title: Premenstrual syndrome as a predictor of menopausal symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate whether premenstrual syndrome (PMS) predicts common menopausal symptoms assessed longitudinally for 5 years among women in the transition to menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from a structured interview questionnaire, daily symptom ratings, and standard measures of depressive symptoms and sleep quality at 7 assessment periods in a population-based cohort of 436 women. Menstrual status was determined by menstrual bleeding dates. Hormones were measured in the early follicular phase, with a maximum of 14 measures per subject. Multivariate logistic regression models for repeated measures were used to estimate the effects of study variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premenstrual syndrome significantly decreased with age (P <.001) and with changes in menstrual bleeding status (P =.003). Women with PMS at enrollment were more likely over the 5-year period to report menopausal hot flushes (odds ratio [OR] 2.09; confidence interval [CI] 1.42, 3.08; P <.001); depressed mood (OR 2.34; CI 1.60. 3.43; P <.001); poor sleep (OR 1.72; CI 1.16, 2.53; P =.007), and decreased libido (OR 1.54; CI 1.06, 2.24; P =.024) after adjusting for age, race, diagnosis of major depression, and estradiol. Subjects' fluctuations in estradiol were significantly associated with hot flushes, depressive symptoms, and poor sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premenstrual syndrome decreased in the transition to menopause. Women who reported PMS at baseline were at greater risk of menopausal hot flushes, depressed mood, poor sleep, and decreased libido. Further studies of the associations of symptoms and changes in ovarian function are needed to elucidate the underlying symptom physiology and aid in the development of effective treatments for women during the menopausal transition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. fremane@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sammel
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rinaudo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis