title: Midkine protects hepatocellular carcinoma cells against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase-3 activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is believed that midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, the biologic mechanism of MK in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been clarified to date. The objective of the current study was to investigate the antiapoptotic role of MK in a human hepatoma cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used to study the antiapoptotic effect of MK. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/actinomycin D (ActD)-induced apoptosis was detected using a 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-8) assay, a caspase-3 activity assay, a caspase-8 activity assay, and flow cytometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TRAIL had a potent, dose-dependent inductive effect on cell death in HepG2 cells, for which viable cell counts decreased to 6.3% of the control count at a TRAIL concentration of 100 ng/mL in the presence of 500 ng/mL ActD. Flow cytometry was used to demonstrate that apoptosis induced by TRAIL/ActD was in fact the cause of cell death. According to the WST-8 assay, MK pretreatment resulted in the suppression of TRAIL/ActD-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells, although cell viability did not increase when HepG2 cells were treated with MK alone. Caspase-3 activity was down-regulated when MK was added, but caspase-8 activity was high in both the absence and presence of MK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study indicate that MK acts as an antiapoptotic factor in HepG2 cells through the down-regulation of caspase-3 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. o-tomoko@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohuchida
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akahane
authors.forename: Aiichiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higure
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Todoroki
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikematsu
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078792:Midkine; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C476329:2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium monosodium salt; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000078792:Midkine; D003609:Dactinomycin; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases