title: Distribution of scotoma pattern related to chiasmal lesions with special reference to anterior junction syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pathogenetic mechanisms and frequency distribution of visual field defects (VFDs) in patients with chiasmal lesions. Secondly, to reconsider the existence of "Wilbrand's knee" as far as referable to the anterior junction syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive visual field records related to chiasmal lesions were retrieved from the Tuebingen Perimetric Database. In all cases, at least one eye was examined with the Tuebingen Automated Perimeter using a standardized grid of 191 static targets within the central 30 degrees visual field, and a threshold-related, slightly supraliminal strategy. VFDs were classified according to standard neuro-ophthalmological categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from 153 consecutive patients (65 male, 88 female) were evaluable. The majority (65%) of chiasmal lesions was due to pituitary adenoma, followed by craniopharyngioma (12%), astrocytoma (9%), and meningioma (8%). Vascular lesions in this region occurred rarely (2%). Three per cent of all patients had no final diagnosis. The majority (22%) of scotomas was attributable to involvement of the temporal hemifield in both eyes, with true bitemporal hemianopia being a very rare event (1%). Anterior junction syndrome, characterized by advanced visual field loss affecting the visual field centre in one eye and (possibly subtle) defects respecting the vertical midline in the fellow eye, was the second most frequent classifiable VFD (13%). Homonymous hemianopic VFDs occurred in 11% of all cases. Nine per cent of all patients exhibited monocular VFDs which did not respect the vertical midline, whereas in 3% of the subjects the monocular VFDs did not cross the vertical meridian. Binasal defects and posterior junction syndrome also occurred seldom (< 1%). Nineteen per cent of all visual field records of patients with chiasmal lesions had results, which could not be classified unequivocally, and an identical portion was rated normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with chiasmal lesions, incomplete involvement of the temporal hemifields in both eyes was the most frequent event (22%), followed by anterior junction syndrome (13%). The latter entity at least clinically indicates the proximity of the pre-chiasmal ipsilateral optic nerve and decussating fibres emanating from the inferior nasal hemiretina of the fellow eye. However, this cannot provide conclusive evidence for the existence of anterior Wilbrand's knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neuro-Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Schleichstrasse 12-16, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. ulrich.schiefer@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isbert
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mikolaschek
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mildenberger
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krapp
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: Solon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thanos
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012607:Scotoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields