title: Serological evidence of exposure to tick fever organisms in young cattle on Queensland dairy farms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the features of farms on which the exposure of young cattle to tick fever organisms is sufficient to ensure that immunity is high and the risk of clinical disease is low (endemic stability) with those of farms on which exposure is insufficient to induce widespread immunity (hence without endemic stability); to examine the relationships between the management of ticks and tick fever, and endemic stability to Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 874 cattle between the ages of 6 and 15 months on 64 dairy farms, from three centres in south-eastern Queensland (Mutdapilly, Dayboro and Kenilworth) and one centre in far-north Queensland (Malanda).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples collected from between 5 and 20 calves from each farm were submitted for serological assay to determine exposure to B. bovis, B. bigemina and A. marginale. A questionnaire about the farm characteristics and the management of ticks and tick fever was completed with each farmer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On 73% of farms, confirmed clinical cases of tick fever were recalled by the farmer, indicating that tick fever was a threat on most farms. The majority of herds in the study (54 of 64) did not have sufficient numbers of seropositive animals aged between 6 and 15 months to have a low risk of tick fever. Region had an effect on the likelihood of endemic stability for all tick fever organisms. Cattle near Malanda in Far-north Queensland were more likely to be seropositive to B. bovis and B. bigemina. The method, strategy and intensity of tick control were not related to the likelihood of endemic stability when the effect of region was considered. The decision to leave a few ticks on cattle in an effort to induce endemic stability did increase the likelihood of endemic stability to A. marginale. However, in practical terms, it was ineffective, because only 26% of these farms had endemic stability against all three organisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the low proportion of farms that have endemic stability to the tick fever organisms and the high likelihood of clinical disease, vaccination is recommended to protect dairy cattle from tick fever throughout the tick infested area of Queensland. However, further work is required to determine the economic value of vaccination, taking into account the costs of vaccination, of outbreaks and the protective value of vaccination.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, PO Box 125, Kenmore, Queensland 4069.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sserugga
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: More
mesh_terms: D042322:Anaplasma marginale / Q000276:immunology; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D001403:Babesia / Q000276:immunology; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000276:immunology; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks / Q000469:parasitology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines