title: Education and evidence are needed to improve neonatal parenteral nutrition practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition (PN) is an essential component of neonatal care for those infants who are unable to tolerate adequate enteral feeding. Its use is not without complications such as biochemical derangements, sepsis, thrombosis, extravasation of fluid, and death. Such complications can be reduced by meticulous management of PN in response to biochemical abnormalities, nutrition teams, policies to reduce sepsis, and staff training to be more aware of pericardial and pleural effusions. We ascertained the current practices in PN administration and management of complications in all neonatal units with 6 or more intensive care cots in England, Scotland, and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone survey of middle grade doctors (Specialist Registrars) working in all 57 neonatal units was conducted using a standard questionnaire. The questions were focused around practical issues and problems that are commonly encountered with PN practice, including composition, complications, and nutrition support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response was obtained from 95% of the units contacted and a wide range of practices observed. Thirty-three percent of units delay protein (nitrogen) until > 48 hours after birth. Lipid infusions are stopped in proven or suspected sepsis in just over half of all units. In hyperglycemic preterm infants, 25 units decrease their glucose infusion, 21 commence insulin, and 8 have no policy. Two thirds of middle grade doctors had no idea of the amount of protein or nitrogen to prescribe for these infants, and only one-third involve a pharmacist in the PN prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a diverse practice and knowledge with a concerning lack of education in nutrition among the middle grade doctors in England, Scotland, and Wales. The management of common complications such as sepsis and hyperglycemia are highly variable. Improved staff training and production of unified evidence-based guidelines need urgent consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Medicine, Llandough Hospital, Cardiff, Wales. mansoorlmc@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tuthill
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000628:therapy; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018805:Sepsis / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom