title: Increasing vancomycin susceptibility in vancomycin resistant enterococci by vanH promoter and ddl transformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) the vanHAXYZ genes encode a new pathway of enzymes to produce d-alanyl-d-lactate. We investigated the effect of vanH promoter and ddl gene transformation on vancomycin susceptibility in a vanA phenotype of Enterococcus faecalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To construct plasmid pJW1, the vanH promoter was cloned to plasmid pAM401. Plasmid pJW2 was constructed by cloning the ddl gene into pAM401. To construct pJW3, the ddl gene was ligated downstream of the vanH promoter of the plasmid pJW1. The competent VRE was transformed with pJW1, pJW2 and pJW3 using electroporation. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for VRE and transformed E. faecalis was determined using the broth dilution method. The expression of the vanA and ddl gene of VRE and transformed E. faecalis was evaluated by RT PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transformation of the vanH promoter reduced the vancomycin MIC of VRE. In VRE and transformed E. faecalis, the vanA and ddl genes were expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a way of altering high-level vancomycin resistance with gene transformation in enterococci. In the future, development of an effective gene delivery system will contribute to the design of new modalities that will help overcome the limitations of antimicrobial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, C.P.O. Box 8044, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kyung Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kkot Sil
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young Goo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: June Myung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018274:Electroporation; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; C070700:VanH protein, Enterococcus faecium; D014640:Vancomycin; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C019638:D-alanylalanine synthetase