title: Permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery upregulates expression of cytokines and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord and urinary bladder in the adult rat.
abstract: The expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cord and the bladder in response to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. In this connection, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 in the lumbosacral spinal cord and the bladder as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction was upregulated. In the spinal cord, the immunoreactivity of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was mainly localized in the ventral horn motoneurons contralateral to MCAO. In the bladder, TNF-alpha was mainly expressed in the inflammatory cells. The expression of nNOS immunoreactivity as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the spinal cord and bladder was also markedly increased in response to MCAO. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial expression of nNOS paralleled that of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the spinal cord. On the other hand, there was no noticeable change in gene expression and immunoreactivity of SP and CGRP. The present results have shown that cytokines and nNOS expression are elevated in areas far removed from the primary site of ischemic infarct, namely, the lumbosacral spinal cord and bladder. This together with some neuronal deaths maybe linked to the dysfunction of the latter in a clinical stroke. On the other hand, the apparent lack of SP and CGRP changes following MCAO suggests that the two neurotransmitters are not directly involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Y-K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: E-A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013373:Substance P; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide