title: Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, a non-receptor-mediated effect of synthetic PPAR-ligands: biochemical and pharmacological implications.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of nuclear receptors involved in lipid and glucidic metabolism, immune regulation, and cell differentiation. Many of their biological activities have been studied by using selective synthetic activators (mainly fibrates and thiazolidinediones) which have been already employed in therapeutic protocols. Both kinds of drugs, however, showed pharmacotoxicological profiles, which cannot be ascribed by any means to receptor activation. To better understand these non-receptorial or extrareceptorial aspects, the effect of different PPAR-ligands on the metabolic status of human HL-60 cell line has been investigated. At this regard, NMR analysis of cell culture supernatants was accomplished in order to monitor modifications at the level of cell metabolism. Cell growth and chemiluminescence assays were employed to verify cell differentiation. Results showed that all the considered PPAR-ligands, although with different potencies and independently from their PPAR binding specificity, induced a significant derangement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain consisting in a strong inhibition of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. This derangement has been shown to be strictly correlated to the adaptive metabolic modifications, as evidenced by the increased formation of lactate and acetate, due to the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis and fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is worthy noting that the mitochondrial dysfunction appeared also linked to the capacity of any given PPAR-ligand to induce cell differentiation. These data could afford an explanation of biochemical and toxicological aspects related to the therapeutic use of synthetic PPAR-ligands and suggest a revision of PPAR pathophysiologic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. r.scatena@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scatena
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bottoni
authors.forename: Giuseppe Ettore
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Martorana
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Sole
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giardina
mesh_terms: D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002995:Clofibric Acid; D015248:Gemfibrozil; C039671:ciglitazone; D001629:Bezafibrate