title: Vitamin E requirements of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and effects on non-specific immune responses.
abstract: A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, dl-alpha-TOA) requirement and its effect on the non-specific immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with eight levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg vitamin E kg diet-1) of supplemental dl-alpha-TOA were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.29 +/- 0.01 g) for eight weeks. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. Weight gains and total haemocyte count (THC) were higher (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 75 and 100 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 than in shrimp fed diets supplemented with </= 50 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 50-200 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 than in shrimp fed diets supplemented with </= 25 and 400 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Vitamin E concentrations in the hepatopancreas and muscle of the shrimp were increased as the dietary vitamin E supplementation level was increased up to 200 mg vitamin E kg diet-1. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values in the hepatopancreas and muscle were generally decreased as the dietary vitamin E supplementation level increased. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, THC and hepatopancreatic vitamin E concentration of the shrimp indicated that a level of 85-89 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required for maximal growth and non-specific immune responses of P. monodon and that 179 mg vitamin E kg diet-1 is required to maximise tissue vitamin E concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, ROC.
authors.forename: Min-Hsien
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shi-Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shiau
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006434:Hemocytes; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D013858:Thiobarbiturates; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013858:Thiobarbiturates; D014810:Vitamin E; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C029684:thiobarbituric acid