title: A simple method to estimate photosynthetic radiation use efficiency of canopies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photosynthetic radiation use efficiency (PhRUE) over the course of a day has been shown to be constant for leaves throughout a general canopy where nitrogen content (and thus photosynthetic properties) of leaves is distributed in relation to the light gradient. It has been suggested that this daily PhRUE can be calculated simply from the photosynthetic properties of a leaf at the top of the canopy and from the PAR incident on the canopy, which can be obtained from weather-station data. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this simple method allows estimation of PhRUE of different crops and with different daily incident PAR, and also during the growing season.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PhRUE calculated with this simple method was compared with that calculated with a more detailed model, for different days in May, June and July in California, on almond (Prunus dulcis) and walnut (Juglans regia) trees. Daily net photosynthesis of 50 individual leaves was calculated as the daylight integral of the instantaneous photosynthesis. The latter was estimated for each leaf from its photosynthetic response to PAR and from the PAR incident on the leaf during the day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily photosynthesis of individual leaves of both species was linearly related to the daily PAR incident on the leaves (which implies constant PhRUE throughout the canopy), but the slope (i.e. the PhRUE) differed between the species, over the growing season due to changes in photosynthetic properties of the leaves, and with differences in daily incident PAR. When PhRUE was estimated from the photosynthetic light response curve of a leaf at the top of the canopy and from the incident radiation above the canopy, obtained from weather-station data, the values were within 5 % of those calculated with the more detailed model, except in five out of 34 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simple method of estimating PhRUE is valuable as it simplifies calculation of canopy photosynthesis to a multiplication between the PAR intercepted by the canopy, which can be obtained with remote sensing, and the PhRUE calculated from incident PAR, obtained from standard weather-station data, and from the photosynthetic properties of leaves at the top of the canopy. The latter properties are the sole crop parameters needed. While being simple, this method describes the differences in PhRUE related to crop, season, nutrient status and daily incident PAR.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Sperimentale per l'Orticoltura, Via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano, (SA) Italy. adorosati@virgilio.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lampinen
mesh_terms: D031324:Juglans / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000528:radiation effects*; D027861:Prunus / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen