title: Humoral immune response to alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a prototypic biomarker for prostate cancer, it has poor specificity. Expression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which is involved in the conversion of R-stereoisomers of branched-chain fatty acids to S-stereoisomers, has been shown to be specifically increased in prostate cancer epithelia. However, attempts to detect AMACR in circulation have not been successful. Hence, we determined whether an immune response to AMACR could be used as a serum biomarker for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer and from control subjects were screened for a humoral immune response to selected tumor antigens, including AMACR, by using protein microarrays (46 patients, 28 control subjects). Humoral immune response to AMACR was then validated using high-throughput immunoblot analysis (151 patients, 259 control subjects) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (54 patients, 55 control subjects). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the immune response to AMACR to detect prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactivity against AMACR was statistically significantly higher in sera from patients with prostate cancer than in control subjects by all three techniques (P(protein microarray) =.009, P(immunoblot)<.001, P(ELISA) =.011). High-throughput immunoblot analysis revealed that, in subjects with intermediate PSA levels (4-10 ng/mL), the immune response against AMACR was more sensitive and specific than was PSA in distinguishing sera from prostate cancer patients relative to control subjects (sensitivity and specificity of 77.8% and 80.6% versus 45.6% and 50%, respectively; area under the curve of 0.789 versus 0.492; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assays to detect a humoral immune response against AMACR may have the potential to supplement PSA screening in identifying patients with clinically significant prostate cancer, especially those with intermediate PSA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sreekumar
authors.forename: Bharathi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laxman
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Srilakshmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhagavathula
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giacherio
authors.forename: Debashis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Arul M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chinnaiyan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase