title: Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood.
abstract: We report the dynamic anatomical sequence of human cortical gray matter development between the age of 4-21 years using quantitative four-dimensional maps and time-lapse sequences. Thirteen healthy children for whom anatomic brain MRI scans were obtained every 2 years, for 8-10 years, were studied. By using models of the cortical surface and sulcal landmarks and a statistical model for gray matter density, human cortical development could be visualized across the age range in a spatiotemporally detailed time-lapse sequence. The resulting time-lapse "movies" reveal that (i) higher-order association cortices mature only after lower-order somatosensory and visual cortices, the functions of which they integrate, are developed, and (ii) phylogenetically older brain areas mature earlier than newer ones. Direct comparison with normal cortical development may help understanding of some neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood-onset schizophrenia or autism.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nitin@codon.nih.gov
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gogtay
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lusk
authors.forename: Kiralee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: A Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vaituzis
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Liv S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Clasen
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Toga
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors