title: Effect of quinidine on the 10-hydroxylation of R-warfarin: species differences and clearance projection.
abstract: Stimulation by quinidine of warfarin metabolism in vitro was first demonstrated with liver microsomal preparations. We report herein that this drug interaction is reproducible in an animal model but that it exhibits profound species differences. Thus, using rabbit liver microsomes and a kinetic model incorporating two binding sites, the hepatic intrinsic clearance of R-warfarin via the 10-hydroxylation pathway (CL(int)(W)) was projected to be 6 +/- 1 and 128 +/- 51 microl/min/g liver, respectively, in the absence and presence of 21 microM unbound quinidine. These estimates were consistent with the results from studies in which rabbit livers (n = 5) were perfused in situ with R-warfarin or R-warfarin plus quinidine. The CL(int)(W) increased from 7 +/- 3 to 156 +/- 106 microl/min/g liver after increasing the hepatic exposure of unbound quinidine from 0 to 21 microM. In contrast, when liver microsomes or intact livers from rats were examined, R-warfarin metabolism was inhibited by quinidine, the CL(int)(W) decreasing to 26% of the control value after exposure of perfused rat livers (n = 5) to 22 microM unbound quinidine. The third example involved monkey liver microsomes, in which the rate of 10-hydroxylation of R-warfarin was little affected in the presence of quinidine (<2-fold increase). In all three species, the 10-hydroxylation of R-warfarin was catalyzed primarily by members of CYP3A, based on immuno- and chemical inhibition analyses. These findings not only highlight the variability of drug interactions among different species but also suggest that changes in hepatic clearance resulting from stimulation of cytochrome P450 activity may be projected based on estimates generated from corresponding liver microsomal preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Labs., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Zhoupeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fenyk-Melody
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Booth-Genthe
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rushmore
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006900:Hydroxylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010477:Perfusion; D011802:Quinidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D014859:Warfarin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D014859:Warfarin; D011802:Quinidine