title: Evidence of damage in cryopreserved and fresh bovine embryos using the Tunel technique.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the quality of bovine embryos cryopreserved in different years in Chiapas, Mexico. The embryos were obtained from a government institution (FIMEGEN) dedicated to promoting embryo transfer among dual-purpose cattle farmers. Forty-three embryos frozen in 1988, 1989, 2000 and 2002 were analysed with the Tunel technique to detect programmed cell death (apoptosis). Eleven fresh embryos were used as controls. Analysis of variance was used in embryos stored in the different years with averages tested using Tukey's test. Student's t-test was employed to compare fresh and frozen cells. Embryos with shorter storage time presented a lower number (p < 0.001) of Tunel-positive cells compared with embryos stored for longer time. On the contrary, when comparing the number of apoptotic cells between frozen and fresh embryos a higher number of positive cells (p < 0.05) were found in the former. The present results suggest that the cryopreservation per se caused damage that compromises the viability of the embryo. Another explanation for the lower pregnancy rate found in the tropics could be irreversible damage caused by poor storage technique in these large operations.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Márquez-Alvarado
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Galina
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moreno-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*