title: Living with classical galactosemia: health-related quality of life consequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Classical galactosemia (McKusick 230400) is an autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism caused by a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.712). Treatment, consisting of a severe restriction of dietary galactose, is life saving, but most patients develop abnormalities despite this diet. The aim of this study was to study the influence of galactosemia on the patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL), on educational levels, and on the specific galactosemia-related concerns of these families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-specific HRQoL questionnaires, a classical galactosemia-specific questionnaire designed by the authors, and a list of questions regarding educational attainment were handed out or sent to all 75 members of the Dutch Galactosemia Society and their families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three (84%) patients with classical galactosemia from 58 families returned the questionnaire. Concerning HRQoL, significant differences between patients aged 1 to 5 and healthy children were found on the domains of abdominal complaints and communication. Patients aged 8 to 15 years differed from their healthy peers on the domain of cognitive function. Mothers of patients aged 6 to 15 reported a significantly lower HRQoL on the domains of motor and cognitive function. Patients 16 years and older had significant lower scores on the domains of cognitive and social function. The percentage of patients who attend special schools is significantly higher than in the general population, and the educational attainment is significantly lower in patients with classical galactosemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to describe the HRQoL of patients with classical galactosemia using well-developed and validated instruments in different age groups. The results of the present study indicate that having galactosemia negatively influences the HRQoL. Early and regular evaluation and support of possible cognitive problems should be a major part of the protocol for the follow-up of patients with classical galactosemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annet M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.forename: Henk D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Hugo S A
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Heijmans
authors.forename: Frits A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wijburg
authors.forename: Bob F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Last
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005693:Galactosemias / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile