title: The effect of compressive axial preload on the flexibility of the thoracolumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro flexibility study of the human thoracolumbar spine under compressive preload.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To attain kinematics descriptive of the thoracolumbar spine in vitro by applying a pure bending moment under a range of physiologic compressive preloads.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many studies on the mechanical behavior of the spine under pure moment have been conducted; however, little is known regarding variations in the range of motion of the thoracolumbar spine attributable to simulated body weight and other physiologic load conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five fresh human cadaveric thoracolumbar spine specimens (T9-L3) were used. Five compressive axial preloads ranging from 75 to 975 N were applied to each specimen along the spinal curvature through four adjustable brackets attached to each vertebral body. Flexibility measurements were taken by applying a maximum of 5 Nm pure bending moment to the specimen in flexion and extension. The flexibilities in flexion and extension for each loading case were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thoracolumbar spine supported compressive preloads as much as 975 N without damage or instability in the sagittal plane when the preload was applied along the natural curvature of the spine through estimated centers of rotation. The flexibility in bending (flexion/extension) of the ligamentous thoracolumbar spine decreased with increasing compressive preload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher bending stiffness was reached after the compressive load exceeded 500 N. Such knowledge could be used to establish better testing guidelines for implant evaluation and more realistic loading conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, SA
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tawackoli
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: Michael A K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liebschner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology