title: The clinical usefulness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and age-specific PSA reference ranges for detecting prostate cancer in Chinese.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and age-specific PSA reference ranges for detecting prostate cancer in Chinese.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all 50- to 79-year-old men who had their first-time prostatic biopsy done at our institute between January 1998 and December 2000. We evaluated the effect on biopsy rate and cancer detection if the PSA cutoff was shifted from 4.0 ng/ml to the age-specific reference ranges. Also, we tried to develop age-adjusted PSA cutoffs for Chinese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,236 men enrolled, 252 (20.4%) were diagnosed as prostate cancers. The positive predictive value was 22.2% for PSA >4.0 ng/ml. Using the traditional age-specific PSA reference ranges 134 (10.8%) biopsies could be avoided but five (1.98%) cancers would be missed. We proposed age-specific PSA reference ranges for Chinese as: 0-4.0 ng/ml for men in their 50s and 0-6.0 ng/ml for men between 60 and 79 years. Had we used these alternative cutoffs, 150 (12.1%) biopsies could be saved, of them 3 were cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age-specific PSA reference ranges may help to avoid 12% of biopsies but 1.2% of prostate cancers would have gone undetected. Among population with low incidence of prostate cancer as Chinese, minimizing unnecessary biopsies might be more important issue than maximizing cancer detection rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. tonywu@isca.vghks.gov.tw
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jong-Khing
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen