title: Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity in a British population: the EPIC-Norfolk population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria is independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk and renal function deterioration in diabetes and hypertension, but the clinical relevance of raised albuminuria in the general population is less certain. We examined the prevalence of microalbuminuria and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity in the UK general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population-based study of 23,964 individuals, aged 40-79 years recruited in 1993-1997 for the EPIC-Norfolk Study. Smoking status, prevalent physician diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer were derived from a health and lifestyle questionnaire. Albumin-to-creatinine ratios were estimated from random spot urine specimens collected at the survey visit, and using these ratios participants were categorized into normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria (2.5-25 mg/mmol), and macroalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria was 11.8% and 0.9% respectively in the total population and significantly higher in women (14.4%) compared with men (8.9%) (P<0.001). Independent determinants of microalbuminuria were age, sex, systolic blood pressure and current smoking. Microalbuminuria was independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity, after adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for prevalent cardiovascular disease of 1.30 (1.12-1.51) in all men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microalbuminuria was present in approximately 12% of this population. It was independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Microalbuminuria may be a useful indicator of high absolute cardiovascular risk in the community but prospective data are needed to establish its independent predictive value for future events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yuyun
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000652:urine*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin