title: Presence of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that the toxins that Staphylococcus aureus produces are associated with the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD). It has been shown in many studies that staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A and SEB contribute to AD by humoral immunity through IgE production as a superantigen. On the other hand, little attention has been paid to the relationship between AD and exfoliative toxin x (ETx).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the toxins that are frequently detected from the skin of patients and how these toxins affect AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. aureus, isolated from the skin of 100 patients with mild to severe AD, were examined for the producibility of toxins by polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples were obtained from 21 patients with mild and moderate AD. The levels of SEB, ETA, total IgE, specific IgE, and specific IgG in sera were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEB was most frequently detected from S. aureus on the skin of these patients as previously reported. And ETx, to which little attention has been paid so far, was frequently detected next to SEB. Furthermore, ETA was detected from the sera of almost all the AD patients. SEB was not detected at all. Although the level of ETA in the AD group was significantly higher than that of controls, ETA-specific IgE was not detected from their sera. High levels of ETA tended to be detected from infantile patients. Although there were no significant differences in the levels of ETA-IgG between AD and the controls, its prevalence was more than twice as high as the controls in AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that many AD patients were exposed to ETx. We conclude that ETx may contribute to exacerbation of AD, particularly in infants, by a mechanism that is not through specific IgE production, unlike SEB.
authors.affiliation: Club Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division, Nara, Japan. syagi@clubcosmetics.co.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wakaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minamino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005083:Exfoliatins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000097:blood*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005083:Exfoliatins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C021091:staphylococcal alpha-toxin; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; C029878:hlb protein, Staphylococcus aureus