title: Major depression, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder in terminally ill cancer patients: associated and predictive factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have been conducted to elucidate the psychological distress of terminally ill cancer patients. This study attempted to determine the prevalence of adjustment disorders (AD), major depression (MD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among terminally ill cancer patients, to identify factors that contribute to them, and to determine how they change longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive terminally ill cancer patients were recruited. Patients were assessed for psychiatric disorders by structured clinical interview twice: once at the time of their registration with a palliative care unit (baseline), and again at the time of their palliative care unit admission (follow-up). Possible contributed biomedical and psychosocial factors were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportions of patients diagnosed with AD, MD, and PTSD at baseline (n = 209) were 16.3%, 6.7%, and 0% respectively, whereas at follow-up (n = 85), 10.6% were diagnosed with AD and 11.8% with MD. Lower performance status, concern about being a burden to others, and lower satisfaction with social support were significantly associated with AD/MD at baseline. There were changes in the diagnosis of AD and MD in 30.6% of the patients. Only the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at the baseline was significantly predictive of AD/MD at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The factors underlying psychological distress are multifactorial. Early intervention to treat subclinical anxiety and depression may prevent subsequent psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Psycho-Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute East, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akechi
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchitomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*