title: Permanent global amnesia: case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a case of permanent global amnesia related to hippocampal damage. Permanent global amnesia is a very rare condition of unknown etiology; lesions restricted to the hippocampus are uncommon, which hinders investigations of this pattern of memory loss. This case is unusually well documented, as the patient underwent extensive neuropsychological evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cheerful right-handed, 83-year-old retired electrician was first evaluated in 1990 for progressive difficulty in learning new information and in recalling events over the preceding 3-4 years. Tests over the next 5 years showed that the impairment was confined to episodic declarative memory. New verbal information could be stored only in episodic memory in a restricted manner, limited by short-term memory capacity. A relatively mild retrograde amnesia was detected. Semantic and implicit memory was spared, as were other functions evaluated. The patient's language and executive function were strikingly efficient. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed bilateral atrophy of the hippocampi and amygdalae, ruling out conditions such as tumour growth. A diagnosis of permanent global amnesia was made. In the ensuing years, the retrograde amnesia worsened, but no new deficits were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case, the first with a detailed cognitive examination, is evidence of a relatively pure hippocampal pattern for memory loss in permanent global amnesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. paulohb@neuro.epm.br
authors.forename: Paulo H F
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bertolucci
authors.forename: Marilena O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Siviero
authors.forename: Orlando F A
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Ivan H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Candida H P
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Ruth F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests