title: Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: Total sleep restriction in humans is associated with increased daytime sleepiness, decreased performance, and hormonal/metabolic disturbances. The effects of mild chronic sleep restriction that mimic real life are not known. To assess the effects of modest sleep restriction from 8 to 6 h/night for 1 wk, 25 young, healthy, normal sleepers (12 men and 13 women) were studied for 12 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. After 1 wk of sleep restriction, although subjects' nighttime sleep was deeper, subjects were significantly sleepier (multiple sleep latency test) and performed worse in four primary variables of psychomotor vigilance test (both P < 0.01). Furthermore, 24-h secretion of IL-6 was increased by 0.8 +/- 0.3 pg/ml (P < 0.05) in both sexes, whereas TNFalpha was increased only in men. Also, the peak cortisol secretion was lower after sleep restriction than at baseline, and this difference was stronger in men (55.18 +/- 24.83 nmol/liter; P < 0.05) than in women (35.87 +/- 24.83 nmol/liter; P < 0.16). We conclude that in young men and women, modest sleep loss is associated with significant sleepiness, impairment of psychomotor performance, and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Given the potential association of these behavioral and physical alterations with health, well-being, and public safety, the idea that sleep or parts of it are optional should be regarded with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. axv3@psu.edu
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zoumakis
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Follett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kales
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006854:Hydrocortisone