title: Early correction of cell cycle perturbations predicts the immunological response to therapy in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in the indices of HIV-associated cell cycle dysregulation (i.e., increased expression of cyclin B1 and abnormal nucleolar structure) may predict the level of immunological reconstitution in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of viral load, CD4 T cell counts, cyclin B1 expression, and AgNOR number and area of distribution in 30 HIV-infected patients who were studied before and up to 6 months after initiation of HAART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In HIV-infected individuals, the level of cell cycle dysregulation correlated with the type of response to HAART. While low levels of dysregulation were present in patients with complete (both virological and immunological) response to HAART, high levels were present in HAART-treated patients with limited CD4 T cell increases despite persistent viral suppression (immunological non-responders). Importantly, the level of correction of cell cycle dysregulation after 60 days of therapy predicted the level of immune reconstitution after 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that correction of cell cycle dysregulation predicts a good immunological response to HAART and that sequential analysis of cell cycle dysregulation might help to identify patients that could benefit from alternative, immune-based interventions in addition to standard HAART.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. m.paiardini@uniurb.it
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paiardini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cervasi
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galati
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sfacteria
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piedimonte
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009697:Nucleolus Organizer Region / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011379:Prognosis; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1