title: Activin receptor-like kinase-7 induces apoptosis through activation of MAPKs in a Smad3-dependent mechanism in hepatoma cells.
abstract: Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)7 is a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family of proteins that has similar properties to other type I receptors when activated. To see whether ALK7 can induce apoptosis as can some of the other ALK proteins, we infected the FaO rat hepatoma cell line with adenovirus expressing a constitutively active form of the ALK7. Cells infected with active ALK7 adenovirus showed an apoptotic-positive phenotype, as opposed to those that were infected with a control protein. DNA fragmentation assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis also indicated that ALK7 infection induced apoptosis in FaO cells. We also confirmed this finding in Hep3B human hepatoma cells by transiently transfecting the constitutively active form of ALK7, ALK7(T194D). Investigation into the downstream targets and mechanisms involved in ALK7-induced apoptosis revealed that the TGF-beta signaling intermediates, Smad2 and -3, were activated, as well as the MAPKs JNK and p38. In addition, caspase-3 and -9 were also activated, and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria was observed. Short interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of Smad3 markedly suppressed ALK7-induced caspase-3 activation. Treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors or the expression of the dominant-negative form of the stress-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 abolished not only JNK activation but apoptosis as well. Taken together, these results suggest that ALK7 induces apoptosis through activation of the traditional TGF-beta pathway components, thus resulting in new gene transcription and JNK and p38 activation that initiates cross-talk with the cellular stress death pathway and ultimately leads to apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
authors.forename: Byung-Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Gelder
authors.forename: Tae Aug
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ho-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kim G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Hyun Hye
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyeong Sook
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seong-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D002470:Cell Survival; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497784:Smad2 protein, rat; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497787:Smad3 protein, rat; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C424205:ACVR1C protein, human; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; C486044:Acvr1c protein, rat; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases