title: Phosphorylation of PML by mitogen-activated protein kinases plays a key role in arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is a potent growth suppressor and proapototic factor, whereas aberrant fusions of PML and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-alpha are causal agents in human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) treatment induces apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through an incompletely understood mechanism. We report here that As(2)O(3) treatment induces phosphorylation of the PML protein through a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Increased PML phosphorylation is associated with increased sumoylation of PML and increased PML-mediated apoptosis. Conversely, MAP kinase cascade inhibitors, or the introduction of phosphorylation or sumoylation-defective mutations of PML, impair As(2)O(3)-mediated apoptosis by PML. We conclude that phosphorylation by MAP kinase cascades potentiates the antiproliferative functions of PML and helps mediate the proapoptotic effects of As(2)O(3).
authors.affiliation: Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Privalsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000378:metabolism; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D010087:Oxides; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C093476:promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein; C070576:PML protein, human; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide