title: Oral absorption of phytosterols and emulsified phytosterols by Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Clinical studies have demonstrated that consumption of phytosterol esters in lipid-based foods decreases serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol. These substances represent minimal potential for adverse effects when consumed orally because of their low bioavailability. However, some studies have reported estrogenic and other effects in laboratory animals treated parenterally with phytosterols, demonstrating that these substances may have the potential to cause adverse effects if absorbed. Water-soluble phytosterols have been prepared by formulation with emulsifiers to expand delivery options to include non-lipid-based foods. However, emulsifiers are used as excipients in the formulation of lipophilic pharmaceuticals to increase solubility, thereby increasing their absorption. Therefore, oral consumption of emulsified water-soluble phytosterols could potentially increase their absorption. In the current study, absorption of phytosterols prepared as water-soluble emulsified micelles with two different food-grade emulsifiers was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats and compared with absorption of non-micellar free phytosterols and esterified phytosterol mixtures dissolved in a lipophilic vehicle (soybean oil). Rats were dosed via gavage with 42 mg/kg of formulated phytosterol preparations. Blood was collected at 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours, extracted with hexane, derivatized with benzoyl chloride, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine concentrations of beta-sitosterol, and campesterol. Plasma concentrations and AUC(0-32 hours) [microg/mL/h] of beta-sitosterol and campesterol were lower in plasma obtained from rats treated with emulsified phytosterol preparations than in animals treated with free phytosterols dissolved in soybean oil. Because the pharmacokinetic profile of water-soluble phytosterols is similar to that of phytosterols administered in a lipid vehicle, the safety profile is likely to be the same as that of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in currently used applications.
authors.affiliation: Cargill, Inc., Health and Food Technologies, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA. fred_shimnick@cargill.com
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmelzer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hilfinger
authors.forename: Jae Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsume
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Amidon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D004655:Emulsions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004951:Esterification; D007700:Kinetics; D008823:Micelles; D009055:Mouth / Q000378:metabolism*; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D008823:Micelles; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; D014867:Water; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002784:Cholesterol