title: Characteristics of optic nerve damage induced by chronic intraocular hypertension in rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To set up the Sharma's chronic intraocular hypertension model and investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as the optic nerve damage of this model in rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operations of the chronic intraocular hypertension model were performed as described by Sharma in 60 Male Lewis albino rats. IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen XL immediately after surgery and then at 5 day, 2 week or 4 week intervals. Cresyl violet staining of whole-mounted retinas was used to label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), then RGCs were counted. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) staining was performed in the semi-thin cross sections of optic nerve of rat, in order to know whether the axons of optic nerve were degenerated or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 47 rats with higher IOP after the episcleral veins cauterized in 60 rats. The ratio of elevated IOP was 78.3%. The IOPs were stable in 4 weeks. After cresyl violet staining, the RGCs loss was 11.0% and 11.3% was found in the central and peripheral retina respectively after 2 weeks of increased IOP. After 4 weeks of increased IOP, the loss of RGCs was 17% for the central retina and 24.6% for the peripheral retina. In the retinas without higher IOP, there was no loss of RGCs. PPD staining showed that optic nerve of rat with about 5.3% damage of axons located at the superior temporal region. Region of affected optic nerve 1 mm posterior to the globe by light microscope showed evidence of damaged axons with axonal swelling and myelin debris.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sharma's chronic intraocular hypertension model is a reproducible and effective glaucoma model, which mimics human glaucoma with chronically elevation IOP and induced RGCs loss and damage of optic nerve.
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51006, China.
authors.forename: Jiantao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sadun
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D008297:Male; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*