title: The effect of sertraline and environmental context on treating depression and illicit substance use among methadone maintained opiate dependent patients: a controlled clinical trial.
abstract: Psychiatric comorbidity, particularly depressive disorders, is associated with continued substance use and poor social functioning among methadone maintained patients. Evidence suggests similar neurochemical and environmental pathways may link the two disorders and it is reasonable to hypothesize that pharmacological and environmental factors play important roles in the treating comorbid depression and substance use. The present study tested the efficacy of sertraline for treating syndromally defined depressive disorders among non-abstinent methadone maintained opiate dependent patients. The moderating effects of environmental context on treatment outcome were also examined. Ninety-five patients were randomized in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline, a serotonin-selective re-uptake inhibitor. There was no main effect of sertraline on either depression or substance use outcomes. However, sertraline demonstrated significant ameliorative effects on depression among patients with a more positive environment or less negative environment. The odds of being abstinent from heroin and cocaine were greater for patients on sertraline in environments with relatively less adversity. The findings support the hypothesis that contextual factors moderate the efficacy of pharmacological treatment for depression among methadone patients. They also suggest future research should examine a pharmacological treatment that is combined with a behavioral intervention targeting the accessibility of reinforcement or reducing the impact of aversive environmental interactions.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 120, New York, NY, 10032, USA. carpent@picpmc.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Vosburg
authors.forename: Edward V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008691:Methadone; D009294:Narcotics; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline