title: Alteration of the p14(ARF) gene and p53 status in human hepatocellular carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The INK4a/ARF locus encodes p16INK4a and p14ARF, both of which are crucial for two tumor suppressor pathways, retinoblastoma (RB)/p16INK4a and p53/ARF. Inactivation of RB/p16INK4a was frequently reported, but alterations of the p14ARF gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the Japanese population have been insufficiently analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the role of p53/ARF alteration in hepatocarcinogenesis, we examined 44 HCCs for mRNA expression, deletion, mutation, and promoter hypermethylation of the p14(ARF) gene; alterations of p53 were also analyzed in the same series of HCCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homozygous deletion, spanning from exon 1 beta to exon 2, was found in 1 HCC mutations within exon 2 were found in 2 HCCs, but no promoter hypermethylation was detected. All 3 HCCs with p14(ARF) alteration were well differentiated. Twelve of the 44 HCCs (27.2%) showed immunohistochemical evidence of p53 alteration; however, only 1 of the tumors with p53 alteration was well differentiated. TaqMan polymarase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that the expression of p14(ARF) in HCCs was higher than in that in all but three of the corresponding non-tumorous tissues ( P < 0.0001), and increased expression of p14(ARF) seemed to be associated with poorly differentiated phenotype. Absence of p14(ARF) expression was seen in only one HCC, with homozygous deletion of the p14(ARF) gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with p53 alteration, p14(ARF) alteration does not occur frequently, but may play a role in a subset of Japanese HCCs in the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. On the other hand, overexpression of p14(ARF) was frequently observed in HCC, especially in poorly differentiated tumors, probably reflecting oncogenic stimuli in these tumors. The INK4a/ARF locus encodes p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF), both of which are crucial for two tumor suppressor pathways, retinoblastoma (RB)/p16(INK4a) and p53/ARF. Inactivation of RB/p16(INK4a) was frequently reported, but alterations of the p14(ARF) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the Japanese population have been insufficiently analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Naoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komeda
authors.forename: Kazuwa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF