title: Severe bloodstream infections: a population-based assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although bloodstream infection commonly results in critical illness, population-based studies of the epidemiology of severe bloodstream infection are lacking. We sought to define the incidence and microbiology of severe bloodstream infection (bloodstream infection associated with intensive care unit admission within 48 hrs) and assess risk factors for acquisition and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based surveillance cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multidisciplinary and cardiovascular surgical intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adults with severe bloodstream infection in the Calgary Health Region (population approximately 1 million) during 2000-2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred forty patients had 342 episodes of severe bloodstream infection (15.7 per 100,000 population/year). Several demographic and chronic conditions were significant risk factors for acquiring severe bloodstream infection (relative risk, 95% confidence interval) including age > or =65 yrs (7.0, 5.6-8.7), male gender (1.3, 1.1-1.6), urban residence (2.4, 1.2-5.6), hemodialysis (208.7, 142.9-296.3), diabetes mellitus (5.9, 4.4-7.8), alcoholism (5.6, 3.8-8.0), cancer (7.5, 5.3-10.3), and lung disease (3.8, 2.6-5.4). The most common etiologies were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (3.0, 3.0, and 1.9 per 100,000/year, respectively). The case-fatality rate was 142 of 340 (42%) for an annual mortality rate of 6.5 per 100,000. Increased Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (odds ratio, 1.1 per point; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.2) and presence of a comorbidity (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.3) were significant independent predictors of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bloodstream infections are commonly severe enough to require management in an intensive care unit and are associated with a high mortality rate. Identification of risk factors for severe bloodstream infection may allow targeting of preventive efforts to individuals at greatest potential benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Health Region, and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Laupland
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zygun
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Doig
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mortis
authors.forename: Deirdre L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Church
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis