title: Thyroid hormone positively regulates the enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene via an atypical response element.
abstract: Thyroid hormone (T3) is a critical regulator of intestinal epithelial development and homeostasis, but its mechanism of action within the gut is not well understood. We have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the T3 activation of the enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) gene. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that thyroid hormone receptors TRalpha1 and TRbeta1 were expressed in human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. Northern blotting detected expression of two IAP transcripts, which were increased approximately 3-fold in response to T3. Transient transfection studies with luciferase reporter plasmids carrying various internal and 5' deletion mutations of the IAP promoter localized a putative thyroid hormone response element (TRE) to a region approximately 620 nucleotides upstream (-620) of the ATG start codon. EMSAs using TRalpha1-retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) on sequential 5' and 3' single nucleotide deletions defined the TRE between -632 and -612 (5'-TTGAACTCAgccTGAGGTTAC-3'). Compared with the consensus TRE, the IAP-TRE is novel in that it contains an everted repeat of two nonamers (not hexamers) separated by three nucleotides. Neither TRalpha1 nor RXRalpha binds to the IAP-TRE; however, TRbeta1 binds to this TRE with minimal affinity. In the presence of TR and RXRalpha, only the TR-RXRalpha heterodimer binds to the IAP-TRE. Mutagenesis of either nonamer abolishes the biological activity of IAP promoter. We have thus identified a novel response element that appears to mediate the T3-induced activation of the enterocyte differentiation marker, intestinal alkaline phosphatase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gray-Bigelow 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. .
authors.forename: Madhu S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Malo
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fuad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alkhoury
authors.forename: Premraj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pushpakaran
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abedrapo
authors.forename: Moushumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mozumder
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Aleem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hodin
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D015415:Biomarkers; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D009711:Nucleotides; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D008156:Luciferases; C063088:ALPI protein, human; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase