title: Pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors as HIV-1 antiviral therapeutics.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can infect quiescent cells; however, viral production is restricted to actively proliferating cells. Recent evidence has indicated that HIV-1 viral proteins, Vpr and Tat, perturb the cell cycle to optimize HIV-1 replication. Vpr arrests the cell cycle at G2 by inactivating the cyclin B/cdk1 complex. Tat regulates the cell cycle by altering factors involved in proliferation and differentiation (i.e. the cdk inhibitor p21/waf1) and associating with cyclin/cdk complexes (i.e. cyclin E/cdk2, cyclin H/cdk7, and cyclin T/cdk9). These studies indicate the importance of host cellular factors, such as cyclin/cdk complexes, in regulating HIV-1 replication and therefore represent novel targets for antiviral therapeutics. Recently, the efficacy of pharmalogical cdk inhibitors (PCIs) in abrogating viral replication has been under development. To date there are 25-30 PCIs that have been synthesized against known cdks, several of which have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 and other AIDS-associated viruses in vitro and in vivo. Targeting these critical cyclin/cdk complexes needed for viral propagation may solve the problems inherent in current HAART therapy, including the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, PCIs have the potential to become novel therapeutic antiviral drugs that can inhibit HIV-1 transcription and opens the possibility of new avenues of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington DC, 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maddukuri
authors.forename: Kylene
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kehn
authors.forename: Shanese Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Baylor
authors.forename: Longwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pumfery
authors.forename: Fatah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kashanchi
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases