title: [Study on lifting-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in metal processing].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate lifting-related musculoskeletal disorders in metal processing, to analyze the risk factors, and to study the validity and feasibility of using NIOSH lifting equation in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaires of semi-structured interview, the Ovako Working Posture Analysing System (OWAS) postural analysis and variables of the NIOSH equation were applied to the study. The study population consisted of 69 workers mainly involved in manual materials handling (MMH), categorized as Job A; and 51 machinery workers, served as controls, that were less MMH task involved, as Job B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of low back pain (LBP), which was defined at least one episode lasting for more than 24 hours in the past 12 months, were 63.8% and 37.3% for Job A and Job B, respectively. However, the prevalence of LBP lasting for more than a week due to lifting were 26.09% and 5.88% for Job A and B, respectively. The proportion of awkward back postures were found higher in Job A than that of Job B (66% vs 63%, P < 0.05). The NIOSH Lifting Index (LI) was estimated to be 2.4 for Job A, and 0 < LI < 1 for Job B. The analysis of multiple regressions revealed that the repetitiveness of lifting and length of service had greatly attributed to the occurrence of LBP. The "composite load" (object weight x activity repetitiveness) had a significant adverse effect on lower back meaning that the objective weight remains an ingredient part of the risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of LBP is not only related to the force load, but the repetitiveness of lifting and awkward postures. The method of OWAS observation and US-NIOSH equation are important tools in assessing characteristics and risk factors of LBP for MMH tasks. Further study aimed at developing an integral scheme for the assessment system is needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Guo-bing
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: Zao-hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: You-xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019567:Back Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000293:injuries*