title: Novel vitamin E analogue and 9-nitro-camptothecin administered as liposome aerosols decrease syngeneic mouse mammary tumor burden and inhibit metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the anticancer properties of a nonhydrolyzable ether-linked acetic acid analogue of vitamin E, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2R-(4R,8R, 12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-yloxyacetic acid (alpha-TEA), and a derivative of camptothecin, 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC)singly and in combination against mouse mammary tumor cells (line 66 clone 4 stably transfected with green fluorescent protein; 66cl-4-GFP) cultured in vitro or transplanted subcutaneously into the inguinal region of female BALB/c mice to form established tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following in vitro treatment of 66cl-4-GFP cells with alpha-TEA and suboptimal concentrations of 9-NC, singly or in combination, apoptosis was measured by morphological evaluation of nuclei stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and DNA synthesis arrest was measured by tritiated thymidine uptake. For in vivo analyses alpha-TEA and 9-NC, both water-insoluble compounds, were formulated into liposomes using dil-auroylphosphatidylcholine and administered by aerosol to deliver doses calculated to be 36 and 0.4 microg/mouse per day, respectively, (singly or each separately for combined treatments) 7 days per week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of 66cl-4-GFP cells in culture for 3 days with a combination of alpha-TEA (10 microg/ml; singly produces 38% apoptosis), and suboptimal concentrations of 9-NC(15.6, 31.3, 62.5, or 125 ng/ml; singly produce 2-7% apoptosis), produced 47%, 58%, 64%, and 69% apoptosis. Likewise, combinations of alpha-TEA 9-NC inhibited DNA synthesis more than either agent administered singly. A significant reduction (P< 0.001)in growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumors was observed with liposome-formulated and aerosolized delivery of alpha-TEA + 9-NC to BALB/c mice. The incidence of macroscopic lung metastasis was 83% in control vs 8 % in alpha-TEA-, 9-NC-, or combination-treated mice. Fluorescence microscopic examination of lungs and axillary and brachial lymph nodes showed a statistically significant decrease in metastasis observed in alpha-TEA-,9-NC-, and combination- vs control-treated animals. Analyses of primary tumor tissue for proliferation and apoptosis showed treatment groups to have lower Ki-67 and higher terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling, respectively. Treatments showed no measurable effects on two angiogenesis parameters,namely intratumoral blood volume as assessed by hemoglobin content and intratumoral blood vessel density as assessed with CD31 staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination treatments enhanced antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in cell culture, and when formulated in liposomes and delivered via aerosolization to treat an aggressive and metastatic syngeneic murine mammary tumor, the combination treatment showed a significant reduction in tumor volume in comparison to either treatment alone. Mechanistically, it appears that neither enhanced apoptosis, reduced cell proliferation,nor reduced blood vessel density can fully account for the enhanced effects of the combination treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Karla A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simmons-Menchaca
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Lu-Zhe
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Vernon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Bob G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kline
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014810:Vitamin E; C033047:2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chlorochroman; C079905:rubitecan; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D002166:Camptothecin