title: Lithium facilitates apoptotic signaling induced by activation of the Fas death domain-containing receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lithium, a mood stabilizer widely used to treat bipolar disorder, also is a neuroprotectant, providing neurons protection from apoptosis induced by a broad spectrum of toxic conditions. A portion of this neuroprotection is due to lithium's inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. The present investigation examined if the neuroprotection provided by lithium included apoptosis induced by stimulation of the death domain-containing receptor Fas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instead of providing protection, treatment with 20 mM lithium significantly increased apoptotic signaling induced by activation of Fas, and this occurred in both Jurkat cells and differentiated immortalized hippocampal neurons. Other inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3, including 20 microM indirubin-3'-monoxime, 5 microM kenpaullone, and 5 microM rottlerin, also facilitated Fas-induced apoptotic signaling, indicating that the facilitation of apoptosis by lithium was due to inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that lithium is not always a neuroprotectant, and it has the opposite effect of facilitating apoptosis mediated by stimulation of death domain-containing receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA. LingSong@uab.edu
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008094:Lithium / Q000633:toxicity*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000819:agonists; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505658:Fasl protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents; D019014:fas Receptor; D008094:Lithium; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases