title: Molecular weight of chitosan influences antimicrobial activity in oil-in-water emulsions.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosans in oil-in-water emulsions. Model emulsions were prepared with 20% corn oil, 1.5% Tween 20, 1.5% Trypticase soy broth, 0.58% acetic acid, and chitosan polysaccharide or chitosan oligosaccharide in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.7%. A control containing HCl was included to determine the role of acetic acid in the overall antibacterial activity. The pH of samples and controls was adjusted to 4.5. Emulsions were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes (strains Scott A and 310) or Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 (strains 2486 and 2576) at a level of 10(7) CFU/ml. Inoculated emulsions were incubated at 10 and 25 degrees C for 4 days and analyzed for bacterial count every 24 h. Both tested Salmonella strains were more susceptible to acetic acid than Listeria. However, L. monocytogenes was more affected by chitosan than either Salmonella strain. During the storage at 25 degrees C, initial inoculum in the emulsions with 0.58% acetic acid and 0.1% chitosan polysaccharide was reduced to below the detection limits after 24, 48, 72, or 96 h for L. monocytogenes 310, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 2576, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 2486, or L. monocytogenes Scott A, respectively. Chitosan oligosaccharide was less effective against all tested bacteria and showed a concentration-dependent effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan was reduced at 10 degrees C, and reduction of microbial loads was delayed for approximately 24 h compared with 25 degrees C. Results suggest that addition of 0.1% chitosan polysaccharide would be sufficient to ensure the microbial safety of oil-in-water emulsions regardless of storage temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Center of Excellence, The University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591, USA. lanaz@utk.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zivanovic
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Basurto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004655:Emulsions; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008970:Molecular Weight; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan