title: Functional consequences of detubulation of isolated rat ventricular myocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent work has suggested that Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) and L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca)) are located predominantly in the t-tubules of cardiac ventricular myocytes, which therefore represent a microdomain for the regulation of intracellular Na(+) (Na(i)) and Ca(2+) (Ca(i)). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the t-tubules in the response of Ca(i) and contraction to interventions that alter the transsarcolemmal Na(+)gradient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enzymatically isolated and detubulated Wistar rat ventricular myocytes were investigated using fluorescence microscopy and optical detection of cell length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unstimulated cells, spontaneous contractile activity increased when extracellular [Na(+)] was decreased or strophanthidin (100 microM) was added to the bathing solution, but the increase was significantly smaller in detubulated cells than in control cells. In electrically stimulated cells, strophanthidin increased Na(i) to a similar extent in normal and detubulated cells, although the associated increase in Ca(2+) transient amplitude and contraction were significantly smaller in detubulated cells. Similarly, tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 microM) attenuated the Ca(2+) transient and contraction less in detubulated than in control cells. Increasing stimulation rate (0.05-1 Hz) caused little change or a small increase in contraction amplitude in control cells, but a significant decrease in contraction amplitude in detubulated cells, although the change of Na(i) caused by increasing stimulation rate from 0 to 1 Hz was not significantly different in the two cells types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that although some Na/K ATPase, NCX and Na(+)channel activity is present on the surface membrane, the t-tubules play a major role in the modulation of contraction via NCX, allowing changes of the transsarcolemmal Na(+)gradient to be translated into changes of Ca(i).
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9NQ, UK.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Rebekah S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Clive H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013327:Strophanthidin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D013327:Strophanthidin; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium