title: Neurophysiological tests and neuroimaging procedures in non-acute headache: guidelines and recommendations.
abstract: The use of instrumental examinations in headache patients varies widely. In order to evaluate their usefulness, the most common instrumental procedures were evaluated, on the basis of evidence from the literature, by an EFNS Task Force (TF) on neurophysiological tests and imaging procedures in non-acute headache patients. The conclusions of the TF regarding each technique are expressed in the following guidelines for clinical use. 1 Interictal electroencephalography (EEG) is not routinely indicated in the diagnostic evaluation of headache patients. Interictal EEG is, however, indicated if the clinical history suggests a possible diagnosis of epilepsy (differential diagnosis). Ictal EEG could be useful in certain patients suffering from hemiplegic and basilar migraine. 2 Recording of evoked potentials is not recommended for the diagnosis of headache disorders. 3 There is no evidence to justify the recommendation of autonomic tests for the routine clinical examination of headache patients. 4 Manual palpation of pericranial muscles, with standardized palpation pressure, can be recommended for subdividing patient groups but not for diagnosis. Pressure algometry and electromyography (EMG) cannot be recommended as clinical diagnostic tests. 5 In adult and paediatric patients with migraine, with no recent change in attack pattern, no history of seizures, and no other focal neurological signs or symptoms, the routine use of neuroimaging is not warranted. In patients with atypical headache patterns, a history of seizures and/or focal neurological signs or symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indicated. 6 If attacks can be fully accounted for by the standard headache classification [International Headache Society (IHS)], a positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and scan will generally be of no further diagnostic value. 7 Nuclear medicine examinations of the cerebral circulation and metabolism can be carried out in subgroups of headache patients for diagnosis and evaluation of complications, when patients experience unusually severe attacks, or when the quality or severity of attacks has changed. 8 Transcranial Doppler examination is not helpful in headache diagnosis. Although many of the examinations described are of little or no value in the clinical setting, most of the tools have a vast potential for further exploring the pathophysiology of headaches and the effects of pharmacological treatment.
authors.affiliation: University Centre for Adaptive Disorders and Headache, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy. gsandrini@unipv.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandrini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jänig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez del Rìo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schoenen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchem
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000592:standards; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000592:standards*; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods; D009683:Nuclear Medicine / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic