title: A laboratory comparison of the life cycles of the dog ticks Haemaphysalis leachi and Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
abstract: Engorged female Haemaphysalis leachi and Rhipicephalus sanguineus as well as their eggs, flat and engorged larvae and nymphs were incubated at combinations of five temperatures and three relative humidities. Mean pre-oviposition periods for H. leachi varied between 4.3 days and 12.1 days and for R. sanguineus between 4.8 days and 21.0 days. Haemaphysalis leachi converted up to 65.7% of their body mass into eggs and produced up to 16.3 eggs/mg body mass, with 4801 eggs the maximum number deposited by a single female. Peak egg production of 520 eggs/day was recorded 3 days after the commencement of oviposition. Rhipicephalus sanguineus converted up to 68.1% of their body mass into eggs and produced up to 17.2 eggs/mg body mass, with a maximum of 3,232 eggs, and peak egg production of 400 eggs/day 4 days after the commencement of oviposition. Mean incubation periods for eggs of H. leachi varied between 15.5 days and 66.7 days, and for R. sanguineus between 19.0 days and 72.0 days. Mean pre-moult periods for engorged larvae and nymphs of H. leachi varied between 14.0 days and 192.0 days, and 13.0 days and 41.0 days respectively, and for R. sanguineus between 9.5 days and 36.5 days, and 15.0 days and 44.5 days respectively. Allowing 7 days for female engorgement and 7 days for hardening of the exoskeletons and mouthparts of each of the three parasitic stages before they attach to a host, the life cycle of H. leachi would require 97-190 days and that of R. sanguineus 99-236 days to complete at the various regimes of temperature and relative humidity. The greatest proportion of H. leachi larvae engorging on mice detached between 18:00 and 19:00 on the first day of detachment and between 06:00 and 08:00 in the morning and 14:00 and 18:00 in the afternoon of the following day, while the greatest proportion of nymphs engorging on dogs detached around 19:00 on the first day of detachment and between 13:00 and 17:00 on the following day. The greatest proportion of R. sanguineus larvae engorging on dogs detached between 11:00 and 21:00 on the second day of detachment, and the greatest proportion of nymphs detached between 03:00 and 5:00 on the second and third days of detachment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9301 South Africa.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Horak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006813:Humidity; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors