title: Is a single-item visual analogue scale as valid, reliable and responsive as multi-item scales in measuring quality of life?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the validity, reliability and responsiveness of a single, global quality of life question to multi-item scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 83 consecutive patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma undergoing either transhiatal or transthoracic oesophagectomy. Quality of life was measured at baseline, 5 weeks, 3 and 12 months post-operatively with a single-item Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100, the multi-item Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-20 (MOS SF-20) and Rotterdam Symptom Check-List (RSCL). Convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability and both distribution-based and anchor-based responsiveness were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline and at 5 weeks, the VAS showed high correlations with the MOS SF-20 health perceptions scale (r = 0.70 and 0.72) and moderate to high correlations with all other subscales of the MOS SF-20 and RSCL (r = 0.29-0.70). The test-retest reliability intra-class correlation for the VAS was 0.87. At 5 weeks post-operatively, the distribution-based responsiveness was moderate for the VAS (standardised response mean: -0.47; effect size: -0.56), high for the physical subscales of the MOS SF-20 and RSCL (-1.08 to -1.51) and low for the psychological subscales (0.11 to -0.25). Five weeks post-operatively, anchor-based responsiveness was highest for the VAS (r = 0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VAS is an instrument with good validity, excellent reliability, moderate distribution-based responsiveness and good anchor-based responsiveness compared to multi-item questionnaires. Its use is recommended in clinical trials to assess global quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.g.deboer@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: A G E M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: J J B
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Lanschot
authors.forename: P F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Stalmeier
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Sandick
authors.forename: J B F
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hulscher
authors.forename: J C J M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Haes
authors.forename: M A G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sprangers
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile