title: Low bone mass in premenopausal chronic dieting obese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obese premenopausal women are thought to be at low risk for osteoporosis due to increased body weight and effects of estrogen on weight-bearing bone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of restrained eating on obese women, we examined bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) of the spine and femur in obese women who were restrained eaters, with emphasis on the relationship between BMC and determinants of bone mass, and current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, and indices of calcium regulation, bone metabolism, stress and inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 78 obese, Caucasian, female, restrained eaters, ages 30-45 y, were enrolled in a weight lose program. Height, weight, bone turnover markers, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), dietary intake, eating behaviors, physical activity, and BMD and BMC were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at the University of California, in Davis, CA, USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 31% of women had osteopenia or osteoporosis (OSTEO). In the OSTEO group, 87.5% of women had osteoporosis or osteopenia of the lumbar spine and 12.5% of the women had osteoporosis or osteopenia in femur. A significant positive correlation between BMC and energy expenditure (r=0.256), and a significant negative correlation between BMC and number of times on a weight loss diet (r=-0.250) and cognitive restraint (r=-0.239) were observed. No significant differences were observed between OSTEO women and nonosteoporotic women for current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity habits, bone turnover, calcium regulation, stress, or inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese restrained eaters are at risk for low bone mass. Prior dieting may be responsible. Chronic dieters should be encouraged to decrease their dietary restraint, develop healthy eating habits and increase physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Loan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017697:Premenopause
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary