title: The use of intrathecal midazolam in humans: a case study of process.
abstract: Early preclinical work demonstrated the potential role of spinal benzodiazepine pharmacology in regulating spinal nociceptive transmission. We review this preclinical activity and the evolving implementation of intrathecal midazolam in humans for pain management. Important elements in this development for use in humans are issues pertinent to safety and the preclinical reports that have increased our understanding of intrathecal midazolam toxicity. We seek to emphasize the time course of these studies and how they merged to provide enabling data that drove the clinical implementation. In the case of midazolam, we point to the potential issues that arose when preclinical safety data were unreasonably ignored and how consideration of preclinical safety data can serve to facilitate drug development by demonstrating reasonable safety profiles that document the minimal degree of potential risk to the patient. Issues that are of continuing relevance to the use of intrathecal midazolam, including issues of formulation and kinetics, are considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intrathecal use of midazolam has evolved over 20 years though a combination of preclinical and clinical investigations. We review the time course of this development to define critical elements that should be pursued in reducing the risk associated with the clinical use of a novel spinal drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Tony L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam