title: Presence of bacteriuria caused by trimethoprim resistant bacteria in patients prescribed antibiotics: multilevel model with practice and individual patient data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To look for evidence of a relation between antibiotic resistance and prescribing by general practitioners by analysis of prescribing at both practice and individual patient level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated cross-sectional study in 1995 and 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 general practices in the Ninewells Hospital laboratory catchment area, Tayside, Scotland. SUBJECTS REVIEWED: 8833 patients registered with the 28 practices who submitted urine samples for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resistance to trimethoprim in bacteria isolated from urine samples at practice and individual level simultaneously in a multilevel model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Practices showed considerable variation in both the prevalence of trimethoprim resistance (26-50% of bacteria isolated) and trimethoprim prescribing (67-357 prescriptions per 100 practice patients). Although variation in prescribing showed no association with resistance at the practice level after adjustment for other factors (P = 0.101), in the multilevel model resistance to trimethoprim was significantly associated with age, sex, and individual-level exposure to trimethoprim (P < 0.001) or to other antibiotics (P = 0.002). The association with trimethoprim resistance was strongest for people recently exposed to trimethoprim, and there was no association for people with trimethoprim exposure more than six months before the date of the urine sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of practice level data obscured important associations between antibiotic prescribing and resistance. The results support efforts to reduce unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics in the community and show the added value of individual patient data for research on the outcomes of prescribing.
authors.affiliation: Tayside Centre for General Practice, Community Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 4BF. p.t.donnan@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Steinke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noone
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012606:Scotland; D014296:Trimethoprim Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents