title: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe traumatic stressors such as war, rape, or life-threatening accidents can result in a debilitating psychopathological development conceptualised as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Pathological memory formation during an alarm response may set the precondition for PTSD to occur. If true, a lack of memory formation by extended unconsciousness in the course of the traumatic experience should preclude PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 patients from a neurological rehabilitation clinic were examined by means of questionnaires and structured clinical interviews. All patients had suffered a TBI due to an accident, but varied with respect to falling unconscious during the traumatic event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  27% of the sub-sample who were not unconscious for an extended period but only 3% (1 of 31 patients) who were unconscious for more than 12 hours as a result of the accident were diagnosed as having current PTSD (P <.02). Furthermore, intrusive memories proved to be far more frequent in patients who had not been unconscious. This was also the case for other re-experiencing symptoms and for psychological distress and physiological reactivity to reminders of the traumatic event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBI and PTSD are not mutually exclusive. However, victims of accidents are unlikely to develop a PTSD if the impact to the head had resulted in an extended period of unconsciousness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. Judith.Glaesser@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glaesser
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neuner
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lütgehetmann
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elbert
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004325:Dreams / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014888:Wechsler Scales