title: Acute cardiorespiratory collapse from heparin: a consequence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heparin has rarely been reported to cause acute cardiorespiratory reactions or collapse. Some reports relate this to underlying heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To confirm and increase awareness of acute life-threatening cardiopulmonary events when patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia are re-exposed to heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cardiovascular surgery patients were identified in two adjacent large urban hospitals over a 2-yr-period who experienced eight episodes of cardiorespiratory collapse immediately following heparin administration. All had underlying heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous boluses of unfractionated heparin were given to four patients with known or previously unrecognized heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Two patients experienced severe respiratory distress within 15 min for which they required endotracheal intubation. Two other patients experienced cardiac arrest or a lethal arrhythmia within minutes of receiving intravenous heparin. Serologic tests for heparin-induced antibodies were positive in all patients. In three cases, the platelet count was normal or near normal but fell dramatically (71%) immediately following the heparin bolus. Three cases had prior diagnoses of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, but health care workers administered heparin either unaware of the diagnosis or ignorant of its significance. No patients died, but all required some form of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and subsequent intensive care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heparin administration to patients with heparin-induced antibodies can result in life-threatening pulmonary or cardiac events. Appreciation of this phenomenon can unmask cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and strengthens the mandate to avoid any heparin exposure in affected patients. Recognition is crucial to avoiding disastrous outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Martha P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mims
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manian
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000276:immunology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001323:Autoantibodies; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D006493:Heparin