title: Relationship among risk factors for nephrolithiasis, cardiovascular disease, and ethnicity: focus on a law enforcement cohort.
abstract: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of nephrolithiasis and common cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a law enforcement officer (LEO) cohort and evaluated the relationship of nephrolithiasis with several CVD risk factors, including the possible effect of ethnicity. Self reported nephrolithiasis and CVD risk factors among currently employed male LEOs from nine states (n = 2,818) were compared to other men in the same states (n = 9,650). Of the LEOs, 6.2% (n = 174) self reported at least one kidney stone (range = 1 to 12, mean 2.3 6 2.1 stones). Twenty five percent of Native American LEOs (n = 7 of 28) self reported a history of stones. In LEOs with a history of nephrolithiasis, overweight defined as body mass index . 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 3.11), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.15), and hypertension (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.11) were associated with the disease. These results suggest officers with common CVD risk factors are also at an increased risk for nephrolithiasis. Native American LEOs have a disproportionately higher prevalence of nephrolithiasis than do other ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Marquette University, College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ramey
authors.forename: Warren D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Mack C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shelley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009785:Occupational Health Nursing; D016495:Police / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology