title: Pancreatic enzyme extract improves survival in murine pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The disappointing current therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer (PC) represent an urgent need for the development of novel methods to control the disease. Based on a recent report on the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme therapy, we examined the effect of porcine pancreatic enzyme extracts (PPE) on human PC xenografts in nude mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The malignant human PC cell line AsPC1 was transplanted into the pancreas of male beige XID nude mice that were treated or not with PPE in drinking water. The survival, size, and volume of tumors, plasma pancreatic enzyme levels, fecal fat, and urine were examined as were the expression of transforming growth factor alpha, insulinlike growth factor-I, epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, apoptosis, and proliferation rate of tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPE-treated mice survived significantly longer than the control group (P < 0.002). Tumors in the PPE-treated group were significantly smaller than in the control group. All mice in the control group showed steatorrhea, hyperglucosuria, hyperbilirubinuria, and ketonuria at early stages of tumor growth, whereas only a few in the treated group showed some of these abnormalities at the final stage. There were no differences in the expression of growth factors, epidermal growth factor receptor, or the apoptotic rate between the tumors of treated and control mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment with PPE significantly prolongs the survival of mice with human PC xenografts and slows the tumor growth. The data indicate that the beneficial effect of PPE on survival is primarily related to the nutritional advantage of the treated mice.
authors.affiliation: Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saruc
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Standop
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Standop
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itami
authors.forename: Krishan K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Surinder K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guesry
authors.forename: Parviz M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pour
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010194:Pancreatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D016482:Urinalysis; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D006133:Growth Substances; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010194:Pancreatin; D008049:Lipase; D000681:Amylases