title: Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in response to low-calcium diets stimulates adipocyte Ca2+ influx and, as a consequence, stimulates lipogenesis, suppresses lipolysis, and increases lipid accumulation, whereas increasing dietary calcium inhibits these effects and markedly accelerates fat loss in mice subjected to caloric restriction. Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary calcium in the face of caloric restriction in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 32 obese adults. Patients were maintained for 24 weeks on balanced deficit diets (500 kcal/d deficit) and randomized to a standard diet (400 to 500 mg of dietary calcium/d supplemented with placebo), a high-calcium diet (standard diet supplemented with 800 mg of calcium/d), or high-dairy diet (1200 to 1300 mg of dietary calcium/d supplemented with placebo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients assigned to the standard diet lost 6.4 +/- 2.5% of their body weight, which was increased by 26% (to 8.6 +/- 1.1%) on the high-calcium diet and 70% (to 10.9 +/- 1.6% of body weight) on the high-dairy diet (p < 0.01). Fat loss was similarly augmented by the high-calcium and high-dairy diets, by 38% and 64%, respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover, fat loss from the trunk region represented 19.0 +/- 7.9% of total fat loss on the low-calcium diet, and this fraction was increased to 50.1 +/- 6.4% and 66.2 +/- 3.0% on the high-calcium and high-dairy diets, respectively (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing dietary calcium significantly augmented weight and fat loss secondary to caloric restriction and increased the percentage of fat lost from the trunk region, whereas dairy products exerted a substantially greater effect.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA. mzemel@uk.edu
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zemel
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milstead
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010919:Placebos; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D010919:Placebos