title: Airway disease risk from environmental tobacco smoke among coffeehouse workers in Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of ETS exposure on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function and to compare workers in coffeehouses to those in other occupations in order to assess the risk of respiratory illness in this occupation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study area consisted of the three metropolitan districts of the city of Izmir, Turkey. 86 coffeehouses and 80 other small scale shops which had no known respiratory risk factor, located in the same area, were taken as the study group.
  
  
  METHODS
  207 workers were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects answered a questionnaire about demographic and working characteristics, respiratory symptoms, and smoking behaviour. Physical examinations and spirometric measurements were carried out at the workplaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in respiratory symptoms in coffeehouse workers. Working in a coffeehouse showed a significant risk for chronic bronchitis (odds ratio (OR) 4.3). In coffeehouse workers, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) decreased 5.1%, forced vital capacity (FVC) 3.4%, FEV(1)/FVC 1.6%, peak expiratory flow (PEF) 6.45%, and forced expiratory flow (FEF(25)) 7.2%, FEF(50) 10%, and FEF(25-75) 9.8%. Among workers who were described as having an "airway disease", coffeehouse workers were significantly greater in number. When age, body mass index, and smoking behaviour were controlled, working in a coffeehouse was strongly associated with "airway disease" compared to other workers (OR 5.35, 95% confidence interval 2.41 to 11.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Workers in coffeehouses showed significant increases in respiratory symptoms and decreased pulmonary function. All workers need to gain an awareness of these occupational risks and working conditions should be improved immediately.
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Chest and Public Health Departments, Alsancak Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fidan
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Cimrin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ergor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sevinc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution