title: [High field MR imaging: magnetic field interactions of aneurysm clips, coronary artery stents and iliac artery stents with a 3.0 Tesla MR system].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate magnetic field interactions of commonly used biomedical implants at 3.0 Tesla.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen aneurysm clips designed for permanent placement in intracranial aneurysms, 19 coronary artery stents and 20 iliac artery stents were evaluated in an actively shielded compact 3.0 T MR system (Intera, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands, length of magnet 1.57 m). The magnetic deflection forces (translational movement) were evaluated as follows: The implants were suspended by a fine string and placed in the magnet bore at the location of the maximum magnetic field gradient. The translational forces F (z) were calculated from the measured angle of deflection from the vertical axis. The magnetic field-induced torque (rotational forces) was evaluated as follows: Each implant was placed in the center of the magnetic bore parallel to the static magnetic field B0 (position 0 degrees ). Any possible displacement of the implant was noted on a millimeter scale and any torque qualitatively evaluated using a 5 point grading scale (0: no torque; + 4: very strong torque). The implant was turned in steps of 45 degrees, and the procedure was repeated to encompass a full 360 degrees rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 52 of the 53 devices tested, the deflection force (deflection angle: range 0-21 degrees, translational force: range 0-3.8 mN) was less than the gravitational force (i.e., the implant's weight). These devices (n = 52/53) did not show any alignment to or rotation in the magnetic field at any of the various 45 degrees -increment positions corresponding to a qualitative torque evaluation of grade 0/4. One device (n = 1/53), an iliac artery stent made of stainless steel (Zenith, Cook, Mönchengladbach, BRD), was found to have deflection forces (deflection angle 88 degrees translational force 299 mN) greatly exceeding the gravitational force as well as a pronounced torque (grade 4/4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out of 53 biomedical implants evaluated for magnetic field interactions at 3.0 T, one iliac artery stent made of stainless steel was found to be potentially unsafe based on ASTM criteria. MR imaging at 3.0 Tesla may be performed safely in patients with any of the other 52 different implants evaluated in this study with respect to magnetic field translational attraction and torque.
authors.affiliation: Radiologische Universitätsklinik Bonn. t.sommer@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maintz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmiedel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hackenbroch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Träber
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höher
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003035:Cobalt; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects; D008670:Metals; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012399:Rotation; D012449:Safety; D013193:Stainless Steel; D015607:Stents; D013635:Tantalum
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D008670:Metals; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol; D003035:Cobalt; D013635:Tantalum