title: Anaesthesia induction in children: a psychological evaluation of the efficiency of parents' presence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The induction of anaesthesia for surgery is a stressful time for both child and parents. To treat preoperative anxiety in children, pharmacological methods (premedication) and behavioural methods (the presence of parents during the induction of anaesthesia) have been used, both independently and in combination. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of both premedication and parental presence on preoperative anxiety in a homogeneous population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study conducted between January and April 2001 in the Meyer Hospital in Florence (Anaesthesia Department and Surgical Department), we studied 39 Italian speaking children aged 2-14 years who were undergoing minor surgery. Before the surgical intervention the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and a questionnaire for the social-demographic characteristics were given to the parents. The stress of the children was evaluated during induction of anaesthesia. We also studied behavioural areas of both children and parents with two specific questionnaires administered after the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The STAI scores showed that the mothers had a higher level of anxiety compared with the fathers. The induction of anaesthesia for surgery was a stressful time for 23% of children of our sample. The correlation between stress of the child at induction and state (P = 0.034) and trait (P = 0.049) anxiety of parents was statistically significant. The child's loss of consciousness was for the majority of parents (56%) the moment of greatest stress and 97% of parents did feel useful during the induction of anaesthesia. There was a significant difference, P = 0.032, in the presence or absence of stress depending on whether the mother or father accompanied the child to the operating room. There was no significant difference in the presence of stress between children who did and did not receive premedication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal presence, compared with the father's presence, is fundamental in helping to overcome anxiety in a child receiving anaesthesia. If the parents are present during the induction, the addition of premedication does not offer further benefit. Parents themselves judged their presence during the induction of anaesthesia in their child as a positive event. We also found a statistical significant correlation between anxiety of the parents with the level of the stress of the child during induction of anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy. a.messeri@meyer.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messeri
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caprilli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Busoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000523:psychology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires