title: Evolving immunotherapeutic strategies in bladder and renal cancer.
abstract: For patients with urological cancers, immunotherapy is currently a treatment option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and those with "high risk" superficial bladder cancers. In this review, our current understanding of tumour immune escape is discussed. The principles and role of current immunotherapies for these tumours are described, and new areas of immunotherapeutic promise are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK. TRLG1@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: T R L
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mellon
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016207:Cytokines