title: Simultaneous storage of medical images in the spatial and frequency domain: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. This technique is adapted here for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient information is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The bio-signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. This interleaving is carried out in the spatial domain and Frequency domain. The performance of interleaving in the spatial, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coefficients is studied. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It can be seen from results, the process does not affect the picture quality. This is attributed to the fact that the change in LSB of a pixel changes its brightness by 1 part in 256. Spatial and DFT domain interleaving gave very less %NRMSE as compared to DCT and DWT domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Results show that spatial domain the interleaving, the %NRMSE was less than 0.25% for 8-bit encoded pixel intensity. Among the frequency domain interleaving methods, DFT was found to be very efficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of E & C Engg, Manipal Institute Of Technology, Manipal, India 576104. jag.nayak@mit.manapal.edu
authors.forename: Jagadish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: P Subbanna
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Acharya U
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uc
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016494:Computer Security; D044962:Data Compression; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008432:Mathematical Computing