title: A trial of automated safety alerts for inpatient digoxin use with computerized physician order entry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Automated clinical decision support (CDS) has shown promise in improving safe medication use. The authors performed a trial of CDS, given both during computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and in response to new laboratory results, comparing the time courses of clinician behaviors related to digoxin use before and after implementation of the alerts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alerts were implemented to notify of the potential risk from low electrolyte concentrations or unknown digoxin or electrolyte concentrations during CPOE. Alerts were also generated in response to newly reported hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in patients given digoxin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinician responses to the alerts for six months were compared with responses to similar situations for six months prior to implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During CPOE, checking for unknown serum values increased after implementation compared with control at one hour: 19% vs. 6% for digoxin, 57% vs. 9% for potassium, and 40% vs. 12% for magnesium as well as at 24 hours (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Electrolyte supplementation increased with newly reported hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia after implementation at one hour: 35% vs. 6% and 49% vs. 5% for potassium and magnesium, respectively, as well as at 24 hours (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). During CPOE, supplementation for hypokalemia was not improved, whereas supplementation for hypomagnesemia improved at one hour (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the alerts improved the safe use of digoxin. During CPOE, alerts associated with missing levels were effective. For hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, the alerts given during CPOE were not as effective as those given at the time of newly reported low electrolytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M/C 718), University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. billg@uic.edu.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Galanter
authors.forename: Audrius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polikaitis
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DiDomenico
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D012449:Safety; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D004573:Electrolytes; D004077:Digoxin