title: Temperament in the rat: sex differences and hormonal influences on harm avoidance and novelty seeking.
abstract: This study showed large and consistent individual differences in 64 rats (32 males) in the hole board and canopy test, which are considered to measure exploration and anxiety, respectively. Nonestrous females were more active than males and nose poked more in the hole board. In the canopy test, nonestrous females, compared with males, showed greater intraindividual variability in time spent outside the protective canopy. Estrous females spent significantly more time outside the canopy. Gonadectomy reduced nose poking in males and hole board locomotion in both sexes. Principal-components analysis disclosed 2 temperamental dimensions reflecting harm avoidance and novelty seeking. More males had high levels of psychometric harm avoidance, and fewer males than females had a low-harm-avoidance/high-novelty-seeking, sanguine profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goteborg University, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D006728:Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013694:Temperament / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones