title: COX-2-selective inhibitors and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients with previous gastrointestinal diseases: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials have suggested that cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitors are associated with a lower risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding than are non-selective, non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This has not yet been confirmed in studies of patients with an increased susceptibility to upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients who filled prescriptions for cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was performed in the Danish county of North Jutland from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2002. From the County Hospital Discharge Registry and the Civil Registration System, we identified incident cases with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 780) and randomly selected controls (n = 2906), respectively. All cases and controls had previous gastrointestinal diseases. Data on drug exposure were obtained from the countywide Prescription Database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five cases (4.5%) filled prescriptions for cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors within 30 days of the date of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, compared with 79 controls (2.7%). Adjusted odds ratios for upper gastrointestinal bleeding according to prescription for celecoxib, rofecoxib and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7-2.8], 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.5) and 3.3 (95% CI, 2.4-4.4), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal adverse events, a lower risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was observed in users of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors compared with users of other non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. bn@soci.au.dk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nørgård
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tarone
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases