title: [Bipolar disorder and depression in childhood and adolescence].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a historical review of childhood depression and bipolar disorder, covering concepts, diagnostic categories, epidemiology, genetic and neurobiological aspects as well as predisposing factors and treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive review of the literature on child depression and bipolar disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Child depression and bipolar disorder are associated with genetic factors, mood, adverse life events, divorce, academic problems, physical and sexual abuse, and neurobiological factors. Treatment usually includes medication and psychotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are important childhood disorders whose diagnosis is often difficult. The identification and treatment of depression and bipolar disorder reduces the suffering of affected children and adolescents. The pediatrician can intervene by orienting the family in mild cases, but must be alert to cases requiring more aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, DF. dlima@br.inter.net
authors.forename: Dênio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors