title: Glass transitions and viscoelastic properties of carbopol and noveon compacts.
abstract: Glass transitions of five varieties of Carbopol (acrylic acid polymers cross-linked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol) and two varieties of Noveon (calcium salts of acrylic acid polymer cross-linked with divinylglycol) differing in cross-linking density and nature and content in residual solvents, were analysed (as compressed probes) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), and oscillatory rheometry. All carbopol compacts showed a main glass transition, at a temperature between 130 and 140 degrees C, Tg, independently of their cross-linking degree and molecular weight. Additionally two batches of Carbopol 971P, which had greater contents in residual solvents, also presented a secondary transition at 65-70 degrees C. Sorption of water during storage of carbopol compacts at different relative humidity environments caused the Tg to strongly decrease. Compacts stored at 97.5% relative humidity have Tg below 0 degrees C and behave, at room temperature, as flexible hydrogels. The Gordon-Taylor/Kelley-Bueche equation only fit the dependence of Tg on water content well for carbopol compacts containing less than 15% water. The plasticizing effect of water was clearly evidenced in the considerable decrease in the storage and loss moduli of the compacts. Although the energy associated to the glass transitions of carbopol polymers, 0.40-0.50 Jg(-1) degrees C(-1), is high enough to be clearly detected by DSC, in some cases the evaporation of residual solvents may make it difficult to observe the Tg. This inconvenience is overcome using MTDSC or oscillatory rheometry. The decrease in Tg of carbopol caused by water sorption when compacts were stored at 97.5% R.H. explains why their loss (G") and storage (G') moduli at room temperature decreased four orders of magnitude. In contrast, in noveon varieties, calcium ions act as ionic cross-linkers of the carboxylic groups, providing rigid networks with much higher Tg, and storage and loss moduli. This explains that despite sorbing similar amounts of water to carbopol, the changes on the mechanical properties of noveon compacts were much less important (i.e., G' and G" decreased up to one order of magnitude).
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Carracedo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Lorenzo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gómez-Amoza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Concheiro
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D005898:Glass; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D011145:Polyvinyls; C006912:carboxypolymethylene