Cytogenetic biomonitoring of Indian women cooking with biofuels: micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests in peripheral blood lymphocytes.
India currently has the largest number of indoor air pollution-related health problems in the world, with three-quarters of its households burning wood, cowdung, or crop residues ("traditional" biomass fuels) for cooking, and the remainder using kerosene and relatively clean-burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Combustion of these fuels produces various pollutants that may cause serious health effects in exposed populations. In this study, the micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberration (CA) assays were used to evaluate the relative amounts of DNA damage produced by the use of these cooking fuels. Cytogenetic evaluation of 179 female subjects showed a significant increase in both MN and CA frequency in blood lymphocytes from users of biomass-fuels in comparison to lymphocytes from LPG users (used as a reference population). The relative MN and CA frequencies for the users of the various fuels decreased in the order cowdung > cowdung/wood >/= wood > kerosene >/= LPG. Further, the results indicated an effect of subject age, and the duration of exposure on the MN and CA frequencies in biomass fuel users. Age had no significant effects on the genotoxicity responses in subjects with </=10 years of exposure to either biomass fuels or LPG, but in subjects using biomass fuels for >10 years, CA and MN frequencies were higher in older individuals (>30 years of age) than younger subjects. Regardless of age, subjects burning biomass fuels had higher MN and CA frequencies than LPG users only when exposures were of at least 5 years duration. These results indicate that burning biomass-based fuels increases the frequency of cytogenetic alterations in blood lymphocytes of exposed populations, possibly because of exposure to the various noxious gases and toxic substances present in biomass fuels. These cytogenetic markers could be used in the field to assess the genotoxic consequences of burning various cooking fuels and for early detection of genetic abnormalities in people exposed to various pollutants and toxicants.
Musthapa
M Syed
MS
Fibre Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India.
Lohani
Mohtashim
M
Tiwari
Smita
S
Mathur
Neeraj
N
Prasad
Rajendra
R
Rahman
Qamar
Q
D000367:Age Factors; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008372:Manure; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D014934:Wood
D000393:Air Pollutants; D008372:Manure