title: Cancers of the prostate, penis, and testicles: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment.
abstract: Cancer is a disease that most people fear. Nurses are required to provide information on how to avoid cancer, and, once the diagnosis is made, how to cope with it. Prevention and early detection of the cancers described in this article are in the very early stages of knowledge development, but general health promotion guidance can be offered on how to avoid most cancers (ie, no tobacco use, a high-fiber and low fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a normal weight). Nurses also can advise patients to be screened for colorectal cancer at the appropriate ages and time intervals and to be aware as new developments occur in the scientific base for screenings in the areas of prostate, penile, and testicular cancer. Finally, coping with these forms of cancer often requires the patient to make major lifestyle and psychological changes, especially if surgery in the genital area occurs. Decreased libido, incontinence, and impotence are major complications that can occur with these illnesses. The male cancers described vary tremendously in their prevalence, incidence, mortality, treatment, and survival rates. Within this group, there are remarkably positive outcomes and outcomes much in need of improvement. Penile and testicular cancers are the bright spots in this picture; both are uncommon, and both are eminently treatable. Prostate cancer, on the other hand, is quite common, difficult to screen, difficult to treat without major sexual problems, and yet receives relatively little funding from the NIH. Although as many men die from prostate cancer as women die from breast cancer, NIH funds breast cancer research at much higher levels than prostate cancer. According to the latest data available at the NIH Web site, during the 1990s, the amount of NIH funding varied from four times more for breast cancer (1993) to 2.9 times more in 1999. For fiscal year 2002, NIH is providing $522 million in funding for breast cancer and $278 million for prostate cancer. Private foundation funds for prostate cancer are much smaller than those available for breast cancer. Both types of cancer are extremely important to address, and both should receive adequate research attention. Nurses can advocate for more funding for prostate cancer, from basic science approaches to behavioral science strategies.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Nursing, 877 Madison Avenue, Room 612, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. cstotts@utmem.edu
authors.forename: R Craig
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Stotts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D016353:Self-Examination; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology