title: Impact of gas bubbles generated during interstitial ablation on elastographic depiction of in vitro thermal lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Artifacts from gas bubble formation during radio frequency ablation along with the poor intrinsic contrast between normal and treated regions (zone of necrosis) are considerable problems for the visualization of the necrotic region on conventional sonography. Sonographic elastography is very effective for visualizing the zone of necrosis, but it uses the same echo signals to estimate strain as those used to form gray scale images. Thus, the impact of gas bubbles on strain images or elastograms must be investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radio frequency ablation was performed in vitro on liver tissue samples, approximately 40 x 40 x 20 mm, encased in 80-mm cubed gelatin phantoms. Elastograms generated at different instants during the ablation procedures were obtained on a real-time scanner with a 5-MHz linear array. Sequences of elastograms illustrate the growth of the thermal lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Degradation of the distal boundary of the thermal lesion was observed. The degradation was confined to the lower-fifth quadrant of the thermal lesion. However, accurate estimates of lesion areas could still be obtained by extrapolation of the thermal lesion boundary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elastograms of thermal lesions in vitro can be obtained during radio frequency ablation. Some loss of thermal lesion boundary information on strain images was observed in regions where attenuation due to gas bubbles reduced the signal-noise ratio of the echo signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. tvarghese@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Tomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Udomchai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Techavipoo
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zagzebski
authors.forename: Fred T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004285:Dogs; D004548:Elasticity; D005740:Gases; D005780:Gelatin; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009336:Necrosis; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D005780:Gelatin