title: Clonal diploid sperm of the diploid-triploid mosaic loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Teleostei:Cobitidae).
abstract: The loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus comprises diploid, triploid and diploid-triploid mosaic individuals in a wild population of the Hokkaido island, Japan. Previous studies revealed the presence of a cryptic clonal lineage among diploid loaches, which is maintained by uniparental reproduction of genetically identical diploid eggs. In the present study, we analyzed distribution and genetic status of diploid and triploid cells in infrequent mosaic males. Flow cytometry, microsatellite genotyping and DNA fingerprinting verified that mosaic males consisted of diploid cells with genotypes identical to the natural clone and triploid cells with diploid genomes of the clonal lineage plus haploid genome from sperm nucleus of the father. Thus, the occurrence of diploid-triploid mosaicism might be caused by accidental fertilization of a diploid blastomere nucleus with haploid sperm after the initiation of clonal development of unreduced eggs. Such mosaic males produced fertile sperm with diploid DNA content. The experimental cross between normal diploid female and diploid-triploid mosaic male gave rise to the appearance of triploid progeny which exhibited two microsatellite alleles identical to the clonal genotype and one allele derived from the normal female. In DNA fingerprinting, such triploid progeny gave not only all the DNA fragments from the clone, but also other fragments from the normal female. Induced androgenesis using UV irradiated eggs and sperm of the mosaic male gave rise to the occurrence of diploid individuals with paternally derived microsatellite genotypes and DNA fingerprints, absolutely identical to the natural clonal lineage. These results conclude that the diploid-triploid mosaic male produced unreduced diploid sperm with genetically identical genotypes. The spermatogenesis in the clonal diploid cells under the mosaic condition suggests that triploid male somatic cells might transform genetically all-female germ cells to differentiate into functionally male gametes. The discovery of the mosaic male producing unreduced sperm suggests the theoretical occurrence of triploids and other polyploids by the syngamy of such paternally derived diploid gametes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan. morikin@fra.affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Kagayaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: Kouzou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamaha
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000235:genetics*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005618:Fresh Water; D005838:Genotype; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D010063:Ovum / Q000528:radiation effects; D011003:Ploidies; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays