title: Effect of exercise versus relaxation on haemoglobin A1C in Black females with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that populations in Africa develop Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at an increasing rate as they reject their traditional lifestyles. Diabetes is the tenth most common cause for total life years lost in females in South Africa. Physical activity is under-used in the management of type 2 DM in South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of an exercise intervention programme compared to relaxation exercises to decrease HbA1c over a period of 12 weeks, in type 2 DM female subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single blind, double-intervention randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical measurements were done before and after the 12-week exercise and relaxation interventions. The interventions consisted of education and aerobic exercise for the exercise group, and education and relaxation for the second group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted baseline HbA1c change from baseline in the exercise group after 12 weeks was -0.39% (95%CI -0.80 to 0.02) and in the relaxation group -0.97% (95%CI -1.38 to 0.55) (p = 0.052). The results for the BMI were -0.07% kg/m2 (95%CI -0.2 to 0.14) in the exercise group versus -0.23 kg/m2 (95%CI -0.44 to 0.02) in the relaxation group (p = 0.28). The difference from baseline in distances covered following the 6 min walk test was statistically significantly greater (p < 0.01) in the exercise group: 46.76 m (95%CI 36.20-57.32) vs the relaxation group 22.7 m (95%CI 12.07-33.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exercise intervention failed to reduce the HbA1c to a greater extent than in the relaxation control group. Both groups improved significantly from baseline, probably due to the study effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. tvrooije@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rheeder
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Eales
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin