title: Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from wild animal species.
abstract: Mycobacterial isolates were obtained by radiometric culture from 33 different species of captive or free-ranging animals (n = 106) and environmental sources (n = 3) from six geographic zones within the United States. The identities of all 109 isolates were confirmed by using mycobactin J dependence and characterization of five well-defined molecular markers, including two integration loci of IS900 (loci L1 and L9), one Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis)-specific sequence (locus 251), and one M. avium subsp. avium-specific marker (IS1245), as well as hsp65 and IS1311 restriction endonuclease analyses. Seventy-six acid-fast isolates were identified as M. paratuberculosis, 15 were identified as belonging to the M. avium-M. intracellulare complex (but not M. paratuberculosis), and the remaining 18 were identified as mycobacteria outside the M. avium-M. intracellulare complex. Fingerprinting by multiplex PCR for IS900 integration loci clustered 67 of the 76 M. paratuberculosis strains into a single clade (designated clade A18) and had a Simpson's diversity index (D) of 0.53. In contrast, sequence-based characterization of a recently identified M. paratuberculosis short sequence repeat (SSR) region enabled the differentiation of the M. paratuberculosis isolates in clade A18 into seven distinct alleles (D = 0.75). The analysis revealed eight subtypes among the 33 species of animals, suggesting the interspecies transmission of specific strains. Taken together, the results of our analyses demonstrate that SSR analysis enables the genetic characterization of M. paratuberculosis isolates from different host species and provide evidence for the host specificity of some M. paratuberculosis strains as well as sharing of strains between wild and domesticated animal species.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
authors.forename: Alifiya S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Motiwala
authors.forename: Alongkorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amonsin
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strother
authors.forename: Elizabeth J B
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Srinand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreevatsan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D018834:Chaperonin 60; D018833:Chaperonins / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012418:Ruminants / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018834:Chaperonin 60; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D005819:Genetic Markers; C074119:heat-shock protein 65, Mycobacterium; D018833:Chaperonins