title: Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units (SARI): 1. Antimicrobial use in German intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study antimicrobial use for benchmarking and ensuring quality of antimicrobial treatment and to identify risk factors associated with the high use of antimicrobials in German intensive care units (ICUs) through implementation of the SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in ICUs) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, unit-based surveillance on antimicrobial use from February, 2000, until June, 2002. The data are standardised by use of the defined daily dose (DDD) for each antimicrobial defined by the WHO and by calculating use per 1000 patient days.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were obtained from 35 German ICUs and stratified by type of ICU (medical, surgical, interdisciplinary).
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, the project covers a total of 266,013 patient days in 744 reported ICU months and 354,356 DDDs. Mean antimicrobial use density (AD) was 1,332 DDD/1000 patient days and was correlated with length of stay. Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor (AD 338.3) and quinolones (155.5) were the antimicrobial group with the highest ADs. Comparison with US ICARE (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology)/AUR (Antimicrobial Use and Resistance) data revealed a higher AD for glycopeptides and 3rd generation cephalosporins in ICARE/AUR ICUs, but a higher AD for carbapenems in German SARI ICUs regardless of the type of ICU. In the multivariate analysis, length of stay was an independent risk factor for an AD above the 75% percentile of the total amount of antimicrobials used (OR 1.96 per day); likewise, for the AD above the 75% percentile of carbapenems (OR 1.90 per day) and penicillins with extended spectrum (OR 2.01 per day). High use of glycopeptides and quinolones (AD >75% percentile) correlated with central venous catheter (CVC) rate (OR 1.14 per CVC day per 100 patient days and 1.16, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SARI data on antimicrobials serve ICUs as a benchmark by which to improve the quality of antimicrobial drug administration and for international comparison.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. smeyer@iuk3.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rueden
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
authors.forename: Franz D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Daschner
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents