title: Transport of leuprolide across rat intestine, rabbit intestine and Caco-2 cell monolayer.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the transport mechanisms and causes of low bioavailability of leuprolide. The everted gut sac technique and Caco-2 cell monolayer were used to examine: (1) transport properties, enzyme degradation and apparent permeation coefficient (Papp); (2) the influence of trypsin inhibitor, EDTA, chitosan and alginate on drug transport; and (3) the effect of animal species on the intestinal transport. Results showed flux increased with increasing concentration of drug, showing a passive diffusion pathway. The enzyme degradation in rabbit gut was the highest. The Papp of (4.19 +/- 1.33) x 10(-5) cm/s in rat gut was the largest and the Papp of (5.20 +/- 0.20) x 10(-7) cm/s in Caco-2 cell the smallest. At a low concentration of drug, trypsin inhibitor had strong enhancement effect on the Papp by protecting enough drug for permeation. Chitosan had no effect on the activity of alpha-chymotrypsin. The increase in Papp was due to opening of the tight junctions and interaction with cells. In conclusion, both inhibition of proteolytic enzymes and opening the tight junctions to allow for paracellular transport improved the intestinal absorption. At low drug concentration, reduction of enzyme degradation is the most important factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D002686:Chitin; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan; D004492:Edetic Acid; D016729:Leuprolide