title: Pioglitazone increases renal tubular cell albumin uptake but limits proinflammatory and fibrotic responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, which are known to be critical factors in lipid metabolism, have also been reported to reduce proteinuria. The mechanism and its relevance to progressive nephropathy have not been determined. The aims of this study were to assess the direct effects of a PPARgamma agonist on tubular cell albumin uptake, proinflammatory and profibrotic markers of renal pathology, using an opossum kidney model of proximal tubular cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were exposed to pioglitazone (10 micromol/L) in the presence and absence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 100 microg/mL +/- exposure to albumin 1 mg/mL. Results were expressed relative to control (5 mmol/L glucose) conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pioglitazone caused a dose-dependent increase in tubular cell albumin uptake (P < 0.0001). Despite the increase in albumin reabsorption, no concurrent increase in inflammatory or profibrotic markers were observed. Exposure to LDL increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0.05) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) (P < 0.05) production, which were reversed in the presence of pioglitazone. LDL induced increases in MCP-1 and TGF-beta1 were independent of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcriptional activity. In contrast, tubular exposure to albumin increased tubular protein uptake, in parallel with an increase in MCP-1 (P= 0.05), TGF-beta1 (P < 0.02) and NF-kappaB transcriptional activity (P < 0.05), which were unaffected by concurrent exposure to pioglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that dyslipidemia potentiates renal pathology through mechanisms that may be modified by PPARgamma activation independent of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In contrast, tubular exposure to protein induces renal damage through NF-kappaB-dependent mechanisms that are unaffected by PPARgamma activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafiriou
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stanners
authors.forename: Tania S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Polhill
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poronnik
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005355:Fibrosis; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D009893:Opossums; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000517:prevention & control; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000077205:Pioglitazone