title: [Recommendations for cardiovascular rehabilitation in diabetes mellitus].
abstract: Cardiac rehabilitation is accepted as an important component in the management of heart disease. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease frequently associated to ischemic heart disease and both disease require continuing medical care, aggressive treatment of other risk factors, educational programs for self management of disease to prevent acute complication. The scientific community should offer standard of care for management of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease, and should design new strategies to promote prevention in this high risk patients. The need to define characteristics and peculiar problems of diabetics patients with ischemic heart disease encouraged the Board of the Italian Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention (GICR) to set up a working group composed of cardiologists and diabetologists chosen on the basis of their proven specific experience. The document is subdivided in six parts. In the first section is described the cardiovascular risks in patients with diabetes and the importance of post-prandial hyperglycemia and glycemic variability. We analyse also the difference in prevalence of ischemic heart disease in Italian diabetic patients compared with other countries. In the second section we described clinical presentation of ischemic heart disease in diabetic patients such as acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina, and the revascularization procedures (balloon angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery). We analysed the differences between the procedures and the evidence-based results. In patients with myocardial infarction we analysed the evidence-based therapy and specific advantages of aspirin, beta-blockers and ace-inhibitor in diabetic patients. In this section we also posed particular attention to the clinical course of patients who underwent bypass grafting and to the impact of diabetes on short and long-term results and on main intervention-related complications including deep infections, mediastinitis, neurological problems, renal failure. In the third section we evaluated the factors responsible of atherosclerosis progression and their treatment, and we underlined that cardiac rehabilitation is less effective for patients with diabetes mellitus. Suggestions proposed in this paper about risk factors are in line with the recommendations of standards guidelines of American Diabetics Association. In patients with concomitant diabetes and ischemic heart disease we suggest blood pressure <130/80, LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dl, triglycerides <150 mg/dl and daily physical activity. In the fourth section we analysed therapeutic regimens and management of diabetes. We posed particular attention on insulin therapy in acute phase of myocardial infarction and in recent coronary bypass grafting, and chronic use of oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin. In the fifth section we provided some recommendations on the organization of educational programs and physical activity in these patients. In the last section we provided some information on diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetes, aim of screening and in which patients is need to perform diagnostic tests. We described the available diagnostic tests with the differences in each method.
authors.affiliation: UOC Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Ospedale La Colletta, Arenzano, GE. a.camerini@email.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chieffo
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comaschi
authors.forename: Marinella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gattone
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mannucci
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faglia
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Biorci
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fattirolli
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D001241:Aspirin