title: Response disinhibition may be explained as an extinction deficit in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder affecting between 2 and 12% of grade-school children disturbing social, academic, and occupational functioning. Problems related to social adjustment and functioning and/or psychiatric problems will exist in 50-70% of adolescents and young adults diagnosed with ADHD as children. It has been suggested that altered reinforcement and extinction processes may cause the symptoms of ADHD. The present study investigated extinction processes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), possibly the best-validated animal model of ADHD. Extinction was tested after either a variable interval (VI) or a fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement with and without the presence of a conditioned reinforcer (light in the water cubicle). The results indicate a slower extinction process in the SHR compared to the normal controls, especially during the initial transition from scheduled reinforcement to extinction. Also, more responses were retained in the SHR during the later part of extinction. The extinction deficit in the SHR may be linked to reinforcer unpredictability and the presence of conditioned reinforcers, and may explain response disinhibition seen in children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1103, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. e.b.johansen@basalmed.uio.no
authors.forename: Espen Borgå
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology