title: Balloon pulmonary valvotomy performed in the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the global results after percutaneous pulmonary valvotomy with a balloon catheter performed in the first year of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed retrospectively the data of 27 patients with pulmonary stenosis who underwent balloon valvotomy in the first 12 months of life, from January 1994 to July 2002. The following data were evaluated: gender, age at diagnosis, clinical presentation, echocardiographic features, other cardiac anomalies, age at balloon valvotomy, diameter of pulmonary annulus, initial and final pressure gradient across the valve, complications and follow-up. We used the median and the Wilcoxon test. For other variables we present the mean and standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients (52%) were female. We had two prenatal diagnoses. Age at diagnosis ranged between one and 60 days (median: 28.0). With regard to clinical presentation, one (4%) had isolated cyanosis, seven (28%) a systolic murmur and 17 (68%) both cyanosis and a systolic murmur. Associated malformations included: ventricular septal defect--two, dilatation of left pulmonary artery--one, supravalvar stenosis--one, and subvalvular membrane--one. The pulmonary annulus ranged between 4.5 and 11 mm (mean: 8.3 +/- 1.8). The procedure was performed in 23 patients aged 2 to 357 days (median: 60), 43.5% of cases in the first 28 days of life. Balloon diameter ranged from six to 14 mm (mean: 10.7 +/- 2.3). The median value of right ventricular peak systolic pressure before dilatation was 115 mmHg (variation: 60-212) and decreased to 48 mmHg (variation: 20-120) (p < 0.001). Significant infundibular stenosis was documented in five cases and propranolol was initiated after the procedure. In four cases the procedure was abandoned before dilatation. The follow-up period ranged from 0 to 101 months (mean: 40.1 +/- 32.1). The maximum instantaneous gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery ranged between 0 and 95 mmHg (mean: 23.7 +/- 19.5), and was more than 40 mmHg in 13% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous pulmonary valvotomy with a balloon catheter performed in the first year of life is effective in relieving obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. The success rate was 78% (21 of 27 patients).
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica e Laboratório de Hemodinâmica, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal. claudiammoura@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carriço
authors.forename: M João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: João Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Areias
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies