title: Hemodynamics of the sapheno-femoral junction. Patterns of reflux and their clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The detection of reflux elicited by the compression/release test with the PW Doppler sample at the level of the sapheno-femoral arch might not be sufficient by itself to diagnose the incompetence of the whole sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ). The aim of this study was to further refine the diagnosis by positioning the PW Doppler sample at different levels of SFJ and eliciting reflux both by squeezing and with the Valsalva manoeuvre. In addition, the relationship of the findings with the vein diameter was taken into consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a high resolution duplex scanner, 1 294 great saphenous veins (GSV) found to be incompetent by the compression/release test at duplex investigation of the saphenous arch, were also tested at the same level by the Valsalva manoeuvre. Subsequently, the tests were repeated by positioning the PW Doppler sample at the femoral side of the terminal valve, at the saphenous arch tributaries, and at the pre-terminal valve level. Furthermore, the GSV diameter in the standing position was measured at 15 cm from the groin in all patients, and correlated with the hemodynamic patterns found at the junction level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing to compression/release test at the level of the saphenous arch, the Valsalva manoeuvre was negative in 259 (20%) lower limbs and positive in 1 035 (80%). Among the 1 294 GSV found to be incompetent at compression/release test at the level of the saphenous arch, only 710 (55%) lower limbs showed incompetence of the terminal valve. A total of 124 patients (10%), presenting with a competent terminal valve but with a positive Valsalva manoeuvre in the arch, showed a downward flow from a pelvic tributary of the GSV. Finally, a significant statistical correlation between the presence of a competent terminal valve and a GSV diameter <5 mm has been found (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the detection of reflux elicited by compression/release test at the level of the saphenous arch is insufficient to diagnose the incompetence of the terminal valve. Our results, together with the correlation between the saphenous trunk diameter at the thigh and the competence or the incompetence of the terminal valve, present significant clinical implications when sapheno-femoral surgical disconnection is contemplated.
authors.affiliation: Don Gnocchi Foundation, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molino Lova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ermini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*