title: Heparin cofactor II is a novel protective factor against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombin plays a crucial role in atherothrombotic changes. Because heparin cofactor II (HCII) inhibits thrombin actions after binding to dermatan sulfate at injured arterial walls, HCII may negatively regulate thrombin actions in vascular walls. We hypothesized that plasma HCII activity is a preventive factor against atherosclerotic changes, especially in elderly individuals who already have atherosclerotic vascular injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum plaque thickness (MPT) in the carotid artery was measured by ultrasonography in 306 Japanese elderly individuals (154 men and 152 women; age, 40 to 91 years; 68.9+/-11.1 years, mean+/-SD). The relevance of cardiovascular risk factors including plasma HCII activity to the severity of MPT was statistically evaluated. Plasma HCII activity decreased with age. Simple linear regression analysis after adjustments for age and sex showed that lipoprotein(a), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and presence of diabetes mellitus significantly contributed to an increase in MPT values (r=0.119, P<0.05; r=0.196, P<0.001; and r=0.227, P<0.0001, respectively). In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HCII activity were negatively correlated with MPT values (r=-0.117, P<0.05, and r=-0.202, P<0.0005, respectively). Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma HCII activity and HDL cholesterol independently contributed to the suppression of MPT values and that the antiatherogenic contribution of HCII activity was stronger than that of HDL cholesterol (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that HCII can be a novel and independent antiatherogenic factor. Moreover, HCII is a stronger predictive factor than HDL cholesterol against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima, Graduate School of Medicine, Kuramoto-cho Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takamori
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanagawa
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akaike
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arase
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D015844:Heparin Cofactor II / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D015844:Heparin Cofactor II