Relevant anatomy for botulinum toxin facial rejuvenation.
Over the last several years, Botox has become an integral treatment modality in the management of facial aging. Through selective chemical denervation, rhytids that are associated with hyperfunctioning muscles can be considerably softened or eliminated. Most practitioners rely on surface anatomy and landmarks to guide accurate needle insertion and Botox therapy. Therefore, a detailed appreciation of the underlying muscular anatomy is paramount in improving the practitioner's cosmetic results and the patients' overall satisfaction.
Loos
Benjamin M
BM
The Maas Clinic, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. benloos@yahoo.ocm
Maas
Corey S
CS
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015595:Skin Aging
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A