title: A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68).
abstract: The dependence construct fills an important explanatory role in motivational accounts of smoking and relapse. Frequently used measures of dependence are either atheoretical or grounded in a unidimensional model of physical dependence. This research creates a multidimensional measure of dependence that is based on theoretically grounded motives for drug use and is intended to reflect mechanisms underlying dependence. Data collected from a large sample of smokers (N = 775) indicated that all 13 subscales of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) have acceptable internal consistency, are differentially present across levels of smoking heaviness, and have a multidimensional structure. Validity analyses indicated the WISDM-68 subscales are significantly related to dependence criteria such as smoking heaviness and to 4th edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms of dependence and relapse.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53711-2027, USA. mep@ctri.medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Piasecki
authors.forename: E Belle
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bolt
authors.forename: Stevens S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*