title: Functional constipation in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constipation in children increases the likelihood of urinary incontinence, bladder overactivity, dyscoordinated voiding, a large capacity, poorly emptying bladder, recurrent urinary tract infection and deterioration of vesicoureteral reflux. We present a consensus related to the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of children with bowel dysfunction coexisting with a known disorder of urinary continence or voiding coordination.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of international multidisciplinary clinicians working on pediatric continence care was invited to participate in the First International Children's Continence Society Bowel Dysfunction Workshop. The seminar sought to address the interrelationship of bowel dysfunction with disorders of urinary continence or voiding mechanics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Constipation is an end point defined by a constellation of symptoms, including infrequent passage of stool, difficulty passing stool, feces that are either large and hard or in small pieces, abdominal pain, palpable stool in the abdomen, stool in the rectal vault, loading on x-ray or fecal soiling. Assessment was done to identify potential organic causes of constipation, clarify symptoms, and identify altered motor behavior and abdomino/pelvic floor muscle incoordination. Whether the underlying problem was one of stool consistency, poor cognition, motivation or fear on the part of the child, or whether it related to gut motility, rectal sensation, stool retention or disordered emptying mechanics, the definitive therapy begins with rectal emptying of impacted stool followed by maintenance of regular soft stools to eliminate fear of pain with defecation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constipation is a challenge to the clinician but with comprehensive assessment and systematic intervention children can achieve independent bowel emptying, which positively impacts bladder function.
authors.affiliation: Monash Medical Centre Paediatric Continence Service, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homsy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siggaard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sit
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Bower
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans