title: Extended hypermetabolic response of the liver in severely burned pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The acute phase response is a cascade of events contributing to hypermetabolism and substrate catabolism. It was believed to persist for only a short time after injury. There is now evidence that systemic catabolism and hypermetabolism associated with thermal injury persevere for a long time. We hypothesize that the proinflammatory hepatic acute phase response perseveres for an extended time and enhances hypermetabolism longer than previously believed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive Care Burn Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three children (aged 1-16 years) sustaining a severe thermal injury (>/=40% total-body surface area) who remained in the intensive care unit longer than 30 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient demographics, nutritional support, incidence of sepsis, inhalation injury, mortality, and levels of serum constitutive proteins, type I and type II acute phase proteins, free fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF binding protein-1, IGF binding protein-3, and hepatocyte growth factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After thermal injury, constitutive hepatic protein levels decreased 2- to 3-fold 80 days after burn, whereas acute phase protein levels increased. Free fatty acid levels were increased 5 days after burn. Proinflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin [IL] 1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor) and IGF binding protein-1 levels were elevated for 40 days after burn, whereas serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 levels were decreased. Hepatocyte growth factor levels were increased immediately after burn but rapidly returned to the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite adequate nutritional support, a severe thermal injury induces the proinflammatory acute phase response for a prolonged period. Thus, the liver with the hepatic acute phase response plays a more important role during catabolism after burn than previously believed. Pharmacologic agents that improve hepatic function may be an effective approach to attenuate hypermetabolism after trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. mcjeschke@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jeschke
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barrow
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Herndon
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines