title: Rapid determination of six urinary benzene metabolites in occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects.
abstract: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene), t,t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (n = 44), those exposed to </= 31 ppm benzene (n = 21), and those exposed to > 31 ppm benzene (n = 19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were >/= 0.728 (p < 0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson r >/= 0.472, p </= 0.002) and with each other (Pearson r >/= 0.708, p < 0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
authors.forename: Suramya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waidyanatha
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Guilan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Martyn T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Songnian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rappaport
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016273:Occupational Exposure
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D001554:Benzene