title: TBX5 mutations and congenital heart disease: Holt-Oram syndrome revealed.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in the T-box transcription factor TBX5 cause Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), an autosomal-dominant condition characterized by a familial history of congenital heart defects and preaxial radial ray upper limb defects. This review summarizes recent developments in the study of TBX5 as it relates to congenital heart disease and the pathology of HOS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently, 37 mutations in TBX5 have been found in patients with HOS. Most of these mutations cause premature truncation of the primary TBX5 transcript, thereby presumably causing haploinsufficiency. Conversely, missense mutations diminish the interaction of TBX5 with other transcription factors and reduce nuclear localization of mutant protein. Although mutations are found throughout the TBX5 gene, no evidence exists to suggest that genotype affects the location of heart and limb defects or the severity of HOS manifestation. However, genetic background, and to a lesser extent, environmental and stochastic modifiers are believed to influence greatly the severity of HOS manifestation and may account for the large variation seen in the severity of defects, even among members of the same kindred. Careful clinical examination of patients who seek treatment with heart and limb malformations is necessary to avoid misdiagnosis of similar congenital conditions. With the proper examination, TBX5 mutations can be identified in more than 70% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of HOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic analysis of patient populations and the biochemical characterization of the mutated proteins have provided considerable insight into the function of TBX5 in cardiac development and disease pathology. Novel discoveries await as these two paradigms merge.
authors.affiliation: Program in Cardiovascular Research, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Alessandro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Benoit G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bruneau
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000473:pathology; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D013577:Syndrome; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5