Antipsychotic drugs: evolving mechanisms of action with improved therapeutic benefits.
One of the conundrums of neuropharmacology is to understand the therapeutic mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Every drug with antipsychotic activity is a dopamine (DA) D(2)-like receptor antagonist and therefore this function is critical to reducing psychotic symptoms. However, the actions of the archetypal atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine go beyond antipsychotic effects because the drug is efficacious in treating psychotic symptoms that do not respond to drugs mainly directed at antagonizing the DA D(2) receptor, has benefits in cognition and has recently been shown to reduce levels of suicide. A growing understanding of the mechanisms of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotic drugs suggests that both partial and inverse agonism, as well as receptor antagonism, at specific neurotransmitter receptors is required to give full therapeutic benefits. It is, therefore, timely to review the evolving nature of the mechanisms of action of different antipsychotic drugs.
Dean
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The Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. bdean@mhri.edu.au
Scarr
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D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009480:Neuropharmacology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000819:agonists; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D003024:Clozapine