title: Segmental early relaxation phenomenon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and significance in stress echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence, patient characteristics, and clinical significance of segmental early relaxation phenomenon (SERP) in stress echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective interpretation of digitized rest/stress echocardiographic images of 244 consecutive patients undergoing exercise or dobutamine echocardiography with subsequent patient follow-up for outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-four consecutive patients referred for stress echocardiography (exercise or dobutamine) for various clinical indications.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SERP was diagnosed as a sudden outward motion of a portion of the left ventricle during early diastole (using frame-by-frame analysis) after peak systole prior to mitral valve opening at rest and after stress. Stress-associated SERP was observed in 71 patients (29.1%), with 25 patients having SERP in more than one segment. Five patients had resting SERP, with two persisting during stress. Ninety-six of 3,658 analyzed segments were positive for SERP. The apical septum and midseptum were most commonly involved in 49% and 18%, respectively. Only 5 of 96 patients (5.2%) had new hypokinesis and SERP in the same segment. No significant differences existed in demographic, clinical, or echocardiographic variables in patients with and without SERP. Follow-up revealed no significant differences in event rates in those with and without SERP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first stress echocardiographic study demonstrating that SERP is a distinct and relatively common stress echocardiographic phenomenon occurring in early diastole regardless of type of stress. SERP occurs predominantly in apical and midseptum in the distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It should not be mistaken for atypical septal motion, ischemia, or dyskinesia, and does not seem related solely to the presence of underlying coronary disease or stress-induced ischemia. No adverse long-term outcomes are seen in patients with SERP and no inducible ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Obeidat
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arida
authors.forename: Mouaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Mallah
authors.forename: Mohsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ananthasubramaniam
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003971:Diastole; D004280:Dobutamine; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004280:Dobutamine