title: Extended microsatellite analysis in microsatellite stable, MSH2 and MLH1 mutation-negative HNPCC patients: genetic reclassification and correlation with clinical features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing to predominantly colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer frequently due to germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mainly MLH1, MSH2 and also MSH6 in families seen to demonstrate an excess of endometrial cancer. As a consequence, tumors in HNPCC reveal alterations in the length of simple repetitive genomic sequences like poly-A, poly-T, CA or GT repeats (microsatellites) in at least 90% of the cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study cohort consisted of 25 HNPCC index patients (19 Amsterdam positive, 6 Bethesda positive) who revealed a microsatellite stable (MSS)--or low instable (MSI-L)--tumor phenotype with negative mutation analysis for the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2. An extended marker panel (BAT40, D10S197, D13S153, D18S58, MYCL1) was analyzed for the tumors of these patients with regard to three aspects. First, to reconfirm the MSI-L phenotype found by the standard panel; second, to find minor MSIs which might point towards an MSH6 mutation, and third, to reconfirm the MSS status of hereditary tumors. The reconfirmation of the MSS status of tumors not caused by mutations in the MMR genes should allow one to define another entity of hereditary CRC. Their clinical features were compared with those of 150 patients with sporadic CRCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this way, 17 MSS and 8 MSI-L tumors were reclassified as 5 MSS, 18 MSI-L and even 2 MSI-H (high instability) tumors, the last being seen to demonstrate at least 4 instable markers out of 10. Among all family members, 87 malignancies were documented. The mean age of onset for CRCs was the lowest in the MSI-H-phenotyped patients with 40.5 +/- 4.9 years (vs. 47.0 +/- 14.6 and 49.8 +/- 11.9 years in MSI-L- and MSS-phenotyped patients, respectively). The percentage of CRC was the highest in families with MSS-phenotyped tumors (88%), followed by MSI-L-phenotyped (78%) and then by MSI-H-phenotyped (67%) tumors. MSS tumors were preferentially localized in the distal colon supposing a similar biologic behavior like sporadic CRC. MSH6 mutation analysis for the MSI-L and MSI-H patients revealed one truncating mutation for a patient initially with an MSS tumor, which was reclassified as MSI-L by analyzing the extended marker panel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extended microsatellite analysis serves to evaluate the sensitivity of the reference panel for HNPCC detection and permits phenotype confirmation or upgrading. Additionally, it confirms the MSS status of hereditary CRCs not caused by the common mutations in the MMR genes and provides hints to another entity of hereditary CRC.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. Uwe.Schiemann@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Müller-Koch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baretton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muders
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mussack
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holinski-Feder
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004260:DNA Repair; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes