title: Is the excess risk of psychosis-like experiences in urban areas attributable to altered cognitive development?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rates of psychotic disorder and related attenuated psychotic experiences are higher in urban areas. We examined to what degree differences between urban and rural areas could be attributed to differences in cognitive development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores on the nine subscales of the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) as well as IQ and specific neuropsychological functions of memory and attention were assessed in a representative sample of 943 young army conscripts from the 49 counties of Greece.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young men from urban areas had higher scores on the SPQ subscale Odd beliefs/magical thinking (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.78), but lower scores on Excessive social anxiety (OR = 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.49, 0.81) and No close friends (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.62). Adjustment for demographic factors, IQ and specific neuropsychological functions did not change the results. When the lower scores on Excessive social anxiety and No close friends were taken into account, the differences on the Odd beliefs/magical thinking subscale became even more pronounced (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.56, 3.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young men from urban areas are socially more competent, but display higher levels of positive psychotic experiences, which are not mediated by lower IQ or higher levels of neuropsychological impairment.
authors.affiliation: University Mental Health Research Institute (UMHRI), Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stefanis
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delespaul
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smyrnis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lembesi
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Avramopoulos
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Evdokimidis
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Stefanis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009484:Neuropsychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*