title: Formulation and evaluation of limonene-based membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nimodipine.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to design a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of nimodipine using 2% w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel as a reservoir system containing 4% w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The permeability flux of nimodipine through ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was found to increase with an increase in vinyl acetate content in the copolymer (9 to 28%). The effect of pressure-sensitive adhesives such as TACKITE A 4MED on the permeability of nimodipine through EVA membrane 2825 (28% w/w vinyl acetate) or membrane/rat skin composite also was studied. The permeability flux of nimodipine from the chosen EVA 2825 (with 28% vinyl acetate content) was 159.72 +/- 1.96 microg/cm2/hr, and this flux further decreased to 141.85 +/- 1.54 microg/cm2/hr on application of pressure-sensitive adhesive (TACKWHITE A 4MED). However, the transdermal permeability flux of nimodipine across EVA 2825 membrane coated with TACKWHITE A 4MED/rat skin composite was found to be 126.59 +/- 2.72 microg/cm2/hr, which is 1.3-fold greater than the required flux. Thus, a new transdermal therapeutic system for nimodipine was formulated using EVA 2825 membrane coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive TACKWHITE 4A MED and 2% w/w HPMC gel as reservoir containing 4% w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nimodipine, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 20 hr with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. krishnaysr112@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Y S R
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004058:Diffusion / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D000077222:Limonene; D008297:Male; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D005782:Gels; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013729:Terpenes; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C016438:ethylenevinylacetate copolymer; D009553:Nimodipine; D008747:Methylcellulose; D000077222:Limonene; C011566:vinyl acetate