title: Measurement of cardiac output with indocyanine green transcutaneous fluorescence dilution technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac output is an essential parameter for the hemodynamic assessment of patients with cardiovascular disease. The authors tested in an animal model the feasibility of measuring cardiac output by transcutaneous fluorescence monitoring of an intravenous bolus injection of indocyanine green.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence dilution cardiac output was measured in 10 anesthetized rabbits and compared with cardiac output measured with a pulmonary thermodilution catheter and to aortic velocity measured by Doppler ultrasound. Indocyanine green fluorescence was excited with a near-infrared laser and measured with an optical probe positioned on the central ear artery. Measurements were obtained during baseline conditions as well as during short-term decreases and increases of the cardiac output.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence of circulating indocyanine green detected transcutaneously varied proportionally to that of arterial blood samples, which allowed for calibration in terms of blood concentration of indocyanine green. Average values of fluorescence dilution cardiac output and thermodilution cardiac output measured in baseline conditions were 412 (+/- 13) and 366 (+/- 11) ml/min, respectively. Fluorescence dilution cardiac output showed a close, one-to-one linear relation with thermodilution cardiac output in each animal and in the pooled data from all animals (slope = 0.95 x 0.03; R = 0.94). Fluorescence dilution cardiac output overestimated thermodilution cardiac output by an average of 46 (+/- 6) ml/min during baseline conditions. Fluorescence dilution cardiac output was tightly correlated with aortic velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed technique yielded accurate estimates of the cardiac output in experimental animals. This study should provide an initial framework for clinical testing of this new minimally invasive method for measuring cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 90089-1451, USA. jmaarek@bmrs.usc.edu
authors.forename: Jean-Michel I
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maarek
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Holschneider
authors.forename: Juji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harimoto
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Oscar U
authors.initials: OU
authors.lastname: Scremin
authors.forename: Eduardo H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D005453:Fluorescence; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green