title: Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.
abstract: The phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroups E (Hg E) and J (Hg J) was investigated in >2400 subjects from 29 populations, mainly from Europe and the Mediterranean area but also from Africa and Asia. The observed 501 Hg E and 445 Hg J samples were subtyped using 36 binary markers and eight microsatellite loci. Spatial patterns reveal that (1). the two sister clades, J-M267 and J-M172, are distributed differentially within the Near East, North Africa, and Europe; (2). J-M267 was spread by two temporally distinct migratory episodes, the most recent one probably associated with the diffusion of Arab people; (3). E-M81 is typical of Berbers, and its presence in Iberia and Sicily is due to recent gene flow from North Africa; (4). J-M172(xM12) distribution is consistent with a Levantine/Anatolian dispersal route to southeastern Europe and may reflect the spread of Anatolian farmers; and (5). E-M78 (for which microsatellite data suggest an eastern African origin) and, to a lesser extent, J-M12(M102) lineages would trace the subsequent diffusion of people from the southern Balkans to the west. A 7%-22% contribution of Y chromosomes from Greece to southern Italy was estimated by admixture analysis.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. semino@ipvgen.unipv.it
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Semino
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magri
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benuzzi
authors.forename: Alice A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Zahery
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maccioni
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Triantaphyllidis
authors.forename: Peidong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Oefner
authors.forename: Lev A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zhivotovsky
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torroni
authors.forename: L Luca
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cavalli-Sforza
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: A Silvana
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Santachiara-Benerecetti
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern; D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008877:Middle East; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic