title: A new method for correction of inverted nipple with three periductal dermofibrous flaps.
abstract: The inverted nipple may be congenital or caused by repeated inflammation and breast surgery. The reported prevalence of congenital inverted nipple ranges from 1.77% [1] to 3.26%, and most of them are bilateral and umbilicated [2]. The inversion has been linked to many aesthetic, functional, and psychological problems. Many methods have been proposed to correct this deformity since the first surgical correction by Kehrer in 1879. I propose a new method with three periductal dermofibrous flaps to add bulk to the nipple base and to form a hammock to prevent recurrence. The design also shortens the circumference of the root of the nipple without compromise of the neurovascular supply. We have corrected 46 nipples of 25 patients with this method successfully since 1996. This method can be applied to all types of inverted nipple without significant complications.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Department, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. huang42@ms2.mmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Wen-Chen
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009558:Nipples / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing