title: Estrogen receptors in atherosclerotic human aorta: inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by estrogens.
abstract: Estrogen has been postulated to exert direct anti-atherogenic effects via binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, we believe it is important to examine the status of ER expression in the human cardiovascular system and its disorders. In this study, we first evaluated the relative abundance of messenger RNA (mRNA) of both ER subtypes (ERalpha and ERbeta) in the human aorta using reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We then examined the immunolocalization of both ERs in VSMCs of human atherosclerotic lesions. In order to examine which ER subtype was associated with the anti-atherogenic effects of estrogen, we examined the effects of estrogen in two VSMC cell lines, one positive only for ERalpha and the other positive only for ERbeta. The relative abundance of mRNAs for both ERs was higher in female aorta with a mild degree of atherosclerosis than in female aorta with a severe degree of atherosclerosis (P < 0.05). In addition, the number of ERalpha and/or ERbeta double positive cells in the neointima was higher in female aorta with a mild degree of atherosclerosis than in female aorta with severe atherosclerosis (P < 0.05). Our in vitro study found that estradiol was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of ERalpha positive VSMCs but not ERbeta positive VSMCs (P < 0.05). Moreover, estradiol was found to significantly suppress proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA levels in ERalpha positive VSMCs compared to that of ERbeta positive VSMCs, consistent with the findings of cell proliferation. Results from this study suggest that estrogens can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs through ERalpha, especially in pre-menopausal women. Our study also indicates that decreased levels of ER, especially ERalpha, in the female atherosclerotic neointima may be associated with progression of atherosclerotic changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. nakamura@patholo2.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tazawa
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Senzaki
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Shoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasano
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen