title: Calcium channels are involved in calcium oxalate crystal formation in specialized cells of Pistia stratiotes L.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pistia stratiotes produces large amounts of calcium (Ca) oxalate crystals in specialized cells called crystal idioblasts. The potential involvement of Ca(2+) channels in Ca oxalate crystal formation by crystal idioblasts was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomical, ultrastructural and physiological analyses were used on plants, fresh or fixed tissues, or protoplasts. Ca(2+) uptake by protoplasts was measured with (45)Ca(2+), and the effect of Ca(2+) channel blockers studied in intact plants. Labelled Ca(2+) channel blockers and a channel protein antibody were used to determine if Ca(2+) channels were associated with crystal idioblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (45)Ca(2+) uptake was more than two orders of magnitude greater for crystal idioblast protoplasts than mesophyll protoplasts, and idioblast number increased when medium Ca was increased. Plants grown on media containing 1-50 microM of the Ca(2+) channel blockers, isradipine, nifedipine or fluspirilene, showed almost complete inhibition of crystal formation. When fresh tissue sections were treated with the fluorescent dihydropyridine-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, DM-Bodipy-DHP, crystal idioblasts were intensely labelled compared with surrounding mesophyll, and the label appeared to be associated with the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum, which is shown to be abundant in idioblasts. An antibody to a mammalian Ca(2+) channel alpha1 subunit recognized a single band in a microsomal protein fraction but not soluble protein fraction on western blots, and it selectively and heavily labelled developing crystal idioblasts in tissue sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that Ca oxalate crystal idioblasts are enriched, relative to mesophyll cells, in dihydropyridine-type Ca(2+) channels and that the activity of these channels is important to transport and accumulation of Ca(2+) required for crystal formation.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
authors.forename: Gayle M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Lenora J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Franceschi
mesh_terms: D029064:Araceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D011523:Protoplasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002129:Calcium Oxalate