title: Enhanced brain motor activity in patients with MS after a single dose of 3,4-diaminopyridine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), a potassium (K+) channel blocker, improves fatigue and motor function in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although it was thought to do so by restoring conduction to demyelinated axons, recent experimental data show that aminopyridines administered at clinical doses potentiate synaptic transmission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate motor cerebral activity with fMRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after a single oral dose of 3,4-DAP in patients with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve right-handed women (mean +/- SD age 40.9 +/- 9.3 years) underwent fMRI on two separate occasions (under 3,4-DAP and under placebo) during a simple motor task with the right hand. FMRI data were analyzed with SPM99. After fMRI, patients underwent single-pulse TMS to test motor threshold, amplitude, and latency of motor evoked potentials, central conduction time, and the cortical silent period; paired-pulse TMS to investigate intracortical inhibition (ICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF); and quantitative electromyography during maximal voluntary contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMRI motor-evoked brain activation was greater under 3,4-DAP than under placebo in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area (p < 0.05). 3,4-DAP decreased ICI and increased ICF; central motor conduction time and muscular fatigability did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3,4-DAP may modulate brain motor activity in patients with MS, probably by enhancing excitatory synaptic transmission.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. caterina.mainero@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mainero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inghilleri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pantano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frasca
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bozzao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000077770:Amifampridine; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008280:Magnetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015761:4-Aminopyridine; D000077770:Amifampridine