title: [Surface characterization of Al2O3-blasted titanium implants in total hip arthroplasty].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shot peening and grit blasting techniques are used in several surface modifications for producing hip endoprostheses. Corund blasting techniques using highly pure Al2O3 particles to create a rough surface of titanium implants in cementless total hip arthroplasty achieve better osteointegration. An increasing number of publications in maxillofacial surgery and orthopedic surgery show that there is a significant contamination on corund-blasted surfaces. The latest research studies reported an effect of contaminant particles on early failure of endoprostheses associated with third body wear. The aim of our work was to evaluate the amount and particle size of Al2O3 on the implant surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surface of four different geometries (five parts each, ARR titanium acetabular reinforcement ring, anisotropic Vektor cup, Vektor titanium stem and modular MRP Titan stem) were analyzed with respect to Al2O3 particles. Grit blasting was performed with Al2O3 particles, Alodur SWSK, Fa. Treibacher. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (LEO 1525) was used for the detection of the Al2O3 particles at the implant surface with a backscattered electron detector. The particle size distribution as well as the average area of the covered surface was calculated with image analyzing software (analySIS, Soft Imaging System GmbH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface of the anisotropic Vektor cup was contaminated at an average of 41.7+/-4.9%, the Vektor titanium stem at an average of 33.3+/-4.7%, the (MRP) Titan stem at an average of 30.6+/-4.2%, and the ARR titanium acetabular reinforcement ring at an average of 23.2+/-1.6 with Al2O3 particles over the whole surface orientated to the bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study clearly show that there is contamination of rough titanium surfaces with Al2O3 particles at an unexpectedly high percentage. With respect to third body wear in total hip arthroplasty, further studies are necessary to minimize contamination of roughened surfaces and maintain sufficient roughness for osteointegration.
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Klinik Rummelsberg, Schwarzenbruck. schuh-alexander@t-online.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holzwarth
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kachler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Göske
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeiler
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide