title: Brachytherapy for pediatric tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric tumors are generally managed with a multi-modality treatment program that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and teletherapy. The use of teletherapy in young children can result in significant long-term toxicity (especially retardation of growth of bones and organs). The use of brachytherapy is an attractive alternative because brachytherapy irradiates small volumes and can thus potentially minimize complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The brachytherapy techniques used are similar to those used in adults. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy with manually-afterloaded removable 192Ir is commonly used though it is associated with some radiation exposure hazards. Low energy radionuclides and remote afterloading technology have been used to reduce the radiation exposure hazards. Teletherapy is often added in the treatment of more extensive tumors, especially in older children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachytherapy (as the sole radiation modality) to small volumes in conjunction with chemotherapy and surgery has produced good local control with growth preservation and acceptable late complications in selected patients with localized tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brachytherapy increases local control with a decrease in the probability of late complications (especially altered bone and organ growth) in comparison to EBRT. Low energy radionuclides and remote afterloading technology (HDR, IOHDR, and PDR) have been used to extend treatment to infants and younger children while reducing the radiation exposure to patients, family, and medical personnel.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. nag.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: Subir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Tippin
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome