title: Maternal atopic disease modifies effects of prenatal risk factors on exhaled nitric oxide in infants.
abstract: In a prospective healthy birth cohort, we determined whether levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) in healthy unselected infants at the age of 1 month were associated with maternal atopic disease and prenatal and early postnatal environmental exposures. Tidal eNO was measured in 98 healthy, unsedated infants (35 from mothers with atopy) (mean age +/- SD, 36.0 +/- 6.2 days) and was compared with histories taken in standardized interviews. eNO was higher in males compared with females (17.7 vs. 14.6 ppb, p = 0.042) and infants exposed to postnatal maternal smoking (+4.4 ppb, p = 0.027), adjusting for weight and tidal breathing parameters. Prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with higher eNO (+12.0 ppb, p = 0.01) in infants of mothers with asthma and lower eNO (-5.7 ppb) in infants of mothers without asthma (p for interaction < 0.0001). Coffee consumption in pregnancy decreased eNO (-6.0 ppb, p = 0.008) only in children of mothers with atopy (p for interaction = 0.015). Paternal atopy had no influence. In the early phase of immunologic development, before the onset of infections and allergic disease, the effect of prenatal or early postnatal environmental factors on eNO was modified by the presence of maternal atopic disease. This underlines the complex interaction of maternal and environmental factors in the development of airway disease.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Pediatric Respiratory Research Group, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland. urs.frey@insel.ch
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuehni
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roiha
authors.forename: Mateja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cernelc
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reinmann
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wildhaber
authors.forename: Graham L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D002110:Caffeine; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002110:Caffeine