title: [Validity of risk calculations in offenders -- criticism of a basic methodological assumption, and future perspectives].
abstract: Catalogs of multidimensional criteria have become established in continental Europe. In contrast, due to the limited reliability of clinical prognoses, procedures such as "Actuarial Risk Assessments" have been established in Anglo-Saxon countries as a means of assessing prognoses. The basic assumptions of "Actuarial Risk Assessments" (principally a statistical methodology) show a remarkable discrepancy compared with the fundamental ideas of the European experts (clinical assessment procedures), although this has not to date been discussed in depth in the literature. Apart from this discrepancy, however, certain basic assumptions are internationally regarded as generally accepted methodological cornerstones of prognostic theory. Thus, such a generally unchallenged "essential" methodological principle as the "Two by Two Table" has been mentioned for many years in a dichotomous sense in numerous textbooks or basic lecture on prognostic theory. Far-reaching conclusions concerning the validity of prognostic statements are made on the basis of this methodological axiom. Thus, the putative error rate for prognostic assessments is derived from so-called "false positive prognoses", and, among other things, the unjustified committal of offenders wrongly judged to be dangerous is criticised. Surprisingly, there is no discussion in the considerable literature currently available, that it is methodologically highly questionable to use the Two by Two Table that is adequate for dichotomous decision-making, without using further differentiation with respect to probability factors, as is undoubtedly the case for risk calculations. The article discusses the above mentioned problems and gives possible approaches for solutions.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrisch-Psychologischer Dienst Justizvollzug Kanton Zürich/Schweiz. frank.urbaniok@ji.zh.ch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Urbaniok
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003417:Criminal Psychology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005104:Expert Testimony / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011329:Prisoners / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology