title: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy [RETIRED]: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.
abstract: To assess the evidence demonstrating efficacy, tolerability, and safety of seven new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, tiagabine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide) in the treatment of children and adults with refractory partial and generalized epilepsies.
  
  
  
  A 23-member committee including general neurologists, pediatric neurologists, epileptologists, and doctors in pharmacy evaluated the available evidence based on a structured literature review including MEDLINE, Current Contents, and Cochrane library for relevant articles from 1987 until March 2003.
  
  
  
  All of the new AEDs were found to be appropriate for adjunctive treatment of refractory partial seizures in adults. Gabapentin can be effective for the treatment of mixed seizure disorders, and gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate for the treatment of refractory partial seizures in children. Limited evidence suggests that lamotrigine and topiramate are also effective for adjunctive treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsy in adults and children, as well as treatment of the Lennox Gastaut syndrome.
  
  
  
  The choice of AED depends upon seizure and/or syndrome type, patient age, concomitant medications, AED tolerability, safety, and efficacy. The results of this evidence-based assessment provide guidelines for the prescription of AEDs for patients with refractory epilepsy and identify those seizure types and syndromes where more evidence is necessary.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kanner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abou-Khalil
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Harden
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Theodore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bazil
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirtz
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Montouris
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nespeca
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gidal
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilner
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Faught
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sachdeo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Glauser
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000588:Amines; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D009557:Nipecotic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D010889:Piracetam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078308:Tiagabine; D000077236:Topiramate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078305:Zonisamide; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000588:Amines; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009557:Nipecotic Acids; D014227:Triazines; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D000078305:Zonisamide; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D000078308:Tiagabine; D010889:Piracetam