title: Loss of consciousness: when to perform computed tomography?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic value of physical examination (including neurologic exam) for positive computed tomography scan findings in children with closed head injury, Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15 in the emergency department, and loss of consciousness or amnesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large, tertiary, pediatric trauma center in San Diego County.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children ages 2-16 with an isolated closed head injury, history of loss of consciousness or amnesia, and Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 who were referred for pediatric trauma evaluation and received a head computed tomography as part of this evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized physical examination including skull/scalp exam, pupils, tympanic membrane, and brief neurologic exam was documented on each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects age 2-16 being evaluated by the pediatric trauma team for closed head injury with loss of consciousness or amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 received a standardized physical exam, noncontrast head computed tomography scan, and follow-up telephone call at 4-6 wks. Outcome variables include intracranial injury visualized on computed tomography scan and need for neurosurgical intervention. Ninety-eight subjects were enrolled in the study over a 1-yr period. Computed tomography scans revealed evidence of intracranial injury in 13 of 98 subjects (13%). Normal examination increased the probability of a normal computed tomography scan from.87 pretest to.90 posttest. Four of 38 subjects with normal examination were noted to have evidence of intracranial injury on computed tomography. These four subjects did not require neurosurgical intervention. Two of 98 subjects underwent neurosurgical procedures. One intracranial pressure monitor was placed for decreasing level of consciousness. One subject underwent surgical elevation of a depressed skull fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed clinical examination is of no diagnostic value in detecting intracranial injuries found on head computed tomography scan. Patients with observed loss of consciousness or amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 should have a head computed tomography scan as part of their evaluation to avoid missing an intracranial injury.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Halley
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodarte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000647:Amnesia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology