title: Fanconi's syndrome in HIV+ adults: report of three cases and literature review.
abstract: We diagnosed Fanconi's syndrome (phosphate depletion and dysfunction of the renal tubules) in three HIV(+) patients. This was temporally related to their HIV treatment. Physicians caring for patients with HIV should recognize the association of this rare syndrome with antiretroviral medications and monitor their patients carefully.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Fanconi's syndrome is caused by increased excretion of phosphate, glucose, amino acids, and other intermediary metabolites, and can result in osteomalacia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We diagnosed this syndrome in three HIV(+) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first was a 43-year-old woman referred for multiple painful stress fractures. She demonstrated hypophosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, phosphaturia, glucosuria, and generalized aminoaciduria. These abnormalities resolved with oral phosphate replacement and discontinuation of the antiretroviral medication tenofovir. The second patient was a 39-year-old man with hypophosphatemia and bone pain. His symptoms improved with discontinuation of adefovir and supplementation of phosphate, potassium, and calcitriol. The third patient was a 48-year-old man who presented with symptomatic tetany caused by hypocalcemia (total serum calcium of 6.5 mg/dl [8.5-10.5 mg/dl]). Nine months before presentation, he had been treated with cidofovir for retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus. With calcium, phosphate, potassium, and calcitriol therapy, his laboratory abnormalities improved substantially, although he continues to require daily electrolyte replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each patient demonstrated generalized renal tubular dysfunction temporally related to treatment with antiretroviral drugs. The mechanism responsible for these abnormalities is not known; however, physicians caring for patients with HIV disease should recognize the association of Fanconi's syndrome with antiretroviral medications and monitor susceptible patients to prevent potential skeletal and neuromuscular complications.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seneviratne
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaker
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shoback
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005198:Fanconi Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D002117:Calcitriol; D000225:Adenine; D002118:Calcium