title: Superinfection prevents recombination of the alphaherpesvirus bovine herpesvirus 1.
abstract: Homologous recombination between strains of the same alphaherpesvirus species occurs frequently both in vitro and in vivo. This process has been described between strains of herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, pseudorabies virus, feline herpesvirus 1, varicella-zoster virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). In vivo, the rise of recombinant viruses can be modulated by different factors, such as the dose of the inoculated viruses, the distance between inoculation sites, the time interval between inoculation of the first and the second virus, and the genes in which the mutations are located. The effect of the time interval between infections with two distinguishable BoHV-1 on recombination was studied in three ways: (i) recombination at the level of progeny viruses, (ii) interference induced by the first virus infection on beta-galactosidase gene expression of a superinfecting virus, and (iii) recombination at the level of concatemeric DNA. A time interval of 2 to 8 h between two successive infections allows the establishment of a barrier, which reduces or prevents any successful superinfection needed to generate recombinant viruses. The dramatic effect of the time interval on the rise of recombinant viruses is particularly important for the risk assessment of recombination between glycoprotein E-negative marker vaccine and field strains that could threaten BoHV-1 control and eradication programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meurens
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schynts
authors.forename: Günther M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muylkens
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderplasschen
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015870:Gene Expression; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D015163:Superinfection / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D001616:beta-Galactosidase