title: Low prevalence of cervical infections in women with vaginal discharge in west Africa: implications for syndromic management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure prevalence and risk factors for cervical infections among a large sample of women consulting for vaginal discharge in west Africa and to evaluate its syndromic management through a two visit algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 11 health centres in Bénin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinée, and Mali 726 women who presented with a vaginal discharge without abdominal pain and who denied being a sex worker (SW) were enrolled. Cervical samples were tested for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. All participants were treated with single dose (2 g) metronidazole and clotrimazole cream for 3 days. They were randomised to be told either to come back on day 7 only if there was no improvement in the discharge (group A), or to come back on day 7 regardless of response to treatment (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the prevalence of NG and CT was only 1.9% (14/726) and 3.2% (23/726) respectively. Risk factors previously recommended by the WHO were not associated with the presence of cervical infection, with the exception of the number of sex partners in the past 3 months. When taken together, these risk factors had a positive predictive value of only 6.4% to identify cervical infections. Prevalence of cervical infection was not higher in women who came back on day 7, regardless of the strategy used. Prevalence of NG/CT was lower in Ghana and Bénin (5/280, 1.8%), where comprehensive interventions for SW have been ongoing for years, than in the three other countries (27/446, 6.1%, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NG and CT infections are uncommon in west African women who consult for vaginal discharge and who are not SW. Syndromic management of vaginal discharge should focus on the proper management of vaginitis. The control of gonococcal and chlamydial infection should be redesigned around interventions focusing on sex workers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Canada. jacques.pepin@usherbrooke.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pépin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deslandes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khonde
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kintin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diakité
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sylla
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Méda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sobéla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Asamoah-Adu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agyarko-Poku
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy