title: Are depressive persons capable of describing changes in their reactions without being able to explain them? A proof of a cybernetic hypothesis of depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies on the autobiographical memory and the explanation of reasons for success and failure proved that persons suffering from major depression tend to overgeneralize. This study examines the hypothesis that changes of reactions caused by a depressive disorder can be described by the affected persons but not explained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons suffering from major depression and persons with posttraumatic stress disorder or disturbance of accommodation with depressive mood (= reactive form of a depressive disorder) were presented with a list of modalities (behaviour, emotional and physical reactions) characteristic for depression. They were asked to identify modalities applicable to them and to describe and explain them. Their responses were analysed using a content analysis and assigned to the categories description and explanation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons with a major depression tended to use explanations or evaluations rather than descriptions for their depression-related modalities. Those persons suffering from a reactive form of depressive disorder tended to prefer evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the assumption that states of depression cause general descriptions of depression-relevant behaviour. The specific characteristics that have been perceived confirm the general concepts, which however make the patient prone to the respective selective perceptions. Persons suffering from a reactive form of depressive mood cannot be assumed to have this tendency of self-affirmation. Their depressive state may be maintained by perseverating general pessimistic schemes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It must however be conceded that it was not possible to control the physical comorbidity methodically and to take its effects into consideration, even though only persons without serious illnesses were included in the samples. This study did not verify whether other clinical groups, like patients suffering from anxiety, show the same patterns of explaining and describing their problems. It should furthermore be reviewed how other actions, e.g. positive ones, are represented by depressive persons.
authors.affiliation: Social-Medical Service, Government of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. max.leibetseder@salzburg.gv.at
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leibetseder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamolz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*