title: Risk factors for emesis after therapeutic use of activated charcoal in acutely poisoned children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vomiting frequently complicates the administration of activated charcoal. The incidence of such vomiting is not defined precisely in the pediatric population. Little is known about the patient-, poison-, or procedure-specific factors that contribute to emesis of charcoal. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of vomiting subsequent to therapeutic administration of charcoal to poisoned children < or =18 years of age and to examine the relative contributions of several risk factors to the occurrence of vomiting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on a prospective cohort of 275 consecutive children who were treated with activated charcoal for acute poisoning exposure. The study was set in the emergency department of an urban, tertiary-care children's hospital. Sorbitol content of the charcoal was alternately assigned. Potential risk factors for vomiting were recorded prospectively, and the occurrence of vomiting within 2 hours of charcoal administration was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 56 (20.4%) of 275 patients vomited. Median time to vomiting was 10 minutes. Previous vomiting (relative risk: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.48-7.85) and nasogastric tube administration (relative risk: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.13-5.09) were found to be the most significant independent risk factors for vomiting. The increased risk among children >12 years of age, compared with younger children, approached significance. Sorbitol content, large charcoal volumes, or fast administration rates did not increase vomiting risk significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One of every 5 children who are given activated charcoal within our pediatric emergency department vomited. Children with previous vomiting or nasogastric tube administration were at highest risk, and these factors should be accounted for in future investigation of antiemetic strategies. Sorbitol content of charcoal was not a significant risk factor for emesis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Toxicology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. osterhoudtk@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Osterhoudt
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Alpern
authors.forename: Fred M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Henretig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002606:Charcoal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002606:Charcoal