title: Fluoxetine administration potentiates the effect of olanzapine on locus coeruleus neuronal activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As many as 30% of individuals diagnosed with depression are nonresponsive to traditional antidepressant medication. Augmentation and combination strategies have emerged in an attempt to address this issue. Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine), when added to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (e.g., fluoxetine) have shown great promise in the treatment of these treatment-resistant patients. As of yet, the precise neural mechanisms responsible for the beneficial clinical effect of these combinations are not completely understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate groups of rats received either saline or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) for 24 hours or 3 weeks via subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The effects of either intravenous saline or olanzapine (.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg) on locus coeruleus (LC) neuronal activity were then assessed via extracellular single-unit recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute administration of olanzapine produced a significant elevation of the firing rate and burst firing of LC cells, and chronic, but not acute, administration of fluoxetine decreased baseline and burst firing of LC cells; however, when given in combination, an interaction of fluoxetine and olanzapine was observed, with olanzapine causing a significantly greater increase in LC firing rate and burst firing after acute and chronic administration of fluoxetine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a potential neural mechanism for the beneficial clinical effects of the olanzapine/fluoxetine combination. The increase in baseline and burst firing of LC neurons in the groups receiving both fluoxetine and olanzapine would result in enhanced norepinephrine release in projection areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex), which could lead to a reduction in depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Seager
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Vanessa N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Phebus
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005473:Fluoxetine; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors