title: Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum.
abstract: The nucleotide sequences of the upstream regions of the botulinum neurotoxin type A1 (BoNT/A1) cluster of Clostridium botulinum strain NCTC 2916 and the BoNT/A2 cluster of strain Kyoto-F were determined. A novel gene, designated orfx3, was identified following the orfx2 gene in both clusters. ORF-X2 and ORF-X3 exhibit similarity to the BoNT cluster associated P-47 protein. The BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A2 clusters share a similar gene arrangement, but exhibit differences in the spacing between certain genes. Sequences with similarity to transposases were identified in these intergenic regions, suggesting that these differences arose from an ancestral insertion event. Transcriptional analysis of the BoNT/A2 cluster revealed that the genes of the cluster are primarily synthesized as three polycistronic transcripts. Two divergent polycistronic transcripts, one encoding the orfx1, orfx2, and orfx3 genes, the second encoding the p47, ntnh, and bont/a2 genes, are transcribed from conserved BoNT cluster promoters. The third polycistronic transcript, expressed at low levels, encodes the positive regulatory botR gene and the orfx genes. This is the first complete analysis of a botulinum toxin A2 cluster.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sean S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dineen
authors.forename: Marite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Karasek
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000235:genetics*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A