title: What can dependence theories tell us about assessing the emergence of tobacco dependence?
abstract: Little is known about the processes that underlie changes in smoking that occur between the first use of a cigarette, subsequent regular use and eventual addictive use. At present, assessments of those critical processes are poorly developed and not strongly informed by contemporary models of drug dependence. The preceding three papers in this special issue address explicitly how modern drug-dependence theories describe the emergence of drug dependence and the implications of those theories for assessment. The papers covered three domains of theories: negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, and cognitive and social learning. In this paper, we summarize these reviews and extract general themes and issues that emerge across all the articles. These include: (1) the importance of learning processes; (2) limitations of self-report measures; (3) the view of dependence as a process and not a state; (4) the conception of dependence on a continuum in contrast to the conventional perspective of tobacco dependence as a natural category; (5) the ontological status of the dependence concept; (6) limitations of backward extrapolations from adult assessments; (7) the possibility of multiple dimensions or forms of dependence; and (8) the value of a transdisciplinary approach when studying the emergence of tobacco dependence.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Stephen.Tiffany@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tiffany
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Clayton
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology