title: The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.
abstract: Panspermia, an ancient idea, posits that microbial life is ubiquitous in the Universe. After several decades of almost irrational rejection, panspermia is at last coming to be regarded as a serious contender for the beginnings of life on our planet. Astronomical data is shown to be consistent with the widespread distribution of complex organic molecules and dust particles that may have a biological provenance. A minuscule (10(-21)) survival rate of freeze-dried bacteria in space is all that is needed to ensure the continual re-cycling of cosmic microbial life in the galaxy. Evidence that terrestrial life may have come from elsewhere in the solar system has accumulated over the past decade. Mars is seen by some as a possible source of terrestrial life, but some hundreds of billions of comets that enveloped the entire solar system, are a far more likely primordial reservoir of life. Comets would then have seeded Earth, Mars, and indeed all other habitable planetary bodies in the inner regions of the solar system. The implications of this point of view, which was developed in conjunction with the late Sir Fred Hoyle since the 1970s, are now becoming amenable to direct empirical test by studies of pristine organic material in the stratosphere. The ancient theory of panspermia may be on the verge of vindication, in which case the entire universe would be a grand crucible of cryomicrobiology.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Centre for Astrobiology, Cardiff University, 2 North Road, Cardiff CF10 3DY, UK. wickramasinghe@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wickramasinghe
mesh_terms: D055580:Astronomical Phenomena; D001256:Astronomy; D001419:Bacteria / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019443:Cosmic Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004777:Environment; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D005580:Fossils; D005615:Freezing; D019110:Meteoroids; D008829:Microbiology; D000069497:Origin of Life; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D016082:Solar System; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D019443:Cosmic Dust