title: Associations between Intakes of fluoride from beverages during infancy and dental fluorosis of primary teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe associations between primary tooth fluorosis status and intakes of beverages and fluoride from these beverages during infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 677) are members of the Iowa Fluoride Study, a cohort of young children followed from birth. Food and nutrient intakes were obtained from 3-day diet records. Diets were analyzed at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 16 months and cumulatively for 6 weeks through 16 months of age. Primary tooth fluorosis was assessed at 4.5-6.9 years of age and defined as present or absent. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to develop models to predict fluorosis status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water-based beverage intakes were higher in subjects with fluorosis than in those without. Specifically, higher intakes of water used to reconstitute formulas at 3, 6 and 9 months; any intake of water as a beverage at 16 months; and higher intakes of combined 100% juice and miscellaneous beverages at 16 months were positively associated with fluorosis (p < 0.05). Fluoride intakes from water sources were also higher in subjects with fluorosis than in those without. Specifically, higher intakes of fluoride from water used to reconstitute formulas at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and for 6 weeks through 16 months, and higher intakes of fluoride from water as a beverage at 16 months and for 6 weeks through 16 months were positively associated with fluorosis (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant beverages, particularly infant formulas prepared with fluoridated water, can increase the risk of fluorosis in primary teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. teresa-marshall@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broffitt
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eichenberger-Gilmore
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stumbo
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007484:Iowa; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005459:Fluorides