title: The bispectral index does not correlate with clinical signs of inhalational anesthesia during sevoflurane induction and arousal in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Validation of the bispectral index (BIS) in children requires correlating BIS with several levels of sedation, hypnosis and anesthesia. Our purpose was to compare BIS values with objective assessments of the level of hypnosis in children. We postulated that BIS predicted the level of anesthesia during induction and emergence in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective observational study, we evaluated the BIS monitor in 87 children (ages: 0.3 to 14 yr) ASA physical status I-II undergoing general surgery under sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Clinical signs of inhalational anesthesia (CSA), the motor response to surgical incision and signs of arousal were used as indicators of the depth of anesthesia. CSA and BIS measurements were paired every minute during induction and emergence until arousal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSA scores decreased during induction and increased during emergence (P < 0.001) and correlated with changes in sevoflurane concentrations (r = -0.46; P < 0.001). BIS was associated with changes in CSA scores during induction (r = 0.49; P < 0.01) and emergence (r = 0.62; P < 0.01), but the ranges of individual BIS values overlapped several levels of hypnosis. A BIS value greater than 50 had a positive predictive value of 25% for distinguishing between responders and non-responders to surgical incision. A BIS score equal or greater than 72 had a predictive value of 63% for discriminating between pre-arousal and arousal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS correlates with several levels of hypnosis during inhalational induction and emergence in children, but individual BIS values show large inter-individual variability. The BIS monitor identified the physiological changes associated with arousal and distinguished the effects of preoperative sedation during emergence. The use of movement as an endpoint of hypnosis during surgical stimulation does not correlate with BIS values in children. The large inter-individual variability of BIS at different levels of anesthetic depth may limit the applicability of BIS to pediatric anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiac Division, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Rrodriguez@Ottawaheart.ca
authors.forename: Rosendo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Leslie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Splinter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001143:Arousal; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide