title: Economic evaluation of laparoscopic and open inguinal herniorrhaphies: the effect of cost-containment measures and internal hospital policy decisions on costs and charges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repairs of inguinal hernias, despite having a favorable clinical outcome are often criticized due to higher costs and charges associated with this approach. We, therefore, present a comparison of direct costs and charges between TEP and open tension-free (OPN) repairs, emphasizing the effect of cost-containment measures on the part of surgeons and the hospital's charging (rate-setting) policies on these measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Itemized direct costs, charges, and reimbursements were determined for 41 TEP and 44 OPN unilateral repairs done between January 1997 and December 1999. Multiple sensitivity analyses were done to evaluate the effect of cost-containment measures and the hospital's rate-setting policies on the differences in costs and charges between the two procedures. The hospital's profits were expressed as profit-cost ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean direct cost for a TEP repair was $128.58 more than the OPN repair ($795.07[+/-65] vs 666.49 [+/-52]). However, mean charges and hospital reimbursement were $2,139.80 and $1,679.87, respectively, more for the TEP repairs. The profit-cost ratio was significantly higher in the TEP group (2.85:1 vs 1.07:1, P<.001). We found that 79.8% of the difference in direct costs vs 29% of the difference in charges between the two procedures was sensitive to cost-containment measures. Forty-five percent of the difference in charges was due to the hospital's nonuniform rate-setting policies. Long-term follow-up (38 months) showed no recurrence for either procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct cost of TEP repairs with the minimal use of disposable instruments in a high-volume center is comparable to the OPN repair. However, due to differences in the hospital's charging policies, TEP repair would appear to be an expensive alternative from the payer's point of view.
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Legacy Health System, 1040 NW 22nd Suite 560, Portland, OR 97210, USA.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Khajanchee
authors.forename: T A G
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swanström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011050:Policy Making; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States