title: Anxiety after miscarriage: a review of the empirical literature and implications for clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most practitioners now view a miscarriage as a significant psychosocial stressor that results in a high level of dysphoria and grief. Anxiety, although also commonly present, is less frequently considered and less frequently addressed. A review of the empirical literature was conducted to determine if anxiety after a miscarriage is elevated, and if risk is increased for particular types of anxiety syndromes. An attempt was also made to identify the types of interventions that have been found to be helpful in alleviating anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of the Medline and Psych Info databases were conducted using the keywords "miscarriage," "perinatal loss," "pregnancy loss," "anxiety," "trauma," and "stress." The searches were not intentionally circumscribed by date. Further searches were then carried out using references. Studies were subsequently included only if most women in a study sample experienced the pregnancy loss before 20 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature was relatively limited. With respect to level of anxiety after a miscarriage, 4 studies were located that employed a matched comparison group design, and 3 that employed a follow-up design. Three studies that used a matched comparison design were located with respect to an increased risk for particular anxiety syndromes. A significant percentage of women experience elevated levels of anxiety after a miscarriage up until about 6 months post-miscarriage, and they are at increased risk for obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners, as part of routine care after a miscarriage, should screen for signs of anxiety as well as depression. When signs of anxiety are present, opportunities for catharsis, understanding, and legitimation are likely to be helpful, as is reassurance that the stress is likely to appreciably lessen over the next 6 months.
authors.affiliation: Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brier
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health