title: Is maintenance of cerebral hypothermia the principal mechanism by which retrograde cerebral perfusion provides better brain protection than hypothermic circulatory arrest? A study in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) provides better brain protection than hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) alone. The mechanism by which RCP improves brain protection during circulatory arrest remains unknown. The purpose of the study in pigs was to determine if RCP improves brain protection mainly as a result of its ability to maintain cerebral hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen pigs were subjected to 120 minutes of HCA alone (HCA group, n = 5), HCA + RCP at perfusion pressures of 23 to 29 mmHg (RCP-low group, n = 5), or at perfusion pressures of 34-40 mmHg (RCP-high group, n = 5) at 15 degrees C, followed by 60 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). After brain temperature reached 15 degrees C, HCA was initiated with or without RCP. Temperatures in the brain, esophagus, and perfusate/blood were monitored continuously. Brain tissue blood flow was measured continuously using a laser flowmeter. Brain oxygen extraction was calculated from the oxygen contents in arterial and venous blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During cooling and rewarming, the change in temperature was slower in the brain than in the esophagus. A similar degree of spontaneous rewarming (from 15 degrees C to 17/18 degrees C) occurred in the brain during HCA and RCP. This indicates that RCP does not provide better maintenance of cerebral hypothermia during circulatory arrest than HCA alone. The esophageal temperature rose more slowly during RCP than during HCA alone, indicating that RCP maintains better hypothermia in the body. During RCP, the brain extracted oxygen continuously from the blood, indicating that RCP may provide nutrient flow to the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an acute pig model, maintenance of cerebral hypothermia does not appear to be the principal mechanism by which RCP provides better brain protection than HCA alone. Retrograde cerebral perfusion provides nutrient flow/oxygen to brain tissue, leading to better brain protection than HCA alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Luojia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine