title: Punding in Parkinson's disease: its relation to the dopamine dysregulation syndrome.
abstract: Punding is a term that was coined originally to describe complex prolonged, purposeless, and stereotyped behaviour in chronic amphetamine users. A structured interview of 50 patients with higher dopamine replacement therapy requirements (>800 levodopa equivalent units/day) from 123 unselected patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) from a PD clinic identified 17 (14%) patients with punding. Punding was acknowledged as disruptive and unproductive by the patients themselves, but forcible attempts by family to interrupt the behaviour led to irritability and dysphoria. Punding was associated with very high doses of dopamine replacement therapy often related to a pattern of chronic inappropriate overuse of dopaminergic medication. We believe that this is an underreported, socially disabling phenomenon that is commonly associated with the syndrome of dopamine dysregulation and is phenomenologically distinct from both obsessive-compulsive disorder and mania.
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katzenschlager
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paviour
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D009790:Occupations; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa; D004298:Dopamine