title: Inflammation in patients on peritoneal dialysis is associated with increased extracellular fluid volume.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disorders (CD) are the most frequent cause of death in patients on dialysis. CD have been related to increased extracellular fluid volume, peritoneal transport type (PTT), hypertension, and inflammation. Inflammation is in itself a risk factor for mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of increased extracellular fluid volume, inflammation, and PTT in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out with 20 healthy controls (C), 21 patients on CAPD, and nine patients on APD. Clinical and demographic variables were measured and registered. Peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) was done. Blood volume (BV), total body water (TBW), inferior vena cava diameter during inspiration (IVCDi) and expiration (IVCDe), serum albumin, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) had at least one sign or symptom of increased extracellular fluid volume, hypertension being the most common. Patients also had higher TBW (C, 60.7 +/- 7.2; APD, 62.6 +/- 8.7; CAPD, 66.1 +/- 8.3, as percentage of body weight, p <0.02), higher BV (C, 7.9 +/- 1.6; APD, 9.8 +/- 2.3; CAPD, 9.6 +/- 2.3, as percentage of body weight, p <0.02), higher DIVCi (C, 2.9 +/- 1.2; APD, 4.6 +/- 2.5; CAPD, 4.5 +/- 2.4 mm/m2 BSA, p <0.02), and higher DIVCe (C, 6.2 +/- 1.7; APD, 8.3 +/- 3.4; CAPD, 8.0 +/- 2.8 mm/m2 BSA, p <0.05). PD patients also had hypoalbuminemia and higher CRP levels. There was significant positive correlation between CRP and DIVCi (r=0.43, p <0.05) and IVCe (r=0.45, p <0.05) and between serum albumin and creatinine dialysate-to-plasma ratio (D/P Cr, r=0.57, p <0.01). Serum albumin and CRP were negatively correlated (r= -0.54, p <0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients on PD have increased extracellular fluid volume as compared with healthy controls. Hyperhydration is related to inflammation and to higher peritoneal transport types.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General 47 Vicente Guerrero, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vicenté-Martínez
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: María-de-Jesús
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniagua
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000473:pathology*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein