title: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha, and carbonic anhydrase IX in human tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) mRNA in a large, diverse cohort of tumours and to investigate whether VEGF-A expression is associated with markers of hypoxia, including hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9).
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of VEGF-A and CA9 was assessed in 5067 fresh frozen human tissue samples and 238 cell lines by DNA microarray analysis. In addition, tissue microarrays were constructed from 388 malignancies to investigate the expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF-A was significantly upregulated in primary malignancies of the breast, cervix, colon and rectum, oesophagus, head and neck, kidney, ovary, skin, urinary system, and white blood cells by DNA microarray analysis. However, VEGF-A expression only correlated with CA9 expression in renal tissues. In the tissue microarrays, HIF-1alpha positive cores showed a significant increase in VEGF-A expression in lung, ovary, soft tissue, and thyroid malignancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of VEGF-A is upregulated in a large proportion of human malignancies, and may be associated with markers of hypoxia. VEGF-A expression can be induced in the absence of hypoxia and hypoxia does not always provoke VEGF-A upregulation in tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA94080, USA. adrianj@gene.com
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jubb
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hanby
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Peale
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Koeppen
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hillan
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014157:Transcription Factors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases