title: Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) records noninvasively activity of the entire brain with a high spatial resolution. We present a fMRI-based BCI which performs data processing and feedback of the hemodynamic brain activity within 1.3 s. Using this technique, differential feedback and self-regulation is feasible as exemplified by the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA). Technical and experimental aspects are discussed with respect to neurofeedback. The methodology now allows for studying behavioral effects and strategies of local self-regulation in healthy and diseased subjects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. nikolaus.weiskopf@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathiak
authors.forename: Simon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scharnowski
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veit
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grodd
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Birbaumer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009862:Online Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014584:User-Computer Interface