title: Comprehensive analysis of matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor expression in pancreatic cancer: increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 predicts poor survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enable the design of improved inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, the expression profiles of a range of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine MMPs (MMPs 1-3, 7-9, 11, 12, and 14) and three TIMPs (TIMPs 1-3) were examined in up to 75 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and 10 normal pancreata by immunohistochemistry. Eighteen additional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and an additional eight normal pancreata were also analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and additionally for MMP-15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was increased expression by immunohistochemistry for MMPs 7, 8, 9, and 11 and TIMP-3 in pancreatic cancer compared with normal pancreas (P < 0.0001, 0.04, 0.0009, 0.005, and 0.0001, respectively). Real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed a significant increase in mRNA levels for MMP-11 in tumor tissue compared with normal pancreatic tissue (P = 0.0005) and also significantly reduced levels of MMP-15 (P = 0.0026). Univariate analysis revealed that survival was reduced by lymph node involvement (P = 0.0007) and increased expression of MMP-7 (P = 0.005) and (for the first time) MMP-11 (P = 0.02) but not reduced by tumor grade, tumor diameter, positive resection margins, adjuvant treatment, or expression of the remaining MMPs and TIMPs. On multivariate analysis, only MMP-7 predicted shortened survival (P < 0.05); however, increased MMP-11 expression was strongly associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.0073).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the principle specificity for effective inhibitors of MMPs in pancreatic cancer should be for MMP-7 with secondary specificity against MMP-11. Moreover, these studies indicate that MMP-7 expression is a powerful independent prognostic indicator and potentially of considerable clinical value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lucie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neoptolemos
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D053507:Matrix Metalloproteinase 11; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology*; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D053507:Matrix Metalloproteinase 11; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7