title: Adriamycin induces notochord hypertrophy with conservation of sonic hedgehog expression in abnormal ectopic notochord in the adriamycin rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Adriamycin rat model (ARM) is a well-established model of the Vertebral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Renal, Limb (VACTERL) association. The notochord, which expresses Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), has been found to be grossly malformed with ventral ectopic branches in the foregut region of embryos in the ARM. The authors designed this study to test the hypothesis that Shh-expressing ectopic notochord could contribute to an increased volume of notochord relative to total embryo volume, resulting in an increased concentration of Shh in the notochord of affected embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adriamycin was administered intraperitoneally to rats on days 7 (E7), E8, and E9 of gestation and saline to control animals. Embryos recovered at E12 and E14 were examined immunohistochemically for Shh expression. Quantitative morphology using the Cavalieri technique was performed to determine embryo and notochord volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embryos in both Adriamycin and control groups at E12 and E14 showed comparable levels of Shh expression in notochord at all locations. The percentage of notochord per embryo was significantly increased in Adriamycin embryos at E12 and E14 compared with equivalent controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that Adriamycin induces notochord hypertrophy. With all regions of the notochord secreting Shh, this could result in a higher concentration gradient of Shh in close abnormal proximity to the foregut, possibly contributing to the malformations found in the VACTERL association.
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bannigan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006984:Hypertrophy; D009672:Notochord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013577:Syndrome; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D004317:Doxorubicin