title: Measurement of brain regional alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan trapping as a measure of serotonin synthesis in medication-free patients with major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The serotonin hypothesis of depression invokes a relative or absolute deficit of serotonin neurotransmission. Reduced synthesis of serotonin in the brain pathways mediating the expression of mood (ie, the limbic cortex) is a plausible candidate mechanism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure and compare, using the alpha-[(11)C]methyl-l-tryptophan/positron emission tomography method, the brain trapping constant of alpha-[(11)C]methyl-l-tryptophan (K*, milliliters per gram per minute), an index of serotonin synthesis, in brain areas involved in the regulation of mood in patients with major depression (MD) and age- and sex-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-group comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Psychiatry and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen medication-free outpatients with a current episode of MD (9 women: mean +/- SD age, 41 +/- 11 years; 8 men: mean +/- SD age, 41 +/- 11 years) and 17 controls (9 women: mean +/- SD age, 37 +/- 15 years; 8 men: mean +/- SD age, 32.5 +/- 9.9 years). Main Outcome Measure Normalized K*, normalized to the global mean, was measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and mesial temporal cortices; the thalamus; and the caudate nucleus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with age- and sex-matched controls, normalized K* was significantly decreased bilaterally in female patients with MD in the anterior cingulate cortex, in the left anterior cingulate cortex in male patients with MD, and in the left mesial temporal cortex in male and female patients with MD (P<.001 for all). Exploratory analyses identified additional patient-control differences for normalized K* (eg, inferior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule), most of which, once corrected for 38 multiple comparisons, lost their significance. Morphometric measurements of the cingulate cortex divisions confirmed that the reduction of normalized K* in depressed patients was not attributable to a reduction in gray matter volume. Normalized K* in the anterior cingulate cortex did not correlate with ratings of depression severity collected at the time of scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction of normalized K*, an index of serotonin synthesis, in parts of the limbic and paralimbic cortices may contribute to the biochemical alterations associated with MD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosa-Neto
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diksic
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okazawa
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leyton
authors.forename: Nayyer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghadirian
authors.forename: Shadreck
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mzengeza
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Debonnel
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blier
authors.forename: Chawki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benkelfat
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C020774:alpha-methyltryptophan; D012701:Serotonin; D014364:Tryptophan