title: Lung cancer mortality is related to age in addition to duration and intensity of cigarette smoking: an analysis of CPS-I data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Models previously developed for predicting lung cancer mortality from cigarette smoking intensity and duration based on aggregated prospective mortality data have employed a study of British doctors and have assumed a uniform age of initiation of smoking. We reexamined these models using the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study I data that include a range of ages of initiation to assess the importance of an additional term for age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood, and model fit was assessed by residual analysis, likelihood ratio tests, and chi(2) goodness-of-fit tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examination of the residuals of a model proposed by Doll and Peto with the Cancer Prevention Study I data suggested that a better fitting model might be obtained by including an additional term specifying the ages when smoking exposure occurred. An extended model with terms for cigarettes smoked per day, duration of smoking, and attained age was found to fit statistically significantly better than the Doll and Peto model (P < 0.001) and to fit well in an absolute sense (goodness-of-fit; P = 0.34). Finally, a model proposed by Moolgavkar was examined and found not to fit as well as the extended model, although it included similar terms (goodness-of-fit; P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of age, or another measure of the timing of the exposure to smoking, improves the prediction of lung cancer mortality with Doll and Peto's multiplicative power model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 92108, USA. jknoke@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Knoke
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000570:American Cancer Society; D002648:Child; D003644:Death Certificates; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology