title: Stage II testicular seminoma: patterns of recurrence and outcome of treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review treatment outcome and patterns of failure for patients with stage II testicular seminoma and to identify prognostic factors for relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1981 to 1999, 126 men with stage II seminoma were treated at Princess Margaret Hospital. Of these, 95 were treated with radiotherapy (RT) and 31 with chemotherapy (ChT). Patient and tumour characteristics were analyzed for prognostic significance for subsequent relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At median follow-up of 8.5 years, the 5- and 10-year overall survival were both 93%, the 5- and 10-year cause-specific survival were both 94% and the 5- and 10-year relapse-free rates were both 85%. Patients with stage IIA and IIB disease treated with RT and stage IIB treated with chemotherapy had 5-year relapse-free rates of 91.7%, 89.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Seventeen percent of patients treated with radiotherapy and 6% of those treated with chemotherapy have relapsed. Of the RT patients the commonest sites of relapse were left supraclavicular fossa, lung/mediastinum, bone, para-aortics and liver; nine patients had a solitary site of relapse. Two patients treated with chemotherapy had recurrence in the para-aortic and iliac nodes. For RT patients, larger primary tumour size was associated with a reduction in relapse rate. Age, rete testis invasion and lymphovascular invasion were found not to be of prognostic significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In stage IIA/B seminoma, radiotherapy continues to provide excellent results, as the majority of patients will be cured with this treatment alone. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for stage IIC seminoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.
authors.forename: Peter W M
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gospodarowicz
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Panzarella
authors.forename: Michael A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: Jeremy F G
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tew-George
authors.forename: Andrew J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bayley
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Padraig R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Warde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome