title: A retinoid-related molecule that does not bind to classical retinoid receptors potently induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells through rapid caspase activation.
abstract: Synthetic retinoid-related molecules, such as N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (fenretinide) and 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) induce apoptosis in a variety of malignant cells. The mechanism(s) of action of these compounds does not appear to involve retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), although some investigators disagree with this view. To clarify whether some retinoid-related molecules can induce apoptosis without involving RARs and/or RXRs, we used 4-[3-(1-heptyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)-3-oxo-E-propenyl] benzoic acid (AGN193198) that neither binds effectively to RARs and RXRs nor transactivates in RAR- and RXR-mediated reporter assays. AGN193198 potently induced apoptosis in prostate, breast, and gastrointestinal carcinoma cells and in leukemia cells. AGN193198 also abolished growth (by 50% at 130-332 nM) and induced apoptosis in primary cultures established from prostatic carcinoma (13 patients) and gastrointestinal carcinoma (1 patient). Apoptosis was induced rapidly, as indicated by mitochondrial depolarization and DNA fragmentation. Molecular events provoked by AGN193198 included activation of caspase-3, -8, -9, and -10 (by 4-6 h) and the production of BID/p15 (by 6 h). These findings show that caspase-mediated induction of apoptosis by AGN193198 is RAR/RXR-independent and suggest that this compound may be useful in the treatment of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Keedwell
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lisette A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Suofu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Kwok-Yin
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reitmair
authors.forename: Yanira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: Larissa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Atangan
authors.forename: Dixie-Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Shurland
authors.forename: Kaisheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: D Michael A
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Roshantha A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chandraratna
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C487202:AGN193198; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011804:Quinolines; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020169:Caspases