title: Model of unplanned smoking initiation of children and adolescents: an integrated stage model of smoking behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two lines of psychological research have attempted to spell out the stages of adolescent smoking initiation. The first has focused on behavioral stages of smoking initiation, while the second line emphasized motivational stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large international sample of European adolescents (N = 10,170, mean age = 13.3 years) was followed longitudinally. Self-reported motivational and behavioral stages of smoking initiation were integrated, leading to the development of the Model of Unplanned Smoking Initiation of Children and Adolescents (MUSICA). The MUSICA postulates that youngsters experiment with smoking while they are in an unmotivated state as regards their plans for smoking regularly in the future.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 95% of the total population resided in one of the seven stages distinguished by MUSICA. The probability of starting to smoke regularly during the 12 months follow-up period increased with advanced stage assignment at baseline. Unique social cognitive predictors of stage progression from the various stages were identified, but effect sizes of predictors of transitions were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of motivational and behavioral dimensions improves our understanding of the process of smoking initiation. In contrast to current theories of smoking initiation, adolescent uptake of smoking behavior was found to be an unplanned action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. s.kremers@gvo.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: S P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mudde
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*