title: Regional osteoporosis screening, referral, and monitoring program in community pharmacies: findings from Project ImPACT: Osteoporosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To identify patients at risk for osteoporosis through community pharmacy-based bone mineral density (BMD) screening, to refer at-risk patients to primary care and/or specialty practice physicians, and to follow-up with at-risk patients; (2) to treat and manage osteopenic and osteoporotic patients referred to the pharmacy for medication therapy management services; and (3) to test a payment methodology for pharmacists who deliver community health management services to a population at risk for or diagnosed with osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-cohort observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ukrop's Super Markets, Inc. Grocery and Pharmacy, a 29-store chain with 22 pharmacy locations in Richmond, Virginia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumers with one or more known risk factors for osteoporosis in Ukrop's customer service area.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the initial phase (health promotion and disease prevention) of the project, pharmacy-based osteoporosis screening with referral and follow-up was provided to consumers who responded to Ukrop's screening promotions. The second phase-provision of collaborative community health management services focused on osteoporosis monitoring and management--is ongoing and includes patients who are at risk for or diagnosed with osteoporosis and are covered by a regional payer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of screenings; responses of patients and physicians to notifications; and long-term results during collaborative care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacists screened 532 patients and were able to contact 305 of these patients for follow-up interviews 3 to 6 months later. The stratification for risk of fracture was 37%, high risk; 33%, moderate risk; and 30%, low risk. A total of 78% of patients indicated that they had no prior knowledge of their risk for future fracture. In the moderate- and high-risk categories, 37% of patients scheduled and completed a physician visit, 19% had a diagnostic scan, and 24% of those patients were initiated on osteoporosis therapy subsequent to the screening. Participating pharmacies received payment for both the osteoporosis screening and the collaborative health management services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists can play a useful role in the identification, education, and referral of patients at risk for osteoporosis through pharmacy-based BMD screening. Patients are willing to pay for pharmacy-based osteoporosis screening services. Third-party payers are willing to compensate pharmacists for collaborative community health management services.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Virginia School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA. jrgoode@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Jean-Venable
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swiger
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bluml
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014768:Virginia