title: Expression of nuclear factor-kappa B and I kappa B alpha proteins in prostatic adenocarcinomas: correlation of nuclear factor-kappa B immunoreactivity with disease recurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B) and its inhibitor, I kappa B, regulate the transcription of various genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, and survival. The NF kappa B transcription factor complex plays a role in cancer development and progression through its influence on apoptosis. More recently, NF kappa B has been shown to be activated in human and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the prognostic significance of NF kappa B immunoreactivity in prostate adenocarcinomas (PACs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using prostatectomy specimens, we performed immunohistochemical staining for NF kappa B and I kappa B alpha (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections obtained from 136 patients with PAC. Cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity was scored for intensity and distribution, and results were correlated with preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen, tumor grade, stage, DNA ploidy (Feulgen spectroscopy), and biochemical disease recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine percent of PACs overexpressed cytoplasmic NF kappa B, and 63% showed decreased I kappa B expression. Cytoplasmic NF kappa B overexpression correlated with advanced tumor stage (P = 0.048), aneuploidy (P = 0.022), and biochemical disease recurrence (P = 0.001). When we compared the means for the NF kappa B-positive and -negative subgroups, NF kappa B overexpression correlated with preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (P = 0.04) and DNA index (P = 0.05). Fifteen percent of PACs expressed nuclear NF kappa B, which correlated with high tumor grade (P = 0.001) and advanced stage (P = 0.05). Decreased I kappa B alpha expression correlated with high tumor grade (P = 0.015). On multivariate analysis, tumor stage (P = 0.043) and NF kappa B overexpression (P = 0.006) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a role for NF kappa B pathway proteins in the tumorigenesis of PACs. The findings are also consistent with reported experimental studies suggesting a new strategy of combined chemotherapy and specific NF kappa B blockade in decreasing the rate of disease relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA. jross@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Bhaskar V S
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Kallakury
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Hugh A G
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Prabhjot
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002455:Cell Division; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D004247:DNA