title: Early detection of prostate cancer in the ESRD population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are currently no prostate cancer screening guidelines specific to the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. With this in mind, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in predicting prostate cancer in men with ESRD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty male ESRD patients age 40 years and older with no prior history of prostate cancer were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent PSA measurement and a DRE followed by a TRUS. PSAD was calculated as the total PSA divided by the prostate volume. Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were performed on any patient with 1 or more of the following abnormal findings: a nodule detected on DRE; an abnormal TRUS; PSA > 4.0 ng/ml, or a PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal findings were detected in 19 patients. Two (4%) had an abnormal DRE, 3 (6%) had PSA > 4.0 ng/ml, 3 (6%) had PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3 and 16 (32%) had abnormal findings on TRUS. Three patients had 2 abnormal findings and 1 had 3. Of the 15 prostate biopsies performed, 4 (27%) revealed prostate cancer and 3 (20%) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (HGPIN) comprising 8% and 6%, respectively, of the studied population. Of the 4 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, none had abnormal DRE, 2 (50%) had PSA > 4.0 ng/ml (sensitivity = 66.7% and PPV = 50% (p = 0.236)), 3 (75%) had PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3 (sensitivity = 100% and PPV = 75% (p < 0.018)), and 3 (75%) had abnormal findings on TRUS (sensitivity = 30% and PPV = 75% (p = 1.000)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine screening with PSA and DRE does not seem sensitive enough to predict the presence of the disease. Although TRUS detected abnormalities in 16 patients (32%), sensitivity was very low (30%). In our patients, PSAD increased the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of detecting prostate cancers compared to PSA alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48236, USA. QTK786@comcast.net
authors.forename: Q T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Khairullah
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pamatmat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Provenzano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temple
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen