title: Analgesia for adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison of morphine, ketamine and tramadol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Establishment of good analgesia is of major concern in the postoperative period following adenotonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine, morphine and tramadol on postoperative pain after adenotonsillectomy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children (age 5-12 years) scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomized into four groups to receive intravenously (i.v.) either 0.5 mg.kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride (K), 0.1 mg x kg(-1) morphine hydrochloride (M), 1.5 mg x kg(-1) tramadol hydrochloride (T) or normal saline (S) in a volume of 4 ml during induction. After tracheal intubation 10 microg x kg(-1).min(-1) ketamine hydrochloride in group K and 0.6 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1) saline i.v. in groups M, K and S were infused peroperatively. Postoperative analgesic requirements and side-effects were recorded. Pain was assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate increased significantly peroperatively only in group K. NRS at first and fifth minute in group M and at first minute in group T and K and CHEOPS score at first, fifth, 15th and 60th min in group M were found to be significantly lower than in the control group. The time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group M compared with ketamine and the control group. Six children in group M, nine in group T, 11 in group K and 15 in group S needed additional analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine hydrochloride 0.1 mg x kg(-1) i.v. administered during induction of anaesthesia provides efficient pain relief in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. tans6@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tümay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umuroğlu
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eti
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ciftçi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yilmaz Göğüş
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine