title: Lead effect on blood pressure in moderately lead-exposed male workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of lead (Pb) and potential confounding variables on blood pressure was examined in healthy male industrial workers 20-43 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 100 Pb workers and 51 reference subjects, the following variables were measured: blood Pb (BPb), activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), blood cadmium (BCd), serum zinc (SZn), serum copper (SCu), hematocrit (Hct), body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. The inter-relationship of biomarkers of Pb (BPb, ALAD, EP) and BCd, SZn, SCu, Hct, BMI, age, smoking, and alcohol to systolic and diastolic blood pressure was calculated by forward stepwise multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups, possibly because the reference subjects had relatively high BPb levels and significantly higher BMI (P < 0.05) as compared to the Pb workers. According to the multiple regression results in Pb workers, an increase in systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with increasing EP (P = 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.002), or alternatively with increasing BMI (P < 0.004) and decreasing ALAD (P < 0.04) and BCd (P < 0.05). An increase in diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with increasing BMI (P < 0.009) and EP (P = 0.05) and decreasing BCd (P < 0.04). With respect to the EP range of 0.73-13.94 micromol/l erythrocytes in 100 Pb workers, an increase of 17 mm Hg in systolic and 6 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term cumulative Pb exposure, which is better reflected by EP than by ALAD or current BPb level, can significantly increase blood pressure in moderately Pb-exposed male workers (long-term average BPb <400 microg/l; exposure duration 2-21 years).
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia. telisman@imi.hr
authors.forename: Spomenka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Telisman
authors.forename: Alica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pizent
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jurasović
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cvitković
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007221:Industry; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure
chemical_list: D007854:Lead