title: Failure pattern and factors predictive of local failure in rhabdomyosarcoma: a report of group III patients on the third Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze patterns of failure and factors predictive of local treatment failure in children enrolled on the third Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study who had either biopsy only or subtotal resection of their primary tumor, had no distant metastases, and received radiation therapy for local control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment failure was categorized as local, regional nodal, or distant metastatic. The 5-year cumulative risk of failure was estimated for each category and factors predictive of local failure risk were determined using the Cox model and binary recursive partitioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated 5-year cumulative incidence rates by failure category were: total local (with or without concurrent regional or distant failure), 19%; total regional nodal, 2%; total distant, 11%; and death from toxicity or unknown recurrence type, 4%. Lymph node involvement at diagnosis was the single factor most predictive of increased total local failure risk (5-year cumulative incidence 32%) compared with children with negative nodes or unknown node status (16%). No significant effect on local failure risk was observed by total radiotherapy dose over the prescribed range of 41.4 Gy to 50.4 Gy. For all patients (N = 405), the estimated 5-year failure-free survival and overall survival were, respectively, 70% and 78%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local failure after radiotherapy for group III rhabdomyosarcoma patients is the predominant type of relapse. Involved lymph nodes at diagnosis predict a higher risk of local and distant treatment failure compared with patients whose lymph nodes are negative.
authors.affiliation: Children's Oncology Group, Arvadia, CA, USA. wharamo@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Moody D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meza
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breneman
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Teot
authors.forename: Eugene S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States