title: Postmortem MR imaging of formalin-fixed human brain.
abstract: High-resolution postmortem neuroimaging of the brain can play a role in research programs by providing archival and reslicable images of brain specimens before permanent sectioning. These images can supplement evidence attained from both traditional neuropathological observations and in vivo neuroimaging. Differential brain tissue conspicuity, detectable with MRI, is determined by the density and mobility of water protons. Water content is about 70% in white matter, 80% in gray matter, and 99% in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To the extent that brain tissue contrast is determined by the number and microenvironment of water protons, timing parameters of MR image acquisition can interrogate this environment. Because the chemical environment of protons is different in living from dead tissue, optimal temporal imaging parameters, for example, for spin-echo imaging, commonly used for in vivo clinical and research study are different from those best for postmortem imaging. Here, we present a series of observations to identify relaxation times and optimal parameters for high-resolution structural imaging of formalin-fixed postmortem brain tissue using commercially available clinical scanners and protocols. Examples of high-resolution images and results from attempts at diffusion imaging are presented.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. dolf@synapse.sri.com
authors.forename: Adolf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfefferbaum
authors.forename: Edith V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Elfar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adalsteinsson
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garrick
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000473:pathology; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000473:pathology; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012016:Reference Values; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000473:pathology; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde