[The effects of terrorist attacks on European Holocaust survivors compared to Greek Holocaust survivors].
This research aims to examine whether there are differences in the level of anxiety, the perception of danger, the reliance on security forces and signs of psychological distress during times of war between two groups of Holocaust survivors: Jews of Greece and Jews of Eastern and Western Europe, while assessing their psychological ability to cope with the wave of terrorism against the Israeli population. The Jews of Greece have been portrayed as being different, both by the Nazis and by Jews from other countries, as well as by the Greeks themselves. Their strength of spirit, encouraging them to rebel and resist, as well as their physical strength, were renowned in the concentration camps. Each of these traits has been supported by specific documentation in history books dealing with the Jews of Greece during the Holocaust. Fifty-eight years after the Holocaust and before it disappears from historical record, we scientifically examined the psychological or mental capacity of these people to withstand the wave of terrorism. The study included 33 European Jewish Holocaust survivors and 38 Greek Jewish Holocaust survivors. The subjects completed four questionnaires. The main results are: 1. The average level of anxiety among Greek Holocaust survivors is clearly lower than that of other Holocaust survivors--an average of 10.00 compared to 16.48 (t = 4.83, p < 0.001). 2. The average level of psychological distress during times of war among Greek Holocaust survivors is 2.10 compared to 2.65 among other Holocaust survivors (t = 4.24, p < 0.001). 3. The average level of trust in the security forces among Greek Holocaust survivors is 3.67 compared to 2.70 among the other Holocaust survivors (t = 4.354, p < 0.001). 4. The average level of perception of danger among Greek Holocaust survivors is 2.75 compared to 3.39 among other Holocaust survivors (t = 2.60, p < 0.01). 5. The readiness to emigrate from Israel is 1.02 among Greek Holocaust survivors compared to 2.09 among other Holocaust survivors (t = 4.06, p < 0.001). The findings of the research support the theory that the Greek Holocaust survivors statistically demonstrate clear and more substantial psychological or mental immunity as compared to European Holocaust survivors. The differences between Greek Holocaust survivors and other Holocaust survivors increase when applied to a subgroup of former concentration camp prisoners. In conclusion, Holocaust survivors do not constitute a homogeneous group which responds uniformly to traumatic events. They are not to be regarded as one unit, since they bear different social and cultural burdens, as well as the universal values which they absorbed in their countries of origin.
Zloof
Dov
D
Department of Family Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Israel. dovzloof@netvision.net.il
Even-Zohar
Shmuel
S
Posman
Renato
R
D001007:Anxiety; D005060:Europe; D005858:Germany; D006115:Greece; D017767:Holocaust / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology*; D028683:National Socialism; D010465:Perception; D012449:Safety; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D017741:Survivors; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*