title: Absence of BRAF mutations in UV-protected mucosal melanomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in BRAF have recently been identified in a significant percentage of primary and metastatic cutaneous malignant melanomas. As ultraviolet (UV) exposure may play a role in the development of cutaneous melanoma lesions with BRAF mutations, BRAF mutation frequency in melanomas arising in sites protected from sun exposure may be lower than those from sun-exposed areas. Thus, we determined the BRAF mutation frequency in a panel of 13 mucosal melanomas and compared those data with data from all currently published series of cutaneous melanomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  BRAF exon 15 DNA from 13 archival primary mucosal melanomas (eight vulvar, four anorectal, and one laryngeal) was sequenced using intron-based primers. As archival DNA occasionally produces poor-quality template, results were confirmed with a TspRI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that distinguishes wild-type BRAF from the common mutant form V599E. A binomial test was used to compare the mutation frequency in the mucosal melanomas with the published mutation frequency in cutaneous melanomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 13 mucosal melanomas in this series had an exon 15 BRAF mutation, as compared to 54/165 (33%) primary cutaneous melanomas with BRAF mutations in a compilation of all current published studies (p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that UV exposure, plays a role in the genesis of BRAF mutations in cutaneous melanoma, despite the absence of the characteristic C>T or CC>TT mutation signature associated with UV exposure, and suggests mechanisms other than pyrimidine dimer formation are important in UV-induced mutagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brose
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nussen-Lee
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herlyn
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lessin
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics*; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D009154:Mutation; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf