title: Olfactory system activation from sniffing: effects in piriform and orbitofrontal cortex.
abstract: Neuroimaging studies suggest that piriform cortex is activated at least in part by sniffing. We used H(2)(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) to study 15 healthy volunteers while they participated in four conditions, two of which were sniffing odorants and odorless air. The remaining two conditions involved a constant, very low flow of either odorized or odorless air during velopharyngeal closure (VPC), a technique that prevents subject-induced airflow through the nasal passages. Contrary to expectation, sniffing under odorless conditions did not induce significant piriform and surrounding cortical (PC+) activity when compared to odorless VPC, even at a liberal statistical threshold. However, a small correlation emerged in PC+ between the difference signal of [odorless sniffing - odorless VPC] and peak rate of nasal pressure change. PC+ activity was, however, strongly evoked by odorant exposure during sniffing and VPC, with neither technique showing greater activation. Activity in orbitofrontal (olfactory association) cortex was absent during odorant stimulation (OS) with VPC, but present during odorant sniffing. Sniffing may therefore play an important role in facilitating the higher-order analysis of odors. A right orbitofrontal region was also activated with odorless sniffing, which suggests a possible orbitofrontal role in guided olfactory exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Section (RI 1773), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. dkareken@iupui.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kareken
authors.forename: Merav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabri
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Radnovich
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Foresman
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hector
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hutchins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D009812:Odorants; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed