title: The cerebroprotective effects of pentoxifylline and aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebroprotective effects of pentoxifylline (PNX) and aprotinin in dogs using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen clinically healthy dogs were divided into three groups: Group 1 (control, n = 6), Group 2 (PNX, n = 6), and Group 3 (aprotinin, n = 6). PNX was administered at a dose of 300 mg/day in Group 2 three days before the operation and during the operation. Half a million IU aprotinin were added to the prime solution and 500,000 IU were transfused via a central venous jugular catheter preoperatively in Group 3. Blood samples were taken from the central jugular vein before and after CPB and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and S100beta protein were measured. Gliosis was investigated histopathologically in cerebral cortex biopsy samples under light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative results of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and S100beta protein values were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) when compared with postoperative values. This significant difference was observed in the same parameters between Groups 1 and 2, and 1 and 3 (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between Groups 2 and 3. Comparison between pre- and postoperative levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha for Group 2 and Group 3 revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001), whereas S100beta protein levels did not. Histopathological examinations showed significant differences between the control group and PNX and aprotinin, and between aprotinin and PNX groups (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNX and aprotinin might be useful in order to reduce postoperative cerebral damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Meram School of Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey. kdurgut@selcuk.edu.tr
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Durgut
authors.forename: Kemalettin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosgor
authors.forename: Niyazi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gormus
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ozergin
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Solak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004285:Dogs; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009418:S100 Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D007611:Aprotinin; D010431:Pentoxifylline