title: The old switcheroo: when target environmental sounds elicit a novelty P3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Novel environmental sounds that are task-irrelevant in the novelty oddball paradigm elicit the novelty P3 or P3a with a fronto-central scalp distribution, while pure tone task-relevant stimuli elicit a P3 with a posterior topography (P3b). To determine whether stimulus nature or its function in the task modulates scalp topography, the role of the two types of stimuli during the novelty oddball task was reversed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain electrical activity was recorded while 12 young adults listened to frequent tones, infrequent tones, and infrequent environmental sounds. Subjects were not informed about the infrequent tones, but were instructed to press a reaction time (RT) button when they heard the infrequent environmental sounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the "novelty" nature of the tones, they were associated with a posterior scalp distribution typical of the P3b. Similarly, despite the "target" nature of the environmental sounds, they were associated with a fronto-central scalp topography typical of the P3a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the elicitation of a novelty P3 depends not only on task demands but also on the physical nature of the stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The brain's orienting response is modulated by the contextual environment as well as the physical properties of the eliciting stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 6, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Yael M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cycowicz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011930:Reaction Time