title: Antiatherogenic effect of Pistacia lentiscus via GSH restoration and downregulation of CD36 mRNA expression.
abstract: Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia (Anacardiaceae) grows almost exclusively on Chios Island, Greece, and gives a resinous exudate resin used for culinary purposes by Mediterranean people. We investigated the molecular mechanisms through which total polar extract of the resin inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Cells exposed to oxLDL underwent apoptosis and necrosis, dependent on the duration of exposure. When culturing cells with oxLDL and the polar extract concurrently, we observed inhibition of both the phenomena. Because under oxidative stress the pro-oxidant systems outbalance the antioxidant, potentially producing oxidative damage and ultimately leading to cell death, we measured the levels of intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Additionally, we measured CD36 expression, a class B scavenger receptor, on CD14-positive cells, as CD36 has been identified as the oxLDL receptor in macrophages and may play a pivotal role in atherosclerotic foam cell formation. oxLDL decreased GSH levels and upregulated CD36 expression. P. lentiscus extract restored GSH levels and downregulated CD36 expression, even at the mRNA level. In order to find out the biologically drastic constituents of the resin's polar extract, fractions derived from RP-HPLC analysis were examined for their antioxidant effect on oxidatively stressed PBMC. The triterpenoid fraction revealed remarkable increase in intracellular GSH. We suggest GSH restoration and downregulation of CD36 mRNA expression as the pathways via which P. lentiscus triterpenes exert antioxidant/antiatherogenic effect. Additionally, our results provide strong evidence of the resin's antiatherogenic effect; therefore it is credited with beneficial health aspects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, 17 671 Kallithea, Athens, Greece. dedousi@hua.gr
authors.forename: George V Z
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Dedoussis
authors.forename: Andriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kaliora
authors.forename: Stellios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Psarras
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mylona
authors.forename: Nikolaos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Andrikopoulos
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D027927:Pistacia; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D028321:Plant Preparations; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D005978:Glutathione