title: Cost-effectiveness analyses in gynecologic oncology: methodological quality and trends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate methodological quality and trends of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) published in gynecologic oncology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical literature search of articles from 1966 through 2002 was performed to identify original, English-language articles that included economic analyses in gynecologic oncology. We included articles that were cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analyses or performed these analyses as part of their study. Ten methodological principles that should be incorporated in CEAs were assessed for each study. Each article was given a score of 0, 1, or 2 for each of the 10 methodological principles (max score = 20). Data were analyzed using the Student t test, ANOVA, and linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We screened 693 articles to identify 68 that met our inclusion criteria. The articles focused on cervical cancer (n = 53; 78%), ovarian cancer (n = 11; 16%), uterine cancer (n = 2; 3%), and general perioperative care (n = 2; 3%). The mean (+/-SD) methodological principle score was 16.1 (+/-4.1) and we observed a significant improvement in the total score over time (P = 0.01). Primary CEA's (CEA identified as the objective of the study) were of higher quality than secondary CEA's (primary objective of the study was not CEA but CEA was included in the study; total scores 18.2 vs. 11.6, respectively; P<0.0001). Studies with at least one investigator in public health or healthcare economies also had higher quality (mean total score 17.7 vs. 15.2; P=0.006). The most common limitations of published CEAs were in methodology or presentation of incremental analyses, sensitivity analyses, and discounting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost-effectiveness analyses in gynecologic oncology showed significant improvement in quality over the last two decades. Despite this progress, methodological improvement is still needed in the areas of incremental comparisons and sensitivity analysis. Understanding the methodology of cost-effectiveness analysis is critical for researchers, editors, and readers to accurately interpret results of the growing body of CEA articles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Manuel
authors.forename: Lee-May
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Caughey
authors.forename: Leslee L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Subak
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000191:economics*