title: Immunisation schedules for non-replicating nasal vaccines can be made simple by allowing time for development of immunological memory.
abstract: Mice immunised intranasally with multiple doses of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from group B meningococci developed antibody responses that depended on the interval between doses. High levels of antibodies in saliva and extracts of faeces were induced within 4 weeks after an OMV vaccine had been given at weekly intervals, whereas the antibody responses in these samples were negligible when given four times at 1-day or 1-h intervals, or as one large dose. Only modest responses were obtained in serum after 4 weeks, however, whether the vaccine had been given repeatedly at any schedule, including the 1-week interval, or as one dose. On the other hand, two large doses given 8 weeks apart induced booster antibody responses in both serum and secretions that matched the responses from a second series of the four smaller doses. Intranasal immunisations may thus stimulate immunological memory more rapidly in secretions than in serum. In order to secure adequate systemic responses by a minimum of doses, nasal vaccines should therefore be given at intervals longer than 4 weeks, in harmony with the intervals recommended for injectable vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway. hilde.bakke@fhi.no
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: Torhild N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Setek
authors.forename: Phuong N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Inger Lise
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: E Arne
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Høiby
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Ingeborg S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Aaberge
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haneberg
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit