title: Physiological variables to use in the gender comparison in highly trained runners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this investigation were to compare physiological characteristics between highly trained middle-distance and marathon male (n=17) and female (n=11) runners; to determine the most suitable variables to use in the gender comparison in these subjects, considering physical difference between genders; and to indicate some of the best predictors of performance in running events in which oxidative metabolism prevails.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects performed a progressive maximal exercise on the treadmill to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) and velocities corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1) (upsilon(OBLA)) and to the lactate threshold (upsilon(LT)). Cost of running (Cr) and maximal aerobic velocity (upsilon(a max)) were calculated from VO(2) measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males presented higher VO(2max), upsilon(a max), upsilon(OBLA), upsilon(LT), and VO(2) @ upsilon(OBLA) and upsilon(LT) (p<0.001), but females had higher upsilon(OBLA) and upsilon(LT) (p<0.01) expressed as %VO(2max). upsilon(a max) correlated with performance time relative to the world record in both, females (r=-0.77, p<0.01) and males (r=-0.58, p<0.05); and upsilon(LT) with performance only in males (r=-0.59, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, female athletes seemed to compensate partly their aerobic profile with higher %VO(2max) @ u(OBLA) and u(LT), suggesting that both maximal and submaximal physiological variables should be considered when evaluating and comparing highly trained athletes of both genders. upsilon(a max) is one of the best predictors of performance in running events in which oxidative metabolism prevails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Medical Services, Athletic Club of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. smaldonado@wanadoo.es
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Martin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mujika
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid