title: Tobacco smoke is phototoxic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both cigarette smoke and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are known to cause changes of the skin which can be regarded as premature ageing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the theory that the effects of these two exposures could be linked by a phototoxic action of cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A photohaemolysis test was used, in which human erythrocytes were incubated with cigarette smoke condensate, followed by UV irradiation and measurement of exposure-dependent haemolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoke condensate was clearly phototoxic. Photohaemolysis depended on the concentration of the condensate and UV dose and was more pronounced after exposure to UVA-rich than UVB-rich radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phototoxicity may be a mechanism by which cigarette smoking causes premature skin ageing. An enhancing effect on photocarcinogenesis has also to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie and Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany. mairiann.placzek@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Placzek
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kerkmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koepke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Przybilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015595:Skin Aging; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke