title: Reduced expression of metastasis suppressor RhoGDI2 is associated with decreased survival for patients with bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  RhoGDI2 was recently shown to be a metastasis suppressor gene in models of bladder cancer. We sought to further understand its importance in human cancer by determining the level of its expression and the distribution of its encoded protein in normal human tissues and cell lines and to evaluate whether its protein expression is a determinant of human bladder cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  RhoGDI2 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in cell lines and human tissues using Affymetrix and tissue microarrays, respectively. Tissue microarrays represented most human normal adult tissues and material from 51 patients that had undergone radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. In these 51 patients, the chi(2) test was used to test for associations between RhoGDI2 and stage, grade of urothelial carcinoma, histological type, and disease-specific survival status. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate the effect of RhoGDI2 expression level on time to development of metastatic disease and disease-specific survival time, adjusting for grade, stage, and histological type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal tissues, there was strong RhoGDI2 protein expression in WBCs, endothelial cells, and transitional epithelium. RhoGDI2 mRNA expression was inversely related to the invasive and metastatic phenotype in human bladder cancer cell lines. In patients with bladder cancer, univariate analysis indicated that reduced tumor RhoGDI2 protein expression was associated with a lower actuarial 5-year disease-free and disease-specific survival (P = 0.01). In addition, patients with tumors that had low or absent RhoGDI2 had a shorter time to disease-specific death (P <or= 0.01). When tumor grade, stage, histological type, and RhoGDI2 staining level were examined using multivariate analysis, RhoGDI2 expression was found to be an independent predictive factor for disease-specific death (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that RhoGDI2 is an independent predictor of prognosis for patients with bladder cancer and provide clinical evidence in support of its involvement in cancer metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. dt9d@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Theodorescu
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sapinoso
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conaway
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oxford
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Frierson
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D020730:Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D062949:rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta; D062947:rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors
chemical_list: C569658:ARHGDIB protein, human; D020730:Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D062949:rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta; D062947:rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors