title: Plasma and lung macrophage responsiveness to carotenoid supplementation and ozone exposure in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of ozone exposure and vegetable juice supplementation on plasma and lung macrophage concentrations of carotenoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were exposed to ambient air prior to antioxidant supplementation and to ozone after antioxidant supplementation or placebo. Exposures occurred while exercising intermittently in a controlled metabolic chamber at the Human Studies Division, US EPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 23 healthy subjects between ages of 18 and 35 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects consumed a low fruit and vegetable diet for 3 weeks. After the first week, subjects underwent a sham exposure to filtered air with exercise, followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Subjects were randomly assigned into supplement (one can vegetable juice, vitamins C and E daily) or placebo (orange soda, placebo pill daily) groups for 2 weeks. After the 2-week intervention, subjects were exposed to 0.4 ppm (784 microg/m(3)) ozone for 2 h with exercise followed by BAL. Blood samples were drawn before, immediately after and 3 h postexposure on each exposure day. The concentrations of nine carotenoids were determined by HPLC in BAL macrophages and plasma samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of all the carotenoids that were present in the vegetable juice (except cis-beta-carotene) increased significantly in the supplemented group. Lung macrophage alpha-carotene concentrations increased significantly, lycopene isomers increased slightly, and all other carotenoids decreased (nonsignificantly) in the supplementation group following the intervention. Ozone exposure resulted in decreases in several carotenoids in plasma of the placebo group, but not in the supplemented group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung macrophage concentrations of carotenoids can be manipulated by diet. Ozone is a potent environmental oxidant that appears to reduce plasma carotenoids in nonsupplemented individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. susan_scott@unc.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steck-Scott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arab
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010919:Placebos; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010919:Placebos; D002338:Carotenoids; D010126:Ozone