title: Effects of methylphenidate on attention deficits after traumatic brain injury: a multidimensional, randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of methylphenidate on a variety of aspects of attention, ranging from laboratory-based impairment measures to caregiver ratings and work productivity, in individuals after traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury and attention complaints in the postacute phase of recovery were enrolled in a 6-wk, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated crossover study of methylphenidate, administered in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/dose, twice a day. A wide range of attentional measures was gathered weekly, including computerized and paper-and-pencil tests of attention, videotaped records of individual work in a distracting environment, real-time observational scoring of attentiveness in a classroom environment, and caregiver and clinician rating scales of attentiveness. Participants also attempted to guess their drug condition each week. Data from the first ten participants were used for pilot purposes, to develop attentional factors for composite scoring, and to identify attentional dimensions suggestive of a treatment effect for independent replication. The remaining 24 participants' results were used to confirm potential treatment effects seen in the pilot sample, using Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test on composite factor scores and individual variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 54 dependent variables were reduced to 13 composite factors and 13 remaining individual variables. Of the 13 attentional factors, five showed suggestive treatment effects in the pilot sample. Of these, three showed statistically significant treatment effects in the replication sample: speed of information processing (effect sizes, -0.06 to 0.48; P < 0.001), attentiveness during individual work tasks (effect sizes, 0.15-0.62; P = 0.01), and caregiver ratings of attention (effect sizes, 0.44-0.50; P = 0.01). Of the individual variables, four showed suggestive treatment effects in the pilot sample, but only one showed significant treatment effects in the replication sample: reaction time before errors in the Sustained Attention to Response Task (effect size, 0.20; P = 0.03). No treatment-related improvement was seen in divided attention, sustained attention, or susceptibility to distraction. None of the variables showed suggestive or definite negative treatment effects. Effect sizes for those performance measures positively affected by methylphenidate were in the small to medium range and included both impairment and activity level measures. Improvements in processing speed did not seem to come at the expense of accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylphenidate, at 0.3 mg/kg/dose, given twice a day to individuals with attentional complaints after traumatic brain injury, seems to have clinically significant positive effects on speed of processing, caregiver ratings of attention, and some aspects of on-task behavior in naturalistic tasks. Further research is needed to identify the optimal dose and to extend these findings to less carefully selected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grieb-Neff
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Risser
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polansky
authors.forename: H Branch
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Coslett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D015143:Philadelphia; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate