title: Treatment of C4d-positive acute humoral rejection with plasmapheresis and rabbit polyclonal antithymocyte globulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alloantibody-mediated acute rejection is a major cause of renal allograft loss despite aggressive therapy. Patients with humoral rejection can be identified with high sensitivity and specificity by the presence of peritubular capillary C4d staining on renal biopsy and donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies. Standard therapy for acute humoral rejection (AHR) has been removal of donor-specific antibodies by plasmapheresis (PPH) in conjunction with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. We describe a series of seven patients with C4d positive AHR who received combined therapy with PPH and polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG).
  
  
  METHODS
  PPH (1.4 volume exchange) was initiated on diagnosis of AHR on an alternate day basis for a mean number of 6.8 treatments, in conjunction with rATG (0.75 mg/kg/day 5-10 days) until the serum creatinine returned to 120% of nadir.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nadir posttreatment creatinine was significantly lower than pretreatment creatinine (1.0+/-1.2 vs. 2+/-1.4, P <0.007) with only one episode of graft loss. On follow-up there was no difference in renal allograft survival between the AHR group and the 60 patients without AHR who underwent transplantation during the same period. We describe the ability of rATG to induce apoptosis in vitro peripheral blood and activated B cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy using PPH and rATG is an effective means of reversing AHR in renal allografts.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Amish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nadasdy
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arend
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Nufatt
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Myra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coppage
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demme
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zand
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000276:immunology*; D015935:Complement C4b; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology*; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D011817:Rabbits; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D003181:Complement C4; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015935:Complement C4b; C032261:complement C4d