title: Risk of bone loss in men with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis and the increased fracture risk associated with osteoporosis become apparent in men approximately 10 years later than women. However, in recent studies, approximately 20% of healthy men in the age range 55-64 years were found to be osteopenic. Emerging data suggest a significantly increased prevalence of osteoporosis in men and women with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared to age-matched controls, but no specific clinical testing recommendations are available for men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the proportion of male MS patients with osteoporosis and to identify the factors associated with the reduction in bone mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive male MS patients seen at our MS clinic were screened with dual-X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan for determining the bone mineral density (BMD). All patients had neurological Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) evaluation. The results were compared to healthy age-matched male reference population using the Z score and to a cohort of women MS patients and women controls. Calcium, total testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were evaluated in male patients with decreased BMD. Relevant data on body mass index (BMI), medication, alcohol consumption, smoking, and sexual dysfunction were recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic MS Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty consecutive male MS patients, age mean 51.2 +/- 8.7 years, and mean EDSS of 5.8 +/- 1.9 were evaluated with DEXA scan. Of these, 17.5% patients were relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, 57.5% were secondary progressive (SP) MS and 25% were primary progressive (PP) MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of male MS patients with reduced BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two (80%) of our patients had a reduced bone mass of either lumbar spine or the femoral neck; of these 17 patients (42.5%) had osteopenia and 15 patients (37.5%) had osteoporosis. Twenty-one per cent (eight out of 38 patients) had vertebral, rib or extremities fractures. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the EDSS (P < 0.0001) and BMI (P = 0.0004) were the important factors associated with low BMD at the femoral neck and the EDSS was the important factor (P = 0.0017) associated with low BMD at the lumbar spine. The same factors emerged as significantly associated with the corresponding Z scores, which are corrected for age and sex. No clear association between intravenous steroid therapy and BMD was evident in the multivariate analysis. Low levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D were seen in 37.5% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of male MS patients with reduced bone mass is high and disproportionate to their age and ambulation, consistent with an association between the MS disease process and pathological bone loss. Increased awareness and bone density screening of male and female MS patients over 40 years of age is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Baird MS Center, The Jacobs Neurological Institute, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. BWeinstock-Guttman@KaleidaHealth.Org
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feichter
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wrest
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013256:Steroids; D013739:Testosterone; D002118:Calcium