title: Esthetic dentistry in North American dental schools.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esthetic dentistry is among the most dynamic areas of contemporary clinical dentistry. Teaching programs in dental schools have a strong effect on the practice of dentistry, not only for recent graduates, but also for established clinicians, especially with respect to new techniques and concepts. The purpose of the study reported here was to assess the frequency and extent of the teaching of esthetic dentistry in North American dental schools and to report how it differs among the various schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 19-question survey was mailed to 64 North American dental schools. The questions inquired about the priority given to the teaching of esthetic dentistry in the school; how the subject was taught (through regular curricular courses; through a multidisciplinary approach or through elective classes); the duration of the esthetic dentistry course; the nature of the course content (theoretical or practical); the esthetic procedures taught to undergraduate students; the level of interaction among different disciplines in the teaching of esthetic dentistry; and the techniques and commercial materials used. The responses were summarized as percentages based on the number of schools that responded to each question.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two (81%) of the 64 dental schools completed and returned the questionnaire. Twenty-five of these schools (48%; designated group A) reported having a course exclusively for the teaching of esthetic dentistry. Twenty-seven schools (52%; designated group B) reported that esthetic dentistry was addressed in multiple courses, i.e., no specific course was available. Four schools in group B (15%) were in the process of developing a separate course for esthetic dentistry. In group A schools, esthetic dentistry was taught mainly in the operative dentistry department or division. The most frequent course duration was 4 to 6 months, but there were marked variations. Thirteen (52%) of these 25 schools had didactic and practical teaching at both the preclinical and the clinical levels. The schools in group B reported that only clinical instruction in esthetic dentistry was provided. Several concerns were addressed in the courses offered in group A schools: extrinsic and intrinsic discoloration, bleaching, diastemas, malformation and malpositioning (the latter including rotation, intrusion and labio-linguoversion), and replacement of amalgam and gold restorations. Only 7 (28%) of the group A schools reported having the support of an inhouse laboratory. The esthetic procedures taught were similar for schools in group A and group B. The use of direct posterior composite restorations, all-ceramic crowns and nonvital bleaching was more common among group B schools. Ceramic inlays, onlays and indirect posterior composite restorations were not taught by 4 (16%) of the schools in group A and 7 (26%) of the schools in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The teaching of esthetic dentistry in North American dental schools is highly variable and in many schools is shared among different disciplines. Dental schools should work together to establish the parameters for teaching this subject and should formulate the necessary standards for education and research in this new field.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0415, USA. vgordan@dental.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Valeria V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gordan
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abu-Hanna
authors.forename: Ivar A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Mjör
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003188:Composite Resins; D003479:Curriculum; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004990:Ethics, Dental; D006801:Humans; D012575:Schools, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003776:Dental Porcelain