Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.
The phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroups E (Hg E) and J (Hg J) was investigated in >2400 subjects from 29 populations, mainly from Europe and the Mediterranean area but also from Africa and Asia. The observed 501 Hg E and 445 Hg J samples were subtyped using 36 binary markers and eight microsatellite loci. Spatial patterns reveal that (1). the two sister clades, J-M267 and J-M172, are distributed differentially within the Near East, North Africa, and Europe; (2). J-M267 was spread by two temporally distinct migratory episodes, the most recent one probably associated with the diffusion of Arab people; (3). E-M81 is typical of Berbers, and its presence in Iberia and Sicily is due to recent gene flow from North Africa; (4). J-M172(xM12) distribution is consistent with a Levantine/Anatolian dispersal route to southeastern Europe and may reflect the spread of Anatolian farmers; and (5). E-M78 (for which microsatellite data suggest an eastern African origin) and, to a lesser extent, J-M12(M102) lineages would trace the subsequent diffusion of people from the southern Balkans to the west. A 7%-22% contribution of Y chromosomes from Greece to southern Italy was estimated by admixture analysis.
Semino
Ornella
O
Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. semino@ipvgen.unipv.it
Magri
Chiara
C
Benuzzi
Giorgia
G
Lin
Alice A
AA
Al-Zahery
Nadia
N
Battaglia
Vincenza
V
Maccioni
Liliana
L
Triantaphyllidis
Costas
C
Shen
Peidong
P
Oefner
Peter J
PJ
Zhivotovsky
Lev A
LA
King
Roy
R
Torroni
Antonio
A
Cavalli-Sforza
L Luca
LL
Underhill
Peter A
PA
Santachiara-Benerecetti
A Silvana
AS
D000352:Africa, Northern; D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008877:Middle East; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic