title: Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 gene promotes angiogenesis through the transactivation of both vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, Flt-1.
abstract: Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) is a basic-helix-loop-helix/PAS domain transcription factor that is expressed preferentially in vascular endothelial cells. EPAS1 shares high homology with hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and is reported to transactivate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1), and Tie2 promoters. In this study, we analyzed the role of EPAS1 in the process of angiogenesis. Using microarray technology, we looked for target genes regulated by EPAS1 in vascular endothelial cells. A total of 130 genes were upregulated by EPAS1, including fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1). Reporter analysis using human Flt-1 promoter and gel mobility shift assays showed that the heterodimer of EPAS1 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator binds directly to HIF-1-binding site upstream of Flt-1 promoter and transactivates it. Small interfering RNA targeted to EPAS1 but not HIF-1alpha attenuated desferrioxamine-induced Flt-1 mRNA expression, thus EPAS1 is thought to play an essential role in hypoxic induction of Flt-1 gene. Furthermore, using mouse wound healing models, we demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated delivery of EPAS1 gene significantly induced the expression of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and Tie2 mRNA at the wound site and promoted mature angiogenesis. The proportion of the number of mural cells in newly formed vessels was significantly higher in EPAS1-treated wound area than VEGF-treated area. In conclusion, EPAS1 promotes Flt-1 gene expression and induces mRNA expression of VEGF, Flk-1, and Tie2, leading to enhancement of mature angiogenesis in vivo. Thus, EPAS1 may contribute to the construction of mature vessels by modulating the coordinated expressions of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and Tie2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maemura
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Daiji
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawanami
authors.forename: Takefumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nojiri
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.forename: Ryozo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019281:Dimerization; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics*; D024501:Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000235:genetics; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003676:Deferoxamine; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D024501:Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497396:ARNT protein, human; C497397:Arnt protein, mouse; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; C501162:FLT1 protein, human; C501163:Flt1 protein, mouse; C103815:nonmuscle myosin type IIB heavy chain