title: Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was done to determine whether patients with pacemakers could safely undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5-Tesla (T).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Because of theoretical risks, it is an absolute contraindication for a patient with a pacemaker to undergo MRI. However, there are times when an MRI is needed to provide valuable clinical information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four patients underwent a total of 62 MRI examinations at 1.5-T. The type of MRI examination was not limited and included cardiac, vascular, and general MRI studies using various whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency power. Restrictions were not placed on the type of pacemaker present in the patient. All pacemakers were interrogated immediately before and after MRI scanning, and patients were continuously monitored. Before and after MRI, interrogation was done, and pacing and sensing thresholds, as well as lead impedances, were all measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 107 leads and 61 pulse generators were evaluated. No adverse events occurred. Forty (37%) of the leads underwent changes, whereas 10 (9.4%) leads underwent a significant change. Only 2 of the 107 (1.9%) leads required a change in programmed output. Threshold changes were unrelated to cardiac chamber, anatomical location, peak SAR, and time from lead implant to the MRI examination. Electrocardiographic changes and patient symptoms were minor and did not require cessation of MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Safety was demonstrated in this series of patients with pacemakers at 1.5-T.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Heart Institute, Tulsa 74133, USA. marti@oklahomaheart.com
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coman
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Shellock
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pulling
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D000075202:Contraindications; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009825:Oklahoma; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors