title: Subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Israeli-Bedouin toddlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of and evaluate risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Arab-Bedouin children at age 18 months, followed from birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based, prospective, cohort study conducted in Rahat, a large Arab-Bedouin township, located near the city of Beer Sheva in the Negev region of southern Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy Bedouin infants (n=117) from the township, born at Soroka University Medical Center (SUMC) in Beer Sheva, were randomly recruited at birth. Enrollment was restricted to well infants born weighing >2500 g at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 15% of the children had serum retinol concentrations below 0.7 micromol/l. Male sex (odds ratio (OR) 4.17 [1.14-15.32], P=0.031), stunting at age 12 months (OR 10.09 [2.00-50.97], P=0.05) and warm season at age 18 months (OR 6.20 [1.36-28.28], P=0.018) were associated with vitamin A deficiency. Maternal education decreased the risk of vitamin A deficiency (OR 0.81 [0.68-0.95], P=0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results indicate a significant vitamin A deficiency problem among Bedouin children. Deficiency may be prevented by increasing dietary intake of vitamin A, especially during the warm season. Other interventions include preventing and controlling diarrheal diseases in order to avert nutritional stunting, and providing nutritional education to women of childbearing age.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study received financial support from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-26497), the US-Israel Bi-national Science Foundation (BSF 90-00257), and the National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine (AID/ANE 0158-G-SS-9035-00).
authors.affiliation: S Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Coles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorodischer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Deckelbaum
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Blaner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A