title: Morphological changes in woody stem of Prunus jamasakura under simulated microgravity.
abstract: When the four-week-old woody stem of Prunus jamasakura was grown under simulated microgravity condition on a three-dimensional clinostat, it bent at growth, and width of its secondary xylem decreased due to the reduction of fiber cell numbers and a smaller microfibril angle in the secondary cell wall, as reported in our previous paper. Gravity induces the development of the secondary xylem that supports the stem upward against the action of gravity. In this study, morphological changes of the tissues and cells were microscopically observed. Disorder was found in the concentric structure of tissues that organize the stem. The radial arrangement of the cells was also disturbed in the secondary xylem, and in the secondary phloem secondary cell walls of the bast fiber cells were undeveloped. These findings suggest that differentiation and development of the secondary xylem and the bast fiber cells are strongly controlled by terrestrial gravity. These tissue and cells functions to support the stem under the action of gravity. Furthermore, clinorotation induced disorder in the straight joint of vessel elements and the lattice-like structure of radial parenchyma cells, which is responsible for water transportation and storage, respectively. Gravity is an essential factor for keeping the division and differentiation normal in woody stem.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishimoto-Negishi
authors.forename: Yuzou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Funada
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Teruko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D027861:Prunus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012399:Rotation; D036226:Seedlings / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation