title: Modeling of methyl isothiocyanate air concentrations associated with community illnesses following a metam-sodium sprinkler application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A series of illnesses occurred in Earlimart, CA on November 13, 1999 following a metam-sodium sprinkler application to a potato field on the southern edge of the town.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case information was obtained from direct interviews, from illness complaints filed with state or county agencies, or from illness reports filed by community physicians for 173 subjects. Air concentrations of the by-product methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) during the episode were estimated based upon the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term (ISC3) air dispersion model, estimates from prior metam-sodium monitoring studies, and data from weather stations in two adjoining communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weather station data indicated that the November 13th incident corresponded with a temperature inversion at approximately 5:00 p.m. and a shift in the direction of prevailing wind from northwest to southeast. On the edge of Earlimart, 1-hr time weighted average (TWA) MITC concentration estimates ranged from 0.5 to 1 ppm. Of the 173 subjects, 170 had MITC-compatible symptoms, including eye or upper respiratory irritation (77.6%), non-specific systemic symptoms (64.7%), and lower respiratory symptoms (20.0%). 78.2% were exposed within 0.5 miles of the northern edge of the treated field where average 1 hr MITC concentrations exceeded the 800 ppb ocular irritation threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ISC3 modeling is a useful means of evaluating MITC concentrations for illness episodes when industrial hygiene assessment is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Employee Health Services, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. maomalley@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Terrell
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Marylou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verder-Carlos
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010575:Pesticides; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C008435:methyldithiocarbamate; C005227:methyl isothiocyanate