title: Direct radionuclide cystography by supra-pubic puncture: comparison with conventional voiding cystourethrography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and its complications are common problems encountered in paediatric practice. Voiding cystourethrography (VCU) is the primary investigation of choice. Direct radionuclide cystography (DRC) is utilized in the follow-up evaluation of children diagnosed with VUR. However, VCU and DRC both require catheterization, which children do not tolerate well.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this prospective study we evaluated radionuclide cystography by direct supra-pubic puncture (SDRC) and instillation of the radiotracer into the bladder, avoiding catheterization. The results of this procedure were then compared with those of VCU.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 children (eight females and 35 males; mean age, 5.73+/-3.28 years; range, 1.5-12 years) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total 86 renal units, SDRC showed VUR in 22, whereas VCU showed VUR in 29. The SDRC and VCU results were concordant in 77 (90%) out of 86 renal units in the detection of VUR. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SDRC when compared to VCU were 75.86%, 100%, 100% and 89%, respectively. The overall accuracy of SDRC was 91.86%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supra-pubic direct radionuclide cystography is a simple technique for detecting as well as grading VUR. The technique avoids catheterization, is well tolerated by children and is without significant side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. drthomasej@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Thomas Eluvathingal
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohiudheen
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Bal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhothra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes