title: Intramuscular innervation of upper-limb skeletal muscles.
abstract: We studied 150 skeletal muscles from 8 upper limbs using the modified Sihler's staining technique. Based on the pattern of the intramuscular innervation and shape, the muscles were grouped into trapezoidal-shaped (Class I), spindle-shaped (Class II), and muscles that were combinations of these two classes (Class III). Such distinctions are clinically important for limb reconstruction procedures. Bipennate, spindle-shaped muscles with the aponeurosis of the tendons of insertion extending proximally into the muscle belly and Class III muscles with multiple tendons of origin may be split for separate independent functional transfers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074. dosbarry@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Aymeric Y T
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: V Prem
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Coninck
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baudet
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents