title: A longitudinal study of the evolution of cognitive function and affective state in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to evaluate cognitive function and emotional reactivity in 18 patients with ALS, compared to 19 matched controls, and assess their evolution over a 12-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 ALS patients and 19 matched controls were included, and assessed at inclusion, six months and twelve months later. Depression was evaluated with the Geriatric Depression Scale, and cognitive function with the Folstein Mini Mental State. A battery of psychometric tests (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the numerical Empan test, the Trail-making test, the Boston Naming Test, the 15-word Rey memory test, the Benton visual retention test and the Raven Progressive Matrix) was used to measure frontal processing and non-frontal function. Emotional reactivity was measured with the film-evoked emotions test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALS patients were significantly more depressed than controls, as measured on the Geriatric Depression Scale, and depression increased over the study period. There was a very mild defect in cognitive function, and a performance deficit in the Trail-making test, a measure of frontal processing. These deficits, unlike neuromuscular function and depression, did not aggravate over the 12 months of the study. There was no observable change in non-frontal function. Emotional reactivity did not differ significantly between ALS patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence for a mild defect in frontal cognitive processing in ALS patients that evolves only slowly, if at all, with time.
authors.affiliation: CPCET et Pharmacologie Clinique, Institut de Neurosciences, Physiologiques et Cognitives, Faculte de Medecine, FRE 2109 CNRS-Universite de la Mediterranee, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille-Hopital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kilani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Micallef
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soubrouillard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rey-Lardiller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dematteï
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philippot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceccaldi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouget
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D013997:Time Factors; D014145:Trail Making Test; D014888:Wechsler Scales