Danger, death and DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines, although successful in many animal models of various diseases, remain insufficiently immunogenic in humans. Among the countless approaches to improve them is the stimulation of the innate immune system by promoting the apoptotic death of the transfected host cells, which is the focus of this review.
Bergmann-Leitner
Elke S
ES
Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Elke.Bergmann-Leitner@na.amedd.army.mil
Leitner
Wolfgang W
WW
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D010957:Plasmids; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019444:Vaccines, DNA