title: Use of 2D histograms for volume rendering of multidetector CT data: development of a graphical user interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct volume rendering reveals 3D information on anatomic structures without preprocessing the data. This increases the interest in this technique as a diagnostic tool. A fast and simple method for setting transfer functions is crucial for clinical routine work. However, this is still a complex task. Present commercial workstations are usually limited to design galleries and window/level functionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a graphical user interface for volume rendering of multidetector row CT data that permits a much more flexible specification of rendering parameters. A 2D histogram of CT density versus gradient magnitude facilitates the understanding of the spatial connections of different tissues. The incorporation of gradient magnitude into the transfer function domain allows discrimination of features of interest that are not distinguishable on CT density alone. Penetration length, color, and gradient magnitude are depicted on a stack of 2D slices according to the settings of the opacity transfer function and the viewing direction. A gallery of thumbnails with presets of transfer functions is interactively adapted if the volume is rotated or cropped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This allows for fast evaluation of numerous rendering protocols at once. The interface was evaluated with CT data covering skeletal trauma, pathologies of the thorax/abdomen, and CT angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that high-quality visualizations could be obtained with reasonable interaction times. The 2D histogram and penetration length displays provided valuable insight into the dataset that made the specification of transfer functions a goal-oriented process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30623, Germany. shin.hoen-oh@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Hoen-oh
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galanski
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Matthies
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*