title: Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro and modulation of inflammatory response in vivo by membrane-bound glycosaminoglycans.
abstract: Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) efficiently inhibit adherence of several strains of Chlamydia trachomatis to cell lines in vitro, but none of the GAG have been able to inhibit infections in vivo. One possible cause for failure of GAG inhibition in vivo is the inability to deliver a sustained concentration of GAG at the mucosal surface. We tested the possibility of enhancing cell protection by increasing the cell-surface concentration of GAG using membrane-anchored GAG (MAG), composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-linked GAG. These lipid conjugates were originally designed as extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors and exhibit a dual effect: the lipid moiety incorporates into the cell membrane, interfering with the action of PLA2 on cell membranes, and the anchored GAG protects the cell membrane from exogenous inflammatory mediators. We tested the ability of MAG to block chlamydia infection in vitro and in vivo. The MAG blocked infection of epithelial cells in vitro when added to the cells at the same time or before infection, but not if added after the bacteria had already invaded the host cells. One of the MAG led to the production of aberrant Chlamydia vacuoles, suggesting it may inhibit intracellular PLA2 associated with development of the vacuole. Although the MAG did not inhibit vaginal infection of mice, they decreased significantly the level of secretion of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but had no effect on secretion of the neutrophil chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates were not altered by MAG treatment. These findings suggest that lipid conjugation of GAG could be used as a novel approach for increasing cell-surface concentrations of GAG. The inconclusive in vivo results might be due to the physical properties of the tested MAG or an insufficient application protocol, and their improvement might provide the desired inhibitory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. DarvilleToniL@uams.edu
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Darville
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yedgar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krimsky
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jungas
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ojcius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; C483858:phosphatidylethanolamine