title: Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the ability of glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and S100b) and neuronal (neuron specific enolase [NSE]) protein levels in peripheral blood to predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients with severe traumatic brain injury (admission Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] < or = 8) were included. Blood samples taken at the time of hospital admission were analyzed for S100b, GFAP, and NSE. Data collected included demographic and clinical variables. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months post injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median serum levels of S100b, GFAP, and NSE were raised 18.3 fold (S100b), 4.6 fold (GFAP), and twofold (NSE) compared to normal reference values. S100b, GFAP, and NSE serum levels correlated significantly with the injury severity score and CT findings but not with age, sex, or GCS. S100b, GFAP, and NSE levels were significantly higher in patients who died or had a poor outcome 6 months post injury than in those who were alive or had good outcome. S100b level >1.13 microg/L was the strongest predictor of death with 100% discrimination, but GFAP (>1.5 microg/L) and NSE (>21.7 microg/L) levels also strongly predicted death (adjusted odds ratios 5.82 [for GFAP] and 3.91 [for NSE]). S100b, GFAP, and NSE all strongly predicted poor outcome (adjusted odds ratios 5.12 [S100b], 8.82 [GFAP], and 3.95 [NSE]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that determination of serum levels of glial and neuronal proteins may add to the clinical assessment of the primary damage and prediction of outcome after severe traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands. p.vos@neuro.umcn.nl
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: K J B
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Haaren
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beems
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Geel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Reus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biert
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verbeek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase