title: Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolotherapy is an injection-based treatment for chronic low-back pain. Proponents of prolotherapy suggest that some back pain stems from weakened or damaged ligaments. Repeatedly injecting them with irritant solutions is believed to strengthen the ligaments and reduce pain and disability. Prolotherapy protocols usually include co-interventions to enhance the effectiveness of the injections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of prolotherapy injections in adults with chronic low-back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (2004, issue 1), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Science Citation Index from their respective beginnings to January 2004, with no restrictions on language. We consulted content experts to ensure we had not missed any references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing prolotherapy injections to control injections, either alone or in combination with other treatments, were included. Studies had to include measures of pain and disability before and after the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected the trials and assessed them for methodological quality. Treatment and control group protocols varied from study to study, making meta-analysis impossible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included four high quality studies with a total of 344 participants. All trials measured pain and disability levels at six months, three measured the proportion of participants reporting a greater than 50% reduction in pain or disability scores from baseline to six months.Two studies showed significant differences between the treatment and control groups for those reporting over 50% reduction in pain or disability. Their results could not be pooled. In one, co-interventions confounded interpretation of results; in the other, there was no significant difference in mean pain and disability scores between the groups. In the third study, there was little or no difference between groups in the number of individuals who reported over 50% improvement in pain and disability. The fourth study reporting only mean pain and disability scores showed no differences between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of prolotherapy injections in reducing pain and disability in patients with chronic low-back pain. Conclusions are confounded by clinical heterogeneity amongst studies and by the presence of co-interventions. There was no evidence that prolotherapy injections alone were more effective than control injections alone. However, in the presence of co-interventions, prolotherapy injections were more effective than control injections, more so when both injections and co-interventions were controlled concurrently.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Inala Health Centre General Practice, 64 Wirraway Pde, Inala, Queensland, Australia, 4077.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yelland
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirozzo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schoene
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vercoe
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005990:Glycerol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008022:Ligaments / Q000187:drug effects*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019800:Phenol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D019800:Phenol; D008012:Lidocaine; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol