title: E-mail consultation: clinical, financial, legal, and ethical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Communication via e-mail has become widespread. Nearly every practicing neurosurgeon is confronted with numerous unsolicited e-mail requests for medical advice, guidance, or information. Neurosurgeons need to be aware of the clinical, financial, legal, and ethical implications of providing medical consultation via e-mail.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of the penetration of e-mail consultation in medical practice was performed. The data on the potential for reimbursement for provision of these services is presented. Precedents for legal liability are discussed, and issues of compliance with HIPAA regulations are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Communication between patients and physicians via e-mail is increasing in prevalence, and a substantial number of physicians are providing medical information via e-mail consultation. Billing for online consultation has been approved by the American Medical Association, and several medical insurance carriers are evaluating the economic consequences of reimbursement for e-mail consultation. E-mail consultation raises potential medico-legal concerns, including establishment of the physician-patient relationship, malpractice liability, and HIPAA compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing prevalence of e-mail consultation raises new concerns for neurosurgeons. Some of these concerns have yet to be addressed by regulatory commissions or in the courts. If used appropriately, e-mail communication can facilitate physician-patient interactions, improve access to care, save time for each interaction, and possibly reduce costs of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nirit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D034742:Electronic Mail / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D020408:Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D018907:Privacy; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014481:United States