title: In vitro cytotoxicity testing of three zinc metal salts using established fish cell lines.
abstract: The utilisation of fish cell lines has proven to be a valuable, rapid and cost-effective tool in the ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals and environmental samples. The main objective of this study was to investigate the value of multiple endpoint measurements in evaluating the cytotoxicity of three divalent zinc salts in three established fish cell lines (EPC, CHSE and RTG-2) and the potential for their employment as effective screening tools for zinc contaminated environmental samples. A significant stimulatory effect was detected with the neutral red assay in EPC and RTG-2 cells exposed to the lower doses of some zinc compounds. Significant (p < or = 0.01) lactate dehydrogenase release was detectable only with the highest exposure concentration of ZnCl2. Toxicity ranking based on IC50 values calculated from the neutral red and coomassie blue assay data found that in general, ZnC2 was the most cytotoxic metal compound to the cell lines employed. Differential cell sensitivities were observed to be dependant on the particular compound tested and the endpoint employed. It was found that the use of light microscopy in the identification of cell morphological changes was a valuable adjunct in verifying the results of colorimetric tests. In conclusion, careful consideration should be given to study design and statistics applied and use of a battery style approach is recommended for toxicological screening studies.
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ní Shúilleabháin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mothersill
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O' Halloran
authors.forename: F N A M
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davoren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000633:toxicity*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D012474:Salmon; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D009566:Nitrates; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D009499:Neutral Red; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; C016837:zinc chloride; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; C042103:zinc nitrate; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue