title: Effects of withdrawal of phasic lung inflation during normocapnia and hypercapnia on the swallowing reflex in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was done to test the hypothesis that hypercapnia has a direct, inhibitory effect on swallowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated changes in the frequency and timing of repeated swallows induced by continuous infusion of water into the pharynx before, during, and after transient airway occlusion at normocapnia and hypercapnia in 12 healthy volunteers. Hypercapnia was induced by adding a dead space. Ventilation was monitored using a pneumotachograph, and swallowing was identified by submental electromyogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that hypercapnia decreased the frequency of swallows (8.2 +/- 3.7 vs 11.4 +/- 5.3 swallows.min-1 [mean +/- SD]: hypercapnia vs normocapnia; P < 0.05), together with a loss of the preponderant coupling of swallows with expiratory phase observed at normocapnia. We also found that the withdrawal of phasic lung inflation produced by airway occlusion at end-expiration suddenly increased the swallowing frequency, both at normocapnia (from 11.4 +/- 5.3 to 16.7 +/- 3.7 swallows.min-1; P < 0.01) and at hypercapnia (from 8.2 +/- 3.7 to 22.0 +/- 6.7 swallows.min-1; P < 0.01). Although the degree of increased swallowing frequency during airway occlusion was more prominent at hypercapnia than at normocapnia ( P < 0.05), the distribution of the timing of swallows in relation to the phase of the respiratory cycle during airway occlusion at hypercapnia was similar to that during airway occlusion at normocapnia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study strongly suggest that the attenuation of the swallowing reflex during hypercapnia is not due to the direct, inhibitory effect of CO2 on the swallowing center, but, rather, is due to the increased inhibitory influence of a lung-volume-related reflex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, 260-8760, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sai
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isono
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide