title: Impact of self-assessed hearing loss on a spouse: a longitudinal analysis of couples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hearing loss is increasingly common among older persons and is negatively associated with health and well-being. Its impact on spouses, however, is poorly researched. This study analyzed the relationship between a spouse's self-assessed hearing loss and his or her partner's physical, psychological, and social well-being 5 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 418 older married couples from the Alameda County Study. Hearing loss and adjustment variables were assessed in 1994 and outcomes in 1999. Longitudinal analyses included multivariate statistical models using generalized estimating equations to adjust for paired data and partners' hearing loss, age, gender, chronic conditions, and financial problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spouse hearing loss increased the likelihood of subsequent poorer physical, psychological, and social well-being in partners. The negative impact of husbands' hearing loss on wives' well-being appears stronger than the reverse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss constitute important clinical strategies to enhance the well-being of both hearing-impaired individuals and their spouses and support policy change to cover hearing devices by insurance. Further research incorporating theoretical perspectives from communication theory and qualitative methodology would enhance understanding of how hearing loss impacts older couples and support refinement of interventions to promote quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0610, USA. meg.wallhagen@nursing.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Margaret I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Wallhagen
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Strawbridge
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shema
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012495:San Francisco; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*