title: The cost of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its effects on managed care.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) designates respiratory disorders characterized by airway obstruction that is not fully reversible. An estimated 10 million adult Americans have COPD, and the prevalence is rising. Direct and indirect costs of managing COPD exceed dollars 32 billion annually, and this health care burden has provoked vigorous efforts by major public health organizations to evaluate and improve quality of care for COPD. The authors review the substantial effects of COPD on managed care and discuss evidence-based strategies for its effective management.
authors.affiliation: Lovelace Clinic Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapel
authors.forename: Joyce C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Halbert
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control; D017281:Cost of Illness; D019468:Disease Management; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011634:Public Health; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines