title: Endotoxin induces an exaggerated interleukin-10 response in peritoneal macrophages of children compared with adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children have a lower incidence of postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) compared with adults with equivalent injury severity. Because MOF appears to be the end result of systemic hyperinflammation, children may have either an attenuated proinflammatory response or an augmented antiinflammatory response compared with adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine response of pediatric versus adult peritoneal macrophages (PM). The authors hypothesized that pediatric PMs would have an enhanced antiinflammatory response compared with adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human PMs were collected during elective laparoscopic procedures and stimulated with LPS. (Pediatric cohort: n = 9 [mean, 5.4 years], adult cohort: n = 8 [mean, 41.6 years]). P less than.05 was accepted as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS-induced a 50-fold increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) antiinflammatory cytokine production in pediatric versus adult PMs. LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production was also increased in pediatric versus adult PMs. The anti-proinflammatory cytokine ratio (IL-10 to TNF-alpha) was 20-fold higher in pediatric versus adult PMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS-induced macrophage production of both IL-10 and TNF-alpha was increased in children. The anti-proinflammatory cytokine ratio (IL-10 to TNF-alpha) was strikingly higher in pediatric versus adult PMs. These data suggest that the age-related balance of anti- and proinflammatory cytokines in resident macrophages is different in children compared with adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Barsness
authors.forename: Denis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bensard
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Partrick
authors.forename: Casey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10