title: A calibration procedure for beam monitors in a scanned beam of heavy charged particles.
abstract: An international code of practice (CoP) for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water has recently been published by the IAEA [Technical Report Series No. 398, 2000] (TRS-398). This new CoP includes procedures for proton and heavy ion beams as well as all other beam qualities. In particular it defines reference conditions to which dose measurements should refer to. For proton and ion beams these conditions include dose measurements in the center of all possible modulated Bragg peaks. The recommended reference conditions in general are used also for the calibration of beam monitors. For a dynamic beam delivery system using beam scanning in combination with energy variation, like, e.g., at the German carbon ion radiotherapy facility, this calibration procedure is not appropriate. We have independently developed a different calibration procedure. Similar to the IAEA CoP this procedure is based on the measurement of absorbed dose to water. This is translated in terms of fluence which finally results in an energy-dependent calibration of the beam monitor in units of particle number per monitor unit, which is unique for all treatment fields. In contrast to the IAEA CoP, the reference depth is chosen to be very small. The procedure enables an accurate and reliable determination of calibration factors. In a second step, the calibration is verified by measurements of absorbed dose in various modulated Bragg peaks by comparing measured against calculated doses. The agreement between measured and calculated doses is usually better than 1% for homogeneous fields and the mean deviation for more inhomogeneous treatment fields, as they are used for patient treatments, is within 3%. It is proposed that the CoP in general, and in particular the IAEA TRS-398 should include explicit recommendations for the beam monitor calibration. These recommendations should then distinguish between systems using static and dynamic beams.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Division for Medical Physics (E040), Heidelberg, Germany. o.jaekel@dkfz.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jäkel
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Karger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heeg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatnitsky
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D005858:Germany; D020450:Heavy Ions; D038622:Internationality; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity