title: Plasma cytokine levels predict mortality in patients with acute renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients with acute renal failure (ARF) experience a high mortality rate. Animal and human studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines lead to the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is temporally followed by a counter anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). This process has not been specifically described in critically ill patients with ARF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Program to Improve Care in Acute Renal Disease (PICARD) is a prospective, multicenter cohort study designed to examine the natural history, practice patterns, and outcomes of treatment in critically ill patients with ARF. In a subset of 98 patients with ARF, we measured plasma proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)], the acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at study enrollment and over the course of illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with healthy subjects and end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis, patients with ARF had significantly higher plasma levels of all measured cytokines. Additionally, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in nonsurvivors versus survivors [median 234.7 (interdecile range 64.8 to 1775.9) pg/mL vs. 113.5 (46.1 to 419.3) pg/mL, P= 0.02 for IL-6; 35.5 (14.1 to 237.9) pg/mL vs. 21.2 (8.5 to 87.1) pg/mL, P= 0.03 for IL-8]. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was also significantly higher in nonsurvivors [3.1 (0.5 to 41.9) pg/mL vs. 2.4 (0.5 to 16.9) pg/mL, P= 0.04]. For each natural log unit increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, the odds of death increased by 65%, 54%, and 34%, respectively, corresponding to increases in relative risk of approximately 30%, 25%, and 15%. The presence or absence of SIRS or sepsis was not a major determinant of plasma cytokine concentration in this group of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of ongoing SIRS with concomitant CARS in critically ill patients with ARF, with higher levels of plasma IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in patients with ARF who die during hospitalization. Strategies to modulate inflammation must take into account the complex cytokine biology in patients with established ARF.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Edith M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Himmelfarb
authors.forename: M Tugrul
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sezer
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.forename: Ravindra L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Emil P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Paganini
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soroko
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spratt
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shyr
authors.forename: T Alp
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ikizler
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein