title: Spina bifida and genetic factors related to myo-inositol, glucose, and zinc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myo-inositol, glucose and zinc and related genetic factors are suggested to be implicated in the etiology of spina bifida. We investigated the biochemical concentrations of these nutrients and polymorphisms in the myo-inositol transporter SLC5A11, myo-inositol synthase ISYNA1, and zinc transporter SLC39A4 in association with spina bifida risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six spina bifida triads only were ascertained. In mothers, fathers, and spina bifida children polymorphisms determined were SLC5A11 (544C > T), ISYNA1 (1029A > G), and SLC39A4 (1069C > T). Serum myo-inositol and glucose, and red blood cell zinc concentrations were determined in mothers and spina bifida children. Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) were applied to determine associations between the polymorphisms and spina bifida. Associations between biochemical values and genotypes were studied by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Interactions between alleles, biochemical values, and environmental factors were analyzed by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association between SLC5A11, ISYNA1, and SLC39A4 and spina bifida was shown, chi2SLC5A11=0.016, P=0.90; chi2SYNA1=1.52, P=0.22; chi2SLC39A4=0.016, P=0.90; and degrees of freedom (df)=1. Maternal glucose concentrations were comparable for the SLC5A11 genotypes. Significantly lower myo-inositol concentrations were observed in mothers with SLC5A11 CC-genotype, mean (SD) 14.2 (2.6)micromol/L compared to SLC5A11 TT-genotype, 17.0 (3.4)micromol/L, P <0.05 . No significant associations were observed between ISYNA1 and myo-inositol and glucose, and between SLC39A4 and zinc. A significant interaction was demonstrated between a maternal glucose < 4.5 mmol/L and ISYNA1 1029A > G polymorphism on spina bifida risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of maternal glucose < 4.5 mmol/L and ISYNA1 1029A > G polymorphism protects against spina bifida offspring. Moreover, maternal SLC5A11 544C > T polymorphism contributes to the serum myo-inositol concentration. Larger studies should confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P M W
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Groenen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klootwijk
authors.forename: M M V A P
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schijvenaars
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Straatman
authors.forename: E C M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mariman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: R P M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steegers-Theunissen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007294:Inositol / Q000097:blood*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007294:Inositol; D015032:Zinc