism of inhibition. We review progress with the receptor tyrosine kinases (growth factor receptors EGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR) and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Bcr-Abl), where advances have been made with cancer therapeutic agents such as Herceptin and Gleevec. Among the serine-threonine kinases, p38, Rho-kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Chk1 have been targeted with productive results for inflammation and cancer. Structures have provided insights into targeting the inactive or active form of the kinase, for targeting the global constellation of residues at the ATP site or less conserved additional pockets or single residues, and into targeting noncatalytic domains.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Rex Richards Building, University of Oxford, Oxford 3X2 3QU, UK.
authors.forename: Martin E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: Louise N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001665:Binding Sites; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011487:Protein Conformation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases