title: Effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on CA2+/calmodulin kinase kinase and CA2+/calmodulin kinase IV activity during hypoxia in cortical nuclei of newborn piglets.
abstract: The present study tests the hypothesis that cerebral tissue hypoxia results in increased Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) kinase kinase activity and that the administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (N-nitro-l-arginine [NNLA], or 7-nitroindazole sodium [7-NINA]) prior to the onset of hypoxia will prevent the hypoxia-induced increase in the enzyme activity. To test this hypothesis, CaM kinase kinase and CaM kinase IV activities were determined in normoxic, hypoxic, NNLA-treated hypoxic, and 7-NINA-treated hypoxic piglets. Hypoxia was induced (FiO(2)=0.05-0.08x1 h) and confirmed biochemically by tissue levels of ATP and phosphocreatine. CaM kinase kinase activity was determined in a medium containing protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, calmodulin, and a specifically designed CaM kinase kinase target peptide. CaM kinase IV activity was determined by (33)P-incorporation into syntide-2 in a buffer containing protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors. Compared with normoxic animals, ATP and phosphocreatine levels were significantly lower in all hypoxic piglets whether or not pretreated with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. There was a significant difference among CaM kinase kinase activity (pmol/mg protein/min) in normoxic (76.84+/-14.1), hypoxic (138.86+/-18.2, P<0.05 vs normoxia), NNLA-pretreated hypoxic (91.34+/-19.3; P=NS vs normoxia, P<0.05 vs hypoxia) and 7-NINA-pretreated hypoxic animals (100.12+/-23.3; P=NS vs normoxia, P<0.05 vs hypoxia). There was a significant difference among CaM kinase IV activity (pmol/mg protein/min) in normoxia (1270.80+/-126.1), hypoxia (2680.80+/-136.7; P<0.05 vs normoxia), NNLA-pretreated hypoxia (1666.00+/-154.8; P<0.05 vs normoxia, P<0.05 vs hypoxia), and 7-NINA-pretreated hypoxic (1712.9+/-231.5; P=NS vs normoxia, P<0.05 vs hypoxia). We conclude that the hypoxia-induced increase in CaM kinase kinase and CaM kinase IV activity is mediated by neuronal NOS-derived NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Front Street at Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA. alan.zubrow@drexel.edu
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zubrow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delivoria-Papadopoulos
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases