title: Clinical evaluation of internal hemodiafiltration (iHDF): a diffusive-convective technique performed with internal filtration enhanced high-flux dialyzers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Efficiency in removing middle molecules such as beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) is one of the main purposes of modern dialytic therapy. In order to achieve this, techniques requiring complex machines and substitution fluid have been developed over recent years. Alternatively, the internal filtration/back filtration phenomenon can be used. The recent development of a so-called "internal filtration enhanced dialyser" prompted us to compare the removal of beta2-MG together with other small molecules when the dialyser was used either in standard hemodiafiltration (HDF) or internal hemodiafiltration (iHDF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten stable, anuric, hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by thrice weekly standard bicarbonate HD using low-flux synthetic membrane entered the study. A new high-flux polysulfone dialyser designed with the specific aim of enhancing internal filtration (BS-1.6 UL, 1.6 m2, Toray Industries) was used. Post dilution HDF (2.5 l/hour of substitution fluid, dialysate flow 500 ml/min) was compared with iHDF (dialysate flow 750 ml/min), with blood flow at 300 ml/min. Samples were obtained at the start and at the end of the session in order to measure the % removal of urea, creatinine, uric acid, phosphate and beta2-MG (corrected for total protein concentration). In addition, after 20 min of dialysis the clearances of the same molecules were measured. A mathematical model has been developed for the description of the hydrodynamic phenomena taking place within the dialyser and of fluid filtration across the membrane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences have been observed in removal rate switching from HDF to iHDF except for beta2-MG removal, which was slightly higher in HDF than in iHDF Phosphate clearance is significantly higher than those obtained with creatinine in both HDF (p<0.005) and iHDF (p<0.01) modalities. The total convection calculated with the model is reduced with respect to HDF only by 24% (4100 ml/h vs. 5400 ml/h on the average).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iHDF is a high flux dialysis method, which, if performed with a dialyser designed to enhance internal filtration, obtains a much higher removal rate in comparison with dialysers in traditional high flux dialysis, as previously reported in the literature. Provided that the dialyser is used on a dialysis machine working with ultra pure dialysate and UF control, this dialyser line can perform reliable internal HDF without the need for replacement solution. Considering the narrow difference in performance observed between iHDF and HDF, and the increasing number (and age) of patients leading to higher dialysis costs, iHDF represents a cost-effective alternative to other diffusive-convective techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University Hospital, Modena, Italy. dialisi.sm4@policlinico.mo.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guadagni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malaguti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fumero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albertazzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018481:Convection; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016896:Treatment Outcome