title: Iatrogenic operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins: a potentially lethal complication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic studies of vascular injuries are usually limited to those caused by trauma. The purpose of this study was to review the management and clinical outcome in patients with operative injuries to abdominal and pelvic veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data and outcome in all patients with iatrogenic venous injuries during abdominal and pelvic operations between 1985 and 2002 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty patients (21 men, 19 women; mean age, 51 years [range, 27-87 years]) sustained 44 venous injuries. Injuries occurred during general (30%), colorectal (23%), orthopedic (20%), gynecologic (15%), and other (12%) operations. Factors leading to injury included oncologic resection (65%), difficult anatomic exposure (63%), previous operation (48%), recurrent tumor (28%), and radiation therapy (20%). All patients had substantial bleeding (mean, 3985 mL; range, 500-20,000 mL). Injuries were located in the inferior vena cava (n = 6), portal vein (n = 7), renal vein (n = 1), and iliac vein (n = 30). Repair was performed with venorrhaphy (64%), end-to-end anastomosis (14%), interposition graft (20%), and vessel ligation (2%). Seven patients (18%) died of injury-related causes, including multisystem organ failure (n = 4), uncontrollable bleeding (n = 2), and pulmonary embolism (n = 1). Thirteen patients (32.5%) had major injury-related complications, including repeat exploration because of bleeding (n = 6), multisystem organ failure (n = 6), and venous thrombosis (n = 4). In two patients (5%) unilateral lower extremity edema developed, with no evidence of thrombosis. There was no late graft or venous thrombosis. Variables associated with increased risk for death were massive bleeding, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins occur in patients undergoing oncologic resection and those with difficult anatomic exposure, owing to previous operation, recurrent tumor, or radiation therapy. Massive blood loss, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia are associated with increased risk for death. Repair of venous injuries offers durable results with low incidence of graft or venous thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, USA.
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Oderich
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Panneton
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Audra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gloviczki
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000293:injuries; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000098:blood supply*; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000293:injuries; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000293:injuries; D012307:Risk Factors; D014680:Veins; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000293:injuries