title: Transcranial motor evoked potentials during basilar artery aneurysm surgery: technique application for 30 consecutive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microsurgical clipping of basilar artery aneurysms carries a risk of neurological compromise resulting from midbrain or thalamic ischemia. Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring and electroencephalography are the standard techniques for assessing the level of cerebroprotective anesthesia and monitoring ischemia during temporary occlusion or after permanent clipping. Transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring was added to determine whether this modality improved intraoperative monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined SSEP/electroencephalographic/TcMEP monitoring was used for 30 consecutive patients with basilar artery apex aneurysms in the past 1.5 years. Voltage thresholds were recorded before, during, and after aneurysm treatment for the last 10 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 30 patients underwent an orbitozygomatic craniotomy for clipping (28 patients), wrapping (1 patient), or superficial temporal artery-superior cerebellar artery bypass (1 patient). Electrophysiological changes occurred for 10 patients (33%), elicited by temporary clipping (6 patients), permanent clipping (3 patients), or retraction (1 patient). Isolated SSEP changes were observed for one patient, isolated TcMEP changes for five patients, and changes in both TcMEPs and SSEPs for four patients. Among patients with simultaneous changes, TcMEP abnormalities were more robust and occurred earlier than SSEP abnormalities. Impaired motor conduction was detected first with an increase in the voltage threshold (from 206 +/- 22 to 410 +/- 49 V, P < 0.05, n = 3) and then with loss of TcMEP responses. SSEP and TcMEP signals returned to baseline values for all patients after corrective measures were taken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TcMEP monitoring can be safely and easily added to traditional neurophysiological monitoring during basilar artery aneurysm surgery. These results suggest that TcMEPs may be more sensitive than SSEPs to basilar artery and perforating artery ischemia. This additional intraoperative information might minimize the incidence of ischemic complications attributable to prolonged temporary occlusion or inadvertent perforator occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quiñones-Hinojosa
authors.forename: Mirza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Russ
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Yingling
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lawton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D003399:Craniotomy; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020772:Internal Capsule / Q000098:blood supply*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000098:blood supply*; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013788:Thalamus / Q000098:blood supply*