Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of parasiticidal thiosemicarbazone cysteine protease inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi.
We have synthesized a library of thiosemicarbazones and screened them against three parasitic cysteine proteases, cruzain, falcipain-2, and rhodesain, and against the respective parasite sources of these three proteases, Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma brucei. The screens identified compounds that were effective against the enzymes and the parasites but also some compounds that were parasiticidal despite a lack of activity against the proteases. Several compounds were effective in killing all tested parasites. These promising lead compounds were tested for general toxicity in mice, and only one produced observable toxicity after 62 h. Our results suggest that thiosemicarbazones represent validated drug leads that kill several species of protozoan parasites through the inhibition of cysteine proteases as well as other novel targets.
Greenbaum
Doron C
DC
Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. greenbaum@wehi.edu.au
Mackey
Zachary
Z
Hansell
Elizabeth
E
Doyle
Patricia
P
Gut
Jiri
J
Caffrey
Conor R
CR
Lehrman
Julia
J
Rosenthal
Philip J
PJ
McKerrow
James H
JH
Chibale
Kelly
K
D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects*
D000962:Antimalarials; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents