title: High-dose bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in axillary brachial plexus block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racemic bupivacaine is clinically similar to levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine. The drugs were compared in brachial plexus block for the first time in the same randomized and double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 90 patients scheduled for hand and forearm surgery, a perivascular axillary brachial plexus block was performed with 45 ml of 5 mg ml(-1) of either racemic bupivacaine-HCl, levobupivacaine-HCl, or ropivacaine-HCl. Sensory (cold) and motor (hand clasp, and movement of elbow) block were scored, and the patient was interviewed in the postoperative evening and the following morning. Time to normal function of the arm was registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After similar onsets of sensory block, the sum of completely anaesthetized innervation areas of the four main nerves at 45 min was greater in the ropivacaine group than in the levobupivacaine group (P < 0.01). Simultaneously, complete motor block at the elbow was more frequent in the ropivacaine group (67%) than in the bupivacaine (47%) and levobupivacaine groups (30%) (P < 0.01). In the hand, the corresponding results were 83%, 77%, and 57%, respectively (NS). Two patients in the levobupivacaine and one in the ropivacaine group needed general anaesthesia. Mean duration of the blocks was similar in the bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine groups at 19.3 h, 19.5 h, and 17.3 h, respectively (NS). Two patients were dissatisfied with the long block duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ropivacaine-HCl 5 mg ml(-1) produced slightly better sensory and motor block intensity than the same dose of levobupivacaine-HCl. General success in relation to surgery and in the duration of the blocks was similar in the three groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Liisanantti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luukkonen
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine