title: The interactive effects of the antifouling herbicides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on the seagrass Zostera marina (L.).
abstract: The herbicides Irgarol 1051 (2-(tert-butylamino)-4-cyclopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine) and Diuron (3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) are commonly incorporated into antifouling paints to boost the efficacy of the compound towards algae. Previous investigations have identified environmental concentrations of these herbicides as being a threat to non-target organisms, such as seagrasses. Their individual toxicity has been assessed, but they can co-occur and interact, potentially increasing their toxicity and the threat posed to seagrass meadows. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv:Fm) and leaf specific biomass ratio (representing plant growth) were examined in Zostera marina L. after a 10-day exposure to the individual herbicides. The EC20 for each herbicide was determined and these then used in herbicide mixtures to assess their interactive effects. Irgarol 1051 was found to be more toxic than Diuron with lowest observable effect concentrations for Fv:Fm reduction of 0.5 and 1.0 +/- microg/l and 10-day EC50 values of 1.1 and 3.2 microg/l, respectively. Plants exposed to Irgarol 1051 and Diuron showed a significant reduction in growth at concentrations of 1.0 and 5.0 microg/l, respectively. When Z. marina was exposed to mixtures, the herbicides commonly interacted additively or antagonistically, and no significant further reduction in photosynthetic efficiency was found at any concentration when compared to plants exposed to the individual herbicides. However, on addition of the Diuron EC20 to varying Irgarol 1051 concentrations and the Irgarol 1051 EC20 to varying Diuron concentrations, significant reductions in Fv:Fm were noted at an earlier stage. The growth of plants exposed to Diuron plus the Irgarol 1051 EC20 were significantly reduced when compared to plants exposed to Diuron alone, but only at the lower concentrations. Growth of plants exposed to Irgarol 1051 and the Diuron EC20 showed no significant reduction when compared to the growth of plants exposed to Irgarol 1051 alone. Despite the addition of the EC20 not eliciting a further significant reduction when compared to the herbicides acting alone for most of the mixtures, the lowest observable significant effect concentration for growth and photosynthetic efficiency decreased to 0.5 microg/l for both herbicides. Irgarol 1051 and Diuron have been shown to occur together in concentrations above 0.5 microg/l, suggesting that seagrasses may be experiencing reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth as a result.
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (CCR), IPSC, TP 267, I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy. jolyon.chesworth@jrc.it
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chesworth
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Donkin
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004237:Diuron / Q000633:toxicity*; D005453:Fluorescence; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012623:Seawater; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D006113:United Kingdom; D035962:Zosteraceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D002734:Chlorophyll; C103341:irgarol 1051; D004237:Diuron