title: The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors.
abstract: Skeletal muscle size depends upon a dynamic balance between anabolic (or hypertrophic) and catabolic (or atrophic) processes. Previously, no link between the molecular mediators of atrophy and hypertrophy had been reported. We demonstrate a hierarchy between the signals which mediate hypertrophy and those which mediate atrophy: the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway, which has been shown to induce hypertrophy, prevents induction of requisite atrophy mediators, namely the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1. Moreover, the mechanism for this inhibition involves Akt-mediated inhibition of the FoxO family of transcription factors; a mutant form of FOXO1, which prevents Akt phosphorylation, thereby prevents Akt-mediated inhibition of MuRF1 and MAFbx upregulation. Our study thus defines a previously uncharacterized function for Akt, which has important therapeutic relevance: Akt is not only capable of activating prosynthetic pathways, as previously demonstrated, but is simultaneously and dominantly able to suppress catabolic pathways, allowing it to prevent glucocorticoid and denervation-induced muscle atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
authors.forename: Trevor N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drujan
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panaro
authors.forename: Yekatarina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Timofeyva
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Yancopoulos
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Glass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003714:Denervation / Q000009:adverse effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C467200:Foxo1 protein, mouse; C440907:FBXO32 protein, human; C486691:Fbxo32 protein, mouse; C440908:TRIM63 protein, human; C499084:Trim63 protein, mouse