title: How pediatricians counsel parents when no "best-choice" management exists: lessons to be learned from hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a life-threatening congenital cardiac defect. Three mutually exclusive management options exist: the Norwood palliative procedure, cardiac transplantation, and comfort care without surgical intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess which management options are presented to parents of infants with HLHS, and to determine what factors influence physicians' recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen of the largest pediatric cardiac surgery centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attending physicians in neonatology, cardiology, critical care practice, and cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was distributed asking physicians what options they present to parents of infants with HLHS and what their recommendations are in general, as well as physician perceptions of HLHS outcomes and demographic information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Which options physicians discuss and which they recommend.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 454 eligible physicians 257 (57%) responded to the survey, of which 110 make treatment recommendations to parents. Neonatologists were least likely to recommend surgery. Physicians who recommend surgery recommend procedures performed at their own institution over those performed elsewhere (odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.24-3.51). Twenty-six percent of physicians do not discuss nonsurgical management, and 25% of those at centers that do not perform cardiac transplantation do not discuss this option. The recommendations physicians make to parents are poorly associated with their predictions of postoperative outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician recommendations to parents are poorly associated with their estimates of outcomes, and some physicians recommend the treatment preferred at their own institution over other options even when they predict better outcomes from another approach. Further, many physicians do not disclose all reasonable management options to parents of infants with HLHS. These findings raise doubts as to whether parents are given adequate information to make truly informed decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Program in Bioethics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento 95817, USA. aakon@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ackerson
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003376:Counseling; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010372:Pediatrics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011368:Professional-Family Relations