title: Suppression of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages by soybean flavonoids accumulated in response to nitroprusside and fungal elicitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anti-inflammatory properties of some flavonoids have been attributed to their ability to inhibit the production of NO by activated macrophages. Soybean cotyledons accumulate certain flavonoids following elicitation with an extract of the fungal pathogen Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis (Dpm). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, can substitute for Dpm in inducing flavonoid production. In this study, we investigated the effect of flavonoid-containing diffusates obtained from Dpm- and SNP-elicited soybean cotyledons on NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and LPS plus interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-activated murine macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant inhibition of NO production, measured as nitrite formation, was observed when macrophages were activated in the presence of soybean diffusates from Dpm- or SNP-elicited cotyledons. This inhibition was dependent on the duration of exposure to the elicitor. Daidzein, genistein, luteolin and apigenin, the main flavonoids present in diffusates of elicited cotyledons, suppressed the NO production by LPS + IFNgamma activated macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 81.4 microM, 34.5 microM, 38.6 microM and 10.4 microM respectively. For macrophages activated with LPS alone, the IC50 values were 40.0 microM, 16.6 microM, 10.4 microM and 2.8 microM, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that iNOS expression was not affected by daidzein, was reduced by genistein, and was abolished by apigenin, luteolin and Dpm- and SNP-soybean diffusates at concentrations that significantly inhibited NO production by activated macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the suppressive effect of flavonoids on iNOS expression could account for the potent inhibitory effect of Dpm- and SNP-diffusates on NO production by activated macrophages. Since the physiological concentration of flavonoids in plants is normally low, the treatment of soybean tissues with SNP may provide a simple method for substantially increasing the concentration of metabolites that are beneficial for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with NO production.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. jubarte100@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Loren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Scuro
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Simioni
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Grabriel
authors.forename: Elzira E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Saviani
authors.forename: Luzia V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Modolo
authors.forename: Wirla M S C
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.forename: Ione
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salgado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005419:Flavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma