title: The transcription factor RFX3 directs nodal cilium development and left-right asymmetry specification.
abstract: There are five members of the RFX family of transcription factors in mammals. While RFX5 plays a well-defined role in the immune system, the functions of RFX1 to RFX4 remain largely unknown. We have generated mice with a deletion of the Rfx3 gene. RFX3-deficient mice exhibit frequent left-right (LR) asymmetry defects leading to a high rate of embryonic lethality and situs inversus in surviving adults. In vertebrates, specification of the LR body axis is controlled by monocilia in the embryonic node, and defects in nodal cilia consequently result in abnormal LR patterning. Consistent with this, Rfx3 is expressed in ciliated cells of the node and RFX3-deficient mice exhibit a pronounced defect in nodal cilia. In contrast to the case for wild-type embryos, for which we document for the first time a twofold increase in the length of nodal cilia during development, the cilia are present but remain markedly stunted in mutant embryos. Finally, we show that RFX3 regulates the expression of D2lic, the mouse orthologue of a Caenorhabditis elegans gene that is implicated in intraflagellar transport, a process required for the assembly and maintenance of cilia. In conclusion, RFX3 is essential for the differentiation of nodal monocilia and hence for LR body axis determination.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonnafe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: AitLounis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barras
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ucla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flamant
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dubruille
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couble
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collignon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002923:Cilia / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D000071716:Regulatory Factor X1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D000071716:Regulatory Factor X1; C000605538:Rfx1 protein, mouse; C000605541:Rfx3 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D004398:Dyneins