title: Snoring, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes in obesity. Protection by physical activity.
abstract: Sleep-related breathing disorders are recognized as major health problems in obesity. They are involved in both hypertension and Type 2 diabetes, through mechanisms possibly related to increased sympathetic tone. We studied the association of habitual snoring with diabetes, hypertension, weight cycling and physical activity in a large Italian database of treatment-seeking obese subjects. Clinical and behavioral data were assessed by standardized questionnaires. Consecutive data of 1890 obese patients were analyzed [average body mass index (BMI), 38.2 kg/m2, median age: 46 yr, 78% females], from 25 obesity Italian centers, with low prevalence of clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease. Habitual snoring was reported in 56% of the cases, and was associated with day-time sleepiness. The prevalence increased with obesity class and waist circumference, and was positively associated with weight cycling and weight gain since the age of 20, and smoking. Regular physical activity had a protective effect. Snoring was associated with diabetes and hypertension at univariate analysis, but in multivariate analysis an independent effect was only observed for hypertension. After adjustment for age, gender and BMI, physical activity maintained an independent, protective effect on both snoring (odds ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.84; p=0.001), diabetes (0.50, 0.30-0.86; p=0.011) and hypertension (0.71, 0.53-0.95; p=0.023). We conclude that in treatment-seeking, obese subjects with low prevalence of cardiovascular disease, snoring independently increases the risk of hypertension, whereas physical activity exerts a protection on both snoring and complications. These data underline the importance of lifestyle interventions to limit the burden of obesity and associated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Intema e Gastroenterologia, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy. giulio.marchesini@unibo.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pontiroli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvioli
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Novi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vitacolonna
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taboga
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ciccarone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016208:Databases, Factual; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D015995:Prevalence; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain