title: Gender difference in daily time and space use among Bangladeshi villagers under arsenic hazard: application of the compact spot-check method.
abstract: The compact spot-check method was applied to elucidate the daily time and space use patterns of 121 adults from a Bangladeshi village in which the authors had previously found more skin manifestations due to arsenic poisoning in males than females. The analysis of 2178 spot-check data, which were obtained over a net period of 2 days, highlighted that farming and cash-earning activities were almost exclusively conducted by males. This is probably due to the Muslim Bangladeshi norm for females to be 'sedentary' in or around their own dwellings. Discussion focuses on the advantages of the compact spot-check method and the possibility that males' larger energy expenditure and longer exposure to sunlight are responsible for their severer skin manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inaoka
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadono
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000886:Anthropometry; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic