title: Regulation of the estrogen receptor alpha minimal promoter by Sp1, USF-1 and ERalpha.
abstract: The exact molecular mechanisms regulating estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expression in breast tumors are unclear, but studies suggest that they are partly at the level of transcription. We have focused on the transcription factors that regulate the ERalpha minimal promoter, which we have previously shown to reside within the first 245 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the gene. Within this region are several elements essential for full ERalpha promoter transcriptional activity, including a GC box and an imperfect E box. In earlier studies we demonstrated an essential function for the Sp1 family of transcription factors in the regulation of ERalpha expression. We have now identified both USF-1 and ERalpha itself as components of a multi-protein complex of transcription factors that interacts at the ERalpha minimal promoter and is essential for its full transcriptional activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that Sp1 and USF-1, but not ERalpha, bind directly to the ERalpha minimal promoter. We showed by GST pull-down assays that ERalpha is able to interact in vitro with USF-1, suggesting, in addition to a possible interaction between ERalpha and Sp1, a mechanism whereby ERalpha is able to interact with the protein complex. Combined exogenous expression of the components of the complex in MCF-7 breast cancer cells resulted in a synergistic effect on transactivation of the ERalpha minimal promoter, suggesting that the importance of the protein complex is in the interactions among the components. Based upon these findings, we propose a possible model for transcription from the ERalpha minimal promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: deGraffenried
authors.forename: Torsten A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hopp
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Suzanne A W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fuqua
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D005260:Female; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D016350:Leucine Zippers; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors