title: Suppression of constitutive and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation and induction of apoptosis by apigenin in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells: correlation with down-regulation of NF-kappaB-responsive genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Development of androgen independence and resistance to apoptosis in prostate cancer are often correlated with high levels of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in these patients. The loss of sensitivity to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in androgen-insensitive prostate carcinoma cells is due in part to constitutive activation of Rel/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factors that regulate several cell survival and antiapoptotic genes. Our previous studies have demonstrated growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of apigenin, a common plant flavonoid, in a variety of human prostate carcinoma cells. Here we examined whether apigenin is effective in inhibiting NF-kappaB expression in androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells exhibiting high constitutive levels of NF-kappaB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, the effect of apigenin was assessed on NF-kappaB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and reporter gene assay. Expression of NF-kappaB subunits p65 and p50, IkappaBalpha, p-IkappaBalpha, in-beads kinase assay and NF-kappaB-regulated genes were determined by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining after fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of cells with 10-40- micro M doses of apigenin inhibited DNA binding and reduced nuclear levels of the p65 and p50 subunits of NF-kappaB. Apigenin inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and significantly decreased IKKalpha kinase activity. Apigenin also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via the IkappaBalpha pathway, thereby sensitizing the cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation correlated with a decreased expression of NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene and suppressed expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes [specifically, Bcl2, cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that inhibition of NF-kappaB by apigenin may lead to prostate cancer suppression by transcriptional repression of NF-kappaB-responsive genes as well as selective sensitization of prostate carcinoma cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The James and Eillen Dicke Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D047310:Apigenin; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D019938:Cyclin D1; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D047310:Apigenin; D008156:Luciferases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C496559:CHUK protein, human; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9