title: Remifentanil directly activates human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies suggest that intraoperative administration of the clinical remifentanil formulation Ultiva (GlaxoWellcome GmbH & Co, Bad Oldesloe, Germany) increases postoperative pain and postoperative analgesic requirements, but mechanisms remain unclear. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are thought to play a major role in development of postoperative pain and opiate tolerance. The authors hypothesized that Ultiva directly stimulates human NMDA receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, the authors expressed human NR1A/NR2A and NR1A/NR2B NMDA receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes by injection of messenger RNA prepared in vitro. After protein expression, they used a two-electrode voltage clamp to measure currents induced by NMDA receptor agonists and opioids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noninjected cells were unresponsive to all compounds tested. Glutamate/glycine (1 nM-1 mM each) or Ultiva (0.01 pM-0.1 mM) stimulated NMDA receptors concentration dependently. NR1A/2A EC50 values were 8.0 microM/12 microM for glutamate/glycine and 3.5 nM for Ultiva, and NR1A/2B EC50 values were 3.9 microM/1.9 microM for glutamate/glycine and 0.82 microM for Ultiva. Glycine in combination with Ultiva showed no additive effect compared with Ultiva alone. Ultiva-induced currents were inhibited by MK-801 (pore blocker) but not by 7-CK (glycine antagonist), D-AP5 (glutamate antagonist), or naloxone. Fentanyl (10 microM) did not stimulate NMDA receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that Ultiva but not fentanyl stimulates NMDA receptors of different subunit combinations (NR1A/2A, NR1A/2B). The mechanism seems to be allosteric activation of the NMDA receptor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hahnenkamp
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nollet
authors.forename: Hugo K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buerkle
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halene
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schauerte
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahnenkamp
authors.forename: Markus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.forename: Danja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strümper
authors.forename: Marcel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoenemann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008845:Microinjections; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077208:Remifentanil; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000077208:Remifentanil