title: Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the relationship between pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes, chronic snoring, and indexes of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design with planned comparisons of ADHD (all subtypes) versus general community controls; ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) versus a group with both ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Type (ADHD-HI) and ADHD Combined Type (ADHD-C); and ADHD-HI versus ADHD-C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects recruited from a pediatric clinic, a university psycholgy clinic, and the general community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caretakers of 74 children (45 with ADHD, 29 community controls; 53 boys, 21 girls; mean age, 9.6 years; age range, 6 to 16 years). Thirty-two (71.1%) of the children with ADHD were taking stimulant medication and 7 (15.5%) were taking hypnotic medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caretakers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Children's Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS). Only the ADHD-HI diagnosis was associated with an increased likelihood of chronic snoring. Sleep quality was poorer among children with ADHD than controls; however, there were no differences in sleep quality across ADHD subtypes. Sleepiness was greater in children with ADHD, especially the ADHD-I Type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic snoring may be a correlated feature in only a subgroup of the ADHD population, possibly those more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD-HI. Although children with ADHD have poorer sleep quality and greater daytime sleepiness, these 2 features of ADHD are not closely related.
authors.affiliation: E.P Bradley Hospital Sleep and Chronobiology Research Laboratory, Brown Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI 02906, USA. monique_lebourgeois@brown.edu
authors.forename: Monique K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: LeBourgeois
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Avis
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mixon
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olmi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives