title: Back-related functional limitations among full-time homemakers: a comparison with women employed full-time outside the home.
abstract: METHODS
  Two-year prospective study with repeated measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe back-related functional limitations and their evolution among full-time female homemakers and to compare them to that of women employed full-time outside the home.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Back pain is not limited to the formal "working" population. However, there is little information on the consequences of back pain in "nonworking" individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were members of a large Health Maintenance Organization who consulted a physician for nonspecific back pain. Telephone interviews were conducted 4 to 6 weeks after the consultation and 1 and 2 years later. Back-related functional limitations were measured with a modified 16-item Roland-Morris scale. Analyses were conducted on 104 full-time homemakers and 288 women employed full-time outside the home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Roland-Morris score among homemakers was 34.4% at baseline and dropped to 22.8% at 2 years. In multiple regression analyses, 2-year back-related functional limitations were significantly associated with symptoms of depression, pain intensity, and the number of days with back pain in the past 6 months measured at baseline, but not with employment status. Functional limitations were not different between homemakers and women employed outside the home, even after adjustment for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the functional consequences of back pain had a similar nature and 2-year evolution among full-time homemakers and women employed full-time outside the home. These results did not demonstrate an effect of formal employment on the functional consequences of back pain among women.
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Unit, Research Center of the Laval University Affiliated Hospital, Hôpital du St-Sacrement, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. clermont.dionne@uresp.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Clermont E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dionne
authors.forename: Marise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chénard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006796:Household Work; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014937:Work