title: A specific alteration in the electroretinogram of Drosophila melanogaster is induced by halothane and other volatile general anesthetics.
abstract: In higher organisms, physiological investigations have provided a valuable complement to assays of anesthetic effects on whole-animal behavior. However, although complex motor programs of Drosophila melanogaster have been used to identify genes that influence anesthesia, electrophysiological studies of anesthetic effects in this invertebrate have been limited. Here we show that the electroretinogram (ERG), the extracellular recording of light-evoked mass potentials from the surface of the eye, reveals a distinct effect of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. Behaviorally relevant concentrations of these volatile anesthetics severely reduced the transient component of the ERG at lights-off. Other prominent ERG components, such as the photoreceptor potential and the lights-on transient, were not consistently affected by these drugs. Surprisingly, for most anesthetics, a diminished off-transient was obtained only with short light pulses. An identical effect was observed in the absence of anesthetic by depressing the function of Shaker potassium channels. The possibility that halothane acts in the visual circuit by closing potassium channels was examined with a simple genetic test; the results were consistent with the hypothesis but fell short of providing definitive support. Nevertheless, our studies establish the ERG as a useful tool both for examining the influence of volatile anesthetics on a simple circuit and for identifying genes that contribute to anesthetic sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroretinography (ERG) provides a useful monitor of anesthetic effects on the fruit fly. The effects of volatile anesthetics on the ERG are recapitulated by inactivation of potassium channels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Shantadurga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajaram
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nash
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane