title: Calcium measurement in living filamentous fungi expressing codon-optimized aequorin.
abstract: Calcium signalling is little understood in filamentous fungi largely because easy and routine methods for calcium measurement in living hyphae have previously been unavailable. We have developed the recombinant aequorin method for this purpose. High levels of aequorin expression were obtained in Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori by codon optimization of the aequorin gene. Three external stimuli (mechanical perturbation, hypo-osmotic shock and high external calcium) were found transiently to increase [Ca(2+)](c). Each of the calcium signatures associated with these physico-chemical treatments was unique, suggesting the involvement of three distinct calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways. The fungal calcium channel blocker KP4 inhibited the [Ca(2+)](c) responses to hypo-osmotic shock and high external calcium, but not to mechanical perturbation. The divalent cation chelator BAPTA inhibited [Ca(2+)](c) responses to mechanical perturbation and hypo-osmotic shock. The calcium agonists A23187 and cyclopiazonic acid increased [Ca(2+)](c) levels.
authors.affiliation: Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kozlova-Zwinderman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collis
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: J R S
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fincham
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Stanger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renwick
authors.forename: J G M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hessing
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Punt
authors.forename: C A M J J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van den Hondel
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D003062:Codon; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D007476:Ionophores / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009492:Neurospora crassa / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002614:Chelating Agents; D003062:Codon; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D007476:Ionophores; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000001:Calcimycin; D000331:Aequorin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid