title: The Six1 homeoprotein stimulates tumorigenesis by reactivation of cyclin A1.
abstract: Homeobox genes constitute a large family of transcription factors that are essential during normal development and are often dysregulated in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which homeobox genes influence cancer remain largely unknown. Here we show that the tissue-restricted cyclin A1 is a transcriptional target of the Six1 homeoprotein. Both genes are expressed in the embryonic but not the terminally differentiated mammary gland, and Six1-knockout mice show a dramatic reduction of cyclin A1 in the embryonic mammary gland. In addition, both genes are reexpressed in breast cancers. Six1 overexpression increases cyclin A1 mRNA levels and activity, cell proliferation, and tumor volume, whereas Six1 down-regulation decreases cyclin A1 mRNA levels and proliferation. Overexpression of Six1 in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts, but not in knockout variants lacking the cyclin A1 gene, induces cell proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition of cyclin A1 in Six1-overexpressing mammary carcinoma cells decreases proliferation. Together these results demonstrate that cyclin A1 is required for the proliferative effect of Six1. We conclude that Six1 overexpression reinstates an embryonic pathway of proliferation in breast cancer by up-regulating cyclin A1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Coletta
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reichenberger
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Micomonaco
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller-Tidow
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Heide L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056750:Cyclin A1; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C503745:CCNA1 protein, human; C503747:Ccna1 protein, mouse; D019925:Cyclin A; D056750:Cyclin A1; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C099236:SIX1 protein, human; C490947:Six1 protein, mouse