title: A naturalistic retrospective analysis of psychostimulants in pervasive developmental disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We set out to examine the effectiveness and tolerability of psychostimulants in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all patients with PDDs treated with a stimulant were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, stimulant type, drug dosage, trial duration, and adverse effects were recorded. Global improvement, focused on symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention, was measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, with positive response defined by a rating of much improved or very much improved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 195 patients (174 males, 21 females; mean age +/- SD = 7.26 +/- 3.45 years, range 2-19 years), 61 had more than one trial, resulting in a total of 274 separate stimulant trials. It was discovered that 24.6%, 23.2%, and 11.1% of patients with a history of one, two, or three stimulant trials, respectively, responded to their first stimulant trial. Among first trial nonresponders, 6 (14.0%) of 43 patients responded to a second trial. Of those who did not respond to their first or second stimulant trial, 2 (14.3%) of 14 patients responded to a third trial. Patients with Asperger's disorder, in contrast to those with autistic disorder or PDD not otherwise specified, were significantly more likely to respond to a stimulant trial (p < 0.01). Use of concomitant medication (p < 0.007) positively affected response, whereas no association was found between stimulant type and IQ and response. Adverse effects, including agitation, dysphoria, and irritability, often occurred (154 [57.5%] of 268 trials, with 6 missing values).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, stimulants appeared ineffective and poorly tolerated for the majority of patients with PDDs. Response may differ with PDD subtype. Controlled studies are needed to further evaluate these preliminary findings in a systematic manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Stigler
authors.forename: Lael A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Posey
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McDougle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants