title: Kinematical analysis of motor function in schizophrenic patients: a possibility to separate negative symptoms from extrapyramidal dysfunction induced by neuroleptics?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this prospective matched case-control study, hand movement analysis was conducted using a digitizing tablet (kinematical analysis).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study examined the association of different computer-assessed hand movement variables with clinical pathology (negative symptoms and extrapyramidal motor dysfunction). A sample of 16 schizophrenic patients and 16 healthy controls participated in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, kinematical analysis indicated a significant higher prevalence of subtle hand motor dysfunction in unmedicated schizophrenic patients (who all exhibited clinically no extrapyramidal dysfunction) in comparison to healthy controls. No association between the observed motor signs and pre-enrollment total long-term butyrophenones exposure has been detected. After 14 days treatment with haloperidol, the hand movement variables, which correlated significantly with clinical rating scores reflecting drug-induced extrapyramidal dysfunction could definitely be separated from the hand movement variables with a close association to clinical rating measuring negative symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the comparative analysis at baseline confirm previous findings concerning presence of neurological soft signs in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, results of this pilot study suggest that kinematical analysis by means of a digitizing tablet could be a useful approach towards a differentiation between drug-induced akinetic symptoms and disease-induced negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. Verena.Henkel@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mergl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rujescu
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hegerl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods*; D002090:Butyrophenones / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002090:Butyrophenones; D006220:Haloperidol