title: Idiopathic environmental intolerance: Part 2: A causation analysis applying Bradford Hill's criteria to the psychogenic theory.
abstract: Toxicogenic and psychogenic theories have been proposed to explain idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI). Part 2 of this article is an evidence-based causality analysis of the psychogenic theory using an extended version of Bradford Hill's criteria. The psychogenic theory meets all of the criteria directly or indirectly and is characterised by a progressive research programme including double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation challenge studies. We conclude that IEI is a belief characterised by an overvalued idea of toxic attribution of symptoms and disability, fulfilling criteria for a somatoform disorder and a functional somatic syndrome. A neurobiological diathesis similar to anxiety, specifically panic disorder, is a neurobiologically plausible mechanism to explain triggered reactions to ambient doses of environmental agents, real or perceived. In addition, there is a cognitively mediated fear response mechanism characterised by vigilance for perceived exposures and bodily sensations that are subsequently amplified in the process of learned sensitivity. Implications for the assessment and treatment of patients are presented.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine, Multi-Disciplinary Toxicology, Treatment and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80222, USA. hstaudenmayer@comcast.net
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leznoff
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015984:Causality; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D018777:Multiple Chemical Sensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology