title: Hertel exophthalmometry versus computed tomography and optical 3D imaging for the determination of the globe position in zygomatic fractures.
abstract: It has been the aim of the present study, to introduce the combination of computed tomography and optical 3D imaging to exophthalmometry and to compare the resulting data to the classic Hertel method. Twenty patients without orbital pathology and 12 patients were included in the study, who were subjected to a preoperative computed tomography. Optical 3D images of the facial surface were assessed and Hertel exophthalmometry was carried out to determine protrusion. In patients with zygomatic fractures the assessment of optical 3D images and Hertel values was repeated 5 days after surgery. Preoperative axial CT slices and postoperative optical contours through the globes were superimposed and the change in protrusion was determined. The protrusion values assessed either by CT, Hertel exophthalmometry or optical 3D imaging for patients without orbital pathology did not show any statistically significant differences between each other. For zygomatic fractures, Hertel exophthalmometry revealed more pronounced protrusion data in four of five cases of a posterolaterally dislocated lateral orbital rim and a higher degree of enophthalmos in cases without dislocation of the lateral orbital rim than it could be proved in the CT slices. The differences between optical measurements and CT data were minimal in patients with zygomatic fractures. The combination of computed tomography as baseline measurement and optical 3D imaging for the follow-up examinations reveal more realistic data in cases of zygomatic fractures than Hertel measurements and should be preferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. emeka.nkenke@mkg.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nkenke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Holbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Häusler
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Neukam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000150:complications*