title: Laparoscopic extraperitoneal paraaortic lymphadenectomy: a study of its applications in gynecological malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe our experience of laparoscopic extraperitoneal paraaortic lymphadenectomy and to study the feasibility, safety and applications of this technique in managing cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 32 women with cervical, ovarian or endometrial cancers undergoing laparoscopic extraperitoneal paraaortic lymphadenectomy between December 1997 and May 2002. The operating time, nodal yield, hospital stay and complications were recorded prospectively. The impact on the overall management was assessed by comparing the preoperative therapeutic plan with that following surgicopathological staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median nodal yield was 12 nodes, median-operating time was 80 min and the median hospital stay was 2 days. The median follow-up was 15.25 months. Lymphadenectomy was successful in all but one woman who had a peritoneal tear causing CO(2) gas leakage. Complications included one case each of pulmonary embolism, umbilical hernia, lymphocoele, pelvic collection and left-thigh cellulitis. In all women, the need for adjuvant chemotherapy or extended field radiotherapy (EFRT) was based on nodal histology. The primary plan of management was changed in 22.6% women. In the endometrial and cervical cancer group, 8.3% women deferred and 20.8% additionally received EFRT. All women with ovarian cancer (stage I) were completely staged and avoided chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic extraperitoneal paraaortic lymphadenectomy is feasible with minimal complications, acceptable nodal yield and short hospital stay. It accurately identifies those cervical and endometrial cancers requiring extended field irradiation as part of their adjuvant therapy. It can be effectively applied in staging early ovarian cancers to determine the need for adjuvant chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Gynecological Oncology Unit, Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: A R L
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Weekes
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Visvanathan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jeyarajah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies