title: An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the magnitude of and potential risk factors for violence within a major occupational population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive surveys were sent to 6300 Minnesota licensed registered (RNs) and practical (LPNs) nurses to collect data on physical and non-physical violence for the prior 12 months. Re-weighting enabled adjustment for potential biases associated with non-response, accounting for unknown eligibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 78% responding, combined with non-response rate information, respective adjusted rates per 100 persons per year (95% CI) for physical and non-physical violence were 13.2 (12.2 to 14.3) and 38.8 (37.4 to 40.4); assault rates were increased, respectively, for LPNs versus RNs (16.4 and 12.0) and males versus females (19.4 and 12.9). Perpetrators of physical and non-physical events were patients/clients (97% and 67%, respectively). Consequences appeared greater for non-physical than physical violence. Multivariate modelling identified increased rates for both physical and non-physical violence for working: in a nursing home/long term care facility; in intensive care, psychiatric/behavioural or emergency departments; and with geriatric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that non-fatal physical assault and non-physical forms of violence, and relevant consequences, are frequent among both RNs and LPNs; such violence is mostly perpetrated by patients or clients; and certain environmental factors appear to affect the risk of violence. This serves as the basis for further analytical studies that can enable the development of appropriate prevention and control efforts.
authors.affiliation: Regional Injury Prevention Research Center, and Occupational Injury Prevention Research Training Program, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. gerbe001@umn.edu
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gerberich
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nachreiner
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Geisser
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mongin
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Watt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace