title: Algal meal supplementation of the cows' diet alters the physical properties of milk fat.
abstract: A three-week algal meal supplementation of the cows' basal diet resulted in an increase in the firmness of milk fat crystallized isothermally at 5 degrees C for 24 h--the apparent elastic constant increased from 100 to 224 N/mm. This was accompanied by a decrease in solid fat content, from 47.7% to 44.4%. The crystallization behaviour of milk fat was also modified significantly. The rate constant of crystallization (Avrami constant) of the enriched milk fat at 19 degrees C was approximatly 20 times higher than that of control milk fat. A shorter induction time of nucleation was also observed in the temperature range [20, 27 degrees C]. These effects were attributed to a higher degree of supersaturation of the enriched milk fat. Enriched milk fat nucleated in a more stable beta' polymorphic form at 5 degrees C, while control milk fat nucleated in the metastable alpha form, as determined by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Changes in the microstructure of the material were observed by polarized light microscopy at 5 degrees C. The enriched milk fat displayed a greater amount of crystal clustering than the control. This effect was reflected in a decrease in the box-counting mass fractal dimension (Db) of the fat crystal network from 1.853 to 1.809. The decrease in Db closely predicted the observed 2.2-fold increase in the elastic constant of the fat. These changes in mechanical properties, crystallization behaviour and microstructure were driven by an increase in the 18:1 trans and a decrease in the 18:1 cis fatty acid content of the enriched milk fat.
authors.affiliation: Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: Anand Pal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Connie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Avramis
authors.forename: John K G
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Alejandro G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marangoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002417:Cattle; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003460:Crystallization; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004548:Elasticity; D056890:Eukaryota; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids