title: Mutations of ephrin-B1 (EFNB1), a marker of tissue boundary formation, cause craniofrontonasal syndrome.
abstract: Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is an X-linked developmental disorder that shows paradoxically greater severity in heterozygous females than in hemizygous males. Females have frontonasal dysplasia and coronal craniosynostosis (fusion of the coronal sutures); in males, hypertelorism is the only typical manifestation. Here, we show that the classical female CFNS phenotype is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in EFNB1, which encodes a member of the ephrin family of transmembrane ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. In mice, the orthologous Efnb1 gene is expressed in the frontonasal neural crest and demarcates the position of the future coronal suture. Although EFNB1 is X-inactivated, we did not observe markedly skewed X-inactivation in either blood or cranial periosteum from females with CFNS, indicating that lack of ephrin-B1 does not compromise cell viability in these tissues. We propose that in heterozygous females, patchwork loss of ephrin-B1 disturbs tissue boundary formation at the developing coronal suture, whereas in males deficient in ephrin-B1, an alternative mechanism maintains the normal boundary. This is the only known mutation in the ephrin/Eph receptor signaling system in humans and provides clues to the biogenesis of craniosynostosis.
authors.affiliation: Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen R F
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babbs
authors.forename: Elena G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bochukova
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Morriss-Kay
authors.forename: Andrew O M
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wilkie
mesh_terms: D061085:Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000002:abnormalities; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D036387:Ephrin-B1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities; D010375:Pedigree; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013577:Syndrome; D013933:Thumb / Q000002:abnormalities
chemical_list: D036387:Ephrin-B1; D004247:DNA