title: Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional tests for tuberculous pleuritis have several limitations. A variety of new, rapid tests such as nucleic acid amplification tests--including polymerase chain reaction--have been evaluated in recent times. We conducted a systematic review to determine the accuracy of nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 English and Spanish articles (with 40 studies), identified via searches of six electronic databases, hand searching of selected journals, and contact with authors, experts, and test manufacturers. Sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy were pooled using random effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. Heterogeneity in study results was formally explored using subgroup analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 40 studies included, 26 used in-house ("home-brew") tests, and 14 used commercial tests. Commercial tests had a low overall sensitivity (0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43, 0.77), and high specificity (0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.98). The positive and negative likelihood ratios for commercial tests were 25.4 (95% CI 16.2, 40.0) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.24, 0.67), respectively. All commercial tests had consistently high specificity estimates; the sensitivity estimates, however, were heterogeneous across studies. With the in-house tests, both sensitivity and specificity estimates were significantly heterogeneous. Clinically meaningful summary estimates could not be determined for in-house tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that commercial NAA tests may have a potential role in confirming (ruling in) tuberculous pleuritis. However, these tests have low and variable sensitivity and, therefore, may not be useful in excluding (ruling out) the disease. NAA test results, therefore, cannot replace conventional tests; they need to be interpreted in parallel with clinical findings and results of conventional tests. The accuracy of in-house nucleic acid amplification tests is poorly defined because of heterogeneity in study results. The clinical applicability of in-house NAA tests remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley 140, Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. madhupai@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Madhukar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colford
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D006801:Humans; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D017594:Publication Bias; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic