title: Methylphenidate restores visual memory, but not working memory function in attention deficit-hyperkinetic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysfunction of executive neuropsychological performance, mediated by the prefrontal cortex, has been the central focus of recent attention deficit/ hyperkinetic disorder (AD-HKD) research. The role of other potential neuropsychological "risk factors", such as recognition memory, remains understudied. Further, the impact of methylphenidate (MPH) on key neuropsychological processes in AD-HKD remains poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the performance of boys with AD-HKD on a spatial working memory (SWM) task and on two non-working memory tasks [a simultaneous and delayed matching-to-sample task (DMtS) and a pattern-recognition task] with that of healthy boys, and to investigate the impact of acute and chronic MPH on performance of these tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline performance of 75 stimulant-naive boys with AD-HKD was compared with that of 70 healthy boys. The AD-HKD boys were then re-tested following the administration of acute and chronic challenges with MPH (0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) under randomised double-blind placebo controlled conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy boys, the AD-HKD boys demonstrated performance deficits on all neuropsychological tasks. A single dose of MPH restored performance on the DMtS task but had no impact on the SWM or pattern-recognition tasks. Chronic MPH administration did not alter performance on the SWM task but did improve performance on both the pattern-recognition and DMtS tasks. However, the acute restorative effect of MPH on DMtS diminished with repeated administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that current conceptualisations of the neuropsychological basis of AD-HKD and the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of MPH require broadening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Sinead M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate