title: Modification of standard freezing media to limit capacitation and maximise motility of frozen-thawed equine spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes in equine spermatozoa frozen in three different media using chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence staining analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen collected from three stallions was diluted in one of three centrifugation media and, after centrifugation and removal of supernatant, extended in corresponding freezing media containing additional egg yolk, glycerol, lactose and Equex paste. The semen was frozen in 5 mL straws and the spermatozoa assessed for motility and membrane quality after thawing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following centrifugation, spermatozoa diluted with modified Kenney's Centrifugation Medium (MKCM) displayed a higher percentage of (normal) F pattern (94.3%) compared with spermatozoa in Kenney's Centrifugation Medium (KCM) (84.9%) and Glucose-EDTA Centrifugation Medium (GECM) (85.2%). Conversely, the percentage of spermatozoa displaying the (capacitated) B pattern was higher in the KCM (14.1%) and GECM (13.8%) than in the MKCM (5.0%). Following freezing-thawing, there were lower percentages of spermatozoa displaying the AR (acrosome reacted) pattern in modified Kenney's Freezing Medium (MKFM) (45.6%) compared with Kenney's Freezing Medium (KFM) (61.4%) and lactose-EDTA Freezing Medium (LEFM) (61.1%). There was a correspondingly higher percentage of spermatozoa displaying the B pattern in MKFM (52.3%) compared with KFM (37.9%) and LEFM (38.6%). There was no significant difference between the freezing media in the percentage of spermatozoa displaying the F pattern. The percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa was also influenced by the type of freezing medium (P < 0.001). Post-thaw percentages of progressively motile spermatozoa, frozen in MKFM, KFM, and LEFM, were 31.4, 25.8 and 23.3%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MKFM was the preferred medium for cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa due to its superior protection against changes in motility and membrane quality compared with the other freezing media studied.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2066.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schembri
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Suttie
authors.forename: W M C
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003470:Culture Media; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media