title: Evaluation of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While pulmonary nodules can be substantially divided into solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO) ones on CT image, they have different biological natures which could cause false positive or false negative to diagnose malignancy on positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET). To determine the effectiveness of PET for small pulmonary nodules, the nodules were classified into solid and GGO ones, of which results were compared with the data of PET scans. The lower limit size of nodules for PET imaging was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective FDG-PET scans were undertaken for 136 non-calcified nodules less than 3 cm in diameter. CT density histograms were made for each nodule to classify into solid and GGO ones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one nodules were malignant and 55 were benign. All of the 20 nodules less than 1 cm in diameter (n = 8 in malignant, n = 12 in benign), were negative on PET regardless of the histology. In the 116 nodules 1-3 cm in diameter (n = 73 in malignant, n = 43 in benign), there were 15 false negative and 15 false positive nodules, with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 65%. CT density histograms showed 101 solid nodules (n = 63 in malignant, n = 38 in benign) and 15 GGO nodules ( n = 10 in malignant, n = 5 in benign). All of the 10 malignant nodules with GGO images were histologically well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and 9 of them (90%) were false negative on PET. Four of the 5 (80%) benign nodules with GGO images were focal pneumonia with well-preserved air spaces, causing false positive on PET. Sensitivity and specificity for nodules with GGO images were 10 and 20%, respectively, which were significantly lower than 90 and 71% for nodules with solid images (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary nodules which are less than 1cm in size or show GGO images on CT cannot be evaluated accurately by PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan. hnomori@qk9.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomori
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Tsuguo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naruke
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suemasu
authors.forename: Kimiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uno
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18