title: In vivo and in vitro evaluation of three controlled release principles of 6-N-cyclohexyl-2'-O-methyladenosine.
abstract: 6-N-Cyclohexyl-2'-O-methyladenosine was formulated into controlled release formulations exhibiting comparable in vitro release profiles using different formulation principles, i.e. osmotic pump tablets, membrane-coated pellets and hydrophilic matrix tablet. Dissolution behaviour of these formulations was evaluated in vitro under various testing conditions to assess the effect of pH and hydrodynamic conditions. It was found that osmotic tablets were not sensitive to dissolution media pH and hydrodynamics change, while drug release from monolithic hydrophilic matrix tablets were pH-dependent. When tested in vivo in dogs, it was found that metabolism of 6-N-Cyclohexyl-2'-O-methyladenosine was extensive and appeared to be saturable based on a pharmacokinetic study. Cumulative percent input in vivo (%dose) was obtained by numerical deconvolution, and compared to in vitro release profiles. A linear correlation between fraction absorbed (FRA) in vivo and fraction dissolved (FRD) in vitro was established for osmotic tablets--a true zero-order release formula, whereas only a nonlinear correlation was obtained for membrane-coated pellets. The difference in the in vivo behaviour of these formulations, despite their similar in vitro release characteristics, demonstrated the effect of different controlled release principles on their in vivo bioavailability. The curvature of fraction absorbed in vivo vs. fraction dissolved in vitro for membrane-coated pellets indicated that there was a time-scale difference between in vivo and in vitro testing. In conclusion, drug release from the osmotic system was independent of in vitro and in vivo conditions, where best sustained release effect was achieved, whereas the in vitro dissolution test employed for membrane-coated pellets and hydrophilic matrix tablets needed to be optimized to be biorelevant.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Royce
authors.forename: Shoufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Uday
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; C090949:N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine; D000241:Adenosine