title: Lower limb venous haemodynamic impairment on dependency: quantification and implications for the "economy class" position.
abstract: The role of stasis in venous disease is undisputed, yet surprisingly, its haemodynamic quantitation remains largely undefined. We investigated the phenomenon of venous stasis in the lower limb upon sitting and standing and project its implications to economy class aircraft passengers. 26 normal limbs, 13 subjects, age 29-54, selected after duplex, plethysmography and ABPI, had peak[V(peak)], mean[V(mean)] and minimum[V(min)] velocities, volume-flow[Q(venous)], pulsatility index [PI(venous)] and diameter obtained on horizontal, sitting (as in economy aircraft seats) and standing with duplex, at popliteal, femoral[FV] and common femoral[CFV]veins [differences in median %]. V(peak), V(mean) and Q(venous) decreased from horizontal to sitting in the CFV [57%, 71%, 31%, respectively], FV [51%, 70%, 34%] and popliteal [31%, 58%, 42%] (all, p<.001). V(peak),V(mean) and Q(venous) decreased further from sitting to standing in the CFV [26%, 44%, 25%, respectively], FV [21%, 42%, 27%] and popliteal [14%, 42%, 20%] (all, p <.001). Diameter, V(min) and PI(venous) increased from horizontal to sitting in the CFV [50%, 63%, 38%, respectively], FV [39%, 23%, 66%] and popliteal [21%, 14%, 84%] (all, p <.001)]. Diameter, V(min) and PI(venous) increased further from sitting to standing in CFV [10%, 22%, 19%, respectively; p =.004], FV [12%, 68%, 2%[ns]; p <.001)] and popliteal [14%, 50%, 24%; p =.017]. In all postures: V(peak), V(mean), Q(venous) and diameter at CFV exceeded FV (p <.025) and popliteal (p <.001) ones; also those at FV exceeded the popli-teal ones (p =.003), except for the diameter on horizontal. V(min) in popliteal was higher than in CFV (p =.003) or FV (p <.025), on horizontal and standing. PI(venous) in CFV was lower than in FV or popliteal (p <.025) on sitting. Right to left differences non-significant. [Wilcoxon(+Bonferroni) test: significance at p <.025] A shift from horizontal to sitting generates a most significant attenuation in Q(venous),V(peak) and V(mean) linked to a reciprocal increase in V(min), PI(venous) and vein diameter, with further exacerbation on standing. V(peak),V(mean) and Q(venous) decline with distance from groin enhancing venous stasis in the periphery. By restricting activation of the natural venous pumps, sitting cramped during long flights may protract the status of haemodynamic stagnation sustained on dependency which paired with marked venous dilatation generates a milieu that may promote thrombogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Paddington, London, UK. k.delis@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Konstantinos T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Knaggs
authors.forename: Tans N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Sonecha
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zervas
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: John H N
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D014195:Travel