title: Modification of spatial distribution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degrader microhabitats during growth in soil columns.
abstract: Bacterial processes in soil, including biodegradation, require contact between bacteria and substrates. Knowledge of the three-dimensional spatial distribution of bacteria at the microscale is necessary to understand and predict such processes. Using a soil microsampling strategy combined with a mathematical spatial analysis, we studied the spatial distribution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrader microhabitats as a function of 2,4-D degrader abundance. Soil columns that allowed natural flow were percolated with 2,4-D to increase the 2,4-D degrader abundance. Hundreds of soil microsamples (minimum diameter, 125 microm) were collected and transferred to culture medium to check for the presence of 2,4-D degraders. Spatial distributions of bacterial microhabitats were characterized by determining the average size of colonized soil patches and the average number of patches per gram of soil. The spatial distribution of 2,4-D degrader microhabitats was not affected by water flow, but there was an overall increase in colonized patch sizes after 2,4-D amendment; colonized microsamples were dispersed in the soil at low 2,4-D degrader densities and clustered in patches that were more than 0.5 mm in diameter at higher densities. During growth, spreading of 2,4-D degraders within the soil and an increase in 2,4-D degradation were observed. We hypothesized that spreading of the bacteria increased the probability of encounters with 2,4-D and resulted in better interception of the degradable substrate. This work showed that characterization of bacterial microscale spatial distribution is relevant to microbial ecology studies. It improved quantitative bacterial microhabitat description and suggested that sporadic movement of cells occurs. Furthermore, it offered perspectives for linking microbial function to the soil physicochemical environment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UMR 5564, CNRS-INPG-IRD-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. c.pallud@geo.uu.nl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pallud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dechesne
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gaudet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debouzie
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Grundmann
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D017753:Ecosystem; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid