title: Altered levels of the soluble IL-1, IL-4 and TNF receptors, as well as the IL-1 receptor antagonist, in intermittent allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of cytokines are modulated by soluble cytokine receptors (SCR) and receptor antagonists. Therefore, allergic disease may depend on altered proportions between cytokines, their SCR and receptor antagonists, rather than absolute changes in cytokine levels. Little is known about SCR in intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the concentrations of SCR, i.e. sIL-1R2, sIL-4R, sIL-6R and sTNFR1, as well as the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in nasal fluids from allergen-challenged patients with IAR and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 patients with birch- or grass-pollen-induced IAR and 30 healthy controls were studied. In the patients nasal fluids were obtained before as well as 1 and 6 h after allergen provocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both symptom scores and rhinoscopic signs of rhinitis increased in the patients after allergen challenge. Comparisons between patients and controls showed that sIL-4R was lower in patients before and 1 and 6 h after provocation. IL-1Ra was lower before and 1 h after provocation. In addition, lower concentrations of sTNFR1 were found in patients after 1 h, while sIL-1R2 concentrations were higher after 1 h. Comparisons of patients before and after challenge showed that IL-1Ra and sTNFR1 decreased after 1 h, while sIL-1R2 increased. No significant differences were found compared to 6 h. sIL-6R did not significantly differ between the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After allergen challenge, significant changes in the nasal fluid levels of IL-1Ra, sIL-1R2 and sTNFR1 were found. By contrast, sIL-4R remained at lower levels than in controls both before and after challenge. Since sIL-4R modulates IgE synthesis, this may play a role in the pathogenesis of IAR.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Allergology, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. mikael.benson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennergren
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Lars Olaf
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cardell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000032:analysis*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000032:analysis; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins