title: Accumulation and depuration of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea.
abstract: The increasing frequency by which the production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) by freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacteria is being noticed world-wide raises the possibility of PST bioaccumulation by freshwater mussels. This study evaluates PST accumulation and depuration by the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea exposed over a 14-day period to high densities (mean = 1.4 x 10(9) cells1(-1), S.D. = 0.29 x 10(9) cellsl(-1)) of the toxic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (corresponding to a mean toxin concentration of 25.5 nmol PSTl(-1), S.D. = 9.9 nmol PSTl(-1)). Mussels were subsequently detoxified either by starvation or by feeding on the non-toxic green-algae Ankistodesmus falcatus. Filter feeding activity and toxin uptake by the mussels were followed by cell counting and toxin analysis in water samples taken before and after each daily water renewal. The accumulation and depuration of PST as well as the anatomical distribution of toxins were monitored throughout the experiment by HPLC analysis of mussel extracts. Mussels fed the toxic cyanobacterium removed on average 65.3% of cells and 40.36% of total PST daily provided. Daily rates of cell clearance (% of initial) were negatively correlated with the amounts of PST daily provided (but not with the amount of cells). This suggests a negative effect of toxins on the feeding behaviour of mussels. Small amounts of toxins could be detected in the mussels after the second day of exposure, reaching a maximum of 26 microg PST100 g(-1) by day 7. The viscera contained the greatest proportion of toxins (78%) at the start of the toxification. However, increasing amounts of PST were found in the remaining tissues (gills, mantle and foot) over time. Toxins detected in the mussel extracts were the same provided in the dietary A. issatschenkoi. Nevertheless, mussels showed a higher proportion of saxitoxin and decarbomoylsaxitoxin and a lower proportion of gonyautoxin-5 than the fed cyanobacterium. Similar depuration efficiencies were observed among starved individuals (6.9% day(-1)) and those fed with A. falcatus (8.2% day(-1)) indicating that both treatments had comparable effects on toxin metabolism. Mussels showed a typical S shaped depuration kinetics curve consisting of a first short period of slow toxin decay followed by a rapid loss and a subsequent slower release of toxins. Trace to undetectable levels of PST were found in mussels after the 14-day depurating period. Although freshwater mussels are not widely consumed by humans, their capacity to accumulate PST points to the risk of PST propagation through the food chain of freshwater ecosystems via filter-feeding mussels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal. paulo.pereira@insa.min-suade.pt
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franca
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carolino
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D011174:Portugal; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012530:Saxitoxin