title: Modulation of motor cortex excitability after upper limb immobilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the mechanisms of disuse-induced plasticity following long-term limb immobilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 9 subjects, who underwent left upper limb immobilization for unilateral wrist fractures. All subjects were examined immediately after splint removal. Cortical motor maps, resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potential (MEP) latency and MEP recruitment curves were studied from abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles with single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Paired pulse TMS was used to study intracortical inhibition and facilitation. Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and F waves were obtained after median nerve stimulation. In 4/9 subjects the recording was repeated after 35-41 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMAP amplitude and RMT were reduced in APB muscle on the immobilized sides in comparison to the non-immobilized sides and controls after splint removal. CMAP amplitude and RMT were unchanged in FCR muscle. MEP latency and F waves were unchanged. MEP recruitment was significantly greater on the immobilized side at rest, but the asymmetry disappeared during voluntary muscle contraction. Paired pulse TMS showed an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory networks, with a prevalence of excitation on the immobilized sides. A slight, non-significant change in the strength of corticospinal projections to the non-immobilized sides was found. TMS parameters were not correlated with hand dexterity. These abnormalities were largely normalized at the time of retesting in the four patients who were followed-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperexcitability occurs within the representation of single muscles, associated with changes in RMT and with an imbalance between intracortical inhibition and facilitation. These findings may be related to changes in the sensory input from the immobilized upper limb and/or in the discharge properties of the motor units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different mechanisms may contribute to the reversible neuroplastic changes, which occur in response to long-term immobilization of the upper-limbs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Sezione di Neurologia, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, piazzale Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy. gi.zanette@libero.it
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zanette
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manganotti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiaschi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamburin
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*