title: Uteroplacental hemodynamics during early human pregnancy: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine normal physiologic changes in the uteroplacental hemodynamics during early placental development in the first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen normal singleton pregnancies were included in this longitudinal study. Transvaginal Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of uterine, arcuate, radial and spiral arteries were performed at the 5th, 7th, 8th and 10th completed gestational weeks. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) and the pulsatility index (PI) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine artery PSV, TAMXV and PI remained unchanged from the 5th to the 8th week of gestation. From the 8th to the 10th week, PSV (p = 0.02) and TAMXV (p = 0.005) increased and PI decreased (p = 0.006). Changes in the arcuate arteries were similar to those in uterine arteries. No significant changes in PSV, TAMXV or PI of the radial artery were noticed. Spiral artery PSV (p = 0.02) and TAMXV (p = 0.02) increased from the 5th to the 7th week. Thereafter they remained unchanged. Spiral artery PI decreased from the 5th to the 10th week, (p = 0.004). Throughout the study period, the PSV, TAMXV and PI values were significantly higher in the uterine artery than in the arcuate artery, and in the arcuate artery compared with the radial artery. At the 5th gestational week, no differences in PSV and TAMXV were found between radial and spiral arteries. From the 7th gestational week onwards, PSV and TAMXV were significantly lower in the radial artery than in the spiral artery. However, the PI values in the radial artery were significantly higher compared with those in the spiral artery during the whole study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spiral artery impedance decreases and blood flow velocities increase as early as between the 5th and the 7th weeks of gestation. During that period, the uterine and arcuate artery hemodynamics remain unchanged. In the uterine and arcuate arteries, decreases in impedance and increases in absolute velocities are detected after the 8th week of gestation. This delay between the changes in the spiral and uterine arteries may represent the magnitude of the increase of placental volume and spiral arterial involvement which is needed to affect uterine hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. kaarin.makikallio@oulu.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mäkikallio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tekay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jouppila
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply*; D021041:Placental Circulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012016:Reference Values; D013599:Systole; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*