title: Low back pain in competitive rhythmic gymnasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that rhythmic gymnasts are at risk of suffering from low back injuries, because of repetitive lumbar hyperextensions. On the other hand, this sport requires features of leanness, muscular strength and flexibility that should represent protective factors for back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of low back pain in 67 club-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts aged 13-19 years. A standardized questionnaire was used to evaluate back-pain symptoms. Anthropometric measurements, time spent in physical activity, psychological testing results, smoking habits and age of menarche were recorded. One hundred and four age-matched general females served as control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low back pain complaints were reported by 7 rhythmic gymnasts and by 27 controls (10.4% vs 26.0%, p<0.05); the prevalent location of back pain was bilateral in gymnasts and central in controls. Gymnasts had lower body weight, body mass index, fat body mass and delayed menarche. The females with low-back pain displayed higher body weight, body mass index, fat body mass, age, a greater smoking habit and more anxious/depressive behaviour, both in the gymnast and in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Competitive, club-level rhythmic gymnasts show a reduced prevalence of low back-pain. Being younger in age, having greater leanness, not smoking, displaying less anxious/depressive behaviour, and developing increased muscle strength and flexibility, all can represent preventive factors for low back pain. This study suggests that rhythmic gymnastics is not a discipline at increased risk of low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. acupisti@int.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cupisti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Evangelisti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galetta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires