title: Noninvasive measurements of capecitabine metabolism in bladder tumors overexpressing thymidine phosphorylase by fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that tumor response to capecitabine strongly correlates with tumor thymidine phosphorylase (TP). The aims of our study were to (a). investigate the pharmacological role of TP by measuring the pharmacokinetics (PK) of capecitabine in a human bladder tumor model that was characterized by the overexpression of TP and (b). develop the use of PK measurements for capecitabine by fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a noninvasive surrogate marker for determining TP levels in tumors and for predicting tumor response to capecitabine in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  TP overexpressing (2T10) and control tumors were grown s.c. in nude mice. Mice were given a dose of capecitabine or 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'DFUR). (19)F tumor spectra were acquired for determination of rate constants of capecitabine breakdown and buildup and subsequent breakdown of intermediates, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'DFCR) and 5'DFUR. The rate constant of 5'DFUR breakdown was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate constant of breakdown of intermediates was significantly faster in 2T10 tumors than controls (P < 0.003). No significant differences in the rate of capecitabine breakdown or intermediate buildup were observed. The rate constant of 5'DFUR breakdown in the 2T10 tumors was doubled compared with controls (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the expected pathway of capecitabine metabolism and showed that the level of TP was related to the rate of 5'DFUR conversion. Using in vivo fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to mea-sure the PK of capecitabine and its intermediate metabolites in tumors may provide a noninvasive surrogate method for determining TP levels in tumors and for predicting tumor response to capecitabine in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom. ychung@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Yuen-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Troy
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Judson
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leek
authors.forename: Martin O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069287:Capecitabine; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D005461:Fluorine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase; D005472:Fluorouracil