title: Silymarin protects against liver damage in BALB/c mice exposed to fumonisin B1 despite increasing accumulation of free sphingoid bases.
abstract: Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides found on corn and corn-based foods. It causes equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary edema, and liver and kidney damage in most animal species. Fumonisin B(1) perturbs sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase activity, leading to the production of cell signaling factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The signal pathways of TNF-alpha are important factors in the pathogenesis of FB(1) hepatotoxicity. In the present study, female BALB/c mice were treated daily with 750 mg/kg silymarin by gavage and 2.25 mg/kg FB(1) subcutaneously for 3 days. Then, 1 day after the last FB(1) injection, the mice were euthanized and blood and tissues were sampled for analyses. Silymarin significantly diminished FB(1)-induced elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and the number of apoptotic hepatocytes, while it augmented hepatocyte proliferation indicated by an increase in proliferating cells. Silymarin dramatically potentiated FB(1)-induced accumulation of free sphinganine and sphingosine in both liver and kidney. Silymarin itself slightly increased expression of hepatic TNF-alpha; however, it prevented the FB(1)-induced increases in TNF-alpha, TNF receptor 1, TNF receptor-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand, lymphotoxin beta, and interferon gamma. The induction of transforming growth factor beta1 expression in liver following FB(1) treatment was not affected by silymarin. These findings suggest that silymarin protected against FB(1) liver damage by inhibiting biological functions of free sphingoid bases and increasing cellular regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7389, USA.
authors.forename: Quanren
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Raghubir P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000633:toxicity*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023282:Nuclease Protection Assays; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D051102:Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D016207:Cytokines; D037341:Fumonisins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012838:Silymarin; C056933:fumonisin B1; D000217:Acyltransferases; D051102:Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D013110:Sphingosine