title: Maternal behavior modulates X-linked inheritance of behavioral coping in the defensive burying test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex behavioral traits such as coping strategies in response to stress are usually formed by genetic and environmental influences.
  
  
  METHODS
  By exploiting the phenotypic and genotypic differences between the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Fischer 344 (F344) inbred rat strains, we recently identified three X chromosome-linked quantitative trait loci contributing to differences in coping strategies in the defensive burying (DB) paradigm. In this article we study the influence of postnatal maternal environment in these behaviors by characterizing the maternal behavior of these strains and the effect of cross-fostering on DB behavior of male offspring from reciprocal crossing (F1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal behavior of WKY rats can be quantitatively characterized by less contact and more periods of neglect of their F1 pups. In contrast, F344 mothers engaged in more active behaviors such as licking/grooming and arched-back nursing. Cross-fostering male F1 pups at birth did not influence the latency to bury measure in DB; however, duration of burying and prod approaches were influenced by both genotype and maternal environment in an additive manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that different measures of behavioral coping in the DB paradigm are influenced by maternal environment to differing degrees and in addition by genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmadiyeh
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Slone-Wilcoxon
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Eva E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Redei
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005838:Genotype; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012931:Social Environment; D013045:Species Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D014960:X Chromosome