Effects of pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic microcosms.
Pharmaceuticals have a wide range of biological properties and are released into the environment in relatively large amounts, yet little information is available regarding their effects or potential ecological risks. We exposed outdoor aquatic microcosms to combinations of ibuprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), and ciprofloxacin (a DNA gyrase-inhibiting antibiotic) at concentrations of 6, 10, and 10 microg/L, respectively (low treatment [LT]); 60, 100, and 100 microg/L, respectively (medium treatment [MT]); and 600, 1,000, and 1,000 microg/L, respectively (high treatment [HT]). We maintained these concentrations for 35 d. Few responses were observed in the LT; however, effects were observed in the MT and HT. Fish mortality occurred in the MT (<35 d) and in the HT (<4 d). Phytoplankton increased in abundance and decreased in diversity (number of taxa) in the HT, with consistent trends being observed in the MT and LT. Zooplankton also showed increased abundance and decreases in diversity in the HT, with consistent trends being observed in the MT. Multivariate analyses for zooplankton and phytoplankton suggested interactions between these communities. Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum spp. showed mortality in the HT; growth of L. gibba was also reduced in the MT. Bacterial abundance did not change in the HT. All responses were observed at concentrations well below the equivalent pharmacologically active concentrations in mammals. Although the present data do not suggest that ibuprofen, fluoxetine, and ciprofloxacin are individually causing adverse effects in surface-water environments, questions remain about additive responses from mixtures.
Richards
Sean M
SM
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, USA. sean-richards@utc.edu
Wilson
Christian J
CJ
Johnson
David J
DJ
Castle
Dawn M
DM
Lam
Monica
M
Mabury
Scott A
SA
Sibley
Paul K
PK
Solomon
Keith R
KR
D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D029064:Araceae; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000633:toxicity*; D020387:Food Chain; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010839:Phytoplankton; D011157:Population Dynamics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015048:Zooplankton
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D005473:Fluoxetine; D007052:Ibuprofen; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical