Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe.
To investigate which aspects of contemporary human Y-chromosome variation in Europe are characteristic of primary colonization, late-glacial expansions from refuge areas, Neolithic dispersals, or more recent events of gene flow, we have analyzed, in detail, haplogroup I (Hg I), the only major clade of the Y phylogeny that is widespread over Europe but virtually absent elsewhere. The analysis of 1,104 Hg I Y chromosomes, which were identified in the survey of 7,574 males from 60 population samples, revealed several subclades with distinct geographic distributions. Subclade I1a accounts for most of Hg I in Scandinavia, with a rapidly decreasing frequency toward both the East European Plain and the Atlantic fringe, but microsatellite diversity reveals that France could be the source region of the early spread of both I1a and the less common I1c. Also, I1b*, which extends from the eastern Adriatic to eastern Europe and declines noticeably toward the southern Balkans and abruptly toward the periphery of northern Italy, probably diffused after the Last Glacial Maximum from a homeland in eastern Europe or the Balkans. In contrast, I1b2 most likely arose in southern France/Iberia. Similarly to the other subclades, it underwent a postglacial expansion and marked the human colonization of Sardinia approximately 9,000 years ago.
Rootsi
Siiri
S
Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Riia, Tartu, Estonia. sroots@ebc.ee
Magri
Chiara
C
Kivisild
Toomas
T
Benuzzi
Giorgia
G
Help
Hela
H
Bermisheva
Marina
M
Kutuev
Ildus
I
Barać
Lovorka
L
Pericić
Marijana
M
Balanovsky
Oleg
O
Pshenichnov
Andrey
A
Dion
Daniel
D
Grobei
Monica
M
Zhivotovsky
Lev A
LA
Battaglia
Vincenza
V
Achilli
Alessandro
A
Al-Zahery
Nadia
N
Parik
Jüri
J
King
Roy
R
Cinnioğlu
Cengiz
C
Khusnutdinova
Elsa
E
Rudan
Pavao
P
Balanovska
Elena
E
Scheffrahn
Wolfgang
W
Simonescu
Maya
M
Brehm
Antonio
A
Goncalves
Rita
R
Rosa
Alexandra
A
Moisan
Jean-Paul
JP
Chaventre
Andre
A
Ferak
Vladimir
V
Füredi
Sandor
S
Oefner
Peter J
PJ
Shen
Peidong
P
Beckman
Lars
L
Mikerezi
Ilia
I
Terzić
Rifet
R
Primorac
Dragan
D
Cambon-Thomsen
Anne
A
Krumina
Astrida
A
Torroni
Antonio
A
Underhill
Peter A
PA
Santachiara-Benerecetti
A Silvana
AS
Villems
Richard
R
Semino
Ornella
O
D000352:Africa, Northern; D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008877:Middle East; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic