title: Extraction of fluorescent cell puncta by adaptive fuzzy segmentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The discrimination and measurement of fluorescent-labeled vesicles using microscopic analysis of fixed cells presents a challenge for biologists interested in quantifying the abundance, size and distribution of such vesicles in normal and abnormal cellular situations. In the specific application reported here, we were interested in quantifying changes to the population of a major organelle, the peroxisome, in cells from normal control patients and from patients with a defect in peroxisome biogenesis. In the latter, peroxisomes are present as larger vesicular structures with a more restricted cytoplasmic distribution. Existing image processing methods for extracting fluorescent cell puncta do not provide useful results and therefore, there is a need to develop some new approaches for dealing with such a task effectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present an effective implementation of the fuzzy c-means algorithm for extracting puncta (spots), representing fluorescent-labeled peroxisomes, which are subject to low contrast. We make use of the quadtree partition to enhance the fuzzy c-means based segmentation and to disregard regions which contain no target objects (peroxisomes) in order to minimize considerable time taken by the iterative process of the fuzzy c-means algorithm. We finally isolate touching peroxisomes by an aspect-ratio criterion. The proposed approach has been applied to extract peroxisomes contained in several sets of color images and the results are superior to those obtained from a number of standard techniques for spot extraction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Image data and computer codes written in Matlab are available upon request from the first author.
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Information Technology, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Australia. t.pham@griffith.edu.au
authors.forename: Tuan D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Denis I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Tuan H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Tam H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002460:Cell Line; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity