title: Comparing outcome predictability of markers of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Markers of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) are reported to predict mortality and hospitalization in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, it is not clear which one is a more sensitive and stronger predictor of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the utility of 10 markers of MICS as predictors of prospective mortality and hospitalization, which included malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS), a fully quantitative score adopted from subjective global assessment, and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), albumin, pre-albumin, total iron binding capacity, creatinine, total cholesterol and normalized protein nitrogen appearance. A cohort of 378 MHD patients, who were randomly selected from eight DaVita dialysis facilities in the South Bay Los Angeles area, was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients, aged 54.5+/-14.7 years, included 53% men, 47% Hispanics, 30% African-Americans and 55% diabetics, who had undergone MHD for 37+/-34 months. Over a 12-month follow-up, 39 patients died and 208 were hospitalized at least once. Multivariate Cox and Poisson models that included 11 covariates [gender, age, race, ethnicity, diabetes, dialysis vintage, Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI), insurance status, Kt/V, body mass index and history of cardiovascular disease] were explored for the highest quartiles of inflammatory markers or the lowest quartiles of nutritional markers. The magnitude of relative risk of death and hospitalization was greatest for MIS, CRP and IL-6. In extended multivariate models that included all 10 MICS markers and 11 additional covariates simultaneously, CRP, MIS and CCI were the only consistent predictors of mortality and hospitalization, and their outcome predictabilities were superior to serum albumin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MIS appears to be a useful, short-term tool to risk-stratify MHD patients and may circumvent the need for measuring inflammatory markers such as CRP or IL-6.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Harbor Mailbox 406, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA. kamkal@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kopple
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013577:Syndrome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein