title: Posterior screw placement on the lateral mass of atlas: an anatomic study.
abstract: METHODS
  An anatomic study evaluating the feasibility of posterior screw fixation on the lateral mass of the atlas and comparing the pullout force of C1 posterior lateral mass screws with that of occipital and C2 pedicle screws.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the feasibility, anatomy, and biomechanics of posterior screw fixation within the lateral mass of the atlas.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Occipitocervical fusion is a common choice for atlantoaxial dislocations. After that the movement of occipitocervical region will be restricted. If screws could be placed in the lateral mass of the atlas, 1) the movement of C0-C1 junction will be preserved; 2) through the screw the dislocated atlas could be pulled backward; and 3) the fractured lateral mass can be fixed using the posterior lateral mass screw directly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty atlas specimens of native adults were used to measure pertinent clinical data. Six fresh upper cervical specimens were used to observe the association of the C2 nerve and the lateral mass of the atlas. The pullout force of the C1 lateral mass was measured and compared with that of screws placed into the occiput and C2 pedicle, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distances from the midline to the midpoint of the C1 lateral mass, to the inner wall of the transverse foramen, and to the inner edge of the pedicle were 17.6 +/- 1.2 mm, 23.0 +/- 1.7 mm, and 14.2 +/-1.1 mm, respectively. The width and height of the C1 lateral mass were 11.6 +/- 1.4 mm and 12.7 +/- 1.0 mm, respectively. The distance between the inferior midpoint of the C1 lateral mass in the transverse plane of the midposterior arch of the atlas to the edge of the inferior atlas joint line was 4.1 +/- 0.7 mm. The width of the posterior arch at the point of vertebral artery overpass was 4.7 +/- 1.0 mm. The observation on the fresh specimens showed that the C2 nerve passes inferolateral to the C1-C2 joint and could be pulled sideways. The screw pullout force within the lateral mass of the atlas was 1818.16 +/- 422.67 N. This is significantly less than that of screws within the occiput, and there was no difference with that of a C2 pedicle screw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The width and height of the atlas lateral mass were larger than that of the C2 pedicle, and there was enough space to insert a 3.5-mm diameter screw in the atlas lateral mass over the C2 nerve. The pullout force of the screw on the lateral mass of the atlas was the same as that of the C2 pedicle screw. It is possible toinsert a 3.5-mm screw in the lateral mass of the atlas. The direction of the screw should be about 20 degrees anterosuperior in the vertical plane and 15 degrees inward in the horizontal plane. The suitable length of the screw should be approximately 22 mm inside the lateral mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Liuhua Qiao Hospital of Guangzhou, China. gzxiahong@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yunbing
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qingshui
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shizheng
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jingfa
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000145:classification; D001270:Cervical Atlas; D020878:Device Removal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008422:Materials Testing; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical