title: Cytokine response patterns, exposure to viruses, and respiratory infections in the first year of life.
abstract: Daycare attendance and siblings are associated with viral-induced wheezing in children. Preexisting immunologic factors may influence the expression of viral infections in infancy, and in turn, recurrent infections may influence the development of immune responses. A total of 285 children were enrolled in the Childhood Origins of Asthma Project at birth and followed for at least 1 year. Cord blood and 1-year mononuclear cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and cytokine-response profiles were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nasal lavage was performed for moderate to severe respiratory illnesses. Daycare attendance and/or siblings significantly increased the likelihood of contracting respiratory syncytial virus (1.5-1.6-fold increase) and rhinovirus (1.8-2.1-fold increase), and increased the risk of rhinovirus-induced wheezing (14-18% vs. 2%, p = 0.011). Cord blood IFN-gamma responses were inversely related to the frequency of viral respiratory infections (r(s) = -0.11, p = 0.05), and more significant for subjects with high exposure to other children (r(s) = -0.27, p = 0.028). The interval change in infantile IFN-gamma responses correlated positively with the frequency of viral infections in infancy (r(s) = 0.12, p = 0.047). These data suggest that neonatal IFN-gamma responses may influence antiviral activity, or may represent a marker of antiviral immunity maturation. Conversely, the frequency of viral infections in infancy can influence IFN-gamma responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, WI 53792-9988, USA. cc.copenhaver@hosp.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Copenhaver
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gern
authors.forename: Zhanhai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Shult
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Lance D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Mikus
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Roberg
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tisler
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: DaSilva
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hiemke
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gangnon
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lemanske
mesh_terms: D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000821:virology; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D035781:Siblings; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines