title: A systematic review of non-pharmacological therapies for sleep problems in later life.
abstract: Sleep problems become more common with age, affect quality of life for individuals and their families, and can increase healthcare costs. Older people are often prescribed a range of drugs for their health problems, many of which have side effects. Side effects are just one reason why there is an argument to be made for clinical use of non-pharmacological treatments. This review considers the effectiveness of three interventions, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), bright light, and physical exercise. It considers sleep quality, duration and efficiency as primary outcome measures. Randomised controlled trials were selected where 80% or more of participants were over 60 and had a diagnosis of primary insomnia and where investigators had taken care to screen participants for dementia and/or depression. The data suggest a mild effect of CBT for sleep problems in older adults, best demonstrated for sleep maintenance insomnia. It may be that the provisions of 'top-up' or 'refresher' sessions of CBT training to improve durability of effect are worthy of investigation. Evidence of the efficacy of bright light and exercise were so limited that no conclusions about them can be reached as yet; however, in view of the promising results of bright light therapy in other populations with problems of sleep timing, further research into its effectiveness with older adults would seem justifiable. Exercise, though not appropriate for all in this population, may enhance sleep. Research involving exercise programmes designed with the elderly in mind is needed.
authors.affiliation: Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Park Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LQ, UK. paul.montgomery@psych.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000628:therapy*