title: Anticoagulation is the gold standard therapy for blunt carotid injuries to reduce stroke rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aggressive screening, early angiographic diagnosis, and prompt anticoagulation for blunt carotid artery injuries (CAIs) improves neurologic outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2002, there were 13 280 blunt trauma admissions to our level I center, of which 643 underwent screening angiography for blunt CAI on the basis of a protocol including injury patterns and symptoms. Patients without contraindications underwent anticoagulation immediately for documented lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A state-designated, level I urban trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 643 patients undergoing screening angiography, 114 (18%) had confirmed CAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early angiographic diagnosis and prompt anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis, stroke rate, and complications stratified by method of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A CAI was identified in 114 patients during the 7-year study period; the majority were men (71%), with a mean +/- SD age of 34 +/- 1.3 years and a mean +/- SD Injury Severity Score of 29 +/- 1.5. Seventy-three patients underwent anticoagulation after diagnosis (heparin in 54, low-molecular-weight heparin in 2, antiplatelet agents in 17); none had a stroke. Of the 41 patients who did not receive anticoagulation (because of a contraindication in 27, symptoms before diagnosis in 9, and carotid coil or stent in 5), 19 patients (46%) developed neurologic ischemia. Ischemic neurologic events occurred in 100% of patients who presented with symptoms before angiographic diagnosis and those receiving a carotid coil or stent without anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our prospective evaluation of blunt CAIs suggests that early diagnosis and prompt anticoagulation reduce ischemic neurologic events and their disability. The optimal anticoagulation regimen, however, remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 80204, USA. clay.cothren@dhha.org
authors.forename: C Clay
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cothren
authors.forename: Ernest E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Walter L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Biffl
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ciesla
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burch
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin