title: The effect of repeated isoflurane anesthesia on spatial and psychomotor performance in young and aged mice.
abstract: Exposure to general anesthesia may contribute to postoperative cognitive impairment in elderly patients, but the relationship remains poorly understood. We investigated whether aged mice, 18-19 mo, are more susceptible to postanesthetic cognitive impairment than young mice, 3-4 mo, using spatial memory (Barnes maze) and psychomotor (rotarod) tasks. Initially we studied the effect of a single anesthetic episode on asymptotic maze performance. We then tested whether repeated anesthesia would impair spatial memory and psychomotor performance to a greater extent in aged mice. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (1.4% atm) for 30 min; controls received 90% oxygen. Anesthesia, administered during the asymptotic period of maze learning, did not impair performance tested the following day (P > 0.05). Repeated anesthesia, 2-3 h after each session, did not impair overall maze or rotarod performance in young or aged mice (P > 0.05). Spatial learning appeared to be facilitated by anesthesia, F(1,204) = 7.97, P < 0.01 for pooled results. Asymptotic performance-when learning had stabilized-remained unimpaired in both the maze and rotarod tasks. These results suggest that an age-related risk of anesthetic-induced impairment appears to be limited to acquisition of a novel motor skill and that anesthesia alone does not lead to prolonged cognitive impairments in aged mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that repeated isoflurane general anesthesia impaired psychomotor performance in aged mice during the initial learning period; however, spatial learning improved and, overall, spatial memory and psychomotor performance were unimpaired. Thus, general anesthesia alone does not appear to result in prolonged cognitive deficits in aged mice.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anesthesia & Analgesia, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. noamb@canada.com
authors.forename: Noam N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: MacLeod
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane