title: Eye trigeminal sensitivity, tear film stability and conjunctival epithelium damage in 182 non-allergic, non-smoking Danes.
abstract: The population distributions of CO(2)-induced irritation sensitivity in the eyes (COI), tear film stability (break-up time, BUT), and epithelium damage (ED) and the relation of these to basic potential confounders were assessed in an age- and gender-stratified random sample of citizens in Aarhus County, Denmark. One hundred eighty-two non-allergic, non-smoking persons participated. A general health questionnaire and an indoor air questionnaire was filled out before the measurements. The BUT was non-normally distributed, as was COI at 16% CO(2) and single ED-scores. However, COI average for all levels was normally distributed and the total score for ED was only marginally deviating. BUT decreased, the threshold to CO(2) increased, and irritation intensity at CO(2) eye exposure decreased with increasing age. ED was increased among women. There were no internal relations between the three measures, but reduced BUT was seen among subjects rating high levels of exposure to dust, electrostatic fields, and dry air. ED decreased by perceived unpleasant odors and increased with experiences of high temperatures. CO(2) sensitivity increased by perceived draught, dry air, and noise exposure prior to measurements. Selection bias cannot be excluded and the results may therefore not be truly representative of the general population. However, the results may be used as reference data for future use of measurements of break-up time, epithelium defects, and CO(2) sensitivity of the eyes in the indoor air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most direct implication is that results can be used as reference level for measurements in problem buildings and for individual measurements. The reference can also be used in research and the other results as basis for future hypotheses and for support of existing hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. skk@mil.au.dk
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kjaergaard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hempel-Jørgensen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mølhave
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: J-E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Juto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stridh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000392:Air Movements; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013666:Tears; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide