title: The effect of proteinase inhibitors on glomerular albumin permeability induced in vitro by serum from patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The putative circulating factor responsible for the glomerular permeability alterations induced in vitro by serum from patients affected by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains unidentified. We have observed that a serine proteinase isolated from patient serum increases albumin permeability in isolated glomeruli. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of various proteinase inhibitors on glomerular albumin permeability (P(alb)) in isolated glomeruli incubated with FSGS serum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 12 FSGS patients (eight males; mean age: 21+/-10 years) previously shown to have elevated serum albumin permeability activity. P(alb) was determined by measuring the change in glomerular volume induced by applying oncotic gradients to isolated healthy rat glomeruli treated with patient serum in comparison to control serum. Solutions of seven different proteinase inhibitors (0.5 mg/ml) were added to the incubation media with the sera (1:1 vol/vol): serine proteinase inhibitors (PMSF, leupeptin, aprotinin, gabexate mesylate), the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64, the metalloproteinase inhibitor EDTA and the aspartate proteinase inhibitor pepstatin. Sera from the same patients were also tested with the addition to the incubation media of quinaprilat, an inhibitor of the metalloproteinase angiotensin-converting enzyme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean P(alb) of the sera was 0.86+/-0.11, with the addition of PMSF 0.41+/-0.09, leupeptin 0.30+/-0.17, aprotinin 0.09+/-0.14, gabexate mesylate 0.27+/-0.25, E-64 0.81+/-0.09, EDTA 0.68+/-0.10 or pepstatin 0.76+/-0.11. The mean P(alb) of the sera combined with quinaprilat was reduced to 0.34+/-0.35. Thus, only the serine proteinase inhibitors consistently blocked the increased P(alb) induced by the FSGS sera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the cascade of events that lead to the initiation of glomerular fibrosis in FSGS, the putative glomerular permeability factor associated with FSGS may require a serine proteinase to effect its activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Italy. m.carraro@fmc.units.it
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carraro
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zennaro
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Artero
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Candiano
authors.forename: Gian Marco
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ghiggeri
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Musante
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sirch
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faccini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors