title: A randomized clinical trial of a psychoeducational intervention to improve outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a cross-sectional study, we previously identified 2 potentially modifiable risk factors for adverse outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): self-efficacy and social support. The goal of this study was to evaluate in a randomized controlled trial a theory-based intervention to improve patient self-efficacy and partner support to manage SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE ages 18 years and older who met the American College of Rheumatology criteria and were able to identify a partner (spouse or family member) were recruited from 2 academic medical centers and randomized into an experimental group or a control group. Patients in the experimental group and their partners received an intervention designed to enhance self-efficacy, couples communication about lupus, social support, and problem solving, in the form of a 1-hour session with a nurse educator followed by monthly telephone counseling for 6 months. Patients in the control group and their partners received an attention placebo, including a 45-minute video presentation about lupus, and monthly telephone calls. Measures of physical and mental health status, disease activity, and psychosocial factors were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The effect of the intervention on physical and mental health and disease activity at 6 and at 12 months was modeled with linear regression and adjusted for baseline health status, disease activity, sociodemographic factors, treatment change, and psychosocial factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-two patients (plus their partners) were enrolled and randomized as follows: 64 to the experimental intervention and 58 to the attention control group. The participants were predominantly white, approximately half were college educated, and the groups were balanced for sociodemographic factors. At 6 months, significantly higher scores for couples communication (P = 0.01) and problem-focused coping (P = 0.03) were seen in the experimental group compared with the control group. At 12 months (6 months after the intervention ended), social support was higher (4.4 versus 4.1; P = 0.03), self-efficacy was higher (7.2 versus 6.2; P = 0.02), couples communication was higher (3.5 versus 3.1; P = 0.03), and fatigue was lower (5.1 versus 6.3; P = 0.02) in the experimental group compared with the control group. Global mental health status at 12 months, as measured by the Short Form 36 survey, was 69 points in the experimental group compared with 58 points in the control group (P = 0.04). In multivariate models, adjusting for baseline covariates, scores for couple communication (P = 0.01) were significantly higher at 6 months, and scores for self-efficacy (P = 0.004) and global mental health status (P = 0.03) were significantly higher at 12 months in the experimental group compared with the control group, and the mean score for global physical function was higher by 7 points, which was a clinically meaningful change (P = 0.2). The mean score for fatigue was also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (P = 0.05). SLE disease activity was unchanged by this intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This randomized, controlled trial of a theory-based educational intervention in SLE demonstrated significantly higher scores for couple communication, self-efficacy, and mental health status, and lower fatigue scores in the experimental group compared with the control group. Because couple communication and self-efficacy appear to be modifiable risk factors, they may also be potential targets in more disadvantaged populations.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Robert B. Brigham Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Clinical Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ekarlson@partners.org
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Karlson
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Holley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Malcolm P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Lawren H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Daltroy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy; D035862:Vulnerable Populations