title: Botox: beyond wrinkles.
abstract: First used and approved over a decade ago for the treatment of strabismus (or misaligned eyes), botulinum toxin (BTX) has demonstrated efficacy in blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spastic lower eyelid entropion, and a number of other disorders seen in the traditional medical environment that are characterized by abnormal muscle contraction. Moreover, other conditions-notably some pain and gastrointestinal disorders-have responded to BTX injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia School of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. drjean@carruthers.net
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A