title: Parenteral iron therapy exacerbates experimental sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catalytic iron can potentiate systemic inflammation via its pro-oxidant effects. This raises the possibility that parenteral iron administration might exacerbate a concomitant septic state. This study sought to experimentally test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male CD-1 mice were subjected to experimental sepsis via intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed Escherichia coli +/- concomitant intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer; 2 mg). Nonseptic mice +/- iron therapy served as controls. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were assessed 2 hours postinjections (serving as an inflammatory marker). Oxidative stress was gauged in heart or kidney tissue (at either 4 or 24 hours) by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA or protein levels. Overall sepsis severity was assessed by morbidity/mortality rates (at 24 hours).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron alone or sepsis alone each induced oxidant stress in heart and kidney (HO-1 mRNA/protein increases). When iron and E. coli were coadministered, additive or synergistic HO-1 mRNA/protein increments resulted. Iron injection alone only slightly raised TNF-alpha levels (from 0 to 2.3 pg/mL; P= 0.01). However, iron approximately doubled the TNF-alpha increments which arose from the septic state (1400 --> 2600 pg/mL). Neither sepsis alone, nor iron alone, induced any mortality and no mice became moribund (0/24 mice). However, when iron + sepsis were combined, approximately 60% of mice either died (5/12) or developed a moribund (2/12) state (P= 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenteral iron administration can induce systemic oxidative stress and modest TNF-alpha release. However, when iron is given during experimental sepsis, profound increases in both processes, and approximately 60% mortality, result. Given that renal failure patients have decreased antioxidant defenses and intermittently develop bacteremia, the potential for parenteral iron therapy to exacerbate clinical sepsis needs to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. dzager@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zager
authors.forename: Ali C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sherry Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C044101:endotoxin, Escherichia coli; D007501:Iron; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse