title: Mixed incontinence.
abstract: The epidemiology and treatment of mixed incontinence has received relatively little attention. However, mixed incontinence--defined as the combination of stress and urge incontinence--accounts for approximately 33% of all cases of incontinence in women. The condition often responds poorly to treatment, either pharmacologic or surgical. Potential pharmacologic approaches for mixed incontinence include antimuscarinic agents, estrogen replacement therapy (for postmenopausal women), and dopamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. In a large-scale, multinational, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, the antimuscarinic agent tolterodine significantly reduced incontinence episodes in women with mixed symptoms. The benefits of tolterodine continued to increase during the 8 weeks of the trial and extended to additional end points, including frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. A limited number of studies have examined the use of estrogen for mixed incontinence and have produced conflicting results. Duloxetine oxalate, a combined serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has shown great promise in animal studies, as well as in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. This agent is the first to demonstrate efficacy as a sole therapy for stress incontinence and has exhibited favorable effects on bladder capacity, suggesting possible benefits in mixed incontinence. Only 5 studies (2 of which were conducted during the 1980s) have specifically examined the use of surgery for the treatment of mixed incontinence; the cure rates reported have varied. The current body of information supports use of an antimuscarinic agent as initial therapy for mixed incontinence, although long-term trials are needed to shed more light on the duration of benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urogynaecology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaliha
authors.forename: Vik
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khullar
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D004967:Estrogens; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors