title: Evaluation of diphtheria convalescent patients to serve as donors for the production of anti-diphtheria immunoglobulin preparations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of selecting convalescent diphtheria patients to serve in emergency situations as donors for the production of anti-diphtheria immunoglobulin. To select suitable donors, the criterion of an antitoxin titer >/=3.0 IU/ml was used. In addition, the effects of treatment and the effect of immunization with diphtheria toxoid on the level of anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of diphtheria patients were included in the study. The first group (n = 23) consisted of patients who had a basic antibiotic treatment, with or without serotherapy using horse antitoxin and/or human immunoglobulin. The second group (n = 12) comprised patients examined immediately after the onset of disease. The immunological history of this group was not known. The third group (n = 20) included patients with a known immunization history, treated only with antibiotics but having received a booster immunization with diphtheria toxoid. Antitoxin titers were measured using the toxin binding inhibition (ToBI) assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the first group, 47.8% (11/23) of the patients had a diphtheria antibody titer >/=3.0 IU/ml. For most of them, however, the antibody titers could have resulted from treatment with exogenous antibodies from horse antitoxin or human immunoglobulin (18/23). Only two of the 11 high-titer subjects had received antibiotics only. Among the second group, only two (16.76%) of the patients had an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml. In the third group 50% (10/20) of the patients showed an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml prior to vaccination, and therefore could be directly considered as donors. Three weeks after booster vaccination, 70% (14/20) had an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml and 1 year after booster vaccination, 28.6% (2/7) of the subjects still had titers of >/=3.0 IU/ml. In 40% of these patients, a decrease was observed 3-4 weeks after the booster dose. It was concluded that convalescent diphtheria patients could be considered as donors in an emergency situation, since approximately half of them showed antitoxin titers of >/=3.0 IU/ml.
authors.affiliation: Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bissumbhar
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rakhmanova
authors.forename: G A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Berbers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iakolev
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nosikova
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ovtcharenko
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rümke
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ruitenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000276:immunology*; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D007136:Immunoglobulins