title: Demand feeding for healthy premature newborns: a randomized crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In hospitals, preterm infants are routinely fed specified amounts of formula on a fixed schedule. This results in the baby's intake volume being regular and easily confirmed, but does not consider the individual baby's needs. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of demand feeding and fixed schedule feeding for healthy premature newborn babies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-feeding-type, 2-period crossover study design was employed, in which each period consisted of 2 days, the first of which was a washout period, comprising a self-comparison protocol designed to identify any differences in the feeding characteristics of premature infants on demand or scheduled bottle-feeding. Eleven preterm infants were included. The sample size was monitored during the observation period by power calculation. The mean weight at study entry was 1897.27 +/- 175.94 g and the mean postconceptional age was 35.34 +/- 1.54 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with scheduled feeding, demand feeding was associated with a longer daily mean interval (4.17 vs 3.02 hours; p = 0.00), greater volume per feed for demand feeding (67.28 vs 51.11; p = 0.00), greater feeding speed (5.73 vs 4.51 mL/min; p = 0.00), but a similar daily total duration of feeding. There was no significant difference in the daily total feeding volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demand feeding provides superior volume per feed, and feeding speed and shortens the duration of feeding compared to feeding on a routine schedule. It is suitable and feasible for healthy premature newborns.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shiow-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kuang-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013624:Taiwan