title: Intrapartum elective cesarean delivery: a previously unrecognized clinical entity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the incidence of intrapartum patient choice cesarean delivery-patients' requesting cesarean delivery and physicians' offering it during labor-and factors possibly influencing these requests and offers.
  
  
  METHODS
  For a 6-month period from May 1, 2002, to October 31, 2002, obstetricians were asked to complete a questionnaire after all intrapartum cesarean deliveries regarding whether cesarean delivery was offered by the obstetrician or requested by the patient before being medically indicated. Patient medical records and physician demographic information were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 422 cases that met inclusion criteria. Questionnaires were completed in 100% of cases. Cesarean delivery was offered in 13% before a clear medical indication and requested in 8.8%. Older obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, and full-time faculty were significantly more likely to offer cesarean delivery (P =.009, P <.001, and P =.015, respectively). Patients who were unmarried or undergoing labor induction were less likely to request cesarean delivery (P =.029 and P =.035, respectively). Maternal age, parity, stage or length of labor, epidural use, gestational age, insurance status, day of week, and time of delivery did not affect whether patients requested or were offered cesarean delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents a heretofore unrecognized clinical entity: intrapartum elective cesarean delivery. Physician characteristics, as opposed to patient characteristics or intrapartum factors, are a major determinant of whether laboring patients are being offered cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  III
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, Room J-130, New York, NY 10021, USA. robinkal@aol.com
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Meruka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Howard T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chervenak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D016015:Logistic Models; D010358:Patient Participation; D010820:Physicians; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires