title: Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients in heart failure with left bundle branch block benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy. Usually the left ventricular pacing lead is placed by coronary sinus catheterization; however, this procedure is not always successful, and patients may be referred for surgical epicardial lead placement. The objective of this study was to develop a method to guide epicardial lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients in heart failure who were eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy were referred for surgery because of failed coronary sinus left ventricular lead implantation. Minithoracotomy or thoracoscopy was performed, and a temporary epicardial electrode was used for biventricular pacing at various sites on the left ventricle. Pressure-volume loops with the conductance catheter were used to select the best site for each individual patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the baseline situation, biventricular pacing with an optimal left ventricular lead position significantly increased stroke volume (+39%, P =.01), maximal left ventricular pressure derivative (+20%, P =.02), ejection fraction (+30%, P =.007), and stroke work (+66%, P =.006) and reduced end-systolic volume (-6%, P =.04). In contrast, biventricular pacing at a suboptimal site did not significantly change left ventricular function and even worsened it in some cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy with epicardial leads, mapping to determine the best pace site is a prerequisite. Pressure-volume loops offer real-time guidance for targeting epicardial lead placement during minimal invasive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A L A J
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dijkman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Nagel
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Geskes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Maessen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery