title: Robotics in valvular surgery: 2003 and beyond.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, cardiac surgery is an evolving field. Not only has there been a technologic explosion, but there is also a strong interest in minimally invasive operations. Mitral valve surgery can now be performed with the use of sophisticated robotic systems through small incisions, and a review of recent advances is warranted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various groups have now documented that robotic valve surgery is feasible and safe. Despite an initial learning curve, facility with the procedure is gained with increasing experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic mitral valve surgery is a procedure that is gaining widespread popularity. The patient of today and the future will demand minimally invasive operations. Initial clinical experience with robotic systems will allow further developments. Ultimately, this may result in completely endoscopic heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, North Carolina Cardiovascular Institute, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kypson
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Felger
authors.forename: L Wiley
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Nifong
authors.forename: W Randolph
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chitwood
mesh_terms: D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000639:trends