title: Familial aggregation of energy intake in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncompensated overnutrition promotes obesity, but the controls of children's eating behavior are poorly understood. Insights may be achieved by testing whether the eating patterns of children are associated with demographic variables or whether they aggregate among family members.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether children's total energy intake and macronutrient intake and their ability to compensate for earlier energy intake were associated with sociodemographic variables and anthropometric indexes. We also tested whether these behavioral traits aggregate among siblings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two sibling pairs aged 3-7 y consumed a multi-item lunch preceded by a low-energy (12.55 kJ) or high-energy (627.60 kJ) preload drink. Mixed-models regression tested the associations between children's energy intake, demographic variables, and anthropometric measures. An intraclass correlation coefficient quantified the family correlation of the measures of children's eating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children consumed significantly more total energy after consuming the low-energy preload ( +/- SD: 2237.39 +/- 1176.45 kJ) than after consuming the high-energy preload (1601.18 +/- 930.65 kJ). Compensation ability was unrelated to the children's age, sex, or ethnicity. Total energy and macronutrient intake, but not compensation propensity, were associated among siblings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The familial association of total energy and macronutrient intakes, independent of anthropometric measures, suggests genetic or home environmental influences specific to these behaviors. Short-term energy compensation, although very accurate within this sample, showed no significant familial correlation.
authors.affiliation: Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA. mfaith@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Myles S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faith
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrobelli
authors.forename: Patty E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: Shoshanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Must
authors.forename: Marie Alexandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: Jordana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Heymsfield
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012528:Satiety Response
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats