title: Leishmania major-Phlebotomus duboscqi interactions: inhibition of anti-LPG antibodies and characterisation of two proteins with shared epitopes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of monoclonal antibodies (MABS) raised against L. major derived LPG on L. major development in vitro and in its natural vector P. duboscqi. Also determine whether LPG molecule and the sand fly the gut lysates have shared epitopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colony bred P. duboscqi sand flies and all other experiments were done under laboratory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory reared sand flies were allowed to feed beneath a blood filled membrane feeder containing 1 x 10(6) amastigotes in 20 microl mixed with 0.5 ml of defibrinated rabbit blood with a 1:100 dilution of anti-LPG MABS. Control blood contained a similar number of amastigotes but no MABS. At least five female previously fed sand flies were later dissected on days two, four, and six post-feeding and examined for promastigote forms and parasite loads in the sand fly mid gut. In vitro, the same number of amastigotes in 100 microl complete Schneider's Drosophila medium was mixed in a 96 well plate with either 100 microl of 1:100 anti-LPG MABS, 1:1000 anti LPG MABS or undiluted sera from L. major infected mice. The control well contained a similar number of amastigotes but no antibodies added. Following an overnight incubation in a CO2 incubator at 37 degrees C and growth at 26 degrees C, parasites were assessed at 3, 6 and 24 hour intervals for changes in their developmental forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1:100 dilution of anti-LPG MABS when mixed with amastigotes were effective in reducing L. major development at the early log phase or procyclic stage both in vitro and within the sand fly (p<0.05). The control cultures or sand flies that fed on amastigotes alone and no MABS supported full parasite development up to the metacyclic stage. Results also showed that flies, which had fed on MABS, showed low parasitemia levels of 2+, compared to a high density of 4+ for their controls (p<0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings showed that anti-LPG MABS were effective in reducing sand fly infections. This study also showed that P. duboscqi gut lysates and proteins present in L. major-derived LPG share two common proteins of molecular weights 105 kDa and 106 kDa. Further analysis of these individual proteins from the gut should be studied with a view of determining their vaccine potential.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tonui
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ngumbi
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mpoke
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Orago
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mbati
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mkoji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000502:physiology*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D000939:Epitopes; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000276:immunology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000939:Epitopes; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; C008290:lipophosphonoglycan