title: ACTR/AIB1 functions as an E2F1 coactivator to promote breast cancer cell proliferation and antiestrogen resistance.
abstract: Overexpression or amplification of ACTR (also named AIB1, RAC3, p/CIP, TRAM-1, and SRC-3), a member of the p160 family of coactivators for nuclear hormone receptors, has been frequently detected in multiple types of human tumors, including breast cancer. However, its role in cancer cell proliferation and the underlying mechanism are unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of ACTR not only enhances estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation but also, more strikingly, completely negates the cell cycle arrest effect by tamoxifen and pure antiestrogens. Unexpectedly, we found that ACTR directly interacts, through its N-terminal domain, with E2F1 and is recruited to E2F target gene promoters. Elevation of ACTR in quiescent cells strongly stimulates the transcription of a subset of E2F-responsive genes that are associated with the G(1)/S transition. We also demonstrated, by adenovirus vector-mediated RNA interference, that ACTR is required for E2F1-mediated gene expression and the proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells. Moreover, the ability of elevated ACTR to promote estrogen-independent cell proliferation depends on the function of E2F1 and the association between ACTR and E2F1, but not ER. Thus, our results reveal an essential role of ACTR in control of breast cancer cell proliferation and implicate the ACTR-E2F1 pathway as a novel mechanism in antiestrogen resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, UCD Cancer Center/Basic Science, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Maggie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: June X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabinovich
authors.forename: Hong-Wu
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015870:Gene Expression; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004958:Estradiol; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3