title: Cost effectiveness of treatment for amblyopia: an analysis based on a probabilistic Markov model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the long term cost effectiveness of treatment for amblyopia in 3 year old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost utility analysis was performed using decision analysis including a Markov state transition model. Incremental costs and effects during the children's remaining lifetime were estimated. The model took into account the costs and success rate of treatment as well as effects of unilateral and bilateral visual impairment caused by amblyopia and other eye diseases coming along later in life on quality of life (utility). Model parameter values were obtained from the literature, and from a survey of experts. For the utility of unilateral visual impairment a base value of 0.96 was assumed. Costs were estimated from a third party payer perspective for the year 2002 in Germany. Costs and effects were discounted at 3%. Uncertainty was assessed by univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (Monte-Carlo simulation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of treatment was euro2369 per quality adjusted life year (QALY). In univariate sensitivity analysis the ICER was most sensitive to uncertainty concerning the utility of unilateral visual impairment-for example, if this utility was 0.99, the ICER would be euro9148/QALY. Monte-Carlo simulation yielded a 95% uncertainty interval for the ICER of euro710/QALY to euro38 696/QALY; the probability of an ICER smaller than euro20 000/QALY was 95%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment for amblyopia is likely to be very cost effective. Much of the uncertainty in results comes from the uncertainty regarding the effect of amblyopia on quality of life. In order to reduce this uncertainty the impact of amblyopia on utility should be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 20, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany. koenig@aya.yale.edu
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity