title: HIF-VEGF-VEGFR-2, TNF-alpha and IGF pathways are upregulated in critical human skeletal muscle ischemia as studied with DNA array.
abstract: Critical lower limb ischemia is a common cause for amputation. To develop new therapeutic strategies, more information is needed about molecular mechanisms of tissue responses to ischemic stress and factors inducing angiogenesis. Using a DNA array of 8400 genes, gene expression patterns in human skeletal muscle samples collected from lower limbs amputated due to acute-on-chronic or chronic critical lower limb ischemia, were compared with the control samples collected from the same limb. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In acute-on-chronic ischemia, 291 genes were significantly upregulated and 174 genes were downregulated (change in 5.5% of all genes) as compared to control samples. Significant induction of the hypoxia-inducible angiogenic pathway involving hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), HIF-2alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its angiogenic receptor VEGFR-2, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with its downstream signaling machinery promoting inflammation and cell death, were found in acute-on-chronic ischemia. In chronic critical ischemia, gene expression changes were much less striking than in acute-on-chronic ischemia, with 74 genes significantly upregulated and 34 genes downregulated (change in 1.3% of all genes). In the chronic situation, the anabolic and survival factors, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2, were upregulated in atrophic and regenerating myocytes together with attenuated HIF, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 expression in the same cells. In conclusion, acute-on-chronic and chronic human skeletal muscle ischemia result in distinct gene expression patterns. These findings may be of importance in the design of novel therapies, such as therapeutic vascular growth, for patients suffering from lower limb ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
authors.forename: Tuomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Ismo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vajanto
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korkeela
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutanen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ylä-Herttuala
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016638:Critical Illness; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D013002:Somatomedins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2