title: Differences in stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and velocity fluctuation due to event, gender and performance level in breaststroke.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and trunk motion fluctuation during breaststroke in elite male and female 50, 100 and 200 m events at the 9th FINA World Swimming Championships, Fukuoka 2001. Four phases of the arm stroke and three phases of the leg kick as well as phases of simultaneous arm and leg propulsion and recovery were identified from video of swimmers' motions below the surface. The duration of each phase was expressed as a proportion of the whole stroke cycle. Three measures of the arm-leg coordination, percent simultaneous arm-leg recovery time (%SRT), percent arm lag time (%ALT) and percent simultaneous arm-leg propulsion time (%SPT) were calculated. Mean mid-pool swimming hip velocity (V), stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were also calculated. In addition, the intra-cycle hip velocity of the swimmers was obtained by cinematographic analysis. The SR decreased and SL increased significantly as the event distance increased. For the arm-leg coordination the %ALT, %SPT and %SRT indicated significant differences between event, gender and performance level. In particular, for increasing event distance and for the higher performing swimmer the lower the %SPT and the higher the %SRT. In addition, the range of the intra-cycle hip velocity fluctuation in the lower performing group was greater than the higher performing group. The non-propulsive phase seems to be a key factor for better performance. The breaststroke swimmers must avoid rapid deceleration during the non-propulsive phase by adopting a low resistance posture and stroking technique.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis