title: Putative mechanism of hemorrhage-induced leukocyte hyporesponsiveness: induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After hemorrhagic shock, macrophages are less responsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regarding cytokine production and receptor expression. However, mechanisms responsible for this are poorly understood. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins have been found to play a prominent role in LPS tolerance and cytokine desensitization in macrophages. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether hemorrhagic shock induced SOCS expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C3H/HeN mice were subjected to hemorrhage or sham hemorrhage. Twenty-four hours after each procedure, tissues were harvested, the cells were processed for protein, and SOCS expression was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that SOCS-1 expression does not change after hemorrhage, but SOCS-3 is up-regulated in a tissue and cell population (e.g., macrophage)-specific manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that cytokines or other inflammatory mediators present during the first 24 hours after the induction of shock have the ability to induce tolerance to LPS or cytokines and suppress the function of immune cells by up-regulating SOCS-3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Grutkoski
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun-Shiang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C491590:Socs1 protein, mouse; C491411:Socs3 protein, mouse; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors