title: Ideal timing of thoracoscopic decortication and drainage for empyema in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracoscopy may be required for resistant empyema in children. This study aimed to determine the advantages of thoracoscopy performed soon after diagnosis and its ideal timing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2002, 21 children who had undergone thoracoscopy as an initial procedure or after failure of medical treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The study compared outcome of early thoracoscopy (fewer than 4 days after diagnosis) and that of later surgery. The 4-day limit was chosen for physiopathologic reasons (organization of pleuresia in 72 h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the early thoracoscopy group, the findings showed shorter operative time (p = 0.03) and postoperative hospital stay (p < 0.05), fewer technical difficulties, fewer complications, and no recourse to other surgical procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early thoracoscopy is greatly beneficial for children with empyema by shortening disease progression. An initial short trial of medical treatment for nonorganising empyema may be attempted on the condition that thoracoscopy not be delayed more than 4 days.
authors.affiliation: Visceral Pediatric Surgery Department, Lapeyronie Hospital, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. nicolaskal@aol.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalfa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montes-Tapia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forgues
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Guibal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Counil
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Galifer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome