title: Predictors for the development of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes: inception cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate baseline predictors for the development of persistent microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria prospectively in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of an inception cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient diabetic clinic in a tertiary referral centre, Gentofte, Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  286 patients (216 adults) newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes consecutively admitted to the clinic between 1 September 1979 and 31 August 1984.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persistent microalbuminuria and persistent macroalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the median follow up of 18.0 years (range 1.0-21.5 years), total of 4706 patient years of follow up, 79 of 277 (29%) patients developed persistent microalbuminuria. 27 of 79 progressed further to persistent macroalbuminuria. The cumulative incidence of persistent microalbuminuria and persistent macroalbuminuria was 33.6% (95% confidence interval 27.2% to 40.0%) and 14.6% (8.9% to 20.3%), respectively. Significant predictors for the development of persistent microalbuminuria were a 10-fold increase in urinary albumin excretion rate (relative risk 3.78, 1.57 to 9.13), being male (2.41, 1.43 to 4.06), a 10 mm Hg increase in mean arterial blood pressure (1.38, 1.20 to 1.57), a 1% increase in haemoglobin A1c (1.18, 1.04 to 1.32), and a 1 cm increase in height (0.96, 0.95 to 0.98). 28 patients with microalbuminuria (35%) regressed to normoalbuminuria either transiently (n = 15) or permanently (n = 13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Around one third of patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes develop persistent microalbuminuria within the first 20 years of diabetes. Several potentially modifiable risk factors predict the development of persistent microalbuminaria and persistent macroalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. phovind@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hovind
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: Berit Ruud
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Malene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graae
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torp
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Hans-Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors