title: Astroglia induce cytotoxic effects on brain tumors via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the central nervous system, astroglia produce nitric oxide (NO) in response to cytokines. We investigated whether cytokine stimulation of astroglia could inhibit brain tumor cell growth in vitro and prolong survival in vivo via an NO-dependent pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Astroglia cultures were stimulated with the cytokines lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma and subsequently seeded with tumor cell lines. Wild-type mice and inducible NO synthase-knockout mice received in vivo cytokine stimulation followed by B16F10 murine melanoma challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our in vitro studies demonstrate that astroglia stimulated to produce NO by the addition of cytokines dose-dependently inhibit the growth of one primary rat brain tumor cell line (9L) and three primary human brain tumor cell lines (H80, U87, and U373). This inhibition of tumor cell growth is also observed in metastatic cell lines (B16F10 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and CT26 colon). Cultured astrocytes from inducible NO synthase-knockout mice, which are incapable of induction of NO, are without the enhanced tumoricidal effect. Furthermore, when C57BL/6 mice are primed to produce NO through stereotactic intracranial administration of lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma and subsequently challenged with B16F10 murine melanoma, survival is significantly prolonged, with a median survival of 26 days versus 16 days in the control group (P < 0.001). The addition of an NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) decreases this beneficial effect (median survival, 21 d).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that NO may have an important role as a defense mechanism molecule against brain tumors; stimulation or modification of this mechanism may represent a new approach to the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Amer F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Samdani
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kuchner
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rhines
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brem
authors.forename: Valina L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Ted M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009569:Nitric Oxide