title: Scalenus muscles in macaque monkeys.
abstract: The attachment and innervation of the scalenus muscles in both sides of two Japanese monkeys and a rhesus monkey were observed to discuss their morphological significance while comparing their findings in humans. The scalenus ventralis muscle in macaques had almost the same attachments as the scalenus anterior muscle in humans and was innervated by the cervical nerve branches, which were lower in spinal segment than in humans and had a close relationship with the branches to the intertransversus ventralis muscles. Furthermore, the scalenus ventralis muscle was penetrated by the phrenic nerve in all cases observed. The posterior part of the scalenus muscle in macaques (the scalenus dorsalis muscle) was divided into short (the scalenus dorsalis brevis) and long (the scalenus dorsalis longus) parts according to their attachments. The former was attached to the transverse processes of the lowest two cervical vertebrae and the first rib, whereas the latter was attached to the 3rd-5th ribs. It is notable that the scalenus dorsalis muscles in macaques were innervated by branches from the long thoracic nerve in addition to direct branches from the cervical nerve roots. In addition, the scalenus dorsalis longus was supplied by twigs from the lateral cutaneous branches of the 2nd and 3rd intercostal nerves. This indicates that the scalenus dorsalis muscles contain a muscular component derived from the upper limb girdle musculature, unlike the human scalenus muscles, which have been considered to belong to the cervical trunk muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. koizumi@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akinari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tokiyoshi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Kodo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D008251:Macaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation