title: Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes who are positive for GAD autoantibody.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to assess the role of autoimmunity in retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Type 1 diabetes for more than 10 years who had been diagnosed under age 30 (13-28 years) were studied. They were classified into three groups. The PDR group consisted of 22 patients, the pre-PDR group was 26 patients, while the non-DR group was 32 patients who had Type 1 diabetes without retinopathy. Blood was collected to measure autoantibodies to GAD, and the relationship between PDR and GAD positivity was investigated in a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest positivity rate of GAD autoantibodies was 50.0% in the non-DR group, followed by the pre-PDR group (30.8%) and the PDR group (18.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Production or existence of GAD autoantibodies may contribute to the prevention of retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. mimura@mbg.sphere.ne.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Funatsu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchigata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase