title: Detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in Victoria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate and characterise avian paramyxoviruses and other haemagglutinating viruses amongst Victorian wild bird populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracheal and cloacal material was collected from wild duck, pigeon, quail and other wild birds throughout Victoria. Samples were processed and cultured in embryonating eggs. Viral isolates were characterised based on their haemagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition activity using a panel of specific antisera. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five nonpathogenic haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 605 wild bird samples. The majority were characterised as APMV-6 or influenza A virus, H3N2. Two isolates were identified and characterised as APMV-1 (avirulent NDV) based on nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis at the F0 cleavage site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-five viruses were isolated, none of which resembled progenitor or virulent genotypes. This study provides valuable epidemiological information against which to compare future isolates from outbreaks of disease to determine their origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Industries, Primary Industries Research Victoria, Attwood, Victoria 3049. irene.peroulis@dpi.vic.gov.au
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peroulis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Riley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D018109:Avulavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045463:Avulavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds; D002988:Cloaca / Q000821:virology; D010856:Columbidae; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004372:Ducks; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D011784:Quail; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D014132:Trachea / Q000821:virology; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral