title: Depressive symptoms and health risk among rural adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the stability of depression and its relationship with health risk factors among rural adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinic-based longitudinal study was conducted to test for depression and risk factors in 64 participants who attended a rural, primary care, adolescent medicine clinic. The primary measure of risk and depression was the Perkins Adolescent Risk Screen (PARS). Adolescent patients who were aged 12 to 18 years and had PARS assessments during a previous visit to the adolescent clinic were invited to complete a follow-up PARS assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of adolescents at baseline was 12.79 years; 14.59 years at follow-up. With age and gender being controlled, adolescent depression and various adolescent risk indices were significantly related at baseline. Longitudinally, baseline depression score on PARS were related to follow-up: depression, school problems, substance abuse, tobacco use, sexual activity, and violent behavior scores and a history of physical/sexual abuse. On multivariate analysis controlling for other significantly associated variables, the relationship persisted for baseline depression and follow-up: tobacco, substance abuse, depression, and history of physical/sexual abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms a strong longitudinal relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and several important risk behaviors/factors measured at follow-up in a clinic population of rural adolescents. Also, longitudinal stability of depression over time is supported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9214, USA. jburns@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Kathaleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pack
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Lela
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hobby
authors.forename: Derrick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauschka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003156:Community Mental Health Services; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012424:Rural Population; D014903:West Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology