title: Laparoscopic mid sagittal hemicystectomy and bladder reconstruction with small intestinal submucosa and reimplantation of ureter into small intestinal submucosa: 1-year followup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the long-term results of laparoscopic hemicystectomy and bladder replacement with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) with ureteral reimplantation into the SIS material.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 minipigs underwent laparoscopic hemicystectomy. Six pigs underwent bladder reconstruction with SIS and ipsilateral ureteral reimplantation. The remaining 6 control pigs underwent hemicystectomy and primary bladder closure with ipsilateral nephroureterectomy. Preoperative and followup evaluations included blood chemistry, radiography and urodynamic evaluations. The 6, 3, 6 and 9-week, and 12-month followup evaluations included biopsies. At 1 year the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological and contractility studies, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for growth factors and basement membrane components were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder capacity and bladder compliance were similar in the 2 groups at all time points. One pig per group died, that is a control at the 9-month evaluation due to an anesthetic complication and an SIS pig 7 months after bladder reconstruction due to spontaneous bladder rupture at the anastomotic site. In the SIS group 4 of 5 surviving pigs had unobstructed reimplanted ureters without evidence of hydroureteronephrosis, while 1 had high grade obstruction at the reimplantation site. Histopathology study after 1 year revealed muscle at the graft periphery and center but it consisted of small fused bundles with significant fibrosis. Nerves were present at the graft periphery and center but they were decreased in number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic SIS bladder reconstruction and ureteral reimplantation into the SIS after hemicystectomy are technically feasible. However, compared to primary bladder closure no advantage in bladder capacity or compliance was documented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.landmanj@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Ephrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olweny
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Cassio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Collyer
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Jerde
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eva H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Nunlist
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: Steven Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000637:transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*