title: Risk of death among homeless women: a cohort study and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeless people are at high risk for illness and have higher death rates than the general population. Patterns of mortality among homeless men have been investigated, but less attention has been given to mortality rates among homeless women. We report mortality rates and causes of death in a cohort of women who used homeless shelters in Toronto. We also compare our results with those of other published studies of homeless women and with data for women in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 1981 women not accompanied by dependent children who used homeless shelters in Toronto in 1995 was observed for death over a mean of 2.6 years. In addition, we analyzed data from published studies of mortality rates among homeless women in 6 other cities (Montreal, Copenhagen, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Brighton, UK).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Toronto, mortality rates were 515 per 100,000 person-years among homeless women 18-44 years of age and 438 per 100,000 person-years among those 45-64 years of age. Homeless women 18-44 years of age were 10 times more likely to die than women in the general population of Toronto. In studies from a total of 7 cities, the risk of death among homeless women was greater than that among women in the general population by a factor of 4.6 to 31.2 in the younger age group and 1.0 to 2.0 in the older age group. In 6 of the 7 cities, the mortality rates among younger homeless women and younger homeless men were not significantly different. In contrast, in 4 of the 6 cities, the mortality rates were significantly lower among older homeless women than among older homeless men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excess mortality is far greater among homeless women under age 45 years than among older homeless women. Mortality rates among younger homeless women often approach or equal those of younger homeless men. Efforts to reduce deaths of homeless women should focus on those under age 45.
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Program, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population