title: Reduced pericardial levels of endostatin correlate with collateral development in patients with ischemic heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether pericardial levels of a pro-angiogenic factor (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or an anti-angiogenic factor (endostatin) related to the presence of coronary collateral circulation in patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Coronary collateralization favorably alters the prognosis of patients with occlusive CAD. The specific factors that mediate and maintain collateral formation in coronary vessel occlusion are yet to be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary angiograms from 39 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were evaluated for the absence of collaterals (n = 20) or the presence of Rentrop classification grade 3 collaterals (n = 19). Pericardial fluid samples were obtained at the time of surgery and were assayed for the VEGF and endostatin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay comparing the two groups of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were not significantly different between the groups (28.86 +/- 4.67 pg/ml vs. 24.39 +/- 3.08 pg/ml, p = 0.43). However, pericardial fluid endostatin levels were nearly 40% lower in patients with grade 3 collateralization compared with those lacking angiographic evidence of collaterals (15.17 +/- 1.87 ng/ml vs. 24.25 +/- 2.08 ng/ml, p < 0.0025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pericardial fluid levels of endostatin, but not VEGF, are associated with the presence or absence of collaterals in patients with CAD. These data suggest that the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin levels may locally modulate coronary collateral formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Vipul R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Panchal
authors.forename: Jalees
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Anne T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Turrentine
authors.forename: Yousuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: March
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D043169:Endostatins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D043169:Endostatins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A