title: DAX-1 expression in human breast cancer: comparison with estrogen receptors ER-alpha, ER-beta and androgen receptor status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  So far there have been no reports on the expression pattern of DAX-1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) in human breast cells and its relationship to the estrogen receptors, ER-alpha and ER-beta, and the androgen receptor (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we evaluated, by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, the presence and distribution of DAX-1 in benign breast disease (BBD), in situ carcinoma (CIS), and ductal and lobular breast carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In BBD and breast carcinomas, DAX-1 was present in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, although in infiltrative carcinomas the percentage of nuclear immunoreaction was higher than in CIS. An important relation was observed between DAX-1 and AR expression and between this orphan receptor and nodal status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DAX-1 might modify the AR and ER-beta intracellular location, and because a direct positive relation between the expression of these three receptors was found it could be assumed that the presence of DAX-1 in neoplastic cells might indicate a possible failure of endocrine therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fraile
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruíz
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arenas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000737:chemistry; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D005260:Female; D018226:Fibroadenoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; C539965:NR0B1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012097:Repressor Proteins