title: Community Service Orders in Hong Kong, England, and Wales: twins or cousins.
abstract: Hong Kong's Community Service Order (CSO) is anchored in the probation service and has not had to face problems related to the cultural divide and professional rivalry between community service and probation staff similar to England and Wales. CSOs in both jurisdictions differ in offenders' minimum age and in seeking offenders' consent and have been rarely used for young offenders. They have widened the net of social control, and there have been difficulties in positioning them in the sentencing tariff. Although retributive penal practices might have crept into Hong Kong after China's takeover in 1997, its CSO has retained rehabilitative elements. In England and Wales, the renaming of CSO as the Community Punishment Order reaffirmed its retributive nature, however the Pathfinder projects have taken it back to its origins as a rehabilitative measure. We suggest that CSOs should move further toward restorative justice by the involvement of victims in the choice of community services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. sstwl@cityu.edu.hk
authors.forename: T Wing
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D003415:Crime / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011678:Punishment; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology