title: Inhibition of multidrug transporters by verapamil or probenecid does not alter blood-brain barrier penetration of levetiracetam in rats.
abstract: Overexpression of multidrug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) or multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs; ABCC) in the blood-brain barrier has recently been suggested to explain, at least in part, pharmacoresistance in epilepsy, which affects about 30% of all patients with this common brain disorder. The novel antiepileptic drug (AED) levetiracetam (LEV) is an effective and well tolerated drug in many patients with otherwise AED-refractory epilepsy. One explanation for the favorable efficacy of LEV in pharmacoresistant patients would be that LEV is not a substrate for Pgp or MRPs in the BBB. In the present study, we used in vivo microdialysis in rats to study whether the concentration of LEV in the extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex can be modulated by inhibition of Pgp or MRPs, using the Pgp inhibitor verapamil and the MRP1/2 inhibitor probenecid. Local perfusion with verapamil or probenecid via the microdialysis probe did not increase the extracellular brain concentration of LEV, which is in contrast to various other AEDs which have been studied previously by the same experimental protocol in this model. The data indicate that brain uptake of LEV is not affected by Pgp or MRP1/2 which may be an important reason for its antiepileptic efficacy in patients whose seizures are poorly controlled by other AEDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Potschka
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baltes
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Löscher
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D011339:Probenecid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D014700:Verapamil; D011339:Probenecid; D010889:Piracetam