The role of glycosphingolipids in HIV signaling, entry and pathogenesis.
Although HIV uses CD4 and coreceptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) for productive infection of T cells, glycosphingolipids (GSL) may play ancillary roles in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Interactions of the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein (Env) with GSL may help HIV in various steps of its pathogenesis. Physical-chemical aspects of the interactions between HIV Env and GSL leading to CD4-dependent entry into lymphocytes, the role of GSL in HIV transcytosis, and CD4-independent entry into non-lymphoid cells are reviewed. An overview of signaling properties of HIV receptors is provided with some speculation on how GSL may play a role in these events by virtue of being in membrane rafts. Finally, we summarize how interactions between HIV and coreceptors leading to signaling and/or fusion can be analyzed by the use of various tyrosine kinase and cytoskeletal inhibitors.
Viard
Mathias
M
Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
Parolini
Isabella
I
Rawat
Satinder S
SS
Fecchi
Katia
K
Sargiacomo
Massimo
M
Puri
Anu
A
Blumenthal
Robert
R
D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006678:HIV / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D015704:CD4 Antigens; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D015728:Receptors, HIV