title: Dentine hypersensitivity: development and evaluation ofamodel in situ to study tubulepatency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lesions of dentine hypersensitivity have numerous tubules open at the dentine surface as opposed to non-sensitive dentine where tubules are mostly covered by a smear layer. The present two studies were designed to model both states in situ and evaluate the effects of agents on the model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Etched (sensitive) and smeared (non-sensitive) dentine specimens prepared from human third molar teeth were retained in lower buccal acrylic appliances. The results of Study 1 led to the development of a method to ensure tubules were sectioned at right angles. Study 1 was a 5-day period, seven treatment regimens randomised, part blind cross over design involving five subjects. Treatments were 2x day application of a desensitising (SA) or non-desensitising toothpastes (F) or chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash with or without drinking orange juice (OJ)(1 l/day). A no treatment group (P) allowed plaque to accumulate. The evaluation of effects was observational by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Study 2 involved 1 subject, 4 treatments applied once and studied after 0, 6, and 12 h by SEM with image analysis. The 12 h groups were studied with and without imbibing water or OJ. Treatments were two desensitising (SA & SC) and one non-desensitising (F) toothpastes and an in office product (DS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1: Treatment SA resulted in occlusion of tubules an outcome little changed by OJ. Treatment P produced a bio-film, which covered the dentine surface. CHX produced some tubule occlusion in three of the five subjects. F+/-OJ and CHX+OJ had little effect and tubules remained open. For smeared specimens toothpastes and OJ removed the smear layer but SA+/-OJ blocked tubules. P and CHX had no effect on the smear layer. Study 2: At 0 h, tubule occlusion was in order of magnitude DS>or=SA>SC>F. After 6 and 12 h with SA, SC and F some loss of occlusion occurred but not DS. Water and OJ by 12 h decreased occlusion for SA, SC and particularly F. Water and OJ removed virtually all of DS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aims of Study 1 were achieved and effect of treatments was not inconsistent with data in vitro. The need for more standardisation of specimens was appreciated and applied in Study 2 to allow image analysis to quantitatively record data. Further use of the model in randomised controlled clinical trials is envisaged.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addy
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001628:Beverages; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003807:Dentin Sensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016369:Smear Layer; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009067:Mouthwashes; D014100:Toothpastes; D002710:Chlorhexidine