title: The use of chemical treatments for improved comminution of artificial stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The acoustic and mechanical properties of various stone compositions are significantly different and thus result in varying degrees of fragility. Consequently, results to shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) are influenced accordingly. We report the results of a study of fragility of various stone compositions, and the influence on each stone's baseline physical properties and fragility when exposed to various chemolytic solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before SWL artificial stones of differing compositions were irrigated with various chemolytic solutions. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones were treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), stones composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate hydrogen were treated with hemiacidrin, and stones made of uric acid (UA) were treated with tromethamine. Synthetic urine served as a control for all stone groups. Using an ultrasound transmission technique, longitudinal wave propagation speed was measured in all groups of artificial stones. Stone density was also measured by using a pycnometer (based on Archimedes' principle). Based on these measurements transverse (shear) wave speed (assuming a constant Poisson's ratio), wave impedance and dynamic mechanical properties of the artificial stones were calculated. Moreover, the microhardness of these artificial stones was measured, and fragility testing using SWL with and without pretreatment with the previously mentioned chemolytic solutions, was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wave speed, wave impedance, dynamic mechanical properties and microhardness of EDTA treated COM stones and tromethamine treated UA stones were found to decrease compared to untreated (synthetic urine) control groups. The suggestion that chemolytic pretreatment increases stone fragility was verified by the finding of increased stone comminution after SWL testing. Combining this medical pretreatment and SWL, the findings demonstrate a significant impact of various solvents on stone comminution, in particular EDTA treated COM stones, tromethamine treated UA stones and hemiacidrin treated magnesium ammonium phosphate hydrogen stones. These data suggest that by altering the chemical environment of the fluid surrounding the stones it is possible to increase the fragility of renal calculi in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that appropriate chemical treatments may provide a useful adjunctive modality for improving the efficacy of stone comminution during shock wave lithotripsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Experimental Urology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heimbach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kourambas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Delvecchio
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Cocks
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Preminger
mesh_terms: D002951:Citrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; C026485:hemiacidrin; D014325:Tromethamine; D004492:Edetic Acid