title: Isolation and characterization of subgingival staphylococci from periodontitis patients and controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate and characterize subgingival staphylococci from patients with periodontal disease and from periodontally healthy controls, to evaluate the periodontal environment as a potential source for systemic staphylococcal infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periopaper strips were used to isolate subgingival staphylococci from 28 patients with chronic periodontitis and 28 periodontally healthy age and sex-matched controls. Staphylococci were identified by microbiological methods and antibiotic resistance profiles determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococci were isolated from 54% diseased subgingival and 43% healthy subgingival sites in over 50% periodontitis patients and from 29% healthy subgingival sites in 54% controls. No significant differences in the frequency of isolation or numbers of staphylococci isolated from diseased and healthy sites were noted. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant oral species. Seventy per cent (115 of 165) of all isolates were penicillin-resistant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subgingival staphylococci are present in both periodontitis patients and controls. In periodontitis there is an increased risk of bacteraemia because of the increased dentogingival surface area. The dental and periodontal health of patients at risk from haematogenous infections should therefore be maintained at a high level. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the oral staphylococcal isolates suggest that amoxicillin may no longer be a suitable antibiotic for prophylaxis against systemic infections such as prosthetic valve endocarditis.
authors.affiliation: The School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sammons
authors.forename: I L C
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000382:microbiology; D010159:Palate / Q000382:microbiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041181:Staphylococcus hominis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric