title: A test of Ockham's razor: implications of conjugated linoleic acid in bone biology.
abstract: The philosopher William of Ockham is recognized for the maxim that an assumption introduced to explain a phenomenon must not be multiplied beyond necessity, or that the simplest explanation is probably the correct explanation. The general truth is that conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are nutrients. However, the demonstration that these isomers of octadecadienoic acid protect against cancers in rodents stimulated curiosity that directed significant resources to characterize the biological functions of these fatty acids in cell and animal models. The benefits to human subjects given supplements of CLA were at best modest. The disappointing results in humans should be taken as an opportunity to critically evaluate all findings of CLA use and to consolidate the common actions of this nutrient so that future investigations focus on specific isomers and the most reasonable mechanisms. As such, the principal and consistently reported benefits of CLA have been in improving cancer outcomes, reducing body fat in growing animals, and modulating cell functions. Recognizing where related actions of CLA converge in specific disease conditions and physiologic states is how research efforts should be directed to minimize the pursuit of superfluous theories. Here, we briefly review the current biological effects of CLA and attempt to integrate their potential effect on the physiology and health of the skeletal system. Thus, the purpose of this review is to advance the science of CLA and to identify areas of research in which these nutrients affect bone metabolism and skeletal health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA. baw@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hugh E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinwald
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Seifert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004967:Estrogens; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone