title: Expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in human colorectal normal mucosa and neoplastic mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a potent growth factor stimulating lymphangiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the expression of VEGF-C immunohistochemically in neoplastic as well as normal mucosa of colorectal tissues, and evaluated the significance of VEGF-C in colorectal carcinogenesis and as a marker to predict the outcome of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF-C was strongly stained in 70/79 adenomas (89%), but the staining was focal in all cases, and the expression pattern in adenomas was not significantly related to either dysplasia or size of the adenoma. In the 8/8 intramucosal carcinomas within adenomas, both the carcinomatous and adenomatous lesions were stained focally, but in 6 cases (75%), the VEGF-C-positive area was larger in the carcinomatous lesion than in the adenomatous lesion. In most invasive adenocarcinomas, VEGF-C was clearly stained (83/85; 98%), with both a focal (40%) and diffuse (60%) staining pattern. In invasive carcinomas, the expression of VEGF-C was significantly correlated with lymphatic involvement, lymph node metastasis and tumor size, but not with venous involvement or liver metastasis. Survival rate tended to be lower in the high VEGF-C group than in the low group, although statistical significance was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that VEGF-C plays a positive role in lymphatic spread in colorectal carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. kaz-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagawa
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D000236:Adenoma / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3