title: Lessons of organ-induced tolerance learned from historical clinical experience.
abstract: Although the reductionist approach has served science well for 400 years, the accumulation of details can obscure the truth if the original premise is incorrect. One such premise has been that successful organ transplantation and bone marrow engraftment are fundamentally different outcomes involving separate and distinct mechanisms. Some historical clinical observations pointed to a different conclusion almost from the beginning and included clues about how to induce tolerance with the aid of immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. mangantl@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Demetris
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: Kareem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eghtesad
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Amadeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
mesh_terms: D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D014180:Transplantation / Q000266:history*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*