title: Genotyping demonstrates that the strains of Proteus mirabilis from bladder stones and catheter encrustations of patients undergoing long-term bladder catheterization are identical.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We established the incidence of bladder stones in patients who experienced recurrent encrustation and blockage of indwelling bladder catheters and examined the relationship between isolates of Proteus mirabilis from the stones and from the crystalline biofilms on the catheters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 100 patients attending a clinic for patients experiencing problems with the management of long-term bladder catheters were studied. Flexible cystoscopy was used to detect bladder stones. Catheter encrustation was assessed visually and by electron microscopy. Bacteriological analysis was performed on the stones and catheter biofilms. P. mirabilis isolates were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of bacterial DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients (85%) had been referred because of catheter blockage and in 61 (72%) the catheters were encrusted. P. mirabilis was recovered from 37 of 47 encrusted catheters (79%) that were examined but not from any nonencrusted catheters. Of the 61 patients with encrusted catheters 38 (62%) had bladder stones. Pairs of isolates of P. mirabilis from the stones and the catheter biofilms from 6 patients were genotyped. The DNA profiles of each pair of isolates were identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients (62%) with recurrent catheter encrustation had bladder stones. The stones harbored the strains of P. mirabilis that rapidly colonize replacement catheters with crystalline biofilm. Flexible cystoscopy to detect and remove stones might help resolve the problem of recurrent catheter encrustation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sabbuba
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stickler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahenthiralingam
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: R C L
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Feneley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000382:microbiology*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000382:microbiology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization