title: ABCA3 gene mutations in newborns with fatal surfactant deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary surfactant forms a lipid-rich monolayer that coats the airways of the lung and is essential for proper inflation and function of the lung. Surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells, stored intracellularly in organelles known as lamellar bodies, and secreted by exocytosis. The gene for ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 (ABCA3) is expressed in alveolar type II cells, and the protein is localized to lamellar bodies, suggesting that it has an important role in surfactant metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sequenced each of the coding exons of the ABCA3 gene in blood DNA from 21 racially and ethnically diverse infants with severe neonatal surfactant deficiency for which the etiologic process was unknown. Lung tissue from four patients was examined by high-resolution light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonsense and frameshift mutations, as well as mutations in highly conserved residues and in splice sites of the ABCA3 gene were identified in 16 of the 21 patients (76 percent). In five consanguineous families with mutations, each pair of siblings was homozygous for the same mutation and each mutation was found in only one family. Markedly abnormal lamellar bodies were observed by ultrastructural examination of lung tissue from four patients with different ABCA3 mutations, including nonsense, splice-site, and missense mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutation of the ABCA3 gene causes fatal surfactant deficiency in newborns. ABCA3 is critical for the proper formation of lamellar bodies and surfactant function and may also be important for lung function in other pulmonary diseases. Since it is closely related to ABCA1 and ABCA4, proteins that transport phospholipids in macrophages and photoreceptor cells, it may have a role in surfactant phospholipid metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Section, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute - Frederick, Frederick, Md, USA.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shulenin
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nogee
authors.forename: Tarmo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Annilo
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wert
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitsett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C441524:ABCA3 protein, human; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D010743:Phospholipids; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins