title: Noninvasive brain-actuated control of a mobile robot by human EEG.
abstract: Brain activity recorded noninvasively is sufficient to control a mobile robot if advanced robotics is used in combination with asynchronous electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis and machine learning techniques. Until now brain-actuated control has mainly relied on implanted electrodes, since EEG-based systems have been considered too slow for controlling rapid and complex sequences of movements. We show that two human subjects successfully moved a robot between several rooms by mental control only, using an EEG-based brain-machine interface that recognized three mental states. Mental control was comparable to manual control on the same task with a performance ratio of 0.74.
authors.affiliation: IDIAP Research Institute, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland. jose.millan@idiap.ch
authors.forename: José del R
authors.initials: Jdel R
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renkens
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mouriño
authors.forename: Wulfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerstner
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003491:Cybernetics / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis