title: Preliminary European results of local microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial bladder cancer can be treated by transurethral resection (TUR) and adjuvant intravesical therapy. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been proven to be more efficacious with respect to recurrence prevention than intravesical chemotherapy, although at the cost of more severe side effects. There is a need for a new treatment modality with higher efficacy and less toxicity. The subject of this study is the efficacy of local microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety eligible patients received adjuvant treatment with a combination of mitomycin-C (MMC) and local microwave hyperthermia. All patients had multiple or recurrent Ta or T1 TCC of the bladder and were classified as intermediate or high risk according to EAU criteria. In total, 41 patients were BCG failures. The treatment regimen included 6 to 8 weekly sessions followed by 4 to 6 monthly sessions. Follow-up consisted of video-cystoscopy and urine cytology every 3 months. All patients were observed for 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kaplan-Meier analyses of the total group (N = 90) indicated that 1 year after treatment only 14.3% (SE 4.5%) of all patients experienced a recurrence. After 2 years of follow-up the risk of recurrence was 24.6% (SE 5.9%). No progression in stage and grade was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microwave induced hyperthermia combined with MMC has promising value in intermediate or high risk superficial bladder cancer patients compared to literature data of BCG and/or intravesical chemotherapy, particularly where other treatments, i.e. BCG, have failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Gofrit
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nativ
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Leib
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naspro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baniel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hasner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003972:Diathermy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents