title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides.
abstract: The coronavirus SARS-CoV is the primary cause of the life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). With the aim of developing therapeutic agents, we have tested peptides derived from the membrane-proximal (HR2) and membrane-distal (HR1) heptad repeat region of the spike protein as inhibitors of SARS-CoV infection of Vero cells. It appeared that HR2 peptides, but not HR1 peptides, were inhibitory. Their efficacy was, however, significantly lower than that of corresponding HR2 peptides of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in inhibiting MHV infection. Biochemical and electron microscopical analyses showed that, when mixed, SARS-CoV HR1 and HR2 peptides assemble into a six-helix bundle consisting of HR1 as a central triple-stranded coiled coil in association with three HR2 alpha-helices oriented in an antiparallel manner. The stability of this complex, as measured by its resistance to heat dissociation, appeared to be much lower than that of the corresponding MHV complex, which may explain the different inhibitory potencies of the HR2 peptides. Analogous to other class I viral fusion proteins, the six-helix complex supposedly represents a postfusion conformation that is formed after insertion of the fusion peptide, proposed here for coronaviruses to be located immediately upstream of HR1, into the target membrane. The resulting close apposition of fusion peptide and spike transmembrane domain facilitates membrane fusion. The inhibitory potency of the SARS-CoV HR2-peptides provides an attractive basis for the development of a therapeutic drug for SARS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Berend Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Byron E E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: Ruurd
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Der Zee
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lepault
authors.forename: Bert Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Haijema
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.forename: Albert J R
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Groot
authors.forename: Albert D M E
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: Peter J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rottier
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014709:Vero Cells; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010455:Peptides; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins