title: Risk factors for mortality in 137 pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with mortality in children with heart disease managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university-affiliated children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patients managed with ECMO between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 137 patients were managed with ECMO in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Of the 137 patients, 80 (58%) survived > or =24 hrs after decannulation, and 53 (39%) survived to hospital discharge. Patients managed with ECMO following cardiac surgery were analyzed separately from patients not in the postoperative period. Factors associated with an increased probability of mortality in the postoperative patients were age <1 month, male gender, longer duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO, and development of renal or hepatic dysfunction while on ECMO. Single ventricle physiology and failure to separate from cardiopulmonary bypass were not associated with an increased risk of mortality. Cardiac physiology and indication for ECMO were not associated with mortality rate. Although longer duration of ECMO was not associated with increased mortality risk, patients with longer duration of ECMO were less likely to survive without heart transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a series of 137 patients managed with ECMO in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit, survival to hospital discharge was 39%. In postoperative patients only, mortality risk was increased in males, patients <1 month old, patients with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation before initiation of ECMO, and patients who developed renal or hepatic failure while on ECMO.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ittenbach
authors.forename: Rodolfo I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Godinez
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Portnoy
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabbutt
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Helfaer
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis