title: Cardiovascular effects of milk enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins E and B6 in volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Results from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have indicated that consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, and folic acid have beneficial effects on health, including decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the combined effects of these nutrients through the consumption of milk enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, vitamins E and B6, and folic acid on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty subjects ages 45 to 65 y (51.3 +/- 5.3 y) were given 500 mL/d of semi-skimmed milk for 4 wk and then 500 mL/d of the enriched milk for 8 wk. Plasma and low-density lipoproteins were obtained at the beginning of the study and at 4, 8, and 12 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of enriched milk for 8 wk increased plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol (24%), total cholesterol (9%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (13%). Plasma and low-density lipoprotein oxidation and vitamin E concentration remained unchanged throughout the study. Significant decreases in plasma concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (9%) and homocysteine (17%) were found, accompanied by a 98% increase in plasma concentration of folic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dairy supplementation strategies with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, and vitamins may be useful for decreasing risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Puleva Biotech SA, Camino de Purchil, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carrero
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baró
authors.forename: Juristo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fonollá
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Santiago
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Férez
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Julio J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Boza
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Huertas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008055:Lipids; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014810:Vitamin E; D019301:Oleic Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid