title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: an adjuvant for cancer vaccines.
abstract: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances immune responses by inducing the proliferation, maturation, and migration of dendritic cells, and the expansion and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes. There is significant data in pre-clinical animal models demonstrating the adjuvant effects of GM-CSF in a variety of cancer vaccine approaches, including cellular vaccines, viral vaccines, peptide and protein vaccines, and DNA vaccines. GM-CSF is an attractive vaccine adjuvant because of its immune modulation effects and low toxicity profile. The results in animal models have been confirmed in pilot clinical trials and several clinical trials are currently ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: David Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lomazow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joy Somberg
authors.forename: Rodica
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.forename: Miguel-Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perales
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor