title: Role of transforming growth factor-beta in breast milk for initiation of IgA production in newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has a crucial effect on IgA production, which is the major humoral effector of mucosal immunity. Breast milk contains the abundant amount of TGF-beta in the early period of lactation. AIM-STUDY DESIGN: To verify the notion that TGF-beta in breast milk might contribute to the development of IgA production in newborns, we investigated the association of TGF-beta in maternal colostrum with an increase of serum IgA in newborns during the first month of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentrations of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, including IL-6 and IL-10, in colostrum samples from 55 healthy mothers were determined by ELISA. The levels of IgA and IgM in serum samples collected from corresponding newborn babies at birth and at 1 month of age were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were detected in substantial quantities in all colostrum samples, but IL-6 and IL-10 were present only in a proportion of samples. An increase of serum IgA in newborn during the first month of life was significantly higher than that of serum IgM (p<0.001). Notably, an increase of serum IgA in newborns during 1 month of life was well correlated with levels of both TGF-beta1 (r=0.38, p=0.005) and TGF-beta2 (r=0.45, p=0.0005) in colostrum, while that of IgM was marginally correlated with colostral TGF-beta2 (r=0.28, p=0.04). The association of increase of serum IgA in newborns with IL-6 and IL-10 in colostrum was not evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that TGF-beta in colostrum might serve as the starter of IgA production in newborn infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasahara
authors.forename: Taketoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Mostafa Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sira
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Futatani
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanegane
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
mesh_terms: D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015850:Interleukin-6; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D016753:Interleukin-10