title: Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on apoptosis of rat testicular germ cells induced by testicular torsion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible protective role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, reported to have a protective effect in experimental models of hypoxic ischaemia), and the involvement of apoptotic cell death in a model of torsion/detorsion of the rat testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 underwent a sham operation as a control; in group 2 the testis was twisted and in group 3 then untwisted; in group 4 IGF-1 was injected subcutaneously just before bilateral torsion, and then the right testis removed after 4 h and the left after 24 h; in group 5, IGF-1 was injected immediately after bilateral detorsion and then the testes removed as in group 4. Both testicles were examined histologically, with apoptosis detected using the in situ DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) system, with combined enzymology and immunohistochemistry techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups 2 (torsion) and 3 (detorsion), light microscopy of the testis showed some degenerative changes in the germ cells. Compared to group 1, apoptosis was more significant in group 3 than in the other groups. Group 4 (torsion/IGF-1) had a similar number of apoptotic germ cells as in group 2 (torsion) after 24 h, but fewer than the same group after 4 h. In group 5 (detorsion/IGF-1), apoptosis was reduced by IGF-1 significantly more than in group 3 (P < 0.05). Apoptosis was significantly less in spermatids in group 5 than in group 3 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IGF-1 seems to lower the levels of germ cell apoptosis, which may be important for protecting the testes from torsion/detorsion injury. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate this protective effect in testicular torsion/detorsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Derince-Kocaeli, Turkey. cuneyd65@yahoo.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozkurkcugil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yardimoglu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dalcik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gokalp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I