title: Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage.
abstract: To ascertain the strength of the association between thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage, we performed a meta-analysis of both case-control and longitudinal studies performed since 1990 when this association was first described. A clear association between the presence of thyroid antibodies and miscarriage was found with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.73 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 2.20-3.40) in eight case-control and ten longitudinal (OR, 2.30; 95 % CI, 1.80-2.95) studies. This association may be explained by a heightened autoimmune state affecting the fetal allograft, of which thyroid antibodies are just a marker. Alternatively, the association can be partly explained by the slightly higher age of women with antibodies compared with those without (mean+/-S.D. age difference, 0.7+/-1.0 years; P<0.001). A third possibility is mild thyroid failure, as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in antibody-positive but euthyroid women are higher than in antibody-negative women: difference 0.81+/-0.58 mU/l (P=0.005). Randomized clinical trials with l-thyroxine (aiming at TSH values between 0.4 and 2.0 mU/l) and with selenium (to decrease antibodies against thyroid peroxidase) are clearly needed to elucidate further the nature of this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-171 Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.f.prummel@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Prummel
authors.forename: Wilmar M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wiersinga
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D000367:Age Factors; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases; D015551:Autoimmunity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase