title: Crowding: risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the effects of household crowding upon the respiratory health of young children living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study with children aged from 2 to 59 months living within the boundaries of the city of São Paulo. Cases were children recruited from 5 public hospitals in central São Paulo with an acute episode of lower respiratory disease. Children were classified into the following diagnostic categories: acute bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma, post-bronchiolitis wheezing and wheezing of uncertain aetiology. One control, crudely matched to each case with regard to age (<2, 2 years old or more), was selected among healthy children living in the neighborhood of the case. All buildings were surveyed for the presence of environmental contaminants, type of construction and building material. Plans of all homes, including measurements of floor area, height of walls, windows and solar orientation, was performed. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 313 pairs of children were studied. Over 70% of the cases had a primary or an associated diagnosis of a wheezing illness. Compared with controls, cases tended to live in smaller houses with less adequate sewage disposal. Cases and controls were similar with respect to the number of people and the number of children under five living in the household, as well the number of people sharing the child's bedroom. After controlling for potential confounders, no evidence of an association between number of persons sharing the child's bedroom and lower respiratory disease was identified when all cases were compared with their controls. However, when two categories of cases were distinguished (infections, asthma) and each category compared separately with their controls, crowding appeared to be associated with a 60% reduction in the incidence of asthma but with 2 1/2-fold increase in the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that household crowding places young children at risk of acute lower respiratory infection but may protect against asthma. This result is consistent with the hygiene hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. rcardoso@usp.br
authors.forename: Maria Regina Alves
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Simon Nicholas
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cousens
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Góes Siqueira
authors.forename: Fátima Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Luiz Antônio V
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003441:Crowding; D017050:Episode of Care; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors