title: Interleukin-6 protects LNCaP cells from apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation through the Stat3 pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in the progression of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Previous studies demonstrated that IL-6 promotes androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells. In this study, the effect of IL-6 on apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of IL-6 on apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was examined by cell death ELISA and Western blot using cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-9, as well as Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Bad. The Stat3 in IL-6-mediated anti-apoptosis in prostate cancer cells was examined using either dominant-negative or constitutively activated Stat3 mutants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of IL-6 renders androgen sensitive LNCaP human prostate cancer cells more resistant to apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation. LNCaP cells undergo apoptosis after 72 hr of androgen deprivation, an outcome is largely absent in clones overexpressing IL-6 as measured by cell death ELISA and chromatin degradation assays. IL-6 over-expressing cells resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-9 as well as an increase in the expression of Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Bad. Addition of IL-6 antibody completely abolished the anti-apoptotic activity of IL-6. This protective effect of IL-6 was reversed by the expression of a dominant-negative Stat3 mutant, Stat3F. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a constitutively active Stat3 antagonized androgen deprivation-induced cell death of LNCaP cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that IL-6 protects androgen sensitive LNCaP cells from apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation, and Stat3 activation play an important role in IL-6-mediated anti-apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Soo Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Candace S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators