title: Effects of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and family history of alcoholism on regional brain metabolites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main goals are to investigate the effects of chronic active heavy drinking on N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and other metabolites throughout the brain and to determine whether they are affected by family history (FH) of alcoholism and long-term drinking pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six chronic heavy drinkers (HD) and 52 light drinkers (LD) were recruited from the community and compared on measures of regional brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging and measures of common brain metabolites in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the major lobes, subcortical nuclei, brainstem, and cerebellum using short-echo time magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Regional atrophy-corrected levels of NAA, myoinositol (mI), creatine, and choline-containing metabolites were compared as a function of group, FH of alcoholism, and bingeing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frontal WM NAA was lower in FH-negative HD than FH-positive HD and tended to be lower in women than men. Creatine-containing metabolites in parietal GM were higher in HD than LD. FH-negative compared with FH-positive HD also had more mI in the brainstem and tended to have lower NAA and more mI in frontal GM. Although parietal GM NAA was not significantly lower in HD than LD, it was lower in non-binge drinkers than bingers. Frontal WM NAA was lower in HD than LD, with the difference driven by a small number of women, FH-negative HD, and older age. Lower frontal WM NAA in HD was associated with lower executive and working memory functions and with lower P3b amplitudes at frontal electrodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-dwelling HD who are not in alcoholism treatment have brain metabolite changes that are associated with lower brain function and are likely of behavioral significance. Age, FH, and binge drinking modulate brain metabolite abnormalities. Metabolite changes in active HD are less pronounced and present with a different spatial and metabolite pattern than reported in abstinent alcoholics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. djmey@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blumenfeld
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Truran
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flenniken
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rothlind
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol