title: The nature and course of neuropsychological morbidity in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the nature and degree of cognitive morbidity in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy compared with healthy control subjects, determine the association between the duration of epilepsy and cognitive morbidity, and ascertain whether there are factors that moderate the association between duration of disorder and cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 96) and healthy control (n = 82) subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Test performances were adjusted for age, gender, and education and transformed to a common metric (z scores). Analyses included group comparisons and correlations of duration of epilepsy with cognitive morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy exhibited not only worse memory function (p < 0.05) but worse performance across measures of intelligence, language, executive function, and motor speed (p < 0.05). Chronicity of epilepsy was related to worsening mental status (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). This relationship was particularly evident among those individuals with less (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) compared with more (r = 0.25, NS) cerebral reserve, operationally defined by years of formal education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuropsychological morbidity in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy is widespread in nature despite a focal epileptic process. Cross-sectional analyses demonstrate that increasing duration of epilepsy is associated with worsening mental status. Individuals with less educational attainment (low cerebral reserve) exhibit especially poor cognitive function in association with chronicity of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Oyegbile
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rutecki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seidenberg
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004522:Educational Status; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000209:etiology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants