title: A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse frequently occur among acutely injured trauma survivors, few real-world interventions have targeted these disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the effectiveness of a multifaceted collaborative care (CC) intervention for PTSD and alcohol abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized effectiveness trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a population-based sample of 120 male and female injured surgical inpatients 18 or older at a level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to the CC intervention (n = 59) or the usual care (UC) control condition (n = 61). The CC patients received stepped care that consisted of (1) continuous postinjury case management, (2) motivational interviews targeting alcohol abuse/dependence, and (3) evidence-based pharmacotherapy and/or cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with persistent PTSD at 3 months after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the PTSD symptomatic criteria (PTSD Checklist) at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after injury, and alcohol abuse/dependence (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) at baseline and 6 and 12 months after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Random-coefficient regression analyses demonstrated that over time, CC patients were significantly less symptomatic compared with UC patients with regard to PTSD (P =.01) and alcohol abuse/dependence (P =.048). The CC group demonstrated no difference (-0.07%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.2% to 4.3%) in the adjusted rates of change in PTSD from baseline to 12 months, whereas the UC group had a 6% increase (95% CI, 3.1%-9.3%) during the year. The CC group showed on average a decrease in the rate of alcohol abuse/dependence of -24.2% (95% CI, -19.9% to -28.6%), whereas the UC group had on average a 12.9% increase (95% CI, 8.2%-17.7%) during the year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early mental health care interventions can be feasibly and effectively delivered from trauma centers. Future investigations that refine routine acute care treatment procedures may improve the quality of mental health care for Americans injured in the wake of individual and mass trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98104, USA. dzatzick@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zatzick
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy-Byrne
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivara
authors.forename: RoseAnne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Droesch
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jurkovich
authors.forename: Edwina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019090:Case Management; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors