title: Use of narcotic analgesics in the emergency department treatment of migraine headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of acute migraine headache with narcotics is potentially ineffective and may lead to abuse. The authors examined the treatment practice variation across five linked EDs in one Canadian center, focusing on the use of narcotic analgesics and factors associated with their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred acute migraine headache patient charts were randomly selected from five Canadian EDs. Charts underwent a structured review to determine medication use. Data were analyzed, comparing those who received narcotics as first-line treatment with those who did not, using chi(2) and t-tests and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients (59.6%) received narcotics as first-line treatment. Numerous factors were associated with first-line narcotic treatment. Having taken antiheadache medications prior to ED presentation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.53, 4.51) and hospital of presentation being other than Hospital A (e.g., Hospital D, OR: 6.32; 95% CI: 2.76, 14.46) increased the odds of receiving first-line narcotics. Having received a more urgent triage score (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.65) or having a longer duration of headache (OR: 0.994; 95% CI: 0.99, 0.99) decreased the odds of receiving first-line narcotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute migraine management in these EDs does not meet current consensus guidelines. Factors associated with narcotic use are predictable, and a concerted effort to replace narcotics with more evidence-based first-line treatments is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothney
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zilkalns
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000932:Antiemetics; D008614:Meperidine