title: A modified vitamin regimen for vitamin B2, A, and E administration in very-low-birth-weight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; birth weight, <1,500 g) infants receive preterm infant formulas and parenteral multivitamin preparations that provide more riboflavin (vitamin B2) than does human milk and more than that recommended by the American Society of Clinical Nutrition. VLBW infants who are not breast-fed may have plasma riboflavin concentrations up to 50 times higher than those in cord blood. The authors examined a vitamin regimen designed to reduce daily riboflavin intake, with the hypothesis that this new regimen would result in lower plasma riboflavin concentrations while maintaining lipid-soluble vitamin levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preterm infants with birth weight < or =1,000 g received either standard preterm infant nutrition providing 0.42 to 0.75 mg riboflavin/kg/day (standard group), or a modified regimen providing 0.19 to 0.35 mg/kg/day (modified group). The modified group parenteral vitamin infusion was premixed in Intralipid. Enteral feedings were selected to meet daily riboflavin administration guidelines. Plasma riboflavin, vitamin A, and vitamin E concentrations were measured weekly by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed with the independent t test, chi, and analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 36 infants (17 standard group, 19 modified group) had birth weight and gestational age of 779 +/- 29 g and 25.5 +/- 0.3 weeks (mean +/- SEM) with no differences between groups. Modified group infants received 38% less riboflavin (0.281 +/- 0.009 mg/kg/day), 35% more vitamin A (318.3 +/- 11.4 microg/kg/day), and 14% more vitamin E (3.17 +/- 0.14 mg/kg/day) than standard group infants. Plasma riboflavin rose from baseline in both groups but was 37% lower in the modified group during the first postnatal month (133.3 +/- 9.9 ng/mL). Riboflavin intake and plasma riboflavin concentrations were directly correlated. Plasma vitamin A (0.222 +/- 0.022 microg/mL) and vitamin E (22.26 +/- 1.61 /mL) concentrations were greater in the modified group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified vitamin regimen resulted in reduced riboflavin intake and plasma riboflavin concentration, suggesting plasma riboflavin concentration is partially dose dependent during the first postnatal month in VLBW infants. Modified group plasma vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations were greater during the first month, possibly because the vitamins were premixed with parenteral lipid emulsion. Because of the complexity of this protocol, the authors suggest that a parenteral multivitamin product designed for VLBW infants which uses weight-based dosing should be developed.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27103, USA. porcelli@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Porcelli
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adcock
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D012256:Riboflavin