title: Decalcification of root canal dentine by citric acid, EDTA and sodium citrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the demineralization capability of 1 and 10% citric acid, 10% sodium citrate and 17% EDTA during immersions of 5, 10 and 15 min on root canal dentine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crowns were sectioned from eight maxillary canines. The cementum was removed from the cervical third of the roots to expose the dentine. Canals were prepared using a handpiece-mounted Largo Peeso reamer. A 3-mm thick cross-sectional slice was obtained from the cervical third of each root. Each slice was sectioned into four equal parts. These specimens were assigned to one of four groups (n = 8) for the application of 1% citric acid, 10% citric acid, 10% sodium citrate or 17% EDTA. Each specimen underwent three successive 5-min immersions in each solution at room temperature. The solutions were not renewed between immersions. Two millimetres of solution were collected from the extracts and lanthanum oxide was added for the calcium reading by spectrophotometry. To compare the amounts of calcium removed by each solution, the Friedman test was used for the global comparison and the Wilcoxon test for paired comparisons. Differences between groups were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test for the global comparison and Mann-Whitney test for paired comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1 and 10% citric acid were more effective than EDTA or sodium citrate at the three immersion times (P < 0.001); 10% citric acid was more effective than 1% citric acid (P < 0.001). EDTA and 1 and 10% citric acid showed decreasing effectiveness with time, and the decrease was significant for citric acid at both concentrations (P < 0.001). Although sodium citrate removed little calcium during the three time periods, the small increase recorded was significant (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Citric acid at 10% was the most effective decalcifying agent, followed by 1% citric acid, 17% EDTA and 10% sodium citrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Machado-Silveiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González-López
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003481:Cuspid; D003648:Decalcification Technique; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D016369:Smear Layer; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D002951:Citrates; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D019343:Citric Acid; D004492:Edetic Acid; D002118:Calcium