Anti-inflammatory effects of tocopherol metabolites.
Our objective was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and their metabolites 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (alpha-CEHC) and 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC) in defined cell culture systems. Rat aortic endothelial cells and mouse microglial cultures were treated with tumor necrosis factor TNFalpha or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nitrite and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured. alpha-CEHC suppressed TNFalpha-stimulated nitrite production in both cell types, whereas both CEHC derivatives inhibited LPS-stimulated microglial nitrite efflux. Both alpha-CEHC and gamma-CEHC inhibited microglial PGE(2) production, but neither alpha- nor gamma-tocopherol was effective at inhibiting cytokine-stimulated inflammatory processes. These results show that the anti-inflammatory effects of tocopherols are highly cell type-, stimulus-, and endpoint-dependent.
Grammas
Paula
P
Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
Hamdheydari
Ladan
L
Benaksas
Elaine J
EJ
Mou
Shenyun
S
Pye
Quentin N
QN
Wechter
William J
WJ
Floyd
Robert A
RA
Stewart
Charles
C
Hensley
Kenneth
K
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone; D024505:Tocopherols