title: Parental attitudes about a pregnancy predict birth weight in a low-income population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low birth weight remains the primary cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the United States. We examined whether maternal happiness about a pregnancy, in addition to her report of the father's happiness, predicts birth weight and risk for low birth weight (<2,500 g).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, the mother's report of her and her partner's happiness about the pregnancy was measured before 21 weeks' gestation on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 to 3 unhappy, 4 to 7 ambivalent, or 8 to 10 happy). "Mother reports partner happier" occurred when the mother perceived the father's happiness score at least 5 points greater than her own. Information on birth weights and maternal sociodemographic, medical, and psychosocial factors were obtained from surveys and medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 162 live births, 9 were low birth weight (5.6%). Compared with women who reported happiness with the pregnancy, risk for low birth weight was greater when the mother reported partner happier about the pregnancy (relative risk 10.0, 95% confidence interval, 3.1-32.4). This predictor of birth weight remained significant in multivariate linear regression analyses (coefficient = -472 g, SE = 171 g, P = .007) after adjustment for other known predictors of birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal report of greater partner happiness about a pregnancy is associated with birth weight and appears to define low- and high-risk subgroups for low birth weight in a low-income population. Further study in larger samples is needed to confirm our findings and to assess whether maternal report of greater partner happiness is itself a modifiable factor or is a marker for other factors that might be modified with targeted interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora 80045, USA. Robert.Keeley@UCHSC.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birchard
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: L Miriam
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rymer
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Torri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Derback
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kempe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001724:Birth Weight; D003120:Colorado; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*