title: Association of dyslipidemia and effects of statins on nonmacrovascular diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins have mechanisms of action that expand their effects beyond cholesterol lowering and atherosclerotic medical conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes clinical evidence for the association of dyslipidemia and the effects of statin use on aortic stenosis, Alzheimer's dementia (AD), osteoporosis, prevention of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic/nondiabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-June 2003). Bibliographies of retrieved articles were reviewed. Search terms included statin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, aortic stenosis, Alzheimer's dementia, osteoporosis, prevention of diabetis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic nephropathy, and nondiabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three retrospective cohort trials have shown an association between statin use and the progression of aortic stenosis; one of these trials observed a 45% decrease in aortic valve area in 1 year. In AD, one cross-sectional analysis found 60% to 73% lower AD rates in lovastatin or pravastatin recipients ( P<0.001 ). Of the multiple observational studies on the effect of statins on fracture risk, some have shown a decreased risk, with an odds ratio as low as 0.50 (95% CI, 0.33-0.76); others have demonstrated no association. A post hoc analysis of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study found a 30% reduction in the development of DM ( P=0.042 ), but this was not duplicated in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm. A small clinical trial of 6 patients (11 eyes) demonstrated improved retinal hard exudates with pravastatin treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. In a cross-sectional analysis, age-related macular degeneration was found to be less common among statin users than nonusers (4% [ 1/27 ] vs 22% [ 76/352 ]; P=0.02. Multiple small clinical trials of 19 to 56 patients with diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy at various stages generated inconsistent results for an association between statin use and decreased albumin excretion rate and decreased rate of decline in glomerular filtration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data of variable quantity and quality support the use of statins as adjuncts in the treatment of nonmacrovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. sarkisbmd@ameritech.net
authors.forename: Sarkis B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baghdasarian
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jneid
authors.forename: Byron J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoogwerf
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors