title: Continuous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes: before and after insulin pump therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is to mimic as closely as possible the normal physiologic pattern seen in individuals without diabetes. This study was undertaken to determine the specific areas of improved glycemic control in subjects after initiation of insulin pump therapy and times where further improvement is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with T1DM (age 7.5-17 yr) wore the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) (Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA, USA) for 3 d before and 3 months after initiation of insulin pump therapy. The CGMS, which measures inter- stitial glucose concentrations every 5 min for a 72-h period, was used to evaluate glucose profiles. Patients entered 4-5 fingerstick blood glucose measurements daily into the sensor for calibration. Detailed logs of food intake, exercise, and hypoglycemic symptoms were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) was reduced (p < 0.007) following 3 months of insulin pump therapy. Post-CSII continuous glucose profiles demonstrated an overall improvement in hourly mean glucose over a 24-h period (p < 0.001) as well as a reduction in the area under the curve for glucose (27 +/- 4 prepump vs. 8.6 +/- 1.4 mg/dL/d postpump, p < 0.004). This improvement was a result of an attenuation of the maximal postprandial glycemic excursions. Postbreakfast 349 +/- 24 vs. 267 +/- 16 mg/dL, p < 0.003; lunch 340 +/- 16 vs. 217 +/- 20 mg/dL, p < 0.003. Postdinner average similarly decreased after 3 months of CSII by 22%, p < 0.04.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pump therapy specifically improved the postprandial glucose excursions in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA. raheptul@texaschildrenhospital.org
authors.forename: Rubina A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heptulla
authors.forename: Holley F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Reiter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin