title: Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: racial and ethnic contrasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the exception of studies of individual traumatic events, the significance of stress exposure in psychiatric disorder previously has not been effectively examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address the hypothesis that accumulated adversity represents an important risk factor for the subsequent onset of depressive and anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based study of psychiatric and substance use disorders among a large, ethnically diverse cohort representative of young adults in South Florida. Adversity was estimated with a count of major and potentially traumatic events experienced during one's lifetime and prior to the onset of disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Most interviews took place in the homes of participants, with 30% conducted by telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained a random sample of individuals aged 18 to 23 years from a previously studied representative sample of young adolescents. Because participants in the prior study were predominantly boys, a supplementary sample of girls was randomly obtained from the early-adolescence school class rosters. A total of 1803 interviews were completed, representing a success rate of 70.1%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed through computer-assisted personal interviews using the DSM-IV version of the Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Level of lifetime exposure to adversity was found to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent onset of depressive and/or anxiety disorder. This association remained clearly observable when childhood conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, prior substance dependence, and posttraumatic stress disorder were held constant and when the possibility of state dependence effects was considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that high levels of lifetime exposure to adversity are causally implicated in the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Demography and Population Health, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-2240, USA. jturner@fsu.edu
authors.forename: R Jay
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008016:Life Change Events; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014505:Urban Population