title: The cost consequences of treatment-resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment-resistant depression is a significant public health problem with profound effects on general medical and mental health-related health care costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe health care costs of patients with treatment-resistant depression as their illness progresses, in terms of pharmaceutical and medical expenditures, and to identify factors associated with increasing degrees of treatment resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDSTAT MarketScan Private Pay Fee for Service (FFS) Database, a medical and prescription claims database covering over 3.5 million enrollees, from 1995-2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  7737 patients with depression (ICD-9) who had 2 or more unsuccessful trials of antidepressant medication at an adequate dose for at least 4 weeks from 1995-2000 were defined as treatment-resistant in this study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed for these patients with treatment-resistant depression. The number of changes in depression medication treatment regimens was used as a proxy for increasing degrees of treatment resistance and its severity. MAJOR OUTCOME MEASURE: Differences in health care expenditures associated with increasing degrees of treatment-resistant depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total depression-related and general medical health care expenditures increased significantly as treatment-resistant depression increased in severity. Multivariate analyses of patient demographic characteristics were not associated with ongoing treatment resistance. Disease severity, type of antidepressant at index, comorbid mental health disorders, and membership in a managed health care plan were associated with increasing degrees of treatment resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression and general medical health care expenditures increase with the degree of treatment-resistant depression. Disease management interventions for treatment-resistant depression that result in sustained remission early in the course of illness are most likely to be cost effective.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ozminkowski
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Crown
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents