title: Hemolysate-filled polyethyleneimine and polyurea microcapsules as potential red blood cell substitutes: effect of aqueous monomer type on properties of the prepared microcapsules.
abstract: In this paper, we describe the synthesis and characterization of rabbit hemolysate-filled polyethyleneimine (PEI)- or polyurea (PU)-type artificial red blood cells (ARBCs) with different membrane compositions. These microcapsules were prepared by making use of the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between the water-soluble amine monomers (triethylamine (TEA), ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGATA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), tetramethyl diaminomethane (TMDAM), piperazine hexahydrate (PPHH), l-lysine monohydrochloride (LLMH) or PEI) and 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) as an oil-soluble shell monomer. The resultant microcapsules were spherical and with mean diameters of 8.71-63.33 microm. Microcapsules having sulfonic acid groups on their surfaces were prepared by using a combination of the functional amines (DETA, LLMH or PEI) and 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DASSA). Oxygen-binding abilities of the ARBCs were measured by a Clark-type oxygen electrode. The obtained results revealed that the highest oxygen-binding abilities were obtained with the PU-ARBCs prepared with DETA alone or in combination with EGATA. Unfortunately, these microcapsules exhibited large diameters and wider size distribution curves (span values (S) = 1.3, 1.7, geometric standard deviation sigma(g) = 1.85, 2.18, respectively). However, the novel ARBCs (sulfonated PU-PEI graft copolymer membrane microcapsules (SPU/PEI-ARBCs)) prepared had good oxygen affinity, the smallest mean diameter (d = 8.71 microm) and the best distribution (S = 0.9, sigma(g) = 1.48) and a flow behavior identical to rabbit RBCs. Therefore, these unique microcapsules can be recommended for scale-up considerations as a promising blood substitute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. igibaly@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Gibaly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011817:Rabbits; D033081:Shear Strength; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; C045786:polyurea; D011094:Polyethyleneimine