title: [Analysis of respiratory muscle structure and tumor necrosis and insulin-like growth factor expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are samples valid if obtained during thoracotomy performed because of localized pulmonary neoplasia?].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various methods have been used to obtain samples to study the structure of human respiratory muscles and the expression of diverse substances in them. Samples are most often obtained from autopsies, from muscle biopsies during thoracotomy performed because of a localized pulmonary lesion (TLL), and from ambulatory thoracoscopic biopsy in patients free of comorbidity (AT). The disadvantage of the first 2 of these methods lies in the possibility of interference from factors related to the patient's death in the first case or from the disease that necessitated surgery in the second. Although AT is free from the disadvantages of the other 2 methods, it is impossible to obtain samples of the diaphragm the principal respiratory muscle with this procedure. The objective of this study was to analyze the fibrous structure of the external intercostal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to quantify the expression of the principal inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the same muscle, comparing the results obtained with TLL and AT samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective and consecutive samples were taken of the external intercostal muscle (fifth space, anterior axillary line) in 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean [SD] age 66 [6] years; forced expiratory volume in 1 second 49% [9%] of predicted; PaO2 75 [9] mm Hg). Samples were taken during TLL (8 patients, all with pulmonary neoplasms but carefully selected in order to rule out systemic effects) or TA (7 patients). Patients with serious comorbidity were excluded from the second group. Samples were processed for structural analysis of fibers (immunohistochemical and enzymatic histochemical) and genetic expression of TNF-alpha and IGF-1 (real-time polymerase chain reaction).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in the structure of fibers were found between the 2 groups. No differences were observed in the expression of TNF-alpha or IGF-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using rigorous criteria, the TLL method appears to be suitable for studying the structural characteristics and expression of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the external intercostal muscle. Moreover, it can also be inferred that TLL is probably also useful for obtaining samples of the diaphragm, a muscle which cannot currently be sampled by any alternative method.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Recerca en Múscul (URM), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coronell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minguella
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orozco-Levi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broquetas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I