title: Modulation of beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by catechins and gallates.
abstract: Aqueous extracts of Japanese green tea (Camellia sinensis) are able to reverse beta-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We have attributed the capacity to reverse oxacillin resistance in the homogeneous PBP2a producer BB568 and in EMRSA-16 to (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-catechin gallate (CG). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for oxacillin were reduced from 256 and 512 to 1-4 mg/l, respectively, in the presence of these polyphenols. In addition, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) had a moderate capacity to modulate oxacillin activity against S. aureus BB568, but none against EMRSA-16. ECG, CG and EGCG increased the sensitivity of EMRSA-15 to oxacillin. The gallate moiety was essential for the oxacillin-modulating activity of ECG, as both (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-cyclohexylcarboxylate were unable to reverse resistance to oxacillin. Gallic acid and three alkyl gallates (methyl gallate, propyl gallate, and octyl gallate) did not modulate beta-lactam resistance in MRSA. Octyl gallate exhibited direct antibacterial activity against S. aureus BB568 (16 mg/l). Modulation of beta-lactam resistance by ECG significantly enhanced the activities of flucloxacillin and the carbapenem antibiotics imipenem and meropenem against 40 MRSA isolates, with MIC(90) values for the antibiotics reduced to the susceptibility breakpoint or below. Consequently, EGCG, CG and, particularly, ECG warrant further investigation as agents to combat beta-lactam resistance in S. aureus.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Saroj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Jeremy M T
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hamilton-Miller
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010068:Oxacillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D011435:Propyl Gallate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; C016627:octyl gallate; C052082:methyl gallate; D005707:Gallic Acid; C417939:catechin gallate; D011435:Propyl Gallate; D002392:Catechin; C062669:epicatechin gallate; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D010068:Oxacillin