title: Groucho homologue Grg5 interacts with the transcription factor Runx2-Cbfa1 and modulates its activity during postnatal growth in mice.
abstract: Runx2-Cbfa1, a Runt transcription factor, plays important roles during skeletal development. It is required for differentiation and function of osteoblasts. In its absence, chondrocyte hypertrophy is severely impaired and there is no vascularization of cartilage templates during skeletal development. These tissue-specific functions of Runx2 are likely to be dependent on its interaction with other proteins. We have therefore searched for proteins that may modulate the activity of Runx2. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify a groucho homologue, Grg5, as a Runx2-interacting protein. Grg5 enhances Runx2 activity in a cell culture-based assay and by analyses of postnatal growth in mice we demonstrate that Grg5 and Runx2 interact genetically. We also show that Runx2 haploinsufficiency in the absence of Grg5 results in a more severe delay in ossification of cranial sutures and fontanels than occurs with Runx2 haploinsufficiency on a wild-type background. Finally, we find shortening of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, and expansion of the resting zone in the growth plates of Runx2(+/-) Grg5(-/-) mice that are associated with reduced Ihh expression and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling. We therefore conclude that Grg5 enhances Runx2 activity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: WenFang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: You-Gan
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reginato
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Glotzer
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukai
authors.forename: Sofiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plotkina
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karsenty
authors.forename: Bjorn R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006652:Histological Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C089462:Tle5 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors