title: Prostaglandin E2 protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury via its receptor subtype EP4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the heart with acute myocardial infarction, production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 increases significantly. In addition, several subtypes of PGE2 receptors (EPs) have been reported to be expressed in the heart. The role of PGE2 in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, however, remains unknown. We intended to clarify the role of PGE2 via EP4, an EP subtype, in I/R injury using mice lacking EP4 (EP4-/- mice).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In murine cardiac ventricle, competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the highest expression level of EP4 mRNA among EP mRNAs. EP4-/- mice had larger infarct size than wild-type mice in a model of I/R; the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 1 hour, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. In addition, isolated EP4-/- hearts perfused according to the Langendorff technique had greater functional and biochemical derangements in response to I/R than wild-type hearts. In vitro, AE1-329, an EP4 agonist, raised cAMP concentration remarkably in noncardiomyocytes, whereas the action was weak in cardiomyocytes. When 4819-CD, another EP4 agonist, was administered 1 hour before coronary occlusion, it reduced infarct size significantly in wild-type mice. Notably, a similar cardioprotective effect was observed even when it was administered 50 minutes after coronary occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both endogenous PGE2 and an exogenous EP4 agonist protect the heart from I/R injury via EP4. The potent cardioprotective effects of 4819-CD suggest that the compound would be useful for treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Koh-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuhki
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Shuhko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.forename: Hideji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karibe
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Shuh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narumiya
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ushikubi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D008738:Methyl Ethers; C461399:ONO-AE1-329; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015232:Dinoprostone