title: Arachidonic acid released by phospholipase A(2) activation triggers Ca(2+)-dependent apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.
abstract: We studied the effects of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 on apoptotic signaling in MH1C1 cells. Addition of A23187 caused a fast rise of cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](c)), which returned close to the resting level within about 40 s. The [Ca(2+)](c) rise was immediately followed by phospholipid hydrolysis, which could be inhibited by aristolochic acid or by pretreatment with thapsigargin in Ca(2+)-free medium, indicating that the Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) was involved. These early events were followed by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and by apoptosis in about 30% of the cell population. In keeping with a cause-effect relationship between addition of A23187, activation of cPLA(2), PTP opening, and cell death, all events but the [Ca(2+)](c) rise were prevented by aristolochic acid. The number of cells killed by A23187 was doubled by treatment with 0.5 microm MK886 and 5 microm indomethacin, which inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathway, respectively. Consistent with the key role of free arachidonic acid, its levels increased within minutes of treatment with A23187; the increase being more pronounced in the presence of MK886 plus indomethacin. Cell death was preceded by cytochrome c release and cleavage of caspase 9 and 3, but not of caspase 8. All these events were prevented by aristolochic acid and by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A. Thus, A23187 triggers the apoptotic cascade through the release of arachidonic acid by cPLA(2) in a process that is amplified when transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and leukotrienes is inhibited. These findings identify arachidonic acid as the causal link between A23187-dependent perturbation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and the effector mechanisms of cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience at the University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penzo
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petronilli
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelin
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cusan
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colonna
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scorrano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prato
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Lisa
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000502:physiology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D002722:Chlorobenzenes
chemical_list: D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D000001:Calcimycin; D002118:Calcium; D007211:Indoles; D007213:Indomethacin; D010741:Phospholipases A; D010743:Phospholipids; C060893:MK-886; D002722:Chlorobenzenes