title: [Iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus during transesophageal echocardiography. A rare cause of severe dysphagia].
abstract: METHODS
  A 65-year-old patient underwent transesophageal echocardiography which caused a perforation of the upper esophagus. Three months after esophagostomy and gastrostomy the reconstruction was accomplished by a colon interposition graft. The patient postoperatively developed an ischemic necrosis of the graft, followed by a cervical fistula. Food intake and swallowing became impossible.
  
  
  METHODS
  X-ray examinations revealed the cervical fistula and a stenotic colon graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retrosternal colon graft was replaced by a gastric interposition graft, which was anastomosed with the cervical esophagus. The postoperative follow-up was normal at first. Increasing retention of secretion in the remaining esophagus however caused dilatation and a cervival fistula again, as well as a pleural empyema. After transthoracic resection of the esophagus the patient was finally free of symtoms, and gained weight on unrestricted food intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transesophageal echocardiography is a common diagnostic procedure with a low complication rate. Even though serious complications may occur in rare cases, the patient must be informed about the risk. The perforation of the esophagus is an emergency situation that requires surgical treatment immediately. Primary reconstruction and preservation of the esophagus is the recommended strategy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kneist
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oberholzer
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Junginger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003106:Colon / Q000637:transplantation; D017577:Cutaneous Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004937:Esophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004946:Esophagostomy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D009333:Neck; D013270:Stomach / Q000637:transplantation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed