title: Anxiety and depression: a 40-year perspective on relationships regarding prevalence, distribution, and comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Building on a report about the prevalence of depression over time, this paper examines historical trends regarding anxiety in terms of its prevalence, its distribution by age and gender, and its comorbidity with depression. Methods for conducting such time trend analysis are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative samples of adults were selected and interviewed in 1952, 1970, and 1992. Logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although twice as common as depression, the prevalence of anxiety was equally stable. Anxiety was consistently and significantly more characteristic of women than men. A re-distribution of rates in 1992 indicated that depression but not anxiety had significantly increased among younger women (P = 0.03). Throughout the study, approximately half of the cases of anxiety also suffered depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationships between anxiety and depression remained similar over time with the exception that depression came to resemble anxiety as a disorder to which women were significantly more vulnerable than men. Social and historical factors should be investigated to assess their relevance to this change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. murphy.jane@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sobol
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leighton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence