title: Differential regulation of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and caspase-3 by NMDA in developing hippocampal neurons; involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in NMDA-mediated neuronal survival.
abstract: N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors plays an important role during brain development and receptor activation has been shown to promote neuronal survival. The mechanisms by which NMDA increases neuronal survival are not fully understood. Here, we show that treatment with low concentrations of NMDA upregulates the neuroprotective molecule, X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cultured hippocampal neurons at the post-transcriptional level. In contrast, NMDA treatment decreased mRNA and protein levels of caspase-3 in these neurons. The activation of the caspase-3 was also inhibited by NMDA, and the neurons were more resistant towards death caused by high concentrations of glutamate and staurosporine. Data on cytochrome c release in hippocampal neurons showed that NMDA pretreatment inhibits the mitochondrial pathway of cell death. The results demonstrate that the activation of NMDA receptors induces an anti-apoptotic program in hippocampal neurons that involves mitochondria and alterations of the levels of caspase-3 and XIAP. These findings are of importance for understanding the function of NMDA receptors in the control of neuronal survival during development and in other conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Näpänkangas
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008954:Models, Biological; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014960:X Chromosome; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C494837:Xiap protein, rat; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D045304:Cytochromes c; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases