title: Effects of erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen on the growth of Synechocystis sp. and Lemna minor.
abstract: Pharmaceutically active substances have recently been recognised as an emerging environmental problem. Human and veterinarian therapeutic agents can contaminate aquatic ecosystems via sewage discharges (human and animal excretion), improper disposal or industrial waste. Very little is known on the effects of pharmaceutical pollutants on aquatic photosynthetic organisms. In this study the effects of erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen on the growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and the duckweed Lemna minor FBR006 were studied at concentrations of 1-1000 microg l(-1). At dosage of 1 mg l(-1), erythromycin affected the growth of both Synechocystis and Lemna with a maximum inhibition of 70 and 20%, respectively. Tetracycline had inhibitory effects (20-22% reduction in growth) on Synechocystis at intermediate dosages. The same aminoglycoside antibiotic promoted growth in Lemna by 26% at 10 microg l(-1), while frond development was reduced at 1 mg l(-1) (tetracycline). The anti-inflammatory ibuprofen strongly stimulated the growth of Synechocystis at all concentrations tested (72% increase at 10 microg l(-1)) although inhibited Lemna in a linear dose-dependent manner with a 25% reduction over control levels at a dosage of 1 mg l(-1). The 7 days effective concentration (EC(50)) calculated for Lemna were 5.6, 1 and 4 g l(-1), respectively, for erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen. Moreover, exposure to the three pharmaceuticals resulted in the production of the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), in Lemna. Erythromycin and tetracycline were more effective in promoting ABA synthesis compared to ibuprofen. The effects shown by the three therapeutic drugs on Synechocystis and Lemna growth may have potential implications in the assessments of residual environmental risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems. Promotion of ABA synthesis in Lemna by the two antibiotics and by copper suggests that the plant hormone could be a suitable (additional) indicator for future evaluation of phytotoxicity that results in plant senescence.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pomati
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Netting
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Calamari
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Neilan
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004917:Erythromycin; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D003300:Copper; D013752:Tetracycline; D007052:Ibuprofen