title: The interview mode effect on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: an item response theory analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence of a mode effect has raised concerns about the comparability and validity of self- versus interviewer-administered versions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Response anonymity has been proposed to explain this effect. However, the factors that contribute to this mode effect are not well understood. We used item response theory (IRT) to examine the nature of the CES-D mode effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of depressed primary care patients from the Partners-in-Care Study were randomized to receive either a phone interview (N=139) or a mail survey (N=139) of the CES-D. We used likelihood ratio tests to identify differentially functioning items in the 2 groups. Category response curves are used to describe these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve items manifested differential functioning. Category response curves consistently indicate that phone respondents had a lower probability of endorsing the third of 4 response categories than mail respondents, suggesting a possible cognitive effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although response anonymity could be important in mode effects observed in surveys of sensitive topics, cognitive factors appear more important to the mode effect in the CES-D.
authors.affiliation: Health Program, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. kitty_chan@rand.org
authors.forename: Kitty S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghosh-Dastidar
authors.forename: Naihua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Cathy D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Sherbourne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003219:Confidentiality; D015709:Correspondence as Topic; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013689:Telephone