title: Biomechanic characteristics of patients with spastic and dystonic hypertonia in cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what biomechanic characteristics of knee joint motion and walking show potential to quantitatively differentiate spasticity and dystonia in cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive measurement study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen pediatric and adult patients with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the resistance of the knee joint at different velocities and positions, maximum muscle activation during external motion, amplitude of knee tendon reflexes, maximum isometric flexion and extension torques, velocity of walking, and knee kinematics during the gait cycle. Patients were classified into 2 groups (dystonia or spasticity) if at least 2 of 3 physicians agreed that a prominent component of dystonia was present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with dystonia had a greater degree of co-contraction and an increased resistance to external motion at slow velocities. The tendon reflexes were almost normal in patients with dystonia, whereas they were increased in patients with spasticity. Muscle strength was more impaired in patients with dystonia, probably as a result of greater muscle co-contraction. They also walked slower, with smaller knee ranges of motion, during the stance phase of walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of resistance and of muscle activation during passive motion and tendon reflexes shows potential to differentiate dystonia from spasticity in CP patients with a mixed form of hypertonia. More studies are needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 751 N. Rutledge, LL 0300, PO Box 19649, Springfield, IL 62794-9649, USA. mlebiedowska@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lebiedowska
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaebler-Spira
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fisk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology; D019415:Torque; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology