title: Management of postpneumonic empyemas in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite continued improvement in medical therapy, pediatric empyema remains a challenging problem for the surgeon. Multiple treatment options are available; however, the optimal therapeutic management has not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess different treatment options in the management of postpneumonic pediatric empyemas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of pediatric patients admitted to Dicle University School of Medicine Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department between 1990 and 2002, with the diagnosis of empyema. Data tabulated included patient demographics, presentation, treatment and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 515 children (289 boys and 226 girls) with a mean age of 4.7 ranging from 18 days to 15 years. Empyema was secondary to pneumonia in all children. The most common radiologic finding was pleural effusion in 285 patients (55.32%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently encountered organism and found in 105 patients (20.38%). Pleural fluid cultures were negative in 195 patients (37.86%). In addition to antibiotic therapy, initial treatment included serial thoracenthesis (n = 29), chest tube drainage alone (n = 214), chest tube drainage with intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (n = 72), chest tube drainage with primary operation (n = 191), and primary operation without chest tube drainage (n = 9). Overall response rate with fibrinolytic treatment (complete and partial response) was obtained in 58 patients. In addition to decortication pulmonary resections were performed in 12 patients. Overall mortality rate was 1.55%. There was no operative mortality. Postoperative morbidity included wound infection in 21, delayed expansion in 8, and atelectasis in 35 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple therapeutic options are available for the management of pediatric empyema. Depending on stages, every option has a role in the treatment of postpneumonic pediatric empyema. In the absence of bronchopleural fistula, intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment should be tried in all patients with multiloculations in stage II empyema. In the absence of pneumonia, decortication for empyema is a safe approach with low mortality and morbidity rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey. cozcelik@dicle.edu.tr
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.forename: Refik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ulkü
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onat
authors.forename: Zerrin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inci
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Satici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D013907:Thoracostomy / Q000379:methods; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome