title: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) is a hospital acquired infection in which optimal methods for diagnosis and the scale of the problem in the community remain to be determined. In hospitalised patients with CDAD, we aimed to (i) study patients in whom the onset of diarrhoea was in the community and (ii) investigate the role of bedside flexible sigmoidoscopy in diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with CDAD (onset in hospital or community) were studied prospectively. In those with diarrhoea of unknown aetiology, flexible sigmoidoscopy was compared with stool assay for C difficile cytotoxin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 136 patients with CDAD (which was associated with antibiotic exposure in 96%), diarrhoea started in the community in 38 (28%; majority in own home) and while an inpatient in 98 (72%). The majority with CDAD onset in the community had been hospitalised over the preceding 12 months (86.8% v 57.1% in the hospital onset group; p<0.001). In 56 patients with pseudomembranous colitis at sigmoidoscopy, the stool C difficile cytotoxin test was negative in 29 (52%) but toxigenic C difficile was isolated from all of nine stool samples cultured. Of patients with pseudomembranous colitis, 30.4% relapsed over the subsequent 57.7(4.2) days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a significant proportion of hospitalised patients with CDAD, diarrhoea started in the community. However, the majority of these had been hospital inpatients previously when they may have acquired C difficile, with the subsequent onset of diarrhoea in the community following exposure to antibiotics. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is superior to the stool C difficile cytotoxin test in a subgroup of patients with pseudomembranous colitis. Sigmoidoscopy should therefore be considered in all hospitalised patients with diarrhoea in whom the stool test for C difficile cytotoxin and enteric pathogens is negative.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Johal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Y R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Mahida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents