title: Antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone, butorphanol, or the combination in cats.
abstract: The goal of this study was to assess the antinociceptive activity of a single dose of hydromorphone or butorphanol and to examine the effect of their coadministration on thermal thresholds in cats. Thermal thresholds were measured after IM administration of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), a combination of butorphanol and hydromorphone (0.4 and 0.1 mg/kg), or saline to each of 6 cats in a randomized, blinded, crossover study design. There were at least 12 days between treatments. Thermal thresholds were measured by a thorax-mounted thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. Thermal thresholds were measured before treatment, at varying intervals to 12 hours, and at 24 hours after treatments. Data were analyzed by an analysis of variance with a repeat factor of time. Dysphoria was associated with butorphanol administration but not with hydromorphone or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined administration. Vomiting was seen with hydromorphone but not with butorphanol or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The control treatment group was stable over time (P = .22; mean threshold, 40.1 degrees C). Thresholds were significantly (P < .05) higher than the control treatment between 15 and 165 minutes for butorphanol, between 15 and 345 minutes for hydromorphone, and between 15 and 540 minutes for hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The addition of butorphanol to hydromorphone decreased the intensity of antinociception during the 1st 2 hours but extended the duration of observable antinociception from 5.75 to 9 hours. The present study suggests that the combination of butorphanol and a pure OP3 (mu) receptor agonist clinically does not produce increased analgesia and indeed may result in decreased analgesia.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. duncan_lascelles@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: B Duncan X
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lascelles
authors.forename: Sheilah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004091:Hydromorphone; D002077:Butorphanol