title: Effects of zinc pyrithione and copper pyrithione on microbial community function and structure in sediments.
abstract: The effects of the new antifouling biocides, zinc pyrithione (ZPT) and copper pyrithione (CPT), on microbial communities in estuarine sediments were studied in microcosms. As functional endpoints, fluxes of nutrients (NO3-, NH4+, HPO4(2-), Si(OH)4) and protein synthesis ([14C]leucine incorporation) were used, whereas molecular fingerprinting methods (polymerase chain reaction/denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) were used to describe the bacterial community structure. The lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for ZPT was 0.001 nmol/g dry sediment for the phosphate flux and total DNA content, whereas the LOEC for CPT was 0.1 nmol/g dry sediment for the nitrate flux and total DNA content. Nitrate fluxes increased significantly following additions of both ZPT and CPT, whereas ammonium fluxes decreased significantly after ZPT addition, suggesting changes in the nitrification and denitrification processes. The total DNA content decreased significantly following addition of both ZPT and CPT, but at the highest addition of ZPT (10 nmol ZPT/g dry sediment), an increase in total DNA content was found. Increased protein synthesis and bacterial diversity were also observed at this concentration of ZPT, suggesting growth of tolerant opportunistic species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Groth Petersen
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dahllof
authors.forename: Lars Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010150:Paint; D010571:Pest Control; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C487833:copper pyrithione; D009584:Nitrogen; C010423:pyrithione zinc