title: [Critical incidents due to drug administration error in the operating room: an analysis of 4,291,925 anesthetics over a 4 year period].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wrong drugs, overdose of drugs, and incorrect administration route remain unsolved problems in anesthetic practice. We determined the incidence and outcome of drug administration error in the operating room of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Certified Training Hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from annual surveys conducted by Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists between 1999 and 2002. There were 4,291,925 cases of anesthetic delivery for this analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of critical incidents due to drug administration error was 18.27/100,000 anesthetics. Cardiac arrest occurred in 2.21 patients per 100,000 anesthetics. Causes of these critical incidents were as follows: overdose or selection error involving non-anesthetic drugs, 42.1%; overdose of anesthetics, 28.7%; inadvertent high spinal anesthesia, 17.9%; local anesthetic intoxication, 6.4%; ampule or syringe swap, 4.3%; blood mismatch, 0.6%. Incidence of death following these incidents was 0.44/100,000. Causes of death were as follows: overdose or selection error involving non-anesthetic drugs, 47.4%; overdose of anesthetics, 26.3%; inadvertent high spinal anesthesia, 15.8%; local anesthetic intoxication, 5.3%. Ampule or syringe swap did not lead to any fatalities. Death following inadvertent high spinal anesthesia and local anesthetic intoxication was reported only in patients who had developed cardiac arrest. It should be noted that 88 percent of ampule or syringe swap occurred in patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists-Physical Status 1 or 2, who did not seem to require complex anesthetic management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We should increase awareness that drug administration is generally performed with limited objective monitoring, although "To error is human". Increased vigilance is required to avoid drug administration error in the operating room. Additional anesthesia resident education, adequate supervision, and improved organization are necessary. Bar-coding technology might be useful in preventing drug administration error.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irita
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuzaki
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: Michiyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanuki
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oomura
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.forename: Norimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics