title: The effect of race on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and contrast the disease activity and clinical variables between Hispanic and Caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in New Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socioeconomic-demographic and clinical data were collected from 125 SLE patients by an interview-administered questionnaire. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was used to assess disease activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four Hispanics (H) and 40 Caucasians (C) were compared. Demographics including age, gender, disease duration, marital status, and cigarette smoking were similar between the 2 groups. However, education and income were higher in the Caucasian group compared to the Hispanic group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in overall disease activity as measured by the SLEDAI. However, when individual components of the SLEDAI were compared, Hispanics had an increased prevalence of arthritis (77% vs 51%, p = 0.01) and depressed complement levels (40% vs 18%, p = 0.02). Moreover, corticosteroid use was higher among the Hispanics compared to the Caucasian population (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found similar levels of overall disease activity in Hispanic and Caucasian patients with SLE. However, Hispanics used more corticosteroids, had a greater prevalence of arthritis, and had depressed complement levels indicating increased SLE disease activity highly restricted to specific domains. It remains to be determined whether these restricted but discrete differences are genetic in origin, or are related cultural or environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Najeeb O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Ghaussy
authors.forename: Wilmer
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sibbitt
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bankhurst
authors.forename: Clifford R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Qualls
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009516:New Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D011241:Prednisone