Molecular recognition at purine and pyrimidine nucleotide (P2) receptors.
In comparison to other classes of cell surface receptors, the medicinal chemistry at P2X (ligand-gated ion channels) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) nucleotide receptors has been relatively slow to develop. Recent effort to design selective agonists and antagonists based on a combination of library screening, empirical modification of known ligands, and rational design have led to the introduction of potent antagonists of the P2X(1) (derivatives of pyridoxal phosphates and suramin), P2X(3)(A-317491), P2X(7) (derivatives of the isoquinoline KN-62), P2Y(1)(nucleotide analogues MRS 2179 and MRS 2279), P2Y(2)(thiouracil derivatives such as AR-C126313), and P2Y(12)(nucleotide/nucleoside analogues AR-C69931X and AZD6140) receptors. A variety of native agonist ligands (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, and UDP-glucose) are currently the subject of structural modification efforts to improve selectivity. MRS2365 is a selective agonist for P2Y(1)receptors. The dinucleotide INS 37217 potently activates the P2Y(2)receptor. UTP-gamma-S and UDP-beta-S are selective agonists for P2Y(2)/P2Y(4)and P2Y(6)receptors, respectively. The current knowledge of the structures of P2X and P2Y receptors, is derived mainly from mutagenesis studies. Site-directed mutagenesis has shown that ligand recognition in the human P2Y(1)receptor involves individual residues of both the TMs (3, 5, 6, and 7), as well as EL 2 and 3. The binding of the negatively-charged phosphate moiety is dependent on positively charged lysine and arginine residues near the exofacial side of TMs 3 and 7.
Jacobson
Kenneth A
KA
Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA. E-mail: kajacobs@helix.nih.gov
Costanzi
Stefano
S
Ohno
Michihiro
M
Joshi
Bhalchandra V
BV
Besada
Pedro
P
Xu
Bin
B
Tchilibon
Susanna
S
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D008024:Ligands; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011685:Purine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D008024:Ligands; D011685:Purine Nucleotides; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides