title: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long-term patency and clinical results in a patient cohort observed for 3-9 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively assess the outcome of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement in a nonselected group of consecutive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIPS placement was attempted in 82 patients. Patients were followed up for at least 3 years according to a standard protocol that included repeated shunt evaluations. Fifty-four patients underwent TIPS placement for variceal bleeding, 24 for refractory ascites, and four for other indications. Recurrent bleeding, effect on ascites, long-term patency, development of encephalopathy, and survival and complication rates were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TIPS placement was successful in 75 patients (91%). Mean follow-up lasted 29.4 months. Primary patency was 22% and 12%, primary-assisted patency was 67% and 46%, and secondary patency was 91% and 91% at 1- and 5-year follow-up, respectively. Nonalcoholic liver disease (P =.007) and increasing platelet counts (P =.006) independently predicted development of shunt insufficiency. The 1- and 5-year rates of recurrent variceal bleeding were 21% and 27%, respectively. In the majority of patients with refractory ascites, a beneficial effect of TIPS placement was observed. The risk for encephalopathy was 25% at 1-month follow-up and 52% at 3-year follow-up. The risk for chronic or severe intermittent encephalopathy was 15% at 1-year follow-up and 20% at 3-year follow-up. Serum creatinine levels (P =.001) and age (P =.02) were independent risk factors. Overall survival rate was 61%, 49%, and 42% at 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up, respectively. Age (P =.03), serum albumin level (P =.02), and serum creatinine level (P <.001) were independently related to mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for definitive loss of shunt function was 17% at 5-year follow-up, indicating that surveillance with shunt revision-when indicated-results in excellent long-term TIPS patency. TIPS placement effectively protects against recurrent bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Room Ca 326, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. pterborg@zonnet.nl
authors.forename: Pieter C J
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: ter Borg
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollemans
authors.forename: Henk R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Van Buuren
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Vleggaar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groeneweg
authors.forename: Wim C J
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: Johan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Laméris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014654:Vascular Patency