title: Two urinary catecholamine measurement indices for applied stress research: effects of time and temperature until freezing.
abstract: Research on stress at work often involves the analysis of urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline. It is usually assumed that samples have to be cooled quickly and stored at refrigerator temperature before freezing. This is often difficult to achieve in field studies. This experimental study therefore tests the robustness of results when samples are not cooled immediately. Samples of 9 men and women, collected at 3 points in time, were immediately frozen, kept for a variable delay in a warm room, or stored in a refrigerator before freezing. Two indices were calculated: (a) the ratio of hormones to liquid volume, period of excretion, and body weight; and (b) the ratio of hormones to urinary creatinine. The reliability of high performance liquid chromatography analysis was satisfactory, as was the comparability of the 2 indices. Unfavorable storage up to 24 hr did not cause bacteria-driven decreases of catecholamines, regardless of storage temperature or sampling time. Results suggest high stability for at least 24 hr without cooling, provided the samples are immediately acidified. Cooling may therefore be handled less restrictively than has been assumed. The application of this research is to facilitate research in settings where samples are collected at different places, such as participants' homes or different workplaces.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. achim.elfering@psy.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elfering
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grebner
authors.forename: Norbert K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Semmer
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byland
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000652:urine*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine