title: EEG sedation for children with autism.
abstract: Seizures are reported to occur more frequently among children with diagnoses of autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), and some reports indicate a frequency as high as 30%. Sedation is often necessary to perform diagnostic electroencephalograms (EEGs) in these children, who are known to be difficult to sedate with current available pediatric sedating agents, including chloral hydrate. We used clonidine as a sedative agent in children with autism and PDD, and our findings are presented. In a prospective study, 27 children with autism and PDD diagnoses underwent conscious sedation for EEG recording. Informed consents were obtained, and clonidine was administered orally as a sedating agent in a dose ranging from 0.05 mg to 0.2 mg. Subjects were monitored for pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation on a continuous basis by a registered nurse. Study parameters included time to induction, time to recovery, changes in vital signs, and technical quality of EEGs. Sedation was achieved in 23 of 27 patients (85%) per our sedation criteria, and this included five patients who had previously failed to be sedated with chloral hydrate. Two patients did not satisfy the sedation criteria but cooperated enough to allow acceptable EEG tracings, increasing the success rate to 93% (25/27). The mean time to achieve sedation was 58 minutes, and the mean time to recovery was 105 minutes. Two patients (0.07%) experienced an asymptomatic heart rate reduction up to 40%, which was not sustained and recovered promptly without any intervention. Two patients (0.07%) experienced systolic blood pressure reductions of 30% and 40%. They remained asymptomatic, had no changes in other cardiorespiratory parameters, and required no intervention. All EEGs were of good technical quality without any "drug effect." Clonidine is a viable alternative for sedation in children with autism and PDD. It is well tolerated without any significant side effects and is efficacious in children with autism and PDD. The advantages of clonidine include ease of administration, shorter duration of total sedation, lack of EEG drug effect, and high overall success rate.
authors.affiliation: Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics, Children's Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, New Jersey 07092, USA. umehta@childrens-specialized.org
authors.forename: Uday C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Indubhai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Frank V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Castello
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007223:Infant; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003000:Clonidine