title: The colon displays an absorptive capacity of tacrolimus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In our previous study, blood levels of orally administered tacrolimus were significantly higher in short bowel piglets than in control animals. It has been reported that the blood levels of tacrolimus are influenced by the metabolic activity of intestinal CYP3A4. If tacrolimus may be absorbed in the colon, direct administration of drug into this organ might be useful to augment bioavailability since the expression of CYP3A4 is low at this site. In the present study we evaluated the absorptive capacity of tacrolimus in the colon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Piglets were divided into four groups: groups 1 and 2 were controls (n = 11 and 3, respectively); group 3 underwent resection of the entire small intestine (n = 8); and group 4 had a catheter placed in the cecum (n = 4). In groups 1 and 3, tacrolimus was administered orally; in group 2 it was given intravenously; and in group 4 it was injected into cecum through the catheter from postoperative days 3 to 7. On day 7, blood samples were obtained for drug measurements to calculate the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trough level and AUC values of tacrolimus in group 4 as well as in group 3 were significantly higher than those in group 1. In Group 4 animals showed a 60-minute time to peak concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tacrolimus is absorbed by the colon. Since the blood levels were not influenced by the metabolic activity in the graft bowel, direct administration of tacrolimus into the colon might be useful in small intestinal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. nishi@ped-surg.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amae
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nio
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D013552:Swine; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D016559:Tacrolimus