title: Volumetric proton spectroscopic imaging of mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor clinical outcomes without notable neuroimaging findings after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) suggest diffuse tissue damage and altered metabolism not observable with conventional MR imaging and CT. In this study, MTBI-associated metabolic changes were assessed over the entire brain by using volumetric proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and the findings related to injury and outcome assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen subjects with mild closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores of 13-15) underwent structural MR imaging and proton MRSI at 1.5 T within 1 month of injury. Distributions of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total creatine (Cr), and total choline (Cho) were mapped over a wide region of the brain, and metabolite ratios were calculated for 25 regions without MR imaging abnormalities. Results were compared with data from 13 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes (P <.05) were found for some, but not all, brain regions for the average values from all MTBI subjects, with reduced NAA/Cr, increased Cho/Cr, and reduced NAA/Cho. Global NAA/Cho obtained from the sum of all sampled regions in two subjects was significantly reduced. Metabolite ratios were not significantly correlated with GCS score at admission or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 6 months after injury, although they were weakly correlated with GOS score at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show evidence of widespread metabolic changes following MTBI in regions that appear normal on diagnostic MR images. Although the association with injury assessment and outcome is weak, this preliminary study demonstrates the applicability of volumetric proton MRSI for evaluating diffuse injury associated with MTBI.
authors.affiliation: Northern California Institute for Research and Education, MR spectroscopy Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Varanavasi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Govindaraju
authors.forename: Grant E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gauger
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Maudsley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged