title: Immunological foundations to the quest for new vaccine adjuvants.
abstract: Developing efficient adjuvants for human vaccines that elicit broad and sustained immune responses at systemic or mucosal levels remains a formidable challenge for the vaccine industry. Conventional approaches in the past have been largely empirical and--at best--partially successful. Importantly, recent advances in our understanding of the immune system, most particularly with respect to early proinflammatory signals, are leading to the identification of new biological targets for vaccine adjuvants. This review covers both the current status of adjuvant testing in humans, the residual needs for vaccines in development, and the emerging immunological foundations for adjuvant design. A better understanding of the biology of toll-like receptors, non-conventional T cell subpopulations, T and B cell memory, regulatory T cells, and mucosal immunity has profound implications for a modern approach to adjuvant screening and development. The future lies in the high throughput screening of synthetic chemical entities targeting well-characterized biological molecules. Used alone or in combination, such synthetic adjuvants will allow stimulation or modulation in a safe and efficient manner of strong effector, regulatory and memory immune mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Aventis Pasteur, Research and Development, Campus Mérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burdin
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moingeon
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines