title: Premenopausal sexual dimorphism in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether sexual dimorphism in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood culture is related to menopausal status or hormone concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers (72 premenopausal female, 159 male, and 62 postmenopausal female) completed questionnaires and gave peripheral blood specimens for whole blood LPS-stimulated TNF assay and for selected hormone levels. TNFab microsatellite markers were genotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean LPS-stimulated TNF level in the premenopausal female group was 18% lower than the postmenopausal female mean (1579 +/- 913 pg/ml compared with 2257 +/- 881 in the men and 1965 +/- 950 in the postmenopausal women; p < 0.0003 and p 0.058, respectively). Analyzing a subset for which blood counts were obtained, mean stimulated TNF per monocyte was lower in the premenopausal female group than in the postmenopausal female group and appeared lower than in the male group (2.67 +/- 1.96 pg/ml per 10(3) monocytes vs 4.44 +/- 2.16 and 3.60 +/- 1.40; p = 0.018 and p = 0.12, respectively). Total plasma cortisol was higher in premenopausal women than men, and, in turn, higher in men than postmenopausal women (mean +/- SD 16.1 +/- 5.7, 12.2 +/- 3.6, and 10.4 +/- 4.3 microg/dl, respectively; p < 0.05 for each comparison). Using multiple linear regression to correct for covariates and TNF allelic effects, premenopausal status predicted TNF level independently from potential confounders or TNF genetic markers (covariate-adjusted decrement of 408 pg/ml; p = 0.0241). In the male group, total cortisol predicted lower TNF level (coefficient -67.5 pg/ml for each microg/dl cortisol; p = 0.0006 after stepwise selection), but total testosterone had no effect. In premenopausal women, LPS-stimulated TNF was not related to total estradiol, testosterone, or cortisol level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premenopausal women had a lower mean whole blood LPS-stimulated TNF level than postmenopausal women, but there was no significant relation to total estradiol, testosterone, or cortisol levels in premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Section, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, and Division of Rheumatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0263, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moxley
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Eloise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006854:Hydrocortisone