title: Effect of the addition of wine distillery wastes to vineyard soils on the adsorption and mobility of fungicides.
abstract: In the present work, a study was made of the effect of the addition of liquid and solid wine distillery wastes (WLW and WSW) to vineyard soils on the adsorption and leaching of penconazole and metalaxyl, two fungicides of different hydrophobic character that are widely used in vine cultivation. The study of these processes is of great interest, since currently the green filter system is implemented simultaneously in vine cultivation and as an alternative to classic purification methods of such organic wastes. Three vineyard soils selected from the La Rioja region (NW Spain) were used. Adsorption isotherms of the 14C-labeled fungicides by the soils in aqueous medium and in WLW medium were obtained, together with the percolation curves of the fungicides in packed soil columns under saturated flow conditions. The adsorption and leaching of metalaxyl in a soil amended with WSW were also studied. The Freundlich Kf constants indicated an increase in the adsorption of both fungicides by the soils in WLW medium as compared to aqueous medium. The amounts of penconazole leached in the three soils when they were washed with water and WLW ranged between 3.18 and 39.3% and between 2.00 and 10.4%, respectively, of the total fungicide added to the columns. In the case of metalaxyl, these amounts represented 69.1-100 and 91.6-117%. Variations were also observed in the shape and parameters of the breakthrough curves obtained in both systems and in the presence of WSW. The soluble organic compounds of WLW must be retained by the soil components, creating new adsorbent hydrophobic surfaces, which increase the retention in the soil of the highly hydrophobic compound penconazole. In the case of metalaxyl, which is very water soluble, the soluble organic compounds of WLW seem to contribute to the increase in its leaching, whereas the WSW favors the opposite effect. The results obtained, indicating modifications in the adsorption and leaching of penconazole and metalaxyl in the presence of WLW and WSW, show that further studies should be carried out on the adsorption and mobility of the fungicides in soils from the vineyard zone, which in turn are used as a green filter purification system of wine wastes.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain, and Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Apdo, 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Soledad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Andrades
authors.forename: Maria Sonia
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Cruz
authors.forename: Maria Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Martin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Camazano
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D005511:Food Handling; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000254:growth & development*; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012987:Soil; D014230:Triazoles; C028175:metalaxyl; C087058:penconazole; D000409:Alanine