Increase in HIV receptors/co-receptors/alpha-defensins in inflamed human gingiva.
Transmission of HIV-1 through the oral cavity is considered to be a rare event. To identify factors in resistance/susceptibility to oral HIV-1 infection, we analyzed expression in human gingiva of HIV-1 receptors Langerin, DC-SIGN, MR, and GalCer, HIV-1 co-receptors CCCR5, CXCR4, and anti-microbial protein alpha-defensin-1. Our results show that healthy gingiva is infiltrated with cells expressing all HIV-1 receptors tested; however, there are very few CCR5(+) cells and a complete absence of CXCR4(+) cells in the lamina propria. In chronic periodontitis (CP), DC-SIGN, MR, CXCR4, and CCR5 increase, but this was accompanied by a ten-fold increase in alpha-defensin-1 mRNA. The CCR5(+) cells were revealed to be T-cells, macrophages, and dermal dendritic cells. Moreover, epithelial expression of GalCer and CXCR4 together was not apical and showed no trend with underlying inflammation. Thus, low expression of HIV-1 co-receptors in health and high expression of alpha-defensin during CP may comprise endogenous factors that provide protection from oral HIV-1 infection.
Jotwani
R
R
Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, 110 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook University-SUNY, 11794-8703, USA.
Muthukuru
M
M
Cutler
C W
CW
D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000473:pathology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000032:analysis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000032:analysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000032:analysis; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000032:analysis; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000032:analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000032:analysis*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000032:analysis*; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D015728:Receptors, HIV; D023084:alpha-Defensins; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin; C121916:CD207 protein, human