title: Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3.
abstract: Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), an oriental medical mushroom, has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent or treat different diseases, including cancer. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cancer cells remain to be elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum down-regulated the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR), which resulted in suppression of cell migration of highly invasive human breast and prostate cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Our data demonstrate that Ganoderma lucidum inhibits cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner by the down-regulation of expression of cyclin B and Cdc2 and by the up-regulation of p21 expression. The inhibition of cell growth was also demonstrated by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Furthermore, Ganoderma lucidum induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells with a slight decrease in the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. However, the expression of proapoptotic Bax protein was markedly up-regulated, resulting in the enhancement of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-xl. Thus, Ganoderma lucidum exerts its effect on cancer cells by multiple mechanisms and may have potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, E504, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Jiahua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slivova
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Valachovicova
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sliva
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019926:Cyclin B; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase