title: Purinergic and vanilloid receptor activation releases glutamate from separate cranial afferent terminals in nucleus tractus solitarius.
abstract: Vanilloid (VR1) and purinergic (P2X) receptors are found in cranial afferent neurons in nodose ganglia and their central terminations within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS), but little is known about their function. We mechanically dissociated dorsomedial NTS neurons to preserve attached native synapses and tested for VR1 and P2X function primarily in spindle-shaped neurons resembling intact second-order neurons. All neurons (n = 95) exhibited spontaneous glutamate (EPSCs) and GABA (IPSCs)-mediated synaptic currents. VR1 agonist capsaicin (CAP; 100 nm) reversibly increased EPSC frequency, effects blocked by capsazepine. ATP (100 microm) increased EPSC frequency, actions blocked by P2X antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS; 20 microm). In all CAP-resistant neurons, P2X agonist alphabeta-methylene-ATP (alphabeta-m-ATP) increased EPSC frequency. Neither CAP nor alphabeta-m-ATP altered EPSC amplitudes, kinetics, or holding currents. Thus, activation of VR1 and P2X receptors selectively facilitated presynaptic glutamate release on different NTS neurons. PPADS and 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP blocked alphabeta-m-ATP responses, but P2X1-selective antagonist NF023 (8,8'-[carbonylbis (imino-3,1-phenylene carbonylimino)]bis-1,3,5-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid) did not. The pharmacological profile and transient kinetics of ATP responses are consistent with P2X3 homomeric receptors. TTX and Cd(2+) did not eliminate agonist-evoked EPSC frequency increases, suggesting that voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are not required. In nodose ganglia, CAP but not alphabeta-m-ATP evoked inward currents in slow conducting neurons and the converse pattern in myelinated, rapidly conducting neurons (n = 14). Together, results are consistent with segregation of glutamatergic terminals into either P2X sensitive or VR1 sensitive that correspondingly identify myelinated and unmyelinated afferent pathways at the NTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Bai-Yan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Andresen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002469:Cell Separation; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009620:Nodose Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism*; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; C077792:pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C071423:capsazepine; C002630:alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate; D002211:Capsaicin