title: Low birth weight in relation to parental occupations-a population-based registry in Singapore (1994-1998).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between parental occupation and low birth weight (LBW) in infants born in Singapore between 1994 and 1998. Other factors that may be related to LBW were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study. Information was obtained from the Singapore National Registry of Births and Deaths on parental occupations for live births between 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998. Parental date of birth, ethnic group, and highest educational qualification were also obtained. The associations between these factors and the occurrence of LBW was assessed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 208,360 live births were studied. Analyses were restricted to singleton births > or =37th week gestation (total of 189,064). No significant differences in LBW risk were found for the different maternal occupational groups, compared with a referent group ("legislators, senior officers, and managers"). However, fathers who were "not working" (OR=2.04; 1.57-2.65), "not classifiable by occupation" (OR=1.34; 1.09-1.65), and "cleaners, laborers, and related workers" (OR=1.32; 1.12-1.55) had the highest risk of LBW infants when compared with "legislators, senior officers, and managers," after adjustment for maternal occupation, ethnic group, educational level and age, paternal educational level, infant gestational age, sex, and birth order.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain paternal occupational groups appear to be associated with a higher risk of having LBW infants. This may be linked to socioeconomic status and possible work-related factors. Future studies of pregnancy outcomes should not ignore the potential contributions of fathers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine (MD3), Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16, Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: O Y
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009790:Occupations; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors