title: Are there sex differences in emotional and biological responses in spousal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease?
abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare emotional and biological responses of men and women who are spousal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quality-of-life measurements, bioinstrumentation data, and immunophenotype assessments were obtained from female and male spousal caregivers of patients with AD. Spousal caregivers (women, n = 45 with average age 69.7; men, n = 16 with average age 71.4 years) completed questionnaires that assessed psychosocial variables. Blood was drawn and lymphocyte subsets (including natural killer [NK] cell number) were determined using flow cytometry. The degree of relaxation was determined measuring muscle tension (EMG) in the frontalis and trapezius muscles, skin conductance, skin temperature, and heart rate. Male spousal caregivers, as compared to female spousal caregivers, had significantly lower levels of stress, depression, caregiver burden (subjective), anxiety, anger-hostility, and somatic symptoms and higher levels of mental health, sense of coherence, NK cell number, and social and physical functioning. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in social support, coping resources, or T, T suppressor, or activated T cells. Women had more T helper cells and fewer NK cells than men. Men had fewer manifestations of a physiological stress response, as indicated by bioinstrumentation parameters. Unique sex-specific issues need to be considered when strategies are implemented to assist the increasing number of caregivers as our society ages.
authors.affiliation: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Russel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Gayle J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Acton
authors.forename: Dorothy H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Bonner
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D001143:Arousal; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009516:New Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology