title: Rise and fall of endrin usage in Washington State fruit orchards: effects on wildlife.
abstract: A study of the effects of endrin on wildlife was conducted from 1981 to 1983 in fruit orchards in central Washington State. The single post-harvest application of endrin as a rodenticide resulted in both acute and chronic toxicity to a variety of avian species. Of 194 birds found dead, brains of 125 were analysed; endrin toxicosis accounted for > 24% of the total and 37% of those analysed. Most mortality occurred soon after application, but several raptors died during the spring and summer. Most wildlife sampled in the orchard system contained residues of endrin. There was no evidence that endrin depressed reproductive success. Use of endrin abruptly declined during this study and its use is currently limited to emergency situations. Wildlife mortality from endrin also decreased; only six endrin-related mortalities were detected the last year of the study and there have been no reports of die-offs since the study ended.
authors.affiliation: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 480 SW Airport Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Blus
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Henny
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grove