title: Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF) 1-3'A polymorphism may play a role in resistance to HIV-1 infection in seronegative high-risk Thais.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that a 32-bp-deleted CCR5 mutant (CCR5-Delta32) plays a critical role in resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We became aware of a number of seronegative patients at high risk of HIV-1 infections. Since CCR-Delta32 is not found in Thais, we examined the role of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF) 1-3'A polymorphism in resistance to HIV-1 in seronegative Thai prostitutes at high risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined CCR5-Delta32 by PCR, SDF1-3'A by RFLP, and plasma SDF-1 level by sandwich ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not find any CCR-Delta32 mutant in 432 subjects. In our SDF1-3'A genotyping, we found allelic frequencies of 0.406, 0.199, and 0.289 in HIV-1-seronegative prostitutes at high risk, HIV-1-seropositive patients, and normal blood donors, respectively. There was a significant difference in the allelic frequencies of SDF1-3'A between HIV-1-seronegative prostitutes at high risk and HIV-1-seropositive patients (p < 0.005). Striking differences were seen in homozygotes (SDF1-3A/3A); 20.3% in HIV-1-seronegative patients at high risk compared with 2.5% in HIV-1-seropositive patients. In addition, we showed that the plasma SDF1 level in the HIV-1-seronegative prostitutes at high risk was twice that found in normal blood donors (p = 0.005), and even higher than that of HIV-1-seropositive patients (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding is relevant as regards the fact that SDF1-3'A polymorphism induces an increase of SDF1 chemokine production, in which it competes with HIV-1 in binding to CXCR4 receptor, and in turn inhibits HIV-1 infection. The SDF1-3'A-mediated resistant mechanism in Thais differs from that of CCR5-Delta32-mediated resistance in Caucasians. This study provides the first evidence for SDF-3'A polymorphism in resistance to HIV-1 infection in Thais, and may represent the resistant mechanism in the extremely rare CCR5-Delta32 mutant of other ethnic groups such as Africans and Japanese.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. tpornthe@pioneer.chula.ac.th
authors.forename: Pornthep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tiensiwakul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4