title: Deletion of the TWIST gene in a large five-generation family.
abstract: In this article, we describe a large five-generation family with characteristics of the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome as well as of the blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome. Segregating with their phenotype is a deletion of the chromosome 7p21 TWIST gene locus. The TWIST gene indeed is involved in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, a craniosynostosis syndrome further characterized by specific facial and limb abnormalities. However, only two members of our family exhibited craniosynostosis. This report demonstrates that the genetics of craniofacial anomalies are less straightforward than they sometimes appear to be. Not only craniosynostosis, but also subtle facial deformities could be indicative of an abnormality of the TWIST gene. In conclusion, the clinical spectrum of genetic abnormalities of the TWIST gene is highly variable. We therefore recommend that genetic analysis of the TWIST gene locus, including fluorescence in situ hybridization, should be considered in familial cases of facial and eyelid abnormalities without the presence of craniosynostosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. i.deheer@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: De Heer
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hoogeboom
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Eussen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vaandrager
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Klein
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D005191:Family Characteristics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C103173:TWIST1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1