title: Distribution of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in riverine and coastal environments in South and Southeast Asia.
abstract: This paper reports the result of sewage pollution monitoring conducted in South and Southeast Asia during 1998-2003 using linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular tracers of sewage contamination. Eighty-nine water samples collected from Malaysia, Vietnam, and Japan (Tokyo), and 161 surface sediment samples collected from Tokyo, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and India were analyzed for alkylbenzenes. The concentration range of SigmaLABs in river water particles in Southeast Asia (<0.005-0.913 microg/L) was comparable to or higher than those found in Tokyo (<0.005-0.638 microg/L). I/E ratios (a ratio of internal to external isomers of LABs) in tropical Asian waters were close to the value of LABs in raw sewage ( approximately 1) and much lower than those in secondary effluents (3-5). This suggests that untreated or inadequately treated sewage is discharged into the water. SigmaLABs concentrations in sediments from South and Southeast Asia ranged from <0.002-42.6 microg/g-dry with the highest concentration occurring at several populous cities. Low I/E ratios of the sediments with high SigmaLABs concentrations suggest a heavy load of untreated sewage. Clearly in view of the current data and evidence of the implications of sewage pollution, this paper highlights the necessity of the continuation of water treatment system improvement in tropical Asia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Mohamad P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Nguyen H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chiem
authors.forename: Le Y
authors.initials: le Y
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Maricar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prudente
authors.forename: Ruchaya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boonyatumanond
authors.forename: Mahua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Hideshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takada
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical