title: Tyramine functions as a toxin in honey bee larvae during Varroa-transmitted infection by Melissococcus pluton.
abstract: From wounds of honey bee pupae, caused by the mite Varroa destructor, coccoid bacteria were isolated and identified as Melissococcus pluton. The bacterial isolate was grown anaerobically in sorbitol medium to produce a toxic compound that was purified on XAD columns, gelfiltration and preparative HPLC. The toxic agent was identified by GC-MS and FTICR-MS as tyramine. The toxicity of the isolated tyramine was tested by a novel mobility test using the protozoon Stylonychia lemnae. A concentration of 0.2 mg/ml led to immediate inhibition of mobility. In addition the toxicity was studied on honey bee larvae by feeding tyramine/water mixtures added to the larval jelly. The lethal dosis of tyramine on 4-5 days old bee larvae was determined as 0.3 mg/larvae when added as a volume of 20 microl to the larval food in brood cells. Several other biogenic amines, such as phenylethylamine, histamine, spermine, cadaverine, putrescine and trimethylamine, were tested as their hydrochloric salts for comparison and were found to be inhibitory in the Stylonychia mobility test at similar concentrations. A quantitative hemolysis test with human red blood cells revealed that tyramine and histamine showed the highest membranolytic activity, followed by the phenylethylamine, trimethylamine and spermine, while the linear diamines, cadaverine and putrescine, showed a significantly lower hemolysis when calculated on a molar amine basis. The results indicate that tyramine which is a characteristic amine produced by M. pluton in culture, is the causative agent of the observed toxic symptoms in bee larvae. Thus this disease, known as European foulbrood, is possibly an infection transmitted by the Varroa destructor mite.
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Institut, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kanbar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hertle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000633:toxicity; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002845:Chromatography; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008925:Mites / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D011679:Pupa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014439:Tyramine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D014439:Tyramine