title: Herbicide loss following application to a railway.
abstract: Railways have been identified as a potential source of herbicides detected in surface and groundwaters, but there are few data to support this theory. Two studies were undertaken to investigate the fate of herbicides applied to railway trackbeds: a pilot study in a section of a disused, but intact, cutting where runoff and throughflow were sampled from trenches adjacent to the treated area, and a larger scale study on 0.75 km of embankment where surface water from the drainage ditch at the base of the embankment and groundwater were sampled. In the pilot study, peak concentrations of atrazine, diuron and glyphosate (1280, 210 and 15 microg litre(-1) respectively) were detected 6days after treatment (DAT). Oxadiazon, oryzalin and isoxaben were not detected above their limits of quantification. Lower concentrations were detected 81 DAT (10 and 0.8 microg litre(-1) of atrazine and glyphosate respectively). In the larger scale study, herbicides were not detected, in either the surface water or groundwater, at concentrations above the limit of detection that could be attributed to application to the railway. Rainfall volume and depth to sampling point may partly explain the different results obtained from the two studies. The findings are compared with herbicide losses from other 'hard surfaces'.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Cranfield University, Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby DE72 2GN, UK. c.ramwell@cranfield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carmel T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ramwell
authors.forename: Andrew I J
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Heather
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011890:Railroads; D011891:Rain; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical