title: Characterization of hemoglobin, water, and NIR scattering in breast tissue: analysis of intersubject variability and menstrual cycle changes.
abstract: Near-infrared imaging was used to quantify typical values of hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, water fraction, scattering power, and scattering amplitude within the breast tissue of volunteer subjects. A systematic study of the menstrual variations in these parameters was carried out by measuring a group of seven premenopausal normal women (aged 41 to 47 years) in the follicular (days 7 to 14 of the cycle) and secretory phases (days 21 to 28) of the cycle, for two complete menstrual cycles. An average increase in hemoglobin concentration of 2.6 microM or 13% of the background breast values was observed in the secretory phase relative to the follicular phase (p<0.0001), but no other average near-infrared parameter changes were significant. While repeatable and systematic changes were observed in all parameters for individual subjects, large intersubject variations were present in all parameters. In a survey of thirty-nine normal subjects, the total hemoglobin varied from 9 to 45 microM, with a systematic correlation observed between total hemoglobin concentration and breast radiographic density. Scattering power and scattering amplitude were also correlated with radiographic density, but oxygen saturation and water fraction were not. Images of breast lesions indicate that total hemoglobin-based contrast can be up to 200% relative to the background in the same breast. Yet, since the background hemoglobin values vary considerably among breasts, the maximum hemoglobin concentrations observed in cancer tumors may vary considerably as well. In light of these observations, it may be important to use hemoglobin contrast values relative to the background for a given breast, rather than absolute hemoglobin contrast when trying to compare the features of breast lesions among subjects.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 800 Cummings Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. pogue@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: Shudong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kogel
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soho
authors.forename: Subhadra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tor D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Poplack
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014867:Water