title: Endothelial function predicts future development of coronary artery disease: a study of women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognosis for women with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries is believed to be totally benign. Previous studies, however, did not account for the delay of a decade or so in the development of coronary artery disease that women may experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study assessed long-term follow-up of 42 women with de novo angina, evidence of reversible myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT, and normal coronary angiograms. At recruitment, all women underwent endothelial function testing (intracoronary acetylcholine) during catheterization. Patients were followed up for >10 years. Angiography was repeated at the end of the follow-up in 37 patients. At recruitment, 22 patients developed diffuse vasoconstriction during acetylcholine in the absence of identifiable focal coronary spasm (acetylcholine-positive group). The remaining 20 patients showed vasodilation (acetylcholine-negative group). At the end of follow-up, in the acetylcholine-positive group, 1 patient developed cardiac death, 13 still complained of chest pain, and 8 had remission of symptoms. In the acetylcholine-negative group, all patients showed complete resolution of chest pain beginning 6 to 36 months after baseline assessment. Angiography showed development of coronary artery disease in the 13 symptomatic patients in the acetylcholine-positive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with angiographically normal-appearing coronary arteries, persistence of chest pain over the years often relates to development of coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction in a setting of normal coronary arteries is a sign of future development of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Cardioangiologia, Epatologia (Padiglione 11), Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. raffaele.bugiardini@unibo.it
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bugiardini
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manfrini
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgagni
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D018450:Disease Progression; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; D000109:Acetylcholine