title: Spatial pattern of private health care provision in Ujjain, India: a provider survey processed and analysed with a Geographical Information System.
abstract: In developing countries like India, official information on private health care providers is scanty. This is an obstacle for effective health care planning and policy development. In this paper, we present a project aimed to enumerate, characterise and digitally map all private providers (PPs) using Geographical Information System (GIS) in a rural district in India. A team of surveyors carried out a census of private providers in the district. This data was combined with official data on geophysical characteristics and infrastructure, demographic situation and location of settlements and public health care providers. This study highlights the need to consider PPs in health policy making in India. The survey identified about 2000 additional PPs over and above those listed with the health authorities. About half practised modern medicine (Allopathy) while the rest practised other types of formal medical systems (Ayurveda or Homeopathy) or informal therapeutic systems. Individuals with no formal health care training constituted the majority of PPs. Formally trained doctors were highly concentrated in urban areas while trained non-doctors and untrained PPs dominated in the rural areas. The study shows how GIS can be used to create an improved basis for health services research. In the future, the digitised map will be used as a sampling frame and point of reference for studies on quality and utilisation of PPs in Ujjain district. However, the utility for health care planning is less clear. GIS has limitations in countries like India due to lack of valid routine data to enter into GIS as well as to competing demand for health care resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, MP, India.
authors.forename: Kirti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.lastname: RaviShankar
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lönnroth
authors.forename: Vijay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mahadik
authors.forename: Ram Krishna
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandorkar
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006302:Health Services Research; D007194:India; D017149:Private Sector; D012424:Rural Population