title: Altered neurometabolite development in HIV-infected children: correlation with neuropsychological tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected children have abnormal cerebral metabolites, measured by proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), but how these abnormalities relate to brain function is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolite concentrations in five brain regions of 20 HIV-infected and 13 control children were measured, and these findings were correlated with age, log(10) plasma viral load, CD4 count, and neuropsychological scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects, HIV patients had decreased choline concentration [Cho] in left frontal white matter (LFW) (-12%; p = 0.04); those with high viral load (>5,000 HIV RNA copies/mL) had decreased right basal ganglia (RBG) [Cho] (-15%; p = 0.005), and [Cr] (-13%; p = 0.02). Patients with high viral load also had higher [Cho] in the midfrontal gray matter (MFG) (+25%; p = 0.002) and lower myo-inositol [Ins] in the RBG (-18%; p = 0.04) than patients with low HIV viral load. N-Acetyl aspartate concentration ([NAA]) correlated with age in right frontal white matter (RFW) (r = 0.59, p = 0.04), LFW (r = 0.66, p = 0.02), and right hippocampus (RHIP) (r = 0.69, p = 0.02) only in control subjects. In contrast, [Ins] correlated with age in both RFW and LFW (r = 0.71, p = 0.0006; r = 0.65, p = 0.006) only in the HIV patients. Log(10) plasma viral load correlated positively with [Ins] in RFW (r = 0.54, p = 0.02) and [Cho] in MFG (r = 0.49, p = 0.04). Compared with control subjects, HIV patients had poorer spatial memory (p = 0.045) and delayed spatial memory correlated with [Cho] in RHIP (r = 0.68, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that normal brain development may be affected in children infected with HIV at birth, particularly evidenced by the lack of age-related increases in the neuronal marker [NAA]. Early, aggressive treatment of infants with HIV before development of encephalopathy is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA, USA. keller@rei.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deveikis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: LoPresti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnston-Jones
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000151:congenital / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000032:analysis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011522:Protons; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline