title: Dilemmas encountered with preimplantation diagnosis of aneuploidy in human embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increased embryo aneuploidy rate is associated with advancing maternal age. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) coupled with in vitro fertilisation (IVF)/embryo biopsy provides a powerful tool to improve the take home baby rates for this poor prognostic group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the preliminary findings of a PGD study for aneuploidy screening and to discuss the dilemmas encountered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was offered in egg pick up-PGD and frozen embryo transfer-PGD cycles. Embryo biopsy was carried out on day 3 and FISH was used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcome of 75 patients, 100 treatment cycles; 62 egg pick up-PGD and 38 frozen embryo transfer-PGD are presented. The embryo biopsy rate, blastomere survival, presence of nuclei and successful FISH rates for egg pick-up and frozen embryo transfer cycles were similar giving a chromosomal abnormality rate of 57.5 and 51.2% for the respective treatment group. The positive pregnancy, clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were, for egg pick up-PGD 22.7, 13.6 and 21.1% and for frozen embryo transfer-PGD 13.8, 10.3 and 10.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preimplantation genetic diagnosis coupled with IVF treatment seems to give satisfactory pregnancy rates. The high embryo aneuploidy rates, chromosomal mosaicism and other issues have presented significant ethical and management dilemmas for our physicians and patients alike. These issues highlight the importance of skillful pretreatment counselling for patients considering PGD.
authors.affiliation: The Wesley IVF Service, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Brisbane, Australia. john.allan@wesley.com.au
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edirisinghe
authors.forename: Jasen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jemmott
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nandini
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gattas
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*