title: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is not known, but the frequency of its occurrence with conventional antipsychotic agents has been reported to vary from 0.02% to 2.44%.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search conducted in January 2003 and review of references within the retrieved articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our MEDLINE research yielded 68 cases (21 females and 47 males) of NMS associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, N = 21; risperidone, N = 23; olanzapine, N = 19; and quetiapine, N = 5). The fact that 21 cases of NMS with clozapine were found indicates that low occurrence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and low EPS-inducing potential do not prevent the occurrence of NMS and D(2) dopamine receptor blocking potential does not have direct correlation with the occurrence of NMS. One of the cardinal features of NMS is an increasing manifestation of EPS, and the conventional antipsychotic drugs are known to produce EPS in 95% or more of NMS cases. With atypical antipsychotic drugs, the incidence of EPS during NMS is of a similar magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For NMS associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs, the mortality rate was lower than that with conventional antipsychotic drugs. However, the mortality rate may simply be a reflection of physicians' awareness and ensuing early treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jambur
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: Sharat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.forename: Sarath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunatilake
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burgoyne
authors.forename: Taghrid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sidhom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000077152:Olanzapine; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D001971:Bromocriptine; D003620:Dantrolene; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine