title: Seroepidemiology and risk factors for sporadic norovirus/Mexico strain.
abstract: Risk factors associated with transmission of sporadic norovirus (NV; formerly Norwalk-like virus)/Mexico strain were identified in a seroepidemiological study conducted in rural Mexico. Acquisition of Mexico strain IgA antibodies was age-related; 34% of 1-4-year-olds were seropositive, compared with 81% of adults (P<.001). After 12 months, 42% of 1-4-year-olds showed a seroresponse to Mexico strain, compared with 27% of adults (P<.01). Personal and domestic hygiene measures, such as hand washing, general cleanliness of the mother's clothing, and the type of room assigned for cooking were significantly associated with odds of a seroresponse. For infants, having a dog in or near the home was a risk factor for seroresponse (P<.01), whereas, for older children, the mother's involvement in agricultural activities was a risk factor (P<.001). This study provides initial evidence of risk factors associated with sporadic NV infection. Data indicate some similarities to risk factors associated with outbreaks of NV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom. a.peasey@public-health.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Peasey
authors.forename: Guillermo M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacios
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Newsholme
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ursula J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012424:Rural Population; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral