title: The Werner syndrome helicase and exonuclease cooperate to resolve telomeric D loops in a manner regulated by TRF1 and TRF2.
abstract: Werner syndrome (WS) is characterized by features of premature aging and is caused by loss of the RecQ helicase protein WRN. WS fibroblasts display defects associated with telomere dysfunction, including accelerated telomere erosion and premature senescence. In yeast, RecQ helicases act in an alternative pathway for telomere lengthening (ALT) via homologous recombination. We found that WRN associates with telomeres when dissociation of telomeric D loops is likely during replication and recombination. In human ALT cells, WRN associates directly with telomeric DNA. The majority of TRF1/PCNA colocalizing foci contained WRN in live S phase ALT cells but not in telomerase-positive HeLa cells. Biochemically, the WRN helicase and 3' to 5' exonuclease act simultaneously and cooperate to release the 3' invading tail from a telomeric D loop in vitro. The telomere binding proteins TRF1 and TRF2 limit digestion by WRN. We propose roles for WRN in dissociating telomeric structures in telomerase-deficient cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Opresko
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otterlei
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graakjaer
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruheim
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dawut
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kølvraa
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Vilhem A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bohr
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D053484:RecQ Helicases; D016196:S Phase; D016615:Telomere / Q000737:chemistry*; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071657:Werner Syndrome Helicase
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; D005092:Exonucleases; D004265:DNA Helicases; D053484:RecQ Helicases; C098785:WRN protein, human; D000071657:Werner Syndrome Helicase