title: Intraperitoneal nitric oxide production in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritonal dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) generation within the peritoneum could potentially affect peritoneal transport by increasing capillary vasodilatation, and increase peritoneal permeability during episodes of bacterial peritonitis. As peritoneal mesothelial cells have a common embryological derivation with endothelial cells, then mesothelial cells could potentially be a major source of locally produced NO.
  
  
  METHODS
  NO was measured using the Griess reaction in fresh and spent dialysate effluent (SPDE) from uninfected CAPD patients, and from those during episodes of bacterial peritonitis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) were cultured and NO production determined in the presence of SPDE and the effect of a potential NO substrate, L-arginine, and NO synthase inhibitor, L-NMMA. NO production by peritoneal macrophages (MØ), obtained from SPDE and the effect of staphylococci was also determined. RNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was sought using Northern blotting technique following combination stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and gamma-INF, and/or spent dialysate from patients with bacterial peritonitis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas fresh CAPD dialysate was nitrite-free, SPDE from the day time exchange contained 41 +/- 3 microM (nitrite and nitrate), and that from the overnight dwell 91 +/- 8 microM. During CAPD peritonitis, dialysate nitrite and nitrate increased from 9.3 +/-0.8 to 17.5 +/- 2.4 microM/l x h, for the first CAPD bag at presentation, and 15.2 +/- 1.8 for the second and 16.2 +/- 2.4 for the third exchange (p < 0.01 compared to non-infected control). By the second day, levels had returned to baseline, 7.3 +/- 0.9 microM/l x h. HPMC produced 261 nmol nitrate and nitrite/mg cell protein, and this increased in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of spent uninfected CAPD dialysate, to 365 nmol/mg with 1:10 dilution and 655 nmol/mg with 1:2 dilution, p < 0.001. The addition of the substrate, L-arginine, resulted in a 10% increase in nitrite and nitrate production, whereas the addition of L-NMMA produced a 10% reduction. Peritoneal MØ obtained from SPDE produced similar quantities of nitrite and nitrate to peritoneal mesothelial cells, and cultures of Staphylococcus aureus resulted in a reduction in nitrite and nitrate levels, as they were used as a growth requirement. However, we could not demonstrate RNA production for iNOS by HPMC following cytokine or SPDE stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests that HPMC may be an important source of locally generated NO within the peritoneal cavity under basal conditions, but as they do not contain iNOS, the increased NO produced during episodes of acute bacterial peritonitis is more likely due to a combination of increased NO production by peritoneal endothelial cells and transmigrating macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Laboratories, Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. Andrew.Davenport@rfh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Ray L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Zachariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Varghese
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D004848:Epithelium; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II