title: Glove perforations in open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery: the feasibility of double gloving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to the traditional view, the glove protects the patient from the bacterial growth of the surgeons' hands and doing so prevents infections. Today, with growing incidences of HIV and Hepatitis B and C, surgical gloves are also important as protection for the surgeon. We compared the safety of double indicator gloves to standard single surgical gloves by investigating how often surgical gloves are punctured in laparoscopic and open gastrointestinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  As study material we gathered all gloves that had been used in gastrointestinal surgery in Satakunta Central Hospital during two months. 814 gloves from 274 operations were tested by using standardized water filling test method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In open surgery 67 gloves out of 694 had been punctured (9.6 percent). Puncture occurred in 22.5 percent of operations (53 out of 236). During open surgery 24 holes out of 35 were undetected with single gloves (69 percent). With double indicator gloves, only 3 out of 31 holes were unnoticed (10 percent). Long duration of operation increased the risk of puncture. In laparoscopic operations 4 gloves out of 120 had been perforated (3.3 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double surgical gloves give markedly better protection in surgery. This is important especially in high risk operations.
authors.affiliation: Tampere University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Tampere, Finland. tero.laine@pp5.inet.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaipia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santavirta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aarnio
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005387:Finland; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005932:Gloves, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D011677:Punctures; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative