title: Safety of capsule endoscopy in patients with pacemakers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Capsule endoscopy, a new technology, allows visualization of the entire small intestinal mucosa. The main indication for capsule endoscopy at present is the evaluation of GI bleeding of obscure origin. Studies to date suggest that capsule endoscopy is safe and is associated with few adverse events. One concern, which has not been studied, is the potential effect of the capsule on cardiac pacemakers and other electromedical devices. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the safety of capsule endoscopy in patients with cardiac pacemakers who are being evaluated for GI bleeding of obscure origin and to determine whether pacemakers have any effect on the images captured by the capsule endoscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with cardiac pacemakers referred for evaluation of GI bleeding of obscure origin were entered into the study. Before the procedure, an electrocardiogram was obtained, and pacemaker functions were checked. Capsule endoscopy was performed in a hospital setting to allow closer monitoring, instead of the outpatient clinic, which is our routine. Cardiac rhythm was assessed simultaneously during capsule endoscopy with a Holter monitor. Post-procedure pacemaker function was again checked for any disturbance. When the capsule endoscopy studies were reviewed, observations were made with particular reference to technical difficulty or interference with imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five consecutive patients (4 men, 1 woman; mean age, 73 years, range 56-92 years) with cardiac pacemakers were studied. In all patients, the indication for capsule endoscopy was GI bleeding of obscure origin. A cardiologist and pacemaker nurse specialist reviewed the Holter monitor recordings and evaluated pacemaker function after the procedure for each patient. No arrhythmia or other adverse cardiac event was noted during capsule transmission. No pacemaker-induced interference on the capsule endoscopy images was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capsule endoscopy appears to be safe in patients with cardiac pacemakers and does not appear to be associated with any significant adverse cardiac event. Pacemakers do not interfere with capsule imaging.
authors.affiliation: Current affiliations: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leighton
authors.forename: Virender K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Komandoor
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srivathsan
authors.forename: Russell I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Heigh
authors.forename: Tony L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McWane
authors.forename: Janice K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Jane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bazzell
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fleischer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012449:Safety