Biomarkers of proteolytic damage following traumatic brain injury.
The history of numerous failed clinical trials designed to identify therapeutic agents to assist in improving outcomes after traumatic brain injury points to the critical importance of understanding biochemical markers of injury. Such biomarkers should be readily accessible, provide information specific to the pathologic disruptions occurring in the central nervous system, and allow improved monitoring of the progression of secondary damage. Additionally, these biomarkers should may provide investigators a window on the individual patient's response to treatment, and should contribute to prediction of outcome. Most research on this topic to date has focused on neuronspecific enolase (NSE) and S-100 proteins but these have not proven to be satisfactory for a variety of reasons. A different approach is provided by the study of 2 important proteases, caspase-3 and calpain. This paper reports the current state of knowledge concerning caspase and calpain as specific markers of TBI, and discusses all-spectrin, a principal substrate for both caspase and calpain, as well as initial findings regarding neurofilament 68 protein (NF-68).
Pineda
Jose A
JA
Center for Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. pinedja@peds.ufl.edu
Wang
Kevin K
KK
Hayes
Ronald L
RL
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D009418:S100 Proteins; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins; C066858:neurofilament protein NF 68; D013049:Spectrin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D002154:Calpain; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase