title: Evidence-based postoperative pain management in nursing: is a randomized-controlled trial the most appropriate design?
abstract: There is an increasing drive to make nursing care evidence-based. High quality evidence from systematic reviews relevant to postoperative pain relief exists, yet pain after surgery remains poorly controlled for many patients. This study aimed to assess whether implementing evidence-based pain management improved postoperative pain outcomes. Pain on a 0-10 scale was the primary outcome and analgesic consumption a secondary outcome. A baseline audit was undertaken on four surgical wards to establish whether there was a need for the study. A randomized-controlled trial was then designed to assess the effects of implementing an evidence-based approach to postoperative pain management. The four wards were randomized to receive the intervention or act as a control. Outcomes were assessed 3 months after the intervention on both intervention and control wards. The intervention (implementation of an oral analgesic algorithm derived from systematic reviews) was then implemented on the control wards and outcomes reassessed after 3 months on the control wards. The intervention was designed using an evidence-based approach to effective implementation. Four interactive sessions covered: (1) detailed feedback of baseline data and discussion (utilizing audit and feedback), (2) why systematic reviews, analgesic league tables and choice of drugs to develop an analgesic algorithm (see Figure 1), (3) principles of evidence based health care (EBHC), including critical appraisal and (4) facilitation and change workshop. The findings revealed no significant differences in pain level or drug use between the intervention and control wards. However, the control wards also changed during the control period. Possible explanations for this are discussed. When looking at changes compared with baseline, both intervention and control wards increased their use of algorithm drugs and reduced use of non-algorithm drugs during the study. No effects were found on pain in the intervention wards. Pain ratings at rest since surgery, on movement since surgery and worst pain on movement were significantly reduced compared with baseline in the control wards. Although there are many pressures to utilize a randomized-controlled trial study design in the culture of evidence-based health care, there will be times, especially when implementing complex changes in practice that other types of design should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Royal College of Nursing Institute, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK. kate.seers@rcn.org.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003663:Decision Trees; D004739:England; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009731:Nursing Audit; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing*; D013527:Perioperative Nursing / Q000592:standards; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*