title: An experimental study of choleretic effect and histopathologic alterations in the gastrointestinal system after whole-bowel irrigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whole-bowel irrigation (WBI) has been used for different purposes. It has been the preferred method of bowel cleansing before large bowel surgery and colonoscopy. There are some studies about histopathologic alterations in the gastrointestinal system caused by WBI. It was reported that large quantities of bile-stained intraluminal fluid were seen after WBI with lactated Ringer's solution. In light of all these studies, the authors have decided to inspect whether WBI is choleretic and whether the histopathologic findings in the gastrointestinal system are caused by this choleretic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the experimental procedures, animals at first were divided into 2 major groups of A and B; A consisted of the animals whose bile was not collected, and B consisted of animals whose bile was collected. Later, these 2 groups were divided into 4 subgroups consisting of 6 animals each. Sham operations were performed on the animals in group SH-A and SH-B. The animals in group saline-A and saline-B were given 0.9% of sodium chloride (isotonic sodium chloride). The animals in group LR-A and LR-B received lactated Ringer's solution. The last group (PEG-A and PEG-B) underwent WBI by using polyethylene glycol solution (PEG). After completing WBI, animals were rested for 4 hours, and at the end of resting time, laparotomy was performed to take biopsy specimens from stomach, small bowel, and large bowel. All of the specimens were evaluated and graded for congestion, edema, and inflammation by the individual blinded pathologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results, WBI has been shown to affect biliary secretion and to have a choleretic effect (P <.05, Tuckey-Kramer). The choleretic effect has also been shown to be responsible for histopathologic alterations in some groups (P <.05, Tuckey-Kramer). The most severe changes of congestion, edema, and inflammation have been detected in isotonic sodium chloride solutions in all groups. The least alterations have been seen in lactated Ringer's and PEG solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of these findings, it might be concluded that the use of WBI can cause different degrees of histopathologic changes in gastrointestinal system depending on the type of solutions. WBI has been shown to have choleretic effect, and it was found that there is a connection between histopathologic changes in gastrointestinal system and choleretic effect of WBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Büyükyavuz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Talim
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ciftci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Senocak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Büyükpamukçu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000139:chemically induced; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D012996:Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012996:Solutions; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012965:Sodium Chloride