title: Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a self-care intervention to improve cancer pain management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized clinical trial tested the effectiveness of the PRO-SELF Pain Control Program compared with standard care in decreasing pain intensity scores, increasing appropriate analgesic prescriptions, and increasing analgesic intake in oncology outpatients with pain from bone metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to the PRO-SELF intervention (n = 93) or standard care (n = 81). Patients in the standard care arm were seen by a research nurse three times and were called three times by phone between the home visits. PRO-SELF group patients were seen by specially trained intervention nurses and received a psychoeducational intervention, were taught how to use a pillbox, and were given written instructions on how to communicate with their physician about unrelieved pain and the need for changes in their analgesic prescriptions. Patients were coached during two follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve their cancer pain management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain intensity scores decreased significantly from baseline (all P <.0001) in the PRO-SELF group (ie, least pain, 28.4%; average pain, 32.5%; and worst pain, 27.0%) compared with the standard care group (ie, least increased by 14.6%, average increased by 1.9%, and worst decreased by 1.2%). The percentage of patients in the PRO-SELF group with the most appropriate type of analgesic prescription increased significantly from 28.3% to 37.0% (P =.008) compared with a change from 29.6% to 32.5% in the standard care group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a psychoeducational intervention that incorporates nurse coaching within the framework of self-care can improve the management of cancer pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA. chris.miaskowski@nursing.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Marylin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Debu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics