title: Susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia in chicks is not altered by an early experience of axial myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies in humans and primates suggest that early visual experience may influence eye growth and refractive development later in life. In this study, we asked whether experimentally-induced myopia in 1-week-old chicks influences the responsiveness to form deprivation at a later age (4 weeks old).
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of White Leghorn chicks ("twice deprived," N = 12) were monocularly deprived of form vision with white translucent diffusers at 3 days of age for 4 days. The diffusers were then removed, and the chicks were allowed 3 weeks of normal vision to age 27 days before being deprived again for 4 days. Another group of chicks ("once deprived," N = 9) were monocularly deprived of form vision at age 27 days for 4 days. Refractive errors, corneal curvatures, and axial ocular dimensions were measured by retinoscopy, infrared videokeratometry, and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. Measurements were performed daily during the periods of deprivation and at approximately 3-day intervals in between treatments and after the final treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of the form-deprivation myopia induced by 4 days of deprivation at 27 days of age was significantly smaller than that induced by the same treatment at 3 days of age (-4.1 vs. -9.8 D; paired t-test, p < 0.01). This difference in induced myopia reflects optical scaling with increasing eye size because the deprivation-induced changes in vitreous chamber depth were not significantly different for the two deprivation periods (0.37 vs. 0.35 mm, paired t-test, p = 0.65). The induction of myopia at the younger age did not affect the susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia at the older age; there was no difference in the response to form deprivation at the older age between the once-deprived and twice-deprived groups (-3.5 vs. -4.1 D; unpaired t-test, p = 0.50). There was also a significant correlation between the amount of axial elongation induced in individual eyes during the first and second periods of deprivation (r = 0.631, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The induction of form-deprivation myopia at a young age does not affect the response to form deprivation at a later age. The significant correlation between the axial elongation induced in individual eyes over the two successive periods of deprivation suggests individual differences, possibly genetic in origin, in the susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia in chicks.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saltarelli
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wildsoet
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nickla
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Troilo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002645:Chickens; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005556:Form Perception; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012683:Sensory Deprivation