title: Use of oral clonidine for sedation in ventilated paediatric intensive care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to document our experience with oral clonidine when used as a sedative in combination with intravenous morphine and lorazepam in a group of mechanically ventilated children with single-organ, respiratory failure. In particular, our objectives were to establish the relationship between oral dose, plasma concentration, and sedative effect, and second, to document the side-effect profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort study over a 72-h period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional paediatric intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four children were enrolled (median age 3 months) of whom ten were excluded (six due to extubation before 72 h, three sedation failures, one protocol violation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma clonidine was measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and sedation assessed using the COMFORT score. Using a dose of 3-5 microg/kg every 8 h, plasma concentrations appeared to plateau at approximately 41 h giving a mean value of 1.38 ng/ml (95% confidence interval 1.0-1.8). Adequate sedation was achieved during 82% (837/1022 h) of the study period; however, this decreased to 70.3% when analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. There was a concomitant overall decrease in the average hourly requirements for both morphine ( P = 0.02) and lorazepam ( P = 0.003). There were no documented episodes of bradycardia, hypotension or hyperglycaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral clonidine may be a safe and effective sedative in combination with morphine and lorazepam for young children with single-organ, respiratory failure. This agent may also exhibit opioid and benzodiazepine sparing effects in this patient group. A full pharmacokinetic study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arenas-López
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riphagen
authors.forename: Shane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tibby
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durward
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlin
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Murdoch
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D003000:Clonidine