title: Influence of i.v. haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  i.v. haloperidol is used commonly for sedation in critically ill patients. However, i.v. haloperidol has been shown to cause the life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia torsades de pointes. Mechanisms by which haloperidol causes torsades de pointes have not been widely investigated in controlled studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of i.v. haloperidol on electrophysiologic parameters known to promote torsades de pointes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monophasic action potential catheters were guided under fluoroscopy into the right and left ventricles of 14 chloralose-anesthetized dogs (haloperidol, nine dogs; placebo, five dogs). Effective refractory period (ERP), action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90), and QTc interval measurements were performed at baseline and after each of four doses of haloperidol (0.15, 0.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) or placebo at three different pacing cycle lengths (450, 300, and 250 ms).
  
  
  RESULTS
  i.v. haloperidol significantly prolonged left and right ventricular ERP by a magnitude of 12 to 20% at all pacing cycle lengths. ERP values in the placebo group did not change significantly from pretreatment values in either ventricle. Haloperidol significantly prolonged left ventricular APD90 at a pacing cycle length of 300 ms. The effects of haloperidol on right ventricular APD90 approached significance at a cycle length of 450 ms. Overall, haloperidol prolonged APD90 by 7 to 11%, with less consistent and more variable effects than those for the ERP. APD90 was not significantly altered in the placebo groups. Haloperidol produced significant prolongation in QTc intervals. The electrophysiologic effects of haloperidol were related to dose, with a plateau reached at the 0.5 mg/kg dose for ERP measurements and at the 2 mg/kg dose for the APD90 and QTc interval measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  i.v. haloperidol prolongs ventricular ERP and APD90 in intact canine hearts. These electrophysiologic effects are likely associated with the clinical torsades de pointes-inducing actions of i.v. haloperidol in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasty
authors.forename: Neeta B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Hani N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borzak
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tisdale
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D006220:Haloperidol