title: Detection of noroviruses in tap water in Japan by means of a new method for concentrating enteric viruses in large volumes of freshwater.
abstract: A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45- micro m pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99% (range, 81 to 114%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0). More than 80% poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1%) and 7 (7.1%) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. haramoto@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haramoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001483:Base Sequence; D002412:Cations; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008851:Micropore Filters; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral