title: EPO or not-EPO? An evidence based informed consent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Informed consent is crucial in therapeutic choices; however, the forms presented to patients are often locally developed and information may not be homogeneous.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prepare an evidence-based model for informed consent, applied in the case of erythropoietin therapy (EPO) as a teaching tool for medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological tools of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) were developed within the EBM Course in the Medical School of Torino, Italy, as problem solving and patient information tools (5th year students work in small groups under the supervision of statisticians, epidemiologists and experts of internal medicine--nephrology in this case).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methodological and ethical problems were identified: in the pre-dialysis field, evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCT) is scant; how to use evidence gathered in dialysis? How to deal with implementation? How with the mass media? Do we need to discuss the drug choice with the patients? How to deal with rare and severe side effects?). The "evidence" was searched for on Medline/Embase, by using key-words and free terms. About 680 papers were retrieved and screened. Forms available on the Internet were retrieved and a general scheme was drawn: it included 5 areas: title, aim and targets (patients and family physicians); search strategies and updating; pros and cons of therapy; alternative options; open questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBM may offer valuable tools for systematically approaching patient information; the inclusion of this kind of exercise in the Medical School EBM courses may help enhance the awareness of future physicians of the correct communication with patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezza
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacitti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soragna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermond
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burdese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeantet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Segoloni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000592:standards*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology / Q000193:education; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012577:Schools, Medical
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin