title: Mechanisms of calcium elevation in the micromeres of sea urchin embryos.
abstract: The micromeres, the first cells to be specified in sea urchin embryos, are generated by unequal cleavage at the fourth cell division. The micromeres differentiate autonomously to form spicules and dispatch signals to induce endomesoderm in the neighbouring macromeres cells in the embryo. Using a calcium indicator Fura-2/AM and a mixture of dextran conjugated Oregon green-BAPTA 488 and Rhodamine red, the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in embryos at the 16-cell stage. [Ca2+]i was characteristically elevated in the micromeres during furrowing at the 4th cleavage. Subsequently, Ca2+ oscillated for about 10 min in the micromeres, resulting in episodic high levels of [Ca2+]i. High [Ca2+]i regions were associated with regional localizations of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), though not with ER accumulated at the vegetal pole of the micromeres during the 4th division. Pharmacological studies, using a blocker of IP3-mediated Ca2+ release (Xestospongin), a store-operated Ca2+ entry inhibitor (2 aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB)) and an inhibitor of stretch-dependent ion channels (gadolinium), suggest that the high [Ca2+]i and oscillations in the micromeres are triggered by calcium influx caused by the activation of stretch-dependent calcium channels, followed by the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. On the basis of these new findings, a possible mechanism for autonomous formation of the micromeres is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa 1-1, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. ikuko@comp.metro-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yazaki
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001896:Boron Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D010080:Oxazoles; C108644:xestospongin A; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D005682:Gadolinium; C109986:2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate; C063159:1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole; C038958:gadolinium chloride; D002118:Calcium