title: Dietary depletion of vitamin E and vitamin A inhibits mammary tumor growth and metastasis in transgenic mice.
abstract: We showed previously that dietary antioxidant depletion enhances tumor reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, resulting in a reduction in brain tumor size in the TgT(121) transgenic mouse model, a nonmetastatic tumor model. Here, in a transgenic mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis with defined rates of tumor growth and lung-targeted metastasis, we determined the ability of dietary antioxidant depletion to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Compared with control mice fed a standard diet, antioxidant-depleted mice exhibited tumor-targeted generation of ROS manifested by increased levels of oxidatively modified DNA/RNA (8- hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanine, 8-hydroxyguanine) and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) in primary and metastatic tumor foci. In addition to increased tumor-targeted ROS, the number of apoptotic cells was increased approximately 500% (P < 0.01) and terminal dUTP nucleotide DNA end-labeling-positive cells 200% (P < 0.01) in mice fed the antioxidant-depleted diet, whereas the percentage of tumor cells undergoing mitosis was >50% lower than in controls (P < 0.01). The proportional distribution of small (<1.5 cm) and large (> or = 1.5 cm) primary mammary tumors differed. The mice fed the antioxidant-depleted diet had more small primary tumors (P <0.05) and fewer large primary tumors (P < 0.05). Importantly, they also had fewer lung metastatic tumor foci compared with mice fed the control diet (4.5 +/- 1.3 vs. 15.8 +/- 8.5 foci/lung, P < 0.01). These findings may be important in understanding the role of dietary antioxidant vitamins in tumor growth and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. cdalbrig@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Rudolf I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Salganik
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005260:Female; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000150:complications*