title: Frontalis muscle advancement: a dynamic structure for the treatment of severe congenital eyelid ptosis.
abstract: Forty-two consecutive patients have had severe eyelid ptosis corrected by intraorbital frontalis flap advancement as a motor unit to substitute for the function of the levator muscle. This technique has avoided the need for the linking structure necessary in the standard frontalis sling approach and has improved the direction of pull to more closely mimic that of a normal levator. This simple technique includes elevation of the innervated frontalis muscle flap and the creation of a pulley near the insertion of the orbital septum at the superior orbital rim, which redirects the lid movement along the surface of the globe rather than lifting it from the globe's surface toward the brow. This type of displacement is produced because the muscle is directed posteriorly by the pulley, so that it conforms to the plane of the levator aponeurosis all the way down to the tarsal plate. In addition, to improve the remaining function of the levator muscle (if any) and to facilitate voluntary positioning of the eyelid, the levator aponeurosis is shortened by plication. Symmetry is created by intervention on the contralateral eyelid to provide symmetrical supratarsal creases.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. oscar@ramirezmd.com
authors.forename: Oscar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peña
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013524:Surgical Flaps