title: DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22.
abstract: Human-chimpanzee comparative genome research is essential for narrowing down genetic changes involved in the acquisition of unique human features, such as highly developed cognitive functions, bipedalism or the use of complex language. Here, we report the high-quality DNA sequence of 33.3 megabases of chimpanzee chromosome 22. By comparing the whole sequence with the human counterpart, chromosome 21, we found that 1.44% of the chromosome consists of single-base substitutions in addition to nearly 68,000 insertions or deletions. These differences are sufficient to generate changes in most of the proteins. Indeed, 83% of the 231 coding sequences, including functionally important genes, show differences at the amino acid sequence level. Furthermore, we demonstrate different expansion of particular subfamilies of retrotransposons between the lineages, suggesting different impacts of retrotranspositions on human and chimpanzee evolution. The genomic changes after speciation and their biological consequences seem more complex than originally hypothesized.
authors.affiliation: RIKEN, Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: BenKahla
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehrach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sudbrak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kube
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taenzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galgoczy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharfe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nordsiek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blöcker
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hellmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khaitovich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pääbo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: X-L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G-F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: B-F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: S-X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: G-P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J-E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: K-M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T-T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K-J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C-G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: OOta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saitou
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yaspo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002891:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 / Q000235:genetics; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements