title: Analysis of the penumbra enlargement in lung versus the quality index of photon beams: a methodology to check the dose calculation algorithm.
abstract: It is well known that considerable underdosage can occur at the edges of a tumor inside the lung because of the degradation of penumbra due to lack of lateral electronic equilibrium. Although present even at smaller energies, this phenomenon is more pronounced for higher energies. Apart from Monte Carlo calculation, most of the existing Treatment Planning Systems (TPSs) cannot deal at all, or with acceptable accuracy, with this effect. A methodology has been developed for assessing the dose calculation algorithms in the lung region where lateral electronic disequilibrium exists, based on the Quality Index (QI) of the incident beam. A phantom, consisting of layers of polystyrene and lung material, has been irradiated using photon beams of 4, 6, 15, and 20 MV. The cross-plane profiles of each beam for 5x5, 10x10, and 25x10 fields have been measured at the middle of the phantom with the use of films. The penumbra (20%-80%) and fringe (50%-90%) enlargement was measured and the ratio of the widths for the lung to that of polystyrene was defined as the Correction Factor (CF). Monte Carlo calculations in the two phantoms have also been performed for energies of 6, 15, and 20 MV. Five commercial TPS's algorithms were tested for their ability to predict the penumbra and fringe enlargement. A linear relationship has been found between the QI of the beams and the CF of the penumbra and fringe enlargement for all the examined fields. Monte Carlo calculations agree very well (less than 1% difference) with the film measurements. The CF values range between 1.1 for 4 MV (QI 0.620) and 2.28 for 20 MV (QI 0.794). Three of the tested TPS's algorithms could not predict any enlargement at all for all energies and all fields and two of them could predict the penumbra enlargement to some extent. The proposed methodology can help any user or developer to check the accuracy of its algorithm for lung cases, based on a simple phantom geometry and the QI of the incident beam. This check is very important especially when higher energies are used, as the inaccuracies in existing algorithms can lead to an incorrect choice of energy for lung treatment and consequently to a failure in tumor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Larissa, Larissa, Hellas, Greece. tsiakalos@med.uth.gr
authors.forename: Miltiadis F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Tsiakalos
authors.forename: Kiki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappas
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zefkili
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosenwold
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012986:Software Validation