title: Causes of blindness, low vision, and questionnaire-assessed poor visual function in Singaporean Chinese adults: The Tanjong Pagar Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence rates and causes of low vision, blindness, and patient-assessed deficient visual function among Singaporean Chinese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singaporean Chinese adults 40 to 79 years old (n = 1152).
  
  
  METHODS
  From an initial sampling frame of 40- to 79-year-old Chinese in the Tanjong Pagar district in Singapore, 2000 subjects were selected using a disproportionate, stratified, clustered, random-sampling method. Of 1717 eligible subjects, 1232 were examined (participation rate = 71.8%), and 80 adults who did not have visual acuity (VA) data were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral low vision was defined as best-corrected VA (BCVA) worse than 6/18 and 3/60 or better, and bilateral blindness as BCVA worse than 3/60 in the better eye or constriction of the visual field to within 10 degrees of fixation, in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. Patient-assessed visual function was measured using a modified VF-14 questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence rates were 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-1.8) for bilateral low vision and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.2-1.1) for bilateral blindness, and the mean visual function score was 98.6. The rates of bilateral low vision and blindness increased with age, whereas visual function scores decreased with age, even after adjusting for gender and education. Cataract accounted for 58.8% of bilateral low vision, 20.0% of bilateral blindness, and 52.0% of poor visual function (score<90). Glaucoma contributed to 60.0% of bilateral blindness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age- and gender-adjusted rates of low vision and blindness were 1.1% and 0.5%, respectively. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in Singaporean Chinese adults, in addition to well-recognized causes in the rest of Asia such as cataract.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Unit, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015984:Causality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*