title: Alcohol consumption predicts hypertension but not diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the associations between alcohol consumption, Type 2 diabetes and hypertension in a native American population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in a population-based cross-sectional and prospective study conducted on 3,789 individuals aged > or = 20 years. Reported alcohol consumption was classified as never, occasional or < 1 a day, 1-2 drinks a day, > or = 3 drinks a day, and occasional heavy drinking. The prevalence and incidence of diabetes and hypertension by categories of alcohol intake were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 68% of men and 39% of women reported some degree of alcohol consumption. There was no association between alcohol consumption and prevalence or incidence of diabetes, but a positive, statistically significant association between blood pressure and alcohol consumption was found in both genders. After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI) and diabetes in a proportional hazards model in men, moderate drinkers (occasional or < 1 drink a day and 1-2 drinks a day combined) had 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.98-1.57) and occasional heavy drinkers had 1.49 (1.02-2.17) times the incidence of hypertension as nondrinkers. The corresponding estimates of hypertension incidence for women were 1.53 (1.29-1.83) for moderate drinking and 1.38 (0.81-2.36) for occasional heavy drinking. As only 1% of participants reported > or = 3 drinks a day, this group was excluded from these analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption did not affect the development of Type 2 diabetes, but it was associated with increased risk of hypertension, and this effect was independent of diabetes or BMI in both genders.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. asaremi@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Aramesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saremi
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tulloch-Reid
authors.forename: Desmond E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003710:Demography; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires