title: Impairment due to intake of carisoprodol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carisoprodol is a centrally acting muscle relaxant commonly used for lower back pain. It is a drug of abuse and has been detected among impaired drivers. Carisoprodol's active metabolite meprobamate is thought to act through the GABA(A) receptor complex and produces a well-known impairing effect. It is unclear whether therapeutic intake of carisoprodol leads to impairment, and the effect of supratherapeutic doses has not been investigated. Possible impairment could further be a product of the parent drug and/or the metabolite meprobamate. The present study aimed to investigate if carisoprodol had an impairing effect by it self.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the database at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse 62 cases containing carisoprodol and meprobamate as only drugs were identified. These cases constituted our material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impaired drivers (73%) had higher blood carisoprodol concentration than not impaired drivers (27%), but no difference in blood meprobamate concentration was found for all the drivers viewed together. Amongst occasional users of carisoprodol, however, there was difference in blood meprobamate concentration between not impaired and impaired drivers. The risk of being judged impaired rose with increasing blood carisoprodol concentration, but not with increasing blood meprobamate concentration. The clinical effects of carisoprodol as measured by the clinical test for impairment (CTI) resembled those of benzodiazepines with some important differences such as tachycardia, involuntary movements, hand tremor and horizontal gaze nystagmus, which may be specific carisoprodol effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carisoprodol probably has an impairing effect by itself, at least at blood concentration levels above which can be seen after therapeutic intake of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway. jorgen.bramness@labmed.uio.no
authors.forename: Jørgen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bramness
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skurtveit
authors.forename: Jørg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mørland
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002328:Carisoprodol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008620:Meprobamate / Q000097:blood; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D002328:Carisoprodol; D008620:Meprobamate