title: Association between the TNF-2 allele and a better survival in cardiogenic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. We explored a possible association between TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and interferon (IFN)-gamma cytokine polymorphisms, their in vivo production, and mortality from cardiogenic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one bed, university, medicosurgical department of intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three adult patients with cardiogenic shock of recent (< 4 h) onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-beta1, and IFN-gamma plasma levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Polymorphisms of TNF-alpha within the promoter at position -308a-->g, IL-6 within the promoter at position -174c-->g, IL-10 within the promoter at position -1082a-->g/-819t-->c and -819t-->c/-592a-->c, TGF-beta1 at codon 10t-->c and codon 25c-->g, and IFN-gamma at intron 1 at position + 874t-->a were studied. The 33 patients had a mean (+/- SD) age of 64 +/- 17 years and a mean simplified acute physiology score II of 62.3 +/- 15.3. Twenty-three patients (70%) died in the ICU, including 21 of 26 patients (81%) in the TNF-1 group but only 2 of 7 patients (29%) in the TNF-2 group (p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in median plasma TNF-alpha levels between the TNF-1 and the TNF-2 groups, but TGF-beta1 levels were higher in the survivors than in the nonsurvivors (median, 866 pg/mL; range, 384 to 1,966 pg/mL; vs median, 454 pg/mL; range, 167 to 1,266 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in TNF-2 polymorphism between the patients with cardiogenic shock and a group of healthy control subjects (7 of 33 patients vs 13 of 48 subjects, respectively; p = 0.61), but IFN-gamma polymorphism was less common in the cardiogenic shock group (p = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with the TNF-2 allele have no greater risk of cardiogenic shock but a better survival rate when it develops. Different genetic factors appear to influence the risk of development of, and outcome from, cardiogenic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Appoloni
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandercruys
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrien
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta