title: Different titanium surface treatment influences human mandibular osteoblast response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six titanium disks with six different surface treatments were examined: SS: smooth (polished) surface; TPS: plasma spray; C100: sand blasting by aluminum oxide (Al2O3) diameter 100 microm and acid etching; C150: sand blasting by Al2O3 diameter 150 microm and acid etching; B60: sand blasting by zirconium oxide (ZrO2) diameter 60 microm and acid etching; and B120: sand blasting by ZrO2 diameter 120 microm and acid etching.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surface characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and a roughness tester. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the presence of residual substances on the samples. Cells were seeded onto the disk and after 24 hours, 6 days, and 12 days were observed under SEM and growth curves generated with a cell counter. Some samples were used to determine alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), using a colorimetric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEM observation revealed drastic differences in surface microtopography, with a higher cell density on sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) samples than SS and TPS, and more regularly aligned cells on B60 and B120 surfaces than on the others. The growth curves showed a greater adhesion of cells on the etched/blasted surfaces compared to the SS and TPS surfaces. The number of cells increased on all the SLA samples, especially B60, throughout the experiment. At the same time, there was considerable ALP activity on the B60 sample, while it remained at extremely low levels on SS and TPS surfaces. Raman analyses revealed Al2O3 debris on C100 and C150, partly explaining the poorer performances of these two surface treatments, since this substance was shown to be toxic for cultured osteoblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surface treatments influence the growth and the metabolic activity of cultured osteoblasts, and B60 seems to be the most favorable surface inducing a more pronounced proliferation of cells together with a high differentiation degree.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. stegui@unipr.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guizzardi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belletti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tinti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raspanti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scandroglio
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003124:Colorimetry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide