title: Reference values of urinary acetone in a Brazilian population and influence of gender, age, smoking and drinking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reference values for some xenobiotics naturally present in the body are important for biomonitoring, in order to compare the levels found in a population exposed to the xenobiotic with those of a reference population. Acetone in urine (UAc) is the most used bioindicator to evaluate worker exposure to acetone and isopropanol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since acetone is also found in individuals not occupationally exposed to these solvents, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the basal levels of UAc and the possible influence of individual factors on such levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population consisted in 207 individuals, 91 men and 116 women, between 18 and 80 years old. UAc was determined by headspace/gas chromatography/FID.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the total population, the reference values found were: mean (+/- SD), 1.12 (+/- 0.47) mg/l; median 1.04 mg/l; geometric mean 1.03 mg/l; 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.26 mg/l, 95th percentile 2.20 mg/l and upper reference level (mean+2 SD) 2.06 mg/l. As the values of UAc resulted in a non-Gaussian distribution, the option was to transform these values to log UAc, which drew the data closer to normal distribution (W=0. 98532, p<0.7000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference values for acetone in urine determined in a population in south Minas Gerais, Brazil, are close to the background values reported elsewhere; gender and ingestion of alcohol seem to affect the basal levels of urinary acetone, while age or smoking showed no similar effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil. dpog@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Danielle Palma
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Maria Elisa
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pereira  Bastos de Siqueira
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000652:urine*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000096:Acetone