title: Immune restoration disease in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: clinical and immunological characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected patients responding to HAART can show a diverse spectrum of symptoms caused by inflammatory reaction. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon, called immune restoration disease (IRD), is unclear. This study describes the spectrum of IRD and analyses the immunological and clinical parameters that could be related to its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective, matched case-control study, 17 HIV-infected individuals who developed inflammatory symptoms < 12 months after initiation of HAART were included. HIV-infected controls were matched for age, gender and CDC classification. Factors included in the analysis were: CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts, deltaCD4+ and deltaCD8+, CD4/CD8 ratios, HIV-1-RNA load (VL), AVL and the number of CDC events prior to HAART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time after initiation of HAART and developing IRD (n = 17) was 72 days (range 2-319). In nine cases (53%) a mycobacterial infection was identified as the underlying cause. HAART was started at a mean CD4+ count (+/- SD) of 55 x 10(6) /l (+/- 59) and 85 x 10(6) /l (+/- 78.0) for cases and controls, respectively (p = 0.13). After initiation of HAART, the CD4+ count showed a 10.6 fold increase at the onset of IRD in the cases and a 2.7 fold increase in the controls in an equal period of time (p = 0.020). The other parameters analysed did not differ significantly between cases and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the risk of developing IRD is associated with a high-fold increase in CD4+ lymphocytes. In this study, mycobacteria are the pathogens most frequently associated with IRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases (C5P), Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G J
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vriesendorp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Dissel
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies