title: Low dose intravenous minocycline is neuroprotective after middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minocycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, is an effective neuroprotective agent in animal models of cerebral ischemia when given in high doses intraperitoneally. The aim of this study was to determine if minocycline was effective at reducing infarct size in a Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion model (TMCAO) when given at lower intravenous (IV) doses that correspond to human clinical exposure regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats underwent 90 minutes of TMCAO. Minocycline or saline placebo was administered IV starting at 4, 5, or 6 hours post TMCAO. Infarct volume and neurofunctional tests were carried out at 24 hr after TMCAO using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) brain staining and Neurological Score evaluation. Pharmacokinetic studies and hemodynamic monitoring were performed on minocycline-treated rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minocycline at doses of 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg IV was effective at reducing infarct size when administered at 4 hours post TMCAO. At doses of 3 mg/kg, minocycline reduced infarct size by 42% while 10 mg/kg reduced infarct size by 56%. Minocycline at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced infarct size at 5 hours by 40% and the 3 mg/kg dose significantly reduced infarct size by 34%. With a 6 hour time window there was a non-significant trend in infarct reduction. There was a significant difference in neurological scores favoring minocycline in both the 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses at 4 hours and at the 10 mg/kg dose at 5 hours. Minocycline did not significantly affect hemodynamic and physiological variables. A 3 mg/kg IV dose of minocycline resulted in serum levels similar to that achieved in humans after a standard 200 mg dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neuroprotective action of minocycline at clinically suitable dosing regimens and at a therapeutic time window of at least 4-5 hours merits consideration of phase I trials in humans in view of developing this drug for treatment of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta GA, 30912, USA. lxu@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Cesar V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Borlongan
authors.forename: Jianqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Giora
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008911:Minocycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008911:Minocycline