title: Epilepsy in twins: insights from unique historical data of William Lennox.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To classify the Lennox twin pairs according to modern epilepsy classifications, use the classic twin model to identify which epilepsy syndromes have an inherited component, search for evidence of syndrome-specific genes, and compare concordances from Lennox's series with a contemporary Australian series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following review of Lennox's original files describing twins with seizures from 1934 through 1958, the International League Against Epilepsy classifications of seizures and epileptic syndromes were applied to 169 pairs. Monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) pairs were subdivided into epilepsy syndromes and casewise concordances estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors excluded 26 pairs, with 71 MZ and 72 DZ pairs remaining. Seizure analysis demonstrated strong parallels between contemporary seizure classification and Lennox's terminology. Epilepsy syndrome diagnoses were made in 75%. The MZ and DZ casewise concordance estimates gave strong evidence for a major genetic influence in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (0.80 versus 0.00; n = 23). High MZ casewise concordances also supported a genetic etiology in symptomatic generalized epilepsies and febrile seizures. The pairs who were concordant for seizures usually had the same syndromic diagnoses in both twins (86% in MZ, 60% in DZ), suggesting syndrome-specific genes. Apart from partial epilepsies, the MZ casewise concordances were similar to those derived from Australian twin data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors were able to apply contemporary classifications to Lennox's twins. The data confirm genetic bases for common generalized epilepsies as well as febrile seizures and provide further support for syndrome-specific genes. Finally, comparable results to our Australian series were obtained, verifying the value of twin studies.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vadlamudi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andermann
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lombroso
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andermann
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Berkovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000569:Americas; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics