title: Burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Switzerland by evaluating the direct and indirect patient-related costs for critically ill patients with severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to estimate the direct costs a retrospective analysis was undertaken using records from 61 adult patients treated in three intensive care units (ICUs) in three different University hospitals in Switzerland, in 2001. Resource use was determined by a bottom up approach and valued using centre-specific unit costs for medication, nutrition, blood products, disposables and official tariffs for laboratory and microbiology analysis, diagnostic services, and clinical procedures. By adding centre-specific personnel and basic bed (hotel) costs total direct costs in the ICU were calculated. Indirect costs resulting from unfitness for work, early retirement, and premature death were calculated using official Swiss statistics for the years 1998-2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total direct costs for a severely septic patient are CHF 41,790 (+/- 33,222 CHF) or CHF 3244 (+/- 757 CHF) per day. Nonsurvivors cause significantly higher costs than survivors (CHF 45,956 vs. CHF 37,759, p <0.001). The total intensive care costs in Switzerland due to severe sepsis amount to CHF 146-355 million. Indirect costs were estimated to range from CHF 347 to 844 million (predominantly due to premature death). Consequently the burden of illness of severe sepsis can be estimated to range from CHF 493 to 1199 million per year in Switzerland (1 CHF = 0.662 Euro in 2001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients suffering from severe sepsis in Switzerland have a high mortality rate and spend a prolonged time in the ICU, leading to high direct and indirect costs. Particularly productivity losses due to premature death represent a considerable burden to the Swiss society.
authors.affiliation: HealthEcon AG, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pugin
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chevrolet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Finnern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D018805:Sepsis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology