title: Differential c-myc expression profiles in normal human bronchial epithelial cells following treatment with benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene-4,5 epoxide, and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-9,10 diol epoxide.
abstract: Bronchial epithelial cells are often exposed to airborne mutagens that have the potential to induce genetic changes involved in the development of lung cancer. Although lung tumors often display alterations in the expression of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes, the role of specific chemicals and/or metabolites in causing these alterations is not well defined. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a by-product of combustion, is a prevalent airborne environmental mutagen and a constituent of cigarette smoke. The primary objective of this study was to compare the effect of B[a]P and two of its reactive metabolites, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE or bay region epoxide) and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-dihydroepoxide (BPE or K-region epoxide), on expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Changes in c-myc gene expression were compared with DNA adduct formation, growth inhibition, and cell-cycle progression as determined by (32)P-postlabelling, neutral red (NR), and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. None of the three test compounds altered the levels of 18S ribosomal RNA or beta-actin at the concentrations evaluated for c-myc expression, indicating that nonspecific changes in gene expression induced by cytotoxicity, for example, were not present at the concentrations evaluated. Cells exposed to B[a]P exhibited a dose-dependent increase in c-myc expression; conversely, a dose-dependent decrease in c-myc expression was observed following BPDE exposure. A marginal but concentration-dependent increase in c-myc mRNA levels was observed following exposure to the K-region epoxide. Our results demonstrated that, although B[a]P and its metabolites alter c-myc expression, the parent compound and its metabolites produce unequal and contrasting effects on the expression of this gene.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Wanda R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Desiderio
authors.forename: Randi M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Buddy G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Doolittle
mesh_terms: D015123:7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity*; D001580:Benzopyrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001580:Benzopyrenes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D018736:DNA Adducts; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D009153:Mutagens; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D009499:Neutral Red; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C006707:benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-epoxide; D015123:7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide