title: What has happened in norway after the ban of avoparcin? Consumption of antimicrobials by poultry.
abstract: When avoparcin was prohibited for use as feed additive in poultry in Norway on 31 May 1995, an increased incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis (NE) and an increase in the use of antibacterial (AB) drug therapy in meat-type poultry was expected. The consumption of AB drugs for use against NE in poultry in the period 1990-2001 was investigated by use of sales statistics at the drug-wholesaler level. Defined daily dose (DDD) per kg live weight poultry was the unit of measurement for drug use (to correct for differences in the dosages). Sales figures of the AB drugs were converted to number of DDDpoultry sold for the numbers of broilers at risk (broilers were 97% of the slaughter poultry). Estimated annual percentages of the broilers treated against NE increased abruptly after the avoparcin ban--but in 1996, this figure declined to the same level as before the ban and has remained at that low level since then. In November 1995, narasin was approved temporarily as an ionophore feed additive (IFA) in broilers. The usage patterns of IFAs in broilers were measured as the weight of feed to which an IFA was added per broiler chicken produced. In 1996-2001, the IFAs used in broilers were predominantly narasin. We note that the temporary increase in NE after the avoparcin ban coincide with the period before narasin became available. The increase in the consumption of AB drugs for the treatment of NE in poultry following the avoparcin ban has been negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. kari.grave@veths.no
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grave
authors.forename: Magne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kaldhusdal
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Lill M Fevang
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Harr
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flatlandsmo
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004751:Enteritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006020:Glycopeptides; D007476:Ionophores / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007886:Legislation, Veterinary; D009664:Norway; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011714:Pyrans / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014422:Turkeys / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006020:Glycopeptides; D007476:Ionophores; D011714:Pyrans; C013612:narasin; C016249:avoparcin