title: Methodological validity and feasibility of the nitric oxide clamp technique for nitric oxide research in human resistant vessels.
abstract: N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) has been widely used for nitric oxide (NO) research, particularly for the assessment of NO-dependent vasodilatation evoked by agonists. However, such experiments may not be straightforward because L-NMMA causes vasoconstriction, which itself must non-specifically affect responses to any vasoactive agents. Therefore, in order to more accurately estimate the roles of NO in human vessels in vivo, we developed an NO clamp technique that uses co-infusion of an NO donor with L-NMMA. To assess the validity and feasibility of this technique, we compared the effects of intra-arterial infusion of L-NMMA on the forearm blood flow responses to vasodilators with and without the NO clamp technique in healthy males. All drugs were intra-arterially infused and changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. Vasodilatation evoked by atrial natriuretic peptide was significantly attenuated by L-NMMA alone (p = 0.001) but not by the NO clamp technique. L-NMMA significantly attenuated the responses to acetylcholine either with or without the NO clamp technique. However, the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) of acetylcholine with L-NMMA to that without L-NMMA was significantly higher when the NO clamp technique was not used (AUC ratio: 0.62 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.14, respectively; p = 0.031). The contribution of NO to the FBF responses to vasodilators may be more properly assessed by the co-infusion of L-NMMA with the NO clamp technique than by L-NMMA alone. Our NO clamp technique thus appears to be valid and feasible for human NO research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan. suedano9@dream.com
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umemura
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010991:Plethysmography; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000109:Acetylcholine