title: Reliability and prognostic value of traditional signs and symptoms in outpatients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous validation studies of congestive heart failure (CHF) signs and symptoms were performed in acute settings. Few data have supported the validity of CHF clinical findings during the chronic stages of the disease. This study was designed to evaluate the reliability and prognostic value of traditional signs and symptoms in stable CHF outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty CHF outpatients who underwent 102 simultaneous clinical and echocardiographic evaluations were prospectively examined. A clinical congestion score was built summing all grades of CHF signs and symptoms. Hemodynamic parameters were estimated according to previously validated echocardiography-based protocols. Major cardiac events were evaluated after 180 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most CHF patients were male (67%), middle-aged (56+/-15 years) and in Specific Activity Scale functional classes I to II (70%). Isolated clinical findings demonstrated limited sensitivity and specificity to identify hemodynamic parameters. Absence of all signs of congestion, however, had a predictive value of 95% for a left atrial pressure less than 20 mmHg. Patients with no CHF signs or symptoms (score of 0) had significantly lower right (P<0.001) and left (P=0.03) atrial pressures compared with those with higher scores (scores of at least 5). In multivariate analysis, a congestion score of at least 3 (RR 4.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 17.4, P=0.02) and beta-blockers use (P=0.02) remained associated with future cardiac events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CHF signs and symptoms did not accurately identify hemodynamic parameters, combined data from history and physical examination provided meaningful information to guide clinical decisions and for prognostication.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and Cardiovascular Post-Graduation Program, School of Medicine from Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beck-da-Silva
authors.forename: Lívia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldraich
authors.forename: Thaís C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Grazziotin
authors.forename: Dora V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Palombini
authors.forename: Carisi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clausell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010045:Outpatients; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology