title: Cerebral neutrophil recruitment, histology, and outcome in acute ischemic stroke: an imaging-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence now exists for a pathogenic role for neutrophils in acute cerebral ischemia. We have studied the patterns and temporal profile of cerebral neutrophil recruitment to areas of acute ischemic stroke (IS) and have attempted to correlate this with neurological status and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with cortical middle cerebral artery (MCA) IS were recruited within 24 hours of clinical onset. Neutrophil recruitment was studied using indium-111 (111In) troponolate-labeled neutrophils, planar imaging, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Volume of brain infarction was calculated from concurrent computed tomography (CT). Hematoxylin and eosin sections were obtained postmortem (n=2). Outcome was measured using Barthel, Rankin, and National Institute of Health Stroke (NIHSS) scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were studied. Significant 111In-neutrophil recruitment to ipsilateral hemisphere, as measured by asymmetry index (AI), was demonstrated within 24 hours of onset in 9 patients; this response was heterogenous between patients and on repeated measurement attenuated over time. Histologically, recruitment was confirmed within intravascular, intramural, and intraparenchymal compartments. Interindividual heterogeneity in neutrophil response did not correlate with infarct volume or outcome. In an exploratory analysis, neutrophil accumulation appeared to correlate significantly with infarct expansion (Spearman rho=0.66; P=0.03, n=12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neutrophils recruit to areas of ischemic brain within 24 hours of symptom onset. This recruitment attenuates over time and is confirmed histologically. While neutrophil accumulation may be associated with either the magnitude or the rate of infarct growth, these results require confirmation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Hospital, Cambridge, UK. cp252@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J S
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Xuereb
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Guadagno
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002469:Cell Separation; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014334:Tropolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C043895:indium tris(tropolonate); D014334:Tropolone