title: Hyperglycaemic index as a tool to assess glucose control: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients may benefit from strict glucose control. An objective measure of hyperglycaemia for assessing glucose control in acutely ill patients should reflect the magnitude and duration of hyperglycaemia, should be independent of the number of measurements, and should not be falsely lowered by hypoglycaemic values. The time average of glucose values above the normal range meets these requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, single-centre study was performed at a 12-bed surgical intensive care unit. From 1990 through 2001 all patients over 15 years, staying at least 4 days, were included. Admission type, sex, age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and outcome were recorded. The hyperglycaemic index (HGI) was defined as the area under the curve above the upper limit of normal (glucose level 6.0 mmol/l) divided by the total length of stay. HGI, admission glucose, mean morning glucose, mean glucose and maximal glucose were calculated for each patient. The relations between these measures and 30-day mortality were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1779 patients with a median stay in the intensive care unit of 10 days, the 30-day mortality was 17%. A total of 65,528 glucose values were analyzed. Median HGI was 0.9 mmol/l (interquartile range 0.3-2.1 mmol/l) in survivors versus 1.8 mmol/l (interquartile range 0.7-3.4 mmol/l) in nonsurvivors (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.64 for HGI, as compared with 0.61 and 0.62 for mean morning glucose and mean glucose. HGI was the only significant glucose measure in binary logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HGI exhibited a better relation with outcome than other glucose indices. HGI is a useful measure of glucose control in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Groningen University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
authors.forename: Iwan C C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.forename: Maarten W N
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nijsten
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose