title: Using visible speech to train perception and production of speech for individuals with hearing loss.
abstract: The main goal of this study was to implement a computer-animated talking head, Baldi, as a language tutor for speech perception and production for individuals with hearing loss. Baldi can speak slowly; illustrate articulation by making the skin transparent to reveal the tongue, teeth, and palate; and show supplementary articulatory features, such as vibration of the neck to show voicing and turbulent airflow to show frication. Seven students with hearing loss between the ages of 8 and 13 were trained for 6 hours across 21 weeks on 8 categories of segments (4 voiced vs. voiceless distinctions, 3 consonant cluster distinctions, and 1 fricative vs. affricate distinction). Training included practice at the segment and the word level. Perception and production improved for each of the 7 children. Speech production also generalized to new words not included in the training lessons. Finally, speech production deteriorated somewhat after 6 weeks without training, indicating that the training method rather than some other experience was responsible for the improvement that was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. massaro@fuzzy.ucsc.edu
authors.forename: Dominic W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology