title: Emerging paradigms of T-cell co-stimulation.
abstract: The analysis of recent data reveals that T-cell co-stimulation is a hierarchical process with elements of mutual interdependence between individual co-stimulators. The expression and function of co-stimulatory molecules is biased on various T-cell subsets and is dependent on the T-cell differentiation state. The classical paradigm of T-cell co-stimulation by professional antigen-presenting cells has to incorporate the newly recognized concept of T-cell co-stimulation in the interaction with peripheral tissues, such as endothelial or epithelial cells. The two signal paradigm of T-cell co-stimulation is being replaced by a multisignal integration concept of central and peripheral co-stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kroczek
authors.forename: Hans Werner
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Mages
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hutloff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell