title: Disintegration of dung pats from cattle treated with the ivermectin anthelmintic bolus, or the biocontrol agent Duddingtonia flagrans.
abstract: An experiment was performed during the grazing seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 to study the influence of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin and the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on cattle dung disintegration. The faeces originated from groups of animals that were part of a separate grazing experiment where different control strategies for nematode parasite infections were investigated. Each group consisted of 10 first-season grazing cattle that were either untreated, treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus, or fed chlamydospores of D. flagrans. Faeces were collected monthly on 4 occasions and out of pooled faeces from each group, 4 artificial 1 kg dung pats were prepared and deposited on nylon mesh on an enclosed pasture and protected from birds. The position of the new set of pats was repeated throughout the 3 years of the study. Each year, the dung pats were weighed 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after deposition and immediately afterwards replaced to their initial positions. Results showed that there was no difference in faecal pat disintegration between groups. However, the time-lag between deposition and complete disintegration of the faeces varied significantly between deposition occasions. Dung pats disappeared within 2 weeks (visual observation) when subjected to heavy rainfall early after deposition, whereas an extended dry period coincided with faeces still remaining 12 months after deposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. sten-olof.dimander@sva.se
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Dimander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Waller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces; D005658:Fungi; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007559:Ivermectin