title: A moderately high intake compared to a low intake of zinc depresses magnesium balance and alters indices of bone turnover in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether moderately high or low intakes of zinc adversely affect the copper status of postmenopausal women to result in unfavorable changes in calcium and magnesium metabolism and other indicators of bone turnover.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 10-day equilibration period in which the diet provided 31.5 micromol (2 mg) Cu and 137.7 micromol (9 mg) Zn/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal), the subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with one group fed the basal diet supplemented to provide 15.7 micromol (1 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ, and the other group fed the same diet supplemented to provide 47.2 micromol (3 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ. After equilibration, both groups were fed the basal diet with no zinc supplemented (provided 45.9 micromol [3 mg] Zn/8.4 MJ) for 90 days; this was followed by another 10-day equilibration period before the basal diet was supplemented with zinc to provide 811 micromol (53 mg)/8.4 MJ for 90 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolic unit of the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 postmenopausal women recruited by advertisement throughout the United States of America. Among them, 25 women (64.9+6.7 y) completed the study; 21 as designed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The moderately high intake compared to the low intake of zinc increased the excretion of magnesium in the feces and urine, which resulted in a decreased magnesium balance. In the women fed low dietary copper, plasma osteocalcin was higher during the low-zinc than high-zinc dietary period. The urinary excretion of N-telopeptides was increased and the serum calcitonin concentration was decreased by high dietary zinc regardless of dietary copper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A moderately high intake of zinc (811 micromol/day; 53 mg/day) did not induce changes in copper metabolism that resulted in unfavorable changes in bone or mineral metabolism. However, low dietary zinc (45.9 micromol/day; 3 mg/day) apparently resulted in undesirable changes in circulating calcitonin and osteocalcin. As a moderately high intake of zinc decreased magnesium balance, further study of the possibility that a high intake of zinc is a health concern for individuals consuming less than the recommended amounts of magnesium is warranted.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. fnielsen@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Milne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin; D003300:Copper; D002116:Calcitonin; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc