title: Malaria surveillance--United States, 2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malaria is caused by any of four species of intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (i.e., P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, or P. malariae). These parasites are transmitted by the bite of an infective female Anopheles species mosquito. The majority of malaria infections in the United States occur among persons who have traveled to areas with ongoing transmission. In the United States, cases can occur through exposure to infected blood products, by congenital transmission, or by local mosquitoborne transmission. Malaria surveillance is conducted to identify episodes of local transmission and to guide prevention recommendations for travelers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report covers cases with onset of illness in 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malaria cases confirmed by blood film are reported to local and state health departments by health-care providers or laboratory staff. Case investigations are conducted by local and state health departments, and reports are transmitted to CDC through the National Malaria Surveillance System (NMSS). Data from NMSS serve as the basis for this report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDC received reports of 1,337 cases of malaria with an onset of symptoms in 2002 among persons in the United States or one of its territories. This number represents a decrease of 3.3% from the 1,383 cases reported for 2001. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale were identified in 52.3%, 25.4%, 2.8%, and 2.8% of cases, respectively. Eleven patients (0.8% of total) were infected by > or =2 species. The infecting species was unreported or undetermined in 213 (15.9%) cases. Compared with 2001, the number of reported malaria cases acquired in Asia (n = 171) and Africa (n = 903) increased by 4.3% and 1.9%, respectively, whereas the number of cases acquired in the Americas (n = 141) decreased by 41.2%. Of 849 U.S. civilians who acquired malaria abroad, 317 (37.3%) reported that they had followed a chemoprophylactic drug regimen recommended by CDC for the area to which they had traveled. Five patients became infected in the United States, one through congenital transmission, one probable transfusion-related, and three whose infection cannot be linked epidemiologically to secondary cases. Eight deaths were attributed to malaria. All deaths were caused by P. falciparum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3.3% decrease in malaria cases in 2002, compared with 2001, resulted primarily from a marked decrease in cases acquired in the Americas, but this decrease was offset somewhat by an increase in the number of cases acquired in Africa and Asia. This limited decrease probably represents year-to-year variation in malaria cases, but also could have resulted from local changes in disease transmission, decreased travel to malaria-endemic regions, fluctuation in reporting to state and local health departments, or an increased use of effective antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. In the majority of reported cases, U.S. civilians who acquired infection abroad were not on an appropriate chemoprophylaxis regimen for the country in which they acquired malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional information was obtained concerning the eight fatal cases and the five infections acquired in the United States. Persons traveling to a malarious area should take one of the recommended chemoprophylaxis regimens appropriate for the region of travel, and travelers should use personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites. Any person who has been to a malarious area and who subsequently experiences a fever or influenza-like symptoms should seek medical care immediately and report their travel history to the clinician; investigation should include a blood-film test for malaria. Malaria infections can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Recommendations concerning malaria prevention can be obtained from CDC by calling the Malaria Hotline at 770-488-7788 or by accessing CDC's Internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC, USA.
authors.forename: Snehal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filler
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Causer
authors.forename: Alexander K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Bloland
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Jacquelin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Meghna R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parise
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Steketee
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials