title: Saccharic acid 1.4-lactone protects against CPT-11-induced mucosa damage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of D-saccharic acid 1.4-lactone (SAL), a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor, to prevent irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) from inducing mucosal damage as a cause of diarrhea in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were divided into six groups of three animals each, administered 1.0 ml isotonic solution intraperitoneally once daily for up to three consecutive days, respectively for up to six days. The series were as follows: (1) On days 1-3: saline; (2) On days 1-3: 200 mg CPT-11/m2; (3) On days -3 to -1 relative to the first administration of CPT-11: 10 mg/ml SAL; on days 1-3: 200 mg CPT-11/m2; (4) On days -3 to +3 relative to the first administration of CPT-11: 10 mg/ml SAL, and on days 1-3: additional 200 mg CPT-11/m2; (5) On days 1-3: 200 mg CPT-11/m2 (0.5 ml) + 10 mg/0.5 ml SAL; (6) On days -3 to -1 relative to the first administration of CPT-11: 3 mg/ml SAL, and on days 1-3: 200 mg CPT-11/m2. Luminal mucosa damage of the small intestine was detected by histology 24 h after the last intraperitoneal application. Peptidase activities of the proximal jejunum were measured by using an in situ perfusion model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following intraperitoneal CPT-11 treatment, using conventional histology of paraffin sections, we observed severe mucosal damage. This was reflected by a decrease of the villi/crypt ratio, an increase of apoptotic cells, as well as an increase of mitotic figures in the crypt region. There was a concomitant increased lymphatic infiltration in mucosa of CPT-11 treated rats. This damage pattern could be clearly reduced by co-treatment with the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor, SAL, independent of the treatment schedule. In contrast to our expectations based on previous reports, the intraperitoneal application of CPT-11 alone or in combination with SAL did not cause significant differences in luminal enzyme liberation in comparison with controls in the in situ perfusion assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beta-glucuronidase inhibitor SAL is able to significantly reduce CPT-11-induced mucosal damage in the small intestine of rats. This observation might soon have a clinical impact for the treatment of patients with CPT-11.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 24, 06097 Halle/Saale, Germany. marina.fittkau@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fittkau
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Holzhausen
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schmoll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077146:Irinotecan; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013400:Sugar Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013400:Sugar Acids; D000077146:Irinotecan; D005966:Glucuronidase; D002166:Camptothecin