title: Prolonged QTc interval and risks of total and cardiovascular mortality and sudden death in the general population: a review and qualitative overview of the prospective cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In certain subgroups of patients, prolongation of the QTc interval may increase total and cardiovascular mortality due to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Nonetheless, whether modest prolongation of the QTc interval in the general population has clinical importance remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search from 1990 forward to identify all published prospective cohort studies evaluating the association between prolonged QTc interval and risks of total and cardiovascular mortality as well as sudden death. We reviewed each of the studies individually and then conducted a qualitative overview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 7 prospective cohort studies identified included 36 031 individuals. There were 2677 (8.7%) individuals with prolonged QTc interval, defined as 440 milliseconds or greater. Whereas 1 study reported no association between prolonged QTc interval and mortality (relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.49), the other 6 reported inconsistent associations overall as well as across subgroups defined by various characteristics including age, sex, and comorbidities. The reported associations for both cardiovascular mortality and sudden death were also inconsistent. In the overview, the only consistent findings were for the subgroup of patients with prior cardiovascular disease, in which relative risks ranged from 1.1 to 3.8 for total mortality, from 1.2 to 8.0 for cardiovascular mortality, and from 1.0 to 2.1 for sudden death. Further, in individuals without prior cardiovascular disease, associations were either absent or greatly attenuated; specifically, relative risks ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 for total mortality, from 1.2 to 1.7 for cardiovascular mortality, and from 1.3 to 2.4 for sudden death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no consistent evidence for increased risks of total or cardiovascular mortality or of sudden death, except perhaps for patients with prior cardiovascular disease. In the general population, if QTc interval prolongation is associated with any increase in mortality, that risk is likely to be small and difficult to detect reliably.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center and Miami Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montanez
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ruskin
authors.forename: Patricia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Gervasio A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors