title: Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated in some studies with increased risk for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). To assess this further, we conducted a case-control study in Egypt, where HCV prevalence is extremely high.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with B-cell NHL (N = 227) were recruited from the National Cancer Institute of Cairo University, a major referral centre. Controls (N = 227) were patients with fractures being treated at the Kasr El-Aini Orthopaedic Hospital, from the same referral base as the cases, and were frequency-matched by gender, rural versus urban birthplace, and age. Subjects were interviewed about their medical history and possible risk factors, and blood samples were collected for HCV diagnostic tests. Anti-HCV and HCV RNA were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were calculated from logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 42% of subjects were anti-HCV positive and 33% had HCV RNA. There was a statistically significant unadjusted association of HCV RNA with NHL (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.5), which differed slightly by gender (males: OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.7 versus females: OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.8). Anti-HCV without HCV RNA was not associated with case status (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.6). After adjustment for age, gender, rural versus urban birthplace, and rural versus urban current residence, the association of HCV RNA with the risk of NHL remained statistically significant (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9, 4.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the hypothesis that NHL is a malignant outcome of chronic HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, USA.
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Cowgill
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.forename: Soheir Abdel-Latif
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamid
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.forename: G Thomas
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Strickland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral