title: The rat exposure test: a model of mouse defensive behaviors.
abstract: In order to facilitate behavioral, and potentially pharmacological, analyses of risk assessment behaviors in mice, a rat exposure test (RET) was devised and evaluated. This test provides a home chamber connected via a tunnel to a rat (predator) exposure area. Familiar substrate is provided to permit burying, and mouse subjects are habituated to the apparatus prior to exposure to an amphetamine-activated rat. In comparison to toy-rat-exposed controls, rat-exposed BALB/c mice showed significantly more risk assessment [stretch attend posture (SAP) and stretch approach], freezing, and avoidance (time in the home chamber), and less time in contact with the wire mesh screen between itself and the threat stimulus. When BALB/c, C57BL/6, CD-1, and Swiss-Webster mice were compared in this test, the two inbred strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6) tended to show more extreme values of particular defensive behaviors, compared to the two outbred strains (Swiss-Webster and CD-1). C57BL/6 mice showed more avoidance and higher levels of SAP, freezing, and burying than BALB/c and more than one or both outbred strains as well. BALB/c mice showed little defensive burying, both in comparison to toy-exposed controls (Experiment 1), and in comparison to the three other strains in Experiment 2. These findings are somewhat at variance with characterizations of anxiety in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, based on tests utilizing novel areas and noxious stimuli, suggesting strain differences in defensiveness to such stimuli, compared to antipredator defense levels. Nonetheless, with the exception of burying in BALB/c mice, all strains showed all defensive behaviors measured to the rat stimulus. In particular, SAP levels were substantial in all strains tested, suggesting the usefulness of this test in assessment of the role of risk assessment in defense.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA. muy@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Augustsson
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: D Caroline
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Blanchard
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012306:Risk; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine