Simultaneous degradation of atrazine and phenol by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP: effects of toxicity and adaptation.
The strain Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is able to degrade atrazine as a sole nitrogen source and therefore needs a single source for both carbon and energy for growth. In addition to the typical C source for Pseudomonas, Na(2)-succinate, the strain can also grow with phenol as a carbon source. Phenol is oxidized to catechol by a multicomponent phenol hydroxylase. Catechol is degraded via the ortho pathway using catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. It was possible to stimulate the strain in order to degrade very high concentrations of phenol (1,000 mg/liter) and atrazine (150 mg/liter) simultaneously. With cyanuric acid, the major intermediate of atrazine degradation, as an N source, both the growth rate and the phenol degradation rate were similar to those measured with ammonia as an N source. With atrazine as an N source, the growth rate and the phenol degradation rate were reduced to approximately 35% of those obtained for cyanuric acid. This presents clear evidence that although the first three enzymes of the atrazine degradation pathway are constitutively present, either these enzymes or the uptake of atrazine is the bottleneck that diminishes the growth rate of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP with atrazine as an N source. Whereas atrazine and cyanuric acid showed no significant toxic effect on the cells, phenol reduces growth and activates or induces typical membrane-adaptive responses known for the genus Pseudomonas. Therefore Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is an ideal bacterium for the investigation of the regulatory interactions among several catabolic genes and stress response mechanisms during the simultaneous degradation of toxic phenolic compounds and a xenobiotic N source such as atrazine.
Neumann
Grit
G
Department of Bioremediation, Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Teras
Riho
R
Monson
Liis
L
Kivisaar
Maia
M
Schauer
Frieder
F
Heipieper
Hermann J
HJ
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D019800:Phenol / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism
D002396:Catechols; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D019800:Phenol; D002244:Carbon; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C022336:phenol 2-monooxygenase; C004632:cyanuric acid; C034221:catechol; D009584:Nitrogen; D001280:Atrazine