Phosphatases as small-molecule targets: inhibiting the endogenous inhibitors of kinases.
Inositols and their phosphorylated derivatives, phosphoinositides, play an important role in diverse cellular functions. They have been recognized as second messengers and are accurately controlled by phosphatases and kinases, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10). Specific inhibitors targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein phosphatases have been described and characterized, but no small-molecule tools for phosphoinositide phosphatases are currently available. The present mini-review gives an overview of representative phosphatase inhibitors and summarizes the work that has been done recently on molecules that inhibit PTEN.
Schmid
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Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
Woscholski
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D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D010770:Phosphotransferases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C021822:myo-inositol-1 (or 4)-monophosphatase; C494929:PTEN protein, human