title: Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha promotes melanoma cell invasion across basement membranes involving stimulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and Rho GTPase activities.
abstract: Tissue invasion by tumor cells involves their migration across basement membranes through activation of extracellular matrix degradation and cell motility mechanisms. Chemokines binding to their receptors provide chemotactic cues guiding cells to specific tissues and organs; they therefore could potentially participate in tumor cell dissemination. Melanoma cells express CXCR4, the receptor for the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha). Using Matrigel as a model, we show that SDF-1alpha promotes invasion of melanoma cells across basement membranes. Stimulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) activity by SDF-1alpha was necessary for invasion, involving at least up-regulation in the expression of this metalloproteinase, as detected in the highly metastatic BLM melanoma cell line. Moreover, SDF-1alpha triggered the activation of the GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 on BLM cells, and expression of dominant-negative forms of RhoA and Rac1, but not Cdc42, substantially impaired the invasion of transfectants in response to SDF-1alpha, as well as the increase in MT1-MMP expression. Furthermore, CXCR4 expression on melanoma cells was notably augmented by transforming growth factor-beta1, a Matrigel component, whereas anti-transforming growth factor-beta antibodies inhibited increases in CXCR4 expression and melanoma cell invasion toward SDF-1alpha. The identification of SDF-1alpha as a potential stimulatory molecule for MT1-MMP as well as for RhoA and Rac1 activities during melanoma cell invasion, associated with an up-regulation in CXCR4 expression by interaction with basement membrane factors, could contribute to better knowledge of mechanisms stimulating melanoma cell dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Department of Immunology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rubén A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bartolomé
authors.forename: Beatriz G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.forename: Natividad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baleux
authors.forename: Goos N P
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Van Muijen
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Mateos
authors.forename: Alicia G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teixidó
mesh_terms: D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein