title: The recurrence risk of ischemic stroke in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk of recurrence of ischemic stroke in children and to evaluate the influence of etiological factors and underlying mechanisms on recurrence rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six children (21 boys and 15 girls) with clinically and radiographically proven ischemic cerebral infarction were prospectively followed up over a period of 1-9 years (median 5 years 5 months). The median age of onset of stroke was 8.4 years (1-16 years). Patients with hemorrhagic stroke, neonatal infarction and sinovenous thrombosis were not included. The patients were analyzed according to the mechanisms and etiology of the initial and recurrent stroke event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the initial stroke, cardioembolic (33.3%) and arteriopathic processes (36.1%) were identified as the most probable mechanisms of arterial ischemic stroke. Prothrombotic abnormalities were found in 4 children (11.1%). Underlying pathology in the remaining 7 (19.4%) was not known. Recurrent ischemic infarction was diagnosed in 5 children (13.9%) within 5 days to 18 months (median 6 months) after the first stroke manifestation. In 3 of them stroke recurrence was due to cardiac or transcardiac embolism. Cardiac abnormality prior to the first stroke was detected in 1 child. Clinically silent multiple cerebral infarcts disclosed by MRI preceded the overt stroke episode in 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital and acquired heart diseases were the most common cause of repeated stroke in our study. The risk of recurrence appeared to be fivefold higher in children with cardiac disease irrespective of the coexistence of other risk factors. The risk factors of stroke in children were multiple and overlapping. Consequently, recognition of the major one and its underlying mechanism is crucial for both effective therapeutic approach and the prevention of recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. vladas@infosky.net
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brankovic-Sreckovic
authors.forename: Vedrana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milic-Rasic
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jovic
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Milic
authors.forename: Slobodanka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todorovic
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015022:Yugoslavia / Q000453:epidemiology