title: Use of ophthalmic medications during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review potential risks of eye medications to the mother and her foetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed search for all relevant articles (1966 to 2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  All types of publication that documented potential risks of eye medications during pregnancy. The following key words were used: pregnancy, fetus, teratogenicity, eye, ocular, ophthalmic, glaucoma, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  All relevant articles including original articles, review papers, case studies, and relevant book chapters were extracted and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whether ophthalmic medications can be used during pregnancy is a very important issue; yet, limited information on the subject exists in the literature. Topically applied eye medications that give rise to systemic side-effects are of particular concern to both patients and doctors. Various ophthalmic anti-infective preparations and ophthalmic corticosteroids have shown to cause teratogenicity in animal studies. Furthermore, anti-glaucoma drugs pose potential risks to the foetus if they are absorbed systemically. This article examines the association between the main groups of ophthalmic medication and their possible adverse effects on the mother and the foetus. Recommendations for the treatment of pregnant patients with eye diseases are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of giving ophthalmic drugs to pregnant women is low. Doctors should be cautious when prescribing drugs for pregnant women and consult experts in the field when in doubt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: A K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents