title: Rapid molecular assessment of the bioturbation extent in sandy soil horizons under pine using ester-bound lipids by on-line thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
abstract: Each plant species has a unique chemical composition, and also within a given plant the various tissues differ from one another in their chemistry. These different compositions can be traced back after decay of the plant parts when they are transformed into soil organic matter (SOM). As a result, the composition of SOM reflects not only the plant origin, but also the various tissues, and the composition consequently provides an estimate of the contribution of above-ground vs. below-ground litter. From the latter distribution the extent of bioturbation (mixing of above-ground litter with the mineral soil) can be assessed. Application of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) releases all typical cutin- and suberin-derived aliphatic monomers (mono-, di- and trihydroxyalkanoic acids, alpha,omega-alkanedioic acids) as their methyl esters and/or ethers in a rapid manner. Using the distribution of omega-hydroxyalkanoic acids that are present in pine needle cutin (C(12) and C(14)) and not in root suberin, and those that are present in roots but not in needles (C(20) and C(22)), the extent of bioturbation (mixing of above-ground plant litter with the mineral soil) can be assessed. Similarly, the (9,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid+9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid)/(C(20) + C(22) alpha,omega-alkanedioic acids) ratio reflects the degree of bioturbation. Three mineral soil profiles under Corsican pine with an A horizon that exhibited extensive bioturbation phenomena, and underlying C horizons with hardly any or no bioturbation, were investigated in order to examine the applicability of such an approach. It appeared that the A horizons contained all four mentioned omega-hydroxyalkanoic acids, while the C horizons contained virtually only the C(20) and C(22) members. The results not only suggest that bioturbation occurs in the A horizons, but also that possible illuviation or other transport mechanisms of omega-hydroxyalkanoic acids seem hardly ever or never to occur, which is a prerequisite for applying this biomarker approach in assessing degrees of bioturbation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Geo-ecological Research (ICG), IBED-Physical Geography, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.g.j.nierop@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Klaas G J
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nierop
authors.forename: Jacobus M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Verstraten
mesh_terms: D004951:Esterification; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008745:Methylation; D028223:Pinus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012987:Soil; C000521:cutin; C065875:suberin; C027917:tetramethylammonium