title: Developmental pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nizatidine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the impact of development on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nizatidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (age range, 5 days-18 years) and adults (age range, 18-50 years) were enrolled in four open-label trials. Nizatidine formulation and dose were determined by age: infants received 2 or 4 mg/kg i.v., children 2.5 or 5 mg/kg in one of three oral liquid formulations, and adolescents and adults received a fixed 150-mg capsule. Nizatidine and N-desmethylnizatidine concentrations were measured in serial post-dose plasma samples by a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with mass spectrometric detection. Intragastric pH was recorded during a 24-hour post-dose interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on 93 subjects were combined with previous values from 36 individuals to cover an age group not adequately captured and to control for formulation effects. Dose-normalized exposure estimates revealed no apparent age dependence; however, maximum plasma concentration (298.5 +/- 100.7 v 552.8 +/- 152.4 ng/mL per mg/kg dose) and AUC0-infinity (954.4 +/- 379.8 v 1,573.0 +/- 347.4 ng*hour/mL per mg/kg dose) were reduced in extemporaneous formulations in apple juice. The apparent modest age dependence observed for total body clearance (Cl/F) (r = 0.365) and Vss/F (r = 0.221) reflected a formulation-dependent decrease in bioavailability rather than a true age effect. The age-associated changes in lambda z observed for nizatidine and its metabolite were predictable and consistent with developmental acquisition of renal function. Mean and median pH, as well as fraction of time that the dosing interval remained above target pH values, were significantly greater with administration of the drug than without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biodisposition of nizatidine in children and adults is similar; however, response after a comparable weight-based dose is equal and potentially greater in children.
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
authors.forename: Franklin K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staiano
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Vasundhara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tolia
authors.forename: Harland
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Ginette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gauthier-Dubois
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kearns
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D016567:Nizatidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D016567:Nizatidine