title: Influential characteristics of physician/pharmacist collaborative relationships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A theoretical model of physician/pharmacist collaborative relationships, driven by 3 groups of relationship characteristics termed participant, context, and exchange, has been developed. There are no studies that have examined the types of characteristics which most influence development of collaborative relationships between physicians and pharmacists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the model and determine which drivers most influence physician/pharmacist collaboration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the relationship drivers and collaborative practice were collected via a mailed survey of a random sample of 1000 primary care physicians in Iowa. Participant variables include demographics; context drivers refer to the practice environment and professional interactions between physicians and pharmacists. Exchange characteristics describe the nature of social exchange and were elicited using scores from 3 domains (relationship initiation, trustworthiness, role specification) of the Physician/Pharmacist Collaboration Instrument (PPCI). Five additional questions asked about the physician's collaborative practice with a pharmacist. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed with collaborative practice as the dependent variable and measures of participant, context, and exchange drivers as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred forty usable surveys (34%) were returned. Almost 70% of the respondents were male and aged 45.8 +/- 9.9 years (mean +/- SD). The majority were family practice physicians (72.1%) in private practice (67.3%). Regression analyses produced an R2 = 0.804 (p < 0.001). Significant predictors in the model were internal medicine physicians, professional interaction with a pharmacist, and the 3 domains of exchange drivers from the PPCI (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although participant and context factors influenced physician/pharmacist collaborative relationships, exchange characteristics were the most influential relationship drivers. Role specification, trustworthiness, and relationship initiation were positively associated with physician/pharmacist collaborative practice. Recognition of these drivers may help pharmacists who are developing collaborative working relationships with physicians. But, studies are needed to delineate other factors that may influence physician/pharmacist relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2959, USA. azillich@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zillich
authors.forename: Randal P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Doucette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires