title: Parental auricular acupuncture as an adjunct for parental presence during induction of anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether parental auricular acupuncture reduces parental preoperative anxiety and thus allows children to benefit from parental presence during induction of anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of children who were scheduled to undergo surgery were randomly assigned to an acupuncture intervention group (auricular press needles at relaxation, tranquilizer point, and master cerebral point) or a sham acupuncture control group (auricular press needles at the shoulder, wrist, and extraneous auricular point). The intervention was performed at least 30 min before the child's induction of anesthesia. All mothers were present during induction of anesthesia. The behavioral and physiologic anxiety of mothers and children were rated during the perioperative process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Multivariable analysis examining maternal anxiety as a function of group found a group-by-time interaction (F1,65 = 4.1, P = 0.04). That is, after induction, maternal anxiety in the acupuncture group was significantly lower (42.9 +/- 10 vs. 49.5 +/- 11; P = 0.014). A multivariate model (F1,65 = 4.8, P =0.031) also showed that children whose mothers received the acupuncture intervention were significantly less anxious on entrance to the operating room (34.9 +/- 20 vs. 47.4 +/- 26; P = 0.03) and during introduction of the anesthesia mask (38.6 +/- 25 vs. 55.6 +/- 31; P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in maternal blood pressure and heart rate between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Auricular acupuncture significantly decreased maternal anxiety during the preoperative period. Children of mothers who underwent acupuncture intervention benefitted from the reduction of maternal anxiety during the induction of anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8051, USA. Shu-Ming.Wang@yale.edu
authors.forename: Shu-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maranets
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Caldwell-Andrews
authors.forename: Zeev N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
mesh_terms: D020831:Acupuncture, Ear / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology