title: Smads as intracellular mediators of airway inflammation.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and other airway diseases. Signals from the activated TGF-beta receptor complex are transduced to the nucleus of airway cells by Smad proteins, which represent a family of transcription factors that have recently been implicated to play a major role as intracellular mediators of inflammation. The Smad family consists of the receptor-regulated Smads, a common pathway Smad, and inhibitory Smads. Receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) are phosphorylated by the TGF-beta type Ireceptor. They include Smad2 and Smad3, which are recognized by TGF-beta and activin receptors, and Smads 1, 5, 8, and 9, which are recognized by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors. Smad4 is a common pathway Smad, which is also defined as cooperating Smad (co-Smad) and is not phosphorylated by the TGF-beta type I receptor. Inhibitory Smads(anti-Smads) include Smad6 and Smad7, which down-regulate TGF-beta signaling. To date, the Smads are the only TGF-beta receptor substrates with a demonstrated ability to propagate signals and with regard to the growing number of investigations of Smad-mediated effects in the airways, Smads may prove to be an important target for future development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy Research, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Campus-Virchow, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany. david.groneberg@charite.de
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Groneberg
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Adcock
authors.forename: Gesine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Springer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators