title: The effect of hormonal contraception on genital tract shedding of HIV-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous cross-sectional study reported that hormonal contraception may be associated with increased infectivity in HIV-1 infected women. We conducted a prospective study to determine if cervical shedding of HIV-1 increased after initiating hormonal contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shedding of HIV-1 DNA (a marker of HIV-1 infected cells) and HIV-1 RNA were measured before and after initiating hormonal contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 seropositive women were recruited from a Kenyan family planning clinic. At baseline, cervical secretions were collected for HIV-1 DNA and RNA assays in women initiating hormonal contraception; follow-up samples were collected a median of 64 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-hundred and one women chose depot medroxyprogesterone (Depo), 53 chose low-dose oral contraceptives (OC), seven high-dose OC, and 52 progesterone-only OC. At follow-up, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of cervical HIV-1 DNA detection [from 42% to 52%, odds ratio (OR), 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-2.63) for all hormonal contraception combined, and a trend for an increase for each individual type. Although the prevalence of cervical HIV-1 RNA increased slightly (from 82% to 86%; OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.83-3.03), the concentration of cervical HIV-1 RNA did not change significantly overall (from 2.81 to 2.84 log10 copies/swab; P = 0.77) or for individual contraception types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modest but significant increase in shedding of HIV-1 DNA but not of HIV-1 RNA was detected after starting hormonal contraception. Our results may have important implications regarding the infectivity of women using hormonal contraception, and highlight the need for epidemiologic studies of transmission rates from women using and not using hormonal contraception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA.
authors.forename: Chia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Dana DeVange
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Panteleeff
authors.forename: Kishorchandra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandaliya
authors.forename: Bhavna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chohan
authors.forename: Ludo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lavreys
authors.forename: Jeckoniah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndinya-Achola
authors.forename: Joan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kreiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000737:chemistry; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate