title: Sex change towards female in dying Acer rufinerve trees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex changes within the genus Acer (Aceraceae) may occur because of associations of sex expression and plant health. In this study, a natural population of Acer rufinerve was monitored to clarify the sex change patterns, the relationship between sex expression and plant health, and the causal environmental conditions that precede sex changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex expression, growth rate and mortality of A. rufinerve trees in a natural population were monitored from 1992 to 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three types of sex expression were observed among A. rufinerve: male, female and bisexual. Among the three types of sex expression, sex changes occurred in all directions. In the growing season of 1994, precipitation was reduced. Stem growth rate decreased and mortality was high in 1994. In the spring of 1995, a drastic sex change from male to female or to bisexual occurred. As a result, the sex ratio became female-biased in 1995, although it had been male-biased from 1992 to 1994. In 1996 and 1997, the proportion of males in the population increased, partly as a result of female mortality and partly as a result of female-to-male sex changes. Sex expression of A. rufinerve was associated with their growth rate and mortality. The growth rate decreased for trees whose sex changed from male to female or to bisexual, and increased for trees whose sex changed from female to male or to bisexual. Dead trees reproduced as females before they died, except for those that died as males in 1994.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One explanation for the sex change towards increasing femaleness for this A. rufinerve population in 1995 was the deterioration of plant health in the previous growing season, because of reduced precipitation. Sex changes of unhealthy and dying A. rufinerve towards femaleness may facilitate re-occupancy by offspring in gaps created by the death of A. rufinerve trees.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan. snanami@sci.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanami
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Takuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakura
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D005843:Geography; D012621:Seasons