title: Assessment of severity of mechanical prosthetic mitral regurgitation by transoesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of colour Doppler transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) to assess quantitatively prosthetic mitral valve insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 patients were studied with multiplane TOE and cardiac catheterisation. Proximal jet diameter was measured as the largest diameter of the vena contracta. Regurgitant area was measured by planimetry of the largest turbulent jet during systole. Flow convergence zone was considered to be present when a localised area of increased systolic velocities was apparent on the left ventricular side of the valve prosthesis. Pulmonary vein flow velocity was measured at peak systole and diastole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) proximal jet diameter was 0.63 (0.16) cm, with good correlation with angiographic grades (r = 0.83). Mean (SD) maximum colour jet area was 7.9 (2.5) cm2 (r = 0.69) with worse correlation if a single imaging plane was used for measurements (r = 0.62). The ratio of systolic to diastolic peak pulmonary flow velocity averaged 0.7 (1.3) cm (r = -0.66) with better correlation (r = -0.71) if patients with atrial fibrillation were excluded. Mean (SD) regurgitant flow rate was 168 (135) ml/s and regurgitant orifice area was 0.56 (0.43) cm2, with good correlation with angiography (r = 0.77 and r = 0.78, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TOE correctly identified angiographically severe prosthetic mitral regurgitation, mainly by the assessment of the flow convergence region and the proximal diameter of the regurgitant jet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. vitar@tiscali.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitarelli
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: D'Angeli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Orazio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stellato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D015588:Observer Variation; D011475:Prosthesis Failure