title: Depression determines illness conviction and pain impact: a structural equation modeling analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study sought to derive an algorithm using factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to describe headache and orofacial pain patients using measures of behavioral and psychological functioning. This investigation further examined whether the underlying factor structure differed in 3 presumed distinct diagnostic categories: myofascial, neuropathic, and neurovascular pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and visual analog scale for functional limitation (VAS-FL) were administered to the subjects. A split group design was used. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to describe distinct factor domains in the first group. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using SEM tested this structure in the second group and described causal relationships between the revealed (latent) factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in demographic variables and diagnostic group factor structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pain Center is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary pain medicine program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and ninety (N = 390) subjects were assigned to 1 of 3 diagnostic categories: myofascial pain syndrome, neuropathic pain, or neurovascular pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFA revealed a 3-factor solution. The factors were labeled Depression, Illness Conviction, and Pain Impact, reflecting the content of their respective variables with highest loadings. CFA using SEM validated the 3-factor solution, and further revealed that Depression was a critical causal factor determining Illness Conviction and Pain Impact. No causal relationship was observed between Illness Conviction and Pain Impact. ANOVA found no differences in demographics. No difference in factor structure emerged for the 3 diagnostic categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis derived a 3-factor solution. The factors were Pain Impact, Illness Conviction, and Depression. SEM revealed the critical causal pathway showing that Depression determined Illness Conviction and Pain Impact. We conclude that the main target for pain treatment is depression. No differences in factor structure were found for the 3 diagnostic categories of myofascial, neuropathic, or neurovascular pain. This suggests that psychological processes are similar in chronic headache and orofacial pain patients despite their presumed distinct underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. SME is a powerful methodology to construct causal models that has been underutilized in the pain literature.
authors.affiliation: Alliant University-Fresno, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hastie
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Graff-Radford
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Naliboff