title: Functionality testing of inhalation grade lactose.
abstract: Lactose monohydrate for inhalation is commonly produced by sieving out customer-specific size fractions of a crystallized bulk material of lactose. It was the aim of this study to investigate the influence of the raw material on the physico-chemical properties of the inhalation grade lactose and on the efficacy of powders for inhalation produced from these batches. The selected raw material lactose batches differed in the size distribution characteristics, the fines and the agglomerate content. These differences in the raw material could also be found to a smaller extent in the intermediate products and could not be completely levelled out in the final inhalation grade lactose. Efficiency testing was done using salbutamol sulphate in two different concentrations (drug-to-carrier ratio of 1:36 and 1:400) as a model drug; the powder blends were delivered using the Aerolizer and the Easyhaler device. With the high drug load, nearly no differences could be observed between both the delivery systems and the different produced lactose batches. The fine particle fraction (FPF) (%<5 microm) was on a high level of >39% in all cases. With the low drug load significant differences between the devices and the lactose batches were found. The FPF was distinctly reduced to 15-30%, with the Easyhaler generating a higher fraction of fine particles than the Aerolizer device. Although the observed differences between the lactose batches could not be linked to one specific physico-chemical parameter determined for the carrier, they led to the conclusion that the differences between the test batches of inhalation grade lactose especially manufactured for this study can affect the functionality of an inhalation powder. The effects are significantly smaller with high drug load formulations than using a low drug concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. steckel@pharmazie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steckel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markefka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: TeWierik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kammelar
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D007785:Lactose