title: Injection pressures by anesthesiologists during simulated peripheral nerve block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anesthesiologists typically rely on a subjective evaluation ("syringe feel") of possible abnormal resistance to injection while performing a peripheral nerve block (PNB). A greater force required to perform the injection is believed to be associated with intraneural injection. The hypothesis of this study is that anesthesiologists vary in their perception of "normal" injection force, that the syringe feel method is inconsistent in estimating resistance, and that needle design may affect the injection force.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty anesthesiologists were asked to inject a local anesthetic, as they would in their everyday practice, through a commonly used syringe and needle assembly. Injection force was measured using an in-line manometer coupled to a computer via an analog-to-digital conversion board. In addition, injection force at clinically relevant injection speeds was determined using 3 differently sized needles from 4 different manufacturers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a steady injection rate, all anesthesiologists perceived an increase in the force required to inject, even with minor pressures changes (0.6 +/- 0.3 psi). However, the 30 anesthesiologists, 21 (70%) initiated injection using a force that resulted in pressures greater than 20 psi; 15 (50%) used a force greater than 25 psi, and 3 (10%) exerted pressures greater than 30 psi. Pressures varied as much as 20-fold among needles of the same gauge/length from different manufacturers (P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anesthesiologists vary widely in their perception of appropriate force and rate of injection during PNB. The syringe-feel method of assessing injection force is inconsistent and may be further affected by variability in needle design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Travers 702, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Claudio
authors.forename: Admir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadzic
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vloka
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Koscielniak-Nielsen
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thys
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology