title: Vitamin D intake in the United States.
abstract: Mean intake of vitamin D in the United States was estimated from food and food plus supplements and compared with recommended intake levels. US men, nonpregnant and nonlactating women, and nonbreastfeeding children aged 1 year and older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) or the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-1996, 1998 (CSFII 1994-1996, 1998) were included in the estimates. Intake of vitamin D from food sources and dietary supplements was not meeting recommended levels. The lowest intakes of vitamin D from food were reported by female teenagers and female adults. The highest intakes of vitamin D from food sources were reported by male teenagers. Dairy products were the primary sources of both vitamin D and calcium. Additional food fortification as well as dietary and supplement guidance are needed for the general population.
authors.affiliation: The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness, Coca-Cola North America, Houston, TX 77056, USA. caromoore@na.ko.com
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Debra R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Keast
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D