title: Quantitative contamination and transfer of Escherichia coli from foods by houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).
abstract: The housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is recognized as an important factor in the dissemination of various infectious diseases such as cholera, shigellosis, and salmonellosis. They can also serve as a cross-contamination vector for other foodborne pathogens. However, the potential for bacterial transfer by houseflies has been demonstrated in a qualitative rather than quantitative manner. In this study, the numbers of bacteria a housefly can carry on its body and transfer to a clean surface after exposure to a sugar-milk aqueous solution, steak, and potato salad contaminated with a fluorescent gene Escherichia coli (8 log10 CFU/ml) were determined. In the first series of experiments to quantify bacterial numbers on the flies, about 40-60 flies were transferred into a sterile cage, exposed to the food for 30 min, the flies immobilized and the attached E. coli on each fly enumerated. Detectable E. coli (>1.7 log10 CFU/fly) were found on 43% (29/67), 53% (23/43), and 62% (32/52) of the flies in the cages with sugar/milk, steak, and potato salad, respectively. For the positive flies, the geometric mean carriage (log10 CFU/fly) was 2.93+/-1.24 for sugar-milk, 3.77+/-1.28 for steak, and 2.25+/-0.64 for the potato salad. In the second series of experiments, the transfer of bacteria by individual flies from contaminated food to the inner surface of a sterile jar per each landing was determined. E. coli transferred from the sugar-milk was 3.5+/-0.7 log10 CFU/fly-landing, 3.9+/-0.7 for steak and 2.61+/-1.16 for the potato salad. From the initial contamination levels of bacteria and the number of transferred bacteria, it can be calculated that flies contaminate clean surfaces with approximately 0.1 mg of food per landing.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Center for Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA. adejesus@cfsan.fda.gov
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Jesús
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Whiting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006793:Houseflies / Q000382:microbiology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000382:microbiology