title: Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer: meta-analysis of case-control studies.
abstract: Prostate cancer has become the most common cancer among men in the United States. Although milk consumption is considered to be a risk factor in some epidemiological studies, the results are inconsistent. A meta-analysis method was conducted to estimate the combined odds ratio (OR) between milk consumption and prostate cancer from case-control studies published between 1984 and 2003 using commercial software (comprehensive meta-analysis). The combined OR was 1.68 (95% confidence interval = 1.34-2.12) in the 11 published case-control studies. The combined OR varied little by study stratification. Additionally, we evaluated the possible risk factors in milk for prostate cancer. In conclusion, we found a positive association between milk consumption and prostate cancer. The underlying mechanisms, including fat, calcium, hormones, and other factors, should be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Japan. shinr@res.yamanashi-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Li-Qiang
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jia-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors