title: Intraobserver and interobserver variation in the sonographic grading of placental maturity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The appearance of Grannum Grade III changes in the placenta at around 34-36 weeks is a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome, which may be reduced by reporting to the clinician. This has led to the suggestion that the placental grade should be noted during any third-trimester scan. There are no published data on the reproducibility of sonographic Grannum grading of the placenta; the objective of this study was to evaluate intra- and interobserver variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five placental images from normal and complicated pregnancies of several different gestational ages were collected between April and October 2001. Three fetal medicine consultants and three experienced sonographers graded the images as 0, I, II, III or ungradeable. They then regraded the same images, presented in a different order and with different codes, 4-6 weeks later. Observers were blinded to their previous grading and to each others'. Weighted kappa (kappa), with linear weights, was used to look for strength of agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was good agreement between the two observations of each placental image for five observers (kappa = 0.61 to 0.90), and moderate agreement for one observer (kappa = 0.56). However, the kappa-values for comparisons between the 15 pairs of observers ranged from 0.24 to 0.69 with six values below 0.41, indicating only fair agreement. This was confirmed by the overall kappa-value of 0.24 between all six observers. The agreement between the observers for Grade III placenta was poor, with an overall kappa-value of 0.09.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although intraobserver agreement was generally good, interobserver agreement was only fair for all grades and poor for Grade III placenta. This may be an indication that Grannum grading is not reproducible or it may reflect a need for training in those performing grading. Such variation may limit the effectiveness of reporting Grannum grades in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langford
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010920:Placenta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography