title: The antidiabetic agent, gliclazide, reduces high insulin-enhanced neutrophil-transendothelial migration through direct effects on the endothelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many lines of evidence indicate that hyperinsulinemia might be associated with coronary atherosclerosis, and, currently, there are no effective strategies for preventing this. We previously reported that high insulin enhances neutrophil-transendothelial migration, a process that involves increased surface presentation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) through a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-dependent event. In this current study, we examined if antidiabetic agents, especially K(ATP) channel blockers, might similarly protect against the leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions enhanced by high insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neutrophils transmigration across umbilical vein endothelial cells (in high insulin medium) with or without K(ATP) channel blockers was performed. Neutrophil migration was quantified by measuring myeloperoxidase, and surface expression of endothelial PECAM-1 was examined using cell-surface enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil-transendothelial migration and PECAM-1 expression were enhanced by insulin (100 micro U/mL, 24 h) and were attenuated by gliclazide (20 micro M), but not by other K(ATP) channel blockers (glibenclamide, nateglinide, and glimepiride). Neutrophil migration and PECAM-1 expression were also increased by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activator, anisomycin (1 micro M), and also attenuated by gliclazide. Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors did not modify either gliclazide effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the K(ATP) channel blocker, gliclazide, blocks high insulin-mediated neutrophil migration and PECAM-1 expression. These gliclazide effects may be mediated through the inhibition of MAP kinase activation and are unrelated to NO production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. okochi@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okouchi
authors.forename: Naotsuka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omi
authors.forename: Kenro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imaeda
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukutomi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005907:Gliclazide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000841:Anisomycin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005907:Gliclazide