title: Down-modulation of lung immune responses by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and analysis of TGF-beta receptors I and II in active tuberculosis.
abstract: Immune factors influencing progression to active tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the expression of immunoregulatory cytokines and receptors by using lung bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from patients with pulmonary TB, patients with other lung diseases (OLD patients), and healthy volunteers (VOL) by using reverse transcriptase PCR, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity assay, and an enzyme immunoassay. TB patients were significantly more likely than OLD patients to coexpress TGF-beta receptor I (RI) and RII mRNA, as well as interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA (thereby indicating the state of active gene transcription in the alveolar cells at harvest). In contrast, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 mRNA was seen in both TB and OLD patients. Likewise, significantly elevated pulmonary steady-state protein levels of IL-10, IFN-gamma, and bioactive TGF-beta were found in TB patients versus those in OLD patients and VOL. These data suggest that the combined production of the immunosuppressants IL-10 and TGF-beta, as well as coexpression of TGF-beta RI and RII (required for cellular response to TGF-beta), may act to down-modulate host anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and thereby allow uncontrolled bacterial replication and overt disease. Delineating the underlying mechanisms of M. tuberculosis-triggered expression of these immune elements may provide a molecular-level understanding of TB immunopathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas, Clinica Evandro Chagas, Serviço de Immulogia, FIOCRUZ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: M Glória
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bonecini-Almeida
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Neio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boéchat
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huard
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chitale
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doo
authors.forename: Jiayuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.forename: Luiz Claudio Oliveira
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lazzarini
authors.forename: Afrânio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kritski
authors.forename: Warren D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: José R Lapa e
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II