title: Back pain and disability after lumbar laminectomy: is there a relationship to muscle retraction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preliminary studies have suggested that prolonged retraction of the paraspinal muscle during spinal surgery may produce ischemic damage. We report the continuous measurement of intramuscular pressure (IMP) during decompressive lumbar laminectomy and its relationship to subsequent back pain and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients undergoing two-level decompressive lumbar laminectomy for lumbar canal stenosis were recruited. Back pain and disability were assessed by use of the Visual Analog Score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. During surgery, IMP was recorded continuously from the multifidus muscle by use of a pressure transducer. The intramuscular perfusion pressure (IPP) was estimated as the difference between the patient's mean arterial pressure and IMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two muscle retractors were used: the Norfolk and Norwich (n = 10) and the McCulloch (n = 10). The mean duration of deep muscle retraction was 62.7 +/- 8 minutes (range, 19-133 min). On application of deep muscle retraction, there was a rapid and sustained increase in IMP (P < 0.001), and overall, the calculated mean IPP approached 0 mm Hg or less during this period (P < 0.001). On release of deep muscle retraction, there was a rapid decrease in IMP to preoperative levels. The IPP was greater with the Norfolk and Norwich than the McCulloch retractor (P < 0.001). Compared with preoperative values, there was a decrease in ODI (P < 0.001) and VAS for back pain (P < 0.001) at discharge and 4 to 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery. In addition, there was a decrease in SF-36 scores at 6 months compared with preoperative values (P < 0.001). Total duration of muscle retraction greater than 60 minutes was associated with worse VAS scores for back pain and ODI and SF-36 scores for disability at 6 months after surgery (P < 0.05). There was no relationship between the VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores and other parameters measured, including the mean IPP, retractor type, operating surgeon, and wound length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The McCulloch retractor generates a higher IMP than the Norfolk and Norwich retractor. However, postoperative improvement in VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores in these patients was associated with a shorter duration of muscle retraction and not the degree of IMP or IPP generated. In this respect, periodic relaxation of the paraspinal muscle retractors during surgery to allow muscle perfusion may help to reduce postoperative back pain and disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: Gorav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Kanna K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gnanalingham
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dellen
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: Sean P F
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome