title: Gender disparities in tuberculosis: report from a rural DOTS programme in south India.
abstract: METHODS
  Tiruvallur District, south India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine gender differences in tuberculosis among adults aged >14 years with respect to infection and disease prevalence, health care service access, care seeking behaviour, diagnostic delay, convenience of directly observed treatment (DOT), stigma and treatment adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 1) community survey, 2) self-referred out-patients seeking care at governmental primary health institutions (PHIs), 3) tuberculosis suspects referred for sputum microscopy at PHIs, and 4) tuberculosis patients notified under DOTS. Community survey results were compared with those for patients notified at PHIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the community, 66% of males and 57% of females had tuberculosis infection. The prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis was 568 and 87/100,000, respectively, among males and females. Fewer males than females attended PHIs (68 men for every 100 women). Females constituted 13% of all smear-positive patients detected in the community survey, and 20% of those detected at PHIs (P < 0.05). The probability of notification decreased significantly with age among both males and females. Significantly more females than males felt inhibited discussing their illness with family (21% vs. 14%) and needed to be accompanied for DOT (11% vs. 6%). Males had twice the risk of treatment default than females (19% vs. 8%; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite facing greater stigma and inconvenience, women were more likely than men to access health services, be notified under DOTS and adhere to treatment. Men and elderly patients need additional support to access diagnostic and DOT services.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chetput, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santha
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Gopi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subramani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajeswari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anandakrishnan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perumal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niruparani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sudha
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaggarajamma
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Frieden
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Narayanan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015995:Prevalence; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013240:Stereotyping; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*