title: Variable inhibition of high-shear-induced platelet plug formation by eptifibatide and tirofiban under conditions of platelet activation and high von Willebrand release: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists have become a mainstay for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Yet, they have rarely been evaluated under relevant pathophysiologic conditions, for example, high shear rates in the presence of physiologic calcium concentrations. We compared the efficacy of eptifibatide and tirofiban versus placebo on high shear-induced platelet plug formation in a model in which healthy subjects exhibit von Willebrand factor concentrations and platelet activation comparable to patients with acute coronary syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male volunteers received 2 ng/kg endotoxin and standard doses of eptifibatide, tirofiban, or placebo over a period of 5 hours in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, double-dummy parallel-group trial. Platelet inhibition was measured with the Platelet Function Analyzer-100 (PFA-100) and the Ultegra method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although bolus infusion of both GPIIb/IIIa antagonists inhibited high shear-induced platelet plug formation, continuous infusion of eptifibatide prolonged closure times more effectively than did tirofiban (P <.008). Interestingly, tirofiban had only placebo-like effects on platelet plug formation after 2 hours. However, when additional drug was exogenously added, closure time values were maximally prolonged in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard doses, particularly of tirofiban, have limited impact on high shear-induced platelet plug formation at physiologic Ca(2+) concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Derhaschnig
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pachinger
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jilma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D014443:Tyrosine; D000077466:Tirofiban; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D002118:Calcium