title: Self-reported psychopathology in polydrug users.
abstract: There is a large body of work investigating concurrent associations between polysubstance use and psychopathology, but much of this work has either pre-dated or failed to account for the complex and culturally specific patterns of contemporary drug use. In particular, attendees of dance music events report a greater drug history than their peers and engage in a unique lifestyle. To further investigate the consequences of this type of drug use, 100 subjects who regularly attended dance music events were administered a battery of self-report psychiatric symptom scales. This battery contained the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Padua Inventory Revised and additional questions about substance use. Our study population included abstainers and drug users with a wide history of use. We demonstrated strong associations between use of many different drugs, suggesting that polydrug use is the norm in this type of population. We found weak, but statistically significant, correlations between use of alcohol (p < 0.05), amphetamine (p < 0.01) and ecstasy (p < 0.01) with self-reported score on the BAI. There were also positive associations between dissociative symptomatology and the use of amphetamine (p < 0.05) and cocaine (p < 0.05). Furthermore, weekly unit intake of alcohol positively correlated with score on the CES-D (p < 0.05). As polydrug use was the norm in this sample, we performed regression analysis to investigate the contribution of multiple drug use on self-report. This showed that weekly use of alcohol, and frequency of use of amyl nitrate and cigarettes were significant predictors of BAI score. However, the majority of subjects reported being unworried by these symptoms, which may represent a lack of self-awareness, or acceptance of them as the subacute effects of substance use. It remains to be determined at what point adverse effects of drug use begin to interfere with day-to-day life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sumnall
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs