title: Treatment of Wilson's disease.
abstract: On the basis of literature review and own experience we presented the method of treatment of Wilson's disease. Causative treatment has been impossible so far, although gene therapy could be real in the future. Nowadays the principle of treatment is the elimination of the excess of easily mobilized copper by chelating agents or blocking the intestinal absorption of copper. Chelation therapy, aimed at mobilizing copper from the affected organs and promoting its excretion in the urine or stool is the most important. The major chelating agent is d-penicillamine, which is quite effective but not without some side effects. Alternative chelating agents such as trientine and tetrathiomolybdate have also been successfully employed. Zinc salts are also of therapeutic value. They promote copper excretion by inducing the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine, thereby blocking copper absorption from the gut. Zinc salts have almost no side effects. They cannot be used as an initial treatment, but are very effective for maintenance therapy. The chelation therapy is ineffective in patients with acute liver failure with encephalopathy and hemolysis. In these cases, liver transplantation is the only hope for survival. Liver transplantations in patients with dominating psychoneurological symptoms are open to discussion.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology and Hemostasis Disorders, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jabłońska-Kaszewska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dabrowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drobińska Jurowiecka
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falkiewicz
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003300:Copper