title: Noncosmetic uses of botulinum toxin.
abstract: Since the introduction of botulinum toxin (BTX) as a therapeutic tool in the 1970s, the number of uses for this substance has increased exponentially. BTX's mechanism of action involves degrading the SNARE proteins blockading the release of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction. In many body systems, decrease of contractility, strength, and tension of certain muscle groups result in improved clinical outcomes. Applications now include cosmetic, gastroenterologic, otolaryngologic, genitourinary, neurologic, and dermatologic uses. In fact, BTX can be considered as a potential treatment in any situation involving inappropriate or exaggerated muscle contraction. Currently, the FDA has approved BTX-A (Botox) for treating glabellar lines, blepharospasm, strabismus, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia, and spasticity. With the addition of cosmetic applications to the FDA's approval list, the use of BTX has increased dramatically.
authors.affiliation: New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders, New York, NY 10019, USA.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bentsianov
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zalvan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blitzer
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A