title: Parainfluenza virus 3 infection pre- and post-haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: re-infection or persistence?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 5-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) from his father and was monitored for the presence of respiratory viruses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal washes were taken during the transplant period and tested by culture and real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen days prior to transplant parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) was isolated by culture and confirmed by immunofluoresence (IF) from a nasal wash specimen. Subsequent samples were negative by both IF and culture so the pre-transplant conditioning was started. One week after the HSCT the patient developed respiratory symptoms which progressively deteriorated. The IF and culture for PIV3 became positive again only after the symptoms deteriorated. However, retrospectively, a real-time PCR assay showed that the PIV3 was detectable throughout the conditioning phase and the amount of virus increased at the time of reappearance of respiratory symptoms post-HSCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of PIV3 infection is important in HSCT. The use of this real-time PCR assay could improve diagnosis and management of PIV3 infection.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.forename: R G M
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bredius
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Scheltinga
authors.forename: E C J
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Claas
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vossen
authors.forename: A C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kroes
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000821:virology*