title: Dependency of cortical functional hyperemia to forepaw stimulation on epoxygenase and nitric oxide synthase activities in rats.
abstract: Individual inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase activity attenuates cortical functional hyperemia evoked by whisker stimulation. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) if administration of epoxygenase inhibitors attenuates cortical functional hyperemia by using a different modality of sensory activation (i.e., electrical stimulation of the rat forepaw), (2) if epoxygenase inhibition has an additive effect with NO synthase inhibition on the flow response, and (3) the cellular localization of the epoxygenase CYP2C11 in cerebral cortex. In six groups of anesthetized rats, the cortical surface was superfused for 90 minutes with (1) vehicle; (2) 1-mmol/L Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), to inhibit NO synthase activity; (3) 20-micromol/L N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH), a substrate inhibitor of P450 epoxygenase; (4) MS-PPOH plus L-NNA; (5) 20-micromol/L miconazole, a reversible inhibitor at the heme site of P450 epoxygenase; and (6) miconazole plus L-NNA. The percent increases in laser-Doppler perfusion over primary sensory cortex during 20-second forepaw stimulation were reduced by 44% to 64% in all drug-treated groups. The addition of L-NNA to MS-PPOH produced no additional reduction (64%) compared with MS-PPOH alone (64%) or L-NNA alone (60%). The addition of L-NNA to miconazole also produced no additional reduction in the flow response. In situ hybridization of CYP2C11 mRNA showed localization in astrocytes, including those adjacent to blood vessels. Thus, activity of both epoxygenase, presumably localized in astrocytes, and NO synthase is required for generating a complete cortical hyperemic response evoked by electrical forepaw stimulation. The lack of additional blood flow attenuation with the combination of the NO synthase and the distinct epoxygenase inhibitors suggests that the signaling pathways do not act in a simple parallel fashion and that other mediators may be involved in coupling cortical blood flow to neuronal activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Xinqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Chenyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nabil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Alkayed
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Koehler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005528:Foot; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014738:Vibrissae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C450279:CYP2C11 protein, rat; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase