title: Toxicity of a mancozeb containing formulation and Cd-sulphate to chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination.
abstract: Environmental pollution of metal modelled by cadmium-sulphate and a 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) were studied on chicken embryos after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The test materials were injected into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 ml/egg on day 0 of incubation. The concentration of cadmium-sulphate was 0.01%. The applied concentration of Dithane M-45 fungicide was 0.2%. Evaluation was done on day 19 of the hatching period. The individual administration of cadmium-sulphate and the 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation did not cause a significant reduction in body weight as compared to the control data. Embryonic mortality increased at all individual treated groups and reached almost a 35% rate. After the individual administration of pesticide, the number of chicken embryos with developmental anomalies did not differ markedly from the control. After the combined administration of cadmium-sulphate and the 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) on day 0 of the hatching period embryonic mortality markedly increased. 88% of the treated embryos were dead. Results from the combined administration of cadmium-sulphate and an 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) caused higher embryomortality with respect to individual toxicity test of cadmium-sulphate and fungicide in our study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Institute of Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty of Agriculture, University of Veszprém, P.O. Box 71, H-8361 Keszthely, Hungary.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keseru
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fejes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Budai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Várnagy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008344:Maneb / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D015038:Zineb / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013431:Sulfates; D013723:Teratogens; D008344:Maneb; C011453:dithane M-45; C037123:cadmium sulfate; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb