Signal transduction of p53-independent apoptotic pathway induced by hexavalent chromium in U937 cells.
It has been reported that the hexavalent chromium compound (Cr(VI)) can induce both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. While a considerable amount of information is available on the p53-dependent pathway, only little is known about the p53-independent pathway. To elucidate the p53-independent mechanism, the roles of the Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways in apoptosis induced by Cr(VI) were investigated. When human lymphoma U937 cells, p53 mutated cells, were treated with 20 microM Cr(VI) for 24 h, nuclear morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were observed. Production of hydroxyl radicals revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin trapping, and increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration monitored by digital imaging were also observed in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA-AM, and calpain inhibitors suppressed the Cr(VI)-induced DNA fragmentation. The number of cells showing low mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), high level of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)), and high activity of caspase-3, which are indicators of mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathway, increased significantly in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), decreased DNA fragmentation and inhibited the changes in MMP, O(2)(-) formation, and activation of caspase-3 induced by Cr(VI). No increase of the expressions of Fas and phosphorylated JNK was observed after Cr(VI) treatment. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the fraction of G2/M phase tended to increase after 24 h of treatment, suggesting that Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis is related to the G2 block. These results indicate that Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways play significant roles in the Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis via the G2 block, which are independent of JNK and Fas activation. The inhibition of apoptosis and all its signal transductions by NAC suggests that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for both pathways in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of U937 cell.
Hayashi
Yoko
Y
Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
Kondo
Takashi
T
Zhao
Qing-Li
QL
Ogawa
Ryohei
R
Cui
Zheng-Guo
ZG
Feril
Loreto B
LB
Teranishi
Hidetoyo
H
Kasuya
Minoru
M
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002857:Chromium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D020298:U937 Cells; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000502:physiology
D002614:Chelating Agents; D005609:Free Radicals; D019014:fas Receptor; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D002154:Calpain; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid