The critical airway, rescue ventilation, and the combitube: Part 2.
Emergency and unexpected difficult airway management can rapidly deteriorate into a critical airway event (e.g., inadequate mask ventilation, failed tracheal intubation, or cannot ventilate-cannot intubate). Recommended options to resolve a critical airway event include the laryngeal mask airway, the esophageal tracheal Combitube (ETC; Tyco-Healthcare-Nellcor, Pleasanton, Calif), transtracheal jet ventilation, or a surgical airway to avoid potential neurological disability or death. Part 1, which was published in the February 2004 AANA Journal, reviewed use of the ETC in combination with the self-inflating bulb and/or portable carbon dioxide detector as an effective rescue airway system. Important aspects of rescue ventilation, ETC training methods, how to use the ETC, and determining ETC location also were reviewed. Part 2 reviews ETC advantages, contraindications, and reported complications in prehospital, emergency medicine, and anesthesia settings. Safe methods to exchange the ETC for a definitive airway also are described. Major ETC advantages include the following: (1) easy to learn, (2) can be inserted rapidly, (3) effectively secures the airway, (4) provides adequate lung ventilation, (5) minimizes aspiration risks, (6) facilitates application of high ventilatory pressures, and (7) can be exchanged safely for a definitive airway without compromising airway control or protection.
Rich
James M
JM
Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex., USA.
Mason
Andrew M
AM
Bey
Tareg A
TA
Krafft
Peter
P
Frass
Michael
M
D000075202:Contraindications; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome