title: Defining transcriptional networks through integrative modeling of mRNA expression and transcription factor binding data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional genomics studies are yielding information about regulatory processes in the cell at an unprecedented scale. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, DNA microarrays have not only been used to measure the mRNA abundance for all genes under a variety of conditions but also to determine the occupancy of all promoter regions by a large number of transcription factors. The challenge is to extract useful information about the global regulatory network from these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present MA-Networker, an algorithm that combines microarray data for mRNA expression and transcription factor occupancy to define the regulatory network of the cell. Multivariate regression analysis is used to infer the activity of each transcription factor, and the correlation across different conditions between this activity and the mRNA expression of a gene is interpreted as regulatory coupling strength. Applying our method to S. cerevisiae, we find that, on average, 58% of the genes whose promoter region is bound by a transcription factor are true regulatory targets. These results are validated by an analysis of enrichment for functional annotation, response for transcription factor deletion, and over-representation of cis-regulatory motifs. We are able to assign directionality to transcription factors that control divergently transcribed genes sharing the same promoter region. Finally, we identify an intrinsic limitation of transcription factor deletion experiments related to the combinatorial nature of transcriptional control, to which our approach provides an alternative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our reliable classification of ChIP positives into functional and non-functional TF targets based on their expression pattern across a wide range of conditions provides a starting point for identifying the unknown sequence features in non-coding DNA that directly or indirectly determine the context dependence of transcription factor action. Complete analysis results are available for browsing or download at http://bussemaker.bio.columbia.edu/papers/MA-Networker/.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. fg2037@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Barrett C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Foat
authors.forename: Harmen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bussemaker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000502:physiology; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000502:physiology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors