title: Prevalence and clinical predictors of Pneumocystis colonization among HIV-infected men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology and transmission of Pneumocystis are poorly understood. The incidence of colonization, or detection of organisms without signs of disease, has been debated, and risk factors for colonization are largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of Pneumocystis colonization among HIV-infected patients at autopsy and analyze associated clinical variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were selected from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Subjects who died from causes other than Pneumocystis pneumonia and consented to autopsy were included in analysis. DNA was extracted from lung tissue, and nested PCR was performed to detect the presence of Pneumocystis. Clinical data were obtained from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of Pneumocystis colonization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pneumocystis DNA was detected in 42 of 91 (46%) subjects by nested PCR. Clinical variables such as CD4 cell count, use of Pneumocystis prophylaxis or antiretroviral drugs, and history of previous Pneumocystis pneumonia were not related to risk of colonization. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that cigarette smoking was related to an increased risk of colonization [odds ratio (OR), 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-15.6; P = 0.02] and risk also varied by city of residence (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.45; P = 0.002 for living in Los Angeles).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found a high rate of Pneumocystis colonization among HIV-infected patients. We also identified cigarette smoking and city of residence as novel, independent risk factors for colonization. The role of subclinical colonization in disease transmission and the effects of Pneumocystis colonization on the lung require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: Gena
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Groner
authors.forename: Irina P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Lebedeva
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001344:Autopsy; D002947:Cities; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000235:genetics; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase