title: Primary cervical cancer screening by self-sampling of human papillomavirus DNA in internal medicine outpatient clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We determined whether testing of self-collected vaginal swabs for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA can be used to screen for cervical disease within internal medicine outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 560 patients visiting two referral outpatient clinics for internal medicine were asked to take an HPV self-sample. Acceptability of self sampling, HPV prevalence and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) detection rate were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  435 women (78%) performed HPV self-sampling; 1.5% considered self-sampling to be difficult. 134 women (31%) tested positive for high-risk type of HPV. There were significant differences between HPV-positive and -negative women with respect to the following: mean age (42 versus 46 years), number of women aged <16 years at first coitus (35% versus 23%) and history of drug abuse (8.3% versus 2.6%). Colposcopy could be performed for 70 HPV positive women: CIN 1-3 was identified in 24%. Two of 52 women with HPV-negative results undergoing colposcopy had biopsy-confirmed CIN 1. Test performance for detection of CIN 2-3 after correction for verification bias: sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 71%; negative predictive value, 100%; positive predictive value, 10%. HPV persistence was associated with a 5.7-fold risk of CIN 2-3 detection at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-assessment for HPV DNA is an easy, feasible and well-accepted method for HPV testing and for cervical cancer screening in internal medicine outpatient clinics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dannecker
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiermeir
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hepp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hillemanns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016353:Self-Examination / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral