title: Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant.
abstract: The indications for transfusing fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant plasma are very limited. When transfused they can have unpredictable adverse effects. The risks of transmitting infection are similar to those of other blood components unless a pathogen-reduced plasma (PRP) is used. Of particular concern are allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and haemolysis from transfused antibodies to blood group antigens, especially A and B. FFP is not indicated in disseminated intravascular coagulation without bleeding, is only recommended as a plasma exchange medium for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (for which cryosupernatant is a possible alternative), should never be used to reverse warfarin anticoagulation in the absence of severe bleeding, and has only a very limited place in prophylaxis prior to liver biopsy. When used for surgical or traumatic bleeding, FFP and cryoprecipitate doses should be guided by coagulation studies, which may include near-patient testing. FFP is not indicated to reverse vitamin K deficiency for neonates or patients in intensive care units. PRP may be used as an alternative to FFP. In the UK, PRP from countries with a low bovine spongiform encephalopathy incidence is recommended by the Departments of Health for children born after 1 January 1996. Arrangements for limited supplies of single donor PRP of non-UK origin are expected to be completed in 2004. Batched pooled commercially prepared PRP from donors in the USA (Octaplas) is licensed and available in the UK. FFP must be thawed using a technique that avoids risk of bacterial contamination. Plastic packs containing any of these plasma products are brittle in the frozen state and must be handled with care.
authors.affiliation: Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atterbury
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolton Maggs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D016913:Blood Component Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D010949:Plasma