Anandamide transport is independent of fatty-acid amide hydrolase activity and is blocked by the hydrolysis-resistant inhibitor AM1172.
The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide is removed from the synaptic space by a high-affinity transport system present in neurons and astrocytes, which is inhibited by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-arachidonamide (AM404). After internalization, anandamide is hydrolyzed by fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme that also cleaves AM404. Based on kinetic evidence, it has recently been suggested that anandamide internalization may be mediated by passive diffusion driven by FAAH activity. To test this possibility, in the present study, we have investigated anandamide internalization in wild-type and FAAH-deficient (FAAH(-/-)) mice. Cortical neurons from either mouse strain internalized [(3)H]anandamide through a similar mechanism, i.e., via a rapid temperature-sensitive and saturable process, which was blocked by AM404. Moreover, systemic administration of AM404 to either wild-type or FAAH(-/-) mice enhanced the hypothermic effects of exogenous anandamide, a response that was prevented by the CB(1) cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant (SR141716A). The results indicate that anandamide internalization in mouse brain neurons is independent of FAAH activity. In further support of this conclusion, the compound N-(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z eicosatetraenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide (AM1172) blocked [(3)H]anandamide internalization in rodent cortical neurons and human astrocytoma cells without acting as a FAAH substrate or inhibitor. AM1172 may serve as a prototype for novel anandamide transport inhibitors with increased metabolic stability.
Fegley
D
D
Department of Pharmacology and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA.
Kathuria
S
S
Mercier
R
R
Li
C
C
Goutopoulos
A
A
Makriyannis
A
A
Piomelli
D
D
D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
D000581:Amidohydrolases; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D001549:Benzamides; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C488550:AM1172; C078814:anandamide; C107594:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide