title: Expression of cell cycle proteins in T1a and T1b urothelial bladder carcinoma and their value in predicting tumor progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell cycle proteins are important markers in predicting tumor behavior in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the expression levels of some of those markers in a series of patients with bladder carcinoma, 2) to define their value in distinguishing T1a (minimally invasive) from T1b (invasive) tumors, and 3) to evaluate their use as predictive factors in the progression of T1a and T1b tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor specimens from 101 patients were included (22 Ta specimens, 34 T1a specimens, 15 T1b specimens, and 30 T2 specimens). A tissue microarray from the 101 paraffin embedded tissue blocks was constructed. Immunohistochemistry for p16, p27, p21, p53, cyclin D1, and Ki-67 were performed. To evaluate T1a and T1b tumor progression, clinical and follow-up data were available for all 49 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclin D1 and p27 were the only markers that showed a significant association with tumor stage and tumor grade (cyclin D1: P = 0.002 and P > 0.00, respectively; p27: P = 0.024 and P = 0.031, respectively). The results indicated that a combination of p21 (odds ratio, 5.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3-24.8 [P = 0.022]) and p16 (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 0.8-16.5 [P = 0.081]) may have potential use in distinguishing T1b tumors from T1a tumors. Finally, none of the markers examined were found to have predictive value for T1a and T1b tumor progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of cyclin D1 and p27 was associated with the most important prognostic factors (tumor stage and grade). The combination of p21 and p16 may have value in distinguishing T1b tumors from T1a tumors, although this finding must be evaluated in much larger series. Finally, none of the markers studied appeared to have predictive value for disease progression in patients with T1a and T1b urothelial bladder tumors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. paulette.mhawech-fauceglia@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Paulette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mhawech
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Greloz
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oppikofer
authors.forename: Idliko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szalay-Quinodoz
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27