title: Would universal antenatal screening for HIV infection be cost-effective in a setting of very low prevalence? Modelling the data for Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The economics of universal antenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening should be explored if mother-to-child transmission of HIV occurs, the health-service infrastructure for universal screening exists, and optimal risk-reducing treatments can be supplied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a hypothetical cohort of the antenatal population of Australia during 2001-2002, to examine whether universal antenatal HIV screening is cost-effective in this setting. A quasi-societal perspective was adopted, secondary data sources were used, and sensitivity analyses were undertaken. Costs and benefits incurred in the future were discounted to their present value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention would be cost-effective if the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV in the currently unscreened Australian antenatal population was >or=0.004372%. We predict 6.95 new diagnoses of HIV, 1.73 infections avoided, and 46.97 discounted-life-years gained. Applying favorable and unfavorable values for key variables suggests that the prevalence at which the intervention would be cost-effective is 0.0016%-0.0106%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Universal antenatal HIV screening would be cost-effective at a very low prevalence and would generate net benefits under many scenarios; accurate statistics on the true prevalence of HIV in the currently unscreened antenatal population are required.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Health Care Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. n.graves@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Damian G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kaldor
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D015995:Prevalence; D026712:Value of Life