title: Model-based control of mechanical ventilation: design and clinical validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a model-based control system using end-tidal carbon dioxide fraction (FE'(CO(2))) to adjust a ventilator during clinical anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 16 ASA I-II patients (mean age 38 (range 20-59) yr; weight 67 (54-87) kg) during i.v. anaesthesia for elective surgery. After periods of normal ventilation the patients were either hyper- or hypoventilated to assess precision and dynamic behaviour of the control system. These data were compared with a previous group where a fuzzy-logic controller had been used. Responses to different clinical events (invalid carbon dioxide measurement, limb tourniquet release, tube cuff leak, exhaustion of carbon dioxide absorbent, simulation of pulmonary embolism) were also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model-based controller correctly maintained the setpoint. No significant difference was found for the static performance between the two controllers. The dynamic response of the model-based controller was more rapid (P<0.05). The mean rise time after a setpoint increase of 1 vol% was 313 (sd 90) s and 142 (17) s for fuzzy-logic and model-based control, respectively, and after a 1 vol% decrease was 355 (127) s and 177 (36) s, respectively. The new model-based controller had a consistent response to clinical artefacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model-based FE'(CO(2)) controller can be used in a clinical setting. It reacts appropriately to artefacts, and has a better dynamic response to setpoint changes than a previously described fuzzy-logic controller.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Section of Research, University of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Martinoni
authors.forename: Ch A
authors.initials: ChA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leibundgut
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Böhlen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zbinden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D016477:Artifacts; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide