title: The cultural shift in Italy's pharmaceutical policy in 1994: a case history.
abstract: The advent of the National Health Service in 1978 in Italy also resulted in the compilation of a formulary of pharmaceutical products to be distributed free of charge. During the subsequent years the formulary increased in size with the introduction of new drugs and consequently pharmaceutical expenses increased steadily, reaching a peak in 1992. The years preceding this peak of expenses were characterized by pervasive corruption that involved several government civil servants and even the Minister of Health, as well as several members of the national committees responsible for the approval and pricing of medicinal products. The present article summarizes the events from 1992 in Italy when the revelation of corruption in the healthcare system and the pressure of public opinion obliged the authorities to make drastic changes in the pharmaceutical policy, and also introduces and discusses the reactions and the impact of such changes on pharmaceutical expenses and drug utilization over the following years.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy. garattini@marionegri.it
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garattini
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007558:Italy; D009313:National Health Programs; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D016134:Organizational Policy; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms