title: Coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance was examined. In addition, indicators of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function according to homeostasis model assessment were studied in relation to coffee consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 7949 healthy Swedish subjects aged 35-56 years residing within five municipalities of Stockholm. An oral glucose tolerance test identified 55 men and 52 women with previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and 172 men and 167 women with impaired glucose tolerance. Information about coffee consumption and other factors was obtained by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative risks (adjusted for potential confounders) of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance when drinking >/=5 cups of coffee per day compared with </=2 cups per day in men were 0.45 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.22-0.92] and 0.63 (CI: 0.41-0.97), respectively, and in women 0.27 (CI: 0.11-0.66) and 0.47 (CI: 0.29-0.76) respectively. In subjects with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, high coffee consumption (>/=5 cups day(-1)) was inversely associated with insulin resistance. In addition, in those with type 2 diabetes and in women (not in men) with impaired glucose tolerance high coffee consumption was inversely associated with low beta-cell function. In women, but not obviously in men, with normal glucose tolerance, coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that high consumers of coffee have a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. The beneficial effects may involve both improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced insulin response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. emilie.agardh@ks.se
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahlbom
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Efendic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hammar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilding
authors.forename: C-G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ostenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee