title: Abrasively immobilised multiwalled carbon nanotube agglomerates: a novel electrode material approach for the analytical sensing of pH.
abstract: We demonstrate for the first time that agglomerates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be formed in which the binder in the agglomerate is itself a redox-active molecular solid. Two separate agglomerates were formed by dissolving 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PAQ) or 1,2-napthaquinone (NQ) in acetone together with MWCNTs and adding an excess of aqueous solution to cause precipitation of agglomerates, approximately 10 microns in dimension, which consist of bundles of nanotubes running into and throughout the amorphous molecular solid that binds the agglomerate together. The nature of this structure, when immobilised on a substrate electrode and in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions, gives rise to many three-phase boundaries, electrolyte|agglomerate|conductor, which is advantageous to the solid-state analytical electrochemistry of such a material as it imparts a larger electroactive surface area than other modified carbon electrodes. The two agglomerates each gave a voltammetrically measurable response to changes in pH; when abrasively immobilised on a basal plane pyrolitic graphite electrode a plot of peak potential against pH produced a linear response for both MWCNT-PAQ and MWCNT-NQ agglomerates over the pH range pH 1-12 and over the temperature range 20-70 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wildgoose
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Leventis
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Streeter
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Shelley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D002627:Chemistry, Physical / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004583:Electrons; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008958:Models, Molecular; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D010616:Phenanthrenes; C005399:9,10-phenanthrenequinone; C040756:1,2-naphthoquinone