title: Buffer zone widths for honeybees from ground and aerial spraying of insecticides.
abstract: The relative field hazards of insecticides to honeybees have been estimated by considering intrinsic toxicity levels and field application rates. This approach is extended here to a consideration of buffer zones downwind of sprayed areas by estimating the distance at which bees would encounter an LD(50) dose from spray drift. 'LD(50) distances' are determined for both ground and aerial spraying of ground crops in Britain using published data on spray deposition under various weather conditions. For ground spraying at low wind speeds (< or =3 m s(-1)), this zone of risk is up to 5 m for the great majority of compounds. Aerial spraying in unstable atmospheric conditions appears to produce drift deposits of about the same order of magnitude as from ground spraying at wind speeds of about 4 m s(-1), with maximum LD(50) distances of < or =40 m for chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and triazophos. For aerial spraying in stable atmospheric conditions these distances would be much greater. Pieris brassicae larvae are contrasted with honeybees in their relative sensitivities to insecticides and consequent LD(50) distances.
authors.affiliation: NERC, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon PE17 2LS, UK.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Williams