title: The future face of coinfection: prevalence and incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection among young injection drug users.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among young (aged 29 years or younger) injection drug users (IDUs) and to compare sociodemographic and risk characteristics between (HIV/HCV) coinfected, monoinfected, or HIV- and HCV-negative youth. Data were collected through the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS). To date, more than 1400 IDUs have been enrolled and followed, of whom 479 were aged 29 years or younger. Semiannually, participants have completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and have undergone serologic testing for HIV and HCV. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to investigate predictors of baseline coinfection. Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used to identify predictors of time to secondary infection seroconversion. A Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to determine risk associations across 3 categories: no infection, monoinfection, and coinfection. Of the 479 young injectors, 78 (16%) were coinfected with HIV and HCV at baseline and a further 45 (15%) with follow-up data became coinfected during the study period. Baseline coinfection was independently associated with being female, being aboriginal, older age, greater number of years injecting, and living in the IDU epicenter. Factors independently associated with time to secondary infection seroconversion were borrowing needles and greater than once-daily cocaine injection, and accessing methadone maintenance therapy in the previous 6 months was protective. There were clear trends across the 3 categories for increasing proportions of female subjects, aboriginal subjects, older age, greater number of years injecting, living in the IDU epicenter, and daily cocaine use. There were a shocking number of youth living with coinfection, particularly female and aboriginal youth. The median number of years injecting for youth seroconverting to a secondary infection was 3 years, suggesting that appropriate public health interventions should be implemented immediately.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. cari@hivnet.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Cari L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spittal
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frankish
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braitstein
authors.forename: Julio S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Martin T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires