title: Bench- and field-scale evaluation of chromium and cadmium extraction by electrokinetics.
abstract: The results of bench-scale laboratory tests and in situ, pilot-scale demonstration of electrokinetic extraction of chromium and cadmium from contaminated soil are presented. The laboratory tests were conducted using 10 cm long samples under current density of 5A/m(2) for 1200 h. Tests were conducted with and without citric acid amendment at the cathode. The results showed that citric acid improved extraction, especially in the sections near the cathode. However, processing was not enough to result in complete cleanup. The field demo was conducted at the Naval Air Weapon Station (NAWS), Point Mugu, California. Three cathodes were centered between six anodes. The anode-cathode spacing was 4.45 m (15 ft). Constant voltage of 60 V ( approximately 13 V/m) was applied for 20 days and then was reduced to 45 V (10 V/m) for 6 months. Citric acid was used to maintain the cathode pH at 4. After 6 months of treatment, 78% of the soil volume has been cleared of chromium or treated to below natural background levels. The results also indicated that 70% of the soil between the electrodes had been cleared of cadmium contamination. A comparison between the bench-scale and field demo showed that the field process was more effective than the lab tests. This indicated that small sample size will induce a negative effect on the efficiency of the process due to an increased impact of the boundaries on the overall process.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US ACE Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gent
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bricka
authors.forename: Akram N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Alshawabkeh
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granade
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002857:Chromium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000032:analysis; D004560:Electricity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007700:Kinetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium