title: Embryology of the upper limb: the molecular orchestration of morphogenesis.
abstract: Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly enhanced our understanding of the process of limb morphogenesis. In this chapter, the key morphologic events are described, the broad categories of molecules involved are defined, the known molecular cascades and specific pathways that orchestrate limb development are reviewed. In addition, cascades disrupted by known genetic mutations associated with limb malformations are identified.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Human Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA. koberg@som.llu.edu
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naruse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000196:embryology*; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances