title: The effect of posterior cervical distraction on foraminal dimensions utilizing a screw-rod system.
abstract: METHODS
  Cadaveric human cervical spine anatomic study using posterior lateral mass screw-rod instrumentation to assess foraminal enlargement via distraction techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of posterior cervical distraction on foraminal dimensions and to ascertain the impact of this technique on segmental kyphosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Management of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy includes removal of offending compressive structures and enlarging the neuroforamen via anterior discectomy with interbody fusion or posterior laminoforaminotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six human cervical spines were prepared and posterior exposure performed. Lateral mass screws were inserted from C5 to C7 and a longitudinal rod attached. Distraction was applied between the screw heads at 2 mm intervals and accuracy confirmed with digitized calipers. Pre- and postdistraction computed tomography was performed including axial and reformatted images. Foraminal area, height, and width and sagittal alignment and disc heights were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggest that minimal posterior distraction of 4 to 6 mm at C5-C6 and C6-C7 may enlarge the neuroforamen by 10 to 18 mm. Foraminal height and width increased minimally from baseline to maximum distraction; however, these measurements did not reach statistical significance at either level. A decrease of segmental lordosis at C5-C6 was noted from baseline to 8 mm of distraction. Statistically significant kyphosis from baseline was present at 6 mm of distraction leading to overall 5.2 +/- 1.4degrees change in alignment. At C6-C7, statistically significant kyphosis was not present until 8 mm of distraction (4.62 +/- 2.23degrees).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that posterior cervical instrumented distraction in the setting of foraminal stenosis is a reasonable supplement to direct laminoforaminotomy and nerve root decompression. Distraction leads to minimal segmental kyphosis, allowing this technique to serve as an adjunct for additional foraminal enlargement.
authors.affiliation: The Boston Spine Group, Boston, MA 02120, USA. ljenis@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Louis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Jenis
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banco
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jacquemin
authors.forename: Ki-Hon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed