title: Tonic component of myocardial contraction.
abstract: Calcium transients and contractions of cardiac myocytes consist of phasic component, relaxing spontaneously independently of membrane voltage and of the tonic component (TC) relaxing only upon repolarization. Experimental data reviewed in this article suggest that most Ca(2+) activating TC is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via the ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Most likely these RyRs are activated by sustained Ca(2+) influx. However, its route may differ depending on species and state of the cells. It seems that in rat RyRs responsible for TC are activated by the sustained Ca(2+) current. In guinea-pig the blockers of Ca(2+) current or reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange do not inhibit TC, so these routes seem unlikely. In myocytes of the failing human hearts TC is activated mostly via the reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange and contribution of SR is negligible. The mechanism of TC in the normal human cardiomyocytes has not been investigated. Thus, despite investigation of TC for half a century many problems concerning the mechanism of its activation and maintenance as well as its physiological meaning remain unsolved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka St 99, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland. blew@cmkp.edu.pl
authors.forename: Bohdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lewartowski
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mackiewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium