title: Computed tomography lymphography with intrapulmonary injection of iopamidol for sentinel lymph node localization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental and clinical evaluation of the potential utility of indirect computed tomographic lymphography (CT-LG) with intrapulmonary injection of iopamidol for preoperative localization of sentinel lymph node station in non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT-LG with intrapulmonary injection of 0.5 mL of undiluted iopamidol was performed in 10 dogs using a multidetector-row CT unit, followed by postmortem examination of enhanced lymph nodes in 5 of these dogs. The CT-LG with peritumoral injection of 1 mL of the contrast agent was also performed in 9 patients with non-small cell lung cancer without lymphadenopathy. At surgery, enhanced lymph nodes were resected under CT-LG guide, followed by standard lymph node dissection with macroscopic and histologic examination. A significant enhancement of lymph nodes was determined when CT attenuation value was increased with 30 Hounsfield units (HU) compared with precontrast images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-LG visualized a total of 15 enhanced lymph nodes (on average, 1.5 nodes per animal) within 2 minutes after contrast injection in the 10 dogs, with average size of 6.7+/- 1.9 mm and average maximum CT attenuation of 149 +/- 41 HU. All the 8 enhanced nodes in 5 dogs were found in the appropriate anatomic locations in postmortem examinations. Without noticeable complications, CT-LG visualized 30 ipsilateral intrathoracic lymph nodes including 19 hilar/pulmonary and 11 mediastinal nodes in the 9 patients (on average, 2.2 hilar/pulmonary and 1.1 mediastinal nodes per patient) within 2 minutes after contrast injection, with average size of 4.7+/- 0.4 mm and average maximum CT attenuation of 134 +/- 52 HU. At surgery, all these enhanced nodes could be accurately found and resected under CT-LG guidance. Metastasis was not evident in either of these enhanced lymph nodes or the remaining distant nodes in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quick and accurate localization of sentinel lymph node station on detailed underlying lung anatomy by using indirect CT-LG may be of value to guide selective lymph node dissection for minimally invasive surgery in non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan. sugar@po.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: Yashiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008168:Lung; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol