title: G(-30)A polymorphism in the pancreatic promoter of the glucokinase gene associated with angiographic coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). A G(-30)A polymorphism in the beta-cell-specific promoter of glucokinase (GK-30PM) has been implicated in reduced pancreatic beta-cell function. Its impact on CAD has not been examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glucokinase G(-30)A variant was determined in 2567 patients with angiographic CAD and in 731 individuals in whom CAD had been ruled out by angiography. In carriers of the A allele, the adjusted OR of CAD was 1.39 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.70). Corresponding ORs were 1.27 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.59) and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.26 to 2.93) in individuals without and with T2DM, respectively. The prevalence of the A allele increased in parallel with the Friesinger coronary score. Patients with T2DM were more frequent among carriers of > or =1 A allele (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.28). This association was stronger if CAD patients only were considered. The A allele was associated with higher glucose (fasting, P=0.002; 2 hours after oral glucose, P=0.017) and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c; P=0.002). Furthermore, presence of 1 A allele was negatively related to beta-cell function, estimated by beta percent (P=0.012) and by the ratios of proinsulin to insulin (P=0.025) and proinsulin to C peptide (P=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The A allele of the pancreatic promoter of glucokinase increases the risk of CAD in individuals with and without T2DM. Furthermore, at least in CAD, it is associated with an augmented prevalence of T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria. winfried.maerz@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenbacher
authors.forename: Bernhard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000235:genetics*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009928:Organ Specificity; D015995:Prevalence; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005941:Glucokinase