title: Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: ammonia tolerance in the oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.
abstract: The oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is an extremely ammonia-tolerant fish. Many ammonia-protection mechanisms have been reported in this fish. Six strategies used by this fish to deal with the problem of excess ammonia are described. The fish can (1) reduce ammonia production through reduction in protein and/or amino acid catabolism; (2) reduce ammonia production and obtain energy through partial amino acid catabolism leading to alanine formation; (3) detoxify ammonia to glutamine; (4) tolerate very high ammonia levels in its tissues; (5) get rid of ammonia as NH(3) gas and, probably, (6) possesses background K(+) channels that are impermeable to NH(4)(+). The effects of extracellular ammonia on the contraction performance of the heart from this fish were found to be the same as in rainbow trout, an ammonia-sensitive fish. It suggests that the hearts of most, if not all, fish species are protected against ammonia. MK-801, an NMDA receptor blocker, was found to have a protective effect against ammonia intoxication in the oriental weatherloach, which suggests that the NMDA receptor, as in mammals, is involved in ammonia toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: T K N
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Ip
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011506:Proteins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005973:Glutamine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D000641:Ammonia; D000409:Alanine