title: An evaluation of pupil size standards used by police officers for detecting drug impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) program was developed to detect, arrest, and convict drivers impaired by drugs other than alcohol. The DEC program is a training program designed to prepare police officers and other qualified persons to serve as Drug Recognition Experts (DREs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine normative values and ranges for pupillary responses using the specific DEC program protocols for pupil testing in nonimpaired persons, and (2) to appraise the suitability of the 3.0- mm to 6.5-mm pupil range as a potential sign of impairment under three conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained DRE officers measured pupi sizes using standardized DEC protocols. Pupil measurements were taken under three light levels: room light, near-total darkness, and direct light. The subjects were 250 volunteers, with an average age of 29.2 years (+/-6.1). All subjects were healthy, nonimpaired, and free of visual, and/or neurological problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each pupil measured (N= 500), the mean (SD) for each of the three test conditions were: room light 3.86 (0.93) mm; near-total darkness 6.41(1.55) mm; and direct light 3.35 (0.72) mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study determined normative values and potential ranges for pupillary responses using the specific DEC program protocols for pupil testing in non-impaired persons. When the presently approved DEC program pupil size range (3.0 to 6.5 mm) is compared with the results of this study, it appears that the DEC range for pupil size might be too sensitive. However, when determining impairment related to drug(s), the DRE reviews the results of all tests and draws a conclusion based on the totality of the evidence, not only on a variation in the pupil size.
authors.affiliation: The New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. jrichman@mailhost.org
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: Kathleen Golden
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: McAndrew
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mullaney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D016495:Police; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000592:standards*