title: Spinal adenosine receptor activation reduces hypersensitivity after surgery by a different mechanism than after nerve injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal adenosine has antinociceptive effects under conditions of hypersensitivity. T62 (2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophen) is an allosteric adenosine receptor modulator that enhances adenosine binding to the A1 receptor. Intrathecal T62 reduces hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli in a rat model of neuropathic pain by a circuit that totally relies on activation of alpha2 adrenoceptors. Here, the authors tested whether this same dependence was present in the acute setting of hypersensitivity after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intrathecal catheters were inserted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. An incision of the plantar aspect of the hind paw resulted 24 h later in hypersensitivity, as measured by applying von Frey filaments to the paw. At this time, rats received intrathecal T62, clonidine, or the combination in a blinded, isobolographic design. The effect of the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan on T62 was also tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal T62 produced a dose-dependent antihypersensitivity effect, with no effect on ambulation or activity level. Clonidine also produced a dose-dependent antihypersensitivity effect. The ED40 (95% confidence interval) for T62 was 0.77 (0.63-0.91) microg, and that for clonidine was 1.23 (0.56-1.9) microg. Isobolographic analysis indicated synergism between T62 and clonidine. Intrathecal pretreatment with idazoxan only partially inhibited the antihypersensitivity effect of T62.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal T62 is effective for postoperative hypersensitivity. The synergy of T62 with clonidine and its only partial antagonism by idazoxan suggest that T62 does not rely entirely on activation of alpha2 adrenoceptors. These results indicate that, after surgery, T62 acts via a mechanism different from that of spinal nerve ligation, a model of chronic neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Pharmacologic Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Xinhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000637:transplantation; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C475229:2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D013876:Thiophenes; D003000:Clonidine