title: A phase I trial of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP), a new and potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), increases the cellular uptake, DNA incorporation, and cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in tumor cell lines. A phase I trial was initiated to determine the safety profile and maximum tolerated doses of 3-AP and gemcitabine when used in combination in patients with advanced cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-AP and gemcitabine were administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Initially, 3-AP was infused over 2 h at a fixed dose of 105 mg/m(2). Gemcitabine was given over 30 min beginning no less than 1 and no more than 4 h after 3-AP. The first cohort received 3-AP alone in the first cycle. Subsequently, the gemcitabine dose was escalated beginning at 600 mg/m(2) in cohorts of three to six patients. Following the gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) dose level, the study was amended to determine if the 3-AP dose could be escalated above 105 mg/m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  3-AP at 105 mg/m(2) administered over 2 h followed in 1-4 h by gemcitabine at 1000 mg/m(2) produced a toxicity profile similar to that expected for gemcitabine alone at the same dose. When the dose of 3-AP was escalated to 140 and 185 mg/m(2) administered over 2 h and subsequently over 4 h, acute hypotension, hypoxia, and EKG changes including non-specific ST-T wave changes and mild QT prolongation were observed, and one patient with underlying diffuse coronary artery disease had an asymptomatic myocardial infarction. 3-AP was shown to cause mild, reversible methemoglobinemia. Average end-of infusion serum concentrations for 3-AP at all doses were within the range capable of enhancing gemcitabine cytotoxicity in vitro. Gemcitabine plasma concentrations at end-of-infusion and elimination half-life were consistent with values reported in the literature. Among 22 evaluable patients, one complete response and two partial responses were observed, and an additional patient had prolonged stabilization of a large liver metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3-AP at 105 mg/m(2) infused over 2-4 h followed by gemcitabine at 1000 mg/m(2) on a days 1, 8, and 15 schedule every 28 days was generally well-tolerated and had a toxicity profile similar to that of gemcitabine alone. 3-AP produced mild to modest methemoglobinemia, which could cause acute symptoms in patients with limited pulmonary or cardiovascular reserve. The combination demonstrated antitumor activity and merits further exploration in phase II trials.
authors.affiliation: City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doroshow
authors.forename: Mayer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Bonny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clairmont
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sznol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D011725:Pyridines; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C078157:3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases; D000093542:Gemcitabine