title: The relationship between inflammation and atrophy in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a monthly MRI study after triple-dose gadolinium-DTPA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between inflammation and brain atrophy in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly triple-dose gadolinium (Gd/DTPA)-enhanced MRI scans over 6 months were obtained in 62 consecutive CIS patients with an abnormal baseline MRI scan. Subsequently MRI was performed at months 12 and 18. Patients who developed a clinically definite MS (i. e., a second clinical episode) ended the study at the time of the relapse. For each scan, the number and volume of newly active lesions (Gd-enhancement/new or newly enlarging T2 lesion that did not enhance), and the number and volume of T2 hyperintense lesions (T2-LL) and T1-black holes (T1-LL) were calculated. The percentage of brain volume changes (PBVC) was assessed using a fully automated technique (SIENA; Structural Image Evaluation using Normalization of Atrophy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four (39%) developed clinically definite MS by month 18. Thirty-eight (61%) were relapsefree and completed the MRI follow-up. Relapse-free patients showed a progressive median increase between baseline and month 18 in T1-LL (25%, p<0.001), but not in T2-LL (8.5%, p=ns). PBVC decreased by 1.1% (p<0.001) in a time-dependent pattern (Kendall coefficient of concordance=0.85). Exploratory subgroup analyses showed a trend towards progressive decreases in brain volume in active patients (i. e., those with at least one newly active lesion during monthly MRI scanning; Spearman's R=-0.61; p<0.001), but not among inactive patients (Spearman's R=-0.10; p=0.53). Significant differences in median brain volume changes between the active and inactive patient groups were found at months 12 and 18; the difference detected at month 6 was not significant. The cumulative number and volume of new Gd-enhancing lesions developed during the 6 months of frequent MRI scanning were highly correlated with PBVC over the 18-month period (Spearman R values were 0.73 and 0.85, respectively). The strongest predictor of PBVC at 18 months was the cumulative volume of newly active lesions during frequent MRI scanning [ss=-0. 83, standard error (SE)=0.07, p<0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that visible inflammation as detected by monthly, triple-dose Gd-enhanced MRI is an important factor in the pathogenesis of brain tissue loss in CIS patients. However, inflammation and brain atrophy do not proceed in parallel: atrophy appeared only after a delay of months following acute inflammation. Frequent MRI scanning allows for the detection of CIS patients who will develop brain atrophy in the short-term.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolillo
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Piattella
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pantano
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Legge
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caramia
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Gian Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium