title: Prevalence and risk factors for development of lymphedema following breast cancer treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection and multimodality therapy has resulted in an overall improvement of survival among breast cancer patients. Despite a significant shift in the treatment approach from radical mastectomy to breast conservation a significant number of patients develop lymphedema. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for development of lymphedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis for prevalence of lymphedema in a tertiary care regional cancer centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred treated breast cancer patients with a minimum follow up of one year were evaluated for the prevalence and risk factors for lymphedema. Lymphedema was assessed using a serial circumferential measurement method. More than 3 cm difference in circumference is considered as clinical significant lymphedema. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed for evaluating the risk factors by using the Chi square test and Cox logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of clinically significant lymphedema was 33.5 % and 17.2 % had severe lymphedema. The prevalence of lymphedema was 13.4 % in patients treated with surgery only where as the prevalence was 42.4% in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Stage of the disease, body surface area > 1. 5 m2, presence of co-morbid conditions, post operative radiotherapy and anthracycline based chemotherapy were significant risk factors in univariate analysis where as axillary irradiation and presence of co-morbid conditions have emerged as independent risk factors in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post treatment lymphedema continues to be a significant problem following breast cancer therapy. Presence of co-morbid conditions and axillary radiation significantly increases the risk of lymphedema. A combination of axillary dissection and axillary radiation should be avoided whenever feasible to avoid lymphedema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, India. svsdeo@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: S V S
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Deo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asthana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology*; D015411:Mastectomy, Modified Radical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic