Optic nerve signals in a neuromorphic chip II: Testing and results.
Seeking to match the brain's computational efficiency, we draw inspiration from its neural circuits. To model the four main output (ganglion) cell types found in the retina, we morphed outer and inner retina circuits into a 96 x 60-photoreceptor, 3.5 x 3.3 mm2, 0.35 microm-CMOS chip. Our retinomorphic chip produces spike trains for 3600 ganglion cells (GCs), and consumes 62.7 mW at 45 spikes/s/GC. This chip, which is the first silicon retina to successfully model inner retina circuitry, approaches the spatial density of the retina. We present experimental measurements showing that the chip's subthreshold current-mode circuits realize luminance adaptation, bandpass spatiotemporal filtering, temporal adaptation and contrast gain control. The four different GC outputs produced by our chip encode light onset or offset in a sustained or transient fashion, producing a quadrature-like representation. The retinomorphic chip's circuit design is described in a companion paper [Zaghloul and Boahen (2004)].
Zaghloul
Kareem A
KA
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kazaghloul@uphs.upenn.edu
Boahen
Kwabena
K
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology; D012666:Semiconductors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*