title: Managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the Early Lung Cancer Action Project experience and the medical literature from 1993 to 2003 on detection of the small, noncalcified pulmonary nodule by CT in order to formulate a management algorithm for these nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective noncomparative study of smokers without prior malignancy and a review of the medical literature of CT screening of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chest CT and, where appropriate, CT observation for nodule growth, antibiotics, CT-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following factors influence the probability of malignancy in a CT-detected, small, noncalcified pulmonary nodule: size, change in size, age, smoking history, density, number of nodules, gender, circumstance of the CT, spirometry, occupational history, and endemic granulomatous disease. The two diagnostic techniques most useful in evaluating the CT-detected, small, noncalcified nodule are short-term observation of nodule growth by CT and CT-guided FNA. Due to small nodule size and the frequent finding of nonsolid or part-solid nodules, positron emission tomography, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and VATS were less useful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonologists are frequently asked to evaluate the CT-detected, small, noncalcified nodule invisible on standard chest radiography. Immediate biopsy is justified if the likelihood of cancer is high, but if that likelihood is low or intermediate, a period of observation by CT is appropriate. VATS or thoracotomy are rarely necessary for a diagnosis of lung cancer in the CT-detected small pulmonary nodule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Nasser K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Altorki
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pasmantier
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yankelevitz
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Henschke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D013147:Spirometry; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents