title: The influence of instructions and nicotine dose on the subjective and reinforcing effects of smoking.
abstract: Subjective and reinforcing effects of smoking a cigarette were examined within a 2 x 2 modified balanced-placebo design, which manipulated instructions about nicotine content (i.e., told regular nicotine vs. told low nicotine) and actual nicotine dose (given a regular nicotine brand vs. a denicotinized brand). Most ratings of the nicotine content and reward value of cigarettes were higher for those told regular nicotine versus told low nicotine, and for those given regular nicotine versus given low nicotine. Nicotine and instructions did not affect craving, withdrawal, or smoke-reinforced responding, but instructions affected the number of puffs earned for those given low nicotine (i.e., placebo effect). Thus, verbal information (instructions) can influence some responses to smoking consistent with the presence of placebo and antiplacebo effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. perkinska@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccocioppo
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sayette
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caggiula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine