title: Markers of local immunity in cervico-vaginal secretions of HIV infected women: implications for HIV shedding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To link local proinflammatory cytokines with HIV related nucleic acids in cervico-vaginal secretions and the factors associated with them.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study on 60 HIV positive women attending the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, University of Pavia, Italy. HIV-1 RNA in plasma, proviral HIV-1-DNA, cell associated and cell free HIV-1 RNA in cervico-vaginal secretions were evaluated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (c-PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (cRT-PCR). IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were measured by ELISA in cervico-vaginal lavages. Multiple regression analysis on ordinal categorical variables was used to test for the simultaneous associations of clinical and microbiological variables on quartiles of cytokine concentrations in lavage samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proviral HIV-1 DNA, cell associated and cell free HIV-1 RNA were detected in 76.7% (46/60), 70% (42/60), and 71.7% (43/60) of the patients, respectively. IL-1beta concentration was directly correlated with proviral HIV-DNA (Spearman rho = 0.35, p = 0.01) and cell associated HIV-RNA levels (Spearman rho = 0.263, p = 0.05). IL-1beta concentration (153.9 pg/ml) was higher (p<0.05) among women with cytological squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) than negative controls (73.4 pg/ml). In women with vaginal infection both IL-1beta (41.7 pg/ml) and IL-6 (10.2 pg/ml) were lower (p<0.05) in comparison to negative controls (144.9 pg/ml and 23.7 pg/ml, respectively). Women receiving stable antiretroviral therapy had significantly lower TNF-alpha (34.4 pg/ml versus 44.4 pg/ml, p = 0.04) and higher IL-6 (24.0 pg/ml versus 1.4 pg/ml, p = 0.004) levels in lavage samples compared to untreated women. The associations between the presence of SIL, antiretroviral treatment, vaginal infection and cytokine concentrations in cervico-vaginal secretions were confirmed in multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local immune activation may modulate HIV-1 shedding in cervico-vaginal secretion with possible influence on vaginal physiology and host defence. Pharmacological agents lowering HIV-1 replication cause a shift to a pattern of cytokine production which seems less favourable to the transmission of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brerra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Migliavacca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maserati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D014627:Vaginitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral