title: Antipsychotic drugs may worsen metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have indicated that type 2 diabetes mellitus is more common among schizophrenic patients than in the general population. In this study, we investigated whether the use of antipsychotic drugs in patients with diabetes leads to worsening of glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study, patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were selected from the PHARMO Record Linkage System, which comprises pharmacy records for all 320000 residents of 6 Dutch cities. In total, we identified 2585 patients with incident cases of type 2 diabetes who began treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents between 1991 and 1997 and had a medication history of at least 2 years after diagnosis of diabetes. A change in treatment from oral hypoglycemic agents alone to insulin therapy (with or without continuation of oral hypoglycemic agents) was considered a proxy for deterioration of beta-cell function. We compared the incidence of initiation of insulin therapy between users and nonusers of antipsychotic drugs by performing a Cox proportional hazards model analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an increased risk for initiation of insulin therapy at 2 years after diagnosis of diabetes in users of antipsychotics compared with nonusers; the relative hazard (hazard ratio) was 2.0 (95% CI = 1.2 to 3.3), which did not change after adjustment for potential confounders. The risk decreased in the years after diagnosis of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that use of antipsychotics by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with initiation of insulin therapy (i.e., "secondary failure"), especially in the first 2 years of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spoelstra
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Olav H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Klungel
authors.forename: Joëlle A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Erkens
authors.forename: Hubertus G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Leufkens
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin