title: Slip and damage properties of jaws of laparoscopic graspers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal jaws of laparoscopic graspers can be used to manipulate the tissue properly with minimal damage. The criteria jaws should satisfy are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cecum of pigs was clamped between 13 pairs of jaws differing in size and profile. Various pinch and pull forces were applied. At 5 N pull force, the minimally required pinch force to prevent slip and the pinch force that is maximally allowable without causing damage were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing size of the jaws, the contact area with the tissue increases. With increasing contact area, the pinch force leading to tissue damage was increased from 15 to 37 N. A profile of the jaws decreased the pinch force needed to prevent slip of tissue from 22 to 3 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An optimal jaw possesses a large contact area to prevent tissue damage and a slight profile to prevent tissue slip.
authors.affiliation: Man-Machine Systems Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands. e.a.m.heijnsdijk@wbmt.tudelft.nl
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Heijnsdijk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Visser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine