title: Effect of octreotide on apoptosis-related proteins in rat Kupffer cells: a possible anti-tumour mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Octreotide may prolong survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, through an as yet unidentified mechanism. Kupffer cells play a key role in antitumour activity. Kupffer cell apoptosis is of major importance for the maintenance of this antitumour activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the in vitro effects of octreotide in the RNA expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins in isolated rat Kupffer cells, before and after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Apoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression was assessed using a semi-quantitative multiplex RT-PCR measuring bax, bcl-xS, bcl-2 and bcl-xL. LICE (caspase-3) mRNA was used as a measure of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unstimulated Kupffer cells exhibited increased proapoptotic gene expression in a time-dependent manner, paralleled by a similar increase of LICE. LPS stimulation decreased the expression of proapoptotic bax and bcl-xS mRNA without effecting the antiapoptotic proteins. A decrease of LICE expression became significant at 48 hours. Octreotide showed a reduction of proapoptotic proteins, accompanied by an early increase and a late reduction of antiapoptotic proteins and a net decrease of LICE expression. A combination of LPS and octreotide produced a similar effect with the exception of a late increase of LICE expression, probably caused by a late increase of bax and bcl-xS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS and octreotide reverse the observed increased apoptosis of cultured Kupffer cells by influencing both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Therefore, the antitumour effect of octreotide in hepatocellular carcinoma may, in part, be explained by its antiapoptotic effect on Kupffer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xidakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kolios
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valatas
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Notas
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mouzas
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kouroumalis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000097:blood; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D015282:Octreotide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; C494828:Bax protein, rat; C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D015282:Octreotide