title: Evaluation and treatment of chronic ankle pain.
abstract: The evaluation and treatment of chronic ankle pain presents a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. A detailed history helps to determine causative factors resulting from earlier trauma or surgery. A careful physical examination and radiographic studies also are helpful in making an accurate diagnosis, which is the basis for choosing a specific and effective treatment regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mizel
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Marymont
authors.forename: H Thomas
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Temple
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon; D000843:Ankle Joint; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010808:Physical Examination; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013641:Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology*