title: Characterization of NF-kappa B/I kappa B proteins in zebra fish and their involvement in notochord development.
abstract: Although largely involved in innate and adaptive immunity, NF-kappa B plays an important role in vertebrate development. In chicks, the inactivation of the NF-kappa B pathway induces functional alterations of the apical ectodermal ridge, which mediates limb outgrowth. In mice, the complete absence of NF-kappa B activity leads to prenatal death and neural tube defects. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of NF-kappa B/I kappa B proteins in zebra fish. Despite being ubiquitously expressed among the embryonic tissues, NF-kappa B/I kappa B members present distinct patterns of gene expression during the early zebra fish development. Biochemical assays indicate that zebra fish NF-kappa B proteins are able to bind consensus DNA-binding (kappa B) sites and inhibitory I kappa B alpha proteins from mammals. We show that zebra fish I kappa B alphas are degraded in a time-dependent manner after induction of transduced murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and that these proteins are able to rescue NF-kappa B activity in I kappa B alpha(-/-) MEFs. Expression of a dominant-negative form of the murine I kappa B alpha (mI kappa B alpha M), which is able to block NF-kappa B in zebra fish cells, interferes with the notochord differentiation, generating no tail (ntl)-like embryos. This phenotype can be rescued by coinjection of the T-box gene ntl (Brachyury homologue), which is typically required for the formation of posterior mesoderm and axial development, suggesting that ntl lies downstream of NF-kappa B . We further show that ntl and Brachyury promoter regions contain functional kappa B sites and NF-kappa B can directly modulate ntl expression. Our study illustrates the conservation and compatibility of NF-kappa B/I kappa B proteins among vertebrates and the importance of NF-kappa B pathway in mesoderm formation during early embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tergaonkar
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Ilir
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dubova
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Izpisua-Belmonte
authors.forename: Inder M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009672:Notochord / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000098908:Brachyury Protein
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D000098908:Brachyury Protein; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse