title: [Education and the quality of diet in women and men at age 45-64, in Cracow].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess educational differences in nutrient intake in women and men, and to find out how national/WHO dietary recommendation are met in different educational groups. STUDIED GROUP AND METHODS: 2310 women and men at age 35-64, Cracow residents, participants of the HAPIEE project (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in East Europe). 24 hour food recall was used to assess the average energy, fats, P/S ratio, carbohydrates, refined sugar, antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, E and beta-carotene), fibre and calcium intake in basic, secondary and university education groups. Comparison of the data with national/WHO dietary recommendation was performed in each education group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women and men with university and secondary education higher fat intake was observed compared to basic education group. In women and men intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene and calcium was higher in university education group compared to basic education group by 30%, 24% and 24% in women and by 20%, 15% and 25% in men respectively. Women with university education had higher vitamin E and fibre consumption compared to basic education group. Compared to WHO and national recommendations, total and saturated fat consumption was too high in both sexes and in all education groups, however profitable P/S ratio was observed in all education groups in both sexes. Vitamin C intake was too low in women and men with basic education. In women vitamin E consumption was not satisfactory in any education group. Fibre and calcium intake was low in women and men, in all education groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were differences between education groups in fat, carbohydrates, fibre, antioxidant vitamins and calcium intake. Compared to WHO and national recommendations, fat intake was too high and fibre and calcium intake too low in all educational groups in both sexes. Antioxidant vitamins intake was not sufficient in women and men with basic education.
authors.affiliation: Katedra i Klinika Endokrynologii, Collegium Medicum, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilis-Januszewska
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topór-Madry
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D012737:Sex Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid