title: Cardiac ECMO for biventricular hearts after paediatric open heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate predictors of hospital survival in a large series of children with biventricular physiology supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after open heart surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  81 children were placed on ECMO after open heart surgery. 58% (47 of 81) were transferred directly from cardiopulmonary bypass to ECMO. Hospital survival was 49% (40 of 81) but there were seven late deaths among these survivors (18%). Factors that improved the odds of survival were initiation of ECMO in theatre (64% survival (30 of 47)) rather than the cardiac intensive care unit (29% survival (10 of 34)) and initiation of ECMO for reactive pulmonary hypertension. Important adverse factors for hospital survival were serious mechanical ECMO circuit problems, renal support, residual lesions, and duration of ECMO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital survival of children with biventricular physiology who require cardiac ECMO is similar to that found in series that include univentricular hearts, suggesting that successful cardiac ECMO is critically dependent on the identification of hearts with reversible ventricular dysfunction. In our experience of postoperative cardiac ECMO, the higher survival of patients cannulated in the operating room than in the cardiac intensive care unit is due to early effective support preventing prolonged hypoperfusion and the avoidance of a catastrophic cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Randall Centre, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macrae
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Leval
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallivan
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome