title: Approaches and informatics tools to assist in the integration of similar clinical research questionnaires.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The integration of similar clinical research questionnaires is a complex process that can benefit from informatics approaches and tools that provide a systematic structure for performing mapping and integration. This systematic approach is necessary to address complex issues in integration such as data heterogeneity, differing levels of granularity of questions and responses, and other issues involving semantic differences. Informatics tools and approaches have been successfully applied to various standard clinical vocabulary integration processes but not for questionnaire integration or mapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic approach to questionnaire integration was developed in the context of a collaboration of researchers using Trial/DB, a database designed to support clinical research. This approach was applied to the integration of questionnaires involving breast cancer risk factors from each of three research sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 375 questions on the three original questionnaires, we identified 65 concepts that were measured by two or three of the sites. An algorithm was developed and used to formalize the process of mapping questions and answers across the questionnaires. The approach was applied to previously collected data and prospective data in disparate data-base systems to import and merge the data from these three sites into Trial/DB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Informatics tools that support a systematic approach to mapping questionnaires can be used throughout the research process from questionnaire integration and creation, legacy data integration to data library maintenance and curation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, Suite 501, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. cynthia.brandt@yale.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shifman
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frawley
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States