title: [The problem of specialization in otolaryngology on the turn of the XIX century--Warsaw physician contribution].
abstract: The problem of specialization in otolaryngology in the end of the XIX and the beginning of XX century in Warsaw is described in detail. The programmes of specialization and specialistic examinations at that time did not exist. The professional trainings of Warsaw physicians in otolaryngology carried out abroad, especially in Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London are presented. The professional training at Warsaw otolaryngological hospital wards, out-patient clinics, infirmieries and consulting-rooms are stressed in more details. Number of physicians specialized in otolaryngology increased in the beginning of the XX century. The Warsaw physicians wrote many scientific papers and several books, they were also competent teachers of a great number of distinguished otolaryngologists. The achievements of Warsaw doctors at the time of the formation of Polish Otolaryngological Society in 1921 are pointed out.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kierzek
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000266:history*; D010820:Physicians / Q000266:history*; D011044:Poland