title: Controversial ultrasound findings.
abstract: This article has reviewed a few of the more controversial findings in the field of obstetric ultrasound. For each one evidence-based strategies for the management of affected pregnancies have been suggested, derived from what the authors believe is the best information available. In some cases, this information is very limited, which can make counseling these patients extremely difficult. Some physicians find using specific likelihood ratios helpful in these complex discussions. An example of the relative likelihood ratios for several markers of trisomy 21 is illustrated in Table 10. Although the management of each of the findings discussed in this article is different, a few generalizations can be made. To begin with, the detection of any abnormal finding on ultrasound should prompt an immediate detailed ultrasound evaluation of the fetus by someone experienced in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. If there is more than one abnormal finding on ultrasound, if the patient is over the age of 35, or if the multiple marker screen is abnormal, an amniocentesis to rule out aneuploidy should be recommended. Of the six ultrasound findings reviewed here, the authors believe that only echogenic bowel as an isolated finding confers a high enough risk of aneuploidy to recommend an amniocentesis in a low-risk patient. The other findings in isolation in a low-risk patient seem to confer only a modest increased risk of aneuploidy, if any, and this risk is certainly less than the risk of unintended loss from amniocentesis. Wherever possible, modifiers of this risk, such as maternal age, history, and first and second multiple marker screening, should be used to define more clearly the true risk of aneuploidy. As obstetric ultrasound moves forward, particularly into the uncharted waters of clinical use of three- and four-dimensional ultrasound, one can expect a whole new crop of ultrasound findings with uncertain clinical significance. Clinicians are well advised to await well-designed studies to determine the clinical significance of these findings before altering clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1171, New York, NY 10029, USA. meredith.rochon@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rochon
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eddleman
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003560:Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging