title: Osmotic induced stimulation of the reduction of the viability dye 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride by maize roots and callus cultures.
abstract: Live cells can reduce colorless 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to a red insoluble compound, formazan. Maize (Zea mays) callus, when osmotically stressed by 0.53 mol/L mannitol, produced 7-times or more formazan than untreated control callus. This result was seen with all osmotica tested and could not be attributed to differences in TTC uptake rate or accumulation, increased respiration rate as measured by O2 uptake, or to de novo protein synthesis. Increased formazan production could be detected after 2.5 h of exposure to osmotic stress and leveled off after 48 h of exposure. The increased formazan production was only detected when callus was moved from high osmotic medium to low osmotic, TTC-containing medium. Abscisic acid increased TTC reduction only when added in combination with 0.53 mol/L mannitol. Incubation of maize seedling roots with 0.53 mol/L mannitol also increased formazan production as seen visually. Further studies are needed to determine the cause of the increased formazan production. These results show that TTC viability measurements must be carefully evaluated with appropriate controls to confirm their validity.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Department of Crop Sciences, Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Widholm
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005562:Formazans / Q000378:metabolism; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005562:Formazans; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D008353:Mannitol; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium