title: Estimates of global prevalence of childhood underweight in 1990 and 2015.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One key target of the United Nations Millennium Development goals is to reduce the prevalence of underweight among children younger than 5 years by half between 1990 and 2015.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate trends in childhood underweight by geographic regions of the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time series study of prevalence of underweight, defined as weight 2 SDs below the mean weight for age of the National Center for Health Statistics and World Health Organization (WHO) reference population. National prevalence rates derived from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, which includes data on approximately 31 million children younger than 5 years who participated in 419 national nutritional surveys in 139 countries from 1965 through 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate prevalence rates and numbers of underweight children by region in 1990 and 2015 and to calculate the changes (ie, increase or decrease) to these values between 1990 and 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worldwide, underweight prevalence was projected to decline from 26.5% in 1990 to 17.6% in 2015, a change of -34% (95% confidence interval [CI], -43% to -23%). In developed countries, the prevalence was estimated to decrease from 1.6% to 0.9%, a change of -41% (95% CI, -92% to 343%). In developing regions, the prevalence was forecasted to decline from 30.2% to 19.3%, a change of -36% (95% CI, -45% to -26%). In Africa, the prevalence of underweight was forecasted to increase from 24.0% to 26.8%, a change of 12% (95% CI, 8%-16%). In Asia, the prevalence was estimated to decrease from 35.1% to 18.5%, a change of -47% (95% CI, -58% to -34%). Worldwide, the number of underweight children was projected to decline from 163.8 million in 1990 to 113.4 million in 2015, a change of -31% (95% CI, -40% to -20%). Numbers are projected to decrease in all subregions except the subregions of sub-Saharan, Eastern, Middle, and Western Africa, which are expected to experience substantial increases in the number of underweight children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An overall improvement in the global situation is anticipated; however, neither the world as a whole, nor the developing regions, are expected to achieve the Millennium Development goals. This is largely due to the deteriorating situation in Africa where all subregions, except Northern Africa, are expected to fail to meet the goal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. deonism@who.int
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Onis
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blössner
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Frongillo
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence