title: [Breath-hold diving--an increasing adventure sport with medical risks].
abstract: Breath-hold diving as a recreational and competitive sports activity is on the increase. In this review physiological limitations and medical risks associated with breath-hold diving are discussed. Specific topics include hypoxia, ascent blackout, hyperventilation, squeeze or barotrauma of descent including effects on the pulmonary system, glossopharyngeal breathing, and decompression illness. It is also concluded that the health requirements for competitive breath-hold diving should follow essentially the same standards as used for SCUBA-diving.
authors.affiliation: Sektionen för omgivningsfysiologi, institutionen för fysiologi och farmakologi, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gennser
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004242:Diving / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D004332:Drowning / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012119:Respiration; D012307:Risk Factors