title: [Complications related to permanent deep venous catheterization using dual lumen hemodialysis catheter].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the incidence of long-term venous indwelling catheter related complications in hemodialysis patients and to report our clinical approach to the complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hundred eleven hemodialysis patients was prospectively studied from Jan. 2001 to Mar. 2003, in whom the venous indwelling catheter had been in place for more than 6 months. Catheter related complications were observed over a total period of 1090 patients months, with a mean period of 9.8 months (6 - 27 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of hematoma was 8.1% (9/111), and that of catheter malposition was 4.5%. There was no hemothorax, pneumothorax, air embolism or veinous laceration. Six episodes of catheter related infection were observed during the observation, with an incidence of 5.4%; two cases with bacterial infection were successfully treated; while among the 4 cases with fungal infection, one was successfully treated and catheters were removed in other 3 cases for uncontrolled infection. The incidence of catheter thrombosis was 18.9% (21/111) and the catheter had been used for a mean period of 36 days (6 - 725 days) from placement to thrombosis. Catheter patency was restored in 95.2% (20/21) by urokinase infusion. Recurrent thrombosis occurred in 18 of 20 catheters (90.0%), of which 5 worked functionally following anti-platelet therapy and 13 had recurrent thrombosis. Following anticoagulation by warfarin, 9 became functional (69.2%), but the other 4 cases turned to other vascular access. Urokinase infusion followed by anticoagulation had prolonged the mean catheter life-time for 6 months (3 - 18 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cuffed dual lumen catheter as permanent access is safe and effective. Catheter thrombosis is the most common complication. Urokinase infusion followed by anticoagulation can significantly prolong the catheter life-time.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jiang-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiao-hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology