title: Low birth size and final height predict high sympathetic nerve activity in adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in adulthood. Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and is proposed to link insulin resistance with hypertension. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that sympathetic nerve activity is altered in individuals born SGA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, comparative study of 20 healthy adults (21-25 years old) born SGA (birth weight < -2SD score for healthy newborns) with normal and short stature, and 12 age, gender and body mass index matched individuals, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) with normal stature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct recordings of resting sympathetic nerve activity to the muscle vascular bed (MSA) were obtained from the peroneal nerve posterior to the fibular head. Heart rate, respiration and blood pressure were recorded during the microneurographic session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSA was increased in both groups of young adults born SGA as compared to those born AGA (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). In the combined study group MSA was inversely correlated to birth weight, length (r = -0.59, P < 0.001 and r = -0.69, P < 0.0005, respectively) and final adult height (r = -0.58; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being born SGA and achieving a short final height is associated with increased sympathetic nerve traffic. We suggest that the increase in sympathetic nerve traffic in young adults born SGA with normal and short stature may be the link between low birth size, hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Margaret C S
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boguszewski
authors.forename: Gudmundur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johannsson
authors.forename: Lethusa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: Yrsa Bergmann
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Sverrisdóttir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*