title: Uric acid, phosphate and oxalate stones: treatment and prophylaxis.
abstract: Medical treatment for the most commonly encountered types of renal stones is described. Nowadays treatment for uric acid stones is well-defined: alkalinizing urine is easy with drugs that are sufficiently active and well enough managed. Relapse is avoided in a high percentage of patients. Medical treatment of phosphate or calcium stones is a more open question as results are far from satisfactory compared with intra- and extra-corporeal approaches which are often minimally invasive and well accepted by both patient and urologist. Relapses are not easy to control because prophylactic measures such as changes in lifestyle and diet are never activated or because they are adopted for a brief period of time. Water therapy is examined, with the choice of water depending on the type of stone, together with drug therapy. Drugs such as citrate, with or without magnesium, and thiazides are considered excellent for curing renal stones and relapses. Although medical therapy has a limited role in many types of stones, its use is decisive in some others.
authors.affiliation: Extra-Corporeal Lithotripsy Service, Urology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases and Nephro-Urological Pathologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. litotrissia.policlinicopa@neomedia.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caramia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Gregorio
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galuffo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iacolino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caramia
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid