title: Computer-simulated phacoemulsification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simulator for training in phacoemulsification to be used as a learning device for both beginners and experienced surgeons to shorten the learning curve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system consists of a personal computer, a 3-dimensional visual interface, a phacoemulsification handpiece, and a nucleus manipulator and foot pedals for control of the phacoemulsification procedure and microscope adjustments. The simulation is based on generalized simulation software that can be also used for the development of other medical simulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative statements given in a questionnaire. Medical students and ophthalmic surgeons with varying experience of phacoemulsification were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A simulator for training in phacoemulsification has been developed. The surgical procedures can be practiced any number of times, and there is no risk to patients. The efforts of the surgeon can be evaluated objectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies have shown that the number of complications for an ophthalmic surgeon learning phacoemulsification decreases exponentially, reaching close to the asymptote only after several hundred procedures. Simulator training might shorten the learning period, reduce expensive supervision by an experienced surgeon, and maintain and improve the skills of experienced surgeons.
authors.affiliation: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, SE-112 82 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl-Gustaf
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Laurell
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nordh
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skarman
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordqvist
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004501:Education, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface