title: Multimodality stereotactic approach to the treatment of cystic craniopharyngiomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the therapeutic reliability of a multimodality stereotactic approach (MSA) to cystic craniopharyngiomas (CPs), combining neuroendoscopy, intracavitary bleomycin and gamma knife (GK) radiosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 patients with mono- or multicystic CP (7/8 regrowths/recurrence) underwent stereotactic neuroendoscopy and subsequently treatment with intracavitary bleomycin and GK. They were clinically characterized by hypopituitarism (7 cases), visual impairment (7), endocranial hypertension (7), cognitive and behavioral disturbances (3), and cranial nerve deficits or focal signs (3). Concomitant hydrocephalus was observed in 3/8 patients. According to Backlund's classification, the treated CPs were classified as type A (3 cases), type Cc (4 cases) and type Dc (1 case). In all 8 patients, neuroendoscopy allowed evacuation of the cyst and, in multi-cystic CPs, fenestration of the interposed septa so as to create a single communicating cavity. Thus, a single catheter and Ommaya reservoir system was sufficient both for subsequent aspirations and for bleomycin injection (doses of 1.5-3 mg, usually repeated every 7-8 days, with total doses ranging from 3-35 mg). GK radiosurgery was carried out at a later stage on the collapsed cyst in type A forms, while in types Cc and Dc, it was used on the solid nodule on the same day as the neuroendoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 42.5 months. Neurological improvement was observed in 8/8 patients. A complete response (reduction of the entire tumor volume > 90 %) was observed in 3/8 cases (type A), a subtotal response (reduction > 50 %) in 4/8 cases (types Cc and Dc), and a partial response (reduction < 50 %) in 1/8 cases (type Cc). Treatment of CP alone led to normalization of the ventricular morphology in the 3 patients with associated hydrocephalus. Transient GK-related visual worsening was recorded in one case only. One patient died because of ventriculitis after repeated shunt replacements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This MSA seems to be an effective and safe treatment alternative to microsurgery, above all in patients with regrowing/recurrent cystic CPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Verona, Italy. antonio.nicolato@mail.azosp.vr.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolato
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foroni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerosa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bricolo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000628:therapy*; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D001761:Bleomycin