title: Cost analysis comparing brachytherapy versus surgery for primary carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Locoregional control rates, late normal tissue sequelae, and functional outcome scores have not been different for tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate tumors treated by either brachytherapy (BT) or surgery in an organ function preservation protocol. For additional prioritizing in clinical decision-making, we focused on a comparison of the full hospital costs of the different treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1986 and 2001, tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate tumors were treated by external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to the primary tumor and neck, followed by fractionated BT to the primary. Neck dissection (ND) was performed for node-positive disease (BT group; 104 patients). If BT was not feasible, resection combined with postoperative EBRT was executed (surgery group; 86 patients). Locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The performance status scales, late side effects, and degree of xerostomia have been previously reported. This paper focused on the hospital and follow-up costs for the treatment groups EBRT and BT with or without ND compared with surgery followed by postoperative RT (PORT). Finally, these costs were also computed for future treatment strategies (e.g., better sparing of normal tissues by intensity-modulated RT [IMRT]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rate at 5 years for patients treated with EBRT and BT with or without ND vs. surgery plus PORT was 80% vs. 78%, 58% vs. 55%, and 67% vs. 57%, respectively. The major late side effect was xerostomia. Dry mouth syndrome affected the BT group and surgery group equally. The total costs for all treatment groups were 14,262 euro (BT group), 16,628 euro (BT plus ND group), 18,782 euro (surgery plus PORT group), 14,532 euro (IMRT group), and 16,897 euro (IMRT plus ND group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent locoregional tumor control was observed with either modality, with no statistically significant differences in the incidence of the most noted side effect xerostomia. The total costs for BT were less than for surgery: 16,628 euro (19,452 dollars) for EBRT plus BT plus ND vs. 18,782 euro(22,074 dollars) for surgery plus PORT. To reduce the morbidity of xerostomia, we propose further optimizing our organ function preservation protocol by implementing IMRT as a more conformal, tissue-sparing, RT technique. This is of particular interest because the costs of IMRT plus ND (16,897 euro; 19,767 dollars) were not very different from those for BT plus ND (16,628 euro; 19,452 dollars) and were far less than the costs for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. w.nijdam@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Wideke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noever
authors.forename: Carin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uyl-de Groot
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Agthoven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands; D010160:Palate, Soft; D014067:Tonsillar Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*