title: Active trunk extensor contributions to dynamic posteroanterior lumbar spinal stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessments of posteroanterior (PA) spinal stiffness using mobilization apparatuses have demonstrated an increase in PA spine stiffness during voluntary contraction of the lumbar extensor muscles; yet, little work has been done to this degree in symptomatic subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To use a previously validated dynamic mechanical impedance procedure to quantify changes in PA dynamic spinal stiffness at rest and during lumbar isotonic extension tasks in patients with low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with LBP underwent a dynamic spinal stiffness assessment in the prone-resting position and again during lumbar extensor efforts. Stiffness assessments were obtained using a handheld impulsive mechanical device equipped with an impedance head (load cell and accelerometer). PA manipulative thrusts (approximately 150 N, <5 milliseconds) were delivered to skin overlying the L3 left and right transverse processes (TPs) and to the L3 spinous process (SP) in a predefined order (left TP, SP, right TP) while patients were at rest and again during prone-lying lumbar isotonic extension tasks. Dynamic spinal stiffness characteristics were determined from force and acceleration measurements using the apparent mass (peak force/peak acceleration, kg). Apparent mass measurements for the resting and active lumbar isotonic task trials of each patient were compared using a 2-tailed, paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the PA dynamic spinal stiffness was noted for thrusts over the SP (apparent mass [17.0%], P=.0004) during isotonic trunk extension tasks compared with prone resting, but no statistically significant changes in apparent mass were noted for the same measures over the TPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add support to the significance of the trunk musculature and spinal posture in providing increased spinal stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Atizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. DrC100@aol.com
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Colloca
authors.forename: Tony S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D026882:Manipulation, Chiropractic / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016684:Prone Position; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome