title: Targeted deletion of the kynurenine aminotransferase ii gene reveals a critical role of endogenous kynurenic acid in the regulation of synaptic transmission via alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus.
abstract: It has been postulated that endogenous kynurenic acid (KYNA) modulates alpha7* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and NMDA receptor activities in the brain.a To test this hypothesis, alpha7* nAChR and NMDA receptor functions were studied in mice with a targeted null mutation in the gene encoding kynurenine aminotransferase II (mKat-2-/- mice), an enzyme responsible for brain KYNA synthesis. At 21 postnatal days, mKat-2-/- mice had lower hippocampal KYNA levels and higher spontaneous locomotor activity than wild-type (WT) mice. At this age, alpha7* nAChR activity induced by exogenous application of agonists to CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons was approximately 65% higher in mKat-2-/- than WT mice. Binding studies indicated that the enhanced receptor activity may not have resulted from an increase in alpha7* nAChR number. In 21-d-old mKat-2-/- mice, endogenous alpha7* nAChR activity in the hippocampus was also increased, leading to an enhancement of GABAergic activity impinging onto CA1 pyramidal neurons that could be reduced significantly by acute exposure to KYNA (100 nM). The activities of GABA(A) and NMDA receptors in the interneurons and of alpha3beta4* nAChRs regulating glutamate release onto these neurons were comparable between mKat-2-/- and WT mice. By 60 d of age, KYNA levels and GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus and locomotor activity were similar between mKat-2-/- and WT mice. Our findings that alpha7* nAChRs are major targets for KYNA in the brain may provide insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, disorders in which brain KYNA levels are increased and alpha7* nAChR functions are impaired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Manickavasagon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alkondon
authors.forename: Edna F R
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Emerson Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: Luis E F
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guidetti
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sapko
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarcz
authors.forename: Danilo A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tagle
authors.forename: Edson X
authors.initials: EX
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002794:Choline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007395:Interneurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010641:Phenotype; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D000637:Transaminases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
chemical_list: C579166:Chrna7 protein, mouse; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018755:GABA Agonists; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; C403530:nicotinic receptor alpha3beta4; D000637:Transaminases; C021481:kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D002794:Choline; D000109:Acetylcholine