title: Facts, rules, and strategies in single-digit multiplication: evidence from event-related brain potentials.
abstract: It has been hypothesized that zero vs. nonzero operands in single-digit multiplication problems invoke distinct solution strategies. We studied such problems in an implicit production task with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded from 61 scalp positions in 18 participants. The topography of a slow negative wave, which accompanied the implicit production of the multiplication result, varied with problem type. In comparison to small problems, larger problems evoked a stronger negativity over fronto-central and right temporal sites, and zero problems evoked a left anterior negativity. These topographic differences indicate not only that zero and small nonzero problems are solved by means of distinct strategies-most likely rule application vs. fact retrieval-but also that larger, less practiced problems invoke other processes than pure fact retrieval. Moreover, ERPs showed a positive deflection around 450 ms with a centro-parietal topography (P300), whose amplitude reflected differences in anticipated problem difficulty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg D-35032, Germany. jost@staff.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beinhoff
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hennighausen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rösler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*