title: Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrafine particles have been hypothesised to be an important contributing factor in the toxicity and adverse health effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) and nanoparticles are used increasingly in industrial processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the ability of ultrafine and fine particles of titanium dioxide and carbon black to induce inflammation, cause epithelial injury, and affect the alveolar macrophage clearance functions of phagocytosis and chemotaxis in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were instilled with fine and ultrafine carbon black and titanium dioxide. Inflammation was quantified by bronchoalveolar lavage; the ability of the macrophages to phagoytose indictor fluorescent beads and to migrate towards aC5a were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrafine particles induced more PMN recruitment, epithelial damage, and cytotoxicity than their fine counterparts, exposed at equal mass. Both ultrafine and fine particles significantly impaired the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages. Only ultrafine particle treatment significantly enhanced the sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to chemotact towards C5a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrafine particles of two very different materials induced inflammation and epithelial damage to a greater extent than their fine counterparts. In general, the effect of ultrafine carbon black was greater than ultrafine titanium dioxide, suggesting that there are differences in the likely harmfulness of different types of ultrafine particle. Epithelial injury and toxicity were associated with the development of inflammation after exposure to ultrafines. Increased sensitivity to a C5a chemotactic gradient could make the ultrafine exposed macrophages more likely to be retained in the lungs, so allowing dose to accumulate.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Renwick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clouter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002244:Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium