title: Cellular remodeling of depopulated bovine ureter used as an arteriovenous graft in the canine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the greatest challenges in hemodialysis access surgery is improving the durability of prosthetic grafts caused by structural deterioration. The depopulated bovine ureter SynerGraft (SG) (CryoLife, Inc) is a tissue-engineered vascular graft processed to remove the xenograft cells while maintaining an unfixed connective tissue matrix capable of autologous cell repopulation by the recipient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen 6-mm diameter bovine ureter SG conduits were implanted in 12 dogs as arteriovenous grafts between the carotid artery and jugular vein (n = 11) or between the femoral artery and vein (n = 8). Performance of these biologic conduits was compared with that of 15 IMPRA (Bard) ePTFE grafts implanted in 9 dogs, including 9 arteriovenous grafts between the carotid artery and jugular vein and 6 femoral artery to femoral vein grafts. After 14 days, the grafts were accessed once weekly. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on grafts explanted between 10 to 60 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6- and 12-month primary patency rates of the bovine SG were 72.6% and 58.6%, respectively, compared with 6- and 12-month primary patency for ePTFE conduits of 57.4% and 57.4%, respectively. None of the bovine SG grafts became infected, but synthetic conduits became infected within 54 days of implantation. At 10 weeks, bovine ureter SG conduit showed fibroblast cell migration and proliferation with incorporation into the surrounding subcutaneous tissue, and elongated cells expressing the contractile protein smooth muscle actin were also observed. After 24 weeks, procollagen synthesis was demonstrated in the fully colonized graft matrix. The ePTFE grafts had no evidence of cellular ingrowth and an absence of endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bovine SG was appropriately remodeled to its host environment through an organized process of recellularization and neovascularization. The absence of infection, similar patency rates, and cell repopulation of the matrix warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Atlanta Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Kirby S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Cynthia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Pagelsen
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ollerenshaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division; D004285:Dogs; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D014654:Vascular Patency