title: Results of the European Commission Marina II study: part II--effects of discharges of naturally occurring radioactive material.
abstract: Enhanced levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are produced through various industrial operations and may lead to discharges to the marine environment. A recent study, called MARINA II, carried out for the European Commission considered discharges of radionuclides from the NORM industries to north European marine waters and their consequences. There are two main sources that were considered in the study. The use of phosphogypsum during the production of phosphoric acid by the fertiliser industry and the pumping of oil and gas from the continental shelf in the North Sea which produces large quantities of water contaminated with enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides. Discharges of alpha emitting radionuclides from these two industries have contributed significantly to the total input of alpha emitters to north European waters over the period 1981-2000 (data were not available prior to 1981). Discharges due to the use of phosphogypsum have declined since the early 1990s and are now very low. Discharges from the oil and gas industries stabilised in the second half of the 1990s and are now the major contributor to alpha discharges to the region. As most European countries do not report discharges of radioactivity with the water produced during extraction, there is considerable uncertainty in the discharges used in the study. The impact of the discharges has been estimated both in terms of the effect on non-human biota and the radiological impact for people. In the 1980s the radiation dose rates to marine biota in the region around a phosphate plant on the north-west coast of England were as high due to the discharges from the phosphate plant as those near to the Sellafield reprocessing plant due to its discharges. In recent years the additional dose to marine biota in this region due to the past NORM discharges is of the same order of magnitude as the natural background. The collective dose rate was estimated to determine the radiological impact on people. The peak collective dose rate from the NORM industries occurred in 1984 and was just over 600 manSv y(-1). The collective dose rate fell with time as discharges from the phosphate industry reduced and was estimated as under 200 manSv y(-1) in 2000.
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany. betti@itu.fzk.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Betti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aldave de las Heras
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henrich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerchikov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: van Weers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bexon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sazykina
mesh_terms: D002617:Chemical Industry; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D005308:Fertilizers; D006801:Humans; D009659:North Sea; D010710:Phosphates; D011210:Power Plants; D011634:Public Health; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D010710:Phosphates; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive