title: A brief history of punctoplasty: the 3-snip revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine when and how to perform punctoplasty, review the history, and determine the efficacy of posterior ampullectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 53 cases of punctal stenosis, operated by a single surgeon by means of posterior ampullectomy via 3-snips. A review of the history of the procedure from papers found with a Medline search for 1-snip, 2-snip, 3-snip, and punctoplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 102 sets of notes were reviewed. The age range was from 9 to 89 years with a mean age of 56 years. A total of 74% of patients were female. We excluded 22 patients who had additional surgery and 16 patients who elected not to have surgery. There was no comment as to success or failure in four sets of notes and seven notes could not be found; these cases were also excluded. Of the remaining 53 patients, success was documented in 49 cases, or 92%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The historical review helps explain the debate about the procedure. The retrospective review confirms that posterior ampullectomy via 3-snips is an effective procedure.
authors.affiliation: Orbital, Plastic and Lacrimal Clinic, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, UK. riccaesar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Caesar
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McNab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000601:surgery; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome