title: Intermediate end point for prostate cancer-specific mortality following salvage hormonal therapy for prostate-specific antigen failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to salvage hormonal therapy can act as an intermediate end point for prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated whether PSA response, defined as the absolute value of the ratio of the rate of PSA change after salvage hormonal therapy to the rate of PSA change before salvage therapy, is associated with the time to PCSM following salvage hormonal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-institution and two pooled multi-institution databases containing baseline, treatment, and follow-up information on men who received salvage hormonal therapy for PSA failure following surgery or radiation therapy from January 1, 1988, to January 1, 2002, formed the study (n = 199) and validation cohorts (n = 1255), respectively. The ability of PSA response and its constituents (i.e., pre-salvage hormonal therapy PSA slope and post-salvage hormonal therapy PSA slope) to predict time to PCSM following salvage hormonal therapy was assessed using Cox regression analysis. For illustrative purposes, PSA response was analyzed as a dichotomous variable with a breakpoint for the ratio of PSA response of 1. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSA response was statistically significantly associated with time to PCSM following salvage hormonal therapy in both the study (P(Cox) =.0014) and validation (P(Cox)<.001) cohorts; however, its constituents were not (pre-salvage hormonal therapy PSA slope: P(Cox-study) =.97, P(Cox-validation) =.57; post-salvage hormonal therapy PSA slope: P(Cox-study) =.27, P(Cox-validation) =.31). Patients with a PSA response that was less than or equal to 1 had a statistically significantly shorter time to PCSM than patients with a PSA response of greater than 1 in both the study (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 10.3; P(Cox) =.01) and validation (HR = 12.8, 95% CI = 6.2 to 26.3; P(Cox)<.001) cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSA response to salvage hormonal therapy can serve as an intermediate end point for PCSM in patients with a rising PSA level following surgery or radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. adamico@lroc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Anthony V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Judd W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moul
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lubeck
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen