title: Testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the recent clinically relevant literature on testicular cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies suggest that an increased incidence of testicular cancer is due to a birth-cohort effect and secondary to early exposure. Work on identifying tumor prognostic characteristics suggests that proliferation and apoptosis markers as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (S-LD-1) may have value. Poor-risk patients may benefit from intensive treatment despite a possible increased risk of significant toxicity and treatment related deaths. Studies continue to show the efficacy of radiation for stage I and stage II seminoma, but another study adds to the evidence that adjuvant carboplatin may be an acceptable alternative in stage I disease. Surgical studies suggest that even patients with minimal findings on computed tomography after chemotherapy are at risk for harboring vital tumor. Surveillance is shown to be an acceptable choice for highly compliant patients with early stage disease. Risk factors predictive of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity are proposed. Fertility remains an area of concern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testicular cancer research continues to modify current therapies, increase the understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, and improve the risk stratification of the patient population so as to minimize exposure to treatment-related morbidity and toxicity.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: MacVicar
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pienta
mesh_terms: D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy