title: Recovery of bacteria by continuous renal replacement therapy in septic shock and by ultrafiltration from an in vitro model of bacteremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe sepsis is frequently associated with inflammation, multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome, and the accumulation of excess fluid that can be removed by continuous renal replacement therapy. Appropriate therapy for sepsis requires knowledge of the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative organism. However, bacterial isolation and identification are often unsuccessful. The objective of this study was to determine whether bacteria could be recovered from continuous renal replacement therapy ultrafiltrates of clinically septic patients who were either blood culture positive or repeatedly culture negative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult medical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six clinically septic, blood culture-positive or repeatedly culture-negative patients and four clinically nonseptic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed continuous renal replacement therapy on patients. In addition, we devised an in vitro system mimicking human bacteremia to determine whether bacteria traverse the hemofilter. In these experiments, a reservoir containing reconstituted blood was inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and hemofiltered. The ultrafiltrates were centrifuged or secondarily filtered for bacterial recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial pathogens were recovered in culture from ultrafiltrates of all the clinically septic patients. Ultrafiltrates of the nonseptic patients were sterile. E. faecalis, the bacterium inoculated into the reconstituted blood, was the only organism recovered from the in vitro-derived ultrafiltrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathogenic bacteria were shown to traverse the hemofilter. Culture of ultrafiltrates of clinically septic, blood culture-negative patients may be useful in recovery of the etiological organism and confirmation of the clinical diagnosis and management of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hansard
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haseeb
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salwen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*