title: Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Milk consumption is considered a risk factor for vascular disease on the basis of relevant biological mechanisms and data from ecological studies. The aim was to identify published prospective studies of milk drinking and vascular disease, and conduct an overview.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched for cohort studies, in which an estimate of the consumption of milk, or the intake of calcium from dairy sources, has been related to incident vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 10 studies were identified. Their results show a high degree of consistency in the reported risk for heart disease and stroke, all but one study suggesting a relative risk of less than one in subjects with the highest intakes of milk. A pooled estimate of relative odds in these subjects, relative to the risk in subjects with the lowest consumption, is 0.87 (95% CI 0.74-1.03) for ischaemic heart disease and 0.83 (0.77-0.90) for ischaemic stroke. The odds ratio for any vascular event is 0.84 (0.78-0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cohort studies provide no convincing evidence that milk is harmful. While there still could be residual confounding from unidentified factors, the studies, taken together, suggest that milk drinking may be associated with a small but worthwhile reduction in heart disease and stroke risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The University of Wales College of Medicine and Bristol University. Current support is from the Food Standards Agency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Statistics and Public Health, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. pelwood@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Elwood
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fehily
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ness
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007511:Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors