title: Characterization of coelenterazine analogs for measurements of Renilla luciferase activity in live cells and living animals.
abstract: In vivo imaging of bioluminescent reporters relies on expression of light-emitting enzymes, luciferases, and delivery of chemical substrates to expressing cells. Coelenterazine (CLZN) is the substrate for a group of bioluminescent enzymes obtained from marine organisms. At present, there are more than 10 commercially available CLZN analogs. To determine which analog is most suitable for activity measurements in live cells and living animals, we characterized 10 CLZN analogs using Renilla luciferase (Rluc) as the reporter enzyme. For each analog, we monitored enzyme activity, auto-oxidation, and efficiency of cellular uptake. All CLZN analogs tested showed higher auto-oxidation signals in serum than was observed in phosphate buffer or medium, mainly as a result of auto-oxidation by binding to albumin. CLZN-f, -h, and -e analogs showed 4- to 8-fold greater Rluc activity, relative to CLZN-native, in cells expressing the enzyme from a stable integrant. In studies using living mice expressing Rluc in hepatocytes, administration of CLZN-e and -native produced the highest signal. Furthermore, distinct temporal differences in signal for each analog were revealed following intravenous or intraperitoneal delivery. We conclude that the CLZN analogs that are presently available vary with respect to hRluc utilization in culture and in vivo, and that the effective use of CLZN-utilizing enzymes in living animals depends on the selection of an appropriate substrate.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Contag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007700:Kinetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D011719:Pyrazines; C017144:coelenterazine; D008156:Luciferases