title: Family background and genius.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is widely believed among professionals and laity that genius is born and not made. However, the early and still-influential statistical studies of Frances Galton on the inheritance of genius have neither been supported nor definitively refuted. This study empirically assesses the hereditary transmission hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected family background data on 50 Nobel Prize laureates in literature, 31 Booker Prize awardees, 135 Pulitzer Prize winners, and 20 National Book and National Book Critics Circle awardees. We compared these for incidence of occupational inheritance (that is, same parent-child occupations) with a matching group of 392 eminent persons in noncreative occupations; for predominant occupation type, we also compared subject data with data for 560 high-IQ nonprizewinners, as well as with general population occupational data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of one or both parents in the same occupation was only 1% for literary prizewinners but 16% for eminent noncreative persons (P < 0.0001). The predominant (76%) family background constellation for prizewinners consisted of parent-child sex congruency either in applied-equivalent occupations requiring language, persuasion, or artisan skills (P < 0.0001, compared with control subjects) or in unrelated occupations with unfulfilled wishes for creative expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outstanding literary prizewinners do not manifest direct inheritance of creativity from their parents; instead, parents and children of the same sex are predominantly in applied-equivalent or performance occupations and have unfulfilled creative wishes. We suggest that early developmental influences on child motivation involve identification and competition with the parent of the same sex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. albert_rothenberg@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wyshak
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001240:Aspirations, Psychological; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D002321:Career Choice; D002648:Child; D002672:Child, Gifted / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003405:Creativity; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors