title: Ethnic differences in polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta1 genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: Ethnic differences in the outcome of hepatitis C have been described. Our aim was to investigate ethnic differences in the distribution of genotypes associated with polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter, interleukin-10 promoter, and transforming growth factor-beta1 leader sequence in patients with hepatitis C. Genomic DNA was obtained from 71 Egyptians and 67 Caucasians (hepatitis C and control patients). Amplification of appropriate gene segments was followed by direct sequencing. Infrequently occurring polymorphisms were identified at positions -244 and -77 of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter and at positions -851 and -657 of the interleukin-10 promoter. The G/A genotype associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter positions -376 and -244 was more frequent in Egyptians (P =0.001 and P =0.004, respectively). The -244 G/A genotype occurred only in healthy Egyptians (P =0.024). Thus, ethnic differences in the distribution of genotypes of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter exist, which may have clinical implications on the outcome of hepatitis C.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. zeinn@ccf.org
authors.forename: Nizar N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Zein
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Germer
authors.forename: Abdel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: El-Zayadi
authors.forename: Pedro G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Vidigal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D016174:Hepacivirus; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D004247:DNA