title: The effect of changing from secondary to primary safety belt enforcement on police harassment.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether changing Michigan's safety belt law from secondary to primary (standard) enforcement resulted in police harassment. The study investigated safety-belt-enforcement-related harassment by considering three measures: citizen complaints arising from enforcement of the safety belt law; citation over-representation, that is, a statistical determination of whether certain groups received more citations than would be expected based upon their presence in the driving population and their rate of violating the safety belt use law; and self-reported harassment among the population of people who receive safety belt citations. Safety-belt-related harassment complaints were very uncommon both before and after primary enforcement. Implementation of primary enforcement did not lead to an increase in citation over-representation, and, therefore, safety-belt-related harassment by sex, race, or age. The vast majority of people receiving safety belt citations reported officer behavior as professional and did not feel that they were singled out for their citation. However, a sizeable minority of Blacks and young people report perceptions of safety-belt-related harassment. Results suggest that states with secondary enforcement should continue their efforts to change to primary enforcement, but should also make a strong effort to educate both law enforcement and the public about the harassment issue.
authors.affiliation: Social and Behavioral Analysis Division, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, USA. eby@umich.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.forename: Lidia P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kostyniuk
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Jonathon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vivoda
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data