title: Regional ischemia after head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the evidence of regional cerebral ischemia after traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review describes the mechanisms responsible for secondary brain injury and the similarities between traumatic and ischemic neuronal cell death. Cerebral ischemia is defined, and the difficulties of quantifying the burden of cerebral ischemia in the context of clinical head injury are presented. Recent clinical data obtained from monitoring brain tissue oxygenation, tissue metabolites using microdialysis, and cerebral blood flow, blood volume, oxygen metabolism, and oxygen extraction fraction using oxygen-15 positron emission tomography are discussed. These data highlight that significant episodes of regional ischemia occur within the acute phase after injury and are associated with poor outcome. Although various monitoring tools are capable of detecting significant episodes of regional ischemia, each of the currently available techniques is limited in its clinical application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is increasing evidence to suggest that a small but significant volume of brain tissue is at risk of ischemic injury after trauma. Future studies should examine the pathophysiology underlying such ischemia and how monitoring techniques can be used to direct appropriate therapy and influence outcome.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. jpc44@wbic.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Coles
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D006113:United Kingdom