title: Catecholamine release in human skin--a microdialysis study.
abstract: Dermal microdialysis might be a promising tool to investigate properties of sympathetic neurons in the skin as investigation of peripheral noradrenergic neurons in humans usually relies on highly variable vasoconstrictor reflexes or on indirect measurements like skin temperature recordings. To evaluate this technique, 21 experiments were performed in 15 healthy subjects with four intracutaneous microdialysis fibers (diameter, 200 microm; cutoff, 5 kDa) at hands or feet. After 60 min, saline perfusion tyramine at concentrations of 0.195 to 200 microg/ml was applied for 15 min followed by a 15-min saline perfusion again. Catecholamine concentrations were detected through high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Control experiments were performed in human skin homogenates with and without tyramine incubation. In vivo, norepinephrine (NE) concentration increased from 36.3 +/- 10.2 pg/ml to 84.4 +/- 18.4 pg/ml (P < 0.001) during stimulation with tyramine, dialysate dopamine (DA) concentration increased from 105.2 +/- 36.5 pg/ml to 7162.4 +/- 3972.4 pg/ml (P < 0.001). Both tyramine-induced NE and DA release were dose-dependent (NE: r = 0.438, P < 0.05; DA: r = 0.894, P < 0.001). In skin homogenates, tyramine incubation led to a significant increase of DA concentrations (387.0 +/- 34.8 pg/ml, controls: 13.2 +/- 2.4 pg/ml; P < 0.05), while NE and epinephrine levels remained unchanged. In conclusion, our experiments show that dermal microdialysis is capable of locally measuring catecholamines in human skin. This offers the opportunity to investigate the function of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Additional to non-enzymatic oxidation, DA increase probably reflects metabolic degradation of tyramine by non-neuronal pathways and therefore does not reflect local sympathetic innervation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. stefan.leis@neuro.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leis
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drenkhahn
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnolt
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmelz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Birklein
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bickel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013546:Sweating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017779:Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014439:Tyramine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D014439:Tyramine