title: The Brn-2 transcription factor links activated BRAF to melanoma proliferation.
abstract: Malignant melanoma, an aggressive and increasingly common cancer, is characterized by a strikingly high rate (70%) of mutations in BRAF, a key component of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. How signaling events downstream from BRAF affect the underlying program of gene expression is poorly understood. We show that the Brn-2 POU domain transcription factor is highly expressed in melanoma cell lines but not in melanocytes or melanoblasts and that overexpression of Brn-2 in melanocytes results in increased proliferation. Expression of Brn-2 is strongly upregulated by Ras and MAP kinase signaling. Importantly, the Brn-2 promoter is stimulated by kinase-activating BRAF mutants and endogenous Brn-2 expression is inhibited by RNA interference-mediated downregulation of BRAF. Moreover, silent interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Brn-2 in melanoma cells expressing activated BRAF leads to decreased proliferation. The results suggest that the high levels of Brn-2 expression observed in melanomas link BRAF signaling to increased proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Signaling and Development Laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wellbrock
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dexter
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D050809:POU Domain Factors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D050809:POU Domain Factors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C085076:transcription factor Brn-2; C482119:BRAF protein, human; C482120:Braf protein, mouse; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf