title: T-box binding protein type two (TBX2) is an immediate early gene target in retinoic-acid-treated B16 murine melanoma cells.
abstract: Retinoic acid induces growth arrest and differentiation in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Using gene arrays, we identified several early response genes whose expression is altered by retinoic acid. One of the genes, tbx2, is a member of T-box nuclear binding proteins that are important morphogens in developing embryos. Increased TBX2 mRNA is seen within 2 h after addition of retinoic acid to B16 cells. The effect of retinoic acid on gene expression is direct since it does not require any new protein synthesis. We identified a degenerate retinoic acid response element (RARE) between -186 and -163 in the promoter region of the tbx2 gene. A synthetic oligonucleotide spanning this region was able to drive increased expression of a luciferase reporter gene in response to retinoic acid; however, this induction was lost when a point mutation was introduced into the RARE. This oligonucleotide also specifically bound RAR in nuclear extracts from B16 cells. TBX2 expression and its induction by retinoic acid was also observed in normal human and nonmalignant mouse melanocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boskovic
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Niles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002457:Cell Extracts; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D017354:Point Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C097348:T-Box Domain Protein 2; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin; D008156:Luciferases