title: Small-molecule anthracene-induced cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: A series of anthracene derivatives have been synthesized, and their potential individual cytotoxicity was evaluated using Jurkat T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. These compounds, except for 2l, showed less cytotoxicity in PBMCs than mitoxantrone. We also analyzed the antiproliferative activity of these derivatives using the annexin V/propidium iodide assay. These synthetic compounds induced apoptosis, thus leading to antitumor effects. Compounds 2b, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i, 2j, and mitoxantrone produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, while the antiproliferative activity of the anthracene pharmacophore was retained in Jurkat T cells base on the detection of DNA degradation and membrane unpacking. These clearly indicate a correlation between cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Unlike mitoxantrone, cytotoxic properties were observed, as documented by the reactivity of these novel compounds against Jurkat T cells and PBMCs as normal cells, respectively. Various concentrations of 2b, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i, and 2j preparations also inhibited Jurkat T cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells, potentially confirmed through the detection of DNA degradation and membrane unpacking. In the present report we also investigated the antiinflammatory activity against phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induced superoxide anion production, a marker for an inflammatory mediator produced by neutrophils, with IC(50) (microM) values of 2b, 2h, 2l, and 2o of 4.28+/-0.89, 3.31+/-0.88, 4.38+/-0.25, and 5.45+/-1.78, respectively. These results suggest that, in addition to the specific chromosomal aberrations and cell death, elevated apoptosis could also be a marker for exposure to anthracene derivatives.
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Rong-Fu
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chung-Long
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Ming-Ren
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chieh-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jyh-Fei
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Li-Kang
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Chi-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Hsu-Shan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C034020:anthracene