title: Meta-analysis of large randomized controlled trials to evaluate the impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since 2002, there have been five major outcome trials of statins reporting findings from more than 47,000 subjects. As individual trial results differed, we performed a meta-analysis to ascertain the effectiveness and safety of statins overall and in subgroups. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of statins on major coronary events and strokes, all-cause mortality and noncardiovascular mortality, and in different subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched for trials published in English. Randomized placebo-controlled statin trials with an average follow up of at least 3 years and at least 100 major coronary events were included. For each trial, the statin used, number and type of subjects, proportion of women, mean age and follow up, baseline and change in lipid profile, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten trials involving 79,494 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Due to heterogeneity, ALLHAT-LLT was excluded from some analyses. Statin therapy reduced major coronary events by 27% (95%CI 23, 30%), stroke by 18% (95%CI 10, 25%) and all-cause mortality by 15% (95%CI 8, 21%). There was a 4% (95%CI -10, 3%) nonsignificant reduction in noncardiovascular mortality. The reduction in major coronary events is independent of gender and presence of hypertension or diabetes. The risk reduction was greater in smokers (P < 0.05). Coronary events were reduced by 23% (95%CI 18, 29%) in pravastatin trials and 29% (95%CI 25, 33%) in five trials using other statins. Pravastatin reduced strokes by 12% (95%CI 1, 21%) whilst other statins reduced strokes by 24% (95%CI 16, 32%) (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statins reduce coronary events, strokes and all-cause mortality without increasing noncoronary mortality. The benefits accrue in men and women, hypertensives and normotensives, diabetics and nondiabetics, and particularly in smokers. Pravastatin appears to have less impact on strokes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. mycheung@hkucc.khu.hk
authors.forename: Bernard M Y
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lauder
authors.forename: Chu-Pak
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Cyrus R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kumana
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017035:Pravastatin