title: Systematic review: surveillance systems for early detection of bioterrorism-related diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the threat of bioterrorism and the increasing availability of electronic data for surveillance, surveillance systems for the early detection of illnesses and syndromes potentially related to bioterrorism have proliferated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically evaluate the potential utility of existing surveillance systems for illnesses and syndromes related to bioterrorism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases of peer-reviewed articles (for example, MEDLINE for articles published from January 1985 to April 2002) and Web sites of relevant government and nongovernment agencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports that described or evaluated systems for collecting, analyzing, or presenting surveillance data for bioterrorism-related illnesses or syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  From each included article, the authors abstracted information about the type of surveillance data collected; method of collection, analysis, and presentation of surveillance data; and outcomes of evaluations of the system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17,510 article citations and 8088 government and nongovernmental Web sites were reviewed. From these, the authors included 115 systems that collect various surveillance reports, including 9 syndromic surveillance systems, 20 systems collecting bioterrorism detector data, 13 systems collecting influenza-related data, and 23 systems collecting laboratory and antimicrobial resistance data. Only the systems collecting syndromic surveillance data and detection system data were designed, at least in part, for bioterrorism preparedness applications. Syndromic surveillance systems have been deployed for both event-based and continuous bioterrorism surveillance. Few surveillance systems have been comprehensively evaluated. Only 3 systems have had both sensitivity and specificity evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from some existing surveillance systems (particularly those developed by the military) may not be publicly available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few surveillance systems have been specifically designed for collecting and analyzing data for the early detection of a bioterrorist event. Because current evaluations of surveillance systems for detecting bioterrorism and emerging infections are insufficient to characterize the timeliness or sensitivity and specificity, clinical and public health decision making based on these systems may be compromised.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco-Stanford Evidence-based Practice Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. bravata@healthpolicy.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Dena M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bravata
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Chara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rydzak
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szeto
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Buckeridge
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haberland
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D023482:Bioterrorism; D003657:Decision Making; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011634:Public Health; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors