title: Younger age at onset and sex predict celiac disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an Italian multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease in Italian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to assess whether age at onset of type 1 diabetes is independently associated with diagnosis of celiac disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group was a clinic-based cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes cared for in 25 Italian centers for childhood diabetes. Yearly screening for celiac disease was performed using IgA/IgG anti-gliadin and IgA anti-endomysium antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4,322 children and adolescents (age 11.8 +/- 4.2 years) identified with type 1 diabetes, biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was diagnosed in 292 (prevalence 6.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0-7.6), with a higher risk seen in girls than in boys (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 1.51-2.47). In 89% of these, diabetes was diagnosed before celiac disease. In logistic regression analyses, being younger at onset of diabetes, being female, and having a diagnosis of a thyroid disorder were independently associated with the risk of having diabetes and celiac disease. In comparison with subjects who were older than 9 years at onset of diabetes, subjects who were younger than 4 years at onset had an OR of 3.27 (2.20-4.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have provided evidence that 1) the prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes is high (6.8%); 2) the risk of having both diseases is threefold higher in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at age <4 years than in those age >9 years; and 3) girls have a higher risk of having both diseases than boys.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Università di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, I-10126 Turin, Italy. franco.cerutti@unito.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorini
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meschi
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012727:Sex Characteristics