title: Formation of nitro musk adducts of rainbow trout hemoglobin for potential use as biomarkers of exposure.
abstract: The high use of nitro musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) as fragrances, and their persistence and bioaccumulation potential make them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The 4-amino-MX (AMX) and 2-amino-MK (AMK) metabolites have been detected in trout fish hemoglobin (Hb) samples by gas chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twelve Hb samples prepared from rainbow trout that were exposed to MX and MK, over a period of 24 and 72 h, were analyzed. Amino metabolites were liberated by basic hydrolysis and extracted from the fish Hb into n-hexane. The extract was concentrated, analyzed, and spiked with a standard solution (80 pg/microl) of AMX or AMK and reanalyzed. Concentrations of AMX from 10 to 25 ng/g were detected in Hb from fish taken 24 and 72 h after MX exposure. At 24 and 72 h after MK exposure, the concentration of AMK was found to be 25-51 ng/g and 9.5-25 ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of AMK in Hb from two of the three trout were substantially lower after 72 h compared with 24 h exposure. The AMX and AMK metabolites were not detected in four control samples. Average recoveries exceeding 89 and 86% could be achieved for AMX and AMK, respectively, with a coefficient of variation (CV) around 5%.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478, USA. mottaleb.mohammad@epa.gov
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mottaleb
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Sovocool
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007659:Ketones; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes; D014992:Xylenes; C008563:musk