title: Earlier detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients using a new urinary albumin assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria is regarded as the most important predictor of high risk for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Early detection may allow treatment to prevent progression to persistent albuminuria and renal failure. Recent studies have shown that conventional immunoassays underestimate urinary albumin concentration, as albumin in urine may exist in two forms, immuno-reactive and immuno-unreactive. The present study examines the differential lead-time for the development of microalbuminuria as measured by both conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA; measures immuno-reactive) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; measures total albumin = immuno-reactive plus immuno-unreactive) analysis in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was performed on 511 stored urine samples collected over the last 13 years from type 1 diabetic patients who either progressed from normo- to microalbuminuria (progressors, N= 17), or who remained normoalbuminuric (nonprogressors, N= 25) as defined by RIA, and on 634 urine samples collected from patients with type 2 diabetes defined as either progressors (N= 24) or nonprogressors (N= 25).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For type 1 progressors, the mean lead-time for the HPLC assay versus the RIA was 3.9 years, with a 95% CI of 2.1 to 5.6 years. For type 2 progressors, the mean lead-time was 2.4 years with a 95% CI of 1.2 to 3.5 years. There was no significant difference between the lead-time analysis between type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that measurement of total albumin may allow earlier detection of microalbuminuria associated with diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. wayne.comper@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Comper
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Osicka
authors.forename: Malcom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: MacIsaac
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jerums
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis*; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000652:urine*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins