title: Variation in the cranial base orientation and facial skeleton in dry skulls sampled from three major populations.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of cranial base orientation on the morphology of the craniofacial system in human populations. Three geographically distant populations from Europe (72), Africa (48) and Asia (24) were chosen. Five angular and two linear variables from the cranial base component and six angular and six linear variables from the facial component based on two reference lines of the vertical posterior maxillary and Frankfort horizontal planes were measured. The European sample presented dolichofacial individuals with a larger face height and a smaller face depth derived from a raised cranial base and facial cranium orientation which tended to be similar to the Asian sample. The African sample presented brachyfacial individuals with a reduced face height and a larger face depth as a result of a lowered cranial base and facial cranium orientation. The Asian sample presented dolichofacial individuals with a larger face height and depth due to a raised cranial base and facial cranium orientation. The findings of this study suggest that cranial base orientation and posterior cranial base length appear to be valid discriminating factors between different human populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroe
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: Theya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Molleson
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000145:classification* / Q000266:history; D044383:Black People / Q000145:classification* / Q000266:history; D002508:Cephalometry; D004739:England; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009549:Nigeria; D012016:Reference Values; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D044465:White People / Q000145:classification* / Q000266:history