title: Phylogeny and regulation of four lipocalin genes clustered in the chicken genome: evidence of a functional diversification after gene duplication.
abstract: A novel lipocalin gene is here reported that represents the fourth member of a cluster we have identified in the chicken genome. This cluster also includes Chondrogenesis-Associated Lipocalins beta and gamma (CAL beta, CAL gamma) and Extracellular Fatty Acid Binding Protein (Ex-FABP). The new gene codes for a 22-kDa secreted protein with three cysteine residues and a series of sequence features well conserved in the lipocalin family. All the genes in the cluster are structurally similar presenting comparable exon/intron boundary positions and exon sizes. A phylogenetic analysis indicates the monophyletic grouping of these genes, and their relationship with the lipocalins alpha-1-microglobulin (A1mg), complement factor 8 gamma chain (C8GC), prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS), and neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The new cluster gene appears to be the ortholog of the mammalian C8GC and was thus named Ggal-C8GC. This orthology also suggests that this lipocalin was present in the ancestor common to reptiles and mammals. In addition to other expressing tissues, Ex-FABP, CAL beta and CAL gamma genes are highly transcribed in chondrocytes at late stages of chondrogenesis during endochondral bone formation and/or upon inflammatory stimulation. Here, we show that they are also transcriptionally induced when chondrocytes are subjected to various biological events as cell quiescence, cell shape transition, and hormonal stimulation. By contrast, Ggal-C8GC transcripts are only barely detectable in chondrocytes, but are more abundant in liver, kidney, brain, heart, skeletal muscle and particularly in skin. Moreover, no expression induction was observed neither during chondrocyte differentiation, nor upon any of the stimulations mentioned above. This indicates that the Ggal-C8GC gene was co-opted for a novel function after the duplication events that gave rise to the cluster. The peculiar coordinated regulation of Ex-FABP, CAL beta and CAL gamma, and the apparent divergent role of Ggal-C8GC suggest that these gene duplications may have been maintained during evolution by a sub-functionalization mechanism where some common function(s) are shared by several members of the cluster and some other specialized function(s) are unique to other members.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, Università di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giannoni
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zambotti
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ganfornina
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Randazzo
authors.forename: Ranieri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cancedda
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dozin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D016678:Genome; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D014284:Triiodothyronine