title: Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in the human prostate and prostate cancer cells: expression, distribution, and calcium binding activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is an abundantly expressed protein found in a wide range of organisms from both the animal and plant kingdom. Initially described as a growth-related protein, knowledge of the biological actions of TCTP has been recently extended to include calcium binding, regulation of apoptosis, and microtubules stabilization. This report describes expression, distribution, and characterization of TCTP in human prostatic tissues and cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were analyzed by Western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. Calcium binding activity of the recombinant human prostatic protein was evaluated on a calcium overlay assay. A public SAGE database was analyzed to determine TCTP expression levels in normal and cancer tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCTP protein and mRNA were detected in all the specimens and cell lines analyzed. The protein was mainly expressed by the secretory luminal epithelial and basal layer cells. A significant amount of protein was present in the prostatic fluids. Subcellular distribution studies in prostate epithelial cells detected the protein in the cytoplasm in interphase and colocalized with tubulin during mitosis. The calcium binding capacity of prostatic TCTP was shown in vitro. Finally, SAGE data indicated TCTP as the calcium binding protein with the highest expression levels among those examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of TCTP in the human prostate and in prostate cancer cells, and suggest the involvement of the protein in key-processes such as apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and in the control of sperm functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. arcuri@unisi.it
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arcuri
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liberatori
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Riparbelli
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: del Vecchio
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000090324:Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000715647:TPT1 protein, human; D000090324:Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1; D002118:Calcium