title: A parent-report gender identity questionnaire for children.
abstract: This paper reports on the psychometric properties of a 16-item parent-report Gender Identity Questionnaire, originally developed by P. H. Elizabeth and R. Green (1984), to aid in the assessment of children with potential problems in their gender identity development. The questionnaire, which covered aspects of the core phenomenology of gender identity disorder (GID), was completed by parents of gender-referred children (N = 325) and controls (siblings, clinic-referred, and nonreferred; N = 504), who ranged in age from 2.5-12 years (mean age, 7.6 years). Factor-analysis indicated that a one-factor solution, containing 14 of the 16 items with factor loadings > or =.30, best fit the data, accounting for 43.7% of the variance. The gender-referred children had a significantly more deviant total score than did the controls, with a large effect size of 3.70. The GIQ total score had negligible age effects, indicating that the questionnaire has utility for assessing change over time. The gender-referred children who met the complete DSM criteria for GID had a significantly more deviant total score than did the children who were subthreshold for GID, although the latter group had a mean score that was closer to the threshold cases than to the controls. With a specificity rate set at 95% for the controls, the sensitivity rate for the probands was 86.8%. It is concluded that this parent-report gender identity questionnaire has excellent psychometric properties and can serve as a useful screening device for front-line clinicians, for whom more extensive, expensive, and time-consuming assessment procedures may be precluded.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Clinic, Child, Youth, and Family Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health--Clarke Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Laurel L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld-Adams
authors.forename: Myra A Radzins
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuksis
authors.forename: Dianne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maing
authors.forename: Janet N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010379:Peer Group; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*