title: Hypoglycaemia exacerbates ischaemic retinal injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of hypoglycaemia on ischaemic retinal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat retinal cultures were incubated in varying concentrations of glucose while placed under standardised anoxic conditions, and the number of surviving GABA immunoreactive neurons was assessed using immunocytochemistry. Hypoglycaemia was induced in age and sex matched Wistar rats by an injection of rapid acting insulin. The blood, vitreous, and retinal glucose concentrations were measured using a hexokinase assay kit. Electroretinography, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and histology were used to compare the functional and structural retinal injury in these rats with the injury in appropriate controls after a period of pressure induced retinal ischaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal cultures maintained in low glucose concentrations (<1 mM) had fewer surviving GABA immunoreactive neurons after an anoxic insult compared with retinal cultures maintained in 5 mM glucose. Hypoglycaemic rats had significantly lower vitreous glucose concentrations (0.57 (SEM 0.04) mM) than the control rats (3.1 (0.70) mM; p<0.001). The a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of the hypoglycaemic rats after 3 and 7 days of reperfusion were significantly lower than the amplitudes of the control rats. Furthermore, the level of Thy-1 mRNA (a retinal ganglion cell marker) was significantly lower in the hypoglycaemic group (p<0.001) and there was a corresponding exacerbation of structural injury compared with the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoglycaemia causes a significant reduction in vitreous glucose levels and exacerbates ischaemic retinal injury.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Casson
authors.forename: J P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000235:genetics; D004596:Electroretinography; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens; D021983:Cyclophilins; D005947:Glucose