title: Differential timing of spider mite-induced direct and indirect defenses in tomato plants.
abstract: Through a combined metabolomics and transcriptomics approach we analyzed the events that took place during the first 5 d of infesting intact tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with spider mites (Tetranychus urticae). Although the spider mites had caused little visible damage to the leaves after 1 d, they had already induced direct defense responses. For example, proteinase inhibitor activity had doubled and the transcription of genes involved in jasmonate-, salicylate-, and ethylene-regulated defenses had been activated. On day four, proteinase inhibitor activity and particularly transcript levels of salicylate-regulated genes were still maintained. In addition, genes involved in phospholipid metabolism were up-regulated on day one and those in the secondary metabolism on day four. Although transcriptional up-regulation of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes and diterpenes already occurred on day one, a significant increase in the emission of volatile terpenoids was delayed until day four. This increase in volatile production coincided with the increased olfactory preference of predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) for infested plants. Our results indicate that tomato activates its indirect defenses (volatile production) to complement the direct defense response against spider mites.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. kant@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Merijn R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: Maurice W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sabelis
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haring
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schuurink
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D054883:Oxylipins; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D054883:Oxylipins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C011006:jasmonic acid; C036216:ethylene; C018584:linalool; D020156:Salicylic Acid; C037055:nerolidol