title: The addition of computer simulated noise to investigate radiation dose and image quality in images with spatial correlation of statistical noise: an example application to X-ray CT of the brain.
abstract: This study validates a method to add spatially correlated statistical noise to an image, applied to transaxial X-ray CT images of the head to simulate exposure reduction by up to 50%. 23 patients undergoing routine head CT had three additional slices acquired for validation purposes, two at the same clinical 420 mAs exposure and one at 300 mAs. Images at the level of the cerebrospinal fluid filled ventricles gave readings of noise from a single image, with subtraction of image pairs to obtain noise readings from non-uniform tissue regions. The spatial correlation of the noise was determined and added to the acquired 420 mAs image to simulate images at 340 mAs, 300 mAs, 260 mAs and 210 mAs. Two radiologists assessed the images, finding little difference between the 300 mAs simulated and acquired images. The presence of periventricular low density lesions (PVLD) was used as an example of the effect of simulated dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy, and visualization of the internal capsule was used as a measure of image quality. Diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of PVLD did not fall significantly even down to 210 mAs, though visualization of the internal capsule was poorer at lower exposure. Further work is needed to investigate means of measuring statistical noise without the need for uniform tissue areas, or image pairs. This technique has been shown to allow sufficiently accurate simulation of dose reduction and image quality degradation, even when the statistical noise is spatially correlated.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Physics and Diagnostic Radiology, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Britten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crotty
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiremidjian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*