title: Clustering of autoimmune disease in parents of siblings from the Type 1 diabetes Warren repository.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autoimmune disorders co-exist in the same individuals and in families, implying a shared aetiology. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of the common autoimmune diseases in the parents of siblings from the Type 1 diabetes Warren repository with the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1996, 505 British families with at least two siblings affected by Type 1 diabetes were recruited. Clinical information was collected regarding the presence of autoimmune disease in the parents and the prevalence of disease in the parents was compared with that expected in the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of autoimmune disease in the parents was significantly higher in the repository compared with that expected in the general population [P-value = 1.98 x 10(-5) (female), P-value = 1.1 x 10(-8) (male)]. Type 1 diabetes was recorded in 63/1010 (6.2%) parents with a marked paternal preponderance (9.5 vs. 3%P = 0.002). Other autoimmune diseases affected 27% of parents with diabetes and 13.2% of parents without diabetes (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm the importance of family history as a significant risk factor for the development of Type 1 diabetes and support the hypothesis that the common autoimmune diseases share at least some aetiological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carr-Smith
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: S C L
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D035781:Siblings; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology