title: Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: results of the HOPE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A controlled trial reported cardiovascular benefits of vitamin E in terminal renal insufficiency. There are no data for renal insufficiency before the stage of terminal renal failure. We evaluated effects of vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in 993 people with a serum creatinine > or =1.4 to 2.3 mg/dL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial that compared treatment with natural source vitamin E (400 IU/day) to placebo in 9541 people, 993 of which had renal insufficiency. Participants had either known cardiovascular disease or diabetes and at least one additional coronary risk factor. Exclusion criteria included a serum creatinine > 2.3 mg/dL and dipstick-positive proteinuria. The primary study outcome after an average of 4.5 years was the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. Secondary outcomes included revascularizations, total mortality, and clinical proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In renal insufficiency, vitamin E supplementation had a neutral effect on the primary study outcome, on each component of the composite primary outcome, and on all secondary outcomes. Two hundred twenty-four primary outcomes, 23% of the vitamin E group and 22.1% of the placebo group, relative risk 1.03 (95% CI, 0.79-1.34; P= 0.82), were observed, and 585 secondary outcomes, including death in 17% and 18.8% of the vitamin E and placebo groups, respectively (RR 0.88, 95% CI, 0.66-1.18; P= 0.40). There was no effect of vitamin E on progression of proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency at high cardiovascular risk, vitamin E at a dose of 400 IU/day had no apparent effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Schwabing General Hospital, Munich, Germany. Johannes.mann@kms.mhn.de
authors.forename: Johannes F E
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lonn
authors.forename: Qilong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Hertzel C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: Byron J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoogwerf
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Gilles R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Dagenais
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E