title: Long-term risks associated with biologic response modifiers used in rheumatic diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The introduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists in 1998 has had a significant impact on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, as use of these agents has increased worldwide, infrequent adverse events that were not apparent in pivotal controlled clinical trials required for registration have emerged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These adverse events include serious infections, particularly tuberculosis, which may be atypical in presentation. Concern regarding increased risk of lymphoma has also emerged, although it remains unclear whether the risk exceeds that observed in other rheumatoid arthritis patients with comparable disease activity. Development of a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, which typically abates after discontinuation of the drug, is another rare complication that was further reported during the past year. Finally, additional cases of congestive heart failure and demyelinating syndromes (including cases resembling progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) have been reported that appear to be related to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional postmarketing surveillance of these and other serious adverse events is necessary to determine the true risk of their occurrence, and whether a reassessment of the overall risk-benefit of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists will be required.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine/Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, Room 1410, New York, NY 10003, USA. impera01@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Imperato
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smiles
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007239:Infections / Q000139:chemically induced; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000139:chemically induced; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha