title: Toll-like receptor stimulation induces airway hyper-responsiveness to bradykinin, an effect mediated by JNK and NF-kappa B signaling pathways.
abstract: Airway infections induce hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic patients. Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate inflammatory responses to microbes. Occurrence and effects of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 were examined in a mouse organ culture model of asthma focusing on the smooth muscle responses to bradykinin. TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA, and TLR2 and TLR4 immunoreactivity were detected in the tracheal muscle layer. Tracheal organ culture for 1 or 4 days with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR2/4 agonist) or polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-I-C; TLR3 agonist) enhanced bradykinin- and [des-Arg(9)]-bradykinin-induced contractions. Simultaneous LPS and poly-I-C treatment resulted in synergistic enhancement of bradykinin-induced contraction. In carbachol-pre-contracted segments TLR stimulation induced less potent relaxations to bradykinin and [des-Arg(9)]-bradykinin. The LPS and poly-I-C enhancement of bradykinin-induced contraction was inhibited by the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin-D, dexamethasone, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. LPS and poly-I-C induced translocation of NF-kappa B p65 to the nucleus and up-regulation of kinin B(1) and B(2) receptor mRNA. In summary, TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 are expressed in the mouse tracheal smooth muscle. Costimulation of these receptors results in NF-kappa B- and JNK-mediated transcription of B(1) and B(2) receptor, inducing hyper-responsiveness to bradykinin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Ofir.Bachar@oron.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: Ofir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bachar
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adner
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uddman
authors.forename: Lars-Olaf
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cardell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007369:Interferon Inducers / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007705:Kinins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007369:Interferon Inducers; D007705:Kinins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D011070:Poly I-C; D001920:Bradykinin