title: Characteristics of glycemic control in young children with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that the rate-limiting step to the intensification of diabetes management in adolescents and adults was hypoglycemia. Young children were presumed to be at even greater risk for hypoglycemia with severe consequences, particularly if they had HbA1c levels < 8%.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed on 148 patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin injection therapy who were < 8 yr of age (mean age 5.7 +/- 1.5, mean diabetes duration 3.0 +/- 1.4 yr) followed quarterly from July 1999 to June 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were divided into two groups based on their mean HbA1c values (< 8 vs. > or = 8%) averaged over the 2-yr time period. The following variables were analyzed comparing the two groups: age, duration of diabetes, insulin dose, severe hypoglycemic episodes, episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), percentage of glucose levels above, within, and below the target range, and number of diabetes home-management competencies obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with HbA1c < 8% spent more time within target range (40.0 vs. 29.5%, p = 0.0001) and less time above their target range (36.9 vs. 51.2%, p = 0.0003). There was no difference in the percentage of glucose levels below target (23.2 vs. 19.4%, p = NS), percentage of severe hypoglycemic episodes (3 vs. 7 episodes per 100 patient-yr, p = NS), or episodes of DKA (1 vs. 3 episodes per 100 patient-yr, p = NS) between the two groups. SUBJECTS with lower HbA1c levels had acquired more home-management competencies (4.0 vs. 3.5, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If families are competent in fundamental diabetes management, young children can achieve HbA1c levels < 8.0% without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. fkaufman@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: Francine Ratner
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halvorson
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Pisit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitukcheewanont