title: Oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancy.
abstract: Pregnancies in diabetic women are associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, preeclampsia, preterm labor, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and cesarean section. Advances in antepartum cares and strict adherence to dietary and insulin regimens have been shown to significantly reduce the rate of maternal morbidity as well as perinatal morbidity and mortality. Historically, reports of potential fetal teratogenicity and hypoglycemic effects on the fetus contraindicated the use of oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancies complicated with either type II diabetes mellitus (DM) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recently, physicians increasingly prescribe newer generations of oral hypoglycemic agents to treat GDM and type II DM to pregnant patients. This review addresses the safety, current recommendations, and controversies surrounding use of the available oral hypoglycemic agents during pregnancy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader should be able to describe the mechanisms of actions of the various oral hypoglycemic agents, to list the known side effects of these agents, and to summarize the data on the use of these agents during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nam D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents