title: Empirical treatment followed by a test-and-treat strategy is more cost-effective in comparison with prompt endoscopy or radiography in patients with dyspeptic symptoms: a randomized trial in a primary care setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of patients with dyspepsia remains controversial. No consensus has yet been reached concerning diagnostic and medical strategies. We conducted a randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of three management strategies for patients with uninvestigated persistent dyspeptic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 199 patients presenting in primary care with dyspeptic symptoms (age 18-65 years, no alarming symptoms) were randomized to either empirical treatment with omeprazole and, in the case of symptomatic relapse, serological Helicobacter pylori infection testing plus eradication therapy (treat-and-test group), prompt upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (endoscopy group) or prompt upper gastrointestinal radiography (radiography group) followed by directed medical treatment. Symptoms, patients' satisfaction and use of resources were recorded during 6 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine patients were assigned to the treat-and-test group, 64 to the radiography group and 66 to the endoscopy group. The median age was 44 years; 104 patients were male and 37% were H.pylori infected. A total of 170 patients (85%) returned the 6 months questionnaire. The numbers of patients with complete symptom relief in the treat-and-test group, endoscopy group and radiography group were 21, 16 and 15, respectively, at 3 months (P = 0.59), and 23, 13 and 12, respectively, at 6 months (P = 0.05). Twenty-two patients in the treat-and-test group underwent endoscopy or radiography. Two patients in the endoscopy group and four patients in the radiography group underwent more than one diagnostic test. The average medical cost per patient for the treat-and-test group was euro 276, for the endoscopy group euro 426 and for the radiography group euro 321, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empirical treatment followed by a test-and-eradicate strategy resulted in fewer diagnostic tests, more symptom relief and lower medical costs compared with prompt upper gastrointestinal radiography or endoscopy in the management of uninvestigated patients with persistent dyspeptic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, UMC St Radboud, Medical Diagnostic Centre, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. R.Laheij@mdl.umcn.nl
authors.forename: R J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laheij
authors.forename: J Th
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hermsen
authors.forename: J B M J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Horrevorts
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rongen
authors.forename: L G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Van Rossum
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: de Koning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000191:economics; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D009853:Omeprazole