Update in endoscopic forehead rejuvenation.
Endoscopic brow lifting has largely replaced coronal brow lifting (Fig. 12). The results are at least equivalent, if not better, with a greatly decreased incidence of scarring, alopecia, and numbness of the scalp. The technique has a steep learning curve. The equipment needed to perform the surgery is expensive,but the authors believe that a well-trained surgeon using the proper instruments can perform this surgery with minimal trauma and few complications. An update with the advanced techniques described herein is recommended to further decrease the rate of complications and undesirable sequelae.
Ramirez
Oscar M
OM
Esthéthique Internationale, The Center for Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Enhancement, Timonium, MD 21093, USA. oscar@ramirezmd.com
Robertson
Keith M
KM
D004210:Dissection; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015361:Rhytidoplasty