title: Stone fragility: its therapeutic implications in shock wave lithotripsy of upper urinary tract stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the impact of stone composition on stone fragility (fragmentation) and clearance of upper urinary tract stones after shock wave lithotripsy (SWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1st July 1998 and 31st July 2001, 300 renal and ureteric units of 290 patients (10 being bilateral) underwent SWL for upper urinary tract calculi. The degree of fragmentation was divided into four types: (I) Excellent, (II) Good, (III) Fair and (IV) No fragmentation. Stone composition was done by X-ray diffraction crystallography. A statistical comparison was made between degree of fragmentation, number of shock waves delivered, voltage setting, number of sessions required and requirements of adjuvant procedures according to the stone composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stone analysis revealed that 90% of the patients had calcium oxalate stones. Of these 80% were calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and 20% calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD). Struvite, apatite and uric acid stones comprised of 6%, 3% and 1% respectively. Type-I fragmentation was achieved up to 63.96%, 50% and 100% in COD, struvite and uric stones respectively as compared to 44.9% and 44.44% for COM and apatite stones. Type-III fragmentation was seen up to 8.79% and 33.3% respectively in COM and apatite as compared to 5.55% or less in other types of the stones suggesting that COM and apatite stones produce larger fragments. The mean number of shock waves, voltage and number of treatments was significantly higher for COM and apatite stones (p value < 0.005) with a stone free rate of only 65-66% and 65-68% respectively at three months (p value < 0.001). Similarly the number of adjuvant procedures required in COM alone was more, i.e. 31 as compared to 17 procedures in rest of the other kinds of stones (p value < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stone composition in Indian subcontinent is different from the western world. Fragility of a stone varies with the composition of the stone and affects the therapeutic results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi-110029, India. ansarimsa@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002137:Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000628:therapy*