title: Complications associated with clean intermittent catheterization in children with spina bifida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is commonly used in the management of voiding dysfunction associated with neurospinal dysraphism. We determined the incidence of genitourinary complications associated with this technique in a population of children with spina bifida.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of all children younger than 13 years attending a multi-disciplinary spina bifida clinic between 1987 and 2002 were reviewed. Children in whom CIC had been performed for a minimum of 5 years were identified. Catheterization was performed with a polyvinyl chloride catheter and a water-based lubricant. All genitourinary complications that had occurred in this group were recorded. The caregiver of each patient was then contacted by telephone to confirm the accuracy of our data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 32 females and 27 males identified in whom CIC had been performed for a minimum of 5 years. Mean duration of CIC was 10.5 years (range 5 to 15). Of the patients 45 (76%) learned to perform CIC independently at a mean age of 8 years (range 4.7 to 15.3). Two complications were gross hematuria and a false passage in the bulbar urethra. Both complications occurred in males early in the course of CIC, and while being performed by a caregiver. Neither complication was associated with long-term sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of genitourinary complications associated with CIC in children with spina bifida is low. We identified 2 complications during a period of 570 patient-years for an incidence of 3.5 complications/1000 patient-years (95% confidence interval -1.3, 8.3) of observation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. jcampbe@texaschildrenshospital.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Katherine N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Voaklander
authors.forename: Lawrence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Mix
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods