title: Conditioning processes contribute to severity of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute opioid dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single injections with morphine can induce a state of acute opioid dependence in humans and animals, typically measured as precipitated withdrawal when an antagonist such as naloxone is administered 4-24 h after morphine. Repeated treatment with morphine results in further increases in naloxone potency, and prior work has shown that this progressive shift in naloxone potency requires repeated naloxone experience under some but not all experimental conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study sought to further characterize the experimental conditions that support naloxone experience-dependent and experience-independent potentiation of precipitated suppression of operant responding in morphine pretreated rats, and to assess more directly whether conditioning mechanisms may contribute to the former process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats trained on an FR15 schedule for food received a total of five vehicle or morphine injections (5.6 mg/kg SC) at 4, 8, or 22 h prior to an operant session in which a cumulative dose-effect function for naloxone-induced suppression of responding was determined. Separate groups of animals at each interval between morphine and naloxone received cumulative naloxone dosing after all morphine pretreatments (NAL ALL DAYS) or after just the first and last morphine pretreatment (NAL FIRST/LAST). Additional groups of rats at the 4 h MOR-NAL interval received most of their naloxone cumulative dose-effect experience in either the home cage or in the operant context with levers retracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vehicle-pretreated (Morphine-Naive) rats showed little change in the naloxone dose-effect function even after five cumulative dose-effect determinations. With a single morphine pretreatment, naloxone potency was increased at 4 or 8 h post-morphine, but not at 22 h. With repeated morphine treatment, all MOR-NAL intervals resulted in significant shifts in naloxone potency across treatment days even when naloxone was administered only after the first and last morphine pretreatment. However, much greater shifts in naloxone potency were observed at 4-h and 8-h intervals when naloxone was administered on all treatment days. At the 22 h MOR-NAL interval, there was no further potentiation in naloxone potency with additional naloxone experience provided on the intermediate days. Finally, when the repeated naloxone experience occurred in the home cage at the 4-h interval, naloxone potency was identical to that seen after limited naloxone experience (NAL FIRST/LAST), and significantly less than naloxone potency in groups receiving repeated naloxone experience in the operant context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that conditioned withdrawal mechanisms may play a significant role in the initial development of opioid dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine and VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161-5085, USA. gschulteis@vapop.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Gery
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulteis
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003463:Cues; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005502:Food; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000523:psychology*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine