title: Genetic and environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation.
abstract: Some children exposed to socioeconomic (SES) deprivation are resilient and function better than expected, given the level of deprivation they have experienced. The present study tested genetic and environmental contributions to young children's resilience and vulnerability to SES deprivation. Children's resilience was assessed by the difference between their actual score and the score predicted by their level of SES deprivation in the E-Risk Study, an epidemiological cohort of 1,116 five-year-old twin pairs. Consistent with previous research, results showed that maternal warmth, stimulating activities, and children's outgoing temperament appeared to promote positive adjustment in children exposed to SES deprivation. Findings add new information by demonstrating that resilience is partly heritable and that protective processes operate through both genetic and environmental effects.
authors.affiliation: Social Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny, United Kingdom. julia.kim@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim-Cohen
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*