Nitrogen dioxide is not associated with respiratory infection during the first year of life.
BACKGROUND
Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) has been related to respiratory infections in experimental studies but its role remains controversial in general population studies of children. We aim to assess the association between indoor NO(2) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) during the first year of life in a multicentre prospective cohort study.


METHODS
Children (n = 1611) were recruited prior to birth for the Asthma Multicentre Infants Cohort Study (AMICS). Three concurrent cohorts (Ashford, Kent [UK]; Barcelona city, and Menorca Island [Spain]) followed the same research protocol. NO(2) was measured with passive diffusion tubes placed in the living room for 2 weeks when infants were approximately 3 months old. Doctor-diagnosed LRTI during the first year of life (as well as antibiotic use) were measured by questionnaire, and in Ashford validated by the examination of clinical records. In Barcelona, direct measurements using nasopharyngeal lavage and cultures within a continuous surveillance system were done.


RESULTS
The cumulative rates of LRTI (39% in Ashford, 28% in Barcelona, and 45% in Menorca) were unrelated to NO(2) levels (corresponding medians 6, 46, and 12 ppb, respectively) in all three centres (all odds ratios being around 1). Similarly, the rates of LRTI in Barcelona measured with the continuous record showed no association with NO(2) (all rate ratios being below 1). In addition, there was no association between rate of antibiotics courses per year per child (2.4 in Ashford, 1.7 in Barcelona, 0.9 in Menorca) and NO(2) levels.


CONCLUSIONS
Indoor NO(2) at current levels does not seem to be involved in increasing respiratory infections by itself in infants, suggesting that the effects observed in studies on outdoor air are probably due to other copollutants.
Sunyer
Jordi
J
Unitat Recerca Respiratria i Ambietal, Institut Municipal Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. jsunyer@imim.es
Puig
Carme
C
Torrent
Maties
M
Garcia-Algar
Oscar
O
Calicó
Ignasi
I
Muñoz-Ortiz
Laura
L
Barnes
Maria
M
Cullinan
Paul
P
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000009:adverse effects; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide