title: Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the introduction of an intensive care unit-based medical emergency team, responding to hospital-wide preset criteria of physiologic instability, would decrease the rate of predefined adverse outcomes in patients having major surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled before-and-after trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients admitted to hospital for major surgery during a 4-month control phase and during a 4-month intervention phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Introduction of a hospital-wide intensive care unit-based medical emergency team to evaluate and treat in-patients deemed at risk of developing an adverse outcome by nursing, paramedical, and/or medical staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured incidence of serious adverse events, mortality after major surgery, and mean duration of hospital stay. There were 1,369 operations in 1,116 patients during the control period and 1,313 in 1,067 patients during the medical emergency team intervention period. In the control period, there were 336 adverse outcomes in 190 patients (301 outcomes/1,000 surgical admissions), which decreased to 136 in 105 patients (127 outcomes/1,000 surgical admissions) during the intervention period (relative risk reduction, 57.8%; p <.0001). These changes were due to significant decreases in the number of cases of respiratory failure (relative risk reduction, 79.1%; p <.0001), stroke (relative risk reduction, 78.2%; p =.0026), severe sepsis (relative risk reduction, 74.3%; p =.0044), and acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (relative risk reduction, 88.5%; p <.0001). Emergency intensive care unit admissions were also reduced (relative risk reduction, 44.4%; p =.001). The introduction of the medical emergency team was also associated with a significant decrease in the number of postoperative deaths (relative risk reduction, 36.6%; p =.0178). Duration of hospital stay after major surgery decreased from a mean of 23.8 days to 19.8 days (p =.0092).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of an intensive care unit-based medical emergency team in a teaching hospital was associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative adverse outcomes, postoperative mortality rate, and mean duration of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care and Department of Medicine, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Rinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: Shigehiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckmaster
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Opdam
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silvester
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doolan
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutteridge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014739:Victoria