title: An optimization study of solid-state fermentation: xanthophylls extraction from marigold flowers.
abstract: Marigold flowers are the main natural source of xanthophylls, and marigold saponified extract is used as an additive in several food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the use of a solid-state fermentation (ensilage) process for increasing the yield of xanthophylls extracted from fermented marigold flowers was examined. The process consisted of a mixed culture of three microorganisms (Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans), part of the normal microbiota associated with the marigold flower. These microorganisms had been previously isolated, and were identified as relevant for the ensilage process due to their capacity to produce cellulolytic enzymes. Based on experimental design strategies, optimum operation values were determined for aeration, moisture, agitation, and marigold-to-inoculum ratio in the proposed solid-state fermentation equipment, leading to a xanthophylls yield of 17.8-g/kg dry weight. The optimum achieved represents a 65% increase with respect to the control. HPLC analysis indicated conservation of extracted oleoresin. Based on the experimental results, interactions were identified that could be associated with the heat and mass-transfer reactions taking place within the bioreactor. The insight gained allows conditions that limit growth and metabolic activity to be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química-Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Ave. Tecnológico s/n, CP 38010, Celaya, Gto, Mexico. jlnb@itc.mx.
authors.forename: Navarrete-Bolaños José
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.forename: Jiménez-Islas
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Botello-Alvarez
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Enrique
authors.forename: Rico-Martínez
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ramiro
authors.forename: Paredes-López
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Octavio
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D005285:Fermentation; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012233:Rhizopus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D031686:Tagetes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D024341:Xanthophylls