title: Examination of the Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale as a subjective quality-of-life measure in elderly Hong Kong Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine the psychometric properties of the Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale (PGMS) in an elderly Chinese population in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of two cohorts: (a) 759 participants aged 70 years and older living in the community who were recruited as part of a territory-wide health survey and interviewed in 1993-1994; and (b) 388 participants living in long-term-care institutions in 1995-1996. Participants who were cognitively impaired (Abbreviated Mental Test score less than 7) or who could not answer questions for other reasons were excluded. The 15-item PGMS was administered. The Rasch dichotomous model was used to assess the validity of the PGMS, and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, previously validated in Chinese, was also administered to examine the concurrent validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A confirmatory factor analysis identified three underlying factors similar to findings among Caucasians; however, not all the goodness-of-fit indices were acceptable. An exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and promax rotation revealed two underlying factors that explained 35% of the total variance: reconciled aging and unstrained affect. Some items were redundant when applied to the institutional sample. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by the good correlation between the reconciled aging and unstrained affect domains and the Geriatric Depression Scale (r = -0.72 and r = -0.56 respectively). Female gender, older age, and residence in institutions were associated with lower morale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PGMS is a valid quality-of-life measure in elderly Hong Kong Chinese persons, but its psychometric properties are slightly different from those for Caucasians.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Elsie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009013:Morale; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results