title: Human carcinogenic risk evaluation: an alternative approach to the two-year rodent bioassay.
abstract: An approach to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk resulting from exposure to a given chemical is presented in place of a reliance on two-year rodent bioassays. An emphasis is placed on evaluation of the potential DNA reactivity or increased cell proliferation that can be produced by a chemical. The special cases of immunosuppressive and estrogenic chemicals are considered. These evaluations are proposed to involve a combination of in vitro assays, computerized models, and short-term (up to 13 weeks) bioassays in rodents. The emphasis is on mechanistic understanding and evaluation of the dose response and relevance to humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA. scohen@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012377:Rodentia; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004247:DNA