title: Determination of the in vivo pharmacodynamic profile of cefepime against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli at various inocula.
abstract: Cefepime was evaluated in vivo against two inoculum sizes of four strains of Escherichia coli that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model to characterize the pharmacodynamic activity of cefepime in the presence of ESBL-producing bacteria and to evaluate if differences in lengths of cefepime exposure are required with various inocula. Three strains possessed a single enzyme each: TEM-10, TEM-12, and TEM-26. The fourth strain possessed two TEM-derived ESBLs and a third uncharacterized enzyme. Two non-ESBL-producing E. coli strains were included for comparison. Mice received various doses of cefepime to achieve a spectrum of percentages of time the drug was above the MIC (%T>MICs) for each isolate at both inocula. No significant difference in cefepime exposure was required to achieve similar bactericidal effects for ESBL- and non-ESBL-producing isolates when the starting inoculum was 10(5) CFU of E. coli per thigh. The increased MICs observed in vitro for the ESBL-producing strains at 10(7) CFU/ml did not predict the amount of exposure required to achieve a comparable level of bactericidal activity in vivo at the corresponding starting inoculum of 10(7) CFU/thigh. Compared to the cefepime exposure in tests with the lower inoculum (10(5) CFU/thigh), less exposure was required when the starting inoculum was 10(7) CFU/thigh (%T>MIC, 6% versus 26%), such that similar doses (in milligrams per kilogram of body weight) produced similar bactericidal effects with both inocula of ESBL-producing isolates. Equivalent exposures of cefepime produced similar effects against the microorganisms regardless of the presence of ESBL production. Pharmacodynamic profiling undertaken with conventional cefepime MIC determinations predicted in vivo microbial outcomes at both inoculum sizes for the ESBL-producing isolates evaluated in this study. These data support the use of conventional MIC determinations in the pharmacodynamic assessment of cefepime.
authors.affiliation: Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour St., Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maglio
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Banevicius
authors.forename: Qiuming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Nicolau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077723:Cefepime; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000382:microbiology; D013848:Thigh / Q000382:microbiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D000077723:Cefepime; D001618:beta-Lactamases