title: TCD-detected cerebral embolism in carotid endarterectomy versus angioplasty and stenting of the carotid bifurcation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article we will review some of the issues surrounding the relationship between TCD-detected emboli and brain function and architecture, both during conventional surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In both procedures, the cerebral embolic load was semi quantitatively assessed and associated with clinical outcome during the procedure and after a symptom free interval within 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CEA, particulate emboli that occurred during the wound closure stage were associated with intraoperative stroke and stroke related death, odds ratios [OR] 2.3 95% CI 1.2-4.4, p = 0.007. In CAS, showers of microemboli that appeared at postdilatation of the stent (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.5-6.9, p = 0.002), particulate macroembolism (relative risk [RR] 10.2, 95% CI 5.9-17.3, p < 0.001), and massive air embolism (RR 10.2, 95%CI 5.8-17.7, p < 0.001) were associated with new transient and persistent cerebral deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both CEA and CAS, recording of cerebral emboli by TCD ultrasonography provides insight in the pathogenesis of procedure related adverse cerebral outcome. In several centres TCD monitoring during CEA is now accepted as a clinically relevant tool that helps the surgeon to make the operation safer. In CAS more research is needed, particularly with respect to the impact of cerebral protection devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (Utrecht), The Netherlands. knf@antonius.net
authors.forename: R G A
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ackerstaff
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial