title: Chemotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the management of advanced cancers of the nasopharynx: clinical impact of high technology--is it worth the cost?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to calculate the costs of chemotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy in advanced-stage nasopharyngeal cancer. It is argued whether the effect of chemotherapy and this type of high-dose, high-precision radiation therapy is worth the costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical results of Stage III-IVB nasopharyngeal cancer in patients treated between 1991 and 2000 are reported. Treatment was broken down into five categories: workup, chemotherapy, preparation of radiation therapy, and application of radiation. For each category, costs were computed. Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment costs were compared with costs previously reported on patients treated for cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, and oropharynx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and high cumulative doses of radiation (77-81 Gy) with brachytherapy, disease-free survival increased from 48% to 74% (p=0.002), and overall survival increased from 35% to 72% (p=0.005). The Rotterdam protocol has been implemented stepwise: as of 1991, costs per patient increased from 4521 Euros (US$5023; 2001 exchange rate [December]: 1 Euro approximately 0.88 US$) for conventional external beam radiation therapy to 13,728 Euros (US$15,253) in 2000 for combinations of chemotherapy, conventional external beam radiation therapy, and brachytherapy. In case of stereotactic radiotherapy, the cost was 14,516 Euros (US$16,495).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs for cancer in the nasopharynx vary from 14,528 Euros (US$16,509) to 15,316 Euros (US$17,405) in case of brachytherapy and stereotactic radiotherapy, respectively, if follow-up costs are added. The treatment cost for other head and neck sites was 21,858 Euros (US$24,126). Given the improvement in survival, the sparing capabilities of current high-dose, high-precision radiotherapy techniques, and the favorable cost profile compared with other sites, it is argued that costs should not be considered prohibitive for the introduction of chemotherapy and high-technology-based radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. levendag@rtdh.azr.nl
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Wideke M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Agthoven
authors.forename: Carin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Uyl-de Groot
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000191:economics*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013997:Time Factors