title: Vitreous and retinal amino acid concentrations in experimental central retinal artery occlusion in the primate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitreous and retinal amino-acid concentrations were evaluated in a primate model of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) to study the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in acute retinal ischaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral, acute CRAO was produced by temporary clamping of the central retinal artery for 190 min in four elderly rhesus monkeys. Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and electroretinogram were performed before and during CRAO, and after unclamping the artery. Vitreous samples were obtained before and after CRAO in both eyes, and analysed for 13 amino-acid concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The animals were killed 350 min after retinal reperfusion, and the retinal tissue was submitted for amino-acid analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all four eyes, the macula showed the 'cherry red spot'. The CRAO was confirmed by fluorescein angiography and decreased b-wave on electroretinogram. Retinal histology confirmed ischaemic changes in the inner retina. Changes in all 13 vitreous amino-acid concentrations after CRAO (including glutamate) were not significantly different between study and control eyes (P = 0.09 to 0.82). All retinal amino-acid concentrations (including glutamate) were not significantly different between two eyes (P = 0.07-0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the primate model of acute inner retinal ischaemia induced by transient CRAO, we were unable to detect significantly elevated concentrations of vitreous and retinal glutamate. Our primate model has the advantage of closely modelling the CRAO in humans. Further basic and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in retinal ischaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IW 52242, USA. young-kwon@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rickman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baruah
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hayreh
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018698:Glutamic Acid