title: Improvement of pain treatment after major abdominal surgery by intravenous S+-ketamine.
abstract: The use of intraoperative racemic ketamine for pain prevention after abdominal surgery is controversial. We compared one preincisional i.v. injection of S(+)-ketamine with its preincisional and repeated intraoperative use in 45 patients undergoing surgery with epidural and general anesthesia. S(+)-ketamine is a new drug formulation that contains the more potent S(+)-stereoisomer of ketamine. Patients were randomized to receive placebo, 0.5 mg/kg preincisional S(+)ketamine, or 0.5 mg/kg preincisional and 0.2 mg/kg intraoperative S(+)-ketamine repeated at 20-min intervals. In the postoperative period, epidural ropivacaine (2 mg/mL; 0.12 mL.kg(-1).h(-1)) was infused for pain therapy. Patients who received repeated S(+)-ketamine reported smaller pain scores than those who received placebo after awakening and 3 and 6 h later (P < or = 0.05). Fewer patients with repeated S(+)-ketamine required additional analgesics than those with placebo (P < or = 0.05). Cumulative consumption of additional diclofenac and dextropropoxyphene at 24 h was less after single (P < 0.05) and repeated (P < 0.05) S(+)-ketamine versus placebo. After awakening, patients who received repeated S(+)-ketamine reported being in a better mood than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). No psychotomimetic side effects were noted. In conclusion, preincisional and repeated intraoperative small-dose S(+)-ketamine added to general and epidural anesthesia causes better postoperative pain relief than general and epidural anesthesia alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After major visceral surgery, preincisional and repeated intraoperative small-dose S(+)-ketamine added to general and epidural anesthesia causes better postoperative pain relief than general and epidural anesthesia alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. papaziog@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Argiriadou
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Himmelseher
authors.forename: Pinelopi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papagiannopoulou
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kanakoudis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giala
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kochs
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D004008:Diclofenac; D007649:Ketamine; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene