title: [Adam hammer (1818 - 1878) - remarks on a forgotten pioneer of ether anaesthesia in obstetrics].
abstract: Adam Hammer, born in 1818, and working as a doctor for the poor since 1847 in Mannheim, was the first person in the German speaking world to use ether for pain relief during labor on February 18th 1847. He took part in the abortive April 1848 Revolution in Mannheim - a pinnacle of German liberalism and later of political radicalism, which attented to abolish the Monarchy and introduce a democratic Republic. After the revolution was put down, Hammer emigrated to the United States and settled down in St. Louis, Missouri. Remaining politically active, he joined the Republican Party, founded in 1854 and served as a military surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Even before the war, he was engaged in efforts to improve the level of medical training in America and was involved with the foundation of High Schools which offered training courses along the lines of German universities. His ideas and innovations were not introduced immediately, but had a significant impact on medical training methology later on in the US. During a visit in Europe in 1876, he was the first to diagnose a coronary thombosis as the cause of a heart attack on a live patient. The diagnosis was later confirmed by post-morten autopsy on the patient. In 1877 he returned to Germany and died one year later. The biography of Adam Hammer mirrows that of many other German-Americans whose emigration proved to be a gain for America but a loss for Germany. This story was destinated to be repeated in terrible circumstances some decades later.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf. goerig@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goerig
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Streckfuss
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000266:history*; D004986:Ether; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D004986:Ether