title: Histone deacetylase inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate suppresses GAPDH mRNA expression in glioma cells.
abstract: The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB) is a non-toxic compound that can induce differentiation and promote maturation of various types of malignant cells. In the present study we show that 4-PB inhibit glioma cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and decrease mRNA expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in a concentration-dependent manner. Proliferation of established rat glioma cell lines (RG2 and C6) in culture was significantly decreased after treatment with 4-PB (2-40 mM). Low concentrations of 4-PB (2-20 mM) induced cell differentiation followed by apoptosis, whereas higher concentrations of 4-PB (40 mM) induced cell necrosis. Also, low concentrations of 4-PB significantly decreased GAPDH mRNA expression in C6 and RG2 rat glioma cells, suggesting a link between decreased cell proliferation, energy consumption, and down-regulation of GAPDH gene expression. We have found that GAPDH mRNA expression is markedly increased in human glioblastoma tissues. Therefore, the novel effect of 4-PB described here may offer means to suppress growth of glioma cells by diminishing the key reaction in glycolysis as a therapeutic approach for cancer.
authors.affiliation: Section of Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Appelskog
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ammerpohl
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Svechnikova
authors.forename: W-O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Almqvist
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ekström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C075773:4-phenylbutyric acid; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases