title: Lepirudin: a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor for anticoagulation therapy.
abstract: Lepirudin (Refludan), Berlex Laboratories, USA and Canada; Pharmion, all other countries), a recombinant derivative of the naturally occurring leech anticoagulant hirudin, was the first direct thrombin inhibitor to be approved by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Since its introduction into Europe and the USA, it has been studied in over 7000 patients requiring anticoagulation in conditions including acute coronary syndromes, percutaneous coronary intervention, cardiopulmonary bypass and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Three European clinical trials, designated Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia (HAT)-1, -2 and -3, demonstrated the efficacy and safety of lepirudin in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in patients with antibody-confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A postmarketing, observational study, termed the Drug-Monitoring Program, evaluated lepirudin in over 1000 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the setting of routine clinical practice. In the Drug-Monitoring Program, adverse events were substantially reduced compared with clinical trials, while clinical efficacy was maintained; suggesting that insight gained through clinical experience was translated into improved safety. Here, pharmacotherapy using lepirudin is reviewed, with particular reference to clinical studies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and some recommendations based on this extensive clinical experience with lepirudin are provided. Although only approved for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, the use of lepirudin in acute coronary syndromes, percutaneous coronary intervention, vascular surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting is also discussed. The review concludes with a discussion of pharmacokinetic and clinical data supporting the potential for subcutaneous administration of lepirudin.
authors.affiliation: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionmedizin, Klinikum/Sauerbruchstrasse, 17489 Greifswald, Germany. greinach@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greinacher
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000628:therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; D013917:Thrombin; C083544:lepirudin