title: Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and exercise on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subfractions.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of combining exercise with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3fa) supplementation on lipoprotein subfractions and associated enzymes. Subjects were 10 recreationally active males, aged 25 +/- 1.5 years (mean +/- SE), who supplemented n-3fa (60% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 40% docosahexaenoic [DHA]) at 4 g/d for 4 weeks. Before and after supplementation, subjects completed a 60-minute session of treadmill exercise at 60% Vo(2)max. Following a 24-hour diet and activity control period, blood was collected immediately before and after the exercise session to assess lipid variables: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and subfractions, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and subfractions and particle size, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Supplementation with n-3fa alone increased total HDL-C and HDL(2)-C, while exercise alone increased total HDL-C, HDL(3)-C, and total LDL-C. LDL subfractions, particle size, and LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by supplementation. Combination treatment resulted in an additive effect for HDL(3)-C only and also increased LDL(1)-C versus baseline. LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by treatments. These results suggest that n-3fa supplementation or an exercise session each affect total HDL-C and subfractions but not LDL-C or subfractions. In addition, the combination of n-3fa and exercise may have additional effects on total HDL-C and LDL-C subfractions as compared to either treatment alone in active young men.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Tom R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Bryan K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Owen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Altena
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: James-Kracke
authors.forename: Grace Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C506642:CETP protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase