title: Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are areas of low signal intensity on gradient echo T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*MRI) corresponding to hemosiderin deposits in the perivascular space. Microangiopathy from atherosclerosis or amyloid angiopathy might lead to the formation of these lesions; therefore, there may be associations between CMBs and cardiovascular risk factors, APOE allele status, and brain morphology. We examined these relationships in the Framingham Study (FHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 472 subjects from the FHS Offspring and Cohort, we related CMB status to age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, smoking, diabetes, total hemispheric brain volume, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and APOE allele status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall prevalence of CMBs was 4.7%, but CMBs were more prevalent with advanced age and male sex. Blood pressure, brain volume, and WMHV were related to CMBs in crude analysis but not after adjustment for age and sex. There were no significant relationships demonstrated between CMBs and APOE allele status, cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a low prevalence of CMBs in the community and a strong relationship with increasing age and male sex. We found no independent relationships with cardiovascular risk factors, APOE status, brain volumes, or WMH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jeerakathil
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hald
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeCarli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008055:Lipids