title: Structure and function of extracellular loop 4 of the serotonin transporter as revealed by cysteine-scanning mutagenesis.
abstract: Residues 386-423 of the rat brain serotonin transporter (SERT) are predicted to form a hydrophilic loop connecting transmembrane spans 7 and 8 (extracellular loop 4 or EL4). EL4 has been hypothesized to play a role in conformational changes associated with substrate translocation. To more fully investigate EL4 structure and function, we performed cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and methanethiosulfonate (MTS) accessibility studies on these 38 residues. Four EL4 mutants (M386C, R390C, G402C, and L405C) showed very low transport activities, low cell surface expression, and strong inhibition by MTS reagents, indicating high structural and functional importance. Twelve mutants were sensitive to very low MTS concentrations, indicating positions highly exposed to the aqueous environment. Eleven mutants were MTS-insensitive, indicating positions that were either buried in EL4 structure or functionally unimportant. The patterns of sensitivity to mutation and MTS reagents were used to produce a structural model of EL4. Positions 386-399 and 409-421 are proposed to form alpha-helices, connected by nine consecutive MTS-sensitive positions, within which four positions, 402-405, may form a turn or hinge. The presence of serotonin changed the MTS accessibility of cysteines at nine positions, while cocaine, a non-transportable blocker, did not affect accessibility. Serotonin-induced accessibility changes required both Na(+) and Cl(-), indicating that they were associated with active substrate translocation. With the exception of a single mutant, F407C, neither mutation to cysteine nor treatment with MTS reagents affected SERT affinities for serotonin or the cocaine analog beta-CIT. These studies support the role of EL4 in conformational changes occurring during translocation and show that it does not play a direct role in serotonin binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mayra L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Stephan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001692:Biological Transport; D019921:Biotinylation; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007477:Ions; D007700:Kinetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008698:Mesylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007477:Ions; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008698:Mesylates; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat; C109153:(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate; C109154:(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate; D012701:Serotonin; D003042:Cocaine; D015032:Zinc; D003545:Cysteine