title: Staged informed consent for a randomized clinical trial in childhood leukemia: impact on the consent process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children Cancer Group (CCG) 1991 is the first childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia trial within CCG that allowed the utilization of a staged approach to the consent process.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty subjects participated in the Project on Informed Consent which compared the primary outcome measures in the consent process of patients enrolled in CCG-1991 with those enrolled in other CCG leukemia studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parents' trust scores were higher for the CCG-1991 compared with other protocols. Eighty percent of parents enrolled in CCG-1991 understood the distinction between the randomized clinical trial and the standard treatment arm, compared with 62.5% in the other studies, P = 0.05. Multiple other outcome measures suggested a positive impact from staged informed consent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a consent process with a staged approach can help investigators obtain a more truly informed consent. Future research is needed to confirm the benefits of the staged approach to the informed consent process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. aangioli@cnmc.org
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Angiolillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kodish
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruccione
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matloub
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D035502:Trust