title: JNK promotes Bax translocation to mitochondria through phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins.
abstract: Targeted gene disruption studies have established that the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is required for the stress-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and apoptosis, and that the Bax subfamily of Bcl-2-related proteins is essential for JNK-dependent apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which JNK regulates Bax has remained unsolved. Here we demonstrate that activated JNK promotes Bax translocation to mitochondria through phosphorylation of 14-3-3, a cytoplasmic anchor of Bax. Phosphorylation of 14-3-3 led to dissociation of Bax from this protein. Expression of phosphorylation-defective mutants of 14-3-3 blocked JNK-induced Bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Collectively, these results have revealed a key mechanism of Bax regulation in stress-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunayama
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Seisuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Shigeomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masuyama
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C494826:BAX protein, human; C000606775:BCL2L11 protein, human; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D010768:Phosphoserine; D045304:Cytochromes c; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases