title: Cytochalasin B triggers a novel pertussis toxin sensitive pathway in TNF-alpha primed neutrophils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytochalasin B does not directly activate the oxygen-radical-producing NADPH oxidase activity of neutrophils but transfers desensitized G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) into an active signaling state by uncoupling GCPR from the cytoskeleton. The receptor uncoupling results in respiratory burst activity when signals generated by reactivated formyl peptide receptors trigger the NADPH-oxidase to produce superoxide anions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) primes neutrophils for subsequent activation by cytochalasin B. Pretreatment with TNF-alpha induced mobilization of receptor-storing neutrophil organelles, suggesting that receptor up-regulation significantly contributes to the response, but the receptor mobilization was not sufficient for induction of the cytochalasin B sensitive state. The TNF-alpha primed state resembled that of the desensitized non-signaling state of agonist-occupied neutrophil formyl peptide receptors. The fact that the TNF-alpha primed, cytochalasin B-triggered activation process was pertussis toxin sensitive suggests that the activation process involves a GPCR. Based on desensitization experiments the unidentified receptor was found to be distinct from the C5a receptor as well as the formyl peptide receptor family members FPR and FPRL1. Based on the fact the occupied and desensitized receptors for interleukin-8 and platelet activating factor could not be reactivated by cytochalasin B, also these could be excluded as receptor candidates involved in the TNF-alpha primed state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNF-alpha-induced priming signals could possibly trigger a release of an endogenous GPCR-agonist, amplifying the response to the receptor-uncoupling effect of cytochalasin B. However, no such substance could be found, suggesting that TNF-alpha can transfer G-protein coupled receptors to a signaling state independently of agonist binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Sweden. jbylund@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bylund
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pellmé
authors.forename: Huamei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Ulf-Henrik
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Mellqvist
authors.forename: Kristoffer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hellstrand
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
mesh_terms: D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000276:immunology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000502:physiology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine; D003571:Cytochalasin B; D007093:Imidazoles; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011725:Pyridines; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2; C050025:cyclosporin H; C093642:SB 203580