title: Correlations between estimated and true dietary intakes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear how well questionnaire or so-called reference methods of dietary assessment correlate with true dietary intake. We develop a method to estimate such correlations.
  
  
  METHODS
  An error model is described that uses data from a food frequency questionnaire (Q), a reference method (R), and a biological marker (M). The model does not assume the classical error model for either R or M, or that the correlation between errors in the questionnaire and reference data is zero. Credible intervals can be placed about correlations between R, Q, M and true dietary data (T), also about the correlations between errors in reference and questionnaire data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of this model to a validation data set mainly found correlations in the range 0.4 to 0.8, and that correlations (R,T) generally exceeded correlations (Q,T), providing evidence that R is more valid than Q. Estimated correlations between errors in R and Q were often far from zero suggesting that regression calibration to imperfect reference data is problematic unless these error correlations can be estimated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A biological marker in addition to dietary data, allows calculation of correlations between estimated and true dietary intakes under reasonable assumptions about errors. However, sensitivity analyses are necessary on one variable.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. gfraser@sph.llu.edu
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shavlik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002140:California; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014815:Vitamins