title: Cross-generational effects on gender differences in psychoactive drug abuse and dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of patients with cocaine and heroin use disorders have shown gender differences in prevalence, course, and outcome. These differences may be decreasing in successive generations. Less is known about gender differences in course and symptomatology for other illicit drug use disorders, especially in community samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (1323 men and 1384 women) who were biological or step-parents of twins and born in the 1940-1960s, from the Minnesota Twin-Family Study (MTFS) were divided into two cohorts based on the median birth year. A structured interview was used to assess DSM-III-R cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and hallucinogen use disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a higher prevalence of each of these drug disorders and earlier onset of cannabis and amphetamine use disorders in later-born participants. For most drug use disorder categories, men and women were similar with respect to age of onset and severity of disorder but women had a shorter course of drug use disorders. Women with amphetamine disorders were atypical with respect to having a higher frequency of use but similar number of lifetime uses compared to men, and more emotional effects of amphetamine intoxication than men. In addition, women with amphetamine disorders were more likely to have anorexia nervosa than those without amphetamine disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have several implications for prevention, etiology and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0344, USA. holdcraf@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Holdcraft
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs