title: Medications as a source of human exposure to phthalates.
abstract: Phthalates are a group of multifunctional chemicals used in consumer and personal care products, plastics, and medical devices. Laboratory studies show that some phthalates are reproductive and developmental toxicants. Recently, human studies have shown measurable levels of several phthalates in most of the U.S. general population. Despite their widespread use and the consistent toxicologic data on phthalates, information is limited on sources and pathways of human exposure to phthalates. One potential source of exposure is medications. The need for site-specific dosage medications has led to the use of enteric coatings that allow the release of the active ingredients into the small intestine or in the colon. The enteric coatings generally consist of various polymers that contain plasticizers, including triethyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate, and phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). In this article we report on medications as a potential source of exposure to DBP in a man who took Asacol [active ingredient mesalamine (mesalazine)] for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In a spot urine sample from this man collected 3 months after he started taking Asacol, the concentration of monobutyl phthalate, a DBP metabolite, was 16,868 ng/mL (6,180 micro g/g creatinine). This concentration was more than two orders of magnitude higher than the 95th percentile for males reported in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The patient's urinary concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (443.7 ng/mL, 162.6 micro g/g creatinine), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (3.0 ng/mL, 1.1 micro g/g creatinine), and monobenzyl phthalate (9.3 ng/mL, 3.4 micro g/g creatinine) were unremarkable compared with the NHANES 1999-2000 values. Before this report, the highest estimated human exposure to DBP was more than two orders of magnitude lower than the no observable adverse effect level from animal studies. Further research is necessary to determine the proportional contribution of medications, as well as personal care and consumer products, to a person's total phthalate burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. rhauser@hohp.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Russ
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duty
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Godfrey-Bailey
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001822:Body Burden; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative; D006795:Household Products; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019804:Mesalamine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D019804:Mesalamine