title: Regional hydrodynamic gene delivery to the rat liver with physiological volumes of DNA solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The major barrier to the clinical application of hydrodynamic gene delivery to the liver is the large volume of fluid required using standard protocols. Regional hydrodynamic gene delivery via branches of the portal vein has not previously been reported, and we have evaluated this approach in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pGL3 plasmid with the luciferase reporter gene was used at 50 micro g/ml in isotonic solutions, and was administered with a syringe pump for precise control of the hydrodynamic conditions evaluated. Gene expression was individually measured in six anatomically distinct liver lobes. The effect of systemic chloroquine to promote endocytic escape and a (Lys)(16)-containing peptide to condense the DNA into approximately 100-nm nanoparticles was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrodynamic conditions for excellent gene delivery were obtained by using 3-ml volumes ( approximately 12 ml/kg) of isotonic DNA solution delivered at 24 ml/min to the right lateral lobe ( approximately 20% of the liver mass). Under these conditions, >95% of gene delivery usually occurred in the targeted right lateral lobe. Outflow obstruction was essential for gene delivery, both at optimal and at very low levels of hydrodynamic gene delivery. The use of systemic chloroquine to promote endocytic escape did not augment hydrodynamic gene delivery, while condensation of DNA in non-ionic isotonic solutions (5% dextrose) to nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm completely abolished gene delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional hydrodynamic gene delivery via a branch of the portal vein offers a physiological model of liver gene therapy, for experimental and clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Guy's, King's & St Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's Denmark Hill Campus, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xuebin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Greta J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fabre
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011169:Portal Vein; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D002738:Chloroquine; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases