title: The posterior cruciate ligament during flexion of the normal knee.
abstract: The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was imaged by MRI throughout flexion in neutral tibial rotation in six cadaver knees, which were also dissected, and in 20 unloaded and 13 loaded living (squatting) knees. The appearance of the ligament was the same in all three groups. In extension the ligament is curved concave-forwards. It is straight, fully out-to-length and approaching vertical from 60 degrees to 120 degrees, and curves convex-forwards over the roof of the intercondylar notch in full flexion. Throughout flexion the length of the ligament does not change, but the separations of its attachments do. We conclude that the PCL is not loaded in the unloaded cadaver knee and therefore, since its appearance in all three groups is the same, that it is also unloaded in the living knee during flexion. The posterior fibres may be an exception in hyperextension, probably being loaded either because of posterior femoral lift-off or because of the forward curvature of the PCL. These conclusions relate only to everyday life: none may be drawn with regard to more strenuous activities such as sport or in trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University, Medical School, Osaka City, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinskerova
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sosna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M A R
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*