title: Atypical endoscopic features of rectal carcinoids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is not normally difficult to diagnose carcinoid tumors (well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms) of the rectum endoscopically, as they usually have a characteristic appearance. However, little is known about the atypical endoscopic findings in some rectal carcinoids and the present study was performed to analyze these.
  
  
  METHODS
  The endoscopic findings in 67 consecutive patients with rectal carcinoids (37 men, 30 women; age range 23 - 76) were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor size ranged from 2 mm to 30 mm (average 7.4 mm). Of the 67 patients, 52 (78 %) displayed the characteristic endoscopic findings of smooth, round, sessile elevations covered with normal-appearing or yellow-discolored mucosa; in 15 (22 %) there were one or more atypical endoscopic findings. These included a semipedunculated appearance (n = 6), hyperemia (n = 5), a central depression (n = 6), erosion (n = 5), and ulceration (n = 4). Atypical findings were noted in none of 20 carcinoids &lambda< 5 mm in diameter; in six (20 %) of the 30 carcinoids between 5 mm and 9 mm; in six (43 %) of the 14 carcinoids between 10 mm and 19 mm; and in three (100 %) of the three carcinoids >/= 20 mm in diameter ( P < 0.001). Invasion into the muscularis propria or metastasis to the liver or lymph nodes occurred in three of the four patients with ulceration, but it was confirmed in only one of the 63 patients without ulceration ( P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atypical endoscopic appearances of rectal carcinoids are observed more frequently as the size of the tumor increases and a finding of ulceration may have a prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K-N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Myung
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Byeon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: W-S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies