title: An abnormal systemic and regional hypercoagulable state in patients with mitral stenosis.
abstract: Mitral stenosis still remains a major problem in Southeast Asia including Thailand. It contributes to the morbidity and mortality related to thromboembolism which was associated with the left atrial thrombus. However, the pathogenesis of left atrial thrombus in these patients is not completely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the coagulation and platelet activity including the function of the endocardium in the left atrium and peripheral circulation in patients with mitral stenosis who were free of left atrial thrombus and to compare those hematologic markers activity in the peripheral venous blood between the patients with mitral stenosis and the control. Thirty-six patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis were included in the study. Most of the patients were in functional class II and 50 per cent had atrial fibrillation. Blood was obtained from the femoral vein, femoral artery, pulmonary artery and left atrium of these patients before heparin was administered to determine the value of various hematologic markers. In the control group, blood for determining the hematologic markers was collected only from the antecubital vein. The results of this study demonstrated that the levels of prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and Beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in the left atrium of the patients with mitral stenosis were significantly higher than those in the femoral vein and femoral artery, whereas the level of thrombomodulin was significantly lower in the left atrium compared with the femoral artery and vein. When comparing with the control group, the levels of TAT, plasminogen activator inhibitors-1 (PAI-1) from the peripheral vein were significantly higher and the level of thrombomodulin was also significantly lower in the patients with mitral stenosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated an abnormal hypercoagulable state of the left atrium and systemic circulation related to the abnormalities of coagulation, platelets and the endocardium which may cause the formation of left atrial thrombus in patients with mitral stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rewat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phankingthongkum
authors.forename: Nisarat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Opartkiattikul
authors.forename: Chunhakasem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chotinaiwattarakul
authors.forename: Pradit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panchavinnin
authors.forename: Damras
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tresukosol
authors.forename: Decho
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jakrapanichakul
authors.forename: Rungroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krittayaphong
authors.forename: Bussakorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kitrattana
authors.forename: Vichian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thongtang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010976:Platelet Count; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers