title: Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: a 12-year cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to assess temporal changes in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and the association with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  HIVAN incidence and risk factors were assessed in 3976 HIV-1-infected individuals followed in clinical cohort in Baltimore, Maryland, USA from 1989 to 2001. The incidence of HIVAN, defined by biopsy or a conservative uniformly applied clinical coding protocol, was expressed in terms of person-years, and Poisson regression was used for multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-four patients developed HIVAN over the course of the study for an incidence of 8.0 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.5 to 9.8]. African American race and advanced immunosuppression were strongly associated with HIVAN risk. HIVAN incidence declined significantly in 1998-2001 compared with 1995-1997. Among patients with a prior diagnosis of AIDS, HIVAN incidence was 26.4, 14.4, and 6.8 per 1000 person-years in patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy, treated with nucleoside analogue therapy only, or treated with HAART, respectively (P < 0.001 for trend). In multivariate analysis, HIVAN risk was reduced 60% (95% CI, -30 to -80%) by use of HAART, and no patient developed HIVAN when HAART had been initiated prior to the development of AIDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART was associated with a substantial reduction in HIVAN incidence. Additional follow-up will be needed to determine if renal damage in susceptible individuals is halted or merely slowed by HAART, particularly when control of viremia is incomplete or intermittent.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore and the Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. glucas@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eustace
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sozio
authors.forename: Evelyn K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mentari
authors.forename: Kofi A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Appiah
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D016263:AIDS-Associated Nephropathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors