title: Hippocampal and amygdala changes in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy controls during a 1-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the hippocampus has been found to be smaller in patients with depression, prospective longitudinal in vivo studies are necessary to investigate whether depression can result in a further diminution of hippocampal volumes or whether a smaller hippocampal volume predisposes an individual to the development of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder as well as 30 healthy control subjects matched for age, gender, and handedness were examined at admission to the hospital and 1 year later using a documentation of the medical history and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the presence of depression and to determine changes in hippocampal as well as amygdala volumes. Patients were enrolled from March 2000 to August 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant hippocampal and amygdala volume changes were observed in patients or controls between baseline and 1-year follow-up investigations. However, the subgroup of patients who were nonremitted at the time of the follow-up investigation showed significantly reduced left and right hippocampal volumes at both baseline and the 1-year follow-up compared with remitted patients. Moreover, the right hippocampal volumes of nonremitted patients were significantly smaller compared with matched healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the hypothesis that hippocampal volumes diminish during the 1-year follow-up period. However, smaller hippocampal volumes may be related to a poor clinical outcome after 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Center Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frodl
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meisenzahl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zetzsche
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Höhne
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banac
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schorr
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leinsinger
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottlender
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D008094:Lithium