title: Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in mice lacking the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor delta subunit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically altered mice have been used to examine gene contributions to ethanol phenotypes. Recently, mice with a targeted deletion of the delta subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor have been generated. These mice display decreased sensitivity to neuroactive steroids and altered responses to some behavioral effects of ethanol. Given the application of drug discrimination to characterize receptor-mediated stimulus effects of ethanol and given the data showing altered ethanol responses in mice lacking the delta subunit of the GABAA receptor, these mice were characterized in an ethanol-discrimination procedure. It has been shown that neurosteroids will substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, and this study aimed to determine whether the substitution patterns of neuroactive steroids or other GABAA-positive modulators would be altered in these mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adult delta +/+ and delta-/- mice were trained to discriminate between ethanol 1.5 g/kg and saline in daily 15-min food-reinforced operant sessions. Once the discrimination was trained, substitution tests with ethanol, pentobarbital, midazolam, androsterone, alphaxalone, pregnanolone, morphine, zolpidem, and MK-801 were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both delta+/+ and delta-/- mice acquired ethanol discrimination in a similar number of days. Ethanol, midazolam, alphaxalone, pregnanolone, and MK-801 fully substituted (>80%) for ethanol in both delta+/+ and delta-/- mice. Pentobarbital fully substituted for ethanol in delta-/- mice but only partially substituted (74%) for ethanol in delta+/+ mice. Androsterone, zolpidem, and morphine did not substitute for ethanol in either delta+/+ or delta-/- mice. There were no significant differences in the response rate-suppressing effects of any of the compounds between delta+/+ and delta-/- mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The training dose of ethanol resulted in substitution of five GABAA receptor ligands, indicating a robust GABAA mediation of ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects. Deletion of the delta subunit of the GABAA receptor does not alter the acquisition of an ethanol/saline discrimination or the substitution patterns of GABAA-positive modulators. Therefore, the delta subunit is not necessary in the mediation of ethanol-like effects of any of the GABAA ligands tested, including sensitivity to ethanol, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, and neurosteroid discriminative stimulus effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vivian
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Gregg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Homanics
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C464500:GABRD protein, human; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D000431:Ethanol; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009020:Morphine