title: Spot-scanning proton radiation therapy for recurrent, residual or untreated intracranial meningiomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of spot scanning proton beam radiation therapy (PRT) in the treatment of intracranial meningiomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with intracranial meningioma (histopathologically proven in 13/16 cases) were treated with PRT between July 1997 and July 2002. Eight patients had skull base lesions. Thirteen patients received PRT after surgery either as adjuvant therapy for incomplete resection (eight patients) or for recurrence (five patients). Three patients received radical PRT after presumptive diagnosis based on imaging. The median prescribed dose was 56 CGE (range, 52.2-64, CGE=proton Gy X 1.1) at 1.8-2.0 CGE (median, 2.0) per fraction. Gross tumor volume and planning target volume ranged from 0.8 to 87.6 cc (median, 17.5) and 4.6-208.1 cc (median 107.7), respectively. Late ophthalmologic and non-ophthalmologic toxicity was assessed using the Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic scale (SOMA) of the Late Effects of Normal Tissue scoring system and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, v3.0) grading system, respectively. The median follow-up time was 34.1 months (range, 6.5-67.8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative 3-year local control, progression-free survival and overall survival were 91.7, 91.7 and 92.7%, respectively. No patient died from recurrent meningioma. One patient progressed locally after PRT. Radiographic follow-up (median, 34 months) revealed an objective response in three patients and stable disease in 12 patients. Cumulative 3-year toxicity free survival was 76.2%. One patient presented with radiation induced optic neuropathy (SOMA Grade 3) and retinopathy (SOMA Grade 2) 8.8 and 30.4 months after treatment, respectively. These patients with ophthalmologic toxicity received doses higher than those allowed for the optic/ocular structures. Another patient developed a symptomatic brain necrosis (CTCAE Grade 4) 7.2 months after treatment. No radiation-induced hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spot-scanning PRT is an effective treatment for patient with untreated, recurrent or incompletely resected intracranial meningiomas. It offers highly conformal irradiation for complex-shaped intracranial meningiomas, while delivering minimal non-target dose. Observed ophthalmologic toxicity is dose-related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Proton Therapy Program, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI CH-5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Damien C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Antony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lomax
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stadelmann
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.forename: Eros S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Pedroni
authors.forename: Jorn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verwey
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miralbell
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goitein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons