title: Inflammation as a possible link between coronary and carotid plaque instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple complex stenoses, plaque fissures, and widespread coronary inflammation are common in acute coronary syndromes. A systemic cause of atherosclerotic plaque instability is also suggested by studies of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. We investigated the association between coronary and carotid plaque instability and the potential common causal role of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultrasound characteristics of carotid plaques were evaluated retrospectively in patients scheduled for coronary bypass surgery, 181 with unstable and 92 with stable angina, and prospectively in a similar group of patients, 67 with unstable and 25 with stable angina, in whom serum C-reactive protein levels were also measured. The prevalence of carotid plaques was similar in the retrospective and prospective studies and >64% in both unstable and stable coronary patients. The prevalence of complex, presumably unstable carotid plaques was 23.2% in unstable versus 3.2% in stable patients (P<0.001) in the retrospective study and 41.8% versus 8.0% (P=0.002) in the prospective study. C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with complex (7.55 mg/L) than in those with simple (3.94 mg/L; P<0.05) plaques or without plaques (2.45 mg/L; P<0.05). On multivariate analysis, unstable angina and C-reactive protein levels >3 mg/L were independently associated with complex carotid plaques (OR, 6.09; 95% CI, 1.01 to 33.72; P=0.039, and OR, 5.80; 95% CI, 1.55 to 21.69; P=0.009, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In unstable angina, plaque instability may not be confined to coronary arteries, and inflammation may be the common link with carotid plaque instability. These observations may have relevant implications for understanding the mechanisms of acute widespread atherothrombotic plaque inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Institute, Catholic University, L. go A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy. a.lombardo@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Luigi Marzio
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Biasucci
authors.forename: Gaetano Antonio
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coli
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cianflone
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liuzzo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burzotta
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maseri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein