title: Variation in lymphatic function may predispose to development of breast cancer-related lymphoedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) remains a common complication of breast cancer treatment. Many features of this condition remain poorly understood, such as why only approximately 25% of women are affected after similar treatment, and the phenomenon of 'sparing', in which regions of an otherwise swollen arm, most commonly the hand, remain unaffected. This study uses dual-isotope lymphoscintigraphy, involving measurement of rate of clearance of radiolabelled protein from a subcutaneous depot and subsequent appearance in blood, to quantify alterations in lymphatic function in women with BCRL, and to further investigate differences between those in whom the hand is involved with swelling and those in whom it is spared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received a depot injection of human immunoglobulin G in the dorsum of both hands, labeled with technetium-99m on one side and indium-111 on the other. Rates of clearance from the depot and appearance in venous blood were measured at regular intervals over a 3 h period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 women with a history of BCRL were studied. Significant reductions in both depot clearance and venous appearance were observed in the affected arm compared with the unaffected contralateral control. On sub-group analysis, significant differences were also observed between swollen and spared hand groups, both for the affected and unaffected contralateral arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, as well as confirming impaired lymphatic function in arms affected by BCRL, also shows underlying variation in lymphatic function in the unaffected contralateral arm, between those with and without hand sparing. This raises the possibility that the risk of developing BCRL may be, in part, pre-determined.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Breast Unit, Box 97, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pain
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Purushotham
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000502:physiology*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000097:blood; D013667:Technetium / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C065376:technetium Tc 99m immunoglobulin; D013667:Technetium