title: Genotype-phenotype correlation in congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The understanding of the etiology of congenital cardiac lesions is rapidly progressing from the recognition of embryologic origins to insight into the genetic basis for these disorders. Concurrently, in this era, great effort is being expended to gather data that will generate clinically useful genotype-phenotype correlation. This rapidly evolving area of inquiry, in which the clinical implications of mutation status are fully explored, makes available information applicable to those involved in all aspects of congenital cardiac disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three syndromes with cardiovascular phenotypes were selected for review. Each has received a great deal of attention in the recent past based on improved understanding of the range of mutations expressed and the relation of these mutations to clinical findings. These three syndromes--Noonan, Marfan, and long QT syndrome--span the range of congenital heart disease and provide examples of genotype-phenotype correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better understanding of the clinical implications of specific mutations should allow not only for more sensitive and specific diagnoses to be made but also for improvements in therapeutic options and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98105, USA. mark.lewin@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Power
mesh_terms: D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005838:Genotype; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D008382:Marfan Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D009634:Noonan Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C516724:PTPN11 protein, human; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases