title: Immunomodulation: the future of allergy and asthma treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the prevalence of asthma and allergic disease increases around the world, it is clear that more effective therapies and disease-modifying agents are needed. Treatment for allergic disease is evolving with an increase in understanding of the etiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first immunomodulatory treatment was recently approved for use in the United States when the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody in patients with allergic asthma. Another strategy that has proved effective in a murine model is the downregulation of the whole immune system by targeting adhesion molecules, which has been evaluated in a recent human trial. Other strategies for the treatment of allergic diseases concentrate on refocusing the immune system away from an allergic-type response. These include the use of targeted therapies towards specific cytokines, cytokine receptors or chemokine receptors, and the use of specific bacterial DNA sequences (unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides). Finally, attention is being focused on possible therapies that may tilt the immune response to a non-allergic response by interfering with signaling molecule pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunomodulation will play a key role in future therapies for allergic disease. These treatment modalities may not only treat allergic disease, but also be beneficial in reducing the morbidity and mortality for which it is responsible.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Division, Galveston, Texas 77555-1083, USA.
authors.forename: R Matthew
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bloebaum
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007073:Immunoglobulin E