title: Association of cholecystokinin-A receptor gene polymorphisms and panic disorder in Japanese.
abstract: Several lines of evidence have suggested that naturally occurring alterations in cholecystokinin (CCK) systems could contribute to the development of panic disorder (PD). Among recent investigations, polymorphisms of the CCK and CCK-B receptor (R) genes were investigated, but the results were inconclusive. We recently cloned the genomic structures of human CCK-AR, and determined the transcriptional start site of the human CCK-AR gene. Two sequence changes were detected in the promoter region: a G to T change in nucleotide -128 and an A to G change in nucleotide -81 (GenBank database under accession number D85606). The frequencies of the genotypes and haplotypes of these two polymorphisms were compared in 109 Japanese patients with PD and 400 age- and gender-matched normal Japanese control subjects. The frequency of variant genotypes (-81A/G, -128G/T; G/G, G/T, and G/G, T/T) having variant haplotype (-81G/-128T) was significantly higher in PD than in controls (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.74-4.39). The statistical differences between the haplotype distributions in the PD and control groups were highly significant: the frequency of variant haplotype (-81G/-128T) was higher in the former group than in the latter (P < 0.0001). This association was not affected by clinical characteristics such as age, gender, and age at onset of PD. In this study, the first to report the positive association of the CCK-AR polymorphisms and PD, haplotype analyses further strengthened the association based on our comparison of genotype distributions. The CCK-AR gene polymorphism may be involved in the neurobiology of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan. miyasaka@tmig.or.jp
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimokata
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funakoshi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A; D004247:DNA; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; C032229:GANTC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases