title: Gender-based differences in the prognostic value of coronary calcification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of electron beam tomography (EBT) screening to predict all-cause mortality in a large cohort of asymptomatic women and men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained mortality information from the National Death Index in 10377 asymptomatic individuals (40% women) referred by primary care physicians for coronary calcification screening. The average follow-up period was 5 +/- 3.5 years. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were developed to predict all-cause mortality. Women had a lower prevalence of coronary calcification and smaller calcification scores than men (p < 0.0001). Death rates were higher among older, diabetic, hypertensive, and currently smoking individuals both in women and in men. In unadjusted (chi-square = 82, p < 0.0001) as well as risk-adjusted (chi-square = 7, p = 0.007) Cox survival models, women had a greater probability of death than men in each strata of calcification. Relative risk (RR) ratios were increased 3.0-fold, 5.5-fold, and 5.5-fold, respectively, for women compared with men with coronary calcification scores of 101-399, 400-1000, and >1000 (p < 0.0001). Using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses to assess coronary calcification added incremental prognostic value to Framingham risk scores (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of asymptomatic women, coronary calcification screening provided incremental prognostic information after adjustment for traditional risk factors. EBT may be a useful tool for risk stratification in women, where the early diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a strong challenge.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. praggi@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Leslee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Tracy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Callister
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography