title: [Enuresis: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and interventions].
abstract: This review summarizes the current scientific knowledge on enuresis. Enuresis is one of the most common disorders in childhood. New conclusions on classification, aetiology, clinical diagnostics and therapy could be drawn in the past years. Thus, recent results have shown that the previous classification of enuresis into nocturnal, diurnal and diurnal and nocturnal forms which is suggested by DSM-IV and ICD-10 is not sufficient. Daytime wetting consists of a heterogeneous group of syndromes, which should be considered as functional urinary incontinence. Primary nocturnal enuresis is mainly caused by biological factors. In contrast, psychosocial factors play an important role in the manifestation of the disease, especially in secondary enuresis. Diagnostical and therapeutical concepts have to consider the heterogeneity of this disorder. Evaluation studies were supported by effective intervention programs for nocturnal enuresis. But beneficial effects of treatments for functional urinary incontinence were not confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petermann
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stauber
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004775:Enuresis / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications