title: Treatment modalities among US children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: 1995-99.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of single and combination treatment modalities among US children aged 5-18 years who were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treatments included: (i) stimulant pharmacotherapy alone; (ii) psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling alone; (ii) a combination; or (iv) no treatment. Data from the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 1995-99, were used for this analysis. Office-based physician-patient visits documenting a recorded diagnosis of ADHD (ICD-9-CM codes 314.00 or 314.01) were extracted from the NAMCS. Findings are presented for children diagnosed with ADHD with or without comorbid mental illness, for children diagnosed with ADHD without comorbid mental illness, by gender, and by age groups. Over the timeframe 1995-99, an estimated 14 402 090 office-based visits documented a diagnosis of ADHD, with (24%) or without (76%) comorbid mental illness, among children aged 5-18 years. Overall, the most frequent treatment was stimulant medication alone (42.0%). This was followed by the combination treatment of stimulant medication plus psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling (32.1%). Only 10.8% of the children received psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling alone; 15.1% received no treatment beyond the office-based visit. This pattern was consistent for boys and girls; however, a larger proportion of boys (11.7%) were receiving psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling alone than girls (8.2%). More girls (18.7%) were receiving no treatment option compared to boys (13.9%). The percentage of children receiving psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling alone increased with each age group (6.7%, 5-8 years; 11.3%, 9-12 years; 13.6%, 13-18 years), as did the combination treatment of stimulant medication plus psychotherapy and/or mental health counselling (28.2%, 31%, 37.3%, respectively). Only 8.2% of children age 13-18 years were receiving no treatment option compared to 16.9% of children age 9-12 years, and 19.5% of those aged 5-8 years. The reasons for the gender and age group differences discerned in this study require further investigation, as does the reason why 15.1% of children were receiving no treatment beyond the office-based visit.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6510, USA. lrobison@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sclar
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Skaer
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Galin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants