title: Inhibition of primary human T cell proliferation by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) is independent of VacA effects on IL-2 secretion.
abstract: Recent evidence indicates that the secreted Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) inhibits the activation of T cells. VacA blocks IL-2 secretion in transformed T cell lines by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). In this study, we investigated the effects of VacA on primary human CD4(+) T cells. VacA inhibited the proliferation of primary human T cells activated through the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. VacA-treated Jurkat T cells secreted markedly diminished levels of IL-2 compared with untreated cells, whereas VacA-treated primary human T cells continued to secrete high levels of IL-2. Further experiments indicated that the VacA-induced inhibition of primary human T cell proliferation was not attributable to VacA effects on NFAT activation or IL-2 secretion. We show here that VacA suppresses IL-2-induced cell-cycle progression and proliferation of primary human T cells without affecting IL-2-dependent survival. Through the analysis of a panel of mutant VacA proteins, we demonstrate that VacA-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation requires an intact N-terminal hydrophobic region necessary for the formation of anion-selective membrane channels. Remarkably, we demonstrate that one of these mutant VacA proteins [VacA-Delta(6-27)] abrogates the immunosuppressive actions of wild-type VacA in a dominant-negative fashion. We suggest that VacA may inhibit the clonal expansion of T cells that have already been activated by H. pylori antigens, thereby allowing H. pylori to evade the adaptive immune response and establish chronic infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2605, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sundrud
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Unutmaz
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cover
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019169:Jurkat Cells
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori