Simulation of artificial vision: II. Eccentric reading of full-page text and the learning of this task.
Reading of isolated words in conditions mimicking artificial vision has been found to be a difficult but feasible task. In particular at relatively high eccentricities, a significant adaptation process was required to reach optimal performances [Vision Res. 43 (2003) 269]. The present study addressed the task of full-page reading, including page navigation under control of subject's own eye movements. Conditions of artificial vision mimicking a retinal implant were simulated by projecting stimuli with reduced information content (lines of pixelised text) onto a restricted and eccentric area of the retina. Three subjects, naïve to the task, were trained for almost two months (about 1 h/day) to read full-page texts. Subjects had to use their own eye movements to displace a 10 degrees x 7 degrees viewing window, stabilised at 15 degrees eccentricity in their lower visual field. Initial reading scores were very low for two subjects (about 13% correctly read words), and astonishingly high for the third subject (86% correctly read words). However, all of them significantly improved their performance with time, reaching close to perfect reading scores (ranging from 86% to 98% correct) at the end of the training process. Reading rates were as low as 1-5 words/min at the beginning of the experiment and increased significantly with time to 14-28 words/min. Qualitative text understanding was also estimated. We observed that reading scores of at least 85% correct were necessary to achieve 'good' text understanding. Gaze position recordings, made during the experimental sessions, demonstrated that the control of eye movements, especially the suppression of reflexive vertical saccades, constituted an important part of the overall adaptive learning process. Taken together, these results suggest that retinal implants might restore full-page text reading abilities to blind patients. About 600 stimulation contacts, distributed on an implant surface of 3 x 2 mm2, appear to be a minimum to allow for useful reading performance. A significant learning process will however be required to reach optimal performance with such devices, especially if they have to be placed outside the foveal area.
Sommerhalder
Jörg
J
Ophthalmology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. jorg.r.sommerhalder@hcuge.ch
Rappaz
Benjamin
B
de Haller
Raoul
R
Fornos
Angélica Pérez
AP
Safran
Avinoam B
AB
Pelizzone
Marco
M
D000328:Adult; D001187:Artificial Organs; D001766:Blindness / Q000534:rehabilitation; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D011932:Reading; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology