title: Rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24A1) and the role of F249 in substrate binding and catalytic activity.
abstract: A high level of functional recombinant rat cytochrome P450C24 enzyme (CYP24A1) was obtained (40-50mg/L) using an Escherichia coli expression system. Purified enzyme was stable with retention of spectral and catalytic activity. The rate of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] side-chain oxidation and cleavage to the end-product calcitroic acid was directly related to the rate of electron transfer from the ferredoxin redox partner. It was determined from substrate-induced spectral shifts that the 1 alpha- and 25-hydroxyl groups on vitamin D(3) metabolites and analogs were the major determinants for high-affinity binding to CYP24A1. Lowest K(d) values were obtained for 1 alpha-vitamin D(3) (0.06 microM) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (0.05 microM) whereas unmodified parental vitamin D(3) and the non-secosteroid 25-hydroxycholesterol had lower affinities with K(d) values of 1.3 and 1.9 microM, respectively. The lowest binding affinity for natural vitamin D metabolites was observed for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [24,25(OH)(2)D(3)] (0.43 microM). Kinetic analyses of the two natural substrates 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] revealed similar K(m) values (0.35 and 0.38 microM, respectively), however, the turnover number was higher for 25(OH)D(3) compared to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (4.2 and 1 min(-1), respectively). Mutagenesis of F249 within the F-helix of CYP24A1 altered substrate binding and metabolism. Most notable, the hydrophobic to polar mutant F249T had a strong impact on lowering substrate-binding affinity and catalysis of the final C(23) oxidation sequence from 24,25,26,27-tetranor-1,23-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to calcitroic acid. Two other hydrophobic 249 mutants (F249A and F249Y) also lowered substrate binding and expressed metabolic abnormalities that included the C(23)-oxidation defect observed with mutant F249T plus a similar defect involving an earlier pathway action for the C(24) oxidation of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D(3). Therefore, Phe-249 within the F-helix was demonstrated to have an important role in properly binding and aligning substrate in the CYP24A1 active site for C(23) and C(24) oxidation reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5221, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Annalora
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bobrovnikova-Marjon
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serda
authors.forename: Letitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lansing
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastuszyn
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Omdahl
mesh_terms: D000325:Adrenodoxin / Q000737:chemistry; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000072516:Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000325:Adrenodoxin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000072516:Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol