title: Structures of HIV-1 RT-DNA complexes before and after incorporation of the anti-AIDS drug tenofovir.
abstract: Tenofovir, also known as PMPA, R-9-(2-(phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine, is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor. We have determined the crystal structures of two related complexes of HIV-1 RT with template primer and tenofovir: (i) a ternary complex at a resolution of 3.0 A of RT crosslinked to a dideoxy-terminated DNA with tenofovir-diphosphate bound as the incoming substrate; and (ii) a RT-DNA complex at a resolution of 3.1 A with tenofovir at the 3' primer terminus. The tenofovir nucleotide in the tenofovir-terminated structure seems to adopt multiple conformations. Some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, including 3TC and AZT, have elements ('handles') that project beyond the corresponding elements on normal dNTPs (the 'substrate envelope'). HIV-1 RT resistance mechanisms to AZT and 3TC take advantage of these handles; tenofovir's structure lacks handles that could protrude through the substrate envelope to cause resistance.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Rutgers University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5638, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuske
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sarafianos
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Naeger
authors.forename: Kirsten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gaffney
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jerina
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D000225:Adenine