title: Alcohol acutely down-regulates urea synthesis in normal men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human nitrogen balance studies suggest that alcohol up-regulates urea synthesis and promotes nitrogen catabolism, whereas animal studies conversely indicate that alcohol down-regulates urea synthesis, possibly via a redox effect. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of alcohol exposure at a plasma concentration of about 10 mmol/liter on urea synthesis in healthy volunteers and to investigate whether methylene blue alleviates the effect of alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven males were studied three times in a randomized sequence crossover design. They received either alanine infusion to control the rate of urea synthesis (control), alanine + alcohol, or alanine + alcohol + methylene blue. The substrate independent regulation of urea synthesis was studied by means of the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance, that is, the slope of the linear relation between blood amino nitrogen concentrations and rates of urea synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol reduced functional hepatic nitrogen clearance to 37% and 51% during alcohol and alcohol + methylene blue infusion, respectively (p = 0.007). Accordingly, whole body nitrogen retention was higher during alcohol infusion. Glucagon, which up-regulates urea synthesis, increased during alcohol infusion. There was no change in insulin. Blood glucose was slightly lower at the end of the experiment when alcohol was infused.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose infusion of alcohol acutely down-regulated urea synthesis in healthy volunteers, transiently favoring nitrogen preservation. The effect seemed not to depend on hormonal changes. It remains to be explored how the present results can be reconciled with the reported nitrogen wasting of chronic alcoholics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine V (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Aarhus University Hospital (section KH), Aarhus, Denmark. niels@akh.aaa
authors.forename: Niels Kristian
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Aagaard
authors.forename: Thøger
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thøgersen
authors.forename: Thorbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grøfte
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greisen
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vilstrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D014508:Urea