title: Chronic equine laminitis is characterised by loss of GLUT1, GLUT4 and ENaC positive laminar keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equine laminitis is a multifactorial connective tissue disorder with major implications for the welfare of horses. There are few published studies on phenotypic markers for identification of equine laminar keratinocytes using immunohistochemical techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the GLUT1 and GLUT4 facilitative glucose transporters may be used as phenotypic markers for identification of equine laminar keratinocytes using immunohistochemical techniques to monitor changes in the keratinocyte population in laminitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histology and immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to the alpha subunit of ENaC (alphaENaC), GLUT1 and GLUT4 were used to compare the distribution of these proteins in normal and laminitic equine laminae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to alphaENaC, GLUT1 and GLUT4 confirmed the abundant expression of all 3 membrane proteins in healthy laminar keratinocytes. However, in laminitis, the Haematoxylin Van Gieson (HVG) technique revealed disordered laminar arrays and replacement with fibrous scar tissue. Immunostaining of laminitic samples confirmed the loss of alphaENaC, GLUT1 and GLUT4 positive keratinocytes. Other connective tissue cells did not stain positive for these proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of alphaENaC and GLUT1/GLUT4 protein expression in equine laminar keratinocytes, which also confirms that the loss of laminar structure and function in chronic laminitis is accompanied by the loss of laminar keratinocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  alphaENaC, GLUT1 and GLUT4 may be used as phenotypic markers of metabolically active, differentiated equine laminar keratinocytes. Further in vitro studies are necessary to determine the effects of hypoxia, bacterial endotoxins, vasoactive amines, lactic acid and prostaglandins on the expression and activity of these plasma membrane keratinocyte markers.
authors.affiliation: Connective Tissue and Molecular Pathogenesis Research Groups, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mobasheri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Critchlow
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Canessa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D015222:Sodium Channels