title: Frequent dual initiation in human immunodeficiency virus-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites: a quantitative in vivo assay for function of initiation complexes.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites (PBSs) have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription more than once (Y. A. Voronin and V. K. Pathak, Virology 312:281-294, 2003). To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based vectors also have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription twice, we constructed an HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-based vector containing the HIV-1 PBS, a green fluorescent protein reporter gene (GFP), and a second PBS derived from HIV-2 3' of GFP. Simultaneous initiation of reverse transcription at both the 5' HIV-1 PBS and 3' HIV-2 PBS was predicted to result in deletion of GFP. As in the MLV-based vectors, GFP was deleted in approximately 25% of all proviruses, indicating frequent dual initiation in HIV-based vectors containing two PBSs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of early reverse transcription products indicated that HIV-1 reverse transcriptase efficiently used the HIV-2 PBS. To investigate tRNA primer-RNA template interactions in vivo, we introduced several mutations in the HIV-2 U5 region. The effects of these mutations on the efficiency of reverse transcription initiation were measured by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of early reverse transcription products, with initiation at the HIV-1 PBS used as an internal control. Disruption of the lower and upper parts of the U5-inverted repeat stem reduced the efficiency of initiation 20- and 6-fold, respectively. In addition, disruption of the proposed interactions between viral RNA and tRNA(Lys3) thymidine-pseudouridine-cytidine and anticodon loops decreased the efficiency of initiation seven- and sixfold, respectively. These results demonstrate the relative influence of various RNA-RNA interactions on the efficiency of initiation in vivo. Furthermore, the two-PBS vector system provides a sensitive and quantitative in vivo assay for analysis of RNA-RNA and protein-RNA interactions that can influence the efficiency of reverse transcription initiation.
authors.affiliation: HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Building 535, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Yegor A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Voronin
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Pathak
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins