title: Effect of salmeterol on respiratory muscle activity during exercise in poorly reversible COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some patients with irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience subjective benefit from long acting bronchodilators without change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)). Dynamic hyperinflation is an important determinant of exercise induced dyspnoea in COPD. We hypothesised that long acting bronchodilators improve symptoms by reducing dynamic hyperinflation and work of breathing, as measured by respiratory muscle pressure-time products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with "irreversible" COPD (<10% improvement in FEV(1) following a bronchodilator challenge; mean FEV(1) 31.1% predicted) were recruited into a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of salmeterol (50 micro g twice a day). Treatment periods were of 2 weeks duration with a 2 week washout period. Primary outcome measures were end exercise isotime transdiaphragmatic pressure-time product and dynamic hyperinflation as measured by inspiratory capacity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salmeterol significantly reduced the transdiaphragmatic pressure-time product (294.5 v 348.6 cm H(2)O/s/min; p = 0.03), dynamic hyperinflation (0.22 v 0.33 litres; p = 0.002), and Borg scores during endurance treadmill walk (3.78 v 4.62; p = 0.02). There was no significant change in exercise endurance time. Improvements in isotime Borg score were significantly correlated to changes in tidal volume/oesophageal pressure swings, end expiratory lung volume, and inspiratory capacity, but not pressure-time products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite apparent "non-reversibility" in spirometric parameters, long acting bronchodilators can cause both symptomatic and physiological improvement during exercise in severe COPD.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Muscle Laboratory, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK. william.man@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: W D C
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mustfa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikoletou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Polkey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000420:Albuterol