title: Factors affecting hypoglycemia awareness in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes Outcomes in Veterans Study (DOVES).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical factors that affect hypoglycemia perception in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of 344 insulin-treated subjects randomly selected from pharmacy records at three large medical centers. At entry, subjects underwent an extensive psychological evaluation and then monitored their blood glucoses in their usual fashion for up to 52 weeks using a glucose meter capable of storing 1000 readings. For blood glucoses <or=3.33 mmol/l (60 mg/dl), subjects recorded the severity of symptoms in a log book. Symptoms were scored '0' if they were asymptomatic, '1' for symptoms that were mild-to-moderate, and '2' if the subject had a diminished level of consciousness or required the assistance of others. A mean blood glucose and mean symptom score were calculated for all hypoglycemic episodes detected by each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-six subjects (51.2%) had a median of 4.5 hypoglycemic events during 42.5+/-8.0 weeks of follow-up. The mean hypoglycemic blood glucoses and mean symptom scores were modestly correlated (r=0.153; P=0.043). After adjusting for blood glucose, symptom scores were lower in the elderly and higher in subjects with higher diabetes knowledge scores, microvascular complications, and higher entry hemoglobin A1c. Multiple linear regression showed that the latter three factors were independently predictive of higher symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional clinical data may be useful in identifying patients with poor hypoglycemia perception. Patients with better long- and short-term glycemic control are at higher risk and may benefit from instruction on all aspects of hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System (111GIM), 1501 San Pedro Drive, S.E., Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA. glen.murata@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Glen H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Duckworth
authors.forename: Jayendra H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin