title: High-resolution imaging of the thyroid gland using optical coherence tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current diagnostic imaging modalities of the thyroid gland cannot reliably distinguish benign from malignant lesions, primarily because of their inability to visualize microscopic structure. A high-resolution imaging technique capable of examining thyroid tissue architectural morphology in real time is needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to achieve high resolutions approaching the cellular range (1-15 microm). The feasibility of optical coherence tomography for imaging thyroid tissue was explored ex vivo on the human thyroid gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution OCT was performed in real time at 2 to 4 frames per second on three postmortem and 15 surgically excised thyroid glands containing normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic tissue. OCT images acquired were compared with those obtained using standard histopathologic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microstructure of the normal thyroid gland, including colloid-filled follicles as small as 15 microm and their supporting stroma, was clearly identified. OCT images of degenerative, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and malignant change within the thyroid gland were shown to correlate well with corresponding histopathologic findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of OCT to image thyroid tissue microarchitecture makes it a potentially powerful technology that can be used to assess the thyroid gland at a resolution greater than currently available clinical imaging modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lpantano@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
authors.forename: Pei-Lin
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.forename: Tony H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Herz
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Sughra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D008027:Light; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*