title: Identifying depression in the first postpartum year: guidelines for office-based screening and referral.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some 10-15% of women experience postpartum-onset major depression (PPMD). The objective of this study was to determine if the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is an effective screen for major depression (MD) prospectively. The outcome of the study was identification of a recurrence of major depression in the first year postpartum by a clinical interview and the EPDS. We had the unique opportunity to examine the relationship between EPDS scores and PPMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were pregnant women who had experienced an episode of previous PPMD but were well during their index pregnancy. This study was part of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in which new mothers received nortriptyline or placebo within 24 h following delivery for prevention of PPMD. Recurrence of depression was established according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Participants completed the EPDS weekly through 20 weeks postpartum and into a 1-year follow-up phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 50 women, 13 experienced recurrence of MD in the first 20 weeks postpartum with a total of 20 out of 50 recurring in the first year. The EPDS score of >9 at week 4 postpartum identified 60% of women who nurtured in the first 20 weeks and 80% who recurred in the first postpartum year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study population included only women who had a previous episode of postpartum depression. The generalizability to all women is limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EPDS is an effective depression screen for women who had a previous episode of PPMD. Clinical guidelines are provided for use of the EPDS to identify MD in the first postpartum year in primary care settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jefferson College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. kathleen.peindl@mail.tju.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Peindl
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wisner
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hanusa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009661:Nortriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D009661:Nortriptyline