title: Helicobacter pylori infection in Turkish children: comparison of diagnostic tests, evaluation of eradication rate, and changes in symptoms after eradication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori infection is most frequently acquired in childhood. After this organism is eradicated, the rate of reinfection is low. Thus, it is very important to diagnose and treat the disease appropriately in childhood, and to be able to assess eradication with certainty. Eradication of H. pylori infection is reported to reduce or eliminate abdominal pain and dyspeptic symptoms in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 102 children who had already been diagnosed with symptomatic H. pylori infection based on gastric histopathological examination, urea breath test, rapid urease test, serology and culture. Each patient's symptoms and family history of gastrointestinal problems were recorded. Using histology as the gold standard for identifying H. pylori infection, we determined the diagnostic sensitivity of each of the other methods. Omeprazole or lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin were administered as eradication treatment, and each patient was re-evaluated by urea breath test 8 weeks later. Each child was re-interviewed about symptoms after treatment. These answers and the results of drug sensitivity testing were recorded. Cases of failed eradication were re-treated with a quadruple-drug regimen of tetracycline, metronidazole, bismuth subsalicylate and omeprazole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (89.2%). Fifty-four per cent of the subjects had a family history of dyspeptic symptoms. Sixty-six patients (64.7%) exhibited nodularity in the antral mucosa. The sensitivities of the diagnostic tests in histologically proven cases were as follows: urea breath test 100%, rapid urease test 89.2%, serology 71.9%, and culture 54.9%. Metronidazole had the highest frequency of resistance (36.4%) and the rate of clarithromycin resistance was 18.2%. The eradication rate after first-line therapy was 75.5%, and abdominal pain and dyspeptic symptoms were reduced or completely resolved in 75.7% of the successful-eradication cases. The proportion of failed-eradication cases that responded well to quadruple-drug therapy was 93.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic H. pylori infection in a child should always be treated. The urea breath test is an accurate and reliable way to identify H. pylori-positive patients and to determine the response to treatment. Triple-agent therapy is effective for eradicating H. pylori infection in children and usually helps reduce or eliminate dyspeptic symptoms. The level of H. pylori resistance to metronidazole is high in our region. The significant rate of resistance to clarithromycin (18.1%) may explain the treatment failure observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey. fozcay@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozçay
authors.forename: Nurten
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koçak
authors.forename: I N Saltik
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Temizel
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: Aysel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yüce
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gürakan
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000382:microbiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003470:Culture Media; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D014510:Urease