Serum and bile markers for cholangiocarcinoma.
Surgery remains the only curative treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Currently, both early identification of CC in affected individuals at high risk and accurate diagnosis of unexplained biliary strictures are problematic. However, growing insights into biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying biliary carcinogenesis have suggested serum and bile markers for the diagnosis of CC. These tools include tumor antigens or products (e.g., carbohydrate antigen [CA] 19-9), cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6), metabolic products (e.g., lactate), proteases (e.g., trypsinogen-2), regulatory peptides (e.g., pancreatic polypeptide), and (epi-)genetic lesions (e.g., K- ras and p53 mutations, p16 (INK4a) or p14 (ARF) promoter hypermethylation). In this article we discuss these new potential tumor markers for the diagnosis of CC.
Nehls
Oliver
O
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
Gregor
Michael
M
Klump
Bodo
B
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D005819:Genetic Markers