title: Identification of serious drug-drug interactions: results of the partnership to prevent drug-drug interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a list of clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) likely to be encountered in community and ambulatory pharmacy settings and detected by a computerized pharmacy system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, one-time evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States in fall 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  An expert panel comprising two physicians, two clinical pharmacists, and an expert on DDIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of drug interaction compendia and published literature, ratings (on a 1 to 10 scale) of various clinical aspects of DDIs (e.g., clinical importance, quality and quantity of evidence, causal relationship, risk of morbidity and mortality), and a modified Delphi consensus-building process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panelists' opinions about clinical importance of DDIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expert panel considered 56 DDIs. Of these, 28 had a mean clinical importance score of 8.0 or more. The ratings for clinical importance ranged from 3.2 to 9.6, with a mean +/- SD of 7.5 +/- 1.5 across the combinations examined. The mean score for the quality of literature suggesting the interaction exists ranged from 1.0 to 9.6, with a mean +/- SD of 5.8 +/- 2.5. In terms of substantiation of the interactions evaluated, the mean +/- SD rating was 6.3 +/- 2.2, with a range from 1.4 to 9.2. Through the modified Delphi process, the panel determined that 25 interactions were clinically important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using an expert panel and a standard evaluation tool, 25 clinically important drug interactions that are likely to occur in the community and ambulatory pharmacy settings were identified. Pharmacists should take steps to prevent patients from receiving these interacting medications, and computer software vendors should focus interaction alerts on these and similarly important DDIs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, PO Box 210207, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA. malone@pharmacy.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abarca
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hansten
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grizzle
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Van Bergen
authors.forename: Babette S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Duncan-Edgar
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D032921:Consensus; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003628:Database Management Systems; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000009:adverse effects