title: Acceleration of visual system development by environmental enrichment.
abstract: Thus far, the developmental plasticity of the visual system has been studied by altering or reducing visual experience. Here, we investigated whether a complex sensory-motor stimulation, provided by rearing animals in an enriched environment, affects visual system development. We found that raising mice in this condition causes an earlier eye opening, a precocious development of visual acuity, and an accelerated decline of white matter-induced long-term potentiation. These effects are accompanied by a precocious cAMP response element-mediated gene expression and a significant increase of BDNF protein and GAD65/67 expression in enriched pups. In addition, we showed that enriched pups experienced higher levels of licking behavior provided by adult females. Thus, rearing mice from birth in an enriched environment leads to a conspicuous acceleration of visual system development as ascertained at behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular level.
authors.affiliation: Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio di Neurobiologia, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cancedda
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Putignano
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viegi
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.forename: Lamberto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maffei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007527:Isoenzymes; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2