title: Risk of stroke in women exposed to low-dose oral contraceptives: a critical evaluation of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) has been reported to be associated with stroke. With current OCPs containing less than 50 micro g of ethinyl estradiol, and many earlier studies reporting the association between OCPs and stroke, subjected to biases, we determined whether such an association exists and, if so, the magnitude of the risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent searches were conducted to obtain relevant articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation (1970 to June 2000). Eligible articles published in English describing OCP use and stroke outcomes were retrieved, and relevant data were abstracted. Pooling of results from these studies was performed using odds ratios (ORs) provided, and heterogeneity was calculated using chi(2) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 779 potential articles, 36 eligible studies describing 20 distinct populations were retrieved (4 cohort and 16 case-control studies). The pooled OR from the cohort studies demonstrated no increased stroke risk with OCP use (0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-1.78; P =.01); the pooled OR from the case-control studies showed a significant association (2.13; 95% CI, 1.59-2.86; P<.001). The risk of stroke with OCP use, however, was significant only with thrombotic stroke (2.74; 95% CI, 2.24-3.35; P =.009) and not with hemorrhagic stroke or stroke death. There was statistically significant heterogeneity among these studies, and potential biases and confounders were not adequately addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results cast doubt on a true association between low-dose OCPs and stroke because of the low absolute magnitude of the ORs, the severe methodological limitations, and the ORs of less than 1.0 in the cohort studies. The association is tenuous at best and perhaps nonexistent.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. wee-shian.chan@sw.ca
authors.forename: Wee-Shian
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Eugene K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.forename: Shiphra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.forename: Shiphira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hannah
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017594:Publication Bias; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol