title: Influence of vehicle resistance on transdermal iontophoretic delivery of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in humans.
abstract: Iontophoresis is a valuable method of noninvasive drug delivery for assessment of skin microvascular function, but it is important to consider and minimize its potential nonspecific electrical effects on blood flow. The use of sodium chloride (NaCl) instead of water as the iontophoresis vehicle has been reported to reduce these effects because it has a lower electrical resistance. However, this argument may not be valid when an agonist is added to the vehicle because its resistance will be changed. The aim of our study was to determine whether there is a difference in resistance between water and NaCl when used as vehicles for iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Four cumulative doses of each drug, dissolved in either water or NaCl, were delivered via iontophoresis to the forearm skin of 14 healthy volunteers. We measured the resulting blood flow responses by using laser-Doppler imaging and the voltage across the electrodes for each delivery as an index of resistance. For ACh and SNP, there were no significant differences between the voltages measured when either water or NaCl was used as the vehicle. However, the blood flow responses to both agonists were significantly lower with NaCl (ACh: 25% lower, P < 0.001; SNP: 15% lower, P = 0.019). The use of NaCl is therefore unlikely to decrease any nonspecific electrical effects, and it may in fact reduce the effective dose of drug delivered. Deionized water is a better iontophoresis vehicle for the assessment of microvascular function in skin when using ACh and SNP.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom. f.khan@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Faisel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Jill J F
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Belch
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D014867:Water; D009599:Nitroprusside; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000109:Acetylcholine