title: Nitrogen dioxide is not associated with respiratory infection during the first year of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) has been related to respiratory infections in experimental studies but its role remains controversial in general population studies of children. We aim to assess the association between indoor NO(2) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) during the first year of life in a multicentre prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n = 1611) were recruited prior to birth for the Asthma Multicentre Infants Cohort Study (AMICS). Three concurrent cohorts (Ashford, Kent [UK]; Barcelona city, and Menorca Island [Spain]) followed the same research protocol. NO(2) was measured with passive diffusion tubes placed in the living room for 2 weeks when infants were approximately 3 months old. Doctor-diagnosed LRTI during the first year of life (as well as antibiotic use) were measured by questionnaire, and in Ashford validated by the examination of clinical records. In Barcelona, direct measurements using nasopharyngeal lavage and cultures within a continuous surveillance system were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative rates of LRTI (39% in Ashford, 28% in Barcelona, and 45% in Menorca) were unrelated to NO(2) levels (corresponding medians 6, 46, and 12 ppb, respectively) in all three centres (all odds ratios being around 1). Similarly, the rates of LRTI in Barcelona measured with the continuous record showed no association with NO(2) (all rate ratios being below 1). In addition, there was no association between rate of antibiotics courses per year per child (2.4 in Ashford, 1.7 in Barcelona, 0.9 in Menorca) and NO(2) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoor NO(2) at current levels does not seem to be involved in increasing respiratory infections by itself in infants, suggesting that the effects observed in studies on outdoor air are probably due to other copollutants.
authors.affiliation: Unitat Recerca Respiratria i Ambietal, Institut Municipal Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. jsunyer@imim.es
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.forename: Maties
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrent
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Garcia-Algar
authors.forename: Ignasi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Calicó
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Ortiz
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cullinan
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000009:adverse effects; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide