title: Fetal and neonatal thyroid function in relation to maternal Graves' disease.
abstract: The abundance of published data on the neonatal effects of maternal Graves' disease (GD) contrasts with the paucity of information on fetal effects. In our yet unpublished study, we prospectively studied 72 pregnant women with a history of Graves' disease. Fetal ultrasonography was done at 22 and 32 weeks of gestational age. Fetal goiter was found at 32 weeks in 11 of the fetuses of the 41 mothers with positive TSH-receptor antibodies and/or antithyroid treatment and in none of the fetuses of the 31 other mothers. In the 11 fetuses with goiter, ultrasound findings (thyroid Doppler and bone maturation), fetal heart rate, and maternal antibody and antithyroid drug status effectively discriminated between hypothyroidism (n=7) and hyperthyroidism (n=4). One fetus with hyperthyroidism died in utero at 35 weeks from heart failure. Treatment was successful in the ten other fetuses. One fetus without goiter had moderate hypothyroidism at birth. This study showed that it is of the utmost importance to have the fetal thyroid scrutinized by an expert ultrasonographist and to have team work with obstetricians and paediatric endocrinologists in pregnant mothers with GD. This allowed us to accurately determine fetal thyroid status and to adapt the treatment in mothers successfully. Fetal hyperthyroidism does exist and needs an appropriate aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and INSERM EMI 0363, Necker-Enfants Malades Teaching Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France. michel.polak@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Gac
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuillard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guibourdenche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leger
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Toubert
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oury
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Czernichow
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luton
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006042:Goiter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography