title: Focal adhesion kinase gene silencing promotes anoikis and suppresses metastasis of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate or inappropriate cell-substrate contact triggers a subset of apoptotic cell death, termed anoikis. Resistance to anoikis is a characteristic of malignant cells that is associated with increased tumorigenesis and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an important regulator of cell survival and migration and cell cycle progression. We tested the hypothesis that FAK gene silencing would promote anoikis and reverse acquired anoikis resistance in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  FAK expression was assessed by Northern and Western blot analysis. Anoikis was induced in PANC1, BxPC3, MiaPaCa2, and Mia(AR) (an anoikis-resistant derivative of MiaPaCa2) with the use of polyHEMA culture. FAK expression was suppressed by RNA interference. Anoikis was detected by YO-PRO-1/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Fluorometric caspase profiling was performed. Metastasis was assayed in a nude mouse orthotopic xenograft model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell lines that were tested showed marked variation in their anoikis resistance, greater resistance being associated with higher levels of FAK expression. FAK gene silencing promoted anoikis in all cell lines and reversed acquired anoikis resistance in Mia(AR), which was associated with increased caspase activation. Suppression of FAK expression also inhibited metastasis in the nude mouse model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FAK gene silencing suppresses anoikis resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. FAK represents a potential target for novel antimetastatic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duxbury
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinner
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Whang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D000818:Animals; D023102:Anoikis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; C496051:Ptk2 protein, mouse; D020169:Caspases