title: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated rheumatic disorders in the HAART era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the frequency and characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated rheumatic manifestations in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) referred to a rheumatology clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 patients with HIV infection receiving HAART were prospectively evaluated for the presence of rheumatic complaints. Diagnosis of HIV infection was performed by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot, and all HIV patients were classified according to the US Centers for Disease Control criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five individuals with HIV infection and musculoskeletal manifestations were evaluated: 65 (86%) men and 10 (14%) women. Mean age was 32 +/- 4.5 years (range 21-58). The group included 40 (53%) heterosexuals, 30 (40%) intravenous drugs users, 9 (12%) homosexuals, 3 (4%) who had received blood transfusion, and 2 (2.6%) with unknown risk factors. Septic manifestations were the most common complications seen in 31 (41%) out of 75, and included septic arthritis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, diskitis, and pyomyositis. Fibromyalgia was present in 13 (17%), seronegative symmetric polyarthritis in 4, oligoarthritis in 4, psoriatic arthritis in 2, carpal tunnel syndrome in 2, and enthesitis in 2. Mutifocal bone non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was present in 7 (9.3%) and Kaposis's sarcoma of bone in 2 (2.6%) patients. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in 3 (4%) and aseptic bone necrosis of multiple bones was seen in 3 (4%) patients. Ten patients exhibited only arthralgias. Most patients had moderately elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Mean CD4 cell count was 250 mm3 (range 20-450), and mean HIV viral load was 5210 (range 0-75,300) copies/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rheumatic manifestations were highly frequent in HIV patients receiving HAART referred to a rheumatology clinic, although the clinical spectrum differed from the pre-HAART era with septic and malignant complications being the most common manifestations seen.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Candia
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Espinoza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents