title: Pain killers and antibacterial therapy for kidney colic and stones.
abstract: In 85% of patients, renal colic is caused by renal-ureteral stones with extrinsic obstructions such as pelvic, retroperitoneal or intestinal abnormalities, and intrinsic reno-ureteral obstructions, e.g. junction pathologies and malformation, accounting for only 10 and 5%, respectively. The objectives of therapy for renal colic therapy are to eliminate pain, preserve renal function and eliminate the obstruction by the excretory pathway. Many drugs can be used to relieve pain: non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), loco-regional anesthesia and acupuncture. Opiates are the first-choice therapy during pregnancy as no other drug is indicated because of tetragenic potential. Paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) is the only NSAID that is registered for pediatric use because it has none of the adverse side effects that are associated with NSAIDs. Tamsulosin, an alpha-lithic drug, has very recently been included among the drugs that are used for stone expulsion. The rationale underlying its use is that a high concentration of alpha-1D adrenergic receptors has been recently detected in the terminal ureter, especially in the intramural tract. Inhibition of alpha-1D receptor stimulation should relax smooth muscle in the intramural ureteral tract, making stone expulsion easier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Andrology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porena
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guiggi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balestra
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Micheli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014667:Vasopressins