title: Psychiatric disorder in women with early stage and advanced breast cancer: a comparative analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess psychosocial morbidity in women with breast cancer and to compare the differential rates between women with early stage and advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report, 303 women with early stage breast cancer, psychiatrically assessed at baseline (as part of a study of cognitive-existential group therapy during adjuvant chemotherapy), are compared with 200 women with advanced breast cancer (similarly assessed in a trial of supportive-expressive group therapy). A structured psychiatric interview plus self-report measures were used to assess psychiatric morbidity, quality of life and cognitive attitude to cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early stage patients, whose mean age was 46 years, were on average 3 months post-surgery and had an overall prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric diagnosis of 45%. The metastatic patients, whose mean age was 51 years, were on average 63 months post-primary diagnosis and had an overall prevalence of DSM-IV diagnosis of 42%; the difference between the two rates was not statistically significant. Of women with early stage breast cancer, 36.7% had mood disorders, 9.6% suffering from major depression and 27.1% from minor depression. In the metastatic sample 31% had mood disorders, 6.5% having major depression and 24.5% with minor depression. Anxiety disorders were present in 8.6% of the early stage group and 6% of women with advanced disease. Fatigue, a past history of depression, and cognitive attitudes of helplessness, hopelessness or resignation were significantly associated with depression in both groups. The women from the metastatic sample were significantly less distressed by hair loss but more dissatisfied with body image, and had higher rates of lymphoedema and hot flushes than the early stage women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of psychosocial distress are high, and similar, across patients with both early and advanced stage breast cancer, although the illness related causes of distress are different. These data present a challenge to clinical services to provide a comprehensive range of support services to ameliorate this distress.
authors.affiliation: Department ofpsychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. kissaned@mskcc.org
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kissane
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grabsch
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Graeme C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires