title: Detection of individual microbubbles of ultrasound contrast agents: imaging of free-floating and targeted bubbles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During echo examinations with microbubble contrast, individual "dots" of ultrasound reflection can be visualized. To address the question whether these signals represent individual microbubbles, very dilute suspensions of ultrasound contrast agents or individual microbubbles attached to Petri dishes were prepared and studied by ultrasound imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microbubble suspensions were diluted in saline and evaluated by a clinical ultrasound imaging system. Microbubble concentration was verified by Coulter counter. Single microbubble preparation on a Petri dish was established by streptavidin-biotin interaction under microscopy control and subjected to ultrasound imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound of dilute microbubble dispersions demonstrated distinct white foci; concentration of these sites was consistent with signals from individual microbubbles as determined by Coulter. Individual microbubbles immobilized on polystyrene were also visualized by ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound medical systems can resolve backscatter signals from individual microbubbles of ultrasound contrast, both in solution and in the targeted immobilized state, implying picogram sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Cardiovascular Division, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0158, USA. alk6n@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Klibanov
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rasche
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Jolette K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wojdyla
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Galen
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wible
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brandenburger
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008055:Lipids; D045423:Microbubbles; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013010:Sonication; D019809:Streptavidin; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008055:Lipids; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D019809:Streptavidin; C010942:1,2-distearoyllecithin