title: Systematic review of the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of COX-2 inhibitors in post-operative pain control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative analgesic efficacy and tolerability of single-dose COX-2 inhibitors in post-operative pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The area under the pain relief vs. time curve was used to evaluate the proportion of patient achieving at least 50% pain relief using validated equations. The proportions of patients experiencing any adverse event or specific adverse events were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 18 RCTs were included which contained 2783 patients. The results of the effects of single-dose analgesics on the basis of 50% of patients achieving pain relief over 6 h from dental pain models suggested that oral rofecoxib 50 mg was more effective than codeine/paracetamol 60/600 mg, and the rate ratio (RR) was 2.11 (95% CI 1.6-2.75). Valdecoxib 40 mg was also more effective than oxycodone/paracetamol 10/1000 mg (RR 1.34; 95% CI 1.11-1.62). There was no significant differences between other oral COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), except that celecoxib 200 mg was less effective than ibuprofen 400 mg (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.48-0.90) and rofecoxib 50 mg (RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.49-0.87). The results from orthopaedic pain model showed no significant difference between rofecoxib 50 mg and naproxen sodium 550 mg (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.73-1.49). The adverse effects of single-dose COX-2 inhibitor used in short-term post-operative pain management were generally mild and less than non-selective NSAIDs, although there was no significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analgesic efficacy and tolerability of single-dose COX-2 inhibitors were more effective than opioid-containing analgesics and similar to non-selective NSAIDs in post-operative pain management. Further studies are needed to examine the efficacy and tolerability of COX-2 inhibitors compared against active comparators over a longer duration to assess whether these short-term effects are mirrored by longer-term outcomes and to determine their ultimate risk-benefit profile.
authors.affiliation: Drug Usage and Pharmacy Practice Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. li-chia.chen@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: L-C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ashcroft
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; C406224:valdecoxib; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human