title: Smac induces cytochrome c release and apoptosis independently from Bax/Bcl-x(L) in a strictly caspase-3-dependent manner in human carcinoma cells.
abstract: The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway mediates cell death through the release of various pro-apoptotic factors including cytochrome c and Smac, the second mitochondrial activator of caspases, into the cytosol. Smac was shown previously to inhibit IAP proteins and to facilitate initiation of the caspase cascade upon cytochrome c release. To investigate Smac function during apoptosis and to explore Smac as an experimental cancer therapeutic, we constructed an expression system based on a single adenoviral vector containing Smac under control of the Tet-off system supplied in cis. Conditional expression of Smac induced apoptosis in human HCT116 and DU145 carcinoma cells regardless of the loss of Bax or overexpression of Bcl-x(L). Nevertheless, apoptosis induced by Smac was associated with cytochrome c release and breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential. This indicates that Smac acts independently of Bax and Bcl-x(L) during initiation of apoptosis and triggers a positive feedback loop that results in Bax/Bcl-x(L)-independent activation of mitochondria. In caspase-proficient cells, Smac-induced apoptosis could be inhibited partially by cell-permeable LEHD (caspase-9 inhibitor) and DEVD (caspase-3 inhibitor) peptides. Furthermore, loss of caspase-3 expression in MCF-7 cells carrying a caspase-3 null mutation completely abrogated the sensitivity for Smac-induced apoptotic or nonapoptotic, necrosis-like cell death, while re-expression of caspase-3 conferred sensitivity. Altogether, caspase-3 but not caspase-9 activation was necessary for execution of Smac-induced cell death. Notably, Smac did not induce caspase-9 processing in the absence of caspase-3. Thus, caspase-9 processing occurs secondary to caspase-3 activation during Smac-induced apoptosis. Altogether, Smac is capable of circumventing defects in mitochondrial apoptosis signaling such as loss of Bax or overexpression of Bcl-x(L) that are frequently observed in tumor cells resistant to anticancer therapy. Consequently, Smac appears to be a promising therapeutic target in anticancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasenjäger
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gillissen
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Philipp G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hemmati
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dörken
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C110772:benzoylcarbonyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartyl-fluoromethyl ketone; C403754:benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-glutamyl-histidyl-aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone; D045304:Cytochromes c; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases