title: Use of exogenous erythropoietin in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review the literature regarding the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to prevent red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1966 through June 2003 was conducted using the terms erythropoietin, anemia, hemoglobin, critical care, intensive care, surgery, trauma, burn, and transfusion. References of selected articles were reviewed. A manual search of critical care, surgery, trauma, burn, hematology, and pharmacy journals was conducted to identify relevant abstracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six randomized studies have evaluated exogenous administration of erythropoietin to prevent RBC transfusions in critically ill patients. Studies vary with respect to rHuEPO dosage regimens, dose of concurrently administered iron, patient characteristics, and transfusion thresholds. Administration of rHuEPO rapidly produces erythropoiesis to reduce the need for RBC transfusions. The largest study conducted to date used weekly rHuEPO administration and found a modest decrease in transfusion requirements although the time to first transfusion was delayed. Reduced intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) was shown in only one study of surgical/trauma patients. Reduced LOS after ICU discharge was found in another study of severely ill patients (APACHE II score >22). Other clinical outcomes were not altered by rHuEPO use. No adverse events were associated with rHuEPO use although studies were not designed to evaluate safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rHuEPO reduces the need for transfusions. A cost-effectiveness analysis of rHuEPO for this indication is needed. Defining an optimal dosage regimen, identifying patients most likely to respond to rHuEPO, and determining risk factors for ICU associated anaemia would provide information for appropriate rHuEPO utilization.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Services Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA. rob.maclaren@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacLaren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gasper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Vandivier
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin