title: Colon carcinoma cell growth is associated with prostaglandin E2/EP4 receptor-evoked ERK activation.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX) and its prostanoid metabolites have been implicated in the control of cell survival; however, their role as mitogens remains undefined. To better understand the role of prostanoids on cell growth, we used mouse colon adenocarcinoma (CT26) cells to investigate the role of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in cell proliferation. CT26 cells express both COX1 and COX2 and metabolize arachidonic acid to PGE(2.) Treatment with indomethacin, or COX-selective inhibitors, prevents PGE(2) biosynthesis and CT26 cell proliferation. The anti-proliferative effects of COX inhibition are rescued specifically by treatment with PGE(2) or the EP4 receptor-selective agonist PGE(1)-OH via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, thus providing a functional link between PGE(2)-induced cell proliferation and EP4-mediated ERK signaling. Indomethacin or COX2 inhibitors, but not COX1 inhibitors, reduced the size and number of CT26-derived tumors in vivo. These inhibitory effects are paralleled by marked declines in the levels of tumor PGE(2), suggesting that their anti-tumor effects are directly associated with the inhibition of COX2 enzymatic activity. The described anti-tumor effects of indomethacin are evident whether it is administered at the time of, or 7 days after, tumor cell injection, suggesting that it has tumor preventive and therapeutic actions. Furthermore, the observation that indomethacin increases the survival rates of tumor-bearing mice, even after withdrawal of the drug, indicates that its effects are long lasting and that it may be potentially useful for the prevention and the clinical management of human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. ambra.pozzi@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: Xuexian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Macias-Perez
authors.forename: Shouzuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Aaron N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Jorge H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Capdevila
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000378:metabolism*; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D011453:Prostaglandins; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin