title: Children's meal patterns have changed over a 21-year period: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyze children's meal patterns over 2 decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  One 24-hour dietary recall was collected on each child who participated in one of seven cross-sectional surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake data were collected on 1,584 10-year-old children (65% white, 35% African American), in Bogalusa, LA, from 1973 to 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance adjusting for gender and ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1973 to 1978, there was a marked increase (P<.0001) in the percentage of children who skipped breakfast, from 8.2% to 29.6%. When school breakfast was introduced in 1981, the proportion of children skipping breakfast declined to 12.5% (P<.01). From 1973-1974 to 1993-1994, the percentage of children eating a school lunch declined from 89.7% (1973-1974) to 78.2% (1993-1994) (P<.001); eating lunch brought from home increased from 5.9% to 11.1% (P<.01); consuming a home dinner decreased from 89.2% to 75.9% (P<.01); eating a dinner prepared outside the home increased from 5.4% to 19.0% (P<.01); consuming a meal at a restaurant increased from 0.3% to 5.4% (P<.0001); consuming snacks decreased (P<.0001); total eating episodes decreased from 6.6 to 5.2 (P<.0001); and eating time span significantly decreased from 12.4 hours to 11.5 hours (P<.0001). Despite these changes in meal patterns, no associations were found between meal patterns and overweight status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Striking alterations in the meal patterns of children occurred over the 2-decade period. These changes may have implications for the changes in the dietary intakes of children during the same time. However, data from this study do not support an association between meal patterns and children's overweight status. Further research with multiple days of assessment is needed to better understand the complexity of diet as it relates to childhood obesity.
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. tnicklas@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.forename: Su-Jau
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Moor
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American