title: Mouse neurotoxicity test for vaccinia-based smallpox vaccines.
abstract: The only US FDA licensed smallpox vaccine, Dryvax, was associated with rare but serious neurological adverse events. After smallpox was eradicated in the United States, mass vaccination ceased in 1971. As counter-bioterrorism/biowarfare measures, new smallpox vaccines are now being investigated. However, there are no established pre-clinical neurotoxicity assays with which to evaluate these new vaccines prior to licensure. Here we report the development and initial characterization of a small animal neurotoxicity assay for vaccinia-based smallpox vaccines using Dryvax virus as a reference vaccine strain and the neuroadapted Western Reserve (WR) strain as a neurotoxic positive control. In neonatally inoculated mice, the WR strain produced significantly greater and more rapid onset of mortality than the Dryvax vaccine reference. Expression of virus antigen in neural cells and infectious virus replication in the brain was also significantly different between the two strains. In addition, the appearance of high titer virus antibody correlated with the clearance of virus from brain. With further validation, this assay incorporating a licensed vaccine reference standard and positive control strain may provide important pre-clinical neurotoxicity data on new vaccinia-based smallpox vaccine strains.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, OD/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, HFM-460, Bldg. 29B, Room 5NN22, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Rolf E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Taffs
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merchlinsky
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carbone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine