A putative osmoreceptor system that controls neutrophil function through the release of ATP, its conversion to adenosine, and activation of A2 adenosine and P2 receptors.
We have previously shown that hypertonic stress (HS) can suppress chemoattractant-induced neutrophil responses via cyclic adenosine monophosphate and enhance these responses through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that HS dose-dependently releases adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from neutrophils and that extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine or activates p38 MAPK and enhances N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced superoxide formation. In contrast, adenosine suppresses superoxide formation. Adenosine deaminase treatment abolished the suppressive effect of HS, indicating that HS inhibits neutrophils through adenosine generation. Neutrophils express mRNA, encoding all known P1 adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3) and the nucleotide receptors P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2X7. A2 receptor agonists mimicked the suppressive effects of HS; the A2 receptor antagonists 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline, 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2-propynyl)xanthine, 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(3-chlorostyryl)xanthine, and 3-propylxanthine, but not A1 and A3 receptor antagonists, decreased the suppressive effect of HS, indicating that HS suppresses neutrophils via A2 receptor activation. Antagonists of P2 receptors counteracted the enhancing effects of ATP, suggesting that HS costimulates neutrophils by means of P2 receptor activation. We conclude that hypertonic stress regulates neutrophil function via a single molecule (ATP) and its metabolite (adenosine), using positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms through the activation of P2 and A2 receptors, respectively.
Chen
Yu
Y
Department of Surgery/Trauma, UCSD Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
Shukla
Alok
A
Namiki
Sachiko
S
Insel
Paul A
PA
Junger
Wolfgang G
WG
D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D013481:Superoxides; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000241:Adenosine