title: The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence and characteristics of persons with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections with or without evidence of mutations associated with drug resistance have not been well described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug-naive persons in whom HIV had been diagnosed during the previous 12 months and who did not have acquired immune deficiency syndrome were sequentially enrolled from 39 clinics and testing sites in 10 US cities during 1997-2001. Genotyping was conducted from HIV-amplification products, by automated sequencing. For specimens identified as having mutations previously associated with reduced antiretroviral-drug susceptibility, phenotypic testing was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1311 eligible participants, 1082 (83%) were enrolled and successfully tested; 8.3% had reverse transcriptase or major protease mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral-drug susceptibility. The prevalence of these mutations was 11.6% among men who had sex with men but was only 6.1% and 4.7% among women and heterosexual men, respectively. The prevalence was 5.4% and 7.9% among African American and Hispanic participants, respectively, and was 13.0% among whites. Among persons whose sexual partners reportedly took antiretroviral medications, the prevalence was 15.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the characteristics of the patients tested, HIV-genotype testing prior to the initiation of therapy would identify a substantial number of infected persons with mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral-drug susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance and Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. hsw2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Hillard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Weinstock
authors.forename: Irum
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: J Gerardo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Garcia-Lerma
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LaLota
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarcz
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torian
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendell
authors.forename: Sindy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Garald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Goza
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease