title: Declines in tobacco brand recognition and ever-smoking rates among young children following restrictions on tobacco advertisements in Hong Kong.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We compared the recognition of tobacco brands and ever-smoking rates in young children before (1991) and after (2001) the implementation of cigarette advertising restrictions in Hong Kong and identified continuing sources of tobacco promotion exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 824 primary school children aged from 8 to 11 (Primary classes 3-4) living in two Hong Kong districts was carried out using self-completed questionnaires examining smoking behaviour and recognition of names and logos from 18 tobacco, food, drink and other brands common in Hong Kong.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ever-smoking prevalence in 2001 was 3.8 per cent (1991, 7.8 per cent). Tobacco brand recognition rates ranged from 5.3 per cent (Viceroy name) to 72.8 per cent (Viceroy logo). Compared with 1991, in 2001 never-smoker children recognized fewer tobacco brand names and logos: Marlboro logo recognition rate fell by 55.3 per cent. Similar declines were also seen in ever-smoker children, with recognition of the Marlboro logo decreasing 48 per cent. Recognition rates declined amongst both boys and girls. Children from non-smoking families constituted 51 per cent (426) of the sample, whereas 34.5 per cent (284), 8.5 per cent (70), 1.7 per cent (14) and 4.4 per cent (36) of the children had one, two, three or more than three smoking family members at home, respectively. Tobacco brand recognition rates and ever-smoking prevalence were significantly higher among children with smoking family members compared with those without. Among 12 possible sources of exposure to cigarette brand names and logos, retail stalls (75.5 per cent; 622), indirect advertisements (71.5 per cent; 589) and magazines (65.3 per cent; 538) were ranked the most common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advertising restrictions in Hong Kong have effectively decreased primary-age children's recognition of tobacco branding. However, these children remain vulnerable to branding, mostly through exposure from family smokers, point-of-sale tobacco advertisement and occasional promotions. Action to curb these is now required.
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviour Research Group, Department of Community Medicine Unit for Behavioural Science, Patrick Manson Building (South Wing), The University of Hong Kong, 7, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. Fielding@hkusua.hku.hk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019460:Tobacco Industry