title: The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): a multicultural cognitive assessment scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a simple method for detecting dementia that is valid across cultures, portable and easily administered by primary health care clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Culture and Health Advisory Groups were used in Stage 1 to develop culturally fair cognitive items. In Stage 2, clinical testing of 42 items was conducted in a multicultural sample of consecutive new referrals to the geriatric medicine outpatient clinic at Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia (n = 166). In Stage 3, the predictive accuracy of items was assessed in a random sample of community-dwelling elderly persons stratified by language background and cognitive diagnosis and matched for sex and age (n = 90).
  
  
  METHODS
  A research psychologist administered all cognitive items, using interpreters when needed. Each patient was comprehensively assessed by one of three geriatricians, who ordered relevant investigations, and implemented a standardized assessment of cognitive domains. The geriatricians also collected demographic information, and administered other functional and cognitive measures. DSM-IV criteria were used to assign cognitive diagnoses. Item validity and weights were assessed using frequency and logistic regression analyses. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine overall predictive accuracy of the RUDAS and the best cut-point for detecting cognitive impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6-item RUDAS assesses multiple cognitive domains including memory, praxis, language, judgement, drawing and body orientation. It appears not to be affected by gender, years of education, differential performance factors and preferred language. The area under the ROC curve for the RUDAS was 0.94 (95% CI 0.87-0.98). At a cut-point of 23 (maximum score of 30), sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 98%, respectively. Inter-rater (0.99) and test-retest (0.98) reliabilities were very high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 6-item RUDAS is portable and tests multiple cognitive domains. It is easily interpreted to other languages, and appears to be culturally fair. However, further validation is needed in other settings, and in longitudinal studies to determine its sensitivity to change in cognitive function over time.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia. joella_storey@swahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Joella E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Jeffrey T J
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basic
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Hugh G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Dickson
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires