title: Comparison of ultrafiltration and solid phase extraction for the separation of free and protein-bound serum copper for the Wilson's disease diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The determination of the ratio free/protein-bound serum copper along with urinary copper can be used as a preliminary test for the Wilson's Disease diagnosis. In this work, the determination of these copper fractions in serum samples was carried out in two different ways; after separation of the copper bound to proteins from the free fraction by a column for protein adsorption and by ultrafiltration. As proteins can be adsorbed onto plastic polymeric surfaces, polyethylene (PE) with different molecular weights in powder form was investigated for protein adsorption. A small column was adapted in a flow system to carry out a solid-phase extraction (SPE) on-line. Preliminary experiments defined conditions for protein retention and elution and column saturation. Good performance was achieved using Mg(NO3)2 solution as carrier and methanol as eluent. The presence of proteins in both fraction (column effluent and eluate) was checked by the Coomassie Brilliant Blue test. Copper was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The measurement in the column effluent furnished the free-fraction of copper while the copper measured in the eluate the bound-fraction. The method was compared with ultrafiltration (20 kDa), measuring the free-copper in the ultrafiltrate. For the determination of protein-bound copper, the copper found in the ultrafitrate was discounted from the total copper measured in the sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum samples of 10 individuals were analyzed by both methods with good agreement of the results. The regression plots, obtained by analysing the samples by both methods, presented r2 and slope of 0.97 and 0.96 for free copper and 1.00 and 1.00 for bound copper, respectively. Protein-bound copper (PB) concentrations ranged from 74 to 2074 microg/l and free-copper (F) from 22 to 54 microg/l. The ratio F/PB, calculated from SPE data, was 29.7% for one individual, with Wilson Disease well-characterized, and ranged from 1.2% to 5.2% for the others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SPE method performed well in terms of accuracy and precision, and showed good agreement with the UF. Advantages of SPE are small sample volume (50 microl), separation carried out in 10 min, and the use of the same column for several analyses.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Químic Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97 105-900 Santa Maria, Brazil. ndenise@quimica.ufsm.br
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohrer
authors.forename: Paulo Cícero
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Do Nascimento
authors.forename: Adrian G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Jean Karlo A
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.forename: Leandro M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.forename: Solange Cristina G
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pomblum
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers; D011485:Protein Binding; D012996:Solutions; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014462:Ultrafiltration
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011095:Polyethylenes; D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions; D003300:Copper