title: Effect of ammonium chloride and dietary phosphorus in the azotaemic rat. I. Renal function and biochemical changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both dietary phosphorus restriction and the ingestion of ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl) given to rats on a high-phosphorus diet have been shown to preserve renal function in the azotaemic rat. Parathyroidectomy also has been reported to preserve renal function and, in addition, to prevent kidney hypertrophy in the remnant kidney model. Our goals were (i) to evaluate in azotaemic rats the effect of dietary phosphorus on renal function in a shorter time frame than previously studied and (ii) to determine whether NH(4)Cl administration (a) enhances the renoprotective effect of dietary phosphorus restriction and (b) improves renal function in the absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  
  
  METHODS
  High (H; 1.2%), normal (N; 0.6%) and low (L; <0.05%) phosphorus diets (PD) were given for 30 days to 5/6 nephrectomized rats. In each dietary group, one-half of the rats were given NH(4)Cl in the drinking water. The six groups were HPD + NH(4)Cl, HPD, NPD + NH(4)Cl, NPD, LPD + NH(4)Cl and LPD. The effect of NH(4)Cl administration was also evaluated in 5/6 nephrectomized, parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats on NPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each of the three dietary phosphorus groups, creatinine and urea clearances were greater (P<0.01) in rats receiving NH(4)Cl. Neither creatinine nor urea clearance was reduced by high dietary phosphorus. Urine calcium excretion was greatest in the LPD group and was increased (P < or = 0.001) in all three groups by NH(4)Cl ingestion. An inverse correlation was present between plasma calcium and phosphorus in the parathyroid intact (r = -0.79, P<0.001) and PTX groups (r = -0.46, P = 0.02). In PTX rats, NH(4)Cl ingestion increased (P < or = 0.01) creatinine and urea clearances and both an increasing plasma calcium concentration (r = 0.67, P<0.001) and urine calcium excretion (r = 0.73, P<0.001) increased urine phosphorus excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 30 days of renal failure (i) NH(4)Cl ingestion increased creatinine and urea clearances, irrespective of dietary phosphorus; (ii) high urine calcium excretion, induced by dietary phosphorus restriction and NH(4)Cl ingestion, did not adversely affect renal function; (iii) high dietary phosphorus did not decrease renal function; (iv) the absence of PTH did not preserve renal function or prevent NH(4)Cl from improving renal function; and (v) both an increasing plasma calcium concentration and urine calcium excretion resulted in an increase in urine phosphorus excretion in PTX rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 85, Santiago, Chile. ajara@med.puc.cl
authors.forename: Aquiles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chacón
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibaceta
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdivieso
authors.forename: Arnold J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Felsenfeld
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D010758:Phosphorus; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium