title: Frequency of maxillofacial injuries in all-terrain vehicle collisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the frequency and distribution of maxillofacial injuries associated with all-terrain vehicle (ATV) collisions and to compare this with patients involved in motorcycle accidents over the same 5-year period at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Patients and methods The records of all patients involved in ATV collisions who were admitted to the University of Alabama at Birmingham Trauma Center from January 1998 to January 2003 were reviewed. Age, gender, mechanism of injury, length of stay, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, maxillofacial injuries, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and maxillofacial Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score were the factors considered for the study. These variables were also analyzed for patients involved in motorcycle collisions who sustained maxillofacial trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 72 ATV collisions; 23 patients (32%) sustained maxillofacial injuries. The mean age was 31, and there were 59 males (82%) and 13 females (18%). The most common mechanism of injury was an ATV rollover. The warmer seasons and weekend days had the highest frequency of ATV trauma. Of the 23 patients who sustained maxillofacial injuries, the average maxillofacial AIS score was 2. The length of stay and GCS score were 8 days and 12, respectively, compared to 5 days and 15 in the nonmaxillofacial injury group. The most common maxillofacial fracture seen was a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture (n = 8), followed by mandibular fractures (n = 6), and orbital floor blowout fractures (n = 5). Eighty-three percent of patients with maxillofacial injuries required an operative intervention during their hospitalization. The distribution of maxillofacial fractures in the ATV group was similar to that of an equivalent motorcycle group, but the frequency for the ATV group was higher (32% versus 8%). The length of stay for the motorcycle group was 11 days versus 8 days for the ATV group. The GCS scores, maxillofacial AIS scores, and ISS were similar between the 2 groups (12, 2, and 18, respectively). In patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures, neurologic injuries were the most frequent concomitant injury in the ATV group, whereas orthopedic injuries occurred more often in the motorcycle group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maxillofacial injuries are common findings in ATV collisions. ATV patients with maxillofacial fractures have more neurologic impairment at admission and longer hospitalizations than patients sustaining motorcycle injuries. There needs to be an increase in the public health effort to educate individuals about the dangers of ATVs and to provide proper safety guidelines before the purchase of a vehicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. pholmes@mail.dental.uab.edu
authors.forename: Pierre-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Loring W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Rue
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*