Income, income inequality, and cardiovascular disease mortality: relations among county populations of the United States, 1985 to 1994.
OBJECTIVE
Despite the major contribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to total mortality, and reports demonstrating strong relations between income and CVD, the joint relations of population-level income and income inequality with CVD mortality are not well described. This study was undertaken to describe relations among population-level income, income equality, and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke.


METHODS
County income distributions were determined from 1990 census data, and CVD mortality rates were obtained from the Compressed Mortality File. Relations among income, income inequality, and CVD mortality were examined in stratified and Poisson regression analyses.


RESULTS
County income was inversely related and income inequality was directly related to CVD, coronary heart disease, and stroke mortality. Relations were strongest for stroke. Relations of stroke mortality with income inequality were strongest in low-income populations.


CONCLUSIONS
The CVD mortality experiences of county populations are related to both income and income distribution in a complex, disease-dependent manner. The authors' findings are especially relevant to the Southeast, a region of high income inequality, low income, and high stroke mortality.
Massing
Mark W
MW
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. mark_massing@unc.edu
Rosamond
Wayne D
WD
Wing
Steven B
SB
Suchindran
Chirayath M
CM
Kaplan
Berton H
BH
Tyroler
Herman A
HA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology