title: 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2-mediated ERK signaling inhibits gram-negative bacteria-induced RelA phosphorylation and interleukin-6 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity.
abstract: We have previously shown that non-pathogenic Gram-negative Bacteroides vulgatus induces transient RelA phosphorylation (Ser-536), NF-kappaB activity, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in native and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. We now demonstrate that 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) but not prostaglandin E(2) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (B. vulgatus)/LPS (Escherichia coli)-induced RelA phosphorylation and interleukin-6 gene expression in the colonic epithelial cell line CMT-93. This inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) was mediated independently of LPS-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation/degradation and RelA nuclear translocation as well as RelA DNA binding activity. Interestingly, although B. vulgatus induced nuclear expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in native epithelium of monoassociated Fisher rats, PPARgamma-specific knock-down in CMT-93 cells using small interference RNA failed to reverse the inhibitory effects of PPARgamma agonist 15d-PGJ(2), suggesting PPARgamma-independent mechanisms. In addition, 15d-PGJ(2) but not the synthetic high affinity PPARgamma ligand rosiglitazone triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation in IEC, and most importantly, MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 reversed the inhibitory effect of 15dPGJ(2) on LPS-induced RelA phosphorylation and interleukin-6 gene expression. Calyculin A, a specific phosphoserine/phospho-threonine phosphatase inhibitor increased the basal phosphorylation of RelA and reversed the inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on LPS-induced RelA phosphorylation. We further demonstrated in co-immunoprecipitation experiments that 15d-PGJ(2) triggered protein phosphatase 2A activity, which directly dephosphorylated RelA in LPS-stimulated CMT-93 cells. We concluded that 15d-PGJ(2) may help to control NF-kappaB signaling and normal intestinal homeostasis to the enteric microflora by modulating RelA phosphorylation in IEC through altered protein phosphatase 2A activity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Research, Immunobiology of Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R Balfour
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C037112:9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D015230:Prostaglandin D2