title: Update of staging and risk assessment for prostate cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper will review the current staging system for prostate adenocarcinoma patients, and will also review new information that can be combined with clinical and pathological staging in order to assess a patient's risk of success or failure of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There has been significant stage migration of prostate cancer patients in the past 15 years, such that patients are currently being diagnosed younger, with lower clinical stages and serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and a lower risk of metastatic disease than previously. The incorporation of the results of extended prostate biopsy schemes, with stage, grade and serum prostate-specific antigen levels, improves the risk assessment of newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. New imaging techniques, such as transrectal ultrasound Doppler flow and magnetic resonance spectroscopy hold promise for improving risk assessment. Molecular biomarkers may improve risk assessment in the future, although none are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for this indication. Gene chip arrays may further refine risk assessment and assist with the identification of therapeutic targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been significant stage migration of prostate cancer patients in the prostate-specific antigen era. Incorporating biopsy information into nomograms and risk assessment equations improves upon clinical staging and risk assessment. New imaging techniques, molecular markers and gene chip arrays hold promise for future risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Hittelman
authors.forename: Rajveer S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen