title: Biomechanical and perceptual constraints on the bandwidth requirements of sign language.
abstract: Access to telecommunication systems by deaf users of sign language can be greatly enhanced with the incorporation of video conferencing in addition to text-based adaptations. However, the communication channel bandwidth is often challenged by the spatial requirements to represent the image in each frame and temporal demands to preserve the movement trajectory with a sufficiently high frame rate. Effective systems must balance the portion of a limited channel bandwidth devoted to the quality of the individual frames and the frame rate in order to meet their intended needs. Conventional video conferencing technology generally addresses the limitations of channel capacity by drastically reducing the frame rate, while preserving image quality. This produces a jerky image that disturbs the trajectories of the hands and arms, which are essential in sign language. In contrast, a sign language communication system must provide a frame rate that is capable of representing the kinematic bandwidth of human movement. Prototype sign language communication systems often attempt to maintain a high frame rate by reducing the quality of the image with lossy spatial compression. Unfortunately, this still requires a combined spatial and temporal data rate, which exceeds the limited channel of residential and wireless telephony. While spatial compression techniques have been effective in reducing the data, there has been no comparable compression of sign language in the temporal domain. Even modest reductions in the frame rate introduce perceptually disturbing flicker that decreases intelligibility. This paper introduces a method through which temporal compression on the order of 5:1 can be achieved. This is accomplished by decoupling the biomechanical or kinematic bandwidth necessary to represent continuous movements in sign language from the perceptually determined critical flicker frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA. foulds@njit.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Foulds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods*; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018401:Sample Size; D012813:Sign Language; D013685:Telecommunications; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*; D014796:Visual Perception