title: [Fluoride toxicity].
abstract: Many years have passed since domestic water fluoridation was adopted to reduce the incidence of caries in developed countries; however, since there is an additional dose of fluorides ingested with foods and drinks prepared with such waters, the problem has emerged of possible adverse effects on health associated to them, so that in some countries fluorine integrator selling is allowed only with preventive medical prescription. Owing to the affinity for calcifited tissues, fluorine has a powerful effect on bone cellular order (mediated by growth factors' upregulation system IGF-2, TGF-beta, PDGF, bFGF, EGF, BMP-2 and PTH), on function and length, since it can provoke chronic joints-pain, ligaments-calcification, osteosclerosis. Moreover, sodium-fluoride may cause adverse effects on testicular activity (connected to oxidative-stress depending on increased activity of peroxidases and catalases) due to inhibition of 2 androgenesis-regulator enzymes DELTA(5)b-HSD and 17beta-HSD. Furthermore, insoluble gut formed calcium-fluoride may be responsible for hypocalcemia inducing a secondary hyperparathyroidism with bone matrix resorption, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and, perhaps, lowered level of phosphorus. At encephalic level, then, high doses of fluorine cause the onset of neurological symptoms and of a decreased spontaneous motor activity due to a reduction in the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies about fluoride toxicity have established that such oligoelement may be safely used at odontoiatric dosages.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Odontostomatologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Corso di Laurea in Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giachini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pierleoni
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D005459:Fluorides