title: Prostitution and other cofactors in preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors for preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in Venezuelan female sex workers (FSW).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 438 FSW were analysed. Each FSW had their clinical history recorded, a gynaecological examination, a Pap smear and a colposcopic examination of the cervix. A cervical biopsy was taken under colposcopic guidance when there was an abnormal epithelium. The statistical methods used were Student's t-test, chi(2) test and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sex workers' mean age was 32.1 +/- 7.9 years old (mean +/- standard deviation). The age of the first sexual intercourse activity for the FSW was 15.9 +/- 2.1 years. Sixty-four of the 84 women (76.2%) who had cervical biopsies had preinvasive and invasive lesions; 41 (9.4%) had cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 12 (2.7%) had CIN 2, eight (1.8%) had CIN 3, two (0.5%) had microinvasive carcinoma, and one (0.2%) had invasive carcinoma. Forty of these 64 women (62.5%) with preinvasive or invasive lesions had a concurrent histological diagnosis of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (P < 0.0001). The FSW with cervical pathology were younger (P < 0.05) and had their first sexual intercourse earlier (P < 0.02) than FSW with no pathology. Two hundred and seventy-six (63%) of the FSW were current smokers, and 47 of these women (17.6%) had cervical pathology (P < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First sexual experience before 20 years of age, cigarette smoking and HPV infection were high-risk factors for preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in Venezuelan FSW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Manuel Noriega Trigo Hospital, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. jnunezt@telcel.net.ve
authors.forename: José T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Mariela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Girón
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012307:Risk Factors; D011477:Sex Work; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*