title: Telecare for patients with type 1 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of telecare (modem transmission of glucometer data and clinician feedback) to support intensive insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy and with HbA1c >7.8% were randomized to telecare (glucometer transmission with feedback) or control (glucometer transmission without feedback) for 6 months. The primary end point was 6-month HbA1c. To place our findings in context, we pooled HbA1c change from baseline reported in randomized trials of telecare identified in a systematic review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, telecare patients had a significantly lower 6-month HbA1c (8.2 vs. 7.8%, P = 0.03, after accounting for HbA1c at baseline) and a nonsignificant fourfold greater chance of achieving 6-month HbA1c < or =7% (29 vs. 7%; risk difference 21.9%, 95% CI -4.7 to 50.5). Nurses spent 50 more min/patient giving feedback on the phone with telecare patients than with control patients. Meta-analysis of seven randomized trials of adult patients with type 1 diabetes found a 0.4% difference (95% CI 0-0.8) in HbA1c mean change from baseline between the telecare and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telecare is associated with small effects on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy but with inadequate glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Montori
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Helgemoe
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
authors.forename: Diana S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Teresa W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Yogish C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kudva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose