title: Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor prevents acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces systemic inflammatory response with neutrophil activation and subsequent lung dysfunction. Rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, blocks the decrease in levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate associated with neutrophil activation. Here, we tested the protective effect of rolipram on CPB-induced lung injury in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into three groups: control (C), rolipram (R) and sham (S). In the C and R groups, animals underwent CPB at a flow rate of 60 ml/kg per min for 60 min followed by another 60-min observation, whereas the S group rats were sustained for 120 min only with median sternotomy and the placement of cannulae for CPB. Rolipram (40 microg/kg per min) was administered to the R group rats by continuous intravenous infusion from 10 min before the establishment of CPB to the end of the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The R and S groups showed significantly higher mean arterial oxygen pressure and lower mean lung wet-to-dry weight ratio compared with those observed in the C group (R: 489+/-44 or S: 527+/-55 vs. C: 287+/-185, and R: 5.0+/-0.4 or S: 4.7+/-0.3 vs. C: 5.9+/-0.5, respectively; (P < 0.01). Although CD11b expression levels on circulating neutrophils in the C group doubled after CPB, those in the R and S groups remained almost the same (P = 0.0008). Intrapulmonary tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations (pg/microg protein) in the C group tended to be higher than those observed in the R and S groups (R: 5.2+/-2.1, S: 5.0+/-2.1 and C: 8.9+/-5.4; R vs. C: P = 0.09 and S vs. C: P = 0.08). Pathological study of lungs revealed that more alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophil accumulation were observed in the C group compared to the R and S groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that rolipram prevents acute lung injury via the inhibition of neutrophil activation during and after CPB in this setting of a rat model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamamoto
authors.forename: Michiharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inamori
authors.forename: Toshikatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagihara
authors.forename: Soichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020889:Rolipram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019041:L-Selectin; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D020889:Rolipram