title: An embryonic-specific repressor element located 3' to the Agamma-globin gene influences transcription of the human beta-globin locus in transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persistent expression of the human fetal gamma-globin genes in the adult stage is often associated with naturally occurring deletions in the human beta-globin locus. The mapping of the 5' breakpoints of these deletions within the Agamma- to delta-globin intergenic region has suggested that regulatory elements involved in the silencing of the gamma-globin genes in the adult may be present. We previously identified two elements in this region, termed Enh and F, located 3' to the Agamma-globin gene acting as silencers in transient transfection assays. Here, we tested directly the in vivo significance of these elements in the developmental regulation of the human beta-like globin genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We selectively deleted both Enh and F elements in the context of a 185-kb human beta-globin locus PAC (P1 phage artificial chromosome) and tested the effects of this deletion on the expression of the human P-like globin genes in transgenic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Enh/F deletion resulted in an increase in epsilon- and gamma-globin mRNA levels in the embryonic yolk sac stage of erythropoiesis, which appears to be due to an increase in the rate of transcription rather than to an increase in the number of cells transcribing the human globin locus. However, the human developmental switching from fetal gamma-globin to adult beta-globin gene expression in transgenic mice was not affected by this deletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify Enh and F as locus-wide regulatory elements capable of down-regulating transcription of the human beta-globin locus in an embryonic-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Katsantoni
authors.forename: Mariken
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Krom
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kong-a-San
authors.forename: A M Ali
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grosveld
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Anagnou
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strouboulis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012097:Repressor Proteins; D005914:Globins