title: Postprandial plasma fructose level is associated with retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of fructose on microangiopathy in patients with diabetes. Postprandial plasma fructose concentrations and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations were simultaneously measured 3 times within a 24-hour period (2 hours after each meal) in 38 patients with type 2 diabetes that had been admitted to the hospital. The mean postprandial plasma fructose concentrations (MPPF) and the mean postprandial plasma glucose concentrations (MPPG) were calculated. Fructose was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Based solely on MPPF, we were able to divide the patients into three groups: the high MPPF (31.9 +/- 6.5 micromol/L) group (n = 12), the middle MPPF (21.2 +/- 1.8 micromol/L) group (n = 13), and the low MPPF (15.2 +/- 2.4 micromol/L) group (n = 13). Prevalence and degree of retinopathy and nephropathy were then evaluated in the 3 different groups. A significant correlation was observed in the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) among the 3 MPPF groups (P =.024). The prevalence of PDR was higher in the high MPPF group (75.0%) than in the middle and low MPPF groups (23.1% and 38.5%, respectively). Although not significantly different statistically, the prevalence of all degrees of retinopathy showed a tendency to be higher in the high MPPF group (83.3%) than in the middle and low MPPF groups (46.2% and 46.2%, respectively) (P =.081). Nephropathy prevalence also showed a tendency to be higher in the high MPPF group (66.7%) than in the middle and low MPPF groups (38.5% and 30.8%, respectively), although the differences were not significant. The prevalence of clinical albuminuria was not significantly different among the 3 groups, but there was a tendency for it to be higher in the low MPPF group (30.8%) than in the high and middle MPPF groups (16.7% and 0%, respectively). No significant differences in glycemic indicators and mean duration of diabetes were observed among the 3 groups. The increased prevalence of retinopathy in the high MPPF group suggests that fructose is associated with retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akanuma
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichiyanagi
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamanouchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D005632:Fructose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol