title: Gunshot wounds of abdomen: evaluation of stable patients with triple-contrast helical CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess helical computed tomography (CT) with contrast material administered intravenously, orally, and rectally (triple contrast helical CT)) in the prospective evaluation of stable patients with abdominal gunshot wounds in whom there is no clinical indication for immediate exploratory laparotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted for 19 months. All patients met the following inclusion criteria: age of 16 years or older, hemodynamic stability, no clinical signs of peritoneal irritation, and signed consent to participate. Patients with obvious indications for laparotomy, such as gastrointestinal bleeding or evisceration, were excluded from the study. Forty-seven patients fulfilled the criteria and underwent abdominal triple-contrast helical CT. CT findings were evaluated by one of four radiologists for evidence of peritoneal penetration and injury to solid organs or hollow viscera. Patients were followed up clinically for 13 weeks. CT findings were compared with those at surgery and/or clinical follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT demonstrated abnormalities in 27 (57%) patients. Laparotomy was performed in 11 (23%) patients; 10 procedures were therapeutic and one was nontherapeutic. The remaining 20 patients had a negative CT scan. These patients were treated conservatively. One injury was missed at CT. For prediction of the need for laparotomy, sensitivity of CT was 96%; specificity, 95%; positive predictive value, 96%; negative predictive value, 95%; and accuracy, 96%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In stable patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen in whom there is no indication for immediate surgery, triple-contrast helical CT can help reduce the number of cases of unnecessary or nontherapeutic laparotomy (negative laparotomy) and can help identify patients with injuries that may be safely treated without surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, Medellín, Colombia. fmunera@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Múnera
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Hector I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velez
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media