title: Tumor volume is not an independent prognostic factor in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by radiotherapy alone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the tumor volume can predict the treatment outcome in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated by radiotherapy alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pretreatment CT scans of 116 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I-II NPC treated by radiotherapy alone were retrospectively reviewed. The clinician outlined the tumor extent. The primary tumor volume (PTV) and nodal volume (NV) were then calculated by a summation-of-areas technique. The PTV and NV were correlated with locoregional control, distant failure, and survival. The median follow-up time was 105 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with Stage I disease had a 5-year locoregional control rate of 95% and a disease-specific survival (DSS) rate of 97%; for Stage II disease, the corresponding rates were 81% and 79%. The PTV ranged from 1.3 to 75.5 cm3 (median, 12.6 cm3), with substantial overlap between T1 and T2 disease. The NV ranged from 0 to 35.4 cm(3). Patients with a PTV >15 cm3 had significantly worse local control (5-year control rate, 82% vs. 93%; p = 0.033), but no statistically significant difference was noted in survival (5-year DSS rate, 83% vs. 89%; p = 0.30). The difference in local control was mainly seen in those with T2 disease. Patients with NV >4 cm3 had a greater distant failure rate (5-year distant metastasis-free rate, 72% vs. 90%; p = 0.011) and worse survival (5-year DSS rate, 76% vs. 94%; p = 0.0038). Nodal control was excellent with no difference between a NV of < or =4 cm3 and a NV of >4 cm3 (5-year control rate, 97% vs. 100%). The survival rate was worst in patients with a PTV >15 cm3 and a NV >4 cm3 (5-year DSS rate, 68%) and best in those with a PTV of < or =15 cm3 and a NV of < or =4 cm3 (5-year DSS rate, 92%). Multivariate analysis, however, showed that only parapharyngeal extension (T2b) and N1 stage were independent factors that predicted locoregional control and survival, and N1 stage was the only factor that predicted distant failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pretreatment tumor volume has a limited prognostic value in early-stage NPC compared with the usual T and N classification, with Stage T2b and N1 as independent factors that predicted treatment outcome. Within T2 disease, the estimation of tumor volume may identify a subgroup of patients with a greater risk of local failure that warrants more aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. dttchua@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Daniel T T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Jonathan S T
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: Lucullus H T
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Gordon K H
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed