title: Cognitive function of children with cystic fibrosis: deleterious effect of early malnutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients who have cystic fibrosis (CF) and experience delayed diagnosis by traditional methods have greater nutritional insult compared with peers diagnosed via neonatal screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate cognitive function in children with CF and the influence of both early diagnosis through neonatal screening and the potential effect of early malnutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive assessment data were obtained for 89 CF patients (aged 7.3-17 years) during routine clinic visits. Patients had been enrolled in either the screened (N = 42) or traditional diagnosis (control) group (N = 47) of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project. The Test of Cognitive Skills, Second Edition was administered to generate the Cognitive Skills Index (CSI) and cognitive factor scores (Verbal, Nonverbal, and Memory).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive scores in the overall study population were similar to normative data (CSI mean [standard deviation]: 102.5 [16.6]; 95% confidence interval: 99.1-105.9). The mean (standard deviation) CSI scores for the screened and control groups were 104.4 (14.4) and 99.8 (18.5), respectively. Significantly lower cognitive scores correlated with indicators of malnutrition and unfavorable family factors such as single parents, lower socioeconomic status, and less parental education. Our analyses revealed lower cognitive scores in patients with low plasma alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) levels at diagnosis. In addition, patients in the control group who also had vitamin E deficiency at diagnosis (alpha-T < 300 microg/dl) showed significantly lower CSI scores in comparison with alpha-T-sufficient control subjects and both deficient and sufficient alpha-T subsets of screened patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that prevention of prolonged malnutrition by early diagnosis and nutritional therapy, particularly minimizing the duration of vitamin E deficiency, is associated with better cognitive functioning in children with CF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics/Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1532, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Koscik
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kosorok
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zaremba
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laxova
authors.forename: Hui-Chuan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jeff A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Splaingard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014362:Trypsinogen