title: Regulation of the development of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems by the selective expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in their targets.
abstract: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to protect and restore dopamine (DA) neurons in injury models and is being evaluated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, little is known of its physiological role. We have shown that GDNF suppresses apoptosis in DA neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) postnatally both in vitro and during their first phase of natural cell death in vivo. Furthermore, intrastriatal injection of neutralizing antibodies augments cell death, suggesting that endogenous GDNF plays a role as a target-derived factor. Such a role would predict that overexpression of GDNF in striatum would increase the surviving number of SN DA neurons. To test this hypothesis, we used the tetracycline-dependent transcription activator (tTA)/tTA-responsive promoter system to create mice that overexpress GDNF selectively in the striatum, cortex, and hippocampus. These mice demonstrate an increased number of SN DA neurons after the first phase of natural cell death. However, this increase does not persist into adulthood. As adults, these mice also do not have increased dopaminergic innervation of the striatum. They do, however, demonstrate increased numbers of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons and increased innervation of the cortex. This morphologic phenotype is associated with an increased locomotor response to amphetamine. We conclude that striatal GDNF is necessary and sufficient to regulate the number of SN DA neurons surviving the first phase of natural cell death, but it is not sufficient to increase their final adult number. GDNF in VTA targets, however, is sufficient to regulate the adult number of DA neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kholodilov
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yarygina
authors.forename: Tinmarla Frances
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Oo
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sulzer
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dauer
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; C495040:Gdnf protein, mouse; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D000661:Amphetamine; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D004298:Dopamine