title: The origin of Guideline Daily Amounts and the Food Standards Agency's guidance on what counts as 'a lot' and 'a little'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides the rationale for the Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) for fat, saturated fat and other nutrients that appear on food labels in the UK. These GDAs are provided voluntarily by manufacturers and retailers and were developed to help people make better use of nutrition labelling--the format of which is prescribed by the European Union's nutrition labelling directive. The paper also describes the basis to some Rules of Thumb for what counts as 'a lot' or 'a little' of fat, saturated fat and other nutrients, in an individual food.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper gives the background to, and purpose of, the GDAs and Rules of Thumb and explains how they were calculated. It briefly describes their subsequent usage by food producers and others.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both GDAs and the Rules of Thumb first appeared in a leaflet developed by the authors and published in 1996 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. GDAs for fat, saturated fat and energy were adopted subsequently by the Institute of Grocery Distribution and then by many retailers and some manufacturers. The Rules of Thumb for fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium have recently been republished in some leaflets published by the Food Standards Agency in the UK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDAs and Rules of Thumb may provide useful ways of helping consumers make sense of nutrition labelling. The current GDAs and the Rules of Thumb could usefully be updated in the light of recent developments.
authors.affiliation: British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 7LF, UK. Mike.Rayner@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scarborough
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D004041:Dietary Fats; D002149:Energy Intake; D005062:European Union; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D006077:Government Agencies; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009753:Nutritive Value; D013395:Sucrose; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D013395:Sucrose