title: A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effects of epidural needle rotation on the distribution of epidural block.
abstract: We evaluated the effects of turning the tip of the Tuohy needle 45 degrees toward the operative side before threading the epidural catheter (45 degrees -rotation group, n = 24) as compared to a conventional insertion technique with the tip of the Tuohy needle oriented at 90 degrees cephalad (control group, n = 24) on the distribution of 10 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine with 10 microg sufentanil in 48 patients undergoing total hip replacement. The catheter was introduced 3 to 4 cm beyond the tip of the Tuohy needle. A blinded observer recorded sensory and motor blocks on both sides, quality of analgesia, and volumes of local anesthetic used during the first 48 h of patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Readiness to surgery required 21 +/- 6 min in the control group and 17 +/- 7 min in the 45 degree-rotation group (P > 0.50). The maximum sensory level reached on the operative side was T10 (T10-7) in the control group and T9 (T10-6) in the 45 degree-rotation group (P > 0.50); whereas the maximum sensory level reached on the nonoperative side was T10 (T12-9) in the control group and L3 (L5-T12) in the 45 degree-rotation group (P = 0.0005). Complete motor blockade of the operative limb was achieved earlier in the 45 degree-rotation than in the control group, and motor block of the nonoperative side was more intense in patients in the control group. Two-segment regression of sensory level on the surgical side was similar in the two groups, but occurred earlier on the nonoperative side in the 45 degree-rotation group (94 +/- 70 min) than in the control group (178 +/- 40 min) (P = 0.0005). Postoperative analgesia was similar in the 2 groups, but the 45 degree-rotation group consumed less local anesthetic (242 +/- 35 mL) than the control group (297 +/- 60 mL) (P = 0.0005). We conclude that the rotation of the Tuohy introducer needle 45 degrees toward the operative side before threading the epidural catheter provides a preferential distribution of sensory and motor block toward the operative side, reducing the volume of local anesthetic solution required to maintain postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Turning the Tuohy introducer needle 45 degrees toward the operative side before threading the epidural catheter is a simple maneuver that produces a preferential distribution of epidural anesthesia and analgesia toward the operative side, minimizing the volume of local anesthetic required to provide adequate pain relief after total hip arthroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Research Staff, IRCCS Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Battista
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Vanni
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agnoletti
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Oven
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Montone
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects