title: Relationship between radiographic abnormalities of lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain in high school and college football players: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low back pain is a common presenting symptom among players of American football. In Japan, however, skeletal disorders in football players, including low back problems, have been rarely studied, and management to prevent skeletal disorders has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epidemiological study with prospective observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed the relationship between lumbar spine abnormalities viewed through radiographs taken during the preparticipation physical examination, and the incidence of low back pain during a 1-year period in 171 high school and 742 college football players. Abnormalities assessed were spondylolysis, disc space narrowing, spinal instability, Schmorl's node, balloon disc, and spina bifida occulta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High school players with spondylolysis had a higher incidence of low back pain (79.8%) than those with no abnormal radiographic results (37.1%). College players with spondylolysis, disc space narrowing, and spinal instability had a higher incidence of low back pain (80.5%, 59.8%, and 53.5%, respectively) than those with no abnormal radiographs (32.1%), and college players with spondylolysis had a higher incidence of low back pain than those with disc space narrowing and spinal instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that an abnormality such as spondylolysis is the most significant risk factor for low back pain in high school and college football players, and that disc space narrowing and spinal instability are also significant risk factors for low back pain in athletes with greater athletic activity such as college football players.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsukimura
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology