title: The effect of oxygen tension on the cytotoxicity of hydroquinone and selected hydroquinone metabolites to isolated rat renal proximal tubular cells.
abstract: The cytotoxicity of hydroquinone (HQ) and several of its metabolites was studied using freshly isolated proximal tubular (PT) kidney cells from rats. Incubations were conducted for periods of up to 4 h at 37 degrees C, with cytotoxicity measured either as increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase or as a decreased energy status, as determined by decreased ratios of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Incubation atmospheres consisted of either 95% O(2)/5% CO(2), to promote cell viability in vitro, or 5% O(2)/5% CO(2)/90% N(2). Preliminary studies with bovine serum albumin (BSA) added to the incubation media indicated a lack of toxicity for HQ or its metabolites. For the tests discussed in this report, incubations were performed without the addition of BSA. Under 95% O(2) atmospheres, PT cells from male Fischer F344 rats were significantly more sensitive to HQ than those from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, with decreases in ATP to ADP ratios seen as early as 0.5 h at a concentration of 0.5 mM. When incubations were performed under a 5% O(2) atmosphere, 2-(cysteine-S-yl)hydroquinone (Cys-HQ) and HQ toxicities were observed later (3-4 h) in the incubation period, occurred at higher concentrations, were similar in magnitude for the two strains, and were greater for Cys-HQ than for HQ. These results show that variations in oxygen tension can dramatically influence the toxicity of HQ and its metabolites. The specific compounds tested that were cytotoxic at a physiologically relevant oxygen tension (5%) were (in decreasing order of potency): Cys-HQ > 2-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone > HQ. These results support an association of toxicity with metabolism through the glutathione pathway, with ultimate toxicity associated with the cysteinyl conjugate. Biochemical characteristics of PT cells from these two strains suggest a significantly greater capacity of cells from the SD rat to respond to oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Eastman Kodak Company, Health, Safety and Environment, Department of Toxicological Sciences, 1100 Ridgeway Avenue, Rochester, NY 14652-6272, USA. rodney.boatman@kodak.com
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boatman
authors.forename: J Caroline
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Tammie S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002469:Cell Separation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D006873:Hydroquinones; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D010100:Oxygen