title: Plasma gamma-globin gene expression suggests that fetal hematopoietic cells contribute to the pool of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acids during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of placental mRNA sequences in the plasma of pregnant women suggest that the placenta is the predominant source of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma during pregnancy. We developed an assay for gamma-globin mRNA concentrations to determine whether hematopoietic cells also contribute to the pool of fetal mRNA in maternal plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen paired plasma samples obtained from 40 women before and within 20 min after elective first-trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP) were analyzed. Fresh plasma samples from eight nonpregnant individuals were included as controls. Plasma gamma-globin mRNA was measured by use of real-time reverse transcription-PCR and analyzed with gestational age. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA was used to confirm the presence of cell-free RNA in each sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  gamma-Globin and GAPDH mRNA sequences were detected in every plasma sample. The concentrations of both messages were significantly increased in pregnancy (P <0.01). The concentrations of gamma-globin mRNA were decreased in most women after TOP, but gamma-globin mRNA was increased in some patients when TOP was performed later than 9 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  gamma-Globin mRNA sequences can be detected and measured in fresh and frozen plasma samples. Plasma gamma-globin and GAPDH mRNA concentrations are affected by pregnancy. The increased posttermination gamma-globin mRNA concentrations seen in some patients suggest that the source of this message is fetal hematopoietic cells. Further study in pregnant women after 9 weeks of gestation is necessary to evaluate the potential of gamma-globin mRNA as a marker for fetomaternal hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Tuangsit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wataganara
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: LeShane
authors.forename: Angela Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borgatta
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Kirby L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Diana W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D005914:Globins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005914:Globins