title: Molecular characterization of echovirus 11 isolates from India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Echovirus 11 (ECV11) is one of the most frequent non-polio enteroviruses isolated from stool samples of children with acute flaccid paralysis in north India. The present work was undertaken to study the sequence variability in the 440 bp of 5'-non-translated region of ECV11 genome using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve ECV11 isolates were studied for sequence variability in the 5'-non-translated region (5'NTR) using the HMA followed by nucleotide sequencing. HMA was used to determine sequence diversity between Indian ECV11 isolates and prototype Gregory strain. HMA results were confirmed by 5'NTR nucleotide sequencing of five Indian ECV11 isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMA results showed high genomic diversity between the prototype Gregory strain and Indian ECV11 isolates. All isolates were grouped into five different types of heteroduplex mobility patterns with respect to Gregory strain. A 440 bp 5'NTR fragment of five ECV11 isolates representing different heteroduplex patterns, was sequenced. The sequence alignment showed that 5'NTR of Indian isolates was different from prototype Gregory strain and identical to the ECV11 isolates of Finland and Hungary. Phylogenetic analysis including ECV11 isolate sequences from different parts of the world showed that Indian ECV11 isolates represented a different subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggested that the HMA could be successfully used as a preliminary screening method for sequence variability determination of enterovirus field isolates. The sequence data generated on ECV11 isolates from India will be useful for future studies of endemic genotypes of echovirus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayyagari
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dhole
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA