title: Effect of race and musculoskeletal development on the accuracy of air plethysmography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of race and musculoskeletal development on the accuracy of estimates of body fatness (%fat) via air displacement plethysmography (AP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimates of %fat were made via AP, hydrostatic weighing (HW), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the criterion, a four-component model (4C) in 64 black (B) and white (W) men, who were either resistance trained (RT) or served as controls (C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a three-way ANOVA, there were no statistically significant three-way or race x musculoskeletal development interactions. There was no main effect of race on the validity of estimating %fat by AP; the mean bias between %FatAP and %Fat4C was similar for B (3.6% body fat) and W (3.7%). In addition, the density of the fat-free mass (Dffm) for B (1.098 +/- 0.002 g x mL) was not different than 1.10 g x mL. There was a significant effect of musculoskeletal development on the validity of the estimation of %fat from AP; the mean difference in %fat between %FatAP and %Fat4C was less in RT (1.5% body fat) than in C (5.3%), but a large SEE of 5.5% was observed for RT. A significant (P < 0.05) correlation was found between the mean bias between methods and body volume (-0.44) and mesomorphy (-0.55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Race does not affect the accuracy of estimating %fat by AP. Race-specific equations estimating %fat via densitometry (e.g., AP, HW) such as the Schutte are not justified, because Dffm is not greater than 1.10 g x mL. Estimation of %fat via AP is more accurate in larger individuals with high musculoskeletal development as a group, but individual results are highly variable.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. mcollins@kennesaw.edu
authors.forename: Mitchell A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Mindy L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Millard-Stafford
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Teresa K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cureton
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rosskopf
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000886:Anthropometry; D044383:Black People; D001834:Body Water; D006801:Humans; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American