title: Airway obstruction in children aged less than 5 years: the prehospital experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of choking in children has been well studied, but few data are available on the various causes of the choking episodes in the pediatric population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess frequency and to stratify etiologies of children less than 5 years of age who had a 911 advanced life support (ALS) ambulance response for airway obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prehospital database was searched and information was collected defining type of obstruction, age of the child, parents' action, paramedic treatment, and incident outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 182 patients with airway obstruction under 5 years of age, of whom 99 (55%) were less than 1 year old. Liquid obstructions (i.e., formula, juices) were most common in the youngest children, whereas solid food and nonfood solid obstructions were most prevalent in children over 1 year old. One hundred seven (59%) of these obstructions resolved before paramedic arrival (69% of liquid obstructions, 72% of food, and 36% of nonfood solid objects). Interventions used by parents included bulb suction (3%), finger sweeps (6%), Heimlich maneuver (3%), and back blows (12%). Paramedics used ALS skills in only three cases. After paramedic evaluation, 47% of parents refused transport against medical advice (AMA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most episodes of pediatric airway obstruction will have been resolved by the time of paramedic arrival, age-specific and item-specific treatment skills need to be reinforced with parents and prehospital providers.
authors.affiliation: San Diego County Division of Emergency Medical Services, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vilke
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Leslie Upledger
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murrin
authors.forename: Theodore C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education