title: Calcium balance in mature male rats with unloaded hindlimbs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium balances, regulated by the calcium endocrine system, are negative during spaceflight but have not been reported in flight simulation models using fully mature small animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted two calcium (Ca) balance studies in 6-mo-old male rats exposed to a model that unloads the hindlimbs (HU) for 4 wk. Control (C) and HU rats were fed diets with 0.5% Ca in the first and 0.1% Ca in the second study. Housing in metabolic cages enabled daily food and water intake measurements as well as collections of urine and fecal specimens. At necropsy, blood was obtained for measures of Ca-regulating hormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both C and HU rats adjusted to housing and diets with decreases in body weight and negative Ca balances during the first week of each experiment. Thereafter, averages of Ca balances were more negative in the unloaded rats than controls: -8.1 vs. -1.6 mg x d(-1) in rats fed 0.5% (p < 0.05). This difference was not due to urinary Ca excretion since it was lower in HU than C rats (1.27 +/- 0.51 mg x d(-1) vs. 2.35 +/- 0.82 mg x d(-1), p < 0.05). Fecal Ca in HU rats exceeded dietary Ca by 4-7%, Restricting dietary Ca to 0.1% was followed by an increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-D) and greater intestinal Ca absorption than in rats fed 0.5% Ca. Ca balances in rats fed 0.1% Ca were also more negative in HU than C rats (-2.4 vs. -0.03 mg x d(-1), p < 0.05). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was suppressed and 1,25-D increased in HU rats fed 0.5% Ca. C rats fed 0.1% Ca had increased PTH and 1,25-D was the same as in the HU group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After adaptation, Ca balances were more negative in mature male rats with unloaded hindlimbs than controls, an effect from increased secretion and loss of endogenous fecal Ca associated with increased 1,25-D in Ca-replete and Ca-restricted rats.
authors.affiliation: Gravitational Research Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navidi
authors.forename: Juliann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Arnaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002118:Calcium