title: Losartan reduces the costs associated with nephropathy and end-stage renal disease from type 2 diabetes: Economic evaluation of the RENAAL study from a Canadian perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM [non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus] with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study demonstrated the renoprotective effects of losartan in patients with nephropathy from type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform an economic evaluation of the costs associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) from a Canadian public health perspective, based on the clinical outcomes reported in the RENAAL study.
  
  
  METHODS
  ESRD-related costs were determined by estimating the mean number of days with ESRD multiplied by the daily cost of ESRD (140 dollars); mean days with ESRD were calculated by subtracting the area under the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for time to the first event of ESRD or all-cause mortality from the area under the curve for all-cause mortality. Daily ESRD cost was determined using Canadian specific data sources. ESRD-related cost savings with losartan were obtained by subtracting the ESRD-related costs of the losartan group from those of the placebo group. Net cost savings were ESRD-related cost savings with losartan minus the drug cost of losartan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Losartan reduced the number of ESRD days by 33.6 per patient over 3.5 years (95% CI 10.9 to 56.3) compared with placebo. Losartan reduced ESRD-related costs by 4,695 dollars per randomized patient over 3.5 years (95% CI 1,523 dollars to 7,868 dollars). After accounting for the drug cost of losartan, net cost savings with losartan were 3,675 dollars per randomized patient over 3.5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Losartan therapy for patients with nephropathy from type 2 diabetes reduces the clinical incidence of ESRD and can result in considerable cost savings for the Canadian public health system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ellen.burgess@calgaryhealthregion.ca
authors.forename: Ellen D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Carides
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gerth
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marentette
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chabot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D002170:Canada; D017046:Cost Savings; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics*; D019808:Losartan / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D019808:Losartan