title: The galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol accumulates in the peribacteroid membrane of nitrogen-fixing nodules of soybean and Lotus.
abstract: The peribacteroid membrane (PBM) surrounding nitrogen fixing rhizobia in the nodules of legumes is crucial for the exchange of ammonium and nutrients between the bacteria and the host cell. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), a galactolipid abundant in chloroplasts, was detected in the PBM of soybean (Glycine max) and Lotus japonicus. Analyses of membrane marker proteins and of fatty acid composition confirmed that DGDG represents an authentic PBM lipid of plant origin and is not derived from the bacteria or from plastid contamination. In Arabidopsis, DGDG is known to accumulate in extraplastidic membranes during phosphate deprivation. However, the presence of DGDG in soybean PBM was not restricted to phosphate limiting conditions. Complementary DNA sequences corresponding to the two DGDG synthases, DGD1 and DGD2 from Arabidopsis, were isolated from soybean and Lotus. The two genes were expressed during later stages of nodule development in infected cells and in cortical tissue. Because nodule development depends on the presence of high amounts of phosphate in the growth medium, the accumulation of the non-phosphorus galactolipid DGDG in the PBM might be important to save phosphate for other essential processes, i.e. nucleic acid synthesis in bacteroids and host cells.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaude
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tippmann
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flemetakis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katinakis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Udvardi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dörmann
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D038983:Galactolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D000070116:Lotus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018087:Plastids / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005227:Fatty Acids; D038983:Galactolipids; D008055:Lipids; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D010710:Phosphates; C007388:digalactosyldiacylglycerol; C119967:DGD1 protein, Arabidopsis; D005700:Galactosyltransferases