Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations.
A 16-nation study involving 8,360 participants revealed that hostile and benevolent attitudes toward men, assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1999), were (a) reliably measured across cultures, (b) positively correlated (for men and women, within samples and across nations) with each other and with hostile and benevolent sexism toward women (Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1996), and (c) negatively correlated with gender equality in cross-national comparisons. Stereotype measures indicated that men were viewed as having less positively valenced but more powerful traits than women. The authors argue that hostile as well as benevolent attitudes toward men reflect and support gender inequality by characterizing men as being designed for dominance.
Glick
Peter
P
Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI 54912-0599, USA. glickp@lawrence.edu
Lameiras
Maria
M
Fiske
Susan T
ST
Eckes
Thomas
T
Masser
Barbara
B
Volpato
Chiara
C
Manganelli
Anna Maria
AM
Pek
Jolynn C X
JC
Huang
Li-Li
LL
Sakalli-Ugurlu
Nuray
N
Rodríguez Castro
Yolanda
Y
Pereira
Maria Luiza D'Avila
ML
Willemsen
Tineke M
TM
Brunner
Annetje
A
Six-Materna
Iris
I
Wells
Robin
R
Glick
Peter
P
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D044362:Australasia; D026686:Beneficence; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011287:Prejudice; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology