title: Hypertension after kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the possible role of blood pressure (BP), independent of acute rejection and graft function, on outcomes after kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the prevalence, treatment, control, and clinical correlates of hypertension and its association with outcomes, using multivariate analyses with time-dependent covariates, in a retrospective cohort of 1,666 kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension was common, and its control was poor. For example, at 1 year, only 55.5% had a BP less than 140 mm Hg. Control improved only slightly in 1993-2002 compared to 1976-2002, even as patients administered 2 or more antihypertensive medications at 1 year increased from 43.5% to 54.6%. Independent correlates of higher BP included male sex, age, donor age, diabetes, body mass index, the presence of native kidneys, and delayed graft function. Previous acute rejection was associated with higher BP at virtually all times after transplantation, and these associations were independent of estimated creatinine clearance (C(Cr)). Conversely, an association between BP and subsequent acute rejection was not statistically significant when differences in C(Cr) were taken into account. After adjusting for the effects of acute rejection, C(Cr), and other variables, each 10 mm Hg of systolic BP was associated with an increased relative risk for graft failure (1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.15; P < 0.0001), death-censored graft failure (1.17; 1.12 to 1.22; P < 0.0001), and death (1.18; 1.12 to 1.23; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High BP is closely tied to graft function, but nevertheless is an independent risk factor for graft failure and mortality. Better strategies are needed to control BP after kidney transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. kasis001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Bertram L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kasiske
authors.forename: Shakeel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anjum
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skogen
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kandaswamy
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: Eileen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silkensen
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahadevan
authors.forename: Jon J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013995:Time; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors