title: Real-time detection of single-molecule DNA compaction by condensin I.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Condensin is thought to contribute to large-scale DNA compaction during mitotic chromosome assembly. It remains unknown, however, how the complex reconfigures DNA structure at a mechanistic level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have performed single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation experiments to directly measure in real-time DNA compaction by the Xenopus laevis condensin I complex. Condensin can bind to the nanomanipulated DNA in the absence of ATP, but it compacts the DNA only in the presence of hydrolyzable ATP. Linear compaction is evidenced by a reduction in the end-to-end extension of nanomanipulated DNA. The reaction results in total compaction of the DNA (i.e., zero end-to-end extension). Discrete and reversible DNA compaction events are observed in the presence of competitor DNA when the DNA is subjected to weak stretching forces (F = 0.4 picoNewton [pN]). The distribution of step sizes is broad and displays a peak at approximately 60 nm ( approximately 180 bp) as well as a long tail. This distribution is essentially unaffected by the topological state of the DNA substrate. Increasing the force to F = 10 pN drives the system toward step-wise reversal of compaction. The distribution of step sizes observed upon disruption of condensin-DNA interactions displays a sharp peak at approximately 30 nm ( approximately 90 bp) as well as a long tail stretching out to hundreds of nanometers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DNA nanomanipulation assay allows us to demonstrate for the first time that condensin physically compacts DNA in an ATP-hydrolysis-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the condensin complex may induce DNA compaction by dynamically and reversibly introducing loops along the DNA.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. strick@cshi.edu
authors.forename: Terence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Strick
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C108312:condensin complexes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D004247:DNA; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases