title: Elevated levels of circulating trace amines in primary headaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trace amines, including tyramine, octopamine, and synephrine, are closely related to classic biogenic amines. They have been hypothesized to promote migraines and other types of primary headaches, but there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multichannel electrochemical high-performance liquid chromatography system, the authors evaluated whether changes in circulating trace amines occur in subjects with migraine (with or without aura) during headache-free periods as well as in patients with cluster headache (CH) during the remission and active phases as compared with healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of all trace amines were significantly higher in CH patients, in both the remission and the active phases, when compared with control subjects or subjects with migraine. In addition, intraplatelet levels of octopamine, synephrine, and tyramine were higher in CH patients than in control subjects. In migraine patients, plasma levels of octopamine and synephrine were higher compared with controls, although in migraine with aura, the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas the elevation of plasma trace amine levels in both migraine and CH supports the hypothesis that disorders of biogenic amine metabolism may be a characteristic biochemical trait in primary headache sufferers, the observation that such alterations are more prominent in patients with CH than migraine patients suggests that they may reflect sympathetic or hypothalamic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Headache and Comorbidity Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Este-Monselice Hospital, PD, Italy. giovinavi@libero.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terrazzino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bussone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D009655:Octopamine / Q000097:blood*; D018170:Sumatriptan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013578:Synephrine / Q000097:blood*; D014439:Tyramine / Q000097:blood*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009655:Octopamine; D018170:Sumatriptan; D014700:Verapamil; D013578:Synephrine; D014439:Tyramine