title: Analysis of red and yellow ochre samples from Clearwell Caves and Catalhöyük by vibrational spectroscopy and other techniques.
abstract: Ochre samples excavated from the neolithic site at Catalhöyük, Turkey have been compared with "native" ochres from Clearwell Caves, UK using infrared spectroscopy backed up by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (with energy-dispersive X-rays (EDX) analysis), powder X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflection UV-Vis and atomic absorption spectroscopies. For the Clearwell Caves ochres, which range in colour from yellow-orange to red-brown, it is shown that the colour is related to the nature of the chromophore present and not to any differences in particle size. The darker red ochres contain predominantly haematite while the yellow ochre contains only goethite. The ochres from Catalhöyük contain only about one-twentieth of the levels of iron found in the Clearwell Caves ochres. The iron oxide pigment (haematite in all cases studied here) has been mixed with a soft lime plaster which also contains calcite and silicate (clay) minerals.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mortimore
authors.forename: Lisa-Jane R
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Almond
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hollins
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D008903:Minerals; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D006113:United Kingdom; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008903:Minerals; C000499:ferric oxide