title: Ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with cardiac sarcoidosis: its mechanisms and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac sarcoidosis is increasingly recognized and is associated with poor prognosis. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with cardiac sarcoidosis is the most likely cause of sudden death in most patients, but the mechanism has not been well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the mechanisms and outcome of VT associated with cardiac sarcoidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included eight consecutive patients (five men, three women, aged 54 +/- 19 years) who had sustained monomorphic VT associated with cardiac sarcoidosis in our hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average ejection fraction was 43 +/- 11%. Twenty-two VTs were observed in these patients, and mean heart rate during VT was 192 +/- 29 beats/min (range 144-259). The phenomenon of transient entrainment was documented in 10 of 22 (45%) VTs by ventricular pacing (eight in the active phase). Another five (23%) VTs could not be entrained, but could be initiated by programmed stimulation and terminated by rapid pacing, reproducibly. In 3 of the 22 (14%) VTs, cardioversion was required urgently because of the fast rate, while the remaining 4 (18%) could be induced during electrophysiologic study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, there was a high possibility that the mechanism of 15 (68%) VTs was reentry. Reentrant substrate is formed not only in association with the healing of cardiac granulomas in the inactive phase of cardiac sarcoidosis but also in the active phase. Ventricular tachycardia with cardiac sarcoidosis, even if this mechanism is reentry, has different inducibility between the active and inactive phases in an electrophysiologic study. This makes the therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis (e.g., corticosteroids, antiarrhythmic agents, and catheter ablation) difficult. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is an effective treatment for ventricular tachyarrythmia with cardiac sarcoidosis.
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan. chimiri@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furushima
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinushi
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Washizuka
authors.forename: Yoshifusa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy