title: Human dysbindin (DTNBP1) gene expression in normal brain and in schizophrenic prefrontal cortex and midbrain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The schizophrenia-susceptibility gene dysbindin (DTNBP1 on 6p22.3) encodes a neuronal protein that binds to beta-dystrobrevin and may be part of the dystrophin protein complex. Little is known about dysbindin expression in normal or schizophrenic brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether brain regions implicated in schizophrenia express dysbindin and whether abnormal levels of dysbindin messenger RNA (mRNA) may be found in this disorder and to test whether sequence variations in the dysbindin gene in the promoter region, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, or introns would affect dysbindin mRNA levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with schizophrenia and controls, we compared dysbindin, synaptophysin, spinophilin, and cyclophilin mRNA levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dysbindin mRNA levels in the midbrain by in situ hybridization. We genotyped brain DNA at 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine whether genetic variation in the dysbindin gene affects cortical dysbindin mRNA levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative assessment of dysbindin mRNA levels across various brain regions and comparative studies of dysbindin mRNA levels in brains of patients with schizophrenia compared with normal controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysbindin mRNA was detected in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, thalamus, and midbrain of the adult brain. Patients with schizophrenia had statistically significantly reduced dysbindin mRNA levels in multiple layers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas synaptophysin, spinophilin, and cyclophilin mRNA levels were unchanged. Dysbindin mRNA levels were quantitatively reduced in the midbrain of patients with schizophrenia, but not statistically significantly. Cortical dysbindin mRNA levels varied statistically significantly according to dysbindin genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysbindin mRNA is expressed widely in the brain, and its expression is reduced in schizophrenia. Variation in dysbindin mRNA levels may be determined in part by variation in the promoter and the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. These data add to the evidence that dysbindin is an etiologic factor in schizophrenia risk.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. shannowc@intra.nimh.nih.gov
authors.forename: Cynthia Shannon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weickert
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.forename: Benjamin W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McClintock
authors.forename: Mitsuyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000378:metabolism; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001345:Autoradiography; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000378:metabolism; D000074765:Dysbindin; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000378:metabolism*; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D000099273:Neurabins
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D021983:Cyclophilins; D000074765:Dysbindin; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016708:Synaptophysin; D000099273:Neurabins; C432416:DTNBP1 protein, human