title: Efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of nongastric extraesophageal variceal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although esophageal varices are the most common site of variceal bleeding, extraesophageal varices cause up to 30% of variceal bleeding. Unlike esophageal variceal bleeding, the experience in management of extraesophageal variceal bleeding, especially nongastric extraesophageal variceal bleeding is limited, and there are no established guidelines for treatment of nongastric extraesophageal variceal bleeding. This study aims to provide experience in treatment of nongastric extraesophageal variceal bleeding with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a tertiary medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed all cases, admitted or transferred to Emory University Hospital, with extraesophageal variceal bleeding who had transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as the final resolution to control bleeding over a period of 4 years, from January 1999 to January 2003. We also compared the outcomes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for bleeding from gastric varices and nongastric extraesophageal varices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one patients (33 gastric varices and 8 nongastric extraesophageal varices) with extraesophageal variceal bleeding who had transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt performed were identified in this study period. Bleeding was controlled immediately in 90% (37/41) of those patients. The mortality was 7% (3/41). The rebleeding rate was 10% (4/41). Encephalopathy occurred in 24% (10/41) of the patients. Patients with gastric varices bleeding appeared to have more advanced liver disease than patients with nongastric extraesophageal varices bleeding. The outcomes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for bleeding from gastric varices and nongastric extraesophageal varices were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is an effective and safe treatment of extraesophageal variceal bleeding, including bleeding from gastric varices and nongastric extraesophageal varices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: M Kamil
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Obideen
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehbi
authors.forename: Amaar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghazale
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome