title: cAMP and Schwann cells promote axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
abstract: Central neurons regenerate axons if a permissive environment is provided; after spinal cord injury, however, inhibitory molecules are present that make the local environment nonpermissive. A promising new strategy for inducing neurons to overcome inhibitory signals is to activate cAMP signaling. Here we show that cAMP levels fall in the rostral spinal cord, sensorimotor cortex and brainstem after spinal cord contusion. Inhibition of cAMP hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram prevents this decrease and when combined with Schwann cell grafts promotes significant supraspinal and proprioceptive axon sparing and myelination. Furthermore, combining rolipram with an injection of db-cAMP near the graft not only prevents the drop in cAMP levels but increases them above those in uninjured controls. This further enhances axonal sparing and myelination, promotes growth of serotonergic fibers into and beyond grafts, and significantly improves locomotion. These findings show that cAMP levels are key for protection, growth and myelination of injured CNS axons in vivo and recovery of function.
authors.affiliation: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. dpearse@miamiproject.med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Damien D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Pearse
authors.forename: Francisco C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Marcillo
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Yerko A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Berrocal
authors.forename: Marie T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Filbin
authors.forename: Mary Bartlett
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bunge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000166:cytology; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000378:metabolism; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020889:Rolipram / Q000378:metabolism; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012701:Serotonin; D003994:Bucladesine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D020889:Rolipram