title: Flow cytometric analysis of vaccine responses: how many colors are enough?
abstract: The past 5 years have seen an explosion in technological advances related to measuring immunogenicity. Specifically, two distinct areas of development have led to considerably more detailed analysis of T cell responses: first, the ability to measure over a dozen distinct antigens expressed by individual cells simultaneously (12-color flow cytometry); and second, a host of assays that rapidly and viably identify antigen-specific T cells. Together, these technologies reveal the complex heterogeneity of an immune response generated during infection or after vaccine challenge. The next 5 years will see the determination of which underlying variables will be most important to quantifying vaccine efficacy. In this manuscript, we discuss these technologies, with a focus on assisting in the design and implementation of immunogenicity trials for future vaccine efforts.
authors.affiliation: ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Roederer@nih.gov
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roederer
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brenchley
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: De Rosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines