title: Exposure to appetitive food stimuli markedly activates the human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased incidence of obesity most likely reflects changes in the environment that had made food more available and palatable. Here we assess the response of the human brain to the presentation of appetitive food stimuli during food presentation using PET and FDG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic changes in response to food presentation were done in 12 healthy normal body weight subjects who were food deprived before the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Food presentation significantly increased metabolism in the whole brain (24%, P < 0.01) and these changes were largest in superior temporal, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortices. The increases in the right orbitofrontal cortex were the ones that correlated significantly with the increases in self-reports of hunger and desire for food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marked increase in brain metabolism by the presentation of food provides evidence of the high sensitivity of the human brain to food stimuli. This high sensitivity coupled with the ubiquitousness of food stimuli in the environment is likely to contribute to the epidemic of obesity. In particular, the activation of the right orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region involved with drive, may underlie the motivation to procure food, which may be subjectively experienced as "desire for food" and "hunger" when exposed to food stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. gjwang@bnl.gov
authors.forename: Gene-Jack
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nora D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: Millard
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jayne
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Manlong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Naomi R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geliebter
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004328:Drive; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18