title: Identification and quantitation of six non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents by LC-MS in biological fluids.
abstract: A liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry technique for the screening and determination of five non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NDBAs), atracurium and its product of degradation/metabolite laudanosine, rocuronium, pancuronium, vecuronium, and mivacurium has been developed using ambenonium as the internal standard (I.S.). Samples were acidified upon reception by adding 20 micro L 0.5M H(2)SO(4) to 500 micro L of biofluid. Sample preparation consisted of simple blood purification and/or protein precipitation using 1 mL I.S. in acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an X-TERRA trade mark column along with a gradient of acetonitrile in 2mM ammonium formate (pH 3). Detection was carried out in the positive selected ion monitoring mode, targeting one quantitation ion and one confirmation ion per compound. The limit of quantitation was 2.5 micro g/L for mivacurium and laudanosine, 5 micro g/L for rocuronium and pancuronium and 10 micro g/L for atracurium and vecuronium in serum (i.e., in the range of, or less than, therapeutic levels). The technique was found to be linear between the respective LOQs and 2000 micro g/L, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 in all matrices. Intra- and interday precision and accuracy in serum fulfilled the international criteria. This method was employed for the investigation of a case of suicide by infusion of drugs. Laudanosine, the metabolite or degradation product of both atracurium and cisatracurium, and rocuronium were found in urine and whole blood, at supratherapeutic concentrations in the latter (rocuronium: 1.53 and 2.18 mg/L, laudanosine: 8.86 and 0.31 mg/L, respectively), and even therapeutic concentrations would have been lethal in the absence of respiratory assistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayer
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quintela
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marquet
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dupuy
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaulier
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lachâtre
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D007546:Isoquinolines; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; C001522:laudanosine