title: Differential effects of iron deficiency and underfeeding on serum levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-12p40, and interferon-gamma in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over-production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and under-production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) are associated with autoimmunity, whereas the opposite is associated with overwhelming infections. The influence of iron deficiency, a public health problem for children on in vivo secretion of these cytokines has not been previously investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether iron deficiency alters serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-12 in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in iron-deficient (ID), control (C), pair-fed (PF), and iron replete C57BL/6 mice for 3 (R3) and 14 (R14) days (n = 24-28, 12 R14).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron deficiency was associated with > or = 50% reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver iron stores, and thymus weight (p < 0.05). Iron repletion improved these measurements. While iron deficiency significantly reduced IL-12p40 (64%) and IFN-gamma (66%) levels, underfeeding reduced those of IL-10 (48%) (p < 0.05). Iron repletion improved cytokine concentrations to PF levels. Thymus atrophy observed in 16 ID and 19 R3 mice, had no effect on IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma, whereas it further decreased IL-10 levels by 72% (p < 0.05). Cytokine levels positively correlated with indicators of iron status, body and thymus weights (r < or = 0.688, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that iron deficiency alters the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, a change that may affect innate and cell-mediated immunity, and risk of autoimmune disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Research, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, and The Research Institute for Children, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Box T8-1, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States. skuvib@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Solo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuvibidila
authors.forename: Raj P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Warrier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D051379:Mice; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000378:metabolism; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D021122:Protein Subunits; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007501:Iron