title: Thoracic pedicle screws: postoperative computerized tomography scanning assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated the accuracy of placement of thoracic pedicle screws by performing postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning. A grading system is presented by which screw placement is classified in relation to neurological, bone, and intrathoracic landmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-five thoracic pedicle screws were implanted in 27 patients with the assistance of computer image guidance or fluoroscopy. Postoperative CT scanning was conducted to determine a grade for each screw: Grade I, entirely contained within pedicle; Grade II, violates lateral pedicle but screw tip entirely contained within the vertebral body (VB); Grade III, tip penetrates anterior or lateral VB; Grade IV, breaches medial or inferior pedicle; and Grade V, violates pedicle or VB and endangers spinal cord, nerve root, or great vessels and requires immediate revision. Based on anatomical morphometry, the spine was subdivided into upper (T1-2), middle (T3-6), and lower (T7-12) regions. Statistical analyses were performed to compare regions. The mean follow-up period was 37.6 months. The following postoperative CT scanning-documented grades were determined: Grade I, 160 screws (86.5%); Grade II, 15 (8.1%); Grade III, six (3.2%); Grade IV, three (1.6%); and Grade V, one (0.5%). Among cases involving screw misplacements, Grade II placement was most common, and this occurred most frequently in the middle thoracic region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' grading system has advantages over those previously described; however, further study to determine its reliability, reproducibility, and predictive value of clinical sequelae is warranted. Postoperative CT scanning should be considered the gold standard for evaluating thoracic pedicle screw placement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, The Spine Center of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA. heary@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heary
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome