title: Work factors as predictors of intense or disabling low back pain; a prospective study of nurses' aides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the work factors that predict intense low back pain (LBP) and LBP related sick leaves in nurses' aides.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 4266 randomly selected Norwegian nurses' aides, not bothered or only a little bothered by LBP during the previous three months, and not on sick leave when completing a mailed questionnaire in 1999. Of these, 3808 (89.3%) completed a second questionnaire 3 months later and 3651 (85.6%) completed a third questionnaire 15 months later. Intensity of low back symptoms and certified sick leaves attributed to LBP during the observation period were assessed by self reports at the follow ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustments for LBP during the three months prior to baseline, baseline health complaints, demographic and familial factors, and a series of physical, psychological, and social work factors, logistic regression analyses revealed the following associations: intense low back symptoms were predicted by frequent positioning of patients in bed, perceived lack of support from immediate superior, and perceived lack of pleasant and relaxing culture in the work unit. LBP related sick leaves were predicted by frequent handling of heavy objects, medium level of work demands, perceived lack of supportive and encouraging culture in the work unit, working night shifts, and working in a nursing home. Long term LBP related sick leaves were associated with changes of work or work tasks during the observation period that resulted in a perceived reduction of support and encouragement at work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not only frequent mechanical exposures, but also organisational, psychological, and social work factors, such as night shift work, perceived lack of support from superior, and perceived lack of a pleasant and relaxing or supporting and encouraging culture in the work unit, are associated with an increased risk of intense low back symptoms and LBP related sick leaves in nurses' aides.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. w.b.eriksen@samfunnsmed.uio.no
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruusgaard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knardahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009728:Nursing Assistants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires