title: A device for investigating neuromuscular control in the human masticatory system.
abstract: A new apparatus has been developed to study the control of mastication in humans. The subject places his/her teeth on fixed upper and mobile lower bite plates; the device then enables opening and closing movements of the lower jaw against a controlled resistance. It is also possible to vary the number of teeth in contact with the device during an experiment from the entire dental arcade to a single tooth. The specially designed lower bite plate is dynamic and allows for both rotation and translation of the lower jaw during movement, thus, permitting the natural curvilinear trajectory of the jaw. The lower bite plate can follow chewing initiated by the subject without resisting the movement ('no force' mode) via a dedicated microprocessor controlled compensation mechanism. Another function of the device is to inject a constant predetermined load onto the lower bite plate so that the subject 'chews' against a fixed resistance simulating rapidly yielding food bolus ('fixed force' mode). The device can be programmed to increase or decrease the force during the closing or opening phase of chewing by feeding the position information into the force compensation system so both position and force change in parallel, hence, simulating a bite onto a non-yielding, or sticky, food bolus ('normal chewing' mode). By use of a jaw position compensation mechanism, the device can actively move the lower jaw, following any imposed position pattern ('position controlled' mode). The chewing simulator also has a mode that holds the position at a fixed level and allows the force to change ('position hold' mode). Furthermore, the device can inject additional rapid or slow forces or displacements onto the lower bite plate in order to elicit reflexes so that the response of jaw muscles to such stimuli can be examined at various jaw positions, force levels, phases of motion and velocities. The different modes of the apparatus can be used to study the operation and feedback control of human mastication; in particular whether modulations in jaw muscle activity and reflexes are due to changes in force, velocity, position, chewing cycle phase or a combination of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Human Movement Control, Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. kemal.turker@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Türker
authors.forename: R S A
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brinkworth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abolfathi
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nazeran
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D001732:Bite Force; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D014159:Transducers / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology