title: Nicotine dependance among adult male smokers in rural Egypt.
abstract: Nicotine dependence is a significant public health problem. This study describes the nicotine dependence status among male adults in rural communities in Egypt. A survey was carried out in five rural villages in Egypt to study the smoking prevalence. A total of 938 current smokers were identified and their nicotine dependence status was studied. About 9% of all smokers in the studied villages were found to have heavy dependence to nicotine. Heavy dependence was associated with younger age of smoking initiation (p<0.05) and more smoking in the first hours of the day (p<0.001). Heavy dependent smokers are less likely to quit smoking (p<0.001), lack the confidence to quit by themselves (p<0.001) and less likely to have tried to quit earlier (p<0.001). Dependent smokers are more likely to smoke in the presence of their children (p<0.001). Reasons for smoking included the habit of smoking helping them to keep them going when tired, to make them alert and not knowing what to do with their hands without a cigarette. The main reasons they identified for restarting smoking after quitting were the signs of withdrawal namely headaches, irritability and difficulty in concentration. Nicotine dependence status and attributes were comparable to studies reported in other countries around the world. Enhanced behavioral and medical intervention strategies are needed to motivate helping both low and heavy nicotine dependent smokers to increase the number and effectiveness of quit attempts.
authors.affiliation: Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute.
authors.forename: Rita R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gad
authors.forename: Maged
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Setouhy
authors.forename: Amany
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haroun
authors.forename: Shahinaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gadalla
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aziz
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aboul-Fotouh
authors.forename: Mostafa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Nabiel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikhail
authors.forename: Ebenezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Israel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control