title: Analgesic effect of clonidine added to bupivacaine 0.125% in paediatric caudal blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caudals are a common method of providing pain relief in children undergoing surgery. Clonidine, an alpha(2) agonist, exhibits significant analgesic properties. The current investigation sought to determine whether caudal clonidine added to caudal bupivacaine would decrease pain in paediatric patients undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six children undergoing elective surgery were studied. Following anaesthetic induction, a caudal was placed (1 mg.kg(-1) bupivacaine 0.125%) with an equal volume of either clonidine (2 microg.kg(-1)) or saline. Perioperative analgesic requirements in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) and at home following hospital discharge, and parental pain scores were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant demographic, haemodynamic, or pain score differences between the groups. There was no difference in analgesic duration between groups. There were significantly more children who vomited during the first 24 postoperative hours in the clonidine group than in the saline group (eight in clonidine, two in saline; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We do not recommend adding clonidine (2 microg.kg(-1)) to a bupivacaine (0.125%) caudal block in children undergoing surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Neil Roy
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: Katharine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Reuben
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine