title: Respiratory herpes simplex virus type 1 infection/colonisation in the critically ill: marker or mediator?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical significance and pulmonary pathogenicity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical features and course of respiratory HSV-1 infections/colonisations in the critically ill, in order to evaluate the contribution to outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study in the intensive care unit of an university hospital, involving 22 patients with a HSV-1 isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, divided into survivors (n = 13) and non-survivors (n = 9). All patients except for one survivor had been intubated and were mechanically ventilated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-survivors had acquired HSV-1 sooner on mechanical ventilation than survivors. Prior chronic heart disease was more prevalent in non-survivors than in survivors and, at the time of HSV-1 isolation, the mean creatinine level was higher (P < 0.05) in the former. Survivors had a somewhat greater fall in body temperature after a 10-day course of antiviral therapy than non-survivors, but the lung radiographic abnormalities prior to and after the course did not differ. There were no major differences in cardiorespiratory variables between outcome groups and causes of death and were judged not to relate, in general, to HSV-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically ill patients in whom HSV-1 from BAL is isolated, have about 40% chance of dying, mainly because of severe underlying disease and comorbidity, which may predispose to endogenous reactivation of the virus. There is no clinical evidence for direct cardiorespiratory pathogenicity and beneficial effects of antiviral therapy. HSV-1 isolated from lung secretions may thus be a marker rather than a mediator of severe illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan-Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van den Brink
authors.forename: Alberdina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Simoons-Smit
authors.forename: Albertus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beishuizen
authors.forename: Armand R J
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Girbes
authors.forename: Rob J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Strack van Schijndel
authors.forename: A B Johan
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001831:Body Temperature; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016638:Critical Illness; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000821:virology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014775:Virus Activation
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003404:Creatinine