title: DNA methyltransferase 1 knock down induces gene expression by a mechanism independent of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation.
abstract: DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) catalyzes the post-replication methylation of DNA and is responsible for maintaining the DNA methylation pattern during cell division. A long list of data supports a role for DNMT1 in cellular transformation and inhibitors of DNMT1 were shown to have antitumorigenic effects. It was long believed that DNMT1 promoted tumorigenesis by maintaining the hypermethylated and silenced state of tumor suppressor genes. We have previously shown that DNMT1 knock down by either antisense oligonucleotides directed at DNMT1 or expressed antisense activates a number of genes involved in stress response and cell cycle arrest by a DNA methylation-independent mechanism. In this report we demonstrate that antisense knock down of DNMT1 in human lung carcinoma A549 and embryonal kidney HEK293 cells induces gene expression by a mechanism that does not involve either of the known epigenomic mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or histone methylation. The mechanism of activation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and apoptosis inducer BIK by DNMT1 inhibition is independent of the mechanism of activation of the same genes by histone deacetylase inhibition. We determine whether DNMT1 knock down activates one of the nodal transcription activation pathways in the cell and demonstrate that DNMT1 activates Sp1 response elements. This activation of Sp1 response does not involve an increase in either Sp1 or Sp3 protein levels in the cell or the occupancy of the Sp1 elements with these proteins. The methylation-independent regulation of Sp1 elements by DNMT1 unravels a novel function for DNMT1 in gene regulation. DNA methylation was believed to be a mechanism for suppression of CG-rich Sp1-bearing promoters. Our data suggest a fundamentally different and surprising role for DNMT1 regulation of CG-rich genes by a mechanism independent of DNA methylation and histone acetylation. The implications of our data on the biological roles of DNMT1 and the therapeutic potential of DNMT1 inhibitors as anticancer agents are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
authors.forename: Snezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milutinovic
authors.forename: Shelley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Qianli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szyf
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; C091879:HSPA2 protein, human; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; C012589:trichostatin A; D008156:Luciferases; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)