title: Cytotoxicity and cell death pathways invoked by two new rhodium-ferrocene complexes in benign and malignant prostatic cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptotic propensity is currently viewed as an important parameter in drug-induced toxicity. But other cell death pathways exist e.g. micronucleation, intermitotic cell death, abnormal nuclear morphology and necrosis. This investigation explores the onset of apoptosis and abnormal morphology in response to 3 drugs i.e. Cisplatin, a novel Ferrocene (fctfa) and a novel Rhodium-Ferrocene [Rh(fctfa)(cod)] complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pair of prostate cell lines from normal human prostate epithelium (1542N) and malignant human prostate epithelium (1542T) were exposed to increasing concentrations of the drugs for 24 hours, double-stained with FITC-Annexin V and with Propidium Iodide and analysed by dual parameter flow cytometry to quantitate viable cells in quadrant I, early apoptotic cells in quadrant IV and late apoptotic/necrotic cells in quadrant III. Apoptosis was also scored by microscopy after Acridine Orange staining, by Western blots for caspase 3 induction and for caspase 8 induction using a colorimetric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The toxicity of Cisplatin and the Ferrocene and Rhodium-Ferrocene complexes was found to be 0.9-1.3 microM; 4.1-4.5 microM and 10.1-13.2 microM, respectively. Apoptotic propensity scored after 24 hours was found to be dose-dependent and in the range of 7-19% for Cisplatin and 1-4.1% for the Ferrocene and Rhodium-Ferrocene complexes. Cisplatin produces a distinct apoptotic response followed by a necrotic response, whereas the Ferrocene and the Rhodium-Ferrocene complexes produce a massive necrotic reaction in the region of 3-19% and very little if any apoptosis. Absence of apoptosis was corroborated by lack of caspase 3 activation, absence of typical apoptotic morphology and by lack of caspase 8 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3 drugs Cisplatin, the novel Ferrocene and the novel Rhodium-Ferrocene complexes show similar toxicities in the 1-10 micro-molar range in prostate cell lines. However the drugs differ significantly in the activation of death pathways. While Cisplatin predominantly induces apoptosis documented by morphology, Annexin V staining and caspase 8 activation, the Ferrocene and Rhodium-Ferrocene complexes induce late necrosis and abnormal nuclear morphology. Unlike Cisplatin-treated cells which enter apoptosis and necrosis sequentially, the 2 Ferrocene drugs invoke direct entry of cells into late necrosis without first entering the early apoptotic compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, SA.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serafin
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: Cej
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Rensburg
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Swarts
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bohm
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008297:Male; D000075163:Metallocenes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012238:Rhodium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C487804:(1-ferrocenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedionat-k2O,O')rhodium(I); D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D000075163:Metallocenes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C487803:ferrocenoyltrifluoroacetone; D012238:Rhodium; D002945:Cisplatin; C004998:ferrocene