title: Establishment of HPC(R2A) for regrowth control in non-chlorinated distribution systems.
abstract: Drinking water distributed without disinfection and without regrowth problems for many years may show bacterial regrowth when the residence time and/or temperature in the distribution system increases or when substrate and/or bacterial concentration in the treated water increases. An example of a regrowth event in a major German city is discussed. Regrowth of HPC bacteria occurred unexpectedly at the end of a very hot summer. No pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified. Increased residence times in the distribution system and temperatures up to 25 degrees C were identified as most probable causes and the regrowth event was successfully overcome by changing flow regimes and decreasing residence times. Standard plate counts of HPC bacteria using the spread plate technique on nutrient rich agar according to German Drinking Water Regulations (GDWR) had proven to be a very good indicator of hygienically safe drinking water and to demonstrate the effectiveness of water treatment. However, the method proved insensitive for early regrowth detection. Regrowth experiments in the lab and sampling of the distribution system during two summers showed that spread plate counts on nutrient-poor R2A agar after 7-day incubation yielded 100 to 200 times higher counts. Counts on R2A after 3-day incubation were three times less than after 7 days. As the precision of plate count methods is very poor for counts less than 10 cfu/plate, a method yielding higher counts is better suited to detect upcoming regrowth than a method yielding low counts. It is shown that for the identification of regrowth events HPC(R2A) gives a further margin of about 2 weeks for reaction before HPC(GDWR).
authors.affiliation: Water Technology Department, Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg, Bismarckstr. 90, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany. w.uhl@uni-duisbrug.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaule
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D002713:Chlorine