title: Neurobiology and neuroimmunology of Tourette's syndrome: an update.
abstract: Tourette's syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of both multiple motor and vocal tics. While the pathogenesis at a molecular and cellular level remains unknown, structural and functional neuroimaging studies point to the involvement of the basal ganglia and related cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits as the neuroanatomical site for Tourette's syndrome. Moreover, Tourette's syndrome has a strong genetic component, and considerable progress has been made in understanding the mode of transmission and in identifying potential genomic loci. Summaries of recent findings in these areas will be reviewed, followed by a critical overview of findings both supporting and challenging the proposed autoimmune hypothesis of Tourette's syndrome. We conclude that Tourette's syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and that immune factors may indeed be involved in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. pieter.hoekstra@kjpnn.nl
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Limburg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Minderaa
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D011600:Psychopharmacology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents