title: Activation of innate immunity in patients with venous thrombosis: the Leiden Thrombophilia Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that levels of inflammatory mediators are risk indicators for venous thrombotic disease. We have sought to confirm and extend these findings by measuring plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12p70 levels in a case-control study for venous thrombotic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plasma levels of these inflammatory mediators were measured by flow cytometric analysis using a multiplexed bead assay. Patient and control samples came from the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (474 controls and 474 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a subset of patients and controls inflammatory mediators are detectable in plasma. The crude odds ratios (ORs) associated with the presence of detectable markers were 2.1 [TNF-alpha, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1, 3.9], 1.7 (IL-1beta, 95% CI 1.1, 2.9), 2.4 (IL-6, 95% CI 1.9, 5.3), 2.8 (IL-8, 95% CI 1.8, 4.4), 0.8 (IL-10, 95% CI 0.3, 1.8), and 1.3 (IL-12p70, 95% CI 0.9, 2.0). Adjustment for putative confounders did not influence the risk estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 levels are risk determinants for venous thrombosis. Individuals with detectable levels of either of these mediators in plasma have an OR of about 2. In line with these findings, the odds for the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 tend to be < 1. These results add further evidence for the contention that there is an inflammatory component to venous thrombotic disease and may explain why anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin may be effective for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.h.reitsma@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rosendaal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha