title: Induction of larval tissue resorption in Xenopus laevis tadpoles by the thyroid hormone receptor agonist GC-1.
abstract: A major challenge in understanding nuclear hormone receptor function is to determine how the same ligand can cause very different tissue-specific responses. Tissue specificity may result from the presence of more than one receptor subtype arising from multiple receptor genes or alternative splicing. Recently, high affinity analogs of nuclear receptor ligands have been synthesized that show subtype selectivity. These analogs can greatly facilitate the study of receptor subtype-specific functions in organisms where mutational analysis is problematic or where it is desirable for receptors to be expressed in their normal physiological contexts. We describe here the effects of the synthetic thyroid hormone analog GC-1 on the metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus laevis. The most potent natural thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-triidothyronine or T3, shows similar binding affinity and transactivation dose-response curves for both thyroid hormone receptor isotypes, designated TRalpha and TRbeta. GC-1, however, binds to and activates TRbeta at least an order of magnitude better than it does TRalpha. GC-1 efficiently induces death and resorption of premetamorphic tadpole tissues such as the gills and the tail, two tissues that strongly induce thyroid hormone receptor beta during metamorphosis. GC-1 has less effect on the growth of adult tissues such as the hindlimbs, which express high TRalpha levels. The effectiveness of GC-1 in inducing tail resorption and tail gene expression correlates with increasing TRbeta levels. These results illustrate the utility of subtype selective ligands as probes of nuclear receptor function in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8519, USA. jdfurlow@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Furlow
authors.forename: Ha Yung
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wayland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Davy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ermio
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiellini
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Scanlan
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008024:Ligands; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; C413355:GC 1 compound; D008024:Ligands; D010636:Phenols; D014284:Triiodothyronine