title: Reversible anesthesia of captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with medetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and isoflurane.
abstract: Two adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were effectively anesthetized 13 times with medetomidine (0.010-0.013 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2-0.26 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg) by i.m. hand or pole syringe injection. For each anesthetic event, atropine (0.02 mg/kg, i.m.) was administered 6-20 min after initial injections, and oxygen administration via face mask or nasal insufflation began at the same time. Light anesthesia was induced in 8-22 min and lasted 13-78 min. During eight of the procedures, isoflurane (0.5-2.0%) was administered via face mask or endotracheal tube for an additional 30-120 min to facilitate longer procedures or surgery. Anesthesia was antagonized with atipamezole (0.05-0.06 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg) in seven events, with the addition of flumazenil (0.0002-0.002 mg/kg) in six events. The antagonists were administered by i.m. injection 42-149 min after administration of the induction agents. All sea lions recovered to mild sedation within 4-17 min after administration of the antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA.
authors.forename: Lucy H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Spelman
mesh_terms: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002077:Butorphanol; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007103:Immobilization; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000931:Antidotes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; C050701:atipamezole; D005442:Flumazenil; D009271:Naltrexone; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam