title: Correlation between interleukin 6 production and tumor proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Interleukin 6 (IL-6) facilitates the differentiation of B cells to immunoglobulin-secreting cells and is reported to be a proliferative factor in some tumors. In this study, we examined IL-6 production in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and the proliferation of tumor cells following IL-6 treatment in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed the expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein in a series of 15 human lung cancer cell lines (four adenocarcinomas, five squamous cell carcinomas, two large cell carcinomas, and four small cell carcinomas) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We established an IL-6-producing cell line (ABC-1#IL-6) by transfecting a human IL-6 cDNA into a human non-IL-6-producing NSCLC cell line (ABC-1). These two cell lines were used to determine tumor cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro in order to clarify the effect of IL-6 on tumor growth and metastasis. Athymic nude mice, SCID mice, and BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with these two cell lines, and body weight, tumor growth, and tumor doubling time were measured. The presence of IL-6 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within tumor tissues was examined by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 15 (53%) lung cancer cell lines expressed both IL-6 mRNA and protein. Tumor lesions of both cell lines developed in nude and SCID mice, although no such lesions of either cell lines developed in BALB/c mice. The tumor doubling time in nude and SCID mice was 2.97+/-1.22 days and 2.45+/-1.32 days, respectively, in mice inoculated with the cell line ABC-1#IL-6. These doubling times were statistically significantly shorter than those evident in mice inoculated with the control original ABC-1 cell line (nude, p=0.0337; SCID, p=0.0119; unpaired t-test). The rates of cell proliferation in vitro of the ABC-1#IL-6 and original ABC-1 cells lines were comparable ( p=0.1441, unpaired t-test). Immunohistochemical staining revealed strong IL-6 expression in tumors derived from the IL-6-producing cell line but not in tumors derived from the original ABC-1 cell line (both in nude and SCID mice).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  53% of lung cancer cell lines produce IL-6 mRNA and protein. Although IL-6 itself does not influence tumor cell proliferation in vitro, an association between IL-6 expression and tumor proliferation was found in vivo in nude and SCID mice. An anti-IL-6 reagent could provide a novel therapeutic strategy in patients with IL-6-producing lung tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizasa
authors.forename: Eitetsu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Mizuto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otsuji
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiroshima
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tagawa
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger