title: Menstrual cycle and ST height.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex hormones and menstrual cycle effects on ST height have not yet been clearly identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two young, healthy women (aged 22-32 years) were included in this study. Twelve-lead ECGs were registered during menses, follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle at baseline, and after double autonomic blockade (DAB). Chest leads V2-V4 and limb leads I and II were chosen for analysis. ST height was measured manually at J-Point and 40 ms after the J-Point, and values were corrected for QRS amplitude (J-Point/QRS, 40 ms/QRS). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze differences in ST height among the three phases of the menstrual cycle. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, ST height, QTc, and T wave amplitude were not significantly different among the three phases of the menstrual cycle. After double autonomic blockade, ST height at 40 ms, J-Point/QRS, and 40 ms/QRS was significantly higher during follicular versus luteal phase (0.152 +/- 0.413 mm versus -0.007 +/- 0.427 mm, P = 0.0059 at 40 ms; -0.001 +/- 0.030 versus -0.015 +/- 0.032, P = 0.0039 at J-Point/QRS; 0.013 +/- 0.031 versus -0.004 +/- 0.032, P = 0.0005 at 40 ms/QRS) as was the QTc. ST height differences at J-Point were not significantly different (-0.046 +/- 0.395 mm follicular, -0.167 +/- 0.448 mm luteal, and -0.083 +/- 0.492 mm menses, P = 0.1014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ST height and QTc varied among the three phases of the menstrual cycle, predominantly after double autonomic blockade. Female sex hormones that vary throughout the menstrual cycle may modulate measures of repolarization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mayuga
authors.forename: Alessandro de
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Cristofaro
authors.forename: Taresh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taneja
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kadish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012016:Reference Values; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D001285:Atropine; D011433:Propranolol