title: Relationships between objective assessment of ligament stability and subjective assessment of symptoms and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relationships between objective assessment of ligament stability and subjective assessment of symptoms and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Relationships exist between objective and subjective assessments after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N = 202) undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 2-year minimum follow-up were studied. Objective variables of ligament stability at follow-up included instrumented laxity, Lachman examination, and pivot-shift examination. Subjective variables of symptoms at follow-up included pain, swelling, giving way, locking, crepitus, stiffness, and limping. Subjective function at follow-up included walking, squatting, stair climbing, running, cutting, jumping, twisting, activity limitation, sports level, activities of daily living level, work level, knee function, sports participation, Lysholm score, and satisfaction with outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instrumented knee laxity and Lachman examination had no significant (P >.05) relationships with any subjective variables of symptoms and function. Pivot-shift examination had significant associations with satisfaction (P =.03), partial giving way (P =.01), full giving way (P =.01), difficulty cutting (P =.01), difficulty twisting (P =.01), activity limitation (P =.01), overall knee function (P =.03), sports participation (P =.02), and Lysholm score (P =.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pivot-shift examination may be a better measure of "functional instability" than instrumented knee laxity or Lachman examination after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado, USA. mininder.kocher@children.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mininder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Steadman
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Sterett
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology