title: Evidence for opioid variability, Part 2: Psychosocial influences.
abstract: There is substantial evidence to show that certain biological and psychosocial factors affect opioid requirements after surgery. In fact, evidence suggests that individuals are much more likely to be different rather than similar in how they sense pain, react to it and respond to therapy. In an earlier report (Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10:3-16, 2001), we examined research related to the biological differences that explain variability in postoperative opioid use and defined relevant terminology. Here, we discuss the evidence that links psychosocial experiences to postoperative analgesic outcomes and pain, which include psychological states of patients, cultural influences and attitudes, and beliefs and biases held by both patients and health professionals. Content will assist perioperative nurses to understand the characteristics of their patients and circumstances that place patients at risk for needing increased analgesia or experiencing poor pain control. As perioperative nurses strive to integrate research into practice, it will be important to examine the results of research studies and to determine the usefulness of this information in developing individualized plans for postoperative pain management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Nursing, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Polomano
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Heffner
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reck
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gelnett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D013527:Perioperative Nursing / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid