title: Laparoscopic placement of hepatic artery infusion pumps: technical considerations and early results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic hepatic artery infusion pump (LHAIP) placement is a novel treatment option for patients with colorectal liver metastases. This study investigates technical difficulties with regard to variant hepatic arteries and the preliminary outcomes for patients treated with LHAIP placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 1998 and January 2003, 38 patients with colorectal metastases confined to the liver, 35 (92%) of who had prior systemic chemotherapy that failed, were treated with LHAIP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients (32%) had LHAIP placement only, and 26 (68%) had pump placement combined with laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (LRFA; 24 patients) and/or liver resection (2 patients). Variant hepatic arterial (HA) anatomy was present in 18 patients (47%). The presence of a variant HA did not increase pump complications, operative time, or blood loss (P >/=.20) or decrease the functional time of pump use (P =.91) in comparison with normal anatomy. In all patients with a variant HA, laparoscopic ligation of the variant vessel and/or cannulation of nongastroduodenal artery resulted in complete hepatic perfusion. Three misperfusions identified intraoperatively with use of methylene blue injection were corrected by laparoscopic ligation (two) or postoperative angioembolization (one). Postoperative pump radionuclide flow studies confirmed isolated hepatic artery infusion in all cases. There was a 13% pump-related complication rate. During a median follow-up of 11 months (0.5 to 35.5 months), the actuarial rate of overall survival was 47% and the estimated median survival time was 17.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LHAIP placement is technically feasible, and variant HA is not associated with increased pump complications or decreased pump functional time.
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, TC-29260, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Guojing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lee L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swanstrom
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology