title: Smoking-cessation interventions by type of provider: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of smoking-cessation interventions by type of provider.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random effects meta-regression was estimated to examine the effect of provider and whether the intervention contained nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), on the intervention's relative risk of quitting as compared to placebo or usual care from studies published in databases from inception to 2000. Thirty additional studies not included in the previous 1996 and 2000 U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice guidelines were used to provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the comparative effectiveness of different types of providers in interventions for smoking cessation that have been published.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness without NRT follows: psychologist (1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-3.62); physician (1.87, CI=1.42-2.45); counselor (1.82, CI=0.84-3.96); nurse (1.76, CI=1.21-2.57); unknown (1.27, CI=0.57-2.82); other (1.18, CI=0.67-2.10); and self-help (1.28, CI=0.89-1.82). Effectiveness of most providers increased by almost twofold with the use of NRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking-cessation interventions without NRT delivered by psychologists, physicians, or nurses are all effective. NRT increases the effectiveness of most providers.
authors.affiliation: Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center, RAND Health Division, Santa Monica, California, USA. Walter_Mojica@rand.org
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mojica
authors.forename: Marika J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Sally C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maglione
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010819:Physician's Role; D011584:Psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine