title: The evaluation and management of velopharyngeal dysfunction.
abstract: Several interventions are available for management of VPD. Using an approach of differential management based on differential diagnosis, VPD can be effectively treated in most patients. The current challenge for the VPD care team, however, is to resolve the signs and symptoms of VPD without exchanging them for a different but an equally or more morbid set of signs and symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Lip/Palate and Craniofacial, St. John's Mercy Health Center, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA. jmarsh@kidsplasticsurgery.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*