title: Prospective controlled study of the development of lower back pain in previously asymptomatic subjects undergoing experimental discography.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective controlled longitudinal study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether subjects, asymptomatic for lower back problems, who undergo experimental discography, will develop lower back problems during the medium term to the full term.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous work has shown significant pain on discographic injection in approximately 40% of asymptomatic subjects. It has been suggested that those subjects with painful injections would soon develop lower back pain (LBP) syndromes in the near future: that is, the experimental discography was detecting an imminent "pain generator" before clinically symptomatic. METHODS.: Fifty subjects without low back pain were recruited for clinical and psychometric testing, MRI scanning, and experimental lumbar discography to determine the rate of painful lumbar disc injections in select subjects without LBP history. After determining which subjects had painful injections, all subjects completing the discography protocol were prospectively followed at yearly intervals to determine the occurrence of LBP and LBP disability over time. Statistical methods were then used to determine the correlation, if any, between the asymptomatic subjects' clinical, MRI, and discography findings, and the subsequent LBP measures. Controls, not participating in the lumbar discography study, were also followed. Controls were matched for clinical features, sex, age, and occupational/recreational exposure. Follow-up examinations were performed at yearly intervals by blinded researchers using a scripted interview and completing standard questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 46 of 50 completed the discogram, and all 46 subjects completed the final 4-year follow-up examination. There was a low incidence of LBP episodes in the experimental groups and control. A painful disc injection, independent of psychological profile, did not predict LBP or any other functional outcome measure at follow-up on multivariate analysis. The presence of an anular fissure seen on discography was weakly associated with the cumulative incidence of LBP episodes after discography (P = 0.08). The presence of high intensity zone on MRI in any disc was also weakly associated with the development of LBP episodes (P = 0.09). Psychometric profiles at the start of the study strongly and independently predicted future back pain (P = 0.01), medication usage (P = 0.002), and work loss (P = 0.01) over the 4-year study. Compared with controls not having undergone discography, there was no significant difference in back pain, function, work loss, doctors visits for back pain, or medication intake in any group. A subset in the injection group with somatization disorder had a higher LBP visual analog score compared with somatization disorder controls at 1 year,but this was not significant at 4 years after testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Painful disc injections are poor independent predictors of subsequent LBP episodes in subjects initially without active lower back complaints. Anular disruption is a weak predictor of future LBP problems. Psychological distress and preexisting chronic pain processes are stronger predictors of LBP outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. carragee@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carragee
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barcohana
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alamin
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Haak
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017586:Diskectomy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000601:surgery; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008403:Mass Screening; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media