title: Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of excessive connective tissue in the lungs. Its causes include chronic administration of some drugs for example bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, amiodarone, procainamide, penicillamine, gold and nitrofurantoin; exposure to certain environmental factors such as gases, asbestos and silica and bacterial or fungal infections. Some systemic diseases also predispose to the disease for example rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease is associated with release of oxygen radicals and some mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta TGF-beta, PDGF, IGF-I, ET-I and interleukins 1, 4, 8 and 13. The symptoms of the disease include dyspnea, non-productive cough, fever and damage to the lung cells. It is diagnosed with the aid of chest radiography, high resolution computed tomographic scanning and the result of pulmonary function tests. Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis may involve release of free oxygen radicals and various cytokines for example IL-Ibeta and TNF-alpha via activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-beta as in the case of bleomycin and mitomycin or via release of TGF-beta as in case of tamoxifen or via inhibition of macrophages' and lymphocytes' phospholipases as in the case of amiodarone with the resultant accumulation of phospholipids and reduction of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Daba
authors.forename: Kamal E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: El-Tahir
authors.forename: Mohammed N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Al-Arifi
authors.forename: Othman A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Gubara
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines