title: Activation of the nitric oxide response in gilthead seabream after experimental infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.
abstract: Inoculation of small gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) (30-75 g body weight) with a sublethal dose of different Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Pdp) strains (DI-21 and 94/99) induced an increase in serum concentrations of stable nitric oxide (NO) metabolites lasting from 6 h to six days post-infection, with a peak at 24 h. In contrast, no such response was detected in larger fish (150-600 g). Since the virulence of Pdp correlates with the presence of a polysaccharide capsular layer which can be induced by growing the bacteria in medium supplemented with 1% glucose (C+ forms), the effect of the presence of an enhanced capsular layer on the NO response in small fish was also evaluated. Although, all bacteria induced a similar rapid (6 h) and sustained (up to six days) NO response, serum concentrations of nitrites and citrulline were significantly increased in fish infected with the Pdp strains grown in glucose-supplemented medium. When the NO response of fish infected with the C+ form of Pdp was blocked by prior injection of the inhibitor L-NAME, the LD(50) was reduced by over 10-fold and the mean time to death was also markedly reduced. Considering that (i) pasteurellosis only affects gilthead seabream with body weights below 100 g; (ii) capsulated Pdp are more resistant to the bactericidal action of NO and peroxynitrites than non-capsulated strains; and (iii) blocking the NO response of the fish results in greater susceptibility to Pdp, it seems reasonable to propose that the sustained NO response reported in this study represents a relevant protective mechanism of juvenile gilthead seabream against pasteurellosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Pathology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary Faculty, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain. facosta@becarios.ulpgc.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Galarreta
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Real
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000378:metabolism; D001824:Body Constitution; D002956:Citrulline / Q000097:blood; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D010776:Photobacterium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D021541:Sea Bream; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D002956:Citrulline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005947:Glucose; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester