title: Preventing ectopic pregnancies: how often does transperitoneal transmigration of sperm occur in effecting human pregnancy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transperitoneal transmigration of sperm constitutes the mechanism by which ectopic pregnancies occur in unilaterally obstructed fallopian tubes. This study was undertaken to determine how often sperm transmigrate across the peritoneal cavity to effect human pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In women with non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies, the ratio of total uterine horn pregnancies to prior contralateral hemi-uterine pregnancies was calculated to infer the overall transperitoneal sperm transmigration rate. The prior parity frequency distribution was also determined to calculate the best-fit per-pregnancy probability of attaining a rudimentary horn pregnancy with each subsequent gestation using maximum likelihood estimation.
  
  
  METHODS
  20th century.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies reported from 40 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and seventy-two cases were identified using manual and computerised searches of Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica, the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office and standard reference tracing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ratio of total prior non-rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies to rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies and the frequency distribution of prior maternal parities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to the incident 272 uterine horn pregnancies, the number of observed pregnancies was 292 (ratio = 0.93), implying an aggregate sperm transmigration rate of 0.48. Using the prior parity frequency distribution, the best-fit probability of attaining a rudimentary horn gestation per-pregnancy was 0.51 (95% CI 0.48-0.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraperitoneal sperm transmigration occurs approximately half the time in effecting spontaneous human pregnancies. To minimise the risk of ectopic tubal pregnancy in woman with unilaterally damaged fallopian tubes, salpingectomy should be the preferred surgical treatment, rather than attempting tubal salvage and repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Gerard G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Nahum
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stanislaw
authors.forename: Connette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013083:Sperm Transport; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities*