title: Alcohol-based handrub: evaluation of technique and microbiological efficacy with international infection control professionals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published a new guideline on hand hygiene promoting the use of the alcohol-based handrub, but the technique was not addressed. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of technique on the efficacy of the alcohol-based handrub.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthcare workers (HCWs) attending a course in hospital epidemiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fluorescent dye was added to a hand antiseptic, and hands were checked under ultraviolet light after antiseptic cleansing. Data regarding the numbers of predefined fluorescent areas on the skin were collected in addition to demographic data such as age, gender, job description, and job experience. Results of the visualization test were compared with the data from microbiological samples before and after the procedure by the hand plate technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty HCWs were tested, 63% of whom had worked in infection control for more than 10 years. Sixty-six percent of all participants still had detectable bacteria after antisepsis. The mean log10 CFU reduction was 2.0 (range, 0-3.85). Twenty-five percent of all HCWs achieved less than 1.1 log10 CFU. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 13% (one of them being methicillin resistant) and gram-negative bacilli from 6.7%. After using the alcohol handrub, one subject still remained positive for S. aureus. Years of experience was the single most important factor predicting antimicrobial efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technique is of crucial importance in hand antisepsis. Major deficiencies were detected among even highly trained HCWs. Training should be provided before switching from handwashing to the alcohol handrub
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dangel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000438:Alcohols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000592:standards* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards*; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016357:Infection Control Practitioners; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D012955:Societies, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local