title: Glucose quantification in dried-down nanoliter samples using mid-infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of minimally invasive glucose concentration measurement of a body fluid within the physiologically important range below 100 nL with a number of samples such as interstitial fluid, plasma, or whole blood using mid-infrared spectroscopy, but starting with preliminary measurements on samples of simple aqueous glucose solutions. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was equipped with a Golden Gate single reflection diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory and a room-temperature pyroelectric detector. As the necessary detection limits can be achieved only for dried samples within the spectrometric conditions realized by a commercial instrument, the work focused on the optimization of such ATR measurements. We achieved quantification of samples with volumes as low as 7 nL between 10 and 600 mg/dL. The standard error of prediction (SEP) for the concentration range 10-100 mg/dL is 3.2 mg/dL with full interval data between 1180 and 940 cm(-1). The performance of the prediction is given by a coefficient of variation of prediction (CV(pred) ) of 6.2%. When all samples within the whole concentration range are included, the SEP increases to 20.2 mg/dL, and hence the CV(pred) to 10.6% due to a nonlinear signal dependence on glucose concentration. A detection limit for glucose of 0.7 ng with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 was obtained.
authors.affiliation: Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Competence Center Biophysics, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany. edgar.diessel@bayertechnology.com
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diessel
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamphaus
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurte
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: H Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Heise
mesh_terms: D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D005947:Glucose