title: Comparison of topical anesthetics and lubricants prior to urethral catheterization in males: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Although male urethral catheterization in the emergency department (ED) is both common and painful, few studies have evaluated the use of topical anesthesia prior to catheterization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pretreatment of the urethra with topical lidocaine reduces the pain associated with urethral catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 36 alert, cooperative male adult patients requiring urethral catheterization, without allergies to the study medications or contraindications to their use, from a suburban university-based ED. Patients in the experimental group had topical lidocaine 2% gel injected in their urethras, whereas control patients received intraurethral lubrication only. Standardized catheterization with a no. 16 Foley was performed followed by pain assessment. The primary outcome measured was pain of catheterization on a 100-mm visual analog scale. Other outcomes included ease of insertion and procedural bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors evaluated 36 patients evenly distributed between study groups. Mean age was 62 years (range 22-85). Compared with controls, patients pretreated with lidocaine experienced significantly less pain of catheterization (38 +/- 28 mm vs. 58 +/- 30 mm; mean difference 20 mm; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.4 to 32; p = 0.04) and less pain of injection (23 +/- 17 mm vs. 40 +/- 25 mm; mean difference 17 mm; 95% CI = 3 to 32 mm; p = 0.02). There were no differences in the number of attempts and incidence of adverse events between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of topical lidocaine gel reduces the pain associated with male urethral catheterization in comparison with topical lubricants only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University and Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siderias
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guadio
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008153:Lubrication; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local