title: Bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recent advances in the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent research has attempted to improve the care of patients with this disease. Evidence suggests that bacillus Calmette-Guerin is the most effective intravesical therapy for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer and that maintenance therapy is superior to an induction course alone. In patients with muscle-invasive disease, nodal status and extent of lymphadenectomy have been shown to correlate with survival after radical cystectomy. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of bladder cancer continues to evolve as well. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has recently demonstrated a survival benefit, and trials are ongoing to define the optimal regimen of chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved understanding and advancements in the management of all stages of bladder cancer continue to improve the care of patients with this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. mchall@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Lester S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M Craig
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy