title: The effect of intracalyceal distribution on the clearance of renal stones of > or = 20 mm in children after extracorporeal lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the intracalyceal distribution of renal stones on clearance rates after treating paediatric nephrolithiasis with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed a retrospective case series of children (aged < or = 14 years) undergoing lithotripsy on an MPL 9000 (Dornier GmbH, Germany) echo-guided lithotripter. Patients were identified using an international coding and indexing system and ESWL registry. In all, 125 children were treated during 1990-2003, but 21 had stones of > or = 20 mm. Stone clearance was assessed at 1 and 3 months, the stone-free state being defined as no radiological evidence of stone or fragments of < or = 3 mm. Failed treatments were analysed to identify any correlation with stone site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall stone-free rate was 81%; in four children the treatment failed (all girls) and subsequently they required ancillary procedures. Nineteen patients (90%) received up to three sessions of ESWL; two required four or more sessions. Of the four children in whom treatment failed, two had JJ stents; the stones were in the lower pole calyx in two, and the renal pelvis and lower pole calyx in two. The mean stone size in those where treatment failed was 25 mm, vs 21 mm in the stone-free group. The complication rate was 19%, but only one child required admission to hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL is very effective for renal stones in children, with minimal morbidity. Lower pole and partial staghorn stones with a major component in the lower pole calyx should preferably be treated by a percutaneous approach.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University, PO Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. hammad.ather@aku.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ather
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome