title: Incidence and clinical significance of abdominal wall bruising in restrained children involved in motor vehicle crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children involved in motor vehicle crashes (MVC) can sustain bruising of the abdominal wall associated with seat belt restraint. The incidence of bruising and its relationship with significant intraabdominal injuries are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of children involved in MVC between December 1998 and November 2002 was performed, using the crash surveillance database from the Partners for Child Passenger Safety (PCPS) project. Optimally (OR) or suboptimally (S-OR) restrained children aged 4 to 15 years were selected. The incidence of abdominal wall bruising was calculated then correlated with the type of restraint as well as any intraabdominal injury with an Abbreviated Injury Scale score > or =2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147,985 children in 102,548 crashes met study criteria. An abdominal bruise was noted in 1.33% of the children (n = 1,967; 881 OR and 1,086 S-OR). Significant intraabdominal injury was present in 309 children (0.21%, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.33), including 69 OR and 240 S-OR. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of abdominal wall bruising for a significant intraabdominal injury were 73.5%, 98.8%, 11.5%, and 99.9%, respectively. Children with a bruise were substantially more likely to have an intraabdominal injury than children without a bruise. (Odds Ratio 232.1, 95% CI, 75.9 to 710.3) Among those children with an abdominal bruise, 1% required an abdominal operation (n = 20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal wall bruising was relatively uncommon in both OR and S-OR children. Among restrained children involved in MVC, those with a bruise were 232 times more likely to have a significant intraabdominal injury when compared with those without a bruise. It is imperative to pursue intraabdominal injury in children with a bruise of the abdominal wall after MVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kallan
authors.forename: Kristy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Arbogast
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: Flaura K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000473:pathology*; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003288:Contusions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000009:adverse effects*