title: Noradrenaline represses PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) gamma2 gene expression in brown adipocytes: intracellular signalling and effects on PPARgamma2 and PPARgamma1 protein levels.
abstract: PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) gamma is expressed in brown and white adipose tissues and is involved in the control of differentiation and proliferation. Noradrenaline stimulates brown pre-adipocyte proliferation and brown adipocyte differentiation. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the influence of noradrenaline on PPARgamma gene expression in brown adipocytes. In primary cultures of brown adipocytes, PPARgamma2 mRNA levels were 20-fold higher than PPARgamma1 mRNA levels. PPARgamma expression occurred during both the proliferation and the differentiation phases, with the highest mRNA levels being found at the time of transition between the phases. PPARgamma2 mRNA levels were downregulated by noradrenaline treatment (EC50, 0.1 microM) in both proliferative and differentiating cells, with a lagtime of 1 h and lasting up to 4 h, after which expression gradually recovered. The down-regulation was beta-adrenoceptor-induced and intracellularly mediated via cAMP and protein kinase A; the signalling pathway did not involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Src, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Treatment of the cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide not only abolished the noradrenaline-induced down-regulation of PPARgamma2 mRNA, but also in itself induced PPARgamma2 hyperexpression. The down-regulation was probably the result of suppression of transcription. The down-regulation of PPARgamma2 mRNA resulted in similar down-regulation of PPARgamma2 and phosphoPPARgamma2 protein levels. Remarkably, the level of PPARgamma1 protein was similar to that of PPARgamma2 (despite almost no PPARgamma1 mRNA), and the down-regulation by noradrenaline demonstrated similar kinetics to that of PPARgamma2; thus PPARgamma1 was apparently translated from the PPARgamma2 template. It is suggested that beta-adrenergic stimulation via cAMP and protein kinase A represses PPARgamma gene expression, leading to reduction of PPARgamma2 mRNA levels, which is then reflected in down-regulated levels of PPARgamma2, phosphoPPARgamma2 and PPARgamma1.
authors.affiliation: The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: Ronni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandrup
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nedergaard
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009638:Norepinephrine