title: Enhancement of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cells by L-buthionine sulfoximine.
abstract: Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induces clinical remission in acute promyelocytic leukemic patients and apoptosis in various tumor cells in vitro. To develop As2O3-based combination chemotherapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we investigated the cytotoxic effects of As2O3 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor. Cytotoxicity and synergy were assessed by the MTT assay and isobolographic analysis, respectively. Apoptosis was monitored by Hoechst 33342 staining, flow cytometrical analysis, and DNA fragmentation assay. Treatment of ACHN cells with As2O3 in combination with adriamycin, vinblastine, or 5-fluorouracil induced an antagonistic effect. However, combination treatment with As2O3 and BSO resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Synergy was also obtained in Caki-1, Caki-2, NC65 cells and freshly derived RCC cells from 6 patients. Simultaneous treatment of ACHN cells with As2O3 and BSO caused significantly more cytotoxicity than the As2O3 first BSO second or the reverse treatment. We further explored the mechanisms underlying this synergistic effect and found that the synergistic cytotoxicity of As2O3 and BSO was realized by inducing apoptosis. This combination markedly decreased intracellular GSH content and GSH-S-transferase (GST) activity. However, neither the intracellular GSH nor GST was decreased by As2O3 with adriamycin, vinblastine, or 5-fluorouracil. Furthermore, the GSH-increasing agents N-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid significantly inhibited the combined cytotoxicity of As2O3 and BSO. These findings indicate that BSO sensitizes RCC cells to As2O3-induced apoptosis through the down-regulation of the intracellular GSH redox system, suggesting the potential application of a combination of As2O3 and BSO for the treatment of RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakehi
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D014747:Vinblastine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D005472:Fluorouracil