title: Analyzing T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus by cytokine flow cytometry.
abstract: T-cell responses to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) are readily detected in chronically infected adults, and are thought to be important for protection from CMV-related pathology. Antigen-specific cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) has been used to establish the range of CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell frequencies in healthy CMV-seropositive (and seronegative) adults, as well as the dynamics of these cells over time. There are also emerging data regarding the primary CD4 and CD8 T-cell response to CMV in children and adults. Finally, CFC has been used to analyze CMV responses in chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as during immune reconstitution after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. These data will be reviewed in terms of what they suggest about the threshold of protective T-cell immunity to CMV, and other factors in addition to T-cell frequencies that could be important in protecting from CMV-associated disease.
authors.affiliation: BD Biosciences, San Jose, California 95131, USA.
authors.forename: Holden T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Maecker
authors.forename: Vernon C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Maino
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D000941:Antigens / Q000494:pharmacology; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host / Q000276:immunology; D039441:Integrin alpha4 / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008985:Monensin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; C065418:cytomegalovirus matrix protein 65kDa; D039441:Integrin alpha4; D020126:Brefeldin A; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008985:Monensin