title: Electrical preconditioning attenuates progressive necrosis and cavitation following spinal cord injury.
abstract: This study evaluates the influence of preconditioning and subsequent electrical stimulation on the formation of primary and secondary lesions following spinal cord injury in rats. The dorsal surface of the spinal cord at the T7 level was stimulated 24 h before right-side hemisection (500 Hz, 10 pulses/train, at an inter-train interval of 10 sec for 2 h). Stimulation was again administered immediately after injury and then every 24 h for 7 days. Preconditioning electrical stimulation of the spinal cord activated reactive astrocytes, then significantly attenuated edema, progressive necrosis, and cavitation, especially in the secondary cavity lesions (24 h, 1 week, and 3 weeks post-injury). Upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin immunoreactivity, a measure of reactive astrocytic response, were increased at 1 week after injury in the rats treated with electrical stimulation. These results suggest that preconditioning with electrical stimulation prevents the formation of secondary lesions after spinal cord injury. This beneficial effect may be related to the ability of electrical stimulation to attenuate trauma-induced cellular cascades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan. fujiki@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005911:Gliosis / Q000209:etiology; D009336:Necrosis; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D014746:Vimentin