title: Ne-Osteo bone growth factor for posterolateral lumbar spine fusion: results from a nonhuman primate study and a prospective human clinical pilot study.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective animal and human clinical pilot trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine and test the dose of Ne-Osteo growth factor extract and carrier required for consistent radiographic bone induction in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preclinical studies have demonstrated that Ne-Osteo, an extract-containing bone morphogenetic proteins, was successful at generating spine fusion in rabbits and rhesus monkeys. Consistent fusions have yet to be achieved in nonhuman primates and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rhesus monkeys underwent single-level posterolateral intertransverse lumbar arthrodesis with either 3.0 mg (N = 4), 5.0 mg (N = 4), 12.5 mg (N = 4), or 25 mg (N = 4) of Ne-Osteo per side. Animals were killed after 24 weeks. In the human clinical trial, 22 patients (18 females, 4 males) had lumbar spinal stenosis and/or spondylolisthesis requiring spine arthrodesis. To minimize patient risk of nonunion, patients received autogenous bone graft from the posterior iliac crest on one side and Ne-Osteo growth factor on the other. The dose was 12.5 mg, 25 or 50 mg, or 25 mg Ne-Osteo per side performed in the three phases, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of four monkeys that received 12.5 mg Ne-Osteo per side and four of four that received 25 mg per side achieved solid fusions. In phase I of the human clinical trial, two of six patients showed radiographic bone induction (plain radiograph, CT scans-blindly evaluated) on the Ne-Osteo side (12.5-mg dose). In phase II, both sides were graded as fused in five of six patients. Although graded as fused, the 6-month scans demonstrated a ring of new bone with the center filling in slower (12-24 mo) than was predicted by nonhuman primate studies. As a result, phase III carrier was designed to have a more porous/open early fusion mass than with the dense DBM paste (used in phase I and II) by mixing in local bone or cancellous allograft chips. Results using the 25- and 50-mg doses were the same, so 25 mg was used in phase III. In phase III, 9 of 10 autograft were fused by 12 months. Five of five patients with Ne-Osteo plus local bone and four of five with allograft chips were fused by 6 months. The one patient in this group that did not heal on either the autograft or the Ne-Osteo side was a smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A graft composite of Ne-Osteo bone growth factor with human DBM with or without cancellous allograft or local bone autograft was capable of achieving a contiguous spine fusion mass in 15 of 16 patients at a dose of at least 25 mg per side. This result was comparable with the results using iliac crest autograft (94%) in this side-by-side model. These results warrant confirmation in a definitive trial using Ne-Osteo on both sides of the spine and thus avoiding the need for iliac crest bone graft harvest.
authors.affiliation: Emory Spine Center, Atlanta, USA. Scott_Boden@emoryhealthcare.org
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grob
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Damien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001863:Bone Screws; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004337:Drug Carriers; C488849:Ne-Osteo