title: A sodium-rich carbonated mineral water reduces cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.
abstract: This study was designed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of consuming a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water on lipoprotein metabolism and to determine whether consumption of this water influences endothelial dysfunction (ED) in postmenopausal women. Women included in the study were amenorrheic (>1 y), healthy, and not obese (BMI < 30 kg/m(2)). The subjects did not take estrogen replacement therapy; supplements of vitamins, minerals, and phytoestrogens; or other medications known to affect bone and lipid metabolism. The study consisted of 2 intervention periods of 2 mo each, during which women drank 1 L/d of a control mineral water (low mineral content) for 2 mo followed by the carbonated mineral water, rich in sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride, for 2 mo. Body weight, height, and blood pressure were measured, and BMI was calculated. Blood samples were taken from fasting subjects and serum was analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and glucose. Blood pressure levels did not change throughout the study. Carbonated water intake decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels by 6.8% (P = 0.001) and 14.8% (P < 0.0001), respectively, whereas HDL-cholesterol concentration increased by 8.7% (P = 0.018), compared to the control period. Therefore, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk indexes (total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) were markedly reduced (both P < 0.0001). Soluble ICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels decreased by 8.4% (P = 0.007) and 14.8% (P = 0.015), respectively. Fasting serum glucose concentration decreased by 6.7% (P < 0.0001). Triacylglycerol levels did not change. Consumption of this sodium rich carbonated water can play a beneficial role in the prevention of CVD and the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. sschoppen@if.csic.es
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schoppen
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Granados
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carbajal
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oubiña
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gerique
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vaquero
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D017698:Postmenopause; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008900:Mineral Waters; D012964:Sodium