title: Female sexual dysfunction after radical cystectomy: a new outcome measure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, in our contemporary radical cystectomy (RC) series, female sexual dysfunction and whether the type of diversion affected the occurrence of sexual dysfunction. Outcome data after RC with and without orthotopic diversion has focused primarily on cure, urethral recurrence, and continence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The baseline and follow-up data from 27 sexually active female patients (mean age 54.79 +/- 12.7 years) who underwent RC from 1997 to 2002 for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (16 with Stage T1-T2 and 11 with Stage T3-T4) were obtained. Thirteen patients were premenopausal before RC. Of the 27 patients, 10 (37%) underwent Studor orthotopic diversion, 7 (26%) Indiana cutaneous diversion, and 10 (37%) ileal conduit diversion. A 10-item version of the self-administered Index of Female Sexual Function questionnaire was used to assess sexual dysfunction. The specific domains analyzed in the Index of Female Sexual Function include the degree of vaginal lubrication, ability to achieve orgasm, degree of pain during intercourse, overall sexual desire and interest, and overall sexual satisfaction, with responses graded on a scale of 1 (almost never, never) to 5 (almost always, always).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a mean follow-up of 24.2 months (range 15 to 65.1), the total mean baseline Index of Female Sexual Function score decreased from 17.4 +/- 7.23 to 10.6 +/- 6.62 after RC (P < or =0.05). The most common symptoms reported by the patients included diminished ability or inability to achieve orgasm in 12 (45%), decreased lubrication in 11 (41%), decreased sexual desire in 10 (37%), and dyspareunia in 6 patients (22%). Only 13 (48%) of the 27 patients were able to have successful vaginal intercourse, with 14 (52%) reporting decreased satisfaction in overall sexual life after RC. Eight partners (30%) had a decrease in desire for sexual activity owing to apprehension after cancer diagnosis and treatment. Although the numbers were small, the preliminary data suggested no differences in sexual function between patients undergoing Studor orthotopic diversions and those undergoing Indiana cutaneous diversions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sexual dysfunction is a prevalent problem after female RC. The nature of the dysfunction involves multiple domains, including decreased orgasm, decreased lubrication, lack of sexual desire, and dyspareunia. Our early results suggest that the type of continent diversion does not affect sexual function. Surgical modifications such as urethral and vaginal sparing, neurovascular preservation, and tubular vaginal reconstruction sparing may improve female sexual function after RC.
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Zippe
authors.forename: Rupesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: Asha D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Eric Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Massanyi
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ulchaker
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D003075:Coitus; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female; D008875:Middle Aged; D009948:Orgasm; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*