title: Site and extent of digestion and amino acid flow to the small intestine in beef cattle consuming limited amounts of forage.
abstract: Eight Angus x Gelbvieh heifers (445 +/- 74.5 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square double double-crossover designed experiment to assess the effect of restricted forage intake on site and extent of digestion and flow of essential AA amino acids to the small intestine. Heifers were fed chopped (2.54 cm) bromegrass hay (9.2% CP, 64% NDF on an OM basis) at one of four percentages of maintenance (30, 60, 90, and 120%). Experimental periods were 21 d in length, with 17 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of intensive sample collection, after which maintenance requirements and subsequent level of intake were adjusted for BW change. True ruminal OM, NDF, and N digestion (g/d) decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with decreasing forage intake. When expressed as a percentage of OM intake, true ruminal OM and N digestibility were not affected (P = 0.23 to 0.87), whereas ruminal NDF digestibility tended to increase (P = 0.09) as forage intake decreased. Total and microbial essential amino acid flow to the duodenum decreased linearly (P = 0.001) from 496.1 to 132.1 g/d and 329.1 to 96.0 g/d, as intake decreased from 120 to 30% of maintenance intake, respectively. Although the profile of individual essential amino acids in duodenal digesta (P = 0.001 to 0.07) and isolated ruminal microbes differed (P = 0.001 to 0.09) across treatment, the greatest difference noted for total and microbial essential amino acid profile was only 0.3 percentage units. Because total and microbial flow of essential amino acids to the small intestine decreased as OM intake decreased, but true ruminal degradability of individual essential amino acids (P = 0.17 to 0.99) and digesta essential amino acid profile were comparable across treatments, total essential amino acid supply to the small intestine was predicted using OM intake as the independent variable. The resulting simple linear regression equation was: total essential amino acid flow = (0.055 x OM intake) + 1.546 (r2 = 0.91). The model developed in this experiment accounted for more of the variation in the data set than the current beef cattle NRC model, which under-predicted total flow of essential amino acids to the duodenum. The prediction equation developed herein can be used to estimate the supply of essential amino acids reaching the small intestine when formulating supplements to compensate for potential amino acid deficiencies resulting from restricted forage intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3684, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scholljegerdes
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ludden
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D031724:Bromus; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D009584:Nitrogen