title: Ethical consideration of incidental findings on adult brain MRI in research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the frequency and severity of incidental findings in brain MRIs of young and older adult research volunteers, and to provide an evaluation of the ethical challenges posed by the detection of such findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed 151 research MRI scans obtained retrospectively from subjects recruited to studies as healthy volunteers. Incidental findings were classified into four categories: no referral, routine, urgent, or immediate referral. p Values for significance were computed from chi(2) tests of contingency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 151 studies, the authors found an overall occurrence of incidental findings having required referral of 6.6%. By age, there were more findings in the older cohort (aged >60 years) than in the younger cohort (p < 0.05) and in more men than women in the older cohort (p < 0.001). Three of four (75%) findings in the younger cohort were classified in the urgent referral category; 100% of the findings in the older cohort were classified as routine (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant presence but different characteristics of incidental findings in young and older subjects presumed to be neurologically healthy suggest that standards of practice are needed to guide investigators in managing and communicating their discovery.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. illes@stanford.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Illes
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Raffin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Atlas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000941:ethics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D035842:Research Subjects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution