title: Assessment of radiation safety instructions to patients based on measured dose rates following prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate radiation safety instructions to patients and to evaluate the potential radiation doses to members of the public after (125)I or (103)Pd prostate implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiation dose rate measurements were made in the immediate postoperative period on 636 consecutive patients with stage T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent transperineal (125)I or (103)Pd implantation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the period from August 1995 through January 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean radiation dose rate at the anterior skin surface following a prostate implant was 37 microSv/hr for (125)I and 8 microSv/hr for (103)Pd. At 30 cm from the anterior skin surface, these dose rates were reduced to 6 microSv/hr for (125)I and 3 microSv/hr for (103)Pd. At 1 m from the anterior skin surface the dose rates from both types of implants were reduced to less than 1 microSv/hr. The effect of body weight on dose rates from (125)I sources was examined for a select sub-group of patients and the measured dose rate was found to decrease with increasing body weight. In another group of patients, dose rate measurements were made on both lateral skin surfaces and were less than 16.8 microSv/hr in all cases. Assuming a 33% occupancy factor and utilizing the mean measured dose rate for (125)I, the time required to reach an effective dose equivalent limit of 5 mSv for caregivers was estimated to be 19 days on contact with the skin surface. Using a similar calculation, the lifetime doses for (125)I at a distance of 30 cm from the anterior skin surface, as well as the lifetime doses for (103)Pd on contact with the skin surface and at 30 cm from the anterior skin surface can be shown to be less than 5 mSv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large number of cases available for this study permits a validation of radiation safety recommendations and provides concrete information from which the permitted exposure times following implantation can be estimated. The data support the conclusion that patients treated with these implants do not represent a radiation risk to members of the public.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. dauerl@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Lawrence T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Dauer
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: St  Germain
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008297:Male; D010165:Palladium; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011874:Radiometry
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium