title: Diazoxide preconditioning protects against neuronal cell death by attenuation of oxidative stress upon glutamate stimulation.
abstract: We examined the effects of diazoxide, the putative mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel opener, against glutamate excitotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Cells were treated with diazoxide for 24 hr and then exposed to 200 microM glutamate. Cell viability was measured 24 hr after glutamate exposure. We found that treatment 24 hr before glutamate exposure with 250 and 500 microM diazoxide but not with another mitoK(ATP) channel opener, nicorandil, increased neuronal viability from 54 +/- 2% to 84 +/- 2% and 92 +/- 3%, respectively (n = 25-40). These effects were not inhibited by the putative mitoK(ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoic acid. Diazoxide application increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and coapplication of M40401, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, prevented delayed preconditioning. The 24 hr preconditioned neurons showed significantly reduced ROS production upon glutamate stimulation compared to that in untreated cells. These results suggest that diazoxide induces delayed preconditioning in cultured cortical neurons via increased ROS production and attenuation of oxidative stress upon glutamate stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kis
authors.forename: Nishadi C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Busija
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D010544:Peroxidases; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D003981:Diazoxide