title: Heterotopic pancreas--clinical presentation and pathology with review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heterotopic pancreas is usually a silent gastrointestinal malformation, but it may become clinically evident when complicated by chronic inflammation or by growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on eleven cases of heterotopic pancreatic tissue. The cases were selected from the records of our Surgical Department and Institute of Pathology. The literature about heterotopic pancreas is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea and vomiting (27%), epigastric pain (27%), ulceration (27%) and weight loss (18%) were the three most frequent symptoms and signs. The lesions were diagnosed as gastrointestinal tumor or ulcer by gastroduodenoscopy (36%). The other patients were diagnosed during surgery (64%). Definitive diagnosis was only achievable by pathology. Heterotopic pancreas was the reason for surgery in 36% of the cases, in another 45% diagnosis was incidental during surgery and in 18% the diagnosis was established endoscopically and surgery was not necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas is rarely established, most cases remain clinically silent. In symptomatic patients diagnosis should to be secured histologically to exclude malignant disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Eisenberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gocht
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Knoefel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peiper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutup
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Yekebas
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hosch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lambrecht
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Izbicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002828:Choristoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas