title: Screening for microtubule-disrupting antifungal agents by using a mitotic-arrest mutant of Aspergillus nidulans and novel action of phenylalanine derivatives accompanying tubulin loss.
abstract: The microtubule, which is one of the major targets of anthelmintics, anticancer drugs, and fungicides, is composed mainly of alpha- and beta-tubulins. We focused on a unique characteristic of an Aspergillus nidulans benA33 mutant to screen for microtubule-disrupting antifungal agents. This mutant, which has a beta-tubulin with a mutation of a single amino acid, undergoes mitotic arrest due to the formation of hyperstable microtubules at 37 degrees C. The heat sensitivity of the mutant is remedied by some antimicrotubule agents. We found that an agar plate assay with the mutant was able to distinguish three types of microtubule inhibitors. The growth recovery zones of the mutant were formed around paper disks containing microtubule inhibitors, including four benzimidazoles, ansamitocin P-3, griseofulvin, and rhizoxin, on the agar plate at 37 degrees C. Nocodazole, thiabendazole, and griseofulvin reversed the mitotic arrest of the mutant and promoted its hyphal growth. Ansamitocin P-3 and rhizoxin showed growth recovery zones around the growth-inhibitory zones. Benomyl and carbendazim also reversed mitotic arrest but produced weaker growth recovery than the aforementioned drugs. Other microtubule inhibitors, such as colchicine, Colcemid, paclitaxel, podophyllotoxin, TN-16, vinblastine, and vincristine, as well as some cytoskeletal inhibitors tested, did not show such activity. In our screening, we newly identified two mycotoxins, citrinin and patulin, two sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial and warburganal, and four phenylalanine derivatives, arphamenine A, L-2,5-dihydrophenylalanine (DHPA), N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone, and N-carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. In a wild-type strain of A. nidulans, DHPA caused selective losses of microtubules, as determined by fluorescence microscopy, and of both alpha- and beta-tubulins, as determined by Western blot analysis. This screening method involving the benA33 mutant of A. nidulans is useful, convenient, and highly selective. The phenylalanine derivatives tested are of a novel type of microtubule-disrupting antifungal agents, producing an accompanying loss of tubulins, and are different from well-known tubulin inhibitors affecting the assembly of tubulin dimers into microtubules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio- and Geoscience, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiso
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001233:Aspergillus nidulans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008940:Mitotic Index; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D010078:Oxazines; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010078:Oxazines; D014404:Tubulin; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; D010649:Phenylalanine; C016391:9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine; D000225:Adenine; D015739:Nocodazole