New risk factors for atherosclerosis and patient risk assessment.
Advances in our understanding of the ways in which the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including standard lipid (eg, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and nonlipid (eg, hypertension) risk factors, interact to initiate atherosclerosis and promote the development of cardiovascular disease have enhanced our ability to assess risk in the individual patient. In addition, the ongoing identification and understanding of so-called novel risk factors may further improve our ability to predict future risk when these are included along with the classic risk factors in assessing the global risk profile. This review briefly summarizes the evidence that some newer risk factors, including impaired fasting glucose, triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, contribute to an increased risk of coronary and cardiovascular diseases.
Fruchart
Jean-Charles
JC
Departement de Recherche sur les Lipoproteines et l'Atherosclerose,Pasteur de Lille, Inserm U545 et Faculté de Pharmacie, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille 2, Lille, France. Jean-Charles.Fruchart@pasteur-lille.fr
Nierman
Melchior C
MC
Stroes
Erik S G
ES
Kastelein
John J P
JJ
Duriez
Patrick
P
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D002097:C-Reactive Protein