title: Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, and greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, associated with New Zealand neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, by controlled exposure to Karenia brevis culture.
abstract: We examined metabolism of PbTxs in New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus (A.) stutchburyi, and greenshell mussel, Perna (P.) canaliculus, by means of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. PbTx-2, PbTx-3 and BTX-B5 were detected in Karenia (K.) brevis culture medium in the ratio of ca. 50:2:5. The amounts of PbTx-3 and BTX-B5 were greatly increased in both seawater and shellfish exposed to K. brevis cultures or supernatant prepared by disruption of K. brevis under appropriate condition, while those of PbTx-2 were decreased. Some PbTx-2 was present in P. canaliculus, but not in A. stutchburyi. Low levels of BTX-B1 were detected in A. stutchburyi, but not P. canaliculus. Levels of PbTx-3 and BTX-B5 were highest immediately after exposure and then declined rapidly in both shellfish. BTX-B1 increased in concentration after exposure, and was then gradually eliminated from A. stutchburyi. Three successive exposures of A. stutchburyi to K. brevis cultures resulted in similar initial levels of PbTx-3 and BTX-B5, while BTX-B1 accumulated after each dose. In P. canaliculus, initial levels of PbTx-3 were similar, while PbTx-2 and BTX-B5 accumulated after each dose. PbTx-3 and BTX-B5 are proposed to be suitable markers for monitoring shellfish toxicity after a red tide event.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan. ishida@smail.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nukaya
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McNabb
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Kuniro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004141:Dinoflagellida; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D035964:Oxocins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D012758:Shellfish; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D035964:Oxocins; C053342:brevetoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins