title: Nonsurgical ultrasonic endodontic instruments.
abstract: The advent of nonsurgical ultrasonic tips has opened up a new horizon in endodontic treatment. There are a number of nonsurgical endodontic ultrasonic systems currently available in the market and it is difficult to renew all of them. Based on similarities among different instrument systems, and attempt has been made to classify instruments into broad categories. This article describes the utility of each type of ultrasonic tip and the principles behind its usage. These instruments may be area specific or use specific, but can be used in an area other than the one for which they are specifically designed if the general principles regarding ultrasonic tips are understood and applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, The Robert Schattner Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA. miqbal@pobox.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Mian K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Iqbal
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium