title: The Steindler flexorplasty for the arthrogrypotic elbow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The arthrogrypotic elbow often lacks active flexion. If active elbow flexion can be provided by muscle transfer, patient independence increases and the patient can function in a less conspicuous manner by avoiding adaptive mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to review the outcome of patients with arthrogryposis treated with the Steindler flexorplasty to obtain active elbow flexion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen elbows in 10 patients with an average age of 7 years were treated surgically with the Steindler flexorplasty procedure. Before surgery none of the patients was able to flex actively the elbow against gravity. All of the patients had at least 70 degrees of passive elbow flexion. Upper-extremity active and passive range of motion, strength of flexion, functional outcome, and patient satisfaction were assessed at an average of 5 years after surgery (range, 2-9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After surgery all patients obtained active elbow flexion against gravity averaging 85 degrees (range, 30 degrees -120 degrees ); patients were able to lift an average of 1 kg through their entire arc of elbow flexion. At last follow-up evaluation patients lost an average of 27 degrees of elbow extension. Patients lost forearm rotation but did not lose wrist or finger range of motion. Subjectively, 9 of the 10 patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery and would recommend the surgery to others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Steindler flexorplasty provides improved elbow flexion strength and patient function and should be considered for children with arthrogryposis.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: Michelle S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Strecker
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Manske
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology