title: Binary mixture of DDT and Arochlor1254: effects on sperm release by Danio rerio.
abstract: A long-term toxicity test with zebrafish was carried out with different concentrations of DDT, Arochlor1254 (A54), and their 1:1 mixture under flow-through conditions. By collecting and counting the number of sperm released during separate mating events we observed that gametes are released asynchronously. Sperms are released in the form of sperm trails laid on the nest surface; subsequently active spermatozoa leave the trails and move in the water for several minutes. Sperm trails consist of bands of viscous material in which sperm are embedded. The water samples for the estimation of sperm presence were collected gradually within 180 min after 24 h, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months of exposure. It was established that the reductions in count, activity of sperm, and average life span of sperm trails were significant (P<0.05) at the tested concentrations, 5 and 50 microg/L after 1 month and 2 weeks of exposure to each chemical tested and to their mixture, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DDT and A54 could react synergically and increase the alteration in sperm release and activity as well as the life span of their trails.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Environmental Research, University of Saarland, Querstrasse 4, 63452 Hanau, Germany. kemadjoub@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jules Richard Kemadjou
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Njiwa
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020111:Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects*; D006207:Half-Life; D008297:Male; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D015262:Xenobiotics; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D004967:Estrogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015262:Xenobiotics; D020111:Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); D003634:DDT