title: Metabolic changes in rat lens after in vivo exposure to ultraviolet irradiation: measurements by high resolution MAS 1H NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, high-resolution magic angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS (1)H NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate changes in the metabolic profile of intact rat lenses after UVB irradiation of the eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to UVB radiation at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kJ/m(2). One eye was exposed, and the contralateral eye served as the control. One week after exposure, the lenses were removed and forward light-scattering was quantified. Thereafter, proton NMR spectra from the intact lenses were obtained. Relative changes in metabolite concentrations were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lenses in all three groups showed significant increases in light-scattering after UVB irradiation. The high-quality HR-MAS (1)H NMR spectra permitted more than 30 different metabolites to be identified. UVB irradiation caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in concentrations of taurine, hypotaurine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, myo-inositol, phosphocholine, betaine, succinate, and glutathione at all three UV doses. For glycine, glutamate, and lactate, significant decreases in concentration were observed at the two lowest UVR-B doses. The total amount of adenosine tri- and diphosphate and (ATP, ADP) decreased significantly and that of adenosine monophosphate AMP increased significantly at the two highest doses. Alanine was the only amino acid that increased after UVB irradiation. None of these metabolites exhibited a significant UVB dose-dependent relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of HR-MAS (1)H NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool for use on intact lenses. Near-threshold UVR-B doses led to a generally significant decrease in water-soluble metabolites 1 week after exposure. The lack of dose-dependent changes in the metabolites indicates that repair processes during the first week after UVB irradiation overcome the immediate metabolic disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. oystein.risa@biotech.ntnu.no
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Risa
authors.forename: Oddbjørn
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saether
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löfgren
authors.forename: Per G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Jostein
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krane
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Midelfart
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003459:Crystallins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008027:Light; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D011522:Protons; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003459:Crystallins; D011522:Protons