title: Msx2 and necdin combined activities are required for smooth muscle differentiation in mesoangioblast stem cells.
abstract: Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying specification and differentiation of smooth muscle (SM), and this is, at least in part, because of the few cellular systems available to study the acquisition of a SM phenotype in vitro. Mesoangioblasts are vessel-derived stem cells that can be induced to differentiate into different cell types of the mesoderm, including SM. We performed a DNA microarray analysis of a mesoangioblast clone that spontaneously expresses an immature SM phenotype and compared it with a sister clone mainly composed of undifferentiated progenitor cells. This study allowed us to define a gene expression profile for "stem" cells versus smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the absence of differentiation inducers such as transforming growth factor beta. Two transcription factors, msx2 and necdin, are expressed at least 100 times more in SMCs than in stem cells, are coexpressed in all SMCs and tissues, are induced by transforming growth factor beta, and, when coexpressed, induce a number of SM markers in mesoangioblast, fibroblast, and endothelial cell lines. Conversely, their downregulation through RNA interference results in a decreased expression of SM markers. These data support the hypothesis that Msx2 and necdin act as master genes regulating SM differentiation in at least a subset of SMCs.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Research Institute, DIBIT-H, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunelli
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tagliafico
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tonlorenzi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baesso
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niinobe
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bozzoni
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cossu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C084119:MSX2 protein; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C069766:necdin