title: Protection of rat renal vitamin E levels by ischemic-preconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During renal transplantation, the kidney remains without blood flow for a period of time. The following reperfusion of this ischemic kidney causes functional and structural injury. Formation of oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) and subsequent lipid peroxidation (LP) has been implicated as the causative factors of these injuries. Vitamin E is known to be the main endogenous antioxidant that stabilizes cell membranes by interfering with LP. The present study was designed to examine the role of ischemic-preconditioning (repeated brief periods of ischemia, IPC) in prevention of renal injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  IPC included sequential clamping of the right renal artery for 5 min and release of the clamp for another 5 min for a 3 cycles. IR was induced by 30 min ischemia followed by 10 min reperfusion. Four groups of male rats were used: Control, IPC, IR and IPC-IR. Vitamin E, an endogenous antioxidant and as an index of LP, was measured by HPLC and UV detection in renal venous plasma and tissue. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine and BUN levels. Renal damage was assessed in sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the IR group, there was a significant decrease in vitamin E in plasma and tissue compared to a control group (p,0.05). In the IPC-IR group, vitamin E concentration was significantly higher than in the IR group (p,0.01). The results showed that 30 min ischemia in the IR group significantly (p,0.05) reduced renal function demonstrated by an increase in serum creatinine levels as compared with the control group. These results in the IPC group also showed a significant difference with the IR group but no significant difference in serum BUN and creatinine between IR and IPC-IR group were detected. Histological evaluation showed no structural damage in the IPC group and an improvement in the IPC-IR group compared to IR alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, IPC preserved vitamin E levels, but it could not markedly improve renal function in the early phase (1-2 h) of reperfusion. IPC may be a useful method for antioxidant preservation in organ transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. mehr45@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mehri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadkhodaee
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aryamanesh
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faghihi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahmatkesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003250:Constriction; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012077:Renal Artery; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E; D003404:Creatinine