title: Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to assess the association between lifetime exposure to urban environment (EU) and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in an adult population of Sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 999 women and 727 men aged > or =25 years. They represent all the adults aged > or =25 years living in households randomly selected from a rural and an urban community of Cameroon with a 98% and 96% participation rate respectively. Height, weight, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were measured in all subjects. Current levels of physical activity (in metabolic equivalents [MET]) were evaluated through the Sub-Saharan African Activity Questionnaire. Chronological data on lifetime migration were collected retrospectively and expressed as the total (EUt) or percentage (EU%) of lifetime exposure to urban environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime EUt was associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001), fasting glycaemia (r = 0.23; P < 0.0001), and blood pressure (r = 0.17; P < 0.0001) but not with age. The subjects who recently settled in a city (< or =2 years) had higher BMI (+2.9 kg/m(2); P < 0.001), fasting glycaemia (+0.8 mmol/l; P < 0.001), systolic (+23 mmHg; P < 0.001) and diastolic (+9 mmHg; P = 0.001) blood pressure than rural dwellers with a history of 2 years EU. EU during the first 5 years of life was not, on its own, associated with glycaemia or BMI. However, both lifetime EUt and current residence were independently associated with obesity and diabetes. The association between lifetime EUt and hypertension was not independent of current residence and current level of physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that for the study of obesity and diabetes, in addition to current residence, both lifetime exposure to an urban environment and recent migration history should be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Cameroon Essential Non-communicable diseases Health Intervention Project, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Eugène
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobngwi
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mbanya
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Unwin
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Porcher
authors.forename: André-Pascal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
authors.forename: Léopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fezeu
authors.forename: Etienne Magloire
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Minkoulou
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tournoux
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gautier
authors.forename: Terence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Aspray
authors.forename: Kgmm
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alberti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population; D014507:Urbanization