title: Alterations of myelin basic protein and ultrastructure in the limbic system at the early stage of trauma-related stress disorder in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The secondary injury and related complications after trauma are still the focus of trauma research. However, whether the remote effects on the central nervous system could be induced by high-energy missile extremity impact remains unclear. Also, the possible biomarker for brain damage in traumatic stress disorder has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two healthy adult dogs were divided into three groups: the control group (n = 12), the high-speed trauma group (n = 15), and the low-speed trauma group (n = 15). Bilateral thighs of dogs were wounded with a smoothbore 6.2-mm rifle at a speed of 1,368 m/s (1.03-g steel bullet) for the high-speed trauma group and 625 m/s for the low-speed trauma group. The expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hypothalamus and hippocampus of the limbic system, and temporoparietal cortex was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot-blot analysis. Also, the ultrastructure of the above areas was observed with light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuronal degeneration and nerve fiber demyelination were seen in the hypothalamus and hippocampus in the high-speed trauma group at 8 hours after impact. The MBP level was markedly increased in the CSF (p < 0.01) in the two trauma groups, in the hypothalamus of the low-speed trauma group (p < 0.05), and in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus of the high-speed trauma group (p < 0.01). The expression of MBP mRNA was also significantly enhanced in these areas at the same time. The increase of MBP content in the CSF was positively correlated with the elevation of MBP concentration in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothalamus and hippocampus of the limbic system in the central nervous system are vulnerable to damage after high-energy missile extremity impact, indicating that it might be one of the important pathologic bases involved in the development of trauma-related complications. Meanwhile, the MBP level in the CSF may be a sensitive biological indicator for brain damage at the early stage of trauma-related stress disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department 4, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China. wqs832001@sina.com
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhenggou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peifang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000293:injuries*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008032:Limbic System / Q000473:pathology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004676:Myelin Basic Protein