title: A behavior analysis of absolute pitch: sex, experience, and species.
abstract: Absolute pitch (AP) perception refers to the ability to identify, classify, and memorize pitches without use of an external reference pitch. In tests of AP, several species were trained to sort contiguous tones into three or eight frequency ranges, based on correlations between responding to tones in each frequency range and reinforcement. Two songbird species, zebra finches and white-throated sparrows, and a parrot species, budgerigars had highly accurate AP, they discriminated both three and eight ranges with precision. Relative to normally reared songbirds, isolate reared songbirds had impaired AP. Two mammalian species, humans and rats, had equivalent and weak AP, they discriminated three frequency ranges to a lackluster standard and they acquired only a crude discrimination of the lowest and highest of eight frequency ranges. In comparisons with mammals even isolate songbirds had more accurate AP than humans and rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. ron@psyc.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Weisman
authors.forename: Milan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Njegovan
authors.forename: Mitchel T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jerome S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sturdy
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D046369:Finches; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D046408:Melopsittacus; D012737:Sex Factors; D046370:Sparrows; D013045:Species Specificity; D014828:Vocalization, Animal