title: Mesoporous SnO2 synthesized with non-ionic surfactants as an anode material for lithium batteries.
abstract: Mesoporous tin oxides were successfully prepared with the use of non-ionic surfactants, Pluronic 123 (P-123) and Tetronic 908 (T-908). Surface analysis of SnO2 synthesized with P123 showed an average pore size of approximately 15 nm. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements also confirmed their mesoporous nature. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and wide-angle XRD studies revealed that these compounds have a casserite-type SnO2 structure. The electrochemical properties of these materials as anodes in lithium batteries showed excellent performance with good reversibility. The first-cycle reversible capacity was 1026 mAh/g for the material synthesized with P123. There was a high first-cycle irreversible capacity for SnO2 synthesized with the use of both non-ionic surfactants. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to study the electrode kinetics during the lithium insertion process in the first cycle. There was a decrease in the charge-transfer resistance with respect to the discharge potential. The synthesis and structural and electrochemical properties of the mesoporous tin oxides are correlated and discussed in detail.
authors.affiliation: Surface Sciences and Solid State Ionics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Southern University, A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Patricia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rambabu
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D007477:Ions; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D017971:Tin Compounds; D008094:Lithium; C045358:stannic oxide