title: Immigrant suicide rates as a function of ethnophaulisms: hate speech predicts death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether suicide rates among ethnic immigrant groups were predicted by the ethnophaulisms, or the hate speech, used to refer to those ethnic immigrant groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained for 10 European ethnic immigrant groups during the 1950s. These 10 European ethnic immigrant groups accounted for approximately 40% of all immigration into the United States during this time period. Both the suicide rates for these ethnic immigrant groups in the United States and suicide rates for those ethnic immigrant groups in their countries of origin were derived. The complexity and valence of ethnophaulisms used to refer to these ethnic immigrant groups were derived from the historical record of hate speech in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous research, immigrant suicide rates were strongly correlated with origin suicide rates. As expected, the suicide rates for ethnic immigrant groups in the United States were significantly predicted by the negativity of the ethnophaulisms used to refer to those ethnic immigrant groups. This pattern was obtained even after taking into account the suicide rates for those ethnic immigrant groups in their countries of origin, and even after taking into account the size of those ethnic immigrant groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found support for the expectation that suicide rates among ethnic immigrant groups would be predicted by the hate speech directed toward those ethnic immigrant groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. BMullen@psych.syr.edu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006252:Hate; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D011287:Prejudice; D011336:Probability; D012918:Social Alienation / Q000523:psychology; D013060:Speech; D013405:Suicide / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology