title: Two facets of self-knowledge: cross-cultural development of measures in Iran and the United States.
abstract: Self-knowledge is an ideal not only within psychological theory and practice but also within the religious and philosophical foundations of many cultures. In 6 studies conducted in Iran and the United States, the authors sought to construct and to validate scales for measuring two facets of self-knowledge. Experiential self-knowledge was defined as an ongoing sensitivity to the self in the present. Reflective self-knowledge was described in terms of personal efforts to integrate experience within self-schemas developed in the past. Thirteen-item experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales were created by the authors using samples of Iranian and American university students. A confirmatory factor analysis verified this 2-factor structure in a second study, and these results were replicated in a 3rd study. Correlations with a broad array of self-report variables established the two scales as valid measures of adjustment. Both displayed adequate test-retest reliability. Correlations with peer reports suggested that the two factors had behavioral implications in both cultures. Reflective self-knowledge proved to be as important as educational abilities in predicting the academic performance of Americans who were motivated to attend class. Experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge also interacted to predict better grades. In short, the experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales operationalized cross-cultural personality processes that deserve additional research attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tehran.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghorbani
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Mark N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bing
authors.forename: H Kristl
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: LeBreton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000208:ethnology; D019359:Knowledge; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology