title: Gene expression analysis points to hemostasis in livers of rats cotreated with lipopolysaccharide and ranitidine.
abstract: Studies in rats have demonstrated that modest underlying inflammation can precipitate idiosyncratic-like liver injury from the histamine 2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine (RAN). Coadministration to rats of nonhepatotoxic doses of RAN and the inflammagen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), results in hepatocellular injury. We tested the hypothesis that hepatic gene expression changes could be distinguished among vehicle-, LPS-, RAN- and LPS/RAN-treated rats before the onset of significant liver injury in the LPS/RAN-treated rats (i.e., 3 h post-treatment). Rats were treated with LPS (44 x 10(6) EU/kg, i.v.) or its vehicle, then two hours later with RAN (30 mg/kg, i.v.) or its vehicle. They were killed 3 h after RAN treatment, and liver samples were taken for evaluation of liver injury and RNA isolation. Hepatic parenchymal cell injury, as estimated by increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, was not significant at this time. Hierarchal clustering of gene expression data from Affymetrix U34A rat genome array grouped animals according to treatment. Relative to treatment with vehicle alone, treatment with RAN and/or LPS altered hepatic expression of numerous genes, including ones encoding products involved in inflammation, hypoxia, and cell death. Some were enhanced synergistically by LPS/RAN cotreatment. Real-time PCR confirmed robust changes in expression of B-cell translocation gene 2, early growth response-1, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cotreated rats. The increase in PAI-1 mRNA was reflected in an increase in serum PAI-1 protein concentration in LPS/RAN-treated rats. Consistent with the antifibrinolytic activity of PAI-1, significant fibrin deposition occurred only in livers of LPS/RAN-treated rats. The results suggest the possibility that expression of PAI-1 promotes fibrin deposition in liver sinusoids of LPS/RAN-treated rats and are consistent with the development of local ischemia and consequent tissue hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Luyendyk
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Mattes
authors.forename: Lyle D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Burgoon
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Zacharewski
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: Gregory N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Cosma
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ganey
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004347:Drug Interactions; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011970:Receptors, Histamine H2 / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011970:Receptors, Histamine H2; D011899:Ranitidine; D005337:Fibrin