title: A model of ischemically induced ventricular fibrillation for comparison of fixed-dose and escalating-dose defibrillation strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fixed- and escalating-dose defibrillation protocols are both in clinical use. Clinical observations suggest that the probability of successful defibrillation is not constant across a population of patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF). Common animal models of electrically induced VF do not represent a clinical VF etiology or reproduce clinical heterogeneity in defibrillation probability. The authors hypothesized that a model of ischemically induced VF would exhibit heterogeneous defibrillation shock strength requirements and that an escalating-dose strategy would more effectively achieve prompt defibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six swine were randomized to fixed, lower-energy (150 J) transthoracic shocks (group 1) or escalating, higher-energy (200 J-300 J-360 J) shocks (group 2). VF was induced by balloon occlusion of a coronary artery. After 1 or 5 minutes of VF, countershocks with a biphasic waveform were administered. The primary endpoint was successful defibrillation (termination of VF for 5 seconds) with < or =3 shocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VF was induced with occlusion or after reperfusion in 35 animals. Only five of 17 group 1 animals (29%, 95% CI = 10 to 56) could be defibrillated with < or =3 shocks; 15 of 18 group 2 animals (83%, 95% CI = 59 to 96) were defibrillated with < or =3 shocks (p < 0.002 vs. group 1). Nine of the group 1 animals (75%) that could not be defibrillated with 150-J shocks were rescued with < or =3 shocks ranging from 200 to 360 J.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this ischemic VF animal model, defibrillation shock strength requirements varied among individuals, and when defibrillation was difficult, an escalating-dose strategy was more effective for prompt defibrillation than fixed, lower-energy shocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA. jniemann@emedharbor.edu
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rosborough
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*