title: Evaluation of a contour-alignment technique for CT-guided prostate radiotherapy: an intra- and interobserver study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recent introduction of integrated CT/linear accelerator systems may mean that daily CT localization can become a reality in the clinic, possibly allowing further dose escalation to the prostate while limiting unwanted doses to the rectum and bladder. However, the implementation of CT localization is currently impeded by the lack of precise and robust techniques to align the treatment plan with the daily CT images. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a manual alignment technique, in which the gross target volume contours are overlaid on the daily CT images and then shifted to match the structures visible in the images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 CT image sets were taken before the standard delivery of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer for 2 patients. Seven observers (four radiation oncologists and three medical physicists) manually shifted the gross target volume contours from the treatment plan to best match the daily CT images. One observer repeated the process 1 week later to evaluate intraobserver variations. The experiment was then repeated, but the CT images from the original treatment plan were used as a reference to reduce interobserver uncertainty when aligning the contours. The shifts in prostate position found by different observers, both with and without reference data, were evaluated using a factorial analysis of variance to determine the standard errors of measurement for the intra- and interobserver uncertainty (SEM(intra) and SEM(inter), respectively). The differences in the SEM for the two groups of observers (radiation oncologists and medical physicists), the two alignment techniques (with and without reference information), and the two patients were evaluated using the t test at 90% confidence levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With no reference information, the SEM(inter) using one patient data set (Patient 1) was 0.8 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.2 mm in the right-left (RL), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) directions, respectively. The use of the treatment plan as a reference reduced the SEM(inter) to 0.7 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.6 mm in the RL, AP, and SI directions, respectively. In Patient 2, localization of the prostate was more difficult; the best SEM(inter) achieved with this patient was 0.8 mm, 1.9 mm, and 2.0 mm in the RL, AP, and SI directions, respectively. The SEM(intra) values with Patient 1 were also slightly better than with Patient 2. When reference data were used, the SEM(intra) value was 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.5 mm for Patient 1 and 0.6 mm, 1.0 mm, and 0.7 mm for Patient 2 in the RL, AP, and SI directions, respectively. Despite the larger than expected interobserver variation reported here, the SEM(inter) was smaller than the typical day-to-day variation in prostate position. The contour alignment technique may still be useful to aid daily prostate localization or in a correction scheme to minimize the effect of target positional error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interobserver uncertainties associated with aligning the gross target volume contours with daily CT images were sufficiently small that this method may be used for daily CT localization of the prostate. The use of a reference image is important to improve the consistency among different users in this technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: Laurence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Court
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballo
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Daniel
authors.forename: R Allen
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuban
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed