title: mTOR inhibition reverses Akt-dependent prostate intraepithelial neoplasia through regulation of apoptotic and HIF-1-dependent pathways.
abstract: Loss of PTEN function leads to activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and Akt. Clinical trials are now testing whether mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition is useful in treating PTEN-null cancers. Here, we report that mTOR inhibition induced apoptosis of epithelial cells and the complete reversal of a neoplastic phenotype in the prostate of mice expressing human AKT1 in the ventral prostate. Induction of cell death required the mitochondrial pathway, as prostate-specific coexpression of BCL2 blocked apoptosis. Thus, there is an mTOR-dependent survival signal required downstream of Akt. Bcl2 expression, however, only partially restored intraluminal cell growth in the setting of mTOR inhibition. Expression profiling showed that Hif-1 alpha targets, including genes encoding most glycolytic enzymes, constituted the dominant transcriptional response to AKT activation and mTOR inhibition. These data suggest that the expansion of AKT-driven prostate epithelial cells requires mTOR-dependent survival signaling and activation of HIF-1 alpha, and that clinical resistance to mTOR inhibitors may emerge through BCL2 expression and/or upregulation of HIF-1 alpha activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Pradip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Majumder
authors.forename: Phillip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Febbo
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bikoff
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manola
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brugarolas
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loda
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Sellers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068338:Everolimus; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010641:Phenotype; D010919:Placebos; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000068338:Everolimus; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus