title: Beyond sepsis: activated protein C and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review potential clinical situations beyond sepsis in which activated protein C might be an effective treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles between 1970 and 2003 on experimental and clinical studies of activation of both coagulation and inflammation in various disease states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of activated protein C in sepsis might rely on the fact that it can modulate both coagulation and inflammation. Therefore, administration of activated protein C could be beneficial in disease states that are also characterized by the simultaneous activation of these systems. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of various organs may represent such a state. Indeed, the involvement of the protein C system has been demonstrated in various experimental studies of ischemia-reperfusion, including studies in renal ischemia-reperfusion syndromes, coronary atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. In some of these models, activated protein C administration, or other interventions in the protein C system, was shown to be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.m.m.levi@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Goda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schoots
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D011486:Protein C / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated