title: Isoflurane produces delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: role of cyclooxygenase-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether volatile anesthetics produce a second window of preconditioning is unclear. The authors tested the hypothesis that isoflurane causes delayed preconditioning against infarction and, further, that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mediates this beneficial effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits (n = 43) were randomly assigned to receive 0.9% intravenous saline, the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (3 mg/kg intraperitoneal) five times over 2 days before coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, or isoflurane (1.0 minimum alveolar concentration) 24 h before acute experimentation in the absence or presence of celecoxib pretreatment. Two additional groups of rabbits received a single dose of celecoxib either 30 min before or 21.5 h after administration of isoflurane. Rabbits were then instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics and underwent 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium staining. Western immunoblotting to examine COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression was performed in rabbit hearts that had or had not been exposed to isoflurane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) reduced infarct size (22 +/- 3% of the left ventricular area at risk) as compared with control (39 +/- 2%). Celecoxib alone had no effect on infarct size (36 +/- 4%) but abolished isoflurane-induced cardioprotection (36 +/- 4%). A single dose of celecoxib administered 2.5 h before coronary occlusion and reperfusion also abolished the delayed protective effects of isoflurane (36 +/- 4%), but celecoxib given 30 min before exposure to isoflurane had no effect (22 +/- 4%). Isoflurane did not alter COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane produces a second window of preconditioning against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Furthermore, COX-2 is an important mediator of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Krolikowski
authors.forename: Dunbar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alcindor
authors.forename: Phillip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Judy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Warltier
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011817:Rabbits; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D007530:Isoflurane; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib