title: Influence of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of ketorolac tromethamine in vitro across rat skin.
abstract: The influence of ultrasound on percutaneous absorption of ketorolac tromethamine was studied in vitro across rat skin. Sonication was carried out with a continuous mode, at an intensity of 1-3 W/cm2 and a frequency of 1 MHz for 30 min. A significant increase in permeation of ketorolac through rat skin was observed with the applied sonication at 3 W/cm2 when compared with permeation at 1 and 2 W/cm2. Enhanced ketorolac penetration at 3 W/cm2 can be explained by the mechanical and/or thermal action of ultrasound waves. The distance of the ultrasound probe from the skin surface did not influence the flux of the drug. Pretreatment of skin by 5% d-limonene in ethanol for 2 hr followed by sonication at 3 W/cm2 (30 min) significantly enhanced the permeation of ketorolac when compared with passive flux with or without enhancer pretreatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. sandiptiwari@zyduscadila.com
authors.forename: Sandip B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Raveendra M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udupa
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004058:Diffusion / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077222:Limonene; D008297:Male; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012106:Research; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D013729:Terpenes; D000431:Ethanol; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D000077222:Limonene