title: Radioactive seed migration to the chest after transperineal interstitial prostate brachytherapy: extraprostatic seed placement correlates with migration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence of seed migration detected on chest X-ray and to identify the predictors associated with its occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1998 and April 2000, 102 patients underwent permanent prostate brachytherapy at our institution and 100 were eligible for the study. Chest X-rays obtained at follow-up were examined for the number and location of seeds. The patient and treatment variables potentially associated with the occurrence and number of seed migrations were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more seeds were identified on the chest X-rays of 55 (55%) of 100 patients. The mean number of intrathoracic seeds in patients with migration was 2.2 (range, 1-10), and the proportion of seeds that migrated to the thorax was 0.98%. The rate of extraprostatic seeds planned was 43.9%, and postimplant CT identified 37.9% in such a location. The number of seeds planned for extraprostatic placement and below the apex were statistically significant (alpha = 0.05) predictors in univariate logistic analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed the planned number of extraprostatic seeds as the only statistically significant predictor (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extraprostatic placement of loose seeds is associated with an increased likelihood for, and frequency of, seed migration to the thorax. Nonetheless, the small proportion of implanted seeds that migrated (<or=1%) is highly unlikely to have significant dosimetric consequences.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Eshleman
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pisansky
authors.forename: Torrence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: Bernard F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: Wayne N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Lajoie
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013909:Thorax; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed