title: Relationships between hostility, anger expression, and blood pressure dipping in an ethnically diverse sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between hostility, anger expression, and blood pressure (BP) dipping.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-hour ambulatory BP was obtained from 34 African Americans and 52 white Americans who were enrolled in a study of sleep, stress, and BP. Self-report measures were used to assess anger expression and hostility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for body mass index and BP status, African Americans were more likely to be classified as nondippers than white Americans. However, when hostility and anger expression were included in the model, there was no longer a significant relationship between ethnicity and BP dipping. Irrespective of race, high levels of hostility and anger were associated with less nocturnal dipping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that psychological factors may be important in understanding ethnic differences in nocturnal BP decline.
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, San Diego Joint Doctoral, Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA. ksthomas@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: KaMala S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nelesen
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dimsdale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000786:Anger; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012928:Social Desirability; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data