title: Does moderate alcohol use affect health-care costs? A propensity analysis of female health-care workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine differences in health-care costs associated with moderate alcohol consumption among female health-care workers while controlling for other risk factors that may be correlated with alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-randomized, prospective, observational study of health-care costs by female health-care workers in a large managed care organization recruited between 1 January 1998 and 1 July 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and eighty-five female employees, continuously and stably employed by the managed care organization, who received health-care through the affiliated managed care organization. All women completed a health risk appraisal as part of the company's Employee Wellness Plan; 218 women were categorized as moderate drinkers and 467 as abstainers/light drinkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total costs of in-plan and out-of-plan health-care utilization, by type of service, during the 6 month period after completing the health risk survey were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using 218 one-to-one matched pairs of moderate drinkers and abstainers/light drinkers, no significant differences in total, outpatient or inpatient costs were observed during the 6 month observation period. Pharmacy costs were significantly lower for moderate drinkers (-43 dollars, 95% CI = -88.82 dollars to -2.41 dollars), primarily due to differences in costs from anxiolytic (including barbiturates and benzodiazepines), hypnotic and sedative drug fills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings demonstrate the value of risk factor matching when studying the relationship between alcohol use and health-care utilization. The discovery of differential pharmacy utilization raises the possibility that alcohol consumption may reduce the use of prescribed central nervous system depressants.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Health Research Center of the South-west, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA. gmcmillan@bhrcs.org
authors.forename: Garnett P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lapham
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics*; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000191:economics*; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance