title: Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging measurements of cerebral autoregulation with a breath-hold challenge: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vasomotor reactivity (VMR) testing can identify patients with hemodynamically critical cerebrovascular disease. The use of VMR has been limited by the invasiveness of most of the available methods and of acetazolamide as VMR stimulus. In the present study, we evaluated a completely noninvasive VMR approach by combining quantitative phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a breath-hold challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volume flow rates in the right and left internal carotid artery (ICA), basilar artery (BA), superior sagittal sinus, and sinus rectus were measured on 2-dimensional phase-contrast MR angiograms (MRAs) with a temporal resolution of 4.3 seconds. In 20 healthy control subjects, the VMR was assessed during 2 consecutive 30-second periods of breath-holding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A flow increase on breath-holding of 66% was found for the left ICA (240+/-54 mL/min to 398+/-120 mL/min; P<0.01), 59% for the right ICA (253+/-98 mL/min to 402+/-159 mL/min; P<0.01), 71% for the BA (107+/-48 mL/min to 184+/-79 mL/min; P<0.01), 62% for the superior sagittal sinus (232+/-75 mL/min to 375+/-130 mL/min; P<0.01), and 65% for the sinus rectus (77+/-30 mL/min to 127+/-38 mL/min; P<0.01). The coefficient of variation for the total volume flow increase in the brain feeding arteries (ICAs and BA) between the first and the second breath-holds was 18%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of MRA phase-contrast volume flow measurements and a breath-holding challenge allows for a fast, completely noninvasive, and reproducible assessment of VMR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: de Boorder
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hendrikse
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Grond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration