title: Evaluation for reliability and feasibility of the draft protocol for the enhanced rat 28-day subacute study (OECD Guideline 407) using androgen antagonist flutamide.
abstract: As part of an international validation project to establish a test protocol for the 'Enhanced OECD Test Guideline no. 407', a 28-day repeated dose study of flutamide was performed (1) to examine which of the current and/or additional parameters can detect endocrine effects of test chemicals most reliably and sensitively, (2) to investigate whether it is actually feasible to routinely include all additional parameters into the testing routine, and (3) to assess intra-laboratory variability by performing two identical studies (experiments A and B) in parallel using groups of five animals each per dose and sex. Groups of five male and five female CD(SD)IGS rats were treated by oral gavage with 0, 1, 10 and 100 mg flutamide/kg body weight for at least 28 days. The dose level considered to be around the MTD (100 mg/kg) exerted the expected antiandrogenic effects on androgen related tissues: significant decrease of the weights of androgen dependent organs and the sperm count and increase in histopathological lesions. At the middle dose (10 mg/kg), significant decrease of prostate weight (ventral and dorso-lateral parts combined) was observed and it was suggested that weight measurement of androgen dependent organs provides the most reliable and sensitive endpoint with this protocol. As for the feasibility, because of many items in this protocol, selection should be based on the sensitivity. From our data, addition of weight measurement of androgen dependent organs to the items of the existing OECD 407 guideline might allow accurate screening for endocrine disruptors. At the dose level considered to be around the MTD, the findings achieving statistical significance in one experiment with five animals/dose/sex could be reproduced in the second experiment, and evaluation with the small groups was consistent with findings using the combined groups of 10 animals/dose/sex. The results demonstrate that the protocol can reliably detect antiandrogenic effects of flutamide.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan. kunimatsu@sc.sumimoto-chem.co.jp
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunimatsu
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yabushita
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Yasuyoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuno
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D005485:Flutamide