title: [Expression of connexin in atrium of patients with atrial fibrillation and its signal transduction pathway].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the expression of connexin (Cx) and its signal transduction pathway in the atrium of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Atrial tissue samples of 63 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including patients with chronic AF or paroxysmal AF (PAF), and those with sinus rhythm, were collected during operation. The mRNA expressions of calcineurin B and mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MKP-1) were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The protein expressions of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), phospho-ERK1 (P-ERK1), Cx40 and Cx43 were analyzed by Western blotting. HE staining and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the distribution of Cx40 and Cx 43.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased amounts of Cx40 protein (left atrium: 2.2 +/- 0.8, 2.2 +/- 0.6; right appendages: 2.1 +/- 0.5, 2.0 +/- 0.8) were found in the left atrium and right appendages of patients with Chronic persistent AF (CAF) or paroxysmal AF (PAF) (P < 0.05). The expression of Cx43 was only increased in the left atrium of patients with CAF and PAF (3.1 +/- 0.6, 2.8 +/- 0.7 vs 1.0 +/- 0.2, both P < 0.05). The amounts of Calcineurin B mRNA, MKP-1 mRNA and P-ERK1 of patients with CAF or PAF were significantly increased compared with patients in sinus rhythm (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed that Cx40 and Cx43 of CAF patients and PAF patients acculmated in the intracellular site, and at the lateral member of atrial cells, both connexins redistributed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased expression and disorderly distribution of Cx 40 and Cx 43 protein in the atrium of AF patients may be related with the abnormal activation and disequilibria of regulation of ERK1, MKP-1 and calcineurin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jun-zhu
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yi-ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Guo-wei
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shen-jiang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Qian-min
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism*; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000235:genetics; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis*; D017630:Connexins / Q000032:analysis*; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
chemical_list: D019703:Calcineurin; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein; C517019:DUSP1 protein, human