title: Detection of hepatitis C virus in the nasal secretions of an intranasal drug-user.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One controversial source of infection for hepatitis C virus (HCV) involves the sharing of contaminated implements, such as straws or spoons, used to nasally inhale cocaine and other powdered drugs. An essential precondition for this mode of transmission is the presence of HCV in the nasal secretions of intranasal drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and nasal secretion samples were collected from five plasma-positive chronic intranasal drug users and tested for HCV RNA using RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCV was detected in all five blood samples and in the nasal secretions of the subject with the highest serum viral load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of HCV in nasal secretions. This finding has implications for potential transmission of HCV through contact with contaminated nasal secretions.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes, 71 West 23rd Street, New York, NY, USA. mcmahon@ndri.org
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simm
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milano
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clatts