title: Rational design and synthesis of novel dimeric diketoacid-containing inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase: implication for binding to two metal ions on the active site of integrase.
abstract: Discovery of diketoacid-containing compounds as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors played a major role in validating this enzyme as an important target for the development of therapeutics against HIV infection. In fact, S-1360, the first clinically used IN inhibitor containing a triazole ring as a bioisostere of a carboxylic acid moiety belongs to this class of compounds. To understand the role of divalent metal-chelating in the inhibition of IN (J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 5661-5670), we designed and synthesized a series of novel dimeric diketo-containing compounds with the notion that such dimeric compounds may simultaneously bind to two divalent metal ions on the active site of IN. We rationalized that the two diketo subunits separated by uniquely designed linkers can potentially chelate two metal ions that are either provided from one IN active site or two active sites juxtaposed together in a higher order tetramer. Herein, we show that all the new compounds are highly potent against purified IN with varied selectivity for strand transfer, and that some of the analogues exert potent inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 in infected CEM cells. This study represents the first attempt to rationally target two divalent metal ions on the active site of IN and may have potential implications for the design of second generation diketoacid-containing class of inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Qiu
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Raveendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dayam
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sei
authors.forename: Nouri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neamati
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D015195:Drug Design; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D007651:Keto Acids; D019427:HIV Integrase; D008274:Magnesium