title: Calpain I inhibitor ameliorates the indices of disease severity in a murine model of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in the response to injury and inflammation. Calpain I inhibitor is a potent antioxidant which is an effective inhibitor of NF-kappaB. This study examined whether the postulate that calpain I inhibitor attenuates experimental acute pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a murine model we measured NF-kappaB activation, expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1, nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS), myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, amylase and lipase and determined histological evidence of lung and pancreas injury in four groups: control (saline only), cerulein, calpain I inhibitor plus cerulein and calpain I inhibitor plus saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraperitoneal injection of cerulein in mice resulted in severe, acute pancreatitis characterised by oedema, neutrophil infiltration, tissue haemorrhage and necrosis and elevated serum levels of amylase and lipase. Infiltration of pancreatic and lung tissue with neutrophils (measured as increase in myeloperoxidase activity) was associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation (increased tissue levels of malondialdehyde). Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a marked increase in immunoreactivity for nitrotyrosine, iNOS and PARS in the pancreas and lung of cerulein-treated mice. In contrast, pre-treatment with calpain I inhibitor markedly reduced: the degree of pancreas and lung injury; upregulation/expression of ICAM-1; staining for iNOS, nitrotyrosine and PARS; and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, calpain I inhibitor treatment significantly prevented the activation of NF-kappaB as suggested by the inhibition of IkappaB-alpha; degradation in the pancreas tissues after cerulein administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that prevention of the activation of NF-kappaB by calpain I inhibitor ameliorates experimental murine acute pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Manchester Royal infirmary, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Virlos
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serraino
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiemerman
authors.forename: Ajith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siriwardena
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D002108:Ceruletide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D002154:Calpain