title: Heterogeneous gene methylation patterns among pre-invasive and cancerous lesions of the prostate: a histopathologic study of whole mount prostate specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene methylation may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis through the silencing of gene transcription. We report on the methylation status of several genes shown to be silenced at different stages of progression using whole mount prostate specimens and laser capture microdissection. This is the first study to evaluate gene methylation patterns across multiple pre-cancerous and invasive cancer foci from the same prostate gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time PCR was used to evaluate methylation of five genes (GSTP1, RASSF1A, RAR beta 2, CD44, and EDNRB) across normal epithelium, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), and multiple tumor foci from each of 11 prostate cancer patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene methylation was not found in normal epithelium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of RASSF1A and RAR beta 2 methylation in HGPIN lesions (30% prevalence for each gene). In addition, RASSF1A, RAR beta 2, and GSTP1 methylation was highly prevalent in tumor foci (>75% for all three genes). Methylation of CD44 and EDNRB was observed in 41 and 38% of tumors but was not present in HGPIN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that genes may be methylated at different points in the histopathologic progression of prostate cancer and these differences can be found in various histologic foci from the same gland.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. kw114v@nih.gov
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woodson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmert-Buck
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: W Marston
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tangrea
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic