title: Intramedullary nails with two lag screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the structural integrity of intramedullary nails with two lag screws, and to give guidance to orthopaedic surgeons in the choice of appropriate devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alternative designs of the construct are considered, and the use of a slotted upper lag screw insertion hole is analysed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intramedullary fixation devices with a single lag screw have been known to fail at the lag screw insertion hole. Using two lag screws is considered. It has also been proposed to use a slot in the nail for the upper lag screw to prevent the upper lag screw from sticking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bending and torsion load cases are analysed using finite element method. Consideration of both load conditions is essential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results present the overall stiffness of the assembly, the load sharing between lag screws, and the possibility for cut-out to occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the slot for the upper lag screw might be advantageous with regard to the stresses in the lag screws, it could be detrimental for cut-out occurring adjacent to the lag screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative analyses demonstrate that two lag screws may be advantageous in patients whose cancellous bone quality is good and who impose large loads on the lag screw/nail interface. However, the use of two screws might pre-dispose to failure by cut-out of the lag screws. The addition of a slotted hole for the upper lag screw appears to do nothing significant to reduce the risk of such a failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK. chris.brown@brunel.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Yettram
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Procter
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016474:Weight-Bearing