title: Gender and race do not alter early-life determinants of clinical disease progression in HIV-1 vertically infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify early life predictors of clinical progression before and beyond age 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective follow-up of 161 vertically HIV infected children in the ongoing European Collaborative Study provided data from birth over 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression procedures were used to assess the predictive value of first available laboratory and clinical markers for progression defined as serious disease or death. We investigate gender and race effects on associations and the optimal threshold for longitudinal CD4+ percentage measurements after age 6 months for predicting disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Earliest (during the first 6 months) measurements of CD4+ percentage below 20% [three-fold increased risk (P = 0.041)] and absolute lymphocytes (AL) (reduction of risk of three-quarters for a one log increase (P =0.014)) were independently associated with overall and rapid disease progression during the first year. Persistent lymphadenopathy (or hepatomegaly) in early life was also additionally associated with overall disease progression, and after age 1 year [greater than doubling of risk, (P = 0.040)], but not with rapid progression. Associations were not significantly dependent on gender or race. CD4+ percentage of 10% was the best prognostic cut-off.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early clinical markers are strongly predictive of disease progression after 1 year of age into adolescence. However, rapid progression is less straightforward to predict, probably due largely to early progression during the first few months in such individuals. The independently predictive value of AL measurements suggest they could be used alone in the management of children in resource-poor settings.
mesh_terms: D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors