title: Respiratory allergy adjuvant and inflammatory effects of urban ambient particles.
abstract: PM(10) and PM(2.5) fractions were collected by high-volume cascade impactors during 4-week periods in spring, summer and winter seasons in Amsterdam, Lodz, Oslo and Rome and at a Dutch seaside site. The samples were screened for respiratory allergy potential with the mouse popliteal lymph node (PLN) and the ELISA-based IgE antibody assays. For inflammatory screening, release of the cytokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) from primary rat type 2 cells was determined. Most fractions gave an increase in the lymph node response with the model allergen ovalbumin indicating adjuvant activity. Some of the coarse fractions gave a lymph node response even in the absence of ovalbumin, caused probably by non-specific inflammation. With the exception of a few of the coarse fractions, all ambient fractions increased the production of specific IgE. Fine particles had stronger adjuvant effect than coarse particles. A significant increase in the allergen specific IgG2a response was observed for the fine and some of the coarse fractions, indicating a non-allergic Th1 response. No consistent differences in adjuvant effects between the locations were observed. Particle samples collected in the different European cities differed in their potency to induce MIP-2 in type 2 cells. Coarse fractions of the urban particles samples, as well as the coarse fraction collected at the seaside, were more potent than the fine fractions to induce MIP-2. With respect to seasonal variations, the coarse fractions collected in summer seemed to be the most potent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, POB 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway. erik.dybing@fhi.no
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dybing
authors.forename: Torun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Løvdal
authors.forename: Ragna Bogen
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hetland
authors.forename: Martinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Løvik
authors.forename: Per E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwarze
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D000485:Allergens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015846:Monokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D012621:Seasons; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D015846:Monokines