title: Butyltins in muscle and liver of fish collected from certain Asian and Oceanian countries.
abstract: Concentrations of butyltin residues were determined in muscle tissue of fish collected from local markets and sea food shops in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Contamination levels were determined in the Asia-Pacific region and human exposure was estimated. Similarly, corresponding liver samples of fish muscle collected in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands were analyzed to obtain information on partitioning of butyltin compounds between muscle and liver tissues. Butyltin compounds were detected in most of the samples which suggested widespread contamination in Asia and Oceania. The concentrations of butyltin compounds were, on average, an order of magnitude higher in liver than in muscle. Residue concentration of Sigmabutyltin in liver was found to be correlated significantly (p < 0.02) with those in muscle. Intensive ship-scrapping activities, sewage disposal and antifouling paints are considered the major sources of butyltins in this region. Increased proportions of MBT over DBT and TBT in samples from most locations indicated degradation of TBT to MBT in fish tissues during storage at 4 degrees C in the dark over 1-2 years. The possibility that fish have been subject to increased exposure to MBT and that TBT degrades to MBT quite rapidly in tropical environments are also considered. Butyltin concentrations in fish from Asia and Oceania were lower than those reported for Japan, Canada and the USA. Although the number of samples analyzed from each country was small, it is tentatively suggested that intake of butyltins by humans via consumption of fish in these countries was < 25% of the tolerable daily intake of 250 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on butyltin pollution in developing Asian countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Conservation, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tatsukawa