title: Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. 3: Clinical manifestations and natural history.
abstract: A review of the clinical manifestations of alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, including lung disease and liver disease, and risk factors affecting the rate of decline in lung function in AAT deficient patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stockley
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology; D015434:Panniculitis / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency / Q000150:complications*