title: Interpretation of a 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) blood level: discussion by means of a distribution study in two fatalities.
abstract: The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy" is a currently used or abused designer drug and fatalities are frequently encountered in forensic practice. However, the question remains open whether an MDMA blood level can be toxic or even potentially lethal. In order to provide insight in the interpretation of a detected MDMA concentration, the distribution of MDMA and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in various body fluids and tissues was studied and discussed in two different fatalities. Apart from peripheral blood samples (such as femoral and subclavian blood), various blood samples obtained centrally in the human body and several body fluids (such as vitreous humour) were examined. In addition, various tissues such as cardiac muscle, lungs, liver, kidneys, and brain lobes were analysed. In contrast to the peripheral blood levels, high MDMA and MDA levels were found in cardiac blood and the majority of the organs, except for the abdominal adipose tissue. The high concentrations observed in all lung lobes, the liver and stomach contents indicate that post-mortem redistribution of MDMA and MDA into cardiac blood can occur and, as a result, blood sampled centrally in the body should be avoided. Therefore, our data confirm that peripheral blood sampling remains "the golden standard". In addition, a distinct difference in peripheral blood MDMA concentrations in our two overdose cases was established (namely 0.271 and 13.508 microg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, our results suggest that, if a peripheral blood sample is not available and when putrefaction is not too pronounced, vitreous humour and iliopsoas muscle can be valuable specimens for toxicological analysis. Finally, referring to the various mechanisms of death following amphetamine intake, which can result in different survival times (e.g. cardiopulmonary complications versus hyperthermia), the anatomo-pathological findings and the toxicological results should be considered as a whole in arriving at a conclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Ghent University, Jozef Kluyskensstraat 29, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Els A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Letter
authors.forename: Marie-Paule L A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bouche
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Van Bocxlaer
authors.forename: Willy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Michel H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Piette
mesh_terms: D015104:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000737:chemistry; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D013270:Stomach / Q000737:chemistry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D015104:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine