title: Effect of protein kinases on lactate dehydrogenase activity in cortical neurons during hypoxia.
abstract: Our previous work shows that delta-opioid receptor (DOR) protects cortical neurons from hypoxic insults. Since an enhanced anaerobic capacity is important for neurons to adapt to the reduction of oxidative phosphorylation, we asked whether DOR plays a role in neuronal regulation of anaerobic capacity, thus protecting neurons from O(2) deprivation. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that DOR may regulate protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC), which are involved in regulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, little is known regarding the role of DOR and protein kinases in the regulation of glycolytic and related enzymes. As a first step, the present studies were performed in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons to clarify two issues: (1) Are protein kinases involved in the regulation of LDH activity in hypoxia? and (2) Does DOR affect LDH activity in hypoxic neurons? The results showed that PKC activation yielded substantial increases in normoxic LDH activity and significantly augmented LDH activity in hypoxic neurons, while PKC inhibition decreased LDH activity in both normoxic and hypoxic neurons. PKA activation significantly increased LDH activity in normoxic neurons and further elevated LDH activity in hypoxic neurons. However, PKA inhibition did not decrease in LDH activity in either normoxic or hypoxic neurons. Although DOR inhibition slightly reduced LDH activity in normoxia, DOR activation or inactivation did not alter LDH activity in hypoxic neurons. These data suggest that in cortical neurons, (i) PKC up-regulates LDH activity and plays an important role in its up-regulation during hypoxia; (ii) PKA is less likely involved in the regulation of LDH activity during hypoxia although its stimulation may slightly increase LDH activity and (iii) DOR does not contribute to LDH activity up-regulation during hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 3107, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Soon-Sun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: Manny
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esquilin
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C114628:NTI compound; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D009271:Naltrexone; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011494:Protein Kinases