Changes in water intake of Northumbrian adolescents 1980 to 2000.
OBJECTIVE
To determine: total water intake in young English adolescents; the relative importance of sources of water intake; and changes in water intake and sources of water between 1980 and 2000.


METHODS
A cross-sectional observational study of the diets of 11-12-year-old children attending seven schools in south Northumberland, UK. The information obtained was compared with results from a similar survey carried out 20 years previously.


METHODS
All children attending these schools were invited to participate. They completed a three-day diet diary with an interview on the fourth day, on two occasions during the school year. Standard UK food composition tables were used and water intake from various sources calculated. Anthropometric and social class information was obtained.


RESULTS
Four hundred and twenty-four children completed all aspects of the study (64% of those eligible). The mean total water intake was 1,130 g d(-1), approximately the same as that recorded 20 years before. Water intake in relation to energy intake: water intake was 139 g MJ(-1) in boys and 143 g MJ(-1) in girls. Sixty-five per cent of water came from drinks and 35% from foods; very similar to proportions 20 years before. The sources of water in drinks had changed considerably, with a marked increase in consumption of soft drinks (especially carbonated drinks) and a decrease in consumption of hot drinks and milk. There were a few differences between sexes but little difference between social groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Total water intake was similar to that recorded 20 years previously and lower than intakes reported in other countries. Changes in the sources of water meant that less water consumed was likely to come from the tap in the house and more from drinks made elsewhere, than 20 years previously. These changes have implications for estimating fluoride intake in fluoridated areas.
Zohouri
F V
FV
School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
Rugg-Gunn
A J
AJ
Fletcher
E S
ES
Hackett
A F
AF
Moynihan
P J
PJ
Mathers
J C
JC
Adamson
A J
AJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004326:Drinking; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D014881:Water Supply