title: Analysis of on-line clinical laboratory manuals and practical recommendations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On-line clinical laboratory manuals are a valuable resource for medical professionals. To our knowledge, no recommendations currently exist for their content or design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze publicly accessible on-line clinical laboratory manuals and to propose guidelines for their content.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an Internet search for clinical laboratory manuals written in English with individual test listings. Four individual test listings in each manual were evaluated for 16 data elements, including sample requirements, test methodology, units of measure, reference range, and critical values. Web sites were also evaluated for supplementary information and search functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 48 on-line laboratory manuals, including 24 academic or community hospital laboratories and 24 commercial or reference laboratories. All manuals had search engines and/or test indices. No single manual contained all 16 data elements evaluated. An average of 8.9 (56%) elements were present (range, 4-14). Basic sample requirements (specimen and volume needed) were the elements most commonly present (98% of manuals). The frequency of the remaining data elements varied from 10% to 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-line clinical laboratory manuals originate from both hospital and commercial laboratories. While most manuals were user-friendly and contained adequate specimen-collection information, other important elements, such as reference ranges, were frequently absent. To ensure that clinical laboratory manuals are of maximal utility, we propose the following 13 data elements be included in individual test listings: test name, synonyms, test description, test methodology, sample requirements, volume requirements, collection guidelines, transport guidelines, units of measure, reference range, critical values, test availability, and date of latest revision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA. bruce_beckwith@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing / Q000592:standards; D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006723:Hong Kong; D020407:Internet; D008370:Manuals as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D009520:New Zealand; D011643:Publishing; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States