title: Investigation of pyrochlore-based U-bearing ceramic nuclear waste: uranium leaching test and TEM observation.
abstract: A durable titanate ceramic waste form (Synroc) with pyrochlore (Ca(U,Pu)Ti2O7) and zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) as major crystalline phases has been considered to be a candidate for immobilizing various high-level wastes containing fissile elements (239Pu and 235U). Transmission electron microscopy study of a sintered ceramic with stoichiometry of Ca(U(0.5)Ce(0.25)Hf(0.25))Ti2O7 shows the material contains both pyrochlore and zirconolite phases and structural intergrowth of zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore. The (001) plane of zirconolite is parallel to the (111) plane of pyrochlore because of their structural similarities. The pyrochlore is relatively rich in U, Ce, and Ca with respect to the coexisting zirconolite. Average compositions for the coexisting pyrochlore and zirconolite at 1350 degrees C are Ca(1.01)(Ce3+(0.13)Ce4+(0.19)U(0.52)Hf(0.18))(Ti(1.95)Hf(0.05))O7 (with U/(U + Hf) = 0.72) and (Ca(0.91)Ce(0.09))(Ce3+(0.08)U(0.26)Hf(0.66)Ti(0.01))Ti(2.00)O7 (with U/(U + Hf) = 0.28), respectively. A single pyrochlore (Ca(U,Hf)Ti2O7) phase may be synthesized at 1350 degrees C if the ratio of U/(U + Hf) is greater than 0.72, and a single zirconolite (Ca(Hf,U)Ti2O7) phase may be synthesized at 1350 degrees C if the ratio of U/(U + Hf) is less than 0.28. The synthesized products were used for dissolution tests. The single-pass flow-through dissolution tests show that the dissolution of the U-bearing pyrochlore is incongruent. All the elements are released at differing rates. The dissolution data also show a decrease in rate with run time. The results indicate that a diffusion-controlled process may play a key role during the release of U. TEM observation of the leached pyrochlore directly proves that an amorphous leached layer that is rich in Ti and Hf formed on the surface after the ceramic was leached in pH 4 buffered solution for 835 days. The thickness of the layer ranges from 6 to 10 nm. A nanocrystalline TiO2 phase also forms in the leached layer. The U leaching rate (g/(m2 day)) in acidic solutions can be expressed as log(NR) = -5.36-0.20 pH, where NR is the normalized rate. Conservative leaching rates of uranium [log(NR)] for the U-bearing ceramic at pH 2 and pH 4 solutions are -5.76 and -6.16 g/(m2 day), respectively. The results show that the U release rate of the ceramic waste is 10 times slower than that of defense high-level waste glass and about 1000 times slower than that of spent fuel. The pyrochlore-based ceramic is an ideal waste form for immobilizing long-lived radionuclides of 239Pu and 235U due to the Ti- and Hf-rich leached layer that forms on the ceramic surface. The leached layer functions as a protective layer and therefore reduces the leaching rate as thickness of the leached layer increases.
authors.affiliation: Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. hfxu@unm.edu
authors.forename: Huifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Pihong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Bourcier
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Konynenburg
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009556:Niobium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D009556:Niobium; C016709:pyrochlore; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014501:Uranium; D014025:Titanium