title: Analysis of periodontal risk profiles in adults with or without a history of myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases has been suggested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study whether a combination of clinical variables in a functional risk diagram enhanced the ability to differentiate between subjects with or without an immediate history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A functional periodontal pentagon risk diagram (PPRD) with five periodontal risk vectors was created. The surface of individual PPRDs was calculated using data from 88 subjects with recent AMI and 80 matched control subjects with no history of AMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, gender, number of remaining teeth (mean value: 21.1 versus 21.6 teeth), smoking status, and pocket probing depth (PPD) distribution did not differ by group. Gingival recession was greater in control subjects (mean difference: 5.7, SD: +/- 1.9, p<0.01, 95% CI: 1.8-9.6). Bone loss > or = 4.0 mm was at all levels studied was significantly greater in subjects with AMI and bone loss > or = 50% (> or = 4 mm) was the best individual predictor of AMI (beta = 2.99, p < 0.000, 95% CI: 7.5-53.4). Only PPRD scores were associated with AMI status when factors not included in the PPRD were studied (beta = 22.1, SE: 5.9, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 10.3-33.7). The best association between AMI status and study variables was the combination of > or = 4 mm of bone loss > or = 50%, proportion of bleeding on probing (%BOP), %PPDs > or = 6 mm, and tooth loss (Nagelkirke r2 = 0.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of five periodontal parameters in a PPRD added predictive value, suggesting that comprehensive data should be used in studies of associations between periodontitis and heart diseases. Radiographic evidence of bone loss was the best individual parameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Sweden. stefan.renvert@hv.hkr.se
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Niklaus P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: G Rutger
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification