title: Coronary calcium by spiral computed tomography predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability of coronary artery calcium (CAC) to predict coronary events has been shown in several studies. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that CAC as assessed by dual slice spiral computed tomography (DSCT), is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 446 participants of INSIGHT (International Nifedipine Study Intervention as Goal for Hypertension Therapy) calcification study, for the incidence of cardiovascular events as a function of CAC and other factors. All were hypertensive, without coronary artery disease (CAD), ages > 55 years and with at least one more major cardiovascular risk factor. All underwent a baseline DSCT and were followed for a mean period of 3.8 +/- 0.4 years. All events were documented while the scheduled visits and confirmed by the INSIGHT critical event committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was conducted on all participants. 294 patients (66%) had CAC at baseline. Forty-seven patients experienced a first cardiovascular event: acute myocardial infarction (MI), 16; sudden cardiac death, two; unstable angina resulting in revascularization, 14; stroke, 15. The incidence of first cardiovascular events was 3.7 times higher among those who had CAC at baseline than among those who had no CAC (14.5% (41 of 294) versus 3.9% (6 of 152)). Patients who experienced an event were more likely to be males, had had higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease, longer duration of hypertension, and had higher levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, creatinine and uric acid. Adjusting for these covariates, CAC (total coronary calcium score (TCS) > 0) independently predicted cardiovascular events with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-6.99, P = 0.032].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of CAC predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk asymptomatic hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: Grace Ballas Research Unit of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. dshemesh@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shemesh
authors.forename: Nira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morag-Koren
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goldbourt
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tenenbaum
authors.forename: Enrique Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Fisman
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apter
authors.forename: Yacov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itzchak
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed