Panic disorder and pain in a national sample of persons living with HIV.
Research to date has focused on depression and co-existing pain in HIV with relatively little attention devoted to the study of anxiety disorders and concurrent pain. We therefore examined the relationships among panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and pain in a US national sample of persons with HIV, controlling for key sociodemographic and clinical variables, including HIV disease status. The study sample comprised 1489 HIV+ individuals (representing 219 667 persons). In multivariate analyses, panic disorder showed a strong association with pain ( beta= -15.70; 99% confidence interval [CI]=-21.33 to -10.08; P<0.001, which was significantly greater than PTSD (P=0.002) but only marginally greater than major depression (P=0.002). Longitudinal analyses of the three psychological disorders revealed that increasing pain from baseline to follow-up (an approximately 6-month period) was associated with panic disorder only (relative risk ratio=2.18, 99% CI=1.02-4.69; P<0.01), after controlling for baseline pain scores, baseline HIV disease status and change in disease stage across time. We discuss specific mechanisms by which clinical anxiety and chronic pain may be mutually maintained in HIV+ individuals. Our findings suggest that panic disorder, as well as PTSD and major depression are associated with greater pain in HIV patients.
Tsao
Jennie C I
JC
Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10940 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 1450, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. jtsao@ufl.edu
Dobalian
Aram
A
Naliboff
Bruce D
BD
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications