title: Mutations in the gyrA and parC genes and in vitro activities of fluoroquinolones in 91 clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been associated with alternations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions in the gyrA and parC genes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the correlation between fluoroquinolone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and mutations in the gyrA and parC genes of 91 N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates from Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MICs of fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin for 91 clinical isolates from male gonococcal urethritis in Hyogo or Osaka, Japan, were measured, and the gyrA and parC genes of these isolates were sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 91 isolates tested, over 70% isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. We found that 4 mutations (Ser-91-Phe, Ser-91-Ile, Asp-95-Gly in gyrA, and Ser-88-Pro in parC) had significant correlation to MICs of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some mutations in QRDR had a significant relationship to the fluoroquinolone resistance of N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates from Japan.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Organs Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigemura
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hinata
authors.forename: Bishnu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Shohiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kofuku
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamidono
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics*; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV / Q000235:genetics*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D000077734:Gatifloxacin