title: Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
abstract: Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within the assemblage B cluster, with 10 distinct subgenotypes identified, eight of which have not been reported before.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA.
authors.forename: Irshad M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ajaib
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005872:Giardia / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014305:Triose-Phosphate Isomerase / Q000235:genetics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D012722:Sewage; D014305:Triose-Phosphate Isomerase