title: Use of intensive care at the end of life in the United States: an epidemiologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite concern over the appropriateness and quality of care provided in an intensive care unit (ICU) at the end of life, the number of Americans who receive ICU care at the end of life is unknown. We sought to describe the use of ICU care at the end of life in the United States using hospital discharge data from 1999 for six states and the National Death Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of administrative data to calculate age-specific rates of hospitalization with and without ICU use at the end of life, to generate national estimates of end-of-life hospital and ICU use, and to characterize age-specific case mix of ICU decedents.
  
  
  METHODS
  All nonfederal hospitals in the states of Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Virginia, and Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  All inpatients in nonfederal hospitals in the six states in 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that there were 552,157 deaths in the six states in 1999, of which 38.3% occurred in hospital and 22.4% occurred after ICU admission. Using these data to project nationwide estimates, 540,000 people die after ICU admission each year. The age-specific rate of ICU use at the end of life was highest for infants (43%), ranged from 18% to 26% among older children and adults, and fell to 14% for those >85 yrs. Average length of stay and costs were 12.9 days and $24,541 for terminal ICU hospitalizations and 8.9 days and $8,548 for non-ICU terminal hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in five Americans die using ICU services. The doubling of persons over the age of 65 yrs by 2030 will require a system-wide expansion in ICU care for dying patients unless the healthcare system pursues rationing, more effective advanced care planning, and augmented capacity to care for dying patients in other settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Linde-Zwirble
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Weissfeld
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rubenfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology