title: Interventional ultrasound: experience in 426 orthotopic liver transplantations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of interventional ultrasound in the treatment of nonvascular complications in liver transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1996 and May 2003, we performed 426 OLTs in 394 patients, 287 men (73%) and 107 women (27%), mean age of 50 +/- 9.5 years (range 17 to 68.2). A total of 2556 diagnostic ultrasound examinations were performed, resulting in a mean of 5.9 per patient (range 2 to 21). The interventional maneuvers included: echo-guided biopsies; drainage of abdominal or thoracic effusions; drainage of abdominal, intrahepatic, or splenic collections; positioning of biliary drains; and use of the "rendezvous" technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred seventy-seven echo-guided interventional maneuvers were performed in 394 OTL patients, comprising 417 (61.6%) biopsies and 260 (38.4%) therapeutic maneuvers. Eighty-one ascite drains were positioned (31.1%); in 73 cases, pleural effusions were drained (28.1%). Sixty-seven abdominal or intrahepatic collections were drained (25.8%), of which 36 (53.7%) were due to bilomas or biliary peritonitis, 15 (22.4%) hematomas, 4 (5.9%) hepatic abscesses, 11 (16.4%) infected abdominal collections, and 1 (1.5%) splenic abscess. Thirty-nine cases (15%) of biliary drainage were performed. In 33 cases (7.9%), the parenchymal biopsies were not diagnostic because of an inadequate specimen. The treatment success rate was 96.1%. No complications related to the therapeutic maneuvers were recorded, but there were 5 biopsy-related complications (1.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echo-guided interventional maneuvers are safe, produce a high success rate, and represent an important option in the management of OLT patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pisa, Italy. a.campatelli@patchir.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campatelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Candio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coletti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Giovanni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urbani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filipponi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography