title: Evidence-based diagnosis of nontraumatic headache in the emergency department: a consensus statement on four clinical scenarios.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide to emergency department (ED) physicians with guidelines for diagnosis of patients with nontraumatic headaches.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many patients present to an ED with the chief complaint of headache. Causes of nontraumatic headache include life-threatening illnesses, and distinguishing patients with such ominous headaches from those with a primary headache disorder can be challenging for the ED physician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a consensus statement aimed to be a useful tool for ED doctors in making evidence-based diagnostic decisions in the management of adult patients with nontraumatic headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary work performed an extensive review of the medical literature and applied the information obtained to commonly encountered scenarios in the ED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologoical Sciences, University of Modena-Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cevoli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nonino
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baronciani
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Re
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Berti
authors.forename: Gian Camillo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Querzani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vandelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic