title: Characteristic of interactions between intrathecal gabapentin and either clonidine or neostigmine in the formalin test.
abstract: Intrathecal gabapentin is effective for phase 2 of the formalin response but not for acute pain. Unlike gabapentin, intrathecal clonidine and neostigmine attenuate both acute pain and phase 2 of the formalin response. We evaluated gabapentin's interactions with either clonidine or neostigmine in the formalin test. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. For the formalin test, 50 microL of 5% formalin solution was injected into the hindpaw. The interaction of drugs was investigated by a fixed-dose analysis or an isobolographic analysis. Intrathecal gabapentin produced a suppression of the phase 2 flinching response, but not the phase 1 response, in the formalin test. Intrathecal clonidine and neostigmine resulted in a reduction of the pain behavior in both phases. A fixed-dose analysis in phase 1 showed that gabapentin potentiated the antinociceptive effect of clonidine and neostigmine. An isobolographic analysis in phase 2 revealed a synergistic interaction after intrathecal administration of gabapentin-clonidine or gabapentin-neostigmine mixture. We conclude that the combination of gabapentin with either clonidine or neostigmine at the level of the spinal cord could play a major role not only in acute pain, but also in phase 2 of the formalin response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We determined the pharmacological properties of gabapentin combined with either clonidine or neostigmine in the formalin test. Spinal gabapentin reinforced the effects of clonidine and neostigmine in the formalin test. The hitherto unreported action of gabapentin on acute nociceptive stimulus could be of considerable significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Korea. mhyoon@chonnam.ac.kr
authors.forename: Myung Ha
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jeong Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000077206:Gabapentin; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009388:Neostigmine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D003000:Clonidine