title: Clinical assessment and surgical implications of anatomic challenges in the anterior mandible.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anterior mandible is generally considered a rather safe surgical area, involving few risks of damage to vital anatomic structures. Nevertheless, both neurosensory disturbances and hemorrhages have been reported after implant surgery in that particular area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  With the increasing demand for oral implant placement, the anatomy of the anterior mandible should receive more attention. This review will focus on the anatomic peculiarities of the anterior mandible and the related clinical implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The scientific evidence on the anatomic, histologic, physiologic, and clinical aspects of the neurovascularization of the anterior mandible will be reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical complications may be attributed to the existence of a mandibular incisive canal with a true neurovascular supply. Potential risks may also be related to the presence of the lingual foramen and anatomic variations, such as an anterior looping of the mental nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative radiographic planning for oral implant placement in the anterior mandible should therefore not only consider all esthetic and functional demands but should also pay particular attention to the anatomic peculiarities of this region to avoid any neurovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mraiwa
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Steenberghe
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quirynen
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006472:Oral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders / Q000209:etiology