title: Facial beauty--establishing a universal standard.
abstract: There is a universal standard for facial beauty regardless of race, age, sex and other variables. Beautiful faces have ideal facial proportion. Ideal proportion is directly related to divine proportion, and that proportion is 1 to 1.618. All living organisms, including humans, are genetically encoded to develop to this proportion because there are extreme esthetic and physiologic benefits. The vast majority of us are not perfectly proportioned because of environmental factors. Establishment of a universal standard for facial beauty will significantly simplify the diagnosis and treatment of facial disharmonies and abnormalities. More important, treating to this standard will maximize facial esthetics, TMJ health, psychologic and physiologic health, fertility, and quality of life.
authors.forename: Yosh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jefferson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001504:Beauty; D001824:Body Constitution; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D012015:Reference Standards