title: Presentation and management of empyema thoracis at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empyema thoracis remains a common thoracic problem with challenging management strategies. We undertook the present study to outline key aspects of the presentation and management of this condition at our tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 105 consecutive patients treated for empyema thoracis over a one-year period at Thoracic Surgical unit, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. The study included patients aged 10-60 years of either sex. Patients were subjected to detailed diagnostic and management protocols with a view to define successful diagnostic and management strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients (68%) were male, with a mean age of 28.5 +/- 14.2 years, a majority (42%) being in the 10-20 years age group. Common presentation was with fever (73%), cough (65%) and chest pain (60%). The mean duration of symptoms was 6.1 weeks. Common aetiologies of empyema were pneumonia (46.7%), iatrogenic (21.9%), traumatic (16.2%) and malignancies (11.4%). Forty patients (38%) underwent an unsuccessful therapeutic procedure prior to admission to the Thoracic unit. In the unit, 58 patients received closed intercostal drainage (31 of which required further intervention), five patients were treated with repeated thoracentesis and 8 patients were subjected to fibrinolytic therapy. The majority of patients underwent a surgical procedure like rib resection (7), decortication (23), thoracoplasty (3) and other procedures in the first instance with only 4 patients requiring further surgery. Majority of patients (97/105, 92.4%) were cured of their disease. The hospital mortality was 7.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple therapeutic options exist for the treatment of thoracic empyema. Optimal therapy requires selection of the most appropriate first procedure for each patient with post procedure imaging to avoid inordinate delays between interventions. Early referral of all empyema patients to thoracic units for definitive therapy is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan. nadeemct@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahkar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013907:Thoracostomy