title: One week's treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative liraglutide (NN2211) markedly improves 24-h glycemia and alpha- and beta-cell function and reduces endogenous glucose release in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is potentially a very attractive agent for treating type 2 diabetes. We explored the effect of short-term (1 week) treatment with a GLP-1 derivative, liraglutide (NN2211), on 24-h dynamics in glycemia and circulating free fatty acids, islet cell hormone profiles, and gastric emptying during meals using acetaminophen. Furthermore, fasting endogenous glucose release and gluconeogenesis (3-(3)H-glucose infusion and (2)H(2)O ingestion, respectively) were determined, and aspects of pancreatic islet cell function were elucidated on the subsequent day using homeostasis model assessment and first- and second-phase insulin response during a hyperglycemic clamp (plasma glucose approximately 16 mmol/l), and, finally, on top of hyperglycemia, an arginine stimulation test was performed. For accomplishing this, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Liraglutide (6 micro g/kg) was administered subcutaneously once daily. Liraglutide significantly reduced the 24-h area under the curve for glucose (P = 0.01) and glucagon (P = 0.04), whereas the area under the curve for circulating free fatty acids was unaltered. Twenty-four-hour insulin secretion rates as assessed by deconvolution of serum C-peptide concentrations were unchanged, indicating a relative increase. Gastric emptying was not influenced at the dose of liraglutide used. Fasting endogenous glucose release was decreased (P = 0.04) as a result of a reduced glycogenolysis (P = 0.01), whereas gluconeogenesis was unaltered. First-phase insulin response and the insulin response to an arginine stimulation test with the presence of hyperglycemia were markedly increased (P < 0.001), whereas the proinsulin/insulin ratio fell (P = 0.001). The disposition index (peak insulin concentration after intravenous bolus of glucose multiplied by insulin sensitivity as assessed by homeostasis model assessment) almost doubled during liraglutide treatment (P < 0.01). Both during hyperglycemia per se and after arginine exposure, the glucagon responses were reduced during liraglutide administration (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01). Thus, 1 week's treatment with a single daily dose of the GLP-1 derivative liraglutide, operating through several different mechanisms including an ameliorated pancreatic islet cell function in individuals with type 2 diabetes, improves glycemic control throughout 24 h of daily living, i.e., prandial and nocturnal periods. This study further emphasizes GLP-1 and its derivatives as a promising novel concept for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology (M & C), University Hospital of Aarhus, AKH, Nørrebrogade 42-44, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Degn
authors.forename: Claus B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Juhl
authors.forename: Jeppe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sturis
authors.forename: Grethe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Visvanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
authors.forename: Joergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rungby
authors.forename: Bernard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005947:Glucose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000069450:Liraglutide; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006728:Hormones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose