Trypsin specificity as elucidated by LIE calculations, X-ray structures, and association constant measurements.
The variation in inhibitor specificity for five different amine inhibitors bound to CST, BT, and the cold-adapted AST has been studied by use of association constant measurements, structural analysis of high-resolution crystal structures, and the LIE method. Experimental data show that AST binds the 1BZA and 2BEA inhibitors 0.8 and 0.5 kcal/mole more strongly than BT. However, structural interactions and orientations of the inhibitors within the S1 site have been found to be virtually identical in the three enzymes studied. For example, the four water molecules in the inhibitor-free structures of AST and BT are channeled into similar positions in the S1 site, and the nitrogen atom(s) of the inhibitors are found in two cationic binding sites denoted Position1 and Position2. The hydrophobic binding contributions for all five inhibitors, estimated by the LIE calculations, are also in the same order (-2.1 +/- 0.2 kcal/mole) for all three enzymes. Our hypothesis is therefore that the observed variation in inhibitor binding arises from different electrostatic interactions originating from residues outside the S1 site. This is well illustrated by AST, in which Asp 150 and Glu 221B, despite some distance from the S1 binding site, lower the electrostatic potential of the S1 site and thus enhance substrate binding. Because the trends in the experimentally determined binding energies were reproduced by the LIE calculations after adding the contribution from long-range interactions, we find this method very suitable for rational studies of protein-substrate interactions.
Leiros
Hanna-Kirsti Schrøder
HK
University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
Brandsdal
Bjørn Olav
BO
Andersen
Ole Andreas
OA
Os
Vibeke
V
Leiros
Ingar
I
Helland
Ronny
R
Otlewski
Jacek
J
Willassen
Nils Peder
NP
Smalås
Arne O
AO
D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases