title: Predictors of outcome of pneumatic dilation in achalasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Graded pneumatic dilation (PD) is a widely accepted treatment for achalasia. We investigated the potential predictors of outcome in a large group of patients with achalasia and tested the hypothesis that graded PD may not be appropriate for all patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing PD from 1992 to 2002 were evaluated retrospectively. Symptom scores (0-15) for dysphagia (0-5), regurgitation (0-5), and chest pain (0-5), as well as degree of esophageal emptying by timed barium swallow, were assessed for all patients. Failure was defined as the return of symptoms resulting in repeated PD or surgical myotomy. Clinical data assessed for short- and long-term predictors of response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five patients with achalasia without previous therapy constituted the studied population. Three-year success rates for PD using 3.0-cm, 3.0-cm followed by 3.5-cm, and 3.0-cm and 3.5-cm followed by 4.0-cm Rigiflex balloons were 37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26-53), 76% (95% CI, 65-88), and 88% (95% CI, 80-97), respectively. Patient age and sex were important treatment outcome predictors. A Cox proportional hazards model of time to additional therapy on sex and 10-year increase in age showed that 3.0-cm PD was significantly (P = 0.04) more likely to fail in younger men than older men (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.98). In 25 of 68 patients (37%) initially treated with a 3.0-cm balloon, PD failed within 3 months. Twenty-two of 25 patients (88%) with early failure were men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Young men have a greater failure rate with 3.0-cm PD than older men or women in general, and (2) graded PD in this group starting initially with the 3.0-cm balloon is more likely to fail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farhoomand
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Achkar
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vaezi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002404:Catheterization; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome