title: A pilot study of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of gastric fundal varices in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-butyl cyanoacrylate injection has been shown to be effective and safe for the endoscopic treatment of gastric varices. N-butyl cyanoacrylate is not available in the United States, but use of a similar agent, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, recently was approved for skin closure. This pilot study prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of gastric fundal varices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with large gastric fundal varices with either stigmata of recent hemorrhage, a history of bleeding, or high-risk varices underwent intravariceal injection of undiluted 2-octyl cyanoacrylate. The end points for this study were cessation of active bleeding, successful obliteration of visible varices, and prevention of bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 2 weeks of treatment, 52% of patients had a history of significant variceal bleeding, and 12% had active gastric variceal bleeding at the time of injection. The rate of immediate hemostasis was 100%. Gastric variceal bleeding recurred in 4% of patients (mean follow-up 11 months). The overall mortality rate was 12%; the bleeding-related mortality rate was 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate appears to be efficacious and safe for both prevention and control of gastric variceal hemorrhage. Larger studies are required to further establish the use of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate for treatment of gastric fundal varices.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Endoscopy Service, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rengstorff
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Binmoeller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005748:Gastric Fundus; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; C100832:octyl 2-cyanoacrylate