title: Unexpected hazard of illegal immigration: Outbreak of viral myocarditis exacerbated by confinement and deprivation in a shipboard cargo container.
abstract: We present a group of 18 illegal immigrant stowaways who arrived in a shipboard cargo container suffering from gastroenteritis, dehydration, and malnutrition and showing evidence of viral myocarditis in 3 of 4 fatalities. Our investigation included an evaluation of the 2-week ocean voyage, analysis of medical records and laboratory results of the survivors, autopsies on the decedents, and viral studies on their heart tissue. Of 3 stowaways who died shipboard, 2 showed lymphocytic myocarditis and 1 could not be evaluated histologically due to decomposition. A fourth stowaway died 4 months after arrival with dilated cardiomyopathy and lymphocytic myocarditis. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing of viral isolates from the decedents' heart tissues demonstrated Coxsackie virus B3 genome. We believe that these cases represent an outbreak of viral myocarditis, exacerbated by acute dehydration and malnutrition, due to confinement within the shipping container. Our evidence indicates that close confinement promoted the spread of the virus, and nutritional deprivation increased the stowaways' vulnerability. Furthermore, our observations support the conclusion, based on experimental studies, that nutritionally induced oxidative stress increased the virulence of the etiologic viral agent. In summary, these cases represent a potential infectious disease hazard of illegal immigration.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Melinda A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Harruff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D020378:Confined Spaces; D003681:Dehydration / Q000150:complications; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012767:Ships; D014481:United States