title: Pregnancy and lactation.
abstract: Pregnancy results in physiologic changes in almost all organ systems in the body mediated mainly by female sex hormones. Physiologic changes of pregnancy influence the dental management of women during pregnancy. Understanding these normal changes is essential for providing quality care for pregnant women. This review article briefly discusses the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, and oral physiologic changes that occur during normal gestation. A summary of current scientific knowledge of ionizing radiation is presented. Information about the compatibility, complications, and excretion of the common drugs during pregnancy is provided. Drugs and their usage during breast-feeding are also discussed. Guidelines for the management of a pregnant patient in the dental office are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA.
authors.forename: Lakshmanan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radfar
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003729:Dental Care; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications