title: Energy intake, metabolic balance and growth in preterm infants fed formulas with different nonprotein energy supplements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study metabolic and energy balances, growth and composition of increased body mass in healthy preterm infants fed control formula or control formula with three different nonprotein energy supplements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growing preterm infants (birth weight < 1,500 g and gestational age < 31 weeks) were fed standard preterm formula (control group) or the same formula enriched with three different nonprotein energy supplements. An energy supplement of 23 kcal/kg/day was achieved by adding medium-chain triglyceride and dextrinomaltose in three different caloric ratios: 33:66 in group A, 66:33 in group B, and 85:15 in group C. Energy balance was determined by open-circuit continuous (5-6 hours) measurements of energy expenditure, with simultaneous measurement of 24-hour urinary nitrogen excretion. Metabolic balance was determined by measurements of energy intake, energy oxidation, and energy output in urine and stool. The composition of body mass accretion was determined as the accretion of fat and protein in the total weight gain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fat accretion (4.9, 5.9, 6.2, and 3.8 g/kg/day in groups A, B, C and D, respectively) correlated directly with fat intake. Infants receiving standard energy intake had a fat percentage of weight gain significantly lower (28%) than that of the high-energy intake groups (31%, 40%, and 38% in groups A, B, and C, respectively). This difference corresponded to the results obtained from skinfold thickness measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excess nonprotein energy is stored as fat regardless of its source (fat or carbohydrate). High caloric and medium-chain triglyceride intake in otherwise healthy growing preterm infants does not promote nitrogen retention.
authors.affiliation: Service of Neonatology, Integrated Unit of Pediatrics, Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu Hospitals, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. gerardorm@eremas.com
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romera
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Miguélez
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats