title: The impact of heavy metals on the grey garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller): Metal storage, cellular effects and semi-quantitative evaluation of metal toxicity.
abstract: Laboratory-reared grey garden slugs, Deroceras reticulatum, were exposed to soil and food treated with solutions of three metal salts (CdCl2, ZnCl2, PbCl2) in three environmentally relevant concentrations, each for 21 days. Metal concentrations were determined in the soil, food and slugs by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Zinc was localized ultrastructurally in the hepatopancreatic cells by means of energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Zinc, and also high amounts of copper, could be detected by electron spectroscopical imaging (ESI) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in spherites of the basophilic cells. Ultrastructural responses to metal impact were investigated in two cell types of the hepatopancreas (digestive and basophilic cells) and the cellular responses were found to be dose- and metal-dependent. In order to evaluate the toxicity of the respective metal concentrations to the slugs, the ultrastructural reactions were semi-quantified and summarized as complex reaction patterns of numerous organelles. This novel approach provides a basis for the use of data from standardized tests as a background for risk assessment studies in the field.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, Department of Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Triebskorn
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Köhler