title: Psychosocial functioning in patients with treatment resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a disorder that causes disability, with a profound adverse impact on all areas of psychosocial functioning. This is particularly true for those with treatment resistant depression (TRD). However, to date, no systematic assessments of psychosocial functioning for patients with TRD have been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we used the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) scale to measure psychosocial functioning in 92 patients with TRD. These patients met formal criteria for TRD and were part of a clinical trial examining the efficacy of lithium augmentation of nortriptyline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinicians rated this sample of patients as experiencing mild to moderate impairment in work-related activities, good to fair interpersonal relations, poor level of involvement in recreational activities, and mild impairment of ability to enjoy sexual activity. Patients and clinicians rated global social adjustment as poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with formally defined TRD experience significant impairment in psychosocial functioning. In this sample a tendency existed for both clinicians and patients to assign more severely impaired global ratings when compared with ratings for specific functional areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, WAC 812 Boston, MA 02114, USA. tpetersen@partners.org
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Papakostas
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mahal
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Guyker
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents