title: Patient-controlled analgesia versus conventional intramuscular injection: a cost effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies comparing patient-controlled-analgesia and intramuscular pain management have been unable to provide conclusive evidence of the benefits of either method of postoperative pain control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intravenous patient-controlled-analgesia with intermittent intramuscular morphine for Chinese women in the first 24 hours following elective gynaecological surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized control design was used. The main outcomes were level of pain and cost for the two types of pain management. Participants indicated their level of pain at rest and when deep breathing or coughing on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale, on seven occasions within 24 postoperative hours. Costs for the two types of pain management were based on the costs of equipment, drugs and nursing time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 125 women participated in the study. Mean pain level over the 24 hours in the patient-controlled-analgesia group was significantly lower than in the intramuscular group (P < 0.001). Mean pain level over the seven occasions for the patient-controlled-analgesia group was 11.83 points (95% CI 7.14-16.52) lower when at rest and 11.73 points (95% CI 5.96-17.50) lower during motion than the intramuscular group. Cost per patient was $81.10 (Hong Kong) higher for patient-controlled-analgesia than for intramuscular pain management. Women in the patient-controlled-analgesia group had significantly greater satisfaction with pain management than those in the intramuscular group (P < 0.001), but reported significantly more episodes of nausea (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While patient-controlled-analgesia was more costly, it was also more effective than conventional on-demand intramuscular opioid injections after laparotomy for gynaecological surgery.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology/Mater Misericordiae Health Services, Brisbane, Australia. am.chang@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000191:economics*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine