title: Acute and chronic toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following brief or continuous exposure.
abstract: Fathead minnow larvae (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) during brief (single pulse) or continuous exposure in 96-h and 30-day toxicity tests. The continuous exposure 96-h LC(50) value was 7.1 microg litre(-1). Brief exposures for 12 to 72-h gave 96-h LC(50) values that ranged from 61.8 to 6.0 microg litre(-1), respectively. The continuous exposure 30-day chronic effect concentration, based upon reduced growth, was 0.23 microg litre. Survival was significantly reduced at 2.0 microg litre(-1). Brief exposures for 24, 48, and 72-h in 30-day tests significantly reduced survival and growth at 13.0, 13.0 and 60.0 microg litre(-1) respectively. It is suggested that both toxicant concentration and exposure duration are important factors to consider in the risk assessment of potential pesticide hazards in the environment.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Jarvinen
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Knuth