title: Determination of the calcium oxalate crystallization risk from urine samples: the BONN Risk Index in comparison to other risk formulas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regular risk evaluation and risk monitoring during stone therapy are recommended measures to ensure reduction of recurrence of crystal formation. This strategy optimizes the patient treatment by a more individual approach and decreases expensive over treatment. We evaluated the BONN Risk Index (BRI) through data actualization and evaluation refinement. The BRI was compared with the most common methods of risk evaluation, namely calculation of relative urinary calcium oxalate (CaOx) supersaturation (RS) and of the urine activity product (AP)CaOx index to estimate the urine AP with respect to CaOx.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 201, 12 and 24-hour urine samples were collected from 95 healthy volunteers and from 106 CaOx stone formers. Crystallization experiments following the BRI method were performed. RS and APCaOx were calculated from urinalysis. Data were indexed and individually grouped into 8 classes, and frequency distributions were plotted. A calculation scheme for the BRI based estimation of the statistical probability of a clinically healthy person being a (still nondetected) CaOx stone former is provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logarithmically arranged BRI groups from healthy subject and patient data showed Gaussian frequency distributions. Compared with RS and APCaOx BRI allowed optimum distinction between healthy subjects and stone formers. The healthy subject probability of already being a CaOx stone former strongly increased with increasing BRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BRI for evaluating CaOx crystallization risk allows reliable distinction between healthy subjects and CaOx stone formers. Although RS and APCaOx require much more analytical efforts for determination, their results do not show higher reliability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. norbert.laube@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laube
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hergarten
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hesse
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D003460:Crystallization; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate