title: Combined oral contraceptives and cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The issue of whether there might be an increased risk of cervical cancer associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been debated for decades. Early studies found a modest association with long-term use. A literature review was performed over the past 3 years, to establish whether there is any new evidence linking cervical cancer with the use of oral contraceptives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new analysis from eight studies conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and a systematic review of cervical cancer and the use of hormonal contraceptives are two recent major epidemiological links strongly suggesting the increased risk of cervical cancer (up to twofold), but only for women who were both long-term users (5 years or more) and who had persistent human papilloma virus infections of the cervix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings seem biologically plausible, but weighing the various risks and benefits, the World Health Organization does not recommend any change in oral contraceptive use or practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and MRC/UN Pregnancy Hypertension Research Unit, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa. gynae@nu.ac.za
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined