title: Sediments are major sinks of steroidal estrogens in two United Kingdom rivers.
abstract: The occurrence of intersex fish in a number of European rivers has been attributed to exposure to estrogenic chemicals present in sewage treatment work (STW) effluents. To further understand the environmental fate of these contaminants, the estrogenic activity of effluents, water, and sediments were investigated both upstream and downstream of the major STW discharge in two United Kingdom rivers. Estrogenic activity, determined using the yeast estrogen-receptor transcription screen, of the major STW effluents on both rivers was similar, ranging from 1.4 to 2.9 ng 17beta-estradiol equivalents (EEQ)/L. Estrogenic activities of surface waters 1 km upstream and downstream of both STW inputs were less than the limits of detection (0.04 ng/L); however, levels of estrogenic activity in sediments were between 21.3 and 29.9 ng EEQ/kg and were similar at both upstream and downstream sites. Effluent and sediment extracts were fractionated by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography, and estrogenic active fractions were further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major active chemicals in the two effluents and in the sediments were estrone with lesser amounts of 17beta-estradiol; however, at one site, a number of other unidentified estrogenic fractions were detected in the sediments. These results suggest that riverine sediments are a major sink and a potential source of persistent estrogenic contaminants.
authors.affiliation: University of Sussex, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kortenkamp
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D045483:Rivers; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012722:Sewage; D014873:Water Pollutants