title: Spray-coating for biopharmaceutical powder formulations: beyond the conventional scale and its application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluid-bed spray-coating process is widely used to prepare non-protein pharmaceutical solid dosage forms using macro-size seed particles (200-1000 microm) at kilogram batch sizes. In this study we developed a small-scale fluid-bed spray-coating process (20 g) to produce micro-sized vaccine powder formulations (40-60 microm) for epidermal powder immunization (EPI) METHODS: A bench-top spray coater was used to spray two vaccines, diphtheria toxoid (dT) and alum-adsorbed hepatitis-B surface antigen (Alum-HBsAg), onto crystalline lactose particles of 40-60 microm in diameter. Particle properties such as particle size, surface morphology, and degree of particle agglomeration were determined. Protein stability was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated in vivo by needle injection and epidermal powder immunization (EPI) of mice or guinea pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coating feasibility was demonstrated for both vaccine formulations containing different excipients. However, the nature of the vaccine antigen appeared to affect coating feasibility in terms of particle agglomeration considerably. Delivery of spray-coated dT and alum-HBsAg through EPI to mice and guinea pigs, respectively, generated significant antibody responses, at a level comparable to liquid formulation delivered subcutaneously through needle/syringe injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new spray-coating process represents an important technical advance and may provide a useful tool for developing high-valued biopharmaceutical powder formulations for novel applications. The strong in vivo performance of the coated dT and alum-HBsAg powders by EPI further demonstrated that spray-coating is a viable dry powder formulation process and the skin's epidermal layer presents an efficient vaccine delivery route.
authors.affiliation: PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA. ymaa@alzus.jnj.com
authors.forename: Yuh-Fun
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Maa
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ameri
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rigney
authors.forename: Lendon G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Dexiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005079:Excipients; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D014612:Vaccines