title: Hypoxia increases resistance of human pancreatic cancer cells to apoptosis induced by gemcitabine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypoxia, frequently found in the center of solid tumor, is associated with resistance to chemotherapy by activation of signaling pathways that regulate cell pro-liferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. We determined whether hypoxia can increase the resistance of human pancreatic carcinoma cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, MEK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) [MAPK(Erk) kinase (MEK)], and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK(Erk), DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B, and apoptosis induced by gemcitabine in L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We then examined the effects of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, MEK inhibitor U0126, and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PKI 166 on these signaling pathways and induction of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxic conditions increased phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK(Erk) and NF-kappa B DNA binding activity in L3.6pl cells. The activation of Akt and NF-kappa B was prevented by LY294002, whereas the activity of MAPK(Erk), but not NF-kappa B, was inhibited by U0126. The increased activation of Akt, NF-kappa B, and MAPK(Erk) was inhibited by PKI 166. Under hypoxic conditions, L3.6pl cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by gemcitabine. The addition of LY294002 or PKI 166 abrogated cell resistance to gemcitabine, whereas U0126 only partially decreased this resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that hypoxia can induce resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine mainly through the PI3K/Akt/NF-kappa B pathways and partially through the MAPK(Erk) signaling pathway. Because PKI 166 prevented the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-kappa B and MAPK(Erk) pathways, the combination of this tyrosine kinase inhibitor with gemcitabine should be an effective therapy for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Isaiah J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Fidler
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002070:Butadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C113580:U 0126; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D014443:Tyrosine; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; C410026:PKI 166; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen; D000093542:Gemcitabine