title: Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We undertook a best-evidence synthesis on the incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Cinahl, PsycINFO and Embase were searched for relevant articles. After screening 38,806 abstracts, we critically reviewed 169 studies on incidence, risk and prevention, and accepted 121 (72%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accepted articles show that 70-90% of all treated brain injuries are mild, and the incidence of hospital-treated patients with mild traumatic brain injury is about 100-300/100,000 population. However, much mild traumatic brain injury is not treated at hospitals, and the true population-based rate is probably above 600/100,000. Mild traumatic brain injury is more common in males and in teenagers and young adults. Falls and motor-vehicle collisions are common causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong evidence supports helmet use to prevent mild traumatic brain injury in motorcyclists and bicyclists. The mild traumatic brain injury literature is of varying quality, and the studies are very heterogeneous. Nevertheless, there is evidence that mild traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem, but we need more high-quality research into this area.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. dcassidy@uhnres.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Peloso
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Holst
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Jess
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Coronado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D026683:Advisory Committees; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization