title: Cranial suture simulator for ultrasound diagnosis of craniosynostosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In evaluating the effectiveness of ultrasound as a screening tool for craniosynostosis it was discovered that sonologists and sonographers needed more experience scanning and visualizing cranial sutures on ultrasound.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create an ultrasound simulator to train radiologists and technologists to locate and recognize patent and fused cranial sutures in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypoechoic appearance of patent sutures was simulated by cutting lines into life-sized plastic doll heads and filling them with a commercial hypoechogenic material. Fused hyperechoic sutures were simulated by not cutting into the hard plastic region of a suture. The simulator's teaching value was evaluated on three radiology residents and three fellows. Subjects performed pre-training scans on unknown simulators, received feedback and an opportunity to scan a training simulator, and then performed post-training scans on random unknown simulators. Accuracy was recorded as percentage of correctly demonstrated sutures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The suture simulator reproduces the sonographic appearance of patent and fused cranial sutures. Accuracy of acquisition, interpretation, and overall diagnosis increased from 64 to 91%, 79 to 91%, 61 to 97%, respectively, between pre and post training scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ultrasound simulator can reproduce the appearance of patent and fused cranial sutures in children and can be used to train radiologists and technologists in the performance of a screening protocol.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, 134 Mary Gates Hall, Seattle, WA 98195-2810, USA. anh-vu.ngo@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Anh-Vu
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Marguerite T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Manrita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: Angelisa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paladin
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Kristy D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D011247:Pregnancy; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal