title: Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage following cardiac surgery: a comparative study with vascular surgery patients from a single centre.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the frequency and outcome of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGH) patients who had undergone cardiac surgery with a control group of vascular surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had undergone cardiac or vascular surgery from January 1999 to December 2000 were identified from departmental records. The inclusion criteria used were haematemesis and/or melaena in the post-operative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 20 of the 2274 (0.9%) cardiac operations were complicated by UGH compared to eight of 708 (1.1%) vascular operations. Among those with UGH, 90% of the cardiac and 43% of the vascular patients were taking aspirin, warfarin or both. The mean interval between surgery and the UGH was 9.6 days (range 1-30) for the cardiac and 6 days (range 0-15) for the vascular patients. Duodenal and gastric ulcers were the most common cause of UGH (60%) in the cardiac group. Despite endoscopic intervention, more than one third of ulcer associated haemorrhages required surgical over-sewing, but none of the patients who had surgery died. The overall mortality on the cardiac surgery patients who experienced UGH was 15%, significantly higher than the 2.3% for the whole cardiac surgery group during the study period (P = 0.00075, OR = 8, 95% confidence interval 2.3-28). However, even this mortality is less than that of general inpatients who suffer UGH (33%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac and vascular surgical patients have similar low post-operative rate of UGH. Post-operative UGH is associated with increased mortality after primary surgery. Early surgical intervention appears to be life saving in those patients who are too ill to compensate for the haemodynamic disturbance of untreated UGH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK. jaypy@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Anthoor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCullagh
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Probert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin