title: The relation of infantile spasms, tubers, and intelligence in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aetiology of the learning difficulty in tuberous sclerosis is debated. It may be related to the amount of tubers in the brain or caused by the infantile spasms that occur in early life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative contributions to final intelligence (IQ) made by both cerebral tubers and infantile spasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an epidemiological study of tuberous sclerosis in the south of England, patients were recruited who were able to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without the need for an anaesthetic. Epilepsy history was determined by interview and review of clinical records. IQ was assessed using either Wechsler intelligence scales or Raven's matrices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 patients consented to have an MRI scan. IQ scores were normally distributed about a mean of 91. Twenty six patients had a positive history of epilepsy, and 11 had suffered from infantile spasms. There was a significant relation between the number of tubers and IQ. Infantile spasm status partly confounded the relation between tubers and IQ, but did not render the relation statistically insignificant. The relation between infantile spasms and learning difficulty remained strong even when controlling for the number of tubers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Institute of Child Health, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK. finbar.ocallaghan@ubht.nhs.swest.uk
authors.forename: F J K
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joinson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Presdee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renowden
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiell
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Martyn
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D002648:Child; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000209:etiology*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000592:standards