[The precautionary principle: scientific evidence and decision processes].
We analyse conceptual and procedural approaches to the precautionary principle. Moreover, we describe the implications of its use in evaluation of scientific evidence and in decision making. In many cases evaluation of possible risks is influenced by individuals or groups with personal interests different from those of public health. Their actions discredit positive studies, giving rise to forced controversies and discouraging new studies. The result is to hinder checking of causal patterns. We report examples of historical cases and of issues rising from electromagnetic fields. The use of the precautionary principle is desirable both in issues related to global change and in possible risks associated with specific biological, chemical and physical agents. The precautionary principle should be included between values of public health evaluations and its use requires institutional subjects to take high responsibility for it. Both time and quality of analysis of causal patterns are linked to the sincere desire to solve doubts and defend public health interests for those who are active in public health.
Comba
Pietro
P
Istituto superiore di sanità, Dipartimento di ambiente e connessa prevenzione primaria, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma. comba@iss.it
Pasetto
Roberto
R
D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D011315:Preventive Medicine; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment