title: An NMR study of the freezing of emulsion-containing drops.
abstract: Various nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to monitor the freezing behaviour of suspended 2-mm-diameter drops. The drops were composed of hydrocarbon oils emulsified in either water or water/sucrose mixtures. As such they were good model systems for the study of spray freezing, sharing structural similarities with potential products such as ice cream. In particular, simple 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor and individually quantify the freezing or solidification behaviour of the various constituent species of the drops. In addition, the effect of freezing on the emulsion droplet size distribution (and hence emulsion stability) was also measured based on NMR self-diffusion measurements. The effect of freeze/thaw cycling was also similarly studied. The nucleation temperature of the emulsion droplets was found to depend on the emulsion droplet size distribution: the smaller the droplets, the lower the nucleation temperature. Emulsion droplet sizing indicated that oil-in-sucrose-solution emulsions were more stable, showing minimal coalescence, whereas oil-in-water emulsions showed significant coalescence during freezing and freeze/thaw cycling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Johns