title: Pro-hepcidin: expression and cell specific localisation in the liver and its regulation in hereditary haemochromatosis, chronic renal insufficiency, and renal anaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin, which has recently been isolated from human plasma and urine, is thought to be a central regulator of iron homeostasis. We investigated the presence and cellular localisation of hepcidin in the liver and developed a non-invasive assay to analyse its regulation in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), and renal anaemia (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression and localisation of hepcidin was shown by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence in human and guinea pig liver. Serum concentrations were determined in various groups of patients using a sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis with region specific antibodies identified a approximately 10 kDa peptide corresponding to the apparent molecular mass of pro-hepcidin. Localisation studies revealed that pro-hepcidin is expressed at the basolateral membrane domain of hepatocytes and is also present in blood. We developed a stable sensitive ELISA for detection and determination of pro-hepcidin in human serum. Mean pro-hepcidin level in human serum of healthy volunteers was 106.2 ng/ml. Enhanced levels of pro-hepcidin (148.1 ng/ml) were found in patients with CRI but normal haemoglobin values, indicating that the kidneys may metabolise and/or eliminate the circulating hormone. In contrast, concentrations of pro-hepcidin were significantly decreased in patients with HH (70.2 ng/ml) and also in patients with RA (115.0 ng/ml) compared with the CRI group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the detection of pro-hepcidin in human serum, we conclude that the prohormone may be involved in the regulation of iron metabolism in HH. Decreased pro-hepcidin levels could play an important role in the pathogenesis of HH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Hasan_Kulaksiz@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kulaksiz
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gehrke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janetzko
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruckner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kallinowski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stremmel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D015870:Gene Expression; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D064451:Hepcidins; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; C578702:HAMP protein, human; D064451:Hepcidins