title: X-linked high myopia associated with cone dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bornholm eye disease (BED) consists of X-linked high myopia, high cylinder, optic nerve hypoplasia, reduced electroretinographic flicker with abnormal photopic responses, and deuteranopia. The disease maps to chromosome Xq28 and is the first designated high-grade myopia locus (MYP1). We studied a second family from Minnesota with a similar X-linked phenotype, also of Danish descent. All affected males had protanopia instead of deuteranopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  X chromosome genotyping, fine-point mapping, and haplotype analysis of the DNA from 22 Minnesota family individuals (8 affected males and 5 carrier females) and 6 members of the original family with BED were performed. Haplotype comparisons and mutation screening of the red-green cone pigment gene array were performed on DNA from both kindreds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant maximum logarithm of odds scores of 3.38 and 3.11 at theta = 0.0 were obtained with polymorphic microsatellite markers DXS8106 and DXYS154, respectively, in the Minnesota family. Haplotype analysis defined an interval of 34.4 cM at chromosome Xq27.3-Xq28. Affected males had a red-green pigment hybrid gene consistent with protanopia. We genotyped Xq27-28 polymorphic markers of the family with BED, and narrowed the critical interval to 6.8 cM. The haplotypes of the affected individuals were different from those of the Minnesota pedigree. Bornholm eye disease-affected individuals showed the presence of a green-red hybrid gene consistent with deuteranopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the close geographic origin of the 2 families, we expected affected individuals to have the same haplotype in the vicinity of the same mutation. Mapping studies, however, suggested independent mutations of the same gene. The red-green and green-red hybrid genes are common X-linked color vision defects, and thus are unrelated to the high myopia and other eye abnormalities in these 2 families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  X-linked high myopia with possible cone dysfunction has been mapped to chromosome Xq28 with intervals of 34.4 and 6.8 centimorgan for 2 families of Danish origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA. youngt@e-mail.chop.edu
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Shawn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ronan
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dewan
authors.forename: Alison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alvear
authors.forename: Genaro S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Scavello
authors.forename: Prasuna C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Paluru
authors.forename: Marcia S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holleschau
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benegas
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Atwood
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Oetting
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Arno G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Motulsky
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D017299:Rod Opsins
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D017299:Rod Opsins; C095855:long-wavelength opsin; C095854:middle-wavelength opsin