title: Estrogen up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 via estrogen receptor in human uterine microvascular endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis in primary human uterine microvascular endothelial cells (HUMEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic research laboratory at an academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary HUMEC of three women donors and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells of three women donors (as control), purchased from a third-party source.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HUMEC were cultured in specific media in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO(2) at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of COX-2 mRNA and protein, PGE(2) production, and estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA and protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with E(2) (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) increased COX-2 mRNA levels by 2.3-fold to 2.4-fold in HUMEC. Treatment of HUMEC with E(2) (10(-8) M) resulted in a time-dependent increase of COX-2 mRNA levels. This was accompanied by a 2.8-fold increase in COX-2 protein level and a 1.5-fold increase in PGE(2) synthesis. Pretreatment of HUMEC with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, abolished E(2)-induced PGE(2) synthesis, suggesting that E(2) specifically up-regulates COX-2 activity. The estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 fully reversed the stimulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein levels and PGE(2) synthesis by E(2). Interestingly, estrogen receptor beta mRNA and protein were abundant in HUMEC, whereas estrogen receptor alpha mRNA or protein was barely detectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that various levels of E(2) can significantly increase COX-2 expression and PGE(2) synthesis in HUMEC via the estrogen receptor.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: Siby
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sebastian
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Serdar E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bulun
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone