title: 3D reconstruction of the cardiovascular and central nervous system of a human embryo Carnegie-stage 15--case report.
abstract: A human embryo at Carnegie stage 15 was serially sectioned and 3D computer aided reconstructions were made to demonstrate the cardiovascular system and cranial structures and to study developmental variations at this stage. The development of the heart and pharyngeal arteries was according to the existing literature. Differences were found in the development of the arterial circle of Willis and the central nervous system. The cranial venous system seemed to show great variability. Whereas the telencephalon was not developed according to the stage, the development of the hypophysis had occurred prior to stage 15. From the results we conclude that there are remarkable individual differences in embryological differentiation of structures which have to be taken into account during staging of human embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Alfred Herrhausen Strasse 50, 58448 Witten, Germany. wolfa@uni-wh.de
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleiner
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000196:embryology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000196:embryology; D002941:Circle of Willis / Q000196:embryology; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy