title: Tamoxifen induces suppression of cell viability and apoptosis in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 via down-regulation of telomerase activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antiproliferative action of tamoxifen in the estrogen receptor-alpha-negative human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  HepG2 cells, seeded at different densities (4000-36 000 cells/cm(2)), were incubated with tamoxifen (1, 10, or 20 microM) or the telomerase inhibitor 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) (0.6-3.0 mM) up to 72 h. Cell viability was assessed (MTT-test), flow cytometric analysis was performed, and telomerase activity was measured (telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten or 20 microM tamoxifen induced a reduction of cell viability. Basically reduction of viability was related to an increase in the fraction of G0/1-phase. When tamoxifen was present at higher concentration (20 microM) or at low cell density (4000/cm(2)) an additional increase of the rate of apoptotic cells occurred with a delay, aggravating the effect of tamoxifen on cell viability substantially. When apoptosis was induced a significant suppression of telomerase activity preceded regularly. Direct inhibition of telomerase activity with AZT resulted in a decrease of cell viability and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tamoxifen-induced reduction of cell viability in HepG2 cells depends on drug concentration and cell density and is due to cytostatic and cytocide effects. The latter may be mediated by a down-regulation of telomerase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. sebastian.brandt@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Klaus-Dieter
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grote
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013629:Tamoxifen; D015215:Zidovudine; D019098:Telomerase