title: Osteonecrosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review provides an update of the recent progress in etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning pathogenesis, there is evidence that there is a genetic predilection for those who are exposed to the two leading etiologic associations for osteonecrosis: corticosteroids and alcohol. Studies concerning the treatment of osteonecrosis indicate that most preservative (ie, joint-sparing) procedures available today have better results in the precollapse stages of the disease and in smaller lesions. Therefore, researchers continue to develop and modify diagnostic techniques, particularly relating to MRI, for the identification and quantification of osteonecrotic lesions. Advances concerning bone grafting and arthroplasty procedures have resulted in improved clinical outcomes for this patient population. The future treatment of osteonecrosis may involve genetic or cell-based therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although progress has been made, considerably more research is needed before we fully understand this disease. Hopefully, such research will lead to effective measures for saving the femoral head or, better yet, preventing osteonecrosis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Osteonecrosis Research and Education, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ljones3@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hungerford
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*