title: Initial and follow-up costs by treatment outcome for children with respiratory infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the initial and follow-up costs of treatment of respiratory infections among pediatric patients and the relationship between costs and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3677 episodes of care from 2328 patients who were <17 years of age and had respiratory or ear infections that were treated with an antibiotic initially. The sample was drawn from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys for the years 1996 through 1999. Treatment failure was defined as the receipt of a second antibiotic, different from the first, in a 4-week window. We compared follow-up costs by outcome (treatment failure vs success) using a 2-part model of medical costs. We also performed a paired analysis by selecting 2 episodes, one in which the outcome was failure and the other in which the outcome was success, for patients with at least 1 of each type and computing the difference in costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up costs for provider visits for episodes for which the patient experienced treatment failure were 216 dollars versus 53 dollars for episodes for which the patient did not experience treatment failure. Follow-up drug costs, including the cost of the second antibiotic, were 75 dollars for children who experienced treatment failure versus 23 dollars, respectively. Cost estimates from the paired analysis were similar, confirming that results are not biased by unobserved time-invariant patient characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who have respiratory infections and experience treatment failure incur substantially higher costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dhhowar@emory.edu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGowan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents