title: Histopathogenesis of early-stage mitral annular calcification.
abstract: Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a common condition in elderly subjects that sometimes causes degenerative mitral valvular diseases. To investigate the early histopathogenesis of MAC, we examined 180 consecutive autopsies of elderly subjects. After a macroscopic and radiological examination, 5-mm-thick serial tissue blocks obtained from the mitral annulus were examined in all MAC cases. Five cases without MAC were also studied using histology, immunostaining, electron microscopy, analytical electron microscopy and the TUNEL method. The incidence of MAC in females (23%) was higher than that in males (15%). Most MAC was located at the posterior cusp (91%). The mitral annulus showed signs of microscopic calcification and lipid-deposition in some degenerated areas in all of the cases without MAC. The interstitial cells were positive for vimentin and partially positive for smooth muscle actin, indicating the myofibroblastic differentiation. Ultrastructural studies showed an abundance of cellular degradation products and foci of calcium- and phosphorus-deposition on these products in the interstitium. Several interstitial cells tested positive for both single-stranded DNA immunostaining and the TUNEL reaction. In conclusion, the microscopic calcification of mitral annulus is an early stage of MAC and caused by calcium-deposition on cellular degradation products, probably released from apoptotic or necrotic interstitial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Phetsamone
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arounlangsy
authors.forename: Motoji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawabe
authors.forename: Naotaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Izumiyama
authors.forename: Morio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koike
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D002102:Cadaver; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D014746:Vimentin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008055:Lipids; D014746:Vimentin; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium