title: Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of empyema in children in the north east of England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of empyema in children in the UK is increasing. The reason for this is unclear. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the clinical features, aetiology, and outcome of cases of empyema and parapneumonic effusion presenting to a tertiary paediatric respiratory centre between February 1997 and August 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine bacterial culture of blood and pleural fluid was performed for 47 cases. Forty three pleural fluid specimens, culture negative for pneumococcus, were analysed for pneumococccal DNA by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Penicillin susceptibility was determined for DNA positive specimens using complementary PCR assay. Capsular serotype specific antigen detection was by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoclonal antibodies to serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. Clinical data were obtained from patient notes, supplemented by a postal questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) age of the patients was 5.6 (0.6-16.9) years and 70% were male. The median (range) duration of illness before referral to hospital was 5 (0-25) days. Forty five (96%) had received antibiotics before referral; 32 (68%) required decortication and eight (21%) thoracocentesis. Median postoperative stay was 4 days (2-8). Thirty two (75%) pneumococcal culture negative specimens were pneumococcal DNA positive; 17 (53%) of these were serotype 1. All were penicillin sensitive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumococcus is the major pathogen in childhood empyema and serotype 1 is the prevalent serotype. This has implications for vaccine development and immunisation strategy as the current 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine does not protect against serotype 1.
authors.affiliation: Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eltringham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leeming
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome