title: Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that diabetic status may be used as a prognostic indicator in heart failure (HF) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 1246 consecutive patients with left ventricular dysfunction. All patients had a cardiopulmonary exercise test and an echocardiogram. Cardiac catheterisation was systematically performed to define HF aetiology. Twenty-two percent of the patients were diabetic (hypoglycaemic drugs or fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL); in diabetic patients, HF aetiology was ischaemic in 58% vs. 40% in non-diabetic patients ( p < 0.0001). Clinical follow-up (median 1200 days) was obtained for 1241 patients. There was a statistically significant effect of diabetes mellitus on cardiac survival that differed according to HF aetiology (interaction p > 0.01). Diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in ischaemic patients (HR=1.54 [1.13; 2.09]; P = 0.006) but not in non-ischaemic patients (HR=0.65 [0.39; 1.07];p = 0.09). When diabetic patients were defined as patients receiving hypoglycaemic drugs at baseline, diabetes mellitus remained an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in ischaemic patients (HR=1.43 [1.03; 1.98]; p = 0.03) while diabetes mellitus was associated with a statistically significant decrease in cardiovascular mortality in non-ischaemic patients (HR=0.46 [0.23; 0.88]; p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in HF patients is markedly influenced by the underlying aetiology and is particularly deleterious in those with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Cardiologique, CHRU de Lille, Lille Cedex 59037, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Groote
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lamblin
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouquet
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plichon
authors.forename: Eugène
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Belle
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauters
mesh_terms: D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate