title: Differential effects of alcohol drinking pattern on liver enzymes in men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that drinking pattern may have powerful implications for health; however, very few studies have focused on the association between drinking pattern and risk of alcoholic liver damage. This study was aimed at examining the association of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase with current alcohol consumption and with some aspects of drinking pattern (e.g., drinking frequency during the week and in relation to food consumption).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of a random sample of 2943 white residents of Erie and Niagara Counties in New York State who were 35 to 80 years of age and free from known hepatic disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most significant associations were found for GGT; in both sexes, average levels were significantly higher in current and former drinkers compared with lifetime abstainers. In analyses based on quartiles of alcohol consumption, only participants in the two top quartiles showed significantly elevated enzymes compared with both lifetime abstainers and participants in other quartiles. For drinking pattern, there was evidence of sex-specific associations. In men, daily drinkers showed the highest levels of GGT, whereas in women, the highest level of GGT was observed in weekend drinkers. Women (but not men) who consumed alcohol without food exhibited higher levels of GGT compared with women who consumed alcoholic beverages in relation to food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that, in addition to amount, drinking pattern may affect liver function and that differences exist between sexes with regard to the effect of drinking pattern on liver function and potential liver damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA. stranges@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Saverio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stranges
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muti
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farinaro
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nochajski
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013695:Temperance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase