title: Effect of helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether infection with Helicobacter pylori, including specific cytotoxic-associated antigen (CagA)-positive strains, increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and recent NSAID use, including aspirin, who were admitted during 2001, were compared with age- and sex-matched outpatient controls who had recent NSAID use. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by serum antibodies or the (13)C-urea breath test; and CagA seropositivity was diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. pylori was detected significantly more frequently in cases of bleeding than controls (79% [63/80] vs. 56% [45/80], P = 0.004). Cases of bleeding were more likely than controls to have a history of peptic ulcer (34% [n = 27] vs. 13% [n = 10], P = 0.003), previous upper gastrointestinal bleeding (19% [n = 15] vs. 6% [n = 5], P = 0.03), recent dyspepsia (29% [n = 23] vs. 15% [n = 12], P = 0.06), and <3 months of NSAID use (58% [n = 46] vs. 40% [n = 32], P = 0.04). CagA positivity was not associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. In a multivariate analysis, H. pylori infection was the only significant risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.2 to 2.5; P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori infection almost doubles the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding among users of NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Papatheodoridis
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papadelli
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cholongitas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mentis
authors.forename: Stephanos J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hadziyannis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori