title: Aldosterone antagonist facilitates the cardioprotective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence to support the importance of blocking aldosterone to prevent target-organ damage in hypertension. We recently demonstrated an aldosterone breakthrough phenomenon during administration of an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker (ARB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the pathophysiological significance of residual aldosterone by investigating the influence of the aldosterone antagonist on the cardioprotective effects of the ARB in hypertensive rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injection vehicle alone, ARB (1.0 mg/kg per day candesartan by mouth), aldosterone antagonist (10 mg/kg per day spironolactone, subcutaneously), or combined treatment were administered to male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats for 24 weeks from the age of 4 weeks. Blood pressure, plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, left ventricular weight, expression of type I and type III collagen mRNA, and histological findings were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ARB-treated group, aldosterone concentrations remained unchanged (1.10 +/- 0.20 nmol/l, compared with 1.17 +/- 0.46 nmol/l in the control group), whereas systolic blood pressure (178 +/- 9 mmHg), left ventricular weight (0.372 +/- 0.035 g/100 g body weight), expression of collagen mRNA, and cardiac interstitial and perivascular fibrosis all decreased significantly compared with the control group (systolic blood pressure: 222 +/- 10 mmHg, P < 0.05; left ventricular weight: 0.483 +/- 0.021 g/100 g body weight, P < 0.05). Although blood pressure (217 +/- 9 mmHg) and left ventricular weight (0.467 +/- 0.027 g/100 g body weight) remained unchanged in the group receiving spironolactone, the expression of both types of collagen mRNA and cardiac interstitial and perivascular fibrosis showed a significant decrease compared with the vehicle-treated group. In the rats receiving combined treatment with the ARB and spironolactone, left ventricular weight (0.352 +/- 0.005 g/100 g body weight, P < 0.05), expression of collagen mRNA, and cardiac interstitial and perivascular fibrosis all showed a further improvement compared with both the ARB and spironolactone groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that residual aldosterone has a significant impact on target-organ damage in hypertension, even during chronic administration of an ARB. The addition of an aldosterone antagonist has an advantage in facilitating the cardioprotective effects of ARBs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan. akiyotana@endm.twmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akiyo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Mitsuhide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Atsuhisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imaki
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takano
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001835:Body Weight; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000235:genetics; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000804:Angiotensin II; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; C081643:candesartan