title: Assessing pain in cognitively impaired older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate assessments of pain help healthcare professionals to identify its source and manage it appropriately. Pain in cognitively impaired older adults is difficult to assess and this can result in poor management and outcomes. In response to the vulnerability of this patient group, researchers have produced a variety of tools for pain assessment in cognitively impaired older adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replication research is recommended to validate further and generalize results, although there is enough evidence to support the use of direct observation of behaviour in identifying pain in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon. Julie.murdoch@rdehc-tr.swest.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007697:Kinesics; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014705:Verbal Behavior