title: Corneal and retinal temperatures under various ambient conditions: a model and experimental approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the distribution of temperatures between the cornea and retina under various external conditions, such as illumination and external temperature, using a simplified heat exchange model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human eye is modeled as a water sphere surrounded by different heat sources: choroidal and ciliary body blood flow, tears evaporation, metabolic activity, diffuse retinal illumination and external convection. Corneal and retinal temperatures are derived from this model using finite element theory applied to heat transport. Each of five subjects (28 +/- 10 years old) were placed in three different environments: - 20 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 40 degrees C. After 15 mn, their corneal temperatures were measured with an infrared camera. Corneal temperatures are compared with the values obtained from the model, assuming the same blood flow for all environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Ciliary body and choroid contribute at least 20 times more than retina to the retinal temperature; 2) temperature increase of the retina due to illumination is negligible; 3) a 10 % reduction of choroidal blood flow induces a corneal temperature decrease of 0.2 degrees C at - 20 degrees C and < 0.1 degrees C at 20 degrees C and 40 degrees C. At normal choroidal blood flow, changes in ambient temperature have a negligible effect on retinal temperature. Measured corneal temperatures agreed with the values from the model: 26.4 +/- 0.9 versus 26.8 degrees C, at - 20 degrees C and 36.2 +/- 0.5 versus 36.7 at 40 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our simplified eye model predicts in a satisfactory way measured corneal temperatures under very different conditions. Calculations show that changing external temperatures from - 20 to + 40 degrees C affects the retinal temperature by less than 1.8 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Haute Ecole Valaisanne, Sion, Switzerland. martial.geiser@hevs.ch
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Geiser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonvin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quibel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000098:blood supply; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*