title: Requirement of multiple basic helix-loop-helix genes for retinal neuronal subtype specification.
abstract: Retinal precursor cells give rise to six types of neurons and one type of glial cell during development, and this process is controlled by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes. However, the precise mechanism for specification of retinal neuronal subtypes, particularly horizontal neurons and photoreceptors, remains to be determined. Here, we examined retinas with three different combinations of triple bHLH gene mutations. In retinas lacking the bHLH genes Ngn2, Math3, and NeuroD, horizontal neurons as well as other neurons such as bipolar cells were severely decreased in number. In the retina lacking the bHLH genes Mash1, Ngn2, and Math3, horizontal and other neurons were severely decreased, whereas ganglion cells were increased. In the retina lacking the bHLH genes Mash1, Math3, and NeuroD, photoreceptors were severely decreased, whereas ganglion cells were increased. In all cases, glial cells were increased. The increase and decrease of these cells were the result of cell fate changes and cell death and seem to be partly attributable to the remaining bHLH gene expression, which also changes because of triple bHLH gene mutations. These results indicate that multiple bHLH genes cross-regulate each other, cooperatively specify neuronal subtypes, and regulate neuronal survival in the developing retina.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Goichi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bessho
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillemot
authors.forename: Ryoichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D016923:Cell Death; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002470:Cell Survival; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C499317:Ascl1 protein, mouse; C491183:NEUROG2 protein, human; C104516:Neurod4 protein, mouse; C102938:Neurog2 protein, mouse; C093564:Neurogenic differentiation factor 1