title: Contrast and glare testing in keratoconus and after penetrating keratoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the performance of keratoconus, penetrating keratoplasty (PK), and control subjects on clinical tests of contrast and glare vision, to determine whether differences in vision were independent of visual acuity (VA), and thereby establish which vision tests are the most useful for outcome studies of PK for keratoconus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All PK subjects had keratoconus before grafting and no subjects had any other eye disease. The keratoconus (n = 11, age 35.0 (SD 11.1) years), forme fruste keratoconus (n = 6, 33.0 (13.0)), PK (n = 21, 41.2 (7.9)), and control (n = 24, 33.7 (8.6)) groups were similar in age. Vision testing, conducted with optimal refractive correction in place, included low contrast visual acuity (LCVA) and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity (PRCS) both with and without glare, as well as VA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal subjects saw better than PK subjects who in turn saw better than keratoconus subjects on all raw measures. However, when adjusted for VA, the normal group only saw significantly better than the keratoconus group on LCVA (low contrast loss 0.05 (0.04) v 0.15 (0.12), F(2,48) = 6.16; p<0.01, post hoc Sheffé p<0.05), and the decrements to glare were no worse than for normals. The forme fruste keratoconus group were indistinguishable from normals on all measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PK subjects have superior vision to keratoconus subjects, but not as good as normal subjects. Including mild keratoconus subjects within a keratoconus group could confound these differences in vision. While VA is an excellent test for comparing normal, keratoconus and PK groups, additional information can be provided by LCVA and PRCS, but not by glare testing. Outcomes research into keratoconus management should include a measure in the contrast domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia. Pesudovs@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pesudovs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schoneveld
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Coster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D019466:Glare; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity