title: Trends in antenatal human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in Western Kenya and Eastern Uganda: evidence of differences in health policies?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe recent trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in antenatal clinic attendees to determine if previously noted falls in HIV prevalence are occurring on both sides of the Kenyan-Ugandan border. Design An ecologic study was conducted at the district level comparing HIV prevalence rates over time using data available through reports published by the Kenyan and Ugandan Ministries of Health and UNAIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sentinel sites were compared with respect to population, ethnicity, language group, and the prevalence of circumcision practice. The prevalence of HIV found at each sentinel site was recorded for the years 1990-2000 and analysed visually and by conducting bivariate correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethnographic analysis revealed a wide mix of ethnic and language groups and circumcision rates on both sides of the border. All sentinel surveillance sites in Uganda showed trends towards decreasing HIV prevalence, with three of five sites showing statistically significant declines (r = -0.87, -0.85, -0.86, P < 0.05). In contrast, all of the surveillance sites in Kenya showed trends toward increasing HIV prevalence, with two of the five sites showing statistically significant increases (r = 0.62, 0.84, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The declines in HIV prevalence occurring in Uganda are not being seen in geographically proximal districts of Kenya. No obvious differences in ethnic groupings or their associated prevalence of circumcision appeared to explain these differences. This suggests that decreasing HIV prevalence in Uganda is not due to the natural course of the epidemic but reflects real success in terms of HIV control policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. dmooretango@netscape.net
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hogg
mesh_terms: D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006291:Health Policy / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology