title: The intravenous glucose tolerance test in water buffalo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The response to intravenous glucose loading in the buffalo using the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) was investigated to provide a reference for intravenous glucose injection in buffaloes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy, fasted, male swamp buffaloes were divided into three groups. Group I: six buffaloes were given 50% glucose at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight via the jugular vein. Group II: three buffaloes received normal saline. Group III: three buffaloes were not injected. Blood samples were taken from the opposite vein at 60 and 10 min pre-injection (pre60 and pre10), and at 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 min post-glucose injection (PGI). Plasma glucose was analyzed by the oxidase method. Insulin and glucagon were soon determined with a human radioimmunoassay kit. The insulin (pmol/l)/glucose (mmol/l) ratios (IGR) were also calculated for each sampling time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations of buffaloes in groups II and III were similar at all the sampling times (p > 0.05) and the curves of the IGR for group II and group III were flat throughout. Group I Buffaloes showed an immediate 20 times increase in the mean plasma glucose concentration PGI, over the pre60 and pre10. The peak plasma insulin concentration occurred at 30 min PGI. The mean plasma glucose and insulin concentrations remained above pre-administration levels until 420 min PGI (p < 0.05). However, the mean plasma glucagon concentrations were different only at 1 and 5 min PGI sampling times. The curve of the IGR for group I showed an initial decrease at 1 min PGI, and fluctuated from 10.18 to 25.55 for the remainder of the sampling period. The correlation analysis showed that the mean plasma glucose concentration was positively correlated with insulin level (r = 0.73, p < 0.005), and significantly negatively correlated with mean plasma glucagon (r = -0.58, p < 0.05). The mean plasma insulin level did not show significant correlation with the glucagon (r = 0.06, p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hyperglycemia, high insulin, and protracted glucose and insulin curves, the initial decrease in the insulin/glucose ratio indicates that there was an unexpected glucose tolerance to acute intravenous glucose loading in water buffalo compared with other ruminants. The possibly suggested intravenous glucose load in buffaloes is about 5.09-8.28 mmol/l.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorder in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cui-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yong-Wang
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hong-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yan-Juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cheng-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiao-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000662:veterinary*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose