title: Status of malaria in the Kingdom of Bahrain: a 10-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria was eradicated in Bahrain about 20 years ago. However, because of a large immigrant population, cases of imported malaria continued to be seen. This paper presents an evaluation of the data from 1992 to 2001 to assess the levels of indigenous and imported malaria cases and the potential for reemergence of malaria transmission in the country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic and parasitologic data on confirmed malaria cases during the review period were analyzed. Data on vector breeding activity were also analyzed to determine the potential for reemergence of local transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1992 to 2001, 1,572 cases of malaria were reported. All were imported malaria cases. There was a consistent decline in the number of cases, from 282 (the peak level) in 1992 to 54 in 2001. Eighty-four percent (1,318/1,572) of infections were contracted as a result of travel to or previous domicile in five countries, namely India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Sudan. Plasmodium vivax was the etiologic agent in 85.6% (1,346/1,572) of cases, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for 14% (220/1,572). During this period, the percentage of examined breeding sites where Anopheles mosquito larvae were identified remained fairly constant, ranging between 0.05% and 0.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From 1992 to 2001, there was a consistent decline in the number of imported malaria cases in Bahrain. There were no cases of locally acquired malaria during this period. The low level of vector breeding spots with Anopheles mosquito larvae suggests that the potential for reemergence of local transmission remains low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Ismaeel
authors.forename: Abiola C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Senok
authors.forename: Khalid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jassim Al-Khaja
authors.forename: Giuseppe A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Botta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001445:Bahrain / Q000453:epidemiology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008499:Medical Records; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014195:Travel