title: Normalization of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and reversal of motor impairment in experimental parkinsonism with intravenous nonviral gene therapy and a brain-specific promoter.
abstract: The goal of this work was to normalize striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity with intravenous nonviral TH gene therapy and at the same time eliminate ectopic TH gene expression in peripheral organs such as liver in the rat. TH-expression plasmids, containing either the SV40 promoter or the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene promoter, were globally delivered to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after intravenous administration of pegylated immunoliposomes (PILs). The GFAP-TH- or SV40-TH-expression plasmids were encapsulated in the interior of 85-nm PILs, which were targeted across both the BBB and the neuronal cell membrane with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the transferrin receptor (TfR). Striatal TH activity was 98% depleted with the unilateral intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. TH in the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion was normalized 3 days after the intravenous injection of 10 microg per rat of either the SV40-TH or the GFAP-TH plasmid DNA. Whereas the SV40-TH gene caused a 10-fold increase in hepatic TH activity, there was no increase in liver TH with the GFAP-TH gene. The GFAP-TH gene therapy caused an 82% reduction in apomorphine-induced rotation in the lesioned rats. Confocal microscopy using antibodies to TH, GFAP, and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) showed the GFAP-TH gene was selectively expressed in nigra-striatal neurons, with no expression in either cortical neurons, or astrocytes. These studies demonstrate that global delivery of exogenous genes to the brain is possible with intravenous nonviral gene transfer, and that ectopic gene expression is eliminated with the use of brain-specific gene promoters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schlachetzki
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ruben J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boado
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Pardridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D008081:Liposomes; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D016627:Oxidopamine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase