title: Search for poliovirus carriers among people with primary immune deficiency diseases in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the rate of long-term poliovirus excretors in people known to have B-cell immune deficiency disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  An active search for chronic excretors was conducted among 306 persons known to have immunoglobulin G (IgG) deficiency in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, and 40 people with IgA deficiency in the United States. Written informed consent or assent was obtained from the participants or their legal guardians, and the studies were formally approved. Stool samples were collected from participants and cultured for polioviruses. Calculation of the confidence interval for the proportion of participants with persistent poliovirus excretion was based on the binomial distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No individuals with long-term excretion of polioviruses were identified. Most participants had received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and almost all had been exposed to household contacts who had received OPV. Polioviruses of recent vaccine origin were transiently found in four individuals in Mexico and Brazil, where OPV is recommended for all children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although chronic poliovirus excretion can occur in immunodeficient persons, it appears to be rare.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vaccine Safety, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Neal A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Halsey
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Rosales
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Faure-Fontenla
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Aamir J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: Glynis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asturias
authors.forename: Hamidah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pallansch
authors.forename: Olen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkelstein
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000150:complications; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000150:complications; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017098:IgA Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D017099:IgG Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000635:transmission; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral