title: Determination of asymmetric cavity volumes using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: an in vitro balloon model study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We designed a new in vitro model to test the accuracy and reproducibility of real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound imaging for determining a variety of asymmetric cavity volumes with aneurysm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen individual balloon models mimicking ventricular aneurysm were filled with water (170-322.5 ml) without air bubbles and kept in a compressor pump. Compression of the models produced only a change in shape of the balloon and no change in volume. The models were scanned with RT3D echocardiography (RT3DE) and the images recorded on an optical disk. Volumes were measured off line in two phases; maximal compression, where there was maximal change in shape and nil compression, where there was minimal or no change in shape. Volumes were measured by manual tracing technique of the inner border of B-scan images and compared with the drained volume of water from the balloon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a high correlation between the drained volume and measured volume at maximal compression (equivalent to end-systole, r = 0.99, y = 0.99x + 3.69, SEE = 6.5 ml), between the drained volume and measured volume at nil compression (equivalent to end-diastole, r = 0.99, y = 0.94x + 12.07, SEE = 5.9 ml), and between volumes measured at maximal and nil compressions (r = 0.99, y = 0.94x + 10.55, SEE = 4.6 ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this experiment show that RT3DE can accurately measure the volumes of a variety of asymmetric ventricular cavities.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland 97239-3098, USA.
authors.forename: Kesavan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Xiaokui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Aarti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hejmadi
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
mesh_terms: D002306:Cardiac Volume; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular