title: POBASCAM, a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV testing in cervical screening: design, methods and baseline data of 44,102 women.
abstract: Cytological cervical screening is rather inefficient because of relatively high proportions of false negative and false positive smears. To evaluate the efficiency of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing, by GP5+/6+ PCR-enzyme immunoassay (EIA), in conjunction with cytology (Intervention Group) to that of the classical cytology (Control Group), we initiated the Population Based Screening Study Amsterdam (POBASCAM). POBASCAM is a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of hrHPV testing in cervical screening. The outcome measure is the proportion of histologically confirmed > or =CIN3 lesions in each study arm up to and including the next screening round after 5 years. We present the design, methods and baseline data of POBASCAM. When, in the next 5 years, the follow-up will be completed, the data obtained will be used in model studies, including a cost-effectiveness study, to advise the Dutch Ministry of Public Health in deciding whether cervical screening should be based on combined hrHPV and cytology testing instead of cytology alone. Between January 1999 and September 2002, 44,102 women (mean age = 42.8 years; range = 29-61) that participated in the regular Dutch screening program were included in our study. In the Intervention Group the distribution of cytology and hrHPV by cytology class was as follows: normal cytology 96.6% (3.6% hrHPV positive); borderline and mild dyskaryosis (BMD) 2.5% (34.6% hrHPV positive); and moderate dyskaryosis or worse (>BMD) 0.8% (88.3% hrHPV positive), i.e., 0.4% moderate dyskaryosis (82.9% hrHPV positive), 0.3% severe dyskaryosis (92.5% hrHPV positive), 0.1% carcinoma in situ (95.2% hrHPV positive), <0.1% suspected for invasive cancer (hrHPV positive 100.0%). In the Control Group 96.5% of the women had normal cytology, 2.4% BMD and 0.8% >BMD, i.e., 0.4% moderate dyskaryosis, 0.3% severe dyskaryosis, 0.1% carcinoma in situ, <0.1% suspected for invasive cancer. The presence of hrHPV was age-dependent, decreasing from 12.0% at 29-33 years to 2.4% at 59-61 years. Among women with a positive hrHPV test, the prevalence of BMD was age-dependent ranging from 20.2% at 29-33 years to 7.8% at 54-58 years. In contrast, the risk of >BMD of 13.7% among women with a positive hrHPV test was not age-dependent. Our study indicates that large-scale hrHPV testing by GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA in the setting of population-based cervical screening is practically feasible, is accepted by both participating women and general practitioners and yields highly reproducible results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole W J
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bulkmans
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rozendaal
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Feja J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Voorhorst
authors.forename: A Joan P
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boeke
authors.forename: Gladys R J
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Zandwijken
authors.forename: Folkert J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Kemenade
authors.forename: René H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Verheijen
authors.forename: Krijn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: v Groningen
authors.forename: Mathilde E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Hans J F
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Keuning
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ballegooijen
authors.forename: Adriaan J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Brule
authors.forename: Chris J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012107:Research Design; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology