title: Multi-pathogens sequence containing plasmids as positive controls for universal detection of potential agents of bioterrorism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The limited circulation of many of the agents that are likely to be used in a bioterrorism attack precludes the ready availability of positive controls. This means that only specialized laboratories can screen for the presence of these agents by nucleic amplification assays. Calibrated controls are also necessary for quantitative measurements. Primers and probes to be used in both conventional and real-time PCR assays were designed for the detection of agents likely to be used by a bioterrorist. Three plasmids, each of which contains 4 to 6 specific sequences from agents on the CDC Category A and B list (excluding RNA viruses) were constructed. Two plasmids incorporate the sequences of Category A and B agents, respectively. The third plasmid incorporates sequences from Variola major and organisms that cause rash-like illnesses that may be clinically confused with smallpox. An "exogenic sequence", introducing a NotI restriction site was incorporated in the native sequences of the bioterrorism agents inserted in plasmids. The designed molecular system for detection of bioterrorism agents was tested on each of these agents (except Monkeypox virus, Smallpox virus and 2 Burkholderia species for which no native DNA was available) and a collection of 50 isolates of C. burnetii using constructed plasmids as positive controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Designed primers and probes allowed molecular detection, in either single or multiplex assays, of agent-specific targets with analytical sensitivities of between 1 and 100 DNA copies. The plasmids could be used as positive controls. False-positive results due to contamination by the positive control were easily detected by sequencing and eliminated by digestion with NotI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasmid A and B can be used as positive controls in molecular assays for the detection of bioterrorism agents in clinical specimens or environmental samples. Plasmid C can be used as a positive control in differentiation of vesicular rashes. It is also possible to avoid or to ensure immediate detection of false positive results due to contamination by positive controls using these plasmids. These plasmids and the corresponding primers and probes are immediately available for all clinical microbiology laboratories provided they have molecular amplification equipment.
authors.affiliation: Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020 IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France. rnc-virophdm@pop.gulliver.fr
authors.forename: Remy N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Charrel
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: La Scola
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001483:Base Sequence; D023482:Bioterrorism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015341:Nucleic Acid Probes; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015341:Nucleic Acid Probes; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; C038565:GCGGCCGC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases