title: Rapid transmission of hepatitis C virus among young injecting heroin users in Southern China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is quickly spread through injection drug use. The prevalence and incidence of HCV in Chinese heroin users has been rarely reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort of young injection drug users (IDU) from southern China was established to study the risk factors for blood-borne infections (597 subjects). Individuals underwent analysis for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HCV and hepatitis B surface antigen. Using self-reported risk behaviours, multivariate regression analysis was performed for factors associated with HCV prevalence and seroconversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, HIV-1 and HCV prevalence was 17% and 72%, respectively. Significant factors associated with HCV seroprevalence included age >25 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71) and injection drug use for >2 years (OR = 2.60). HCV prevalence within one year of starting heroin use was 57% for any route of administration, and 80% if restricted to injectors. After two 6-month follow-up visits, 56 out of 159 baseline HCV seronegative individuals (148.9 total person years [py]), underwent seroconversion at an incidence rate of 37.6 per 100 py. Individuals who reported injection drug use were more likely to undergo HCV seroconversion (rate ratio [RR] = 6.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV infection is rapidly acquired in heroin users who adopt injection in southern China. This study emphasizes the urgent need to implement and expand injection prevention and primary substance abuse prevention programmes in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Garten
authors.forename: Shenghan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jinbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens