title: Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor augmented hepatitis B vaccine protocol for rapid seroprotection in voluntary kidney donors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional hepatitis B vaccine protocols do not provide rapid seroprotection against hepatitis B. This randomized controlled trial was carried out to investigate the efficacy of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) augmented double-dose vaccine protocol in voluntary kidney donors prior to donor nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 54 kidney donors, who had no history of hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccination and tested negative for anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibodies were randomly allocated to the control or test groups. GM-CSF (300 microg) was administered subcutaneously on day 0, followed by 40 microg of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine intramuscularly on the same deltoid on day 1. The control group received only 40 microg of intramuscular hepatitis B vaccine. Anti-HBs titres were measured at the end of 4 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 54 donors studied, there was a significant (P<0.003) seroconversion in the GM-CSF group (82%) compared to the control group (37%), after a single immunization with double-dose recombinant hepatitis B vaccine by 4 wk. Minor side effects such as fever in four patients and myalgia in three were noticed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-CSF augmented double-dose hepatitis B vaccine could be used in unvaccinated patients when a rapid response is desired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Chakko K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000821:virology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor