title: Lipid lowering activity of drugs affecting cholesterol absorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary cholesterol absorption, endogenous cholesterol synthesis and biliary cholesterol excretion regulate whole body cholesterol balance as a result of biotransformation into bile acids or direct cholesterol excretion. Recent studies have significantly advanced our understanding of intestinal sterol absorption at molecular level. This review concentrates on two major issues: the mechanisms of sterol absorption, and the currently available or experimental drugs that affect this pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear hormone receptors, such as the liver X, farnesoid X and retinoid X receptors, regulate the absorption of dietary sterols by modulating the transcription of several genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, The ABC proteins transport dietary cholesterol from enterocytes back to the intestinal lumen, thus limiting the amount of absorbed cholesterol. By means of the same mechanism, ABC transporters also provide an efficient barrier against the absorption of plant sterols. Phytosterols, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe and ACAT inhibitors are possible means of affecting these pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to providing an insight into the molecular mechanisms of sterol absorption, these recent findings may lead to new therapeutic options for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. This is particularly true in the case of patients at high risk of coronary artery disease requiring aggressive lipid-lowering therapy combining a statin with drugs affecting cholesterol absorption in order to ensure the optimal management of dyslipidemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Norata
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Catapano
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D008967:Molecular Biology; D013261:Sterols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001384:Azetidines; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D013261:Sterols; D002784:Cholesterol; D000069438:Ezetimibe