title: Left ventricular mass monitoring in the follow-up of dialysis patients: prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the setting of a well-planned intervention study has been associated with longer survival in hemodialysis patients. Whether changes in left ventricular mass (LVM) in clinical practice predict survival and cardiovascular events in these patients is still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study in 161 hemodialysis patients we tested the prognostic value of changes in LVM on survival and incident cardiovascular events. Echocardiography was performed twice, 18 +/- 2 SD months apart. Changes in LVM occurring between the first and the second echocardiographic study were then used to predict mortality and cardiovascular events during the ensuing 29 +/- 13 months. The prognostic value of LVM changes was tested in a multivariate Cox's model with LVM index (LVMI) [expressed as LVM/height(2.71)], included as a covariate to control for regression to the mean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of increase of LVMI was significantly (P= 0.029) higher in patients with incident cardiovascular events than in those without such events. Accordingly, cardiovascular event-free survival in patients with changes in LVMI below the 25th percentile was significantly (P= 0.004) higher than in those with changes above the 75th percentile. In a multiple Cox regression analysis, including age, diabetes, smoking, homocysteine, 1 g/m(2.7)/month increase in LVMI was associated with a 62% increase in the incident risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events [hazard ratio 1.62 (95% CI 1.13-2.33), P= 0.009].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in LVMI have an independent prognostic value for cardiovascular events and provide scientific support to the use of repeated echocardiographic studies for monitoring cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine-Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy. carmine.zoccali@tin.it
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.forename: Francesco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Benedetto
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripepi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giacone
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stancanelli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cataliotti
authors.forename: Lorenzo S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Malatino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis