title: Acute subdural hematoma associated with diffuse brain injury and hypoxemia in the rat: effect of surgical evacuation of the hematoma.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rapid or delayed surgical evacuation on the physiological consequence and brain edema formation in a rat model of acute subdural hematoma (SDH) coupled with either diffuse brain injury (DBI) or hypoxemia. The SDH was made by an autologous blood injection, while DBI was induced using the impact acceleration model (mild, 450 g/1 m; severe, 450 g/2 m). Physiological parameters measured included intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain tissue water content. At 1 h (rapid evacuation) or 4 h (delayed evacuation) after the SDH induction, surgical evacuation following a craniotomy was performed using saline irrigation and forceps. The study consisted of three different series, including 400 microL of SDH alone (Series 1), SDH400 + mild DBI (Series 2), and SDH300 + severe DBI + 20 min hypoxemia (Series 3). The hypoxemia was added in Group 3 to produce a steadily increasing ICP. In Series 1 and 2, all rats were randomized into the three following groups: non-, rapid, and delayed evacuation; Series 3 had two groups: non- and rapid evacuation. In Series 1, the surgical evacuation showed no beneficial effects on the brain edema formation assessed at 5 h post-injury. In Series 2, the rapid, but not delayed, evacuation significantly reduced both the increased ICP level and brain water content. The additional insult of hypoxemia (Series 3) resulted in a progressive ICP elevation, persistently depressed CBF, and severe brain swelling. Under this situation, the rapid evacuation exacerbated brain edema. These results have clinical implications for the management of severe traumatic SDH, especially its operative indication and timing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0508, USA.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawauchi
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmarou
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signoretti
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020199:Hematoma, Subdural, Acute / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors