title: Local overexpression of C-type natriuretic peptide ameliorates vascular adaptation of porcine hemodialysis grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outflow obstruction at the outflow tract of arteriovenous grafts contributes significantly to the poor patency rates of dialysis grafts in vivo. We addressed the potential of local periadventitial gene therapy at the outflow tract for improving access patency in a validated porcine model of arteriovenous grafts using an adenoviral vector encoding murine C-type natriuretic peptide (Ad.CNP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene transfer efficiency and optimal virus concentration were determined using Ad.LacZ on porcine jugular veins in vivo (N= 2). Next, in 14 pigs, arteriovenous grafts were implanted bilaterally between the carotid artery and the jugular vein, followed local venous transduction with Ad.CNP (right) and Ad.mock (left). Transduction efficiency of Ad.CNP was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) measurements (N= 2). Fourteen days after gene transfer, arteriovenous grafts were excised for histologic analysis (N= 12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ad.LacZ transduction (1 x 10E10 IU) of porcine veins resulted in evident expression of beta-galactosidase, mainly in the adventitia. At termination, intima/media ratio was decreased by 37% in CNP-treated veins, predominantly due to medial thickening (Ad.CNP 3.1 +/- 0.6 mm(2) vs. Ad.mock 1.70 +/- 0.3 mm(2); P < 0.01) rather than decreased intimal hyperplasia (NS). Adventitial delivery of CNP resulted in increased external elastic lamina (EEL) (Ad.CNP 11.8 +/- 1.4 mm vs. Ad.mock 9.4 +/- 1.0 mm; P= 0.04) and luminal area (Ad.CNP 10.7 +/- 1.4 mm(2) vs. Ad.mock 8.8 +/- 1.7 mm(2); P= 0.05) at the venous anastomosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of CNP enhances venous medial thickening and increases outward remodeling in the outflow tract of porcine arteriovenous grafts. These findings underscore the potential of local gene-therapeutic interventions in preventing luminal narrowing at the outflow tract of hemodialysis grafts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joris I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotmans
authors.forename: Hence J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Velema
authors.forename: Dominique P V
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Kleijn
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: John J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasterkamp
authors.forename: Erik S G
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stroes
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type