title: High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a commercial flock of chickens in Israel, and public health implications of free-range farming.
abstract: Little is known of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commercially raised chickens. In the present study, the prevalence of T. gondii in 96 free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from a commercial farm in Israel was assessed. Blood, heart, and brain from each chicken were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii, assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT > or = 1:5), were found in 45 of the 96 chickens. Hearts and brains of seropositive (MAT > or = 1:5) chickens were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and brains of 51 seronegative (MAT < 1:5) chickens were bioassayed in two T. gondii-free cats. T. gondii was isolated from 19 of the 45 (42.2%) seropositive chickens by bioassay in mice. Both the cats fed tissues pooled from seronegative chickens shed T. gondii oocysts. Tachyzoites and tissue cysts of all 21 isolates of T. gondii from chickens were avirulent for mice. Seventeen of the 19 isolates genotyped were found to be type II, and 2 were type III. Understanding of the sources of infection on such farms could be the key to the development of better prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salant
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sreekumar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: M C B
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: O C H
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000372:Agglutination Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D001921:Brain / Q000469:parasitology; D002415:Cats; D002645:Chickens; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000469:parasitology; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D051379:Mice; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011634:Public Health; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000254:growth & development*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C067547:surface antigen P22, Toxoplasma