title: Separation as a natural cue to danger in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).
abstract: Spotted hyena biology suggests mothers and infants will exhibit one of two alternative responses to separation: (a) Due to prolonged dependency, infants will act similarly to Old World monkeys, displaying distress and proximity seeking behaviors; or (b) because mother-infant separations are frequent in the wild, infants will exhibit little distress or change in reunion behavior. Hence, reunion behavior following mother-infant separation was compared to control periods in captive hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mothers and infants at two developmental periods. Significant increases (p < or =.05) in distress (i.e., agitated arousal and increased vocalization) and proximity maintenance (i.e., cub and maternal approaches, and maternal monitoring) as well as a trend towards increased sibling aggression following separation were observed. Responsibility for proximity maintenance, assessed by the Hinde Index, adhered to patterns common to primates---with cubs assuming increased responsibility later in development. Findings are discussed in light of hyena ecology and Attachment Theory.
authors.affiliation: 3210 Tolman Hall, Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rifkin@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Glickman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002335:Carnivora; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009769:Object Attachment; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014828:Vocalization, Animal