title: The HALTED ROOT gene encoding the 26S proteasome subunit RPT2a is essential for the maintenance of Arabidopsis meristems.
abstract: In higher plants, post-embryonic development is dependent on the activity of the root and shoot apical meristem (RAM and SAM). The quiescent center (QC) in the RAM and the organizing center (OC) in the SAM are known to be essential for the maintenance of meristematic activity. To understand the mechanism that maintains post-embryonic meristems, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant, halted root (hlr). In this mutant, the cellular organization was disrupted in post-embryonic meristems both in the root and in the shoot, and their meristematic activity was reduced or became abnormal. We showed that the mutant RAM lost its QC identity after germination, which was specified during embryogenesis, whereas the identity of differentiated tissues was maintained. In the post-embryonic SAM, the expression pattern of a typical OC marker gene, WUSCHEL, was disturbed in the mutant. These observations indicate that the HLR gene is essential to maintain the cellular organization and normal nature of the RAM and SAM. The HLR gene encodes RPT2a, which is a subunit of the 26S proteasome that degrades key proteins in diverse cellular processes. We showed that the HLR gene was expressed both in the RAM and in the SAM, including in the QC and the OC, respectively, and that the activity of proteasomes were reduced in the mutant. We propose that proteasome-dependent programmed proteolysis is required to maintain the meristem integrity both in the shoot and in the root.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Sumie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paponov
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palme
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018519:Meristem / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; C487429:RPT2a protein, Arabidopsis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease