title: Combined radiofrequency ablation and acetic acid hypertonic saline solution instillation: an in vivo study of rabbit liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to determine whether combined radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and acetic acid-hypertonic saline solution (AHS) instillation can increase the extent of thermally mediated coagulation in in vivo rabbit liver tissue. We also wished to determine the optimal concentration of the solution in order to maximize its effect on extent of the RFA-induced coagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty thermal ablation zones were produced in 40 rabbits by using a 17-gauge internally cooled electrode with a 1-cm active tip under ultrasound guidance. The rabbits were assigned to one of four groups: group A: RFA alone (n=10); group B: RFA with 50% AHS instillation (n=10); group C: RFA with 25% AHS instillation (n=10); group D: RFA with 15% AHS instillation (n=10). A range of acetic acid concentrations diluted in 36% NaCl to a total volume of 1 mL were instilled into the liver before RFA. The RF energy (30W) was applied for three minutes. After RFA, in each group, the maximum diameters of the thermal ablation zones in the gross specimens were compared. Technical success and the complications that arose were evaluated by CT and on the basis of autopsy findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures are technically successful. There were six procedure related complications (6/40; 15%): two localized perihepatic hematomas and four chemical peritonitis. The incidence of chemical peritonitis was highest for group B with the 50% AHS solution instillation (30%). With instillation of 15% AHS solution, a marked decrease of tissue impedance (24.5+/-15.6 ohm ) and an increase of current (250 mA) occurred as compared to RFA alone. With instillation of the solutions before RFA (group B, C and D), this produced a greater mean diameter of coagulation necrosis than the diameters for rabbits not instilled with the solution (group A) (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between group B, C, and D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined AHS instillation and RFA can increase the dimension of coagulation necrosis in the liver with a single application. A low concentration of AHS (15%) showed similar effects in increasing the extent of RF-induced coagulation, but there were less side effects as compared to the high concentration of AHS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. leejm@radcom.snu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Jeong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young Kon
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joon Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Se Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung Ihn
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D009336:Necrosis; D011817:Rabbits; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D019342:Acetic Acid