title: Toxicological characterization of the new water cleaning product and its waste by-product.
abstract: Water extracts genotoxicity of the coagulant produced from industrial waste (red mud and waste base) and its waste mud remained after waste water treatment by the coagulation/flocculation process were studied. Tests were conducted in order to confirm nontoxicity of this new product prior to commercial production and usage and also to recommend a safe way for a handling and disposal of the remaining waste material. The toxicity investigation included (i) determining frequency of the cell survival, (ii) the Ames assays, (iii) micronucleus assay, and (iv) cell proliferation kinetics (expressed as mitotic index). These techniques were also employed in toxicity testing of the different concentrations of metal salts, zinc chloride, and lead nitrate in this case since these two elements were present in high concentrations in the waste water intended for the purification with the new coagulant. Mixture of metal salts in the concentrations that represent maximum allowed values for water extracts of technological waste was also tested. Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA98, and TA100 were used for determining cytotoxicity and for the Ames test, while the cytogenetic investigations were performed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Water extracts of the coagulant and its waste mud did not induce a significant increase of the micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. They also did not disturb lymphocyte proliferation kinetics in vitro. As regards lead nitrate it proved not to be cytotoxic on bacterial strains in the tested concentration range (1-100 mg/L), whereas zinc chloride showed cytotoxic effect for the concentrations above 25 mg/L. The Ames test results for the noncytotoxic concentrations of these metals were negative. Comparing to the negative control a significantly higher number of the micronuclei was determined after the treatment of the whole blood with 100 mg/L of zinc chloride, as well as with 10 and 100 mg/L of lead nitrate. A linear, dose dependent increase was obtained for both salts. Similar results were obtained on the basis of the mitotic index.
authors.affiliation: Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka, Zagreb, Croatia. vobescan@rudjer.irb.hr
authors.forename: Visnja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Orescanin
authors.forename: Nevenka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopjar
authors.forename: Ksenija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Durgo
authors.forename: Verica Garaj
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Vrhovac
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franekic Colic
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramic
authors.forename: Karlo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nad
authors.forename: Vladivoj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valkovic
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D005427:Flocculation; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007700:Kinetics; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008940:Mitotic Index; D012449:Safety; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D014873:Water Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D015032:Zinc