title: Intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features and to present results of new diagnostic methods to help define the cause of the clinical syndrome of intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage (IHAPSH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patients with IHAPSH at presentation seen in 3 centers in Hawaii and Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data including patient demographics, presenting symptoms, initial and final visual acuities, biomicroscopic findings, fundus photographs, and results of available ancillary testing, including fluorescein angiography, B-scan ultrasonography, and optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 10 eyes of 9 patients (7 female and 2 male, 8 Asian and 1 white) aged 14 to 79 years. All patients experienced an acute onset of visual symptoms. Eight eyes had mild to severe myopia (-2.50 diopters [D] to -9.50 D), and 8 eyes had a tilted disc. Hemorrhage within the disc and adjacent subretinal hemorrhage were located nasally in 6 eyes, superiorly in 2 eyes, and temporally in 2 eyes. Vitreous hemorrhage was noted in 6 of 10 eyes. Posterior vitreous evaluation by biomicroscopy (10 eyes), by B-scan ultrasonography (4 eyes), and by optical coherence tomography (2 eyes) revealed no evidence of vitreopapillary traction, except for a follow-up optical coherence tomography in 1 eye showing localized vitreoretinal separation with residual attachment to the optic disc 10 months after presentation. Fluorescein angiography showed mild disc staining in 4 of 8 eyes. Hemorrhage spontaneously resolved within 1 to 7 months, and there were no recurrent hemorrhages with an average follow-up of 13.5 months (range, 2-31 months). Visual acuities maintained or improved to 20/25 or better in 8 eyes. The other 2 eyes had unrelated poor vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage is more common in myopic eyes and spontaneously resolves without treatment. The unique structural architecture of the elevated nasal edge of the myopic tilted disc and the choroidal blood supply of the prelaminar optic nerve may predispose patients to bleeding from the optic discs, which may be spontaneous or may be precipitated by acute disc edema, Valsalva maneuver, or vitreopapillary traction.
authors.affiliation: The Retina Center at Pali Momi, Kapiolani Medical Center at Pali Momi, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, USA. retinahi@aol.com
authors.forename: Gregg T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kokame
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Drouilhet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply; D005130:Eye Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology