title: Sequential study of antigen persistence and concomitant inflammatory reactions relative to side-effects and growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) following intraperitoneal injection with oil-adjuvanted vaccines.
abstract: The persistence of antigens at the injection site (area around pyloric caeca and spleen), concomitant inflammatory reaction and granuloma development were monitored at 3, 6 and 12 months following intraperitoneal injection with multivalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccines in Atlantic salmon. Parallel assessment of side-effect profiles and growth rate were also performed. Antigen persistence was examined by use of a monoclonal antibody that recognises Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide in an immunohistochemical method for in situ identification of bacteria or bacterial fragments. The inflammatory reaction was monitored using standard histological techniques. The amount of persistent antigens and size of inflammation/adhesions were estimated semi-quantitatively. A steady decrease in the quantity of antigens at the injection site was observed from 3 to 12 months. Antigens were consistently found in inflamed tissues located in the pancreatic region. The size of inflammation increased during the first 6 months but declined thereafter. These findings suggest that persistent antigens at the injection site may act as inflammatory stimulants that induce and perpetuate the inflammatory reaction, eventually leading to adverse side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutoloki
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexandersen
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Evensen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000333:Aeromonas / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D006099:Granuloma / Q000276:immunology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D020317:Salmo salar; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides