title: Acute treatment of psychotic agitation: a randomized comparison of oral treatment with risperidone and lorazepam versus intramuscular treatment with haloperidol and lorazepam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard treatment for acute psychotic agitation often involves intramuscular administration of the benzodiazepine lorazepam and the antipsychotic haloperidol. This study compared the efficacy and safety of oral treatment with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone plus lorazepam with those of standard intramuscular treatment. We hypothesized that the efficacy and speed of action of both treatments would be similar.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, parallel-group, randomized, rater-blinded noninferiority study conducted at 24 sites in the United States, 162 patients exhibiting agitation associated with active psychosis were randomly assigned to receive either oral treatment with 2 mg of risperidone plus 2 mg of lorazepam (N = 83) or intramuscular treatment with 5 mg of haloperidol plus 2 mg of lorazepam (N = 79). The change scores on a 5-item acute-agitation cluster from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (hallucinatory behavior, excitement, hostility, uncooperativeness, and poor impulse control) were the main outcome measure. The study was conducted from January 8 to August 8, 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean acute-agitation cluster scores were similar in the 2 groups at baseline. Mean score improvements at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after dosing were significant at each timepoint in both groups (p <.0001) and were similar in both groups (p >.05). Both treatments were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single oral dose of risperidone plus lorazepam was as effective as parenterally administered haloperidol plus lorazepam for the rapid control of agitation and psychosis. These findings suggest that this oral regimen is an acceptable alternative to the current intramuscular treatment for acute psychotic agitation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, N.Y. 14642, USA. Glenn_Currier@URMC.Rochester.edu
authors.forename: Glenn W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: James C-Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feifel
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bossie
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turkoz
authors.forename: Ramy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Georges M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gharabawi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D008140:Lorazepam