title: Biological effects of short-term or prolonged administration of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (tenofovir) to newborn and infant rhesus macaques.
abstract: The reverse transcriptase inhibitor 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; tenofovir) was previously found to offer strong prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in an infant macaque model of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We now summarize the toxicity and safety of PMPA in these studies. When a range of PMPA doses (4 to 30 mg/kg of body weight administered subcutaneously once daily) was administered to 39 infant macaques for a short period of time (range, 1 day to 12 weeks), no adverse effects on their health or growth were observed; this included a subset of 12 animals which were monitored for more than 2 years. In contrast, daily administration of a high dose of PMPA (30 mg/kg subcutaneously) for prolonged periods of time (>8 to 21 months) to 13 animals resulted in a Fanconi-like syndrome (proximal renal tubular disorder) with glucosuria, aminoaciduria, hypophosphatemia, growth restriction, bone pathology (osteomalacia), and reduced clearance of PMPA. The adverse effects were reversible or were alleviated following either complete withdrawal of PMPA treatment or reduction of the daily regimen from 30 mg/kg to 2.5 to 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Finally, to evaluate the safety of a prolonged low-dose treatment regimen, two newborn macaques were started on a 10-mg/kg/day subcutaneous regimen; these animals are healthy and have normal bone density and growth after 5 years of daily treatment. In conclusion, our findings suggest that chronic daily administration of a high dose of PMPA results in adverse effects on kidney and bone, while short-term administration of relatively high doses and prolonged low-dose administration are safe.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. kkvanrompay@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Koen K A
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Van Rompay
authors.forename: Laurie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Brignolo
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jerome
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tarara
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinner
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Don R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: Trish G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dearman
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Von Morgenland
authors.forename: Phil C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Alesha B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: R Bruce
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Valerie F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Samii
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bendele
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Marta L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marthas
authors.forename: Niels C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bischofberger
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005198:Fanconi Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000652:urine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010758:Phosphorus; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine