title: Maintenance of long-term immunological memory by low avidity IgM-secreting cells in bone marrow after mucosal immunizations with cholera toxin adjuvant.
abstract: To understand the mechanisms involved in maintaining long-term immunological memory following mucosal immunizations, we determined the quality of serum hapten-specific immunoglobulins (Ig) and localized Ig-secreting cells (SC) of various isotypes in acute, persistent/resting memory and effector memory phases following oral versus intra-muscular (IM) immunizations. In the acute phase, both oral and IM immunizations induced high avidity Ig. However, in the persistent/resting memory phase, oral immunizations induced low avidity Ig while IM immunizations induced high avidity Ig. Following oral immunizations, in the persistent/resting memory phase, hapten-specific IgM titers in serum and IgM-SC in bone marrow (BM) dominated the immune response, suggesting an important role for IgM in the maintenance of memory.
authors.affiliation: Chiron Corporation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elawati
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soenawan
authors.forename: Indresh
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Soumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janani
authors.forename: Jina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kazzaz
authors.forename: Manmohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shreedhar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vajdy
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000915:Antibody Affinity / Q000276:immunology*; D000921:Antibody-Producing Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate