title: Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. 1991.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As part of an interdisciplinary study of medical injury and malpractice litigation, we estimated the incidence of adverse events, defined as injuries caused by medical management, and of the subgroup of such injuries that resulted from negligent or substandard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 30121 randomly selected records from 51 randomly selected acute care, non-psychiatric hospitals in New York State in 1984. We then developed population estimates of injuries and computed rates according to the age and sex of the patients as well as the specialties of the physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse events occurred in 3.7% of the hospitalizations (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.2), and 27.6% of the adverse events were due to negligence (95% confidence interval 22.5 to 32.6). Although 70.5% of the adverse events gave rise to disability lasting less than 6 months, 2.6% caused permanently disabling injuries and 13.6% led to death. The percentage of adverse events attributable to negligence increased in the categories of more severe injuries (Wald test chi(2) = 21.04, p<0.0001). Using weighted totals we estimated that among the 2671863 patients discharged from New York hospitals in 1984 there were 98609 adverse events and 27179 adverse events involving negligence. Rates of adverse events rose with age (p<0.0001). The percentage of adverse events due to negligence was markedly higher among the elderly (p<0.01). There were significant differences in rates of adverse events among categories of clinical specialties (p<0.0001), but no differences in the percentage due to negligence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a substantial amount of injury to patients from medical management, and many injuries are the result of substandard care.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Leape
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Localio
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lawthers
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newhouse
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hiatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008485:Medical Audit; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D012449:Safety