title: Glucose regulates the expression of the farnesoid X receptor in liver.
abstract: An increased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and gallbladder disease occurs in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance. Hypertriglyceridemia is positively associated to gall bladder disease risk. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor that plays a key role in bile acid and triglyceride homeostasis. The mechanisms controlling FXR gene expression are poorly understood. This study evaluated whether FXR gene expression is regulated by alterations in glucose homeostasis. FXR expression was decreased in livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and normalized upon insulin supplementation. Concomitantly with diabetes progression, FXR expression also decreased in aging diabetic Zucker rats. In primary rat hepatocytes, D-glucose increased FXR mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas insulin counteracted this effect. Addition of xylitol, a precursor of xylulose-5-phosphate, to primary rat hepatocytes increased FXR expression to a comparable level as D-glucose. Finally, expression of the FXR target genes, SHP and apolipoprotein C-III, were additively regulated by D-glucose and FXR ligands. This study demonstrates that FXR is decreased in animal models of diabetes. In addition, FXR is regulated by glucose likely via the pentose phosphate pathway. Dysregulation of FXR expression may contribute to alterations in lipid and bile acid metabolism in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Department, Unité de Recherche 545 Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Pasteur Institute of Lille, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Lille2 University, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duran-Sandoval
authors.forename: Gisèle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mautino
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Fréderic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Percevault
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fruchart
authors.forename: Folkert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Staels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005947:Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated