title: Effect of dopamine on inflammatory status in kidneys of brain-dead rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain death has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction. In two independent retrospective clinical studies, we showed that dopamine treatment of brain-dead donors improves long-term kidney graft survival. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of dopamine treatment in vivo have not been identified. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of dopamine on kidneys of brain-dead donors, we studied a model for brain death in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In F344 rats, brain death was induced by epidural inflation of a 3F Fogarty catheter. Apneic animals were mechanically ventilated, and clinically relevant dosages of dopamine (2, 6, 10, or 14 microg/kg/min) were given for 6 hr from the onset of brain death. Ventilated, non-brain-dead animals served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dopamine significantly reduced renal monocyte infiltration and major histocompatibility class II and P-selectin expression in brain-dead animals. It also prevented further up-regulation of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1. Concomitantly, the presence of inducible anti-oxidant heme oxygenase-1, known for its cytoprotective effects, was strongly increased by dopamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified several mechanisms underlying the protective effects of dopamine treatment on kidney grafts. The identification of these mechanisms may help to design more effective future strategies for treatment of cadaveric kidney donors.
authors.affiliation: Fifth Medical Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. mschaub@rumms.uni-mannheim.de
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ploetz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerbaulet
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranich
authors.forename: Thomas H W
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Stadlbauer
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goettman
authors.forename: Benito A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Yard
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnuelle
authors.forename: Fokko J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van der Woude
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001926:Brain Death; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009393:Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D004298:Dopamine