title: Trends in occupational lead exposure since the 1978 OSHA lead standard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate trends in occupational lead exposures throughout U.S. industry after the establishment of the general industry lead standard in 1978 and the construction industry standard in 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lead exposure measurements collected by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under their compliance and consultation programs were analyzed. Time trends in the distributions of exposure levels were evaluated graphically. Trends in the proportion of exposures above the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) were analyzed using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of lead exposure levels declined over the study time period for general industry, but not for construction. The median exposure levels for general industry facilities decreased five- to tenfold. Logistic regression models reveal statistically significant declines in the odds of a lead exposure exceeding the PEL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence for relatively large decreases in lead exposure levels in general industry facilities over time. The study does not provide similar evidence for the construction industry. Given the limited number of years of data available since the implementation of the revised construction standard for lead, re-analysis of lead exposure levels within this industry would be worthwhile when more data become available.
authors.affiliation: Education and Information Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA. AH01@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okun
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bailer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bena
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stayner
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
chemical_list: D007854:Lead