title: Experimental design for the formulation and optimization of novel cross-linked oilispheres developed for in vitro site-specific release of Mentha piperita oil.
abstract: A Plackett-Burman design was employed to develop and optimize a novel crosslinked calcium-aluminum-alginate-pectinate oilisphere complex as a potential system for the in vitro site-specific release of Mentha piperita, an essential oil used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. The physicochemical and textural properties (dependent variables) of this complex were found to be highly sensitive to changes in the concentration of the polymers (0%-1.5% wt/vol), crosslinkers (0%-4% wt/vol), and crosslinking reaction times (0.5-6 hours) (independent variables). Particle size analysis indicated both unimodal and bimodal populations with the highest frequency of 2 mm oilispheres. Oil encapsulation ranged from 6 to 35 mg/100 mg oilispheres. Gravimetric changes of the crosslinked matrix indicated significant ion sequestration and loss in an exponential manner, while matrix erosion followed Higuchi's cube root law. Among the various measured responses, the total fracture energy was the most suitable optimization objective (R2 = 0.88, Durbin-Watson Index = 1.21%, Coefficient of Variation (CV) = 33.21%). The Lagrangian technique produced no significant differences (P > .05) between the experimental and predicted total fracture energy values (0.0150 vs 0.0107 J). Artificial Neural Networks, as an alternative predictive tool of the total fracture energy, was highly accurate (final mean square error of optimal network epoch approximately 0.02). Fused-coated optimized oilispheres produced a 4-hour lag phase followed by zero-order kinetics (n > 0.99), whereby analysis of release data indicated that diffusion (Fickian constant k1 = 0.74 vs relaxation constant k2 = 0.02) was the predominant release mechanism.
authors.affiliation: University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Medical School, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wilbert
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sibanda
authors.forename: Viness
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Danckwerts
authors.forename: Alvaro M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Vuuren
authors.forename: Riaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D036142:Mentha piperita / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D009821:Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D009821:Oils