title: The use of live attenuated bacteria as a delivery system for heterologous antigens.
abstract: Live attenuated mutants of several pathogenic bacteria have been exploited as potential vaccine vectors for heterologous antigen delivery by the mucosal route. Such live vectors offer the advantage of potential delivery in a single oral, intranasal or inhalational dose, stimulating both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Over the years, a range of strategies have been developed to allow controlled and stable delivery of antigens and improved immunogenicity where required. Most of these approaches have been evaluated in Salmonella vaccine vectors and, as a result, several live attenuated recombinant Salmonella vaccines are now in human clinical trials. In this review, these strategies and their use in the development of a delivery system for the Yersinia pestis V antigen are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Salisbury, UK. hsgarmory@dstl.gov.uk
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Garmory
authors.forename: Sophie E C
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Leary
authors.forename: Kate F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: E Diane
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Titball
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; C043908:LcrV protein, Yersinia; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA