title: Development and validation of a periarticular injection technique of the sacroiliac joint in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sacroiliac joint osteoarthritis has been recognised as a significant cause of poor performance in competition and racehorses. Reliable diagnostic tools are currently lacking. The diagnosis has been based typically on exclusion of other possible causes of poor performance, back pain and hindlimb lameness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a safe, reliable and minimally invasive periarticular or intra-articular injection technique of potential use for diagnosis and therapy of sacroiliac joint disease in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six horses were used to develop and assess a medial approach to the sacroiliac joint with a 15 gauge, 25 cm long spinal needle. In Part I, the cadaveric study, the spinal needle was introduced cranial to the contralateral tuber sacrale and advanced along the medial aspect of the ipsilateral iliac wing until the dorsal surface of the sacrum was encountered. One ml methylene blue (MB) was injected in both sacroiliac joint regions of the sacropelvic specimens. The location of MB-stained tissues relative to the sacroiliac joints was recorded after dissection and disarticulation of the sacroiliac joint. In Part II, the in vivo study, 18 horses were used to validate the in vivo application of the sacroiliac joint injection technique. Horses were restrained in stocks and sedated in preparation for needle placement. One ml MB was injected bilaterally prior to euthanasia. Stained tissues were identified and recorded at necropsy. Successful joint injections were characterised as having MB located intra-articularly or < or = 2 cm periarticularly from the sacroiliac joint margin and localised to the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-articular MB was not observed in any specimen. However, MB-stained tissue was identified periarticularly in all injection sites (n = 48). Based on the predetermined success criteria, 96% of the methylene blue depots were located at the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint. Dye-stained tissue was located < or = 2 cm from the sacroiliac joint margins in 88% of the specimens. Median distance of the MB from the sacroiliac joint margins was 1.0 cm (range 0.2-3.8 cm). The overall success rate considering both location and distance of the MB-stained tissue relative to sacroiliac joint margins was 83% (40 of 48 joints).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The injection technique provides a reliable, easy to perform and consistent access to the medial periarticular aspect of the sacroiliac joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described injection technique has the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the medical management of equine sacroiliac joint disease. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and potential adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engeli
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Haussler
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Erb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D012446:Sacroiliac Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome