title: Nephrolithiasis and pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urolithiasis during pregnancy is not common, however, it is a difficult condition to both diagnose and treat. There are many safety concerns that must be considered for both the mother and fetus. In this review we detail the different options available to the urologist and we highlight a treatment algorithm that we use when faced with a pregnant patient suspect of having a urinary calculus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in ultrasound, limited intravenous urograms and magnetic resonance imaging have improved our ability to diagnose urolithiasis in pregnancy. Additionally ureteroscopy has emerged not only as a diagnostic tool but also as a modality for definitive treatment that can safely be used during the intrapartum period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When diagnosing urolithiasis in the gravid patient, the first line study should be ultrasound, using change in resistive index and transvaginal ultrasound. If these are not diagnostic, then a limited intravenous urograms should be performed. Once a diagnosis has been established, initial treatment should be conservative since 70-80% of patients will pass their stones. When intervention is necessary, the placements of an internal stent or percutaneous nephrostomy tube or ureteroscopy with definitive stone treatment are all reasonable options.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McAleer
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D011859:Radiography; D015607:Stents; D018666:Ureteroscopy