title: Management of excessive anticoagulation or bleeding.
abstract: The number of patients anticoagulated with warfarin has rapidly increased over the last decade. Approximately 1% of these patients experience serious bleeding and 0.5% die annually from bleeding. The management of hemorrhage in the overanticoagulated patient is complex and is based on balancing the risks and benefits of each therapeutic intervention. For life-threatening bleeding, the use of clotting factor concentrates is essential for immediate anticoagulation reversal, whereas for less severe bleeding intravenous vitamin K is the treatment of choice. Vitamin K (by the intravenous or oral route) should also be used in overanticoagulated patients who are not actively bleeding but who are at high risk of doing so if their anticoagulation is not, at least partially, corrected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom. michaelmakris@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makris
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000628:therapy; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010949:Plasma; D012306:Risk; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin