title: Periodontal disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction: prevalence and contribution to elevated C-reactive protein levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease (PD) has been linked to adverse cardiovascular events, but the mechanism for this association is unknown. We hypothesized that PD is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and, when present, may result in an enhanced systemic inflammatory response with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal examinations and serum high sensitivity CRP measurements were performed in 40 patients with AMI (11 women; mean age, 60 +/- 15 years) during the index hospitalization. The control group comprised 40 sex and race frequency-matched, community volunteers (9 women; mean age, 64 +/- 5 years) without known heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the prevalence of PD and mean serum CRP levels were significantly higher in the patients with AMI than in the control subjects (48% vs 17%, P <.001 and 40.2 vs 7.9 mg/L, P <.001, respectively). Patients with AMI who had PD had significantly higher CRP levels than patients with AMI who did not have PD (50.7 vs 30.7 mg/L, P <.001). With linear regression analysis, a positive relationship was shown between the extent of PD and serum CRP levels, and with a multivariate regression model that included smoking, diabetes mellitus, infarct size and PD, PD emerged as a strong and independent predictor of elevated CRP levels (r2 = 0.33, P =.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal disease is common in patients with AMI and is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response expressed by higher CRP levels. The association of PD with CRP levels in patients with AMI appears to be independent of other contributing factors.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Section, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece. edeliargyr@aol.com
authors.forename: Efthymios N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Deliargyris
authors.forename: Phoebus N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Madianos
authors.forename: Waka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kadoma
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marron
authors.forename: Sidney C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein