title: Menstrual cycle dependent changes in blue-on-yellow visual field analysis of young diabetic women with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate menstrual cycle dependent changes on blue-on-yellow visual fields of diabetic women, and to compare the results with those of healthy women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left eyes of 93 normally menstruating women were included in the study, comprising 45 with type-1 diabetes mellitus and severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 48 healthy controls. All subjects underwent baseline complete ocular examination and achromatic visual field analysis. Blue-on-yellow visual field tests (short-wavelength automated perimetry) were performed in both follicular (days 7-10 of the cycle) and luteal phases (days 3-6 before the bleeding) of two consecutive menstrual cycles. Visual field analyses were performed using Humphrey Field Analyser II with full threshold, central 30-2 program. Visual fields were divided into four regions: superior temporal, inferior temporal, superior nasal and inferior nasal. Visual field mean sensitivity (MS) was calculated for all regions separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ages of diabetic and control subjects were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Mean MS values of the diabetic group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Control subjects did not demonstrate any menstrual cycle dependent changes in MS values (P > 0.05). However, diabetic women demonstrated a significant decrease in MS values in the luteal phase (P < 0.05). The decrease in MS was most marked in the nasal visual field (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young diabetic women demonstrated a significant depression in visual field threshold sensitivity in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Nasal visual fields are more prone to have menstrual cycle dependent threshold sensitivity depression. This should be taken into consideration in the clinical assessment of women with advanced diabetes who are at risk of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: K Cemil
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akar
authors.forename: Munire Erman
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Akar
authors.forename: Gurkan C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zorlu
authors.forename: Hilmi O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ozer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol