title: Myo-inositol, glucose and zinc status as risk factors for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in offspring: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate myo-inositol, glucose and zinc status in mothers and their infants on cleft lip with or without cleft palate risk (CLP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four mothers and their CLP child and 102 mothers and their healthy child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood samples were obtained to determine serum myo-inositol and glucose and red blood cell zinc concentrations in mothers and children. Geometric means were calculated and compared between the groups. The blood parameters were dichotomised with cutoff points based on control values, <P10 for myo-inositol and zinc concentrations and >P90 for glucose concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geometric means (P5-P95) and odds ratios (95% confidence intervals).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CLP children (P= 0.003) and their mothers (P= 0.02) had significantly lower red blood cell zinc concentrations than controls. A low maternal serum myo-inositol concentration (<13.5 micromol/L) and a low red blood cell zinc concentration (<189 micromol/L) increased CLP risk [odds ratio 3.0 (95% CI 1.2-7.4) and 2.0 (95% CI 0.8-4.8), respectively]. Children with low myo-inositol (<21.5 micromol/L ) or low red blood cell zinc concentrations (<118 micromol/L) were more likely to have CLP [odds ratio 3.4 (95% CI 1.3-8.6) and 3.3 (95% CI 1.3-8.0), respectively]. Glucose was not a risk factor for CLP in mothers and children. Maternal and child myo-inositol as well as zinc concentrations were slightly, albeit significantly correlated, r(Pearson)= 0.33 (P= 0.0006) and r(Pearson)= 0.23 (P= 0.01), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that zinc and myo-inositol are important in the aetiology of CLP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid P C
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Krapels
authors.forename: Iris A L M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rooij
authors.forename: Ron A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zielhuis
authors.forename: Paul H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Spauwen
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brussel
authors.forename: Régine P M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steegers-Theunissen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007294:Inositol / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007294:Inositol; D005492:Folic Acid; D015032:Zinc