title: Segmentation of IMRT plans for radical lung radiotherapy delivery with the step-and-shoot technique.
abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine a segmentation protocol for the treatment of localized non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) that is as effective as possible while practically simple and hence robust to known practical inaccuracies. This study focused on the stratification of continuous profiles into a discrete number of intensity levels. The selection of the segmentation parameters for the delivery of the fluence profiles using multiple static fields has been considered. Five-field equispaced IMRT treatment plans of five patients with NSCLC were selected. The study comprised nine treatment plans for each patient, starting from a conformal plan, optimizing it for IMRT and then segmenting it utilizing different numbers of segments in each case and optimizing for segment weights separately. A conformal plan, optimized for beam directions, collimator and wedge angles, was also used for comparison with the IMRT plans, so as to consider the best coplanar conformal case. A dose objective for the PTV and the organs-at-risk plus a constraint for the spinal cord were set for all inverse plans. All stages were compared with the aid of dose-volume histograms, dose distributions at the plane of the isocenter, intensity maps for key beams and plots of PTV homogeneity and overall conformality versus complexity. The unsegmented IMRT plans gave the best results but cannot be realized in practice with an MLC. They were best approximated by plans that needed 106-167 segments to deliver, but did not deteriorate significantly when approximated by plans which required 26-40 segments in total. All segmented IMRT plans gave a better lung sparing than the conformal plans, indicating that the deterioration of IMRT plans following segmentation is not equivalent to that of unmodulated, conformal plans. However, optimized conformal plans have the potential to approach the lung sparing achieved by segmented IMRT plans. Among the IMRT situations examined, five-field treatment plans for the lung, utilizing a maximum of 40 segments in total, have proven to give a good approximation of the IMRT plans with continuous modulation.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nioutsikou
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brada
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity