title: Optimizing open live-donor nephrectomy - long-term donor outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The technique of laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy has been increasingly propagated in recent years. The central advantage is supposed to be a reduction of perioperative discomfort. However, there have not been many reports describing the subjective feeling associated with an open donor nephrectomy, particularly with respect to the pain level in the perioperative and long-term course. This retrospective study examines the perioperative pain and morbidity and long-term outcome of living kidney donors from 35 yr of experience at the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin of the Free University of Berlin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 102 living kidney donors were asked to fill out a questionnaire. Five epidemiological questions were posed and the rest dealt mainly with lasting subjective and objective surgical impairments. There were also questions relating to the perioperative pain level (VAS/NAS-Score). In addition, basic information was obtained regarding the donor's current health status (physical examination, serum creatinine; sometimes also ultrasound, protein IU, blood pressure), and/or examinations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at the time of donation was 45.5 and 55% were women. Donor nephrectomies were left-sided in 78 cases and right-sided in 24. There was a total complication rate of 53%, but serious complications only occurred in two cases (1.9%). A total of 53 donors could be reached. Although 41.5% felt they had a lasting impairment, somatic sequelae like respiratory, abdominal or scar problems were rare, affecting a maximum of only four patients in each case. Fifteen patients reported neurological problems such as sensory disturbances. The mean serum creatinine was 89.9 micromol/L in female and 114.2 micromol/L in male donors. Microalbuminuria was found in 22.6% of the donors, hypertension in 35.8%. Persistent pain was reported by 20.7%, its occurrence being permanent in two of the donors and very frequent in one. All the others rarely have pain. The median perioperative VAS/NAS score was 8 on the first day after surgery, 5 after 1 wk and 1 after 1 month. The analgesia was rated as good or very good by 71%. Everyday life was managed as well as before surgery after 2-4 wk by the highest percentage (42%) of patients, but working capacity was only regained after 1-3 months by a comparable percentage (44%). Forty-six percent had a very good and 33% a good feeling after the kidney donation. The relationship to the recipient had intensified in most cases. Ninety-one percent would again decide in favor of a donation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donor nephrectomy in an open technique is a safe and reliable procedure with low morbidity. After a median post-operative period of 7 yr, however, 42% of the donors still report general impairment due to the intervention, although concrete somatic problems were only detected in a few cases. Nearly all these patients underwent surgery in a full flank position. Wound-healing impairments were also significantly more frequent with this surgical technique. This positioning should thus be avoided. The post-operative pain level was relatively high, but a marked improvement was achieved in the course of the observation period by optimizing analgesic management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Univeritätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. martin.schostak@charite.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schostak
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wloch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Offermann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome