title: Adverse drug reactions and off-label prescribing for paediatric outpatients: a one-year survey of spontaneous reports in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the extent and characteristics of off-label prescribing for paediatric outpatients among drugs reported to have caused an adverse reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports in Sweden in the year 2000. We included all reports concerning drugs prescribed for outpatients younger than 16 years. Each ADR was classified with respect to its causality, seriousness and type of reaction. Off-label prescribing was evaluated with respect to age, dose, indication, formulation and route and frequency of administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 112 patient-linked reports corresponding to 158 ADRs of which 31% were serious. Antiasthmatic drugs were most frequently suspected as a cause of almost every third adverse reaction. The average proportion of off-label drug prescribing amounted to 42.4%. It was more frequently associated with serious than non-serious ADRs and mostly due to a non-approved age or dose. The most common clinical manifestations were psychiatric disorders and mucocutaneous inflammatory reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-label prescribing for paediatric outpatients is common among drugs reported to have caused an ADR. It is suggested to further identify unlabelled drugs frequently contributing to, in particular serious ADRs in children for a proper benefit-risk assessment of off-label drug use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. mikeufer@gmx.de
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ufer
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kimland
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D004348:Drug Labeling; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D010045:Outpatients; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents