title: Codevelopment of dendritic cells along with erythroid differentiation from human CD34(+) cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibits erythropoiesis and enhances nonerythroid colony formation. The present study examines the nature of these nonerythroid cells and investigates their physiologic role in relation to erythroid progenitor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Highly purified human CD34(+) cells underwent erythroid differentiation in the presence of multiple cytokines, including stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (EPO), with and without TNF-alpha. We enumerate colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and glycophorin A (GPA; a specific marker for erythroid lineage) positive cells in semisolid phase as well as in liquid suspension culture. The character and roles of codeveloping nonerythroid cells in the presence of TNF-alpha were analyzed using fluorescent activating cell sorter, enzyme immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha inhibited the generation of GPA(+) cells and conversely enhanced the generation of GPA(-) cells. The GPA(-) cells were comprised of cells with excentric cell shape and were positive for HLA class I, HLA class II, CD1a, CD4, CD11c, CD14, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, but not for CD3, CD8, CD19, CD20, and CD56, indicating the codevelopment of dendritic cells (DC) along with erythroid differentiation. Developing DC/DC precursors were detected within 3 days of culture. Only in the presence of TNF-alpha did CD34(+) cells proliferate by forming aggregates where both GPA(+) and CD11c(+) DC/DC precursors were present. During culture period, immature CD11c(+) DC were capable of endocytosing damaged GPA(+) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GPA(-) cells cogenerated from human CD34(+) cells during erythroid differentiation in the presence of IL-3/SCF/EPO and TNF-alpha express DC phenotypes. The CD11c(+) DC subset physically and selectively associates with developing immature erythroid cells and damaged self-GPA(+) cells and then obtains and captures self-substances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukaya
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: Yoshinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komatsuda
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D041905:Erythroid Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006021:Glycophorins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D039521:CD11c Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D006021:Glycophorins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha