title: Infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the incidence, timing, and outcome of infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation (IT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients undergoing IT at a single institution between 1991 and 2003 was analyze with standard statistical tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 33 IT recipients, 13 (39%) developed 20 culture- or biopsy-proven episodes of infectious enteritis. The recipient demographics were 77% men and median age 2.6 years. Infections were diagnosed at a median of 76 days (32 to 1800) after IT. There were 14 viral (CMV one, rotavirus eight, adenovirus four, EBV one, three bacterial (Clostridium difficile), and three other infections (Giardia lamblia one, cryptosporidium two). Complete resolution was achieved in 17 (94%) infectious after appropriate antimicrobial or conservative therapy. Interestingly, there were six rejection episodes following infectious enteritis. Grafts were lost to rejection after rotaviral enteritis (n = 1) and adenoviral enteritis misdiagnosed as rejection (n = 1). Patient and graft survival were not adversely affected by infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infectious enteritis occurs frequently after IT. Viral agents are the cause in two-thirds of cases. With supportive care and appropriate treatment, resolution is possible in the majority of cases. Differentiating rejection and infection by histopathology can be difficult.
authors.affiliation: Dumont-UCLA Transplant Program, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziring
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: McDiarmid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cortina
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gajjar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krogstad
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Renz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fondevila
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Busuttil
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Farmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D004751:Enteritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*