title: Secondary deformities of the shoulder in infants with an obstetrical brachial plexus lesions considered for neurosurgical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors performed a prospective study in which magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was conducted in 26 consecutive infants (mean age 5.6 months, range 2.7-14.5 months) in whom recovery from an obstetric lesion of the brachial plexus had been inadequate in the first 3 months of life. The purpose was to identify early secondary deformations of the shoulder in obstetrical brachial plexus lesions (OBPLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Features of the shoulders were analyzed according to a standardized MR imaging protocol in patients with OBPLs. Measurements were made of the appearance of the glenoid, glenoid version, and the position of the humeral head. The appearance of the glenoid on the affected side was normal in only 11 shoulders. In the remainder it was convex in eight and biconcave in seven cases. The degree of humeral head subluxation was significantly greater (p = 0.001) in affected shoulders than in normal shoulders (152 and 170 degrees, respectively). The presence of abnormal glenoid retroversion and humeral head subluxation increased with age: there was a statistical difference (p = 0.001) between infants younger than 5 months of age and those who were older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates shoulder-related anatomical and nerve root lesion, allowing evaluation of neural, osseous, and cartilaginous structures in younger children.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Radiology, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van der Sluijs
authors.forename: W J R
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Manoliu
authors.forename: P I J M
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Wuisman
mesh_terms: D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology; D010246:Paralysis, Obstetric / Q000150:complications*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012540:Scapula / Q000473:pathology; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology