title: The mechanical effects of intervertebral disc lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanical effect of individual concentric tears, radial tears and rim lesions of the intervertebral disc anulus.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro dynamic mechanical testing of sheep discs comparing the mechanical behaviour before and after lesion creation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Structural changes to the disc in the form of anular lesions are a feature of disc degeneration and degeneration has been related to changes in the mechanical function of the disc. However, the effect of individual lesions is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen ovine, lumbar disc body units were tested in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Concentric tears, radial tears and rim lesions were experimentally introduced and the motions repeated. The mechanical response after lesion creation was compared to the undamaged response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that an anterior rim lesion reduced the peak resistive moment produced by the disc in extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Concentric tears and radial tears did not affect the peak resistive moment, however, radial tears reduced the hysteresis of response in flexion/extension and lateral bending. The neutral zone was not affected by the presence of disc lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that rim lesions reduce the disc's ability to resist motion. Radial tears change the hysteresis of response indicating an altered stress distribution in the disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These changes may lead to overloading of the spinal ligaments, muscles and zygapophysial joints, possibly damaging these structures. This suggests a mechanism for a cycle of degeneration that is instigated by small changes in the mechanical integrity of the intervertebral disc.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Medical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia. rosemary.thompson@aofoundation.org
authors.forename: Rosemary E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pearcy
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012756:Sheep; D019415:Torque