title: Localised invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: characteristic features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the characteristic constellation of historical, clinical, radiographic, and histopathological findings of localised invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis based on the authors' recent experience of four consecutive cases presenting over a 6 month period. Treatment and outcome are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case series of four patients with review of the English language literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been 17 reported cases of invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis in healthy individuals over the past 33 years. The authors report four patients who presented during a 6 month period with persistent and significant pain followed by progressive ophthalmic signs-clinical histories reflecting the literature. Similar imaging findings were also noted: focal hypodense areas within apical infiltrates on contrasted computed tomography correspond to abscesses seen at surgery, and sinus obliteration or involvement of the adjacent sinus lining was noted on magnetic resonance imaging. Bone erosion (often focal) was also seen. There is frequently a delay in making the correct diagnosis, and often disease progression occurs despite treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors encountered four cases of invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis, three of which occurred in otherwise healthy individuals. The clinician must be aware of the characteristic presentation so that earlier diagnosis, management, and improved outcomes can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia and the Vancouver Hospital & Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sivak-Callcott
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Livesley
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rootman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed