title: Benzodiazepines utilization and self-medication as correlates of stress in the population of Serbia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High consumption of benzodiazepines (BDZ) occurs in populations exposed to stress. In the last decade of the 20th century, when the population of Serbia experienced increasing economic hardships due to the civil war in former Yugoslavia, UN sanctions and air raids in 1999, diazepam became the most frequently prescribed drug. This period was also characterized by the free marketing of all drugs, which made them available without prescription.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the consumption and the pattern of use of BDZ in the population of Belgrade and Serbia in the period of 1990-2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on benzodiazepines prescribing and on wholesale in general population of Belgrade and Serbia were collected. In a cross-sectional study of drug prescribing in general practice data were obtained from 1800 patient records in the primary health care centers in Serbia. Statistical analysis was performed by using standard non-parametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual rates of BDZ prescribing in Belgrade from 1990 to 1999 were rather uniform (approx. 25 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day), with slight tendency to decrease. In Serbia as a whole, there were significant differences in the annual prescribing rates over the period 1998-2000. The wholesale of BDZ in Serbia significantly increased between 1991 and 2001, with the peak of 133 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 1999. The wholesale of BDZ was significantly greater that the rates of prescribing in corresponding years. Over the 10 year period, the numbers of visits to GPs and psychiatrists and the number of neurotic diagnoses were significantly reduced. The use of BDZ in psychiatric hospital increased significantly in 1999 as compared to 1998, although the number of admissions and the occupancy of hospital beds were reduced. In primary health care, diazepam was the most frequently prescribed drug predominantly for non-psychiatric diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that in the last decade, the utilization of BDZ was increased in the population of Belgrade and Serbia, indicating a clear trend to self-medication, particularly in the period of acute war crisis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. ndivac@net.yu
authors.forename: Nevena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Divac
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jasović
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djukić
authors.forename: Melita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vujnović
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babić
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajcetić
authors.forename: Ranka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samardzić
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D012651:Self Medication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D015022:Yugoslavia
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines