title: [Subclassification of seronegative type 1 diabetic subjects with HLA-DQ genotypes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reveal the relationship between disease phenotype and HLA-DQ genotype in autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetics and to explore whether HLA-DQ genotypes can reclassify seronegative type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one diabetics with unprovoked ketosis or ketoacidosis at presentation were tested for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab), tyrosine phosphatase antibody (IA2-Ab), thyroglobulin antibody (TGA), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and HLA-DQ genotype. GAD-Ab and IA2-Ab were measured with radioligand assay. TGA and TPO-Ab were evaluated using RIA. Sequence-based genotyping (SBT) was used to determine the alleles of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1. Autoantibody negative patients were subdivided into group A (with type 1 diabetes susceptible alleles) and group B (without type 1 diabetes susceptible alleles). Clinical characteristics, including age, sex, mode of presentation, body mass index (BMI), islet beta-cell function and current treatment were compared between the autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative patients and between group A and B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 61 patients, 29 (47.5%) were negative for all the antibodies tested, while 31 (50.8%) were positive for one or more antibodies tested. 5 (8.2%) were positive for all those 4 antibodies. As for genetic analysis, 18 of the 29 seronegative patients carried 1-4 HLA-DQ risk alleles, while the other 11 did not carry any type 1 diabetes susceptible alleles tested. As compared with the autoantibody-negative patients, younger age at onset, less obesity, severer degree of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and lower C peptide were found in the autoantibody-positive ones. As compared with group B, less obesity [BMI: (22.4 +/- 4.4) kg/m(2) vs (25.8 +/- 3.7) kg/m(2), P = 0.03], severer degree of DKA [CO(2)CP: (16.3 +/- 7.1) mmol/L vs (19.2 +/- 2.0) mmol/L, P = 0.01; pH: 7.26 +/- 0.20 vs 7.34 +/- 0.06, P = 0.03], and lower C peptide [fasting C peptide: (254.6 +/- 189.4) pmol/L vs (458.7 +/- 274.1) pmol/L, P = 0.06] were observed in group A. During follow-up, 73% (8/11) patients in group B discontinued insulin therapy and maintained acceptable glycemic control by either diet or oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA), while only 28% (5/18) of the patients in group A discontinued and maintained control with OHA (28% vs 73%, P < 0.01). Among those who kept on using insulin, group A patients required higher insulin dosage than those of group B [(0.43 +/- 0.16) U x kg(-1) x d(-1) vs (0.24 +/- 0.18) U x kg(-1) x d(-1), P = 0.07].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autoantibody-negative diabetics, if with susceptible HLA-DQ genotypes, presented more type 1A-like features, implying possible existence of as yet unidentified immunologic abnormalities in these patients. HLA-DQ risk genotypes may reclassify seronegative type 1 diabetics. Those who are autoantibody negative but carry susceptible HLA-DQ genotypes, should not be diagnosed as type 1B diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Dong-mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhi-guang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jian-ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia-li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Bai-ying
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens