title: Physicians' perceptions towards the impact of and willingness to pay for clinical computerization in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated factors associated with physicians' perceptions towards the effects of computers on health care and on current levels of computerization in their practice. We also performed a contingent valuation to quantify physicians' perceived benefits from computerization in a hypothetical ambulatory, solo clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 949 representative physicians in Hong Kong by post. Factor analysis was performed to summarize similar items into categories. Multivariable log-linear regression models were employed to assess the relationships between different factor scores and the number of functions computerized. We elicited their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for three defined computer systems using contingent valuation techniques. WTP values were estimated using econometric modeling by both, parametric and geometric methods. Sociodemographic, attitudinal, and practice-related predictors of WTP were estimated through regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution which explained 53% of total variance. The overall mean score (mean = 3.51 +/- 0.45) showed a generally positive attitude towards the effects of computers on health care. Respondents with a higher level of computer knowledge had significantly higher mean overall (P = 0.002) and factor scores for all three factors (P < 0.01). Higher factor scores on the effects of computers on patient care and clinicians (P = 0.006) and on the health system (P = 0.032) were associated with a higher number of functions computerized. The parametric median WTP values for computerizing administrative, clinical, and both sets of functions were HK dollars 21205 (US dollars 2719), HK dollars 34231 (US dollars 4389), and HK dollars 45720 (US dollars 5862), respectively, which were lower than the estimates obtained from demand curves using the geometric method [HK dollars 43286 (US dollars 5549), HK dollars 59570 (US dollars 7637), and HK dollars 84623 (US dollars 10849), respectively]. Doctors with higher incomes were willing to pay more to computerize the clinic, with strong dose-response gradients demonstrated. Those who worked in corporate settings were also more likely to accept higher WTP values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm that better knowledge about computers is contributory to a more positive attitude towards the effects of computers on health care, which is in turn significantly associated with higher levels of actual computerization in clinical practice. WTP values represent the likelihood, in monetary terms, of translating doctors' perceived benefits from computerization into investment action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Building, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China. gmleung@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Raymond Y T
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Timothy Y Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Keith Y K
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tin
authors.forename: Irene O L
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Pauline P S
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006302:Health Services Research; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011331:Private Practice