title: Stepwise metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma cell model system with multiple metastatic potentials established through consecutive in vivo selection and studies on metastatic characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a "stepwise metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell model system" for in-depth study of the underlying mechanisms of HCC metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using MHCC97- a metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line reported in 1999-as the parent cells, we subsequently established three cell lines (MHCC97-L, HMCC97-H, and HCCLM3) with increasing spontaneous metastatic potential. Now, the fourth cell line with unique multiple metastatic characteristics has been established by six rounds of in vivo selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This cell line, designated as HCCLM6, is a polygonal epithelial cell with hypotriploid karyotype, the modal chromosomes are 55-58, and marker chromosomal abnormalities include i(1) (q10), i(8)(q10), der (4) t(4;8)(q31;q22), i(X)(q10). The cell population doubling time was 32 h. Fluorescent PCR showed HBV DNA integration in the cellular genome. Thirty-five days after HCCLM6 was injected subcutaneously into BALB/c nude mice, prominent lung metastases occurred in 100% of the recipient animals. When tumor tissue was orthotopically implanted into the liver of nude mouse, widespread loco-regional and pulmonary metastases occurred. Inoculation of this cell into the footpad of nude mice also produced 75% regional lymph node metastasis. Compared with MHCC97-L which was not metastastatic via subcutaneous or footpad inoculation and 40% metastatic via orthotopic inoculation, HCCLM6 had increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and decreased expression of Rb2/p130. The establishment of this new cell line has completed our stepwise metastatic HCC cell mode system, which was characterized by a similar genetic background but with significant differences in spontaneous metastasis behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the theory that cancer metastasis is a highly selective dynamic process and the cell model system could be a useful platform for the study of HCC metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Liver Cancer Institute & Zhong Shan Hospital of Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sheng-Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yin-Kun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhao-You
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D011506:Proteins; C493838:Rbl2 protein, mouse; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D007633:Keratins; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9