title: Alternative use of botulinum toxin in urology.
abstract: Botulinum toxin A is used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to detrusor sphincter dysynergia and detrusor hyper-reflexia (neurogenic detrusor deficiency). The toxin acts by producing paralysis of muscle tissue and has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of conditions caused by increased muscle tonicity and spasticity. Here the literature is reviewed chronologically, the established and emerging indications for the urological use of botulinum toxin evaluated and future applications are also considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Epsom and St Heliers University Hospitals NHS Trust.
authors.forename: Zaf
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.forename: Waleed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al-Singary
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shergill
authors.forename: Jean V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Manit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Hitendra R H
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins