title: Comparison of combined prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin plus ganciclovir versus cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin alone in high-risk heart transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seronegative heart transplant recipients who receive an allograft from seropositive donors have a higher risk of developing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and dysfunction. Neither CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin nor ganciclovir as sole CMV prophylaxis is sufficient to prevent CMV disease in high-risk patients. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of CMV-hyperimmune globulin with and without ganciclovir in 207 D+/R- heart transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was divided into two groups: Group A was composed of 96 patients who received CMV hyperimmune globulin as sole CMV prophylaxis, and group B was composed of 111 patients who received combined CMV prophylaxis. All recipients were subjected to quadruple cytolytic immunosuppression. Primary and secondary end points included prevention of CMV-associated death, CMV disease and productive infection, CAV, and overall infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in overall survival between the two groups. Four patients in the group A died of CMV sepsis, whereas no CMV-associated death was observed in group B (P =0.0326). The actuarial incidence of CMV disease was significantly lower in patients who received double CMV prophylaxis (32.29 vs. 11.71, P =0.0003). Although no difference was observed with regard to productive CMV infection (53.12 vs. 65.77, P =not significant), CAV and overall infection rates were significantly higher in the first group (7.29 vs. 0.9, P =0.0157 and 70.83 vs. 62.16, P =0.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double CMV prophylaxis consisting of CMV hyperimmune globulin and ganciclovir is able to abolish CMV death and prevent CMV disease in high-risk heart transplant recipients. Therefore, the use of a combination regimen is recommended for seronegative recipients with seropositive donors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria. nikolaos.bonaros@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Nikolaos E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bonaros
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunkler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuckermann
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ankersmit
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolner
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C045781:cytomegalovirus-specific hyperimmune globulin; D015774:Ganciclovir