title: Safety aspects for public access defibrillation using automated external defibrillators near high-voltage power lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) must combine easy operability and high-quality diagnosis even under unfavorable conditions. This study determined the influence of electromagnetic interference caused by high-voltage power lines with 16.7-Hz alternating current on the quality of AEDs' rhythm analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two AEDs frequently used in Austria were tested near high-voltage power lines (15 kV or 110 kV, alternating current with 16.7 Hz). The defibrillation electrodes were attached either to a proband with true sinus rhythm or to a resuscitation dummy with generated sinus rhythm, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or asystole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electromagnetic interference was much more prominent in a human's than in a dummy's electrocardiogram and depended on the position of the electrodes and cables in relation to the power line. Near high-voltage power lines the AEDs showed a significant operational fault. One AED interpreted the interference as a motion artifact, even when underlying rhythms were clearly detectable. The other AED interpreted 16.7-Hz oscillation as ventricular fibrillation with consequent shock advice when no underlying rhythm was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tested AEDs neither filter nor recognize a technical interference of 16.7 Hz caused by 15-kV power lines above railway tracks or 110-kV overland power lines, as run by railway companies in Austria, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. These failures in AEDs' algorithms for rhythm analysis may cause substantial harm to patients undergoing public access defibrillation. The proper function of AEDs needs to be reconsidered to guarantee patients' safety near high-voltage power lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria. christoph.schlimp@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Schlimp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breiteneder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lederer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001317:Austria; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D004559:Electric Wiring; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000592:standards*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans