title: Respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize respiratory abnormalities in a convenience sample of ironworkers exposed at the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster site for varying lengths of time between September 11, 2001, and February 8, 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Mount Sinai Medical Center, a large tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six ironworkers engaged in rescue and recovery with exposure onset between September 11, 2001, and September 15, 2001, who responded to an invitation to undergo respiratory evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and exposure history, physical examination, spirometry, forced oscillation (FO), and chest radiographs. The relationships of prevalence of respiratory symptoms and presence of obstructive physiology to smoking, exposure on September 11, duration of exposure, and type of respiratory protection were examined using univariate and linear and logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four of 96 workers (77%) had one or more respiratory symptoms (similar in smokers [49 of 63 subjects, 78%] and nonsmokers [25 of 33 subjects, 76%]). Cough was the most common symptom (62 of 96 subjects, 65%), and was associated with exposure on September 11. Chest examination and radiograph findings were abnormal in 10 subjects (10%) and 19 subjects (20%), respectively. FO revealed dysfunction in 34 of 64 subjects tested (53%), while spirometry suggested obstruction in only 11 subjects (17%). Lack of a respirator with canister was a risk factor for large airway dysfunction, and cigarette smoking was a risk factor for small airway dysfunction. No other relationships reached statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory symptoms occurred in the majority of ironworkers at the WTC disaster site and were not attributable to smoking. Exposure on September 11 was associated with a greater prevalence of cough. Objective evidence of lung disease was less common. Spirometry underestimated the prevalence of lung function abnormalities in comparison to FO. Continuing evaluation of symptoms, chest radiographs, and airway dysfunction should determine whether long-term clinical sequelae will exist.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Gwen.Skloot@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skloot
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischler
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Clyde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teirstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003252:Construction Materials; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004190:Disasters; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005107:Explosions; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron; D009519:New York City; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D018635:Rescue Work; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013147:Spirometry; D023481:Terrorism
chemical_list: D007501:Iron