title: How often do sensitivity analyses for economic parameters change cost-utility analysis conclusions?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence about the extent to which sensitivity analysis has been used in the cost-effectiveness literature. Sensitivity analyses for health-related QOL (HR-QOL), cost and discount rate economic parameters are of particular interest because they measure the effects of methodological and estimation uncertainties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of sensitivity analyses in the pharmaceutical cost-utility literature in order to test whether a change in economic parameters could result in a different conclusion regarding the cost effectiveness of the intervention analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-utility analyses of pharmaceuticals identified in a prior comprehensive audit (70 articles) were reviewed and further audited. For each base case for which sensitivity analyses were reported (n = 122), up to two sensitivity analyses for HR-QOL (n = 133), cost (n = 99), and discount rate (n = 128) were examined. Article mentions of thresholds for acceptable cost-utility ratios were recorded (total 36). Cost-utility ratios were denominated in US dollars for the year reported in each of the original articles in order to determine whether a different conclusion would have been indicated at the time the article was published. Quality ratings from the original audit for articles where sensitivity analysis results crossed the cost-utility ratio threshold above the base-case result were compared with those that did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently mentioned cost-utility thresholds were $US20,000/QALY, $US50,000/QALY, and $US100,000/QALY. The proportions of sensitivity analyses reporting quantitative results that crossed the threshold above the base-case results (or where the sensitivity analysis result was dominated) were 31% for HR-QOL sensitivity analyses, 20% for cost-sensitivity analyses, and 15% for discount-rate sensitivity analyses. Almost half of the discount-rate sensitivity analyses did not report quantitative results. Articles that reported sensitivity analyses where results crossed the cost-utility threshold above the base-case results (n = 25) were of somewhat higher quality, and were more likely to justify their sensitivity analysis parameters, than those that did not (n = 45), but the overall quality rating was only moderate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensitivity analyses for economic parameters are widely reported and often identify whether choosing different assumptions leads to a different conclusion regarding cost effectiveness. Changes in HR-QOL and cost parameters should be used to test alternative guideline recommendations when there is uncertainty regarding these parameters. Changes in discount rates less frequently produce results that would change the conclusion about cost effectiveness. Improving the overall quality of published studies and describing the justifications for parameter ranges would allow more meaningful conclusions to be drawn from sensitivity analyses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, USA. brs2006@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Schackman
authors.forename: Heather Taffet
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Patricia W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years