title: Loudness dependence of primary auditory-cortex-evoked activity as predictor of therapeutic outcome to prophylactic lithium treatment in affective disorders--a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lithium has been found to be very effective in prophylactic treatment of affective disorders. However, approximately one-third of patients do not respond to this treatment, which does not become apparent until after a year or more of treatment. Therefore, predictors are needed to avoid a long and unsuccessful therapy with risk of severe side effects. Since lithium acts as a serotonin agonist in prophylactic treatment, a predictor of being able to identify patients with low serotonergic activity, who may be responders to lithium, is promising. To determine whether the loudness dependence (LDAEP) of primary, but not of secondary, auditory-cortex-evoked activity, which is inversely related to central serotonergic neurotransmission, could be such a predictor, responders and non-responders to prophylactic lithium treatment were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with uni- and bipolar affective disorders, who have taken a prophylactic lithium medication continuously for at least 3 years, were included in the study. Patients were classified as responders if they had no hospitalization within the past 3 years. Dipole source analysis allowing us to separate evoked activity of the primary and secondary auditory cortex was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LDAEP of the primary, but not of the secondary, auditory cortex was significantly stronger in the responders to the lithium treatment than in the non-responders, implicating low serotonergic function in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding, which is in line with previous studies, suggests that loudness dependence of primary auditory-cortex-evoked activity could be a clinically relevant predictor of prophylactic treatment with lithium in affective disorders.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. georg.juckel@charite.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juckel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mavrogiorgou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bredemeier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallinat
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frodl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hegerl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D008094:Lithium