title: Uncommon findings in idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (IHCP) is a rare, poorly understood, inflammatory disease, usually involving the dura mater of skull base, tentorium, and falx, and presenting with headache, progressive cranial nerve palsies, and cerebellar dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four patients, the diagnosis of IHCP has been made on the basis of extensive clinical, and radiological investigation, and confirmed by dural biopsy in three patients. The clinical follow-up ranges from 24 to 120 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At diagnosis, all the patients complained of severe, progressively increasing headache, two had simple or complex partial seizures, but none had cranial nerve palsies. Two patients had electrophysiological evidence of axonal peripheral neuropathy, biopsy-proved in one of them. In all the patients, MRI showed linear or focal thickening of the dura mater of the tentorium and/or of the convexity, sparing the skull base. In one patient, MRI findings resembled chronic subdural hematoma. Dural biopsy demonstrated fibrosis and prominent CD4+ T-cells inflammatory infiltrate. Pachymeningitis was highly responsive to steroid therapy, as was the peripheral neuropathy. In three patients, temporary steroids withdrawal led to dramatic clinical worsening including status epilepticus in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the patients here reported, absence of cranial nerve impairment, seizures, MRI findings resembling chronic subdural hematoma, and association with polineuropathy were unusual findings of IHCP. Moreover, the type of inflammatory infiltrate, lacking in previous reported cases, suggests a probable pathogenetic role for cell-mediated immunity of unknown origin.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione Neurologia, Università di Siena Azienda Ospedaliera, Universitaria Senese Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, 53100, Siena, Italy. Rossosimo@unisi.it
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerase
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartalini
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripodi
authors.forename: Nila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vatti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passero
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulivelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000473:pathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006653:Histology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors