title: Male fetal pig lower urinary tract function. Part II: free voiding pattern close to term and in the newborn.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the development of natural voiding function late in gestation and in the immediate postnatal period in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 7 male fetal minipigs (median age 94 days, 0.88 gestation) and 7 male newborn pigs. In all pigs an ultrasonic probe was placed around the subcutaneous urethra and pressure catheters were placed in the bladder and rectum and in the amnionic cavity in the fetal pigs. The catheters were connected to pressure transducers as the flow probe was connected to a flow meter, and the recordings were sampled at a rate of 10 Hz on a personal computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The newborns had a median voiding frequency of 3.3 times per hour while the fetuses voided a median of 5.9 times per hour (p = 0.16). Both groups voided with a staccato flow at a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz, indicating voiding dyscoordination between the detrusor and urethra. Maximum flow rate increased from median 4.4 ml per minute (range 2.0 to 8.8) in the fetal group to median 10.9 (5.4 to 18.3) in the newborns (p = 0.07). While the minimum opening pressure remained unchanged (median 7.0 cm H2O, range 5.7 to 13.0) vs median 7.6, (range 7.7 to 14.0, p = 0.57) the detrusor pressure at maximum flow decreased from median 22.4 cm H2O (range 16.6 to 39.0) in the fetal pigs to 12.1 cm H2O (8.3 to 22.3) in the newborns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal and newborn pigs have dyscordinated voiding with a staccato flow. While the urethral opening pressure appears to be unchanged, the detrusor pressure at maximum flow decreases during the last period of gestation, indicating decreased urethral resistance. These findings are in accordance with observations made in human infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Pediatric Urology, Skejby Sygehus, Denmark.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dalmose
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Swindle
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Djurhuus
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics