title: Diclofenac and metabolite pharmacokinetics in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data concerning metabolism of diclofenac in children are limited to intravenous and enteric coated oral formulations. There are no data examining diclofenac or its hydroxyl metabolite pharmacokinetics after rectal administration in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants (n = 26) undergoing tonsillectomy were given diclofenac 2 mg.kg(-1) followed by 1 mg.kg(-1) 8 h as suppository formulation for postoperative analgesia. Serum was assayed for diclofenac, 4'-hydroxydiclofenac and 5'-hydroxydiclofenac concentrations during the procedure and 1, 2 and 4 h postoperatively. The formation clearances of diclofenac to hydroxyl metabolites were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects models. A single compartment, first order absorption and first order elimination model was used to describe diclofenac pharmacokinetics. Published data from 11 children given enteric-coated diclofenac tablets were used to assess relative bioavailability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (sd) age and weight of the patients were 4.5 (1.5) years and 20.5 (4.1) kg. The formation clearance to 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (% CV) and to 5'-hydroxydiclofenac were 8.41 (8.1) and 3.41 (113) l.h(-1) respectively, standardized to a 70 kg person using allometric '1/4 power' models. Clearance by other routes contributed 33.0 (64) l.h(-1) 70 kg(-1). Elimination clearance of hydroxyl metabolites was fixed at 27.5 l.h(-1) 70 kg(-1). The volumes of distribution of parent diclofenac and its hydroxyl metabolite were 22.8 (19.0) and 45.3 (l.70) kg(-1). The suppository formulation had an absorption half-life of 0.613 (33.2) h with a lag time of 0.188 (24.9) h. Interoccasion variability of formation clearance to 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, diclofenac volume of distribution, absorption half-time and lag time for the suppository was 36%, 55%, 14% and 119%, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the suppository compared with an enteric-coated tablet was 1.26.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formation clearance of the active metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac contributed 19% of total clearance (44.82 l.h(-1) 70 kg(-1)). The rectum is a suitable route for administration of diclofenac in children 2-8 year of age and was associated with a higher relative bioavailabilty than enteric-coated tablets and an earlier maximum concentration (50 vs. 108 min). This pharmacokinetic profile renders diclofenac suppository a suitable formulation for short duration surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, ErasmusMC-Sophia Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Caroline D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: van der Marel
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rømsing
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacqz-Aigrain
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D012007:Rectum / Q000378:metabolism; D013488:Suppositories; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013488:Suppositories; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; D004008:Diclofenac; C117715:5-hydroxydiclofenac; C108036:4'-hydroxydiclofenac