title: Paracervical block in incomplete abortion using manual vacuum aspiration: randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effectiveness of paracervical block in controlling pain among women treated with manual vacuum aspiration for an incomplete abortion
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Nuestra Señora de Altagracia, a maternal and perinatal referral hospital in the Dominican Republic. The sample size was based on a clinical difference of 1.5 points in the level of pain measured with the visual analog scale using 90% power and a sampling error of 0.04. Women who were at 12 weeks of gestation or less with an incomplete abortion were eligible to participate. They were randomly assigned to receive either the standard treatment of care (manual vacuum aspiration for uterine evacuation with psychological support but no paracervical block) or manual vacuum aspiration treatment with psychological support and paracervical block using 1.0% lidocaine. Patients with active infections, severe illnesses, psychiatric disorders, or allergies to lidocaine were excluded. Intraoperative pain as reported by the women and as documented by an external observer was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the paracervical block technique used showed a slight reduction in severe pain, there were no clinically or statistically significant differences in intraoperative pain between the 2 groups (relative risk 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.43, 1.23) with 50% of all patients registering 7 or higher score on a visual analog pain scale of 0-10. However, statistically significant differences were found in each group when comparing the level of preoperative and intraoperative pain described by the patient (P <.001). The manual vacuum aspiration technique and the paracervical block were not accompanied by complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paracervical block technique used in this study along with psychological support was comparable with pain control using psychological support alone; neither pain management regimen provided sufficient pain control. It is recommended that randomized comparative studies be designed to determine the effectiveness of other paracervical block techniques and the efficacy of the use of analgesics in patients suffering from incomplete abortion treated with manual vacuum aspiration.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-International Clinical Epidemiology Network, Bogota, Columbia.pigomezs@unal.edu.co
authors.forename: Pio Iván
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gaitán
authors.forename: Casilda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nova
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paradas
mesh_terms: D000027:Abortion, Incomplete / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*