title: Effects of a single intranasal dose of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine on cytokine messenger RNA expression following viral challenge in calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in intranasally vaccinated calves after bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve 8- to 12-week-old calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calves received modified-live BRSV vaccine (vaccinated) or spent tissue culture medium (mock-vaccinated) intranasally, followed by challenge 30 days later with BRSV, or mock challenge with spent tissue culture medium (mock-challenge controls). Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA was measured in lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cells, pharyngeal tonsils, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA was measured in lungs and BAL fluid cells by reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance to clinical signs of disease was conferred in vaccinated calves. Expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in lungs and BAL fluid cells was higher in mock-vaccinated calves than control or vaccinated calves. In the lung, IL-4 mRNA expression was higher in vaccinated calves than control or mock-vaccinated calves. In pharyngeal tonsils, expression of mRNA for IL-4 and IFN-gamma was higher in mock-vaccinated calves than control calves. In tracheobronchial lymph nodes, IFN-gamma mRNA expression was higher in mock-vaccinated calves than vaccinated calves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although vaccinated calves had decreased clinical signs of disease after BRSV challenge, compared with mock-vaccinated calves, this difference was not related to a T helper type 1 bias, as determined by increased expression of interferon-gamma mRNA relative to interleukin-4 mRNA in lungs, BAL fluid cells, or tracheobronchial lymph nodes of vaccinated calves. Pulmonary inflammation was decreased in vaccinated calves as determined by decreased expression of TNF-alpha mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Congrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Amelia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Woolums
authors.forename: Dante S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zarlenga
authors.forename: Corrie C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Shamita M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015847:Interleukin-4; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D022261:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018112:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022261:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma