title: The cost of HIV/AIDS to businesses in southern Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on the potential costs of HIV/AIDS to the private sector is needed if companies are to be given a financial incentive to invest in prevention and treatment interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost of HIV/AIDS to businesses in southern Africa using company-specific data on employees, costs, and HIV prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Six formal sector enterprises in South Africa and Botswana provided detailed human resource, financial, and medical data and carried out voluntary, anonymous HIV seroprevalence surveys. The present value of incident HIV infections with a 9-year median survival and 7% real discount rate was estimated. Costs included were sick leave; productivity loss; supervisory time; retirement, death, disability, and medical benefits; and recruitment and training of replacement workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV prevalence in the workforces studied ranged from 7.9 to 25.0%. HIV/AIDS among employees added 0.4-5.9% to the companies' annual salary and wage bills. The present value of an incident HIV infection ranged from 0.5 to 3.6 times the annual salary of the affected worker. Costs varied widely across firms and among job levels within firms. Key reasons for the differences included HIV prevalence, levels and stability of employee benefits, and the contractual status of unskilled workers. Some costs were omitted from the analysis because of lack of data, and results should be regarded as quite conservative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AIDS is causing labor costs for businesses in southern Africa to rise and threatens the competitiveness of African industry. Research on the effectiveness of workplace interventions is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thea
authors.forename: Jonathon L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D001902:Botswana; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D013019:South Africa