title: Risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational 7-day study in 5 university general hospitals. Sixty-four patients (62.5% male [N = 40]; mean age: 67.3 +/- 11.4 years) hospitalized due to a medical condition who met criteria for delirium according to DSM-IV were enrolled in the study. Fifty-six patients received 7 days of treatment or less, while 8 patients continued treatment for more than 7 days. Effectiveness was assessed using the Trzepacz Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), the positive subscale of the PANSS (PANSS-P), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI). Safety assessment included the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale. Risperidone was administered at the time of diagnosis, and treatment was maintained according to clinical response. Response to treatment was defined as a reduction in DRS score to below 13 within the first 72 hours. Data were gathered from April to December 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risperidone (mean dose = 2.6 +/- 1.7 mg/day at day 3) was effective in 90.6% (58/64) of the patients and significantly improved all symptoms measured by the scales from baseline to day 7 (mean scores: DRS, 22.5 +/- 4.6 at baseline to 6.8 +/- 7.0 at day 7; PANSS-P, 21.5 +/- 8.8 to 10.1 +/- 7.3; MMSE, 13.1 +/- 10.9 to 26.4 +/- 8.9; and CGI, 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 1.9 +/- 1.2) (Friedman test, p <.001 in all cases). Two patients (3.1%) experienced adverse events, but none showed extrapyramidal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose risperidone proved to be a safe and effective drug in the treatment of symptoms of delirium in medically hospitalized patients. These data provide the rationale for a prospective randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Clinic Institute, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, C/Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. EPARELLA@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parellada
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Pablo
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone