title: Combined external and internal hospital disaster: impact and response in a Houston trauma center intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To increase awareness of specific risks to healthcare systems during a natural or civil disaster. We describe the catastrophic disruption of essential services and the point-by-point response to the crisis in a major medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report, review of the literature, and discussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 28-bed intensive care unit in a level I trauma center in the largest medical center in the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  In June 2001, tropical storm Allison caused >3 feet of rainfall and catastrophic flooding in Houston, TX. Memorial Hermann Hospital, one of only two level I trauma centers in the community, lost electrical power, communications systems, running water, and internal transportation. All essential hospital services were rendered nonfunctional. Life-saving equipment such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and monitors became useless. Patients were triaged to other medical facilities based on acuity using ground and air ambulances. No patients died as result of the internal disaster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate training, teamwork, communication, coordination with other healthcare professionals, and strong leadership are essential during a crisis. Electricity is vital when delivering care in today's healthcare system, which depends on advanced technology. It is imperative that hospitals take the necessary measures to preserve electrical power at all times. Hospitals should have battery-operated internal and external communication systems readily available in the event of a widespread disaster and communication outage. Critical services such as pharmacy, laboratories, blood bank, and central supply rooms should be located at sites more secure than the ground floors, and these services should be prepared for more extensive performances. Contingency plans to maintain protected water supplies and available emergency kits with batteries, flashlights, two-way radios, and a nonelectronic emergency system for patient identification are also very important. Rapid adaptation to unexpected adverse conditions is critical to the successful implementation of any disaster plan.
authors.affiliation: Vivian L. Smith Center for Neurologic Research and the Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology/Critical Care, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA. jlnates@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nates
mesh_terms: D003146:Communications Media; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004190:Disasters; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010360:Patient Transfer; D013781:Texas; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*