title: Calpain inhibition prevents pacing-induced cellular remodeling in a HL-1 myocyte model for atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease. Previously, clinical and animal experimental studies in AF revealed a variety of myocyte remodeling processes including L-type Ca(2+) channel reduction and structural changes, which finally result in electrical remodeling and contractile dysfunction. There are indications that myocyte remodeling is mediated by Ca(2+) overload induced calpain activation. To study in more detail the mechanisms underlying myocyte remodeling and to develop strategies for drug-interference, we utilised a paced cell model for AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HL-1 atrial myocytes were subjected to a 10 times increase in rate over basal values by electrical field stimulation at 5 Hz. It was found that 24-h pacing reduced plasmalemmal levels of L-type Ca(2+) channel alpha 1C subunit by -72% compared to controls. No changes in amount of the potassium channel subunits Kv4.3 and Kv1.5 were found. Pacing also induced marked structural changes; myolysis and nuclear condensation, paralleled by a 14-fold increase in calpain activity. The pacing-induced reduction of L-type Ca(2+) channel protein was fully prevented by treatment with verapamil, the active stereoisomer of methoxyverapamil D600, the calpain inhibitors PD150606 and E64d, and LaCl(3). Interestingly, PD150606, E64d and LaCl(3), but not (methoxy)verapamil, prevented structural changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paced HL-1 atrial myocytes undergo myocyte remodeling similar to that found in myocytes from patients with AF. Calcium influx independent of the L-type Ca(2+) channel and subsequent activation of calpain represent key features in the progression towards overt structural changes. Calpain inhibition may therefore represent a useful lead for therapeutic intervention in AF.
authors.affiliation: Faculty Medical Science, Department of Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, Groningen Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, A.Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. b.j.j.m.brundel@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: Bianca J J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brundel
authors.forename: Harm H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kampinga
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Henning
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006325:Heart Atria; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D014700:Verapamil; D002154:Calpain