title: Innervation zones of the external anal sphincter in healthy male and female subjects. Preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work was to investigate the distribution of the innervation zones of the motor units that make up the external anal sphincter (EAS) in healthy males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical probe carrying a circumferential array of 16 electrodes was used to detect the generation, propagation and extinction of individual motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) at 1, 2, and 3 cm depth from the orifice of the anal canal during maximal voluntary contractions of the EAS. Fifteen healthy males and 37 healthy nulliparous females were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IZs could be detected in all males and in 34 out of 37 females. In the males, the IZs are scattered in the right and left hemisphincter at each of the three levels and their distribution is not affected by depth. In the females, the distribution is also concentrated in the right and left hemisphincter at depth 1 cm but is more uniform at depth 2 cm and more concentrated in the dorsal and ventral regions at depth 3 cm. ANOVA shows a statistically significant dependence of the IZ distribution on depth only in females and not in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that (a) IZs of the EAS can indeed be detected with a circumferential array placed at different depths along the anal canal; (b) large individual variability is observed, and (c) IZs show similar distribution at the three depth levels in males and different distributions in females.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University Hospitals Tübingen, Germany. paul.enck@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azpiroz
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Fraga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinninghofen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaske-Bretag
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors