title: Use of intravenous ketorolac in the neonate and premature babies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketorolac is a powerful nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used for pain control in children and adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate its safety and analgesic efficacy in the neonate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketorolac was used in a group of 18 spontaneously breathing neonates presenting with chronic lung disease, for the control of postsurgical pain and pain from invasive procedures. Pain scores (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) were assessed before and after i.v. administration of 1 mg.kg(-1) of ketorolac.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total pain control was achieved in 94.4% of the neonates. None of the neonates had haematological, renal or hepatic changes prior to treatment, and these complications did not occur after treatment. No neonate had systemic haemorrhage or bleeding from injection and blood withdrawal sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac could represent an efficacious analgesic alternative to opioids, particularly in neonates. It would avoid the side-effects associated with opioid analgesics, especially respiratory depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. patrizia.papacci@tin.it
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papacci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Francisci
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iacobucci
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giannantonio
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: De Carolis
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zecca
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001724:Birth Weight; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac