title: Reversal of direct thrombin inhibition after cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
abstract: We treated persistent hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary bypass in a heart transplant recipient who had received anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin by a combination therapy aimed at reducing the plasma concentration of the thrombin antagonist (hemodialysis and modified ultrafiltration), increasing the concentration of thrombin at bleeding sites (recombinant factor VIIa), and increasing the plasma concentration of other coagulation factors (fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate). The bleeding was controlled, and there was no thrombotic complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of modified ultrafiltration, hemodialysis, and the administration of recombinant factor VIIa, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate may reverse the anticoagulant effect of bivalirudin.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, †Surgery, and ‡Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; and §Golden Gate Perfusion, Inc., San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stratmann
authors.forename: Anil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: deSilva
authors.forename: Elaine E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hambleton
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balea
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Romo
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Achorn
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Moskalik
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoopes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006629:Hirudins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; D013917:Thrombin; C074619:bivalirudin