title: Neuroendocrine cell differentiation in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft: association with tumor cell proliferation prior to recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation is proposed to facilitate prostate cancer (CaP) recurrence following androgen deprivation through secretion by NE cells of growth factors and neuropeptides that support survival and proliferation of CaP cells and vasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of androgen deprivation on NE differentiation and tumor cell proliferation in the CWR22 model of human CaP was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of the NE cell marker synaptophysin and the cell proliferation marker Ki67.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the number of NE cells was observed in CWR22 tumors between 28 and 66 days after castration compared to intact mice, that preceded the increase in tumor cell proliferation that began 70 days after androgen deprivation heralding recurrence. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of tumor-associated NE cells and proliferating CaP cells in tumors from mice after 28-34 days of androgen withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the CWR22 model, androgen deprivation induces an increase in tumor-associated NE cells prior to increased tumor cell proliferation, with NE cells possibly promoting tumor survival and recurrent disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002369:Castration; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002470:Cell Survival; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists