title: Peroxynitrite inactivates tissue plasminogen activator.
abstract: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has a prominent role in physiological fibrinolysis in vivo. Thrombosis has been associated with clinical scenarios (e.g., atherosclerotic disease) known to involve local decreases in tPA activity with concomitant formation of reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite (OONO(-)), a molecule formed from nitric oxide and superoxide. We hypothesized that exposure of tPA to OONO(-) would result in a decrease in tPA activity. OONO(-) was generated with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a molecule that produces both nitric oxide and superoxide. Recombinant tPA was incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min with 0 microM SIN-1; 100 microM SIN-1; 100 microM SIN-1 and 4000 U/mL recombinant human superoxide dismutase; or 4000 U/mL recombinant human superoxide dismutase (n = 8 separate reactions per condition). Changes in tPA activity were assessed by addition of tPA samples to tissue factor-exposed human plasma and measuring clot fibrinolysis with a thrombelastograph. Exposure to SIN-1 resulted in a decrease in tPA-mediated fibrinolysis (<1% activity of tPA not exposed to SIN-1) that was significantly (P < 0.001) different from the other three conditions. There were no significant differences between the other conditions. We conclude that tPA is inhibited by OONO(-), and that OONO(-) may have a role in clinical thrombotic scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has a prominent role in fibrinolysis in vivo. Thrombosis has been associated with clinical scenarios involving decreases in tPA activity with concomitant formation of the oxidant peroxynitrite. We determined that peroxynitrite decreased tPA activity via thrombelastography. Peroxynitrite-mediated tPA inactivation may have a role in thrombotic states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for Free Radical Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35249-6810, USA. vance.nielsen@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: Vance G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Parks
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013916:Thrombelastography; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002385:linsidomine; D008981:Molsidomine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator