title: Is the use of laparoscopy to determine presence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis justified in children greater than 2 years of age?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contralateral inguinal hernia exploration in cases of unilateral inguinal hernia remains a controversial topic. The authors have been using the in-line laparoscopic technique of contralateral evaluation for unilateral inguinal hernia in children less than 2 years of age. Because of the case of the procedure and lack of morbidity, we decided to expand the use of this procedure up to age 8 years in January 2000. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the incidence of contralateral hernia in children greater than 2 years justifies the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of all children who underwent contralateral exploration for unilateral inguinal exploration over a 20-month period. The procedure was offered routinely to all patients up to age 8 years. During the repair, the contralateral inguinal ring was examined laparoscopically using the in-line technique for the presence of a contralateral hernia. The incidence of contralateral hernia was determined, and the results were stratified by age. Patients who underwent unilateral inguinal hernia repair without laparoscopic contralateral exploration or bilateral inguinal hernia repair without laparoscopic contralateral explorations were excluded from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 284 laparoscopic explorations were performed. Positive explorations were seen in 65 of 171 (38%) of children less than 2 years of age, 19 of 101 (20%) of children 2 to 8 years of age, and 1 of 12 children greater than 8 years of age (8%). There were no operative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic contralateral exploration is safe and effective. Because of the low morbidity, the risk to benefit ratio warrants its use in children up to 8 years of age. This sample size is too small to make any meaningful statement in children older than 8 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Amina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.forename: Kurt F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Ginger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wulkan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male