title: Noncontingent and response-contingent intravenous ethanol attenuates the effect of naltrexone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism by which the opioid antagonist naltrexone suppresses overconsumption of ethanol is unclear. Oral ethanol consumption in humans increases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, and recent studies suggest that naltrexone may reduce ethanol consumption by modifying the HPA-stimulating effects of ethanol. The purpose of this study was to measure in rhesus monkeys the effects of ethanol and naltrexone, alone and in combination, on plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine adult male and female rhesus monkeys with chronic, indwelling intravenous catheters were maintained on tethers that allowed ethanol delivery and blood sampling. In one study, the monkeys received intramuscular injections of saline or 0.32 mg/kg naltrexone followed by noncontingent intravenous bolus infusions of saline or 0.3 to 1.8 g/kg ethanol. In a second study, other monkeys were given intramuscular injections of saline or 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg naltrexone and subsequently responded on levers to receive intravenous saline or ethanol 0.03 g/kg per injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol, delivered either response contingently or noncontingently, did not produce systematic changes in ACTH plasma levels. Naltrexone alone produced increases in plasma ACTH that were attenuated by the subsequent administration of noncontingent or response-contingent ethanol. Naltrexone also produced dose-dependent reductions in intravenous ethanol self-administration. Linear regression analysis indicated that ethanol intake was negatively correlated with the plasma levels of ACTH over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The route of administration may modulate ethanol's effects on HPA activity. Ethanol may attenuate naltrexone's effect on the HPA axis by impairing HPA axis sensitivity to other stimuli. The negative correlation between ethanol intake and ACTH levels supports the notion that naltrexone's effect of increasing HPA axis activity may be related to its ability to suppress ethanol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, USA. willikei@gvsu.edu
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jillian H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Broadbear
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone