title: Dural closure, cord approximation, and clot removal: enhancement of tissue sparing in a novel laceration spinal cord injury model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laceration-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the invasion of a connective tissue scar, progressive damage to the spinal cord due to complex secondary injury mechanisms, and axonal dieback of descending motor pathways. The authors propose that preparation of the spinal cord for repair strategies should include hematoma removal and dural closure, resulting in apposition of the severed ends of the spinal cord. Such procedures may reduce the size of the postinjury spinal cord cyst as well as limit scar formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a novel device, the Vibraknife, the authors created a dorsal hemisection of the spinal cord at C-6 in the adult rat. In Group 1 (eight rats), the dura mater was repaired with apposition of the two stumps of the spinal cord to reduce the lesion gap. In Group 2 (10 rats), the dura was not closed and the two cord stumps were not approximated. All rats were killed at 4 weeks postinjury, and the spinal cords from each group were removed and examined using histological, stereological, and immunohistochemical methods. In Group 1 rats a significant reduction of the total lesion volume and connective tissue scar was observed compared with those in Group 2 (Student t-test, p < 0.05). Approximation of the stumps did not promote the regeneration of corticospinal tract fibers or sensory axons through the lesion site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apposition of the severed ends of the spinal cord by dural closure reduces the lesion gap, cystic cavitation, and connective tissue scar formation. These outcomes may collectively reduce secondary tissue damage at the injury site and shorten the length of the lesion gap, which will facilitate transplantation-mediated axonal regeneration after laceration-induced SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Yi Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Lisa B E
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Yingchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Darlene A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000517:prevention & control; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000254:growth & development; D003560:Cysts / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007249:Inflammation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000662:veterinary; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary