title: Porcine tibia is a poor substitute for human cadaver tibia for evaluating interference screw fixation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal tissues are commonly used in anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Porcine bones and tendons provide good surrogates for human cadaver tissues in the biomechanical evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different tissue models-pure porcine (porcine graft fixed in porcine tibia, group 1), combination (human hamstring graft and porcine tibia, group 2), and pure human (human graft and tibia, group 3)-were compared using both cyclic-loading and subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure tests to assess the effect of graft and bone tissue source (porcine vs human) on the fixation strength of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cyclic-loading test, the displacement (slippage) after 1500 cycles was 2.0 mm +/- 0.7 mm, 1.6 mm +/- 0.4 mm, and 4.4 mm +/- 1.9 mm for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P <.001 between 1 and 2 vs 3). In the subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure test, the corresponding average yield loads were 668 N +/- 157 N, 962 N +/- 238 N, and 448 N +/- 98 N, all differences being statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to young human cadaver tibia, porcine tibia underestimate graft slippage and overestimate the failure load of the soft tissue graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Porcine tibia does not provide a reasonable surrogate for human cadaver tibia for evaluating ACL reconstructions.
authors.affiliation: Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sievänen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kannus
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: Teppo L N
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013552:Swine; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D013977:Tibia / Q000637:transplantation*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous