title: [Degenerative changes of the cervical facet joints in the medial and lateral atlantoaxial joint - a paleopathological study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes the prevalence of degenerative changes of the upper cervical spine (C1-C2) and cervical facet joints found during investigations of spinal column remains.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on a sample of 196 cervical spines from southwestern Germany which derive from the 6th to 8th centuries AD. The degenerative lesions were classified into grades 1 (marginal osteophytes), 2 (uneven joint surfaces), or 3 (osseous ankylosis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the skeletons examined, 19.4 % (n = 38) showed degenerative changes of the cervical facet joints and/or upper cervical spine (mean age at death was 44 years). The medial (6.1 %) and lateral (0.6 %) atlanto-axial joints were rarely involved in degenerative changes. The facet joints from C3-C4 to C6-C7 showed degenerative changes in 8.0-11.7 % of cases (usually grade 1 and 2). The C2-C3 facet joints were significantly involved in degenerative changes in 19.7 % of cases, one fourth of which were osseous ankylosis (grade 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C2-C3 facet joints showed a high rate of degenerative changes.
authors.affiliation: Neurochirurgische Klinik, Leopoldina KH, Schweinfurt. jweber@leopoldina.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D010164:Paleopathology / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography