title: Lumbar discography: should we use prophylactic antibiotics? A study of 435 consecutive discograms and a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lumbar discography can be used in the diagnostic work-up of degenerative spine disease. The most serious complication is discitis, believed to be due to penetration of the disc by a needle contaminated with skin flora. The use of prophylactic antibiotics has been advocated, although there is great concern regarding their efficacy and possible adverse effects on disc cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, the incidence of postdiscography discitis without the use of prophylactic antibiotics was studied in a consecutive patient group. Additionally, a systematic literature review was performed using strict criteria: 1). Discography was performed by means of a two-needle technique, 2). complications such as discitis were specifically looked for at follow-up, and 3). the exact numbers of patients and those lost to follow-up were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical results of 200 patients with 100% follow-up for a minimum period of 3 months showed no case of discitis. In the literature review, 10 studies were selected. Nine studies without prophylactic antibiotics reported an overall incidence of 12 cases in 4891 patients (0.25%) or 12770 discs (0.094%). The only study with prophylactic antibiotics (127 patients) showed no case of discitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding the small number of patients in the only study in which antibiotics were used and the overall low incidence of postdiscography discitis, not enough evidence was found that prophylactic antibiotics can prevent discitis. It was concluded that in lumbar discography by means of a two-needle technique without prophylactic antibiotics, the risk of postdiscography discitis is minimal and there is not enough support from the literature to justify the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Wilco
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Duinkerke
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Kleuver
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015299:Discitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents