title: Marijuana odor perception: studies modeled from probable cause cases.
abstract: The 4th Amendment of the United States Constitution protects American citizens against unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause. Although law enforcement officials routinely rely solely on the sense of smell to justify probable cause when entering vehicles and dwellings to search for illicit drugs, the accuracy of their perception in this regard has rarely been questioned and, to our knowledge, never tested. In this paper, we present data from two empirical studies based upon actual legal cases in which the odor of marijuana was used as probable cause for search. In the first, we simulated a situation in which, during a routine traffic stop, the odor of packaged marijuana located in the trunk of an automobile was said to be detected through the driver's window. In the second, we investigated a report that marijuana odor was discernable from a considerable distance from the chimney effluence of diesel exhaust emanating from an illicit California grow room. Our findings suggest that the odor of marijuana was not reliably discernable by persons with an excellent sense of smell in either case. These studies are the first to examine the ability of humans to detect marijuana in simulated real-life situations encountered by law enforcement officials, and are particularly relevant to the issue of probable cause.
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. doty@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wudarski
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hastings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D035082:Federal Government; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions