title: Four years of clinical experience with an adverse reaction unit for dental biomaterials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the function of, and results from, the Norwegian National Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit after 4 years of activity from 1993 to 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  During this period of time, 296 patients were examined at the unit, which is located at the Dental School, University of Bergen. The most prevalent age group was 40-49 years, and 70% were women. Dental amalgam was the primary reason for referral to the unit for nearly 85% of the patients, followed by metals in crowns and bridges (11%). Materials in removable dentures, resin-based filling materials and cements, endodontic materials, and others, including temporary materials, were also involved. Nearly all (96%) patients reported general subjective symptoms, such as muscle and joint pain, fatigue, and memory problems. Complaints involving the orofacial region (lips, face, temporomandibular joint) and intraoral subjective symptoms were also common.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients who were patch tested with substances in dental materials, 23% were positive to gold, 28% to nickel, 14% to cobalt, 9% to palladium, 6% to mercury, and 8% to one or more components of resin-based materials. Mercury concentrations in blood and urine were statistically higher in the patients with amalgam fillings compared with those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, we could not establish a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship between the presence of dental biomaterials and general symptoms. Twenty patients were advised to replace restorative materials because of contact lesions. Another 20 patients were recommended replacement of materials because of allergy verified with positive patch tests. The complex nature of most of the reactions requires a multidisciplinary approach to the care taking of patients who are concerned about reactions from dental materials, particularly amalgam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontology, Dental Biomaterials, University of Bergen, Norway. jan.vamnes@odont.uib.no
authors.forename: Jan Sverre
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Vamnes
authors.forename: Gunvor Bentung
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lygre
authors.forename: Arne Geir
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Grönningsaeter
authors.forename: Nils Roar
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gjerdet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003764:Dental Materials; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury