title: Thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia via the caudal approach using electrical stimulation guidance in pediatric patients: a review of 289 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nerve stimulation guidance (Tsui test) has been reported to be an effective alternative to radiographic imaging for proper catheter placement. The purpose of this study was to examine the success rate and complications of continuous caudal epidural analgesia since the implementation of routine use of the Tsui test at the authors' institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined prospectively collected data in their pediatric pain service database from 289 children who had attempted caudal placement of a lumbar or thoracic catheter between 1999 and 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five patients (aged 5 months-1.6 yr), the catheter did not thread to the desired level and was abandoned in the operating room (technical success rate, 98.2%). Of the remaining 284 patients, the overall analgesic success rate of all caudal route epidural analgesia procedures was 84.9%. There was no significant difference in adequate pain control (success) in infants (aged 1 day-1 yr) versus older children (aged younger than 1 yr). The most common adverse effects were pruritus (26.1%) and nausea and vomiting (16.9%). Of the patients in our study, 57.7% had urinary catheters in situ; of those who did not have a catheter placed, 20.8% experienced urinary retention. The incidence of respiratory depression was 4.2%, but the administration of naloxone for severe respiratory depression was never necessary. Three percent of catheters were removed because of suspected contamination, but no epidural abscesses or systemic infection were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach using the Tsui test is an effective and reasonable alternative to direct lumbar and thoracic epidural analgesia in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. btsui@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Ban C H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Alese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013909:Thorax