title: Differential effects of fish oil and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in rats on cognitive performance and serum glucose in their offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the effect of folic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy in Wistar albino rats on cognitive performance and serum glucose concentrations in their pups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant female rats from four groups (n = 6/group) were fed casein diets with 18% protein and 2 mg of folic acid/kg of diet (group I), 12% protein and no folic acid (group II), 12% protein and 8 mg of folic acid/kg of diet (group III), or 12% protein and 70 g of cod liver oil/kg of diet (group IV). All pups were weaned on standard control diet with 18% protein. Cognitive performance, brain fatty acid profile, and serum glucose concentrations were studied in offspring at age 6 mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in length of gestation or litter size, but the litter weight for group IV was lower (P = 0.047) than that for group I. After weaning, males in group II had lower (P < 0.05) body weights, but those in group III had weights comparable to those in group I for both sexes. In group IV, body weights were lower beyond 15 wk (P < 0.05). Relative brain weight and cognitive performance were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group IV males and showed higher levels of brain gamma-linolenic acid. Further, these animals had serum glucose levels comparable to those of control animals at age 6 mo, whereas serum glucose levels were higher in males from groups II (P = 0.01) and III (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy improved cognitive performance and maintained glucose levels into adulthood, unlike folic acid supplementation, which supported only fetal growth and did not maintain glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Biometry and Nutrition Unit, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girigosavi
authors.forename: Mahadeo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daware
authors.forename: Anvita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Mahabaleshwar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hegde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D005492:Folic Acid