title: Phorbol esters affect skeletal muscle glucose transport in a fiber type-specific manner.
abstract: Recent evidence has shown that activation of lipid-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms leads to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. However, earlier studies demonstrated that phorbol esters increase glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to try to resolve this discrepancy. Treatment with the phorbol ester 12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate 20-acetate (dPPA) led to an approximately 3.5-fold increase in glucose transport in isolated fast-twitch epitrochlearis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles. Phorbol ester treatment was additive to a maximally effective concentration of insulin in fast-twitch skeletal muscles. Treatment with dPPA did not affect insulin signaling in the epitrochlearis. In contrast, phorbol esters had no effect on basal glucose transport and inhibited maximally insulin-stimulated glucose transport approximately 50% in isolated slow-twitch soleus muscle. Furthermore, dPPA treatment inhibited the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the threonine and serine phosphorylation of PKB by approximately 50% in the soleus. dPPA treatment also caused serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the slow-twitch soleus muscle. In conclusion, our results show that phorbol esters stimulate glucose transport in fast-twitch skeletal muscles and inhibit insulin signaling in slow-twitch soleus muscle of rats. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than PKC activation mediate lipotoxicity-induced whole body insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Paige C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rheinheimer
authors.forename: Dong Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Holloszy
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D010703:Phorbol Esters; C029705:12-deoxyphorbolphenylacetate-20-acetate; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005947:Glucose