title: Highwire regulates presynaptic BMP signaling essential for synaptic growth.
abstract: Highwire (Hiw), a putative RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates synaptic growth at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. hiw mutants have dramatically larger synaptic size and increased numbers of synaptic boutons. Here we show that Hiw binds to the Smad protein Medea (Med). Med is part of a presynaptic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling cascade consisting of three receptor subunits, Wit, Tkv, and Sax, in addition to the Smad transcription factor Mad. When compared to wild-type, mutants of BMP signaling components have smaller NMJ size, reduced neurotransmitter release, and aberrant synaptic ultrastructure. BMP signaling mutants suppress the excessive synaptic growth in hiw mutants. Activation of BMP signaling, which in wild-type does not cause additional growth, in hiw mutants does lead to further synaptic expansion. These results reveal a balance between positive BMP signaling and negative regulation by Highwire, governing the growth of neuromuscular synapses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. bmccabe@socrates.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aberle
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Fetter
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Theodore E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Haerry
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Corey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: A Pejmun
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Haghighi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C409633:HIW protein, Drosophila; C112504:Med protein, Drosophila; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; C086338:sax protein, Drosophila; C449821:wit protein, Drosophila