title: Nonhypotensive autonomic agents in veterinary ophthalmology.
abstract: The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are involved in homeostatic control of a wide variety of ocular functions, including accommodation, pupillomotor control, lacrimation, eyelid position, and aqueous humor production. Familiarity with the functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system is paramount to the understanding and application of the large number of autonomic drugs used in veterinary ophthalmology. The cholinergic and adrenergic agents discussed in this article are commonly employed to facilitate routine ophthalmic examination, in the diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction, and in the treatment of a variety of ocular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 379 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. klaussg@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Gia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klauss
authors.forename: Gheorge M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Constantinescu
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001337:Autonomic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004285:Dogs; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists; D001337:Autonomic Agents; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D009184:Mydriatics; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013566:Sympathomimetics