title: Heterotrophic plate count and consumer's health under special consideration of water softeners.
abstract: The phenomenon of bacterial growth in water softeners is well known since years. To upgrade the hygienic safety of water softeners, the German DIN Standard 19636 was developed, to assure that the distribution system could not be contaminated by these devices and that the drinking water to be used in the household still meets the microbiological standards according to the German drinking water guidelines, i.e. among others heterotrophic plate count (HPC) below 100 CFU/ml. Moreover, the standard for the water softeners includes a test for contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa which has to be disinfected during the regeneration phase. This is possible by sanitizing the resin bed during regeneration by producing chlorine. The results of the last 10 years of tests of water softeners according to DIN 19636 showed that it is possible to produce water softeners that comply with that standard. Approximately 60% of the tested models were accepted. P. aeruginosa is used as an indicator for potentially pathogenic bacteria being able to grow also in low nutrient conditions which normally prevail in drinking water. Like other heterotrophs, the numbers of P. aeruginosa increase rapidly as stagnation occurs. Normally P. aeruginosa is not present in the distributed drinking water. However, under certain conditions, P. aeruginosa can be introduced into the drinking water distribution system, for instance, during construction work. The occurrence of P. aeruginosa is shown in different cases in treatment plants, public drinking water systems and in-house installations. The compliance with DIN 19636 provides assurance that a water softener will not be a constant source of contamination, even if it is once inoculated with a potentially pathogenic bacterium like P. aeruginosa.
authors.affiliation: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany. hambsch@tzw.de
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hambsch
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacré
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011634:Public Health; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*