title: An overview of gibberellin metabolism enzyme genes and their related mutants in rice.
abstract: To enhance our understanding of GA metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa), we intensively screened and identified 29 candidate genes encoding the following GA metabolic enzymes using all available rice DNA databases: ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS), ent-kaurene synthase (KS), ent-kaurene oxidase (KO), ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), GA 20-oxidase (GA20ox), GA 3-oxidase (GA3ox), and GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox). In contrast to the Arabidopsis genome, multiple CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were identified in the rice genome, most of which are contiguously arranged. We also identified 18 GA-deficient rice mutants at six different loci from rice mutant collections. Based on the mutant and expression analyses, we demonstrated that the enzymes catalyzing the early steps in the GA biosynthetic pathway (i.e. CPS, KS, KO, and KAO) are mainly encoded by single genes, while those for later steps (i.e. GA20ox, GA3ox, and GA2ox) are encoded by gene families. The remaining CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of diterpene phytoalexins rather than GAs because the expression of two CPS-like and three KS-like genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, OsKS7, and OsKS8) were increased by UV irradiation, and four of these genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, and OsKS7) were also induced by an elicitor treatment.
authors.affiliation: Field Production Science Center, University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Koutarou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueguchi-Tanaka
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Ganesh K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyao
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirochika
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashikari
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004798:Enzymes; D005875:Gibberellins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010105:Oxygenases; C089210:gibberellin, 2-oxoglutarate-oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, oxidizing); C499575:AtGA2ox7 protein, Arabidopsis; C499576:AtGA2ox8 protein, Arabidopsis; C121463:gibberellin 2-dioxygenase; C066398:ent-kaurene oxidase; C423619:ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase; C108186:gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C090963:ent-kaurene synthetase A; C105712:ent-kaurene synthetase B