title: COX-2 inhibition demonstrates potent anti-proliferative effects on bladder cancer in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to determine the in vitro effect of Rofecoxib and specific COX 1 and COX 2 inhibitors in regards to cell growth and apoptotic and necrotic activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Rofecoxib (Vioxx) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The inducible isoform of COX-2 is overexpressed in many gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract tumors. We hypothesized that in vitro treatment with both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors would significantly reduce cellular proliferation of bladder cancer cells by apoptotic pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two human bladder cancer cell lines were grown in culture using standard techniques and treated with Rofecoxib at doses ranging from 125 microg/well serially diluted down to 8.0 microg/well. Catechin (COX 1 inhibitor) and NS398 (COX 2 inhibitor) were used at doses of 50 and 100 microM. Cell viability was measured by MTT at 24 and 72 h. Apoptosis was evaluated by the Annexin V FITC Assay. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rofecoxib, Catechin, and NS398 all exhibited significant inhibition of cell growth when compared to the nontreated controls. Significant changes in apoptotic activity were observed in all agents tested in both the T24 and the TCCSUP cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective COX-2 inhibition, using the well-tolerated and commercially available Rofecoxib (VIOXX) and specific COX 1 and 2 inhibitors, reduced the growth of human bladder cancer in vitro by apoptotic mechanisms. Further in vivo and human studies are warranted to evaluate the safety and clinical utility of this agent in patients with bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohseni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaslau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandzari
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013450:Sulfones; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D002392:Catechin; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases