title: Effect of DNA repair inhibitor (3-aminobenzamide) on genetic stability of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm.
abstract: Semen cryopreservation is widely used in clinical medicine, agriculture, aquaculture and biomedical research, but it is an inefficient technique that induces extensive cytoplasmic damage and loss of fertilising ability. Whether any genetic damage (i.e. DNA strand breakage or mutation) is also induced is still unclear. However, previous data has indicated that this is likely. The present study was designed to explore this possibility further by using inhibitors of the DNA repair system to block DNA repair in embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa. If cryopreservation causes strand breaks in sperm DNA it might be expected that inhibition of a repair enzyme such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) would enhance any such negative effect of cryopreservation. To check this hypothesis 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) was used as an inhibitor of PARP. Weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs were fertilised using cryopreserved as well as fresh spermatozoa. Embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa were exposed to 10 mM 3-AB for 2 h after fertilisation. The experiments were carried out using 43,544 embryos from 5 females and 10 males. Embryo survival was evaluated at different stages until the hatching stage. Sperm cryopreservation significantly decreased embryo survival (53.6+/-2.79% compared to 76.97+/-2.79% of control; P<0.01). The addition of 3-AB to the medium with embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm further decreased embryo survival from 53.6+/-2.79% to 46.1+/-2.79% (P<0.01) whereas there was no adverse effect of 3-AB exposed embryos derived from fresh sperm (76.97+/-2.79% of control compared to 74.8+/-2.79% of control+3-AB). The effect of 3-AB provides indirect evidence that cryopreservation might induce instability in sperm DNA, and that such damage can be repaired by the oocyte repair system after fertilisation.
authors.affiliation: Luton Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Luton, The Spires, 2 Adelaide Street, Luton LU1 5DU, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopeika
authors.forename: Eugeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kopeika
authors.forename: Tiantian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rawson
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000662:veterinary; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; C025160:3-aminobenzamide