title: Rapid progression of hepatocellular carcinoma after Radiofrequency Ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients and to describe the treatment related complications (mainly the rapid intrahepatic neoplastic progression).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven consecutive cirrhotic patients with 104 HCC (mean diameter 3.9 cm, 1.3 SD) were submitted to RFA between January 1998 and June 2003. In all cases RFA was performed with percutaneous approach under ultrasound guidance using expandable electrode needles. Treatment efficacy (necrosis and recurrence) was estimated with dual phase computed tomography (CT) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete necrosis rate after single or multiple treatment was 100%, 87.7% and 57.1% in HCC smaller than 3 cm, between 3 and 5 cm and larger than 5 cm respectively (P=0.02). Seventeen lesions of 88(19.3%) developed local recurrence after complete necrosis during a mean follow up of 19.2 mo. There were no treatment-related deaths in 130 procedures and major complications occurred in 8 patients (6.1 %). In 4 patients, although complete local necrosis was achieved, we observed rapid intrahepatic neoplastic progression after treatment. Risk factors for rapid neoplastic progression were high preoperative AFP values and location of the tumor near segmental portal branches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFA is an effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 5 cm with complete necrosis in more than 80% of lesions. Patients with elevated AFP levels and tumors located near the main portal branch are at risk for rapid neoplastic progression after RFA. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the incidence and pathogenesis of this underestimated complication.
authors.affiliation: First Department of General Surgery, Verona University Medical School, Ospedale Maggiore Borgo Trento, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy. aruzzen@tin.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruzzenente
authors.forename: Giovanni De
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molfetta
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pachera
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Genco
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donataccio
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome