title: Detection of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in equine hair.
abstract: Hair analysis to detect drug administration has not been studied extensively in horses. This study aimed to (a) develop an analytical method for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in mane and tail hair, (b) relate measured values to doses, routes of administration, hair colour, and (c) demonstrate long-term detectability. Samples were extracted in trifluoroacetic acid at 70 degrees C. Extracts were cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detection. Analyte recoveries were > 87%. Horses were sampled after therapeutic enrofloxacin administration either orally at 7.5 mg/kg daily for 3-13 days or twice daily for 10-14 days (Group 1, n=7) or intravenously at 5.0 mg/kg daily for 12 and 15 days (Group 2, n=2). Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were detected at concentrations up to 452 and 19 ng/mg, respectively, up to 10 months post-treatment. In vitro, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were extensively bound to melanin (> 96%) and in vivo, their uptake was 40-fold greater in black than white hair. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations correlated to enrofloxacin dose (r2=0.777 and r2=0.769). Enrofloxacin:ciprofloxacin ratios were 21:1 and 13:1 following intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Longitudinal analyte distributions correlated to treatment-sampling interval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK. mjdunnett@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunnett
authors.forename: Dean W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006200:Hair Color / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D015363:Quinolones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid
chemical_list: D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008543:Melanins; D015363:Quinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid