title: Repeated doses administration of MDMA in humans: pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is increasingly used by young people for its euphoric and empathic effects. MDMA presents non-linear pharmacokinetics, probably by inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoform 2D6. Users are known to often take more than one dose per session. This practice could have serious implications for the toxicity of MDMA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of MDMA following the administration of two repeated doses of MDMA (24 h apart).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo controlled trial was conducted in nine healthy male subjects. Variables included physiological, psychomotor performance, subjective effects, endocrine response and pharmacokinetics. MDMA 100 mg or placebo was administered in two successive doses separated by an interval of 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDMA produced the prototypical effects of the drug. Following a second dose, plasma concentrations of MDMA increased (AUC 77% and Cmax 29%) in comparison with the first. The increase is greater than those expected by simple accumulation and indicates metabolic inhibition. The pharmacological effects after the second dose were slightly higher than those observed after the first in the majority of variables including blood pressure, heart rate, most subjective effects and cortisol concentrations. The effects were similar in the case of pupil diameter, esophoria and prolactin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological effects after the second administration were higher than those following the first but lower than expected. A disproportionate increase in plasma concentrations in MDMA and MDA was observed most likely due to metabolic inhibition. This inhibition lasts at least 24 h. Further experiments need to be conducted to evaluate its duration.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. mfarre@imim.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Mathúna
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Roset
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peiró
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortuño
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pujadas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camí
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors