title: Exposure to "low-level" aggression in school: associations with aggressive behavior, future expectations, and perceived safety.
abstract: Examined associations with witnessing and being victimized by "low-level" aggressive acts (e.g., pushing, gossip) and three indicators of psychosocial functioning in a sample of 771 elementary school students from one urban and one suburban school district. Results indicated that exposure to low-level aggression appears to relate to psychosocial functioning in ways similar to more severe forms of aggression. Students who were exposed to higher levels of both witnessing and victimization by low-level aggression reported the highest levels of engagement in aggression, the lowest levels of positive expectations for the future, and the lowest levels of perceived safety. Findings are discussed in the context of research on exposure to aggression in general, with suggestions offered for future studies. Implications of the findings for school-based intervention programs are raised.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106, USA. boxerp@umich.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boxer
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edwards-Leeper
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musher-Eizenman
authors.forename: Eric F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dubow
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D012424:Rural Population; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools; D014505:Urban Population