title: Myometrial progesterone responsiveness and the control of human parturition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this review is to assess the body of literature addressing the mechanism of progesterone withdrawal in the control of human parturition and in particular the recent advances in testing the hypothesis that human parturition is initiated by decreased myometrial responsiveness to progesterone, ie, functional progesterone withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies of progesterone responsiveness of the pregnant human myometrium in the context of parturition control were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Advances in understanding the molecular basis for progesterone receptor (PR)-mediated control of progesterone responsiveness has led to the hypothesis that functional progesterone withdrawal in human parturition is mediated by specific changes in myometrial PR expression, function, or both. The human PR exists as two major subtypes, PR-A and PR-B. As PR-A represses progesterone actions mediated by PR-B, the extent of progesterone responsiveness is inversely related to the PR-A/PR-B expression ratio. In women, the onset of term labor is associated with a significant increase in the myometrial PR-A/PR-B expression ratio that may facilitate functional progesterone withdrawal. Interestingly, expression of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) increases concordantly with the PR-A/PR-B expression ratio in nonlaboring myometrium. This finding indicates that functional estrogen activation and functional progesterone withdrawal are linked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional progesterone withdrawal in human parturition is likely mediated by an increase in the myometrial PR-A/PR-B expression ratio and possibly by modulation of coactivator and corepressor proteins. Functional progesterone withdrawal appears to induce functional estrogen activation. Thus, for most of pregnancy, progesterone may decrease myometrial estrogen responsiveness by inhibiting ERalpha expression. Such an interaction would explain why the human myometrium is refractory to the high levels of circulating estrogens for most of pregnancy. At term, functional progesterone withdrawal removes the suppression of ERalpha expression leading to an increase in ERalpha and a concomitant increase in myometrial estrogen responsiveness. Estrogen can then act to transform the myometrium to a contractile phenotype. This model explains why disruption of progesterone action alone triggers the full parturition cascade. The link between functional progesterone withdrawal and functional estrogen activation may be a critical mechanism for the endocrine control of human parturition.
authors.affiliation: Mothers and Babies Research Centre, University of Newcastle and John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. smesiano@mail.newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mesiano
mesh_terms: D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D009215:Myometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone