title: Relative contribution of endogenous opioids to myocardial ischemic tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioid preconditioning by exogenous opioids experimentally protects the myocardium against ischemia/reflow injury. Additionally, endogenous opioid peptides released during ischemia also enhance ischemic tolerance. Promiscuous opioid receptor agonists conceal the differential contribution of the mu, delta, and kappa opioid subtypes. This study compared the impact of selective delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists on postischemic functional and metabolic recovery. Also measured were changing levels of peptides dynorphin B and met-enkephalin during ischemia/reflow injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the rabbit Langendorff model, the functional recovery of control hearts (following 2 h of global ischemia) was compared to hearts pretreated with delta antagonist NTB (1 microM) or kappa antagonist, nor-BNI (1 microM). Measures included percentage of return of isovolumetric developed pressure (LVDP), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO(2)) and coronary flow (CF). In additional studies, untreated hearts were harvested at baseline, following ischemia, or following 5 or 45 min of reflow. Tissue concentrations of met-enkephalin and dynorphin B were measured by RIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 45 min of reflow, hearts pretreated with either NTB or nor-BNI showed impaired functional recovery by a decrease in LVDP (P < 0.05); however, MVO(2) or CF were unaffected. RIA data shows that baseline levels of both peptides are similar and increase significantly during ischemia, but reflow dynorphin levels drop far below baseline, while met-enkephalin returns to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antagonism of both delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes equally contributes to impaired left ventricular function, independent of altered perfusion or metabolic rate. Endogenous kappa-receptor agonists may contribute primarily during ischemia or early reflow, since low late reflow dynorphin content did not correlate with altered functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, B558 MSRBII 0686, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McNish
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bolling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004723:Endorphins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004723:Endorphins; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D009271:Naltrexone; D004399:Dynorphins; C036200:rimorphin; C055382:naltrindole