title: The hand that rocks the cradle rocks the boat: the empowerment of women.
abstract: The obstacles to equality for women have changed from external to intrapsychic. The relational characteristics of women, such as nurturing and connecting with others, are now regarded as desirable attributes for the workplace. Adult growth and achievement models are based on the so-called masculine characteristics of separation, individuation, and independence. Relational theory supplies an alternative model called growth-in-connection, which stems from the feminine characteristics of connection, collectivity, and interdependence. Women's fears of exercising power, men's resistance to sharing power, the traditional ways in which women attain power are all concerns that are examined. Real power lies in exercising leadership, which implies risk-taking. Exploring the gender disequilibrium in issues of power--both the female advantage and the female disadvantage-as exemplified by the glass ceiling and its origins--helps to clarify the issues involved in empowerment.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, USA.
authors.forename: Ann Ruth
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Turkel
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012928:Social Desirability; D014931:Women, Working; D017132:Workplace