title: Long-term intermittent hypoxia in mice: protracted hypersomnolence with oxidative injury to sleep-wake brain regions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term intermittent hypoxia (LTIH), modeling the hypoxia-reoxygenation events of sleep apnea, results in oxidative neural injury, including wake-promoting neural groups, and that this injury contributes to residual impaired maintenance of wakefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep times and oxidative-injury parameters were compared for mice exposed to LTIH and mice exposed to sham LTIH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male C57BL/6J mice were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were exposed to LTIH or sham LTIH in the lights-on period daily for 8 weeks. Electrophysiologic sleep-wake recordings and oxidative-injury measures were performed either immediately or 2 weeks following LTIH exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both intervals, total sleep time per 24 hours in LTIH-exposed mice was increased by more than 2 hours, (P<.01). Mean sleep latency was reduced in LTIH-exposed mice relative to sham LTIH mice (8.9 +/- 1.0 minutes vs 12.7 +/- 0.5 minutes, respectively, P<.01). Oxidative injury was present 2 weeks following LTIH in wake-promoting regions of the basal forebrain and brainstem: elevated isoprostane 8,12-iso-IPF2alpha-VI, 22%, P<.05; increased protein carbonylation, 50%, P<.05, increased nitration, 200%, P<.05, and induction of antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and methionine sulfoxide reductase A, P<.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to LTIH results in an array of significant oxidative injuries in sleep-wake regions of the brain, and these biochemical changes are associated with marked hypersomnolence and increased susceptibility to short-term sleep loss. The residual forebrain redox alterations in wake-promoting brain regions may contribute to persistent sleepiness in a prevalent disorder, obstructive sleep apnea.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep & Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. veasey@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Sigrid C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Veasey
authors.forename: Christine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Polina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fenik
authors.forename: Guanxia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Yeou-Jey
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pratico
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000209:etiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000503:physiopathology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000503:physiopathology*