title: Inhibition of VEGFR2 prevents DMBA-induced mammary tumor formation.
abstract: Preinvasive mammary pathologies in humans and rat chemical carcinogenesis model systems have an increased microvascular density relative to normal tissue. This suggests the possibility of preventing invasive breast cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic growth factor, commonly involved in tumor-induced angiogenesis. Here, we show that both VEGF and VEGFR2 expression increase with histological progression to invasive disease in the rat 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model. Other VEGF receptors, VEGFR1, neuropilin 1 and neuropilin 2, are constitutively expressed throughout progression. To examine whether VEGF signaling is functionally relevant to tumor-induced endothelial tubule formation in vitro and for tumor formation in vivo, we utilized the VEGFR2 inhibitor, ZD6474. In vitro endothelial cell tubulogenesis induced by isolated mammary organoids or carcinoma in situ from DMBA-treated rats is inhibited by ZD6474, in a dose-dependent fashion. The administration of ZD6474 to DMBA-treated rats inhibits the formation of atypical ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ by greater than 95% (P < 0.05), when administered 1 week or 6 weeks post-DMBA initiation. Invasive disease was absent in all ZD6474 cohorts. These data support the hypothesis that progression of DMBA-induced preinvasive mammary pathologies to palpable disease requires angiogenesis via a VEGF-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. sue.heffelfinger@uc.edu
authors.forename: Sue C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Heffelfinger
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gear
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LaDow
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warshawsky
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000098:blood supply / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010880:Piperidines; D011799:Quinazolines; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; C452423:vandetanib