title: Biomechanical evaluation of suture pullout from canine arytenoid cartilages: effects of hole diameter, suture configuration, suture size, and distraction rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine arytenoid cartilage-suture constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty canine cadaveric larynges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arytenoid cartilage-suture constructs were loaded to failure on a materials testing machine. The effect of hole size, suture configuration, suture size, and rate of distraction on load at failure, displacement at failure, energy to failure, and construct stiffness were evaluated. Polypropylene sutures were used exclusively. Specific variables evaluated were: (1) hole size-SH needle, 22, 20, and 18 ga hypodermic needles; (2) suture configurations-single dorsal and ventral articular sutures, double sutures, horizontal mattress, locking loop, and single non-articular sutures; (3) suture size-1, 0, 2-0, and 3-0; and (4) distraction rate-0.83 and 36.66 mm/s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hole size had no effect on any biomechanical variable. Double suture and horizontal mattress configurations had the highest median load and energy at failure. Single dorsal suture configurations that did not include the arcuate crest had the lowest median load at failure. Larger suture sizes tended to result in stiffer constructs. Cartilage-suture constructs behaved in a viscoelastic manner where load at failure, energy at failure, and stiffness increased when distraction rate was increased, whereas displacement at failure did not. Most constructs failed by suture pullout regardless of distraction rate, although 50% of horizontal mattress configurations failed by avulsion of the muscular process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suture and hole sizes appear to have few effects on the biomechanical performance of arytenoid-suture constructs. Double-suture and horizontal mattress suture patterns had the best overall mechanical properties for arytenoid lateralization. Single-suture techniques, which do not incorporate the arcuate crest, were biomechanically inferior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cumbersome large-diameter sutures offer no advantage over smaller sutures when performing arytenoid lateralization. The cross-sectional geometry of the muscular process should be taken into account when placing sutures in the arytenoid cartilages. Single-suture techniques that do not incorporate the arcuate crest should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. kyle_mathews@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Kyle G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Mente
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001193:Arytenoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs / Q000601:surgery*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D009339:Needles / Q000662:veterinary*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary*; D013537:Sutures / Q000662:veterinary*