title: Osmotic blistering in enamel bonded with one-step self-etch adhesives.
abstract: One-step self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization, permitting water to move through the cured adhesives. We hypothesize that osmotic blistering occurs in bonded enamel when these adhesives are used without composite coupling. Tooth surfaces from extracted human premolars were bonded with 5 one-step self-etch adhesives. They were immersed in distilled water or 4.8 M CaCl(2), and examined by stereomicroscopy, field-emission/environmental SEM, and TEM. Water blisters were observed in bonded enamel but not in bonded dentin when specimens were immersed in water. They collapsed when water was subsequently replaced with CaCl(2). Blisters were absent from enamel in specimens that were immersed in CaCl(2) only. Water trees were identified from adhesive-enamel interfaces. Osmotic blistering in enamel is probably caused by the low water permeability of enamel. This creates an osmotic gradient between the bonded enamel and the external environment, causing water sorption into the interface.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. kfctay@hknet.com
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: C N S
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chersoni
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suppa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000268:Adhesiveness; D001641:Bicuspid; D001768:Blister / Q000139:chemically induced; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D009995:Osmosis; D010539:Permeability; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; C446260:One-Up-Bond F; C408584:Prompt L-Pop; D019279:Resin Cements; C477386:iBond; D014867:Water