title: Memantine, an NMDA antagonist, prevents the development of hyperthermia in an animal model for serotonin syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serotonin (5-HT) syndrome is the most serious side effect of antidepressants. Although several drugs have been used for the treatment of 5-HT syndrome, a universal pharmacotherapy has not been established. NMDA receptor antagonists have been reported to have neuroprotective effects. In the present study, the efficacy of NMDA antagonists, including memantine and MK-801, and potent 5-HT (2A) antagonists, including risperidone and ketanserin, was evaluated in a 5-HT syndrome animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  5-Hydroxy-l-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) and clorgyline (2 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in rats to induce 5-HT syndrome. The rectal temperature of the rats was measured, and the noradrenaline (NA) and 5-HT levels in the anterior hypothalamus were measured using a microdialysis technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group pretreated with saline, the rectal temperature increased to more than 40 degrees C, and all of the animals died within 90 min of the drug's administration. The NA and 5-HT levels in the anterior hypothalamus increased to about 15- and 1100-fold of the pre-administration levels, respectively. Pretreatment with risperidone (0.5 mg/kg) and ketanserin (5 mg/kg) prevented the development of hyperthermia and the increase in the NA level. Memantine (10 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) also prevented the development of hyperthermia and the increase in the NA level. These results suggest that NMDA antagonists, as well as potent 5-HT (2A) antagonists, may be effective drugs for the treatment of 5-HT syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since memantine is clinically well tolerated, this drug is a particularly promising therapeutic drug for 5-HT syndrome treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical School, Kawachi-Gun, Tochigi-Ken, 329-0498, Japan. psychiat@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nisijima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shioda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D003010:Clorgyline; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008559:Memantine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018967:Risperidone / Q000494:pharmacology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000032:analysis; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D012701:Serotonin; D007649:Ketamine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan; D018967:Risperidone; D003010:Clorgyline; D008559:Memantine; D009638:Norepinephrine