title: Microinjection of glutamate into dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus excites gallbladder motility through NMDA receptor - nitric oxide - cGMP pathway.
abstract: We have reported that both glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) participated in the regulation of gallbladder motility in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). The aim of this study is to investigate the type of receptor in DMV that mediates the excitatory effect of glutamate on gallbladder motility and the correlation between the glutamate and NO. A frog bladder connected with a force transducer was inserted into the gallbladder to record the change of gallbladder pressure. Glutamate (65 mmol L(-1), 100 nL) microinjected into DMV significantly increased the strength of gallbladder phasic contraction. This effect was abolished by ketamine (180 mmol L(-1), 100 nL), the specific N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist, but was not influenced by 6-cyaon-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-(1H,4H)-dione (CNQX) (180 mmol L(-1), 100 nL), the non-NMDA ionotropic receptor antagonist. N(G)-nitro-l-arginine-emthyl (l-NAME) (1 mol L(-1), 100 nL), the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, reversed the excitatory effect of glutamate on gallbladder motility. Microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the NO donor, into DMV enhanced the gallbladder motility, and this effect was not modulated by ketamine. Microinjection of NMDA (5 mmol L(-1), 100 nL) increased the strength of gallbladder phasic contraction, and this effect was attenuated by methylene blue (100 mmol L(-1), 100 nL), the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor. These results suggest that glutamate regulate the gallbladder motility through the NMDA receptor - NO - cGMP pathway in DMV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, China. liucy@sdu.edu.cn
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP