title: Predictors of failure to cure atrial fibrillation with the mini-maze operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maze-III is a complex surgical procedure designed to treat chronic atrial fibrillation. A reduction in the number of right and left atrial incisions could decrease the operative time. The aim of this study was to assess the results of a mini-maze operation and to define predictors of its failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2000, 72 patients (mean age 64 +/- 9 years) undergoing cardiac surgery had a concomitant mini-maze operation for symptomatic chronic atrial fibrillation. Three and 12 months post-operatively, heart rhythm and left atrial transport functions were assessed by electrophysiology, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of failure of the mini-maze operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative mortality was 1.4% (1/72). Death during follow-up occurred in 5.6% of patients (4/71), in one due to chronic heart failure. After 1 year, 80% of patients (48/60) were either in sinus rhythm (n = 43; 72%) or had a pacemaker (n = 5; 8%) implanted due to sick sinus syndrome. Intermittent and chronic atrial fibrillation was found in 20% of patients (12/60). Preoperative duration of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.05), preoperative left atrial diameter (p = 0.001), preoperative right atrial diameter (p = 0.02), a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.03), an increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p = 0.04), and the presence of mitral valve stenosis (p = 0.001) were found to be univariate predictors of failure of the mini-maze operation 1 year postoperatively. Multivariate analysis defined preoperative diagnosis of mitral valve stenosis (p = 0.005; OR 117.5), longer duration of preoperative atrial fibrillation (p = 0.01; OR 1.33), and increased preoperative left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p = 0.02; OR 1.2) as incremental independent risk factors for failure of the mini-maze operation to cure chronic atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mini-maze operation is a safe procedure with similar results to that of Cox's Maze-III operation. The less-invasive mini-maze operation could be applicable even to patients with severely reduced left ventricular function, in whom complex cardiac surgery has to be performed concomitantly as well as in those presenting severe comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Kerckhoff Clinic Foundation, Bad Nauheim, Germany. sza67@web.de
authors.forename: Zoltan A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Szalay
authors.forename: Wojtek
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skwara
authors.forename: Wolf Peter
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Klövekorn
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Brunner-La Rocca
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knez
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Erwin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome