title: Activated natural killer T cells induce liver injury by Fas and tumor necrosis factor-alpha during alcohol consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic alcohol abuse induces liver injury and increases the severity of viral hepatitis, but the precise mechanisms responsible are not well understood. In particular, little is known about the role of natural killer T cells in alcohol-induced liver injury. Natural killer T cells are mediators of important regulator and effector functions making use of Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in apoptosis induction. This report analyzes the role of natural killer T cells, Fas, and TNF-alpha in a model of chronic alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice fed alcohol by intragastric tube were assayed for serum alanine aminotransferase values, liver histology, and liver mononuclear cells before and after activation of natural killer T cells by ligand alpha-galactosylceramide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In alcohol-consuming animals, liver natural killer T cells increase, and further activation by alpha-galactosylceramide causes lethal liver injury. This is explained by alcohol-induced hepatocyte sensitization to cell-mediated lysis, which develops concomitant to increased cytolytic activity of natural killer T cells. Natural killer T cell-mediated apoptosis proceeds by the Fas pathway, and Fas is essential for alcohol-associated liver injury. TNF-alpha plays an additional role as a defect in TNF receptor-1 inhibits alcohol-associated liver injury. Alcohol-fed natural killer T cell-deficient Jalpha281(-/-) mice express a delay in alcohol-induced liver injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption induces an increase of natural killer T cells in the liver and a high sensitivity of hepatocytes to cell-mediated lysis. Stimulation of natural killer T cells during alcohol consumption induces serious liver injury by a mechanism that involves concomitant signals by Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 on alcohol-stressed hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, M/S 73, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0800, USA.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minagawa
authors.forename: Qinggao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Zhang-Xu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dennert
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022781:Hepatocytes; D007267:Injections; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505658:Fasl protein, mouse; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor