title: Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in 5 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Five patients with DiGeorge syndrome presented with infections, skin rashes, and lymphadenopathy after the newborn period. T-cell counts and function varied greatly in each patient. Initial laboratory testing did not suggest athymia in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the patients had significant immunodeficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research testing of peripheral blood included immunoscope evaluation of T-cell receptor beta variable gene segment repertoire diversity, quantification of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles, and detection of naive T cells (expressing CD45RA and CD62L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were classified as having DiGeorge syndrome on the basis of syndromic associations and heart, parathyroid, and immune abnormalities. Immunoscope evaluation revealed that the T-cell repertoires were strikingly oligoclonal in all patients. There were few recent thymic emigrants, as indicated by the very low numbers of naive T cells (<50/mm(3)) and the absence of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles. These studies showed that all 5 patients were athymic. Two patients died, one from infection. No thymus was found during the complete autopsy performed on one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with DiGeorge syndrome, skin rash, and lymphadenopathy should undergo analysis of naive T-cell numbers and of T-cell receptor beta variability segment repertoire to determine whether they are athymic, even if they have T cells with mitogen responsiveness. It is important for physicians to realize that patients with complete DiGeorge syndrome remain profoundly immunodeficient after development of these atypical features (rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells). Prompt diagnosis is necessary for appropriate management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: M Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Markert
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alexieff
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarzotti
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Blythe H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Sempowski
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rhein
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szabolcs
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Katharine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.forename: Henry E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mahaffey
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000473:pathology; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D005076:Exanthema / Q000150:complications*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000002:abnormalities