title: Reducing hemostatic activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: a combined approach.
abstract: Interventions such as heparin-coated circuits, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and reduced shed blood reinfusion have shown mixed results when applied individually for limiting hemostatic activation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We compared coagulation and fibrinolytic activation during conventional CPB (control) (CTRL) using noncoated circuits, no antifibrinolytics, and open cardiotomy with a combined strategy (HAC) that used heparin-coated circuits, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and closed cardiotomy. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after CPB for primary coronary bypass grafting surgery from 9 CTRL patients and 10 HAC patients. Thrombin-antithrombin complex and fibrinopeptide A levels (markers of thrombin and fibrin generation) were reduced in the HAC versus CTRL group after 30 min of CPB (P < 0.05). Average tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels were significantly lower in the HAC group by 30 min on CPB (P < 0.05), resulting in preservation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 during CPB (P < 0.05). D-Dimer, a measure of intravascular fibrin formation and removal, was reduced in the HAC group during and after CPB (P < 0.005). Overall, the combined strategy was associated with a reduction in CPB-induced increases in markers of thrombin generation, fibrin formation, tPA release, and fibrin degradation and better preservation of PAI-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined approach during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) that uses heparin-coated circuits, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and limited reinfusion of shed pericardial blood is associated with reduced activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems that typically occurs during conventional CPB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98105, USA. michael.eisses@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eisses
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Aldea
authors.forename: Wayne L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D013917:Thrombin / Q000032:analysis; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D005337:Fibrin; D006493:Heparin; D013917:Thrombin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid