title: Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women: Nurses' Health Study II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In older women and men, greater intakes of dietary calcium, potassium, and total fluid reduce the risk of kidney stone formation, while supplemental calcium, sodium, animal protein, and sucrose may increase the risk. Recently, phytate has been suggested to play a role in stone formation. To our knowledge, no prospective information on the role of dietary factors and risk of kidney stone formation is available in younger women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively examined, during an 8-year period, the association between dietary factors and the risk of incident symptomatic kidney stones among 96 245 female participants in the Nurses' Health Study II; the participants were aged 27 to 44 years and had no history of kidney stones. Self-administered food frequency questionnaires were used to assess diet in 1991 and 1995. The main outcome measure was an incident symptomatic kidney stone. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to adjust simultaneously for various risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented 1223 incident symptomatic kidney stones during 685 973 person-years of follow-up. After adjusting for relevant risk factors, a higher dietary calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk of kidney stones (P =.007 for trend). The multivariate relative risk among women in the highest quintile of intake of dietary calcium compared with women in the lowest quintile was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.90). Supplemental calcium intake was not associated with risk of stone formation. Phytate intake was associated with a reduced risk of stone formation. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of phytate intake, the relative risk for those in the highest quintile was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.78). Other dietary factors showed the following relative risks (95% confidence intervals) among women in the highest quintile of intake compared with those in the lowest quintile: animal protein, 0.84 (0.68-1.04); fluid, 0.68 (0.56-0.83); and sucrose, 1.31 (1.07-1.60). The intakes of sodium, potassium, and magnesium were not independently associated with risk after adjusting for other dietary factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher intake of dietary calcium decreases the risk of kidney stone formation in younger women, but supplemental calcium is not associated with risk. This study also suggests that some dietary risk factors may differ by age and sex. Finally, dietary phytate may be a new, important, and safe addition to our options for stone prevention.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens' Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Gary.Curhan@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010833:Phytic Acid