Sex and leadership styles: a meta-analysis of research published in the 1990s.
Empirical research on sex differences in leadership styles, published between 1987 and 2000 in peer-reviewed journals, is reviewed by means of a meta-analysis. The leadership styles examined are interpersonal, task-oriented, democratic versus autocratic, and transformational and transactional leadership. Analysis showed that evidence for sex differences in leadership behavior is mixed, demonstrating that women tend to use more democratic and transformational leadership styles than men do, whereas no sex differences are found on the other leadership styles. Sex differences in leadership styles are contingent upon the context in which male and female leaders work, as both the type of organization in which the leader works and the setting of the study turn out to be moderators of sex differences in leadership styles.
van Engen
Marloes L
ML
Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands. M.L.vEngen@uvt.nl
Willemsen
Tineke M
TM
D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010559:Personnel Management; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis