title: Changes in the African American female profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the 20th century.
abstract: This study evaluated changes in the profiles of African American women presented in fashion magazines during the 20th century. Twenty-six variables were measured on a total of 119 profile photographs collected from various fashion magazines published in the 1940s through the 1990s. The photographs were divided into 6 groups corresponding to the decade in which they were published. A 1-way analysis of variance was performed, and between-group differences were examined with a Tukey multiple comparison procedure. Significant between-group differences (P <.01) were found for anteroposterior lip position, nasolabial angle, and interlabial angle, with increased fullness and more anteriorly positioned lips in the more recent decades. No significant differences were found for the frontonasal angle, the nasal tip angle, and the relationship of the chin to the upper face (total facial angle). Esthetic standards for the African-American female profile changed during the 20th century and, similar to the standards for the white profile, show a trend toward fuller and more anteriorly positioned lips.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, 4902 Irvine Center Drive, Suite 111, Irvine, CA 92604, USA. ipdo_dr_y@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shaul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yehezkel
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Turley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000266:history* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001504:Beauty; D001505:Beauty Culture / Q000266:history*; D002508:Cephalometry; D004954:Esthetics / Q000266:history*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000266:history