title: Lipopolysaccharide evokes microaggregation reactions in hemocytes isolated from tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta.
abstract: Insect cellular immune reactions to bacterial infection include nodule formation. Eicosanoids mediate several cellular actions in the nodulation process, including formation of hemocyte microaggregates, an early step. In previous work, we reported that isolated hemocytes produce and secrete eicosanoids that influence hemocyte behavior in response to bacterial challenge. We also reported that microaggregate formation in response to challenge was mediated by prostaglandins (PGs), but not by products of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. In this paper we describe experiments designed to test the idea that exposing isolated hemocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) evokes formation of hemocyte microaggregates and this cellular action is mediated by PGs. Results show that isolated hemocyte preparations challenged with LPS formed more hemocyte microaggregates than unchallenged preparations (6.9x10(3) microaggregates/ml hemolymph vs. 2.5x10(3) microaggregates/ml hemolymph). LPS challenge stimulated formation of hemocyte microaggregates in a dose dependent manner. Experimental groups pretreated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors produced fewer hemocyte microaggregates in response to LPS challenge than untreated control groups. The formation of hemocyte microaggregates was not influenced by LOX inhibitors. Furthermore, the influence of dexamethasone was reversed by supplementing the experimental groups with the eicosanoid precursor fatty acid molecule, arachidonic acid and PGH(2). Palmitic acid, which is not substrate for eicosanoid biosynthesis, did not reverse the effects of dexamethasone on the formation of microaggregates. The LOX product 5(S)hydroperoxyeicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-tetraenoic acid also did not reverse the effects of dexamethasone. These results are consistent with similar investigations performed with bacterial suspensions. We infer that isolated hemocyte preparations recognize and react to LPS by forming microaggregates and this reaction is mediated by PGs, but not products of the LOX pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL 60115, USA. jsmiller@niu.edu
authors.forename: Jon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018402:Manduca / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D044262:Prostaglandin H2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015777:Eicosanoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011453:Prostaglandins; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D044262:Prostaglandin H2; D003907:Dexamethasone; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases