title: Use of activated bentonites in controlled-release formulations of atrazine.
abstract: The herbicide atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) was incorporated in alginate-based granules to obtain controlled-release (CR) properties. The basic formulation [sodium alginate (1.40%)-atrazine (0.60%)-water] was modified by the addition of sorbents. The effect on atrazine release rate caused by the incorporation of acid-treated bentonite (0.5 and 2.5 M H2SO4) in alginate formulation was studied by immersion of the granules in water under static conditions. The water uptake, sorption capacity of the sorbent, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, t50, were calculated for the comparison of the preparations. t50 values were longer for those formulations containing acid-treated bentonite (36.78 and 29.01 days for 0.5 and 2.5 M H2SO4 treatments, respectively) than for the preparation without bentonite (9.69 days). On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the herbicide release data, it appears that the release of atrazine from the various formulations into water is controlled by diffusion mechanism. The sorption capacity of the sorbents and the permeability of the formulations (ranging from 4.99 to 20.83 mg day(-1) mm(-1)) were the most important factors affecting herbicide release.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Almería, Almería 04120, Spain. mfernand@ual.es
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Pérez
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores-Céspedes
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Pradas
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villafranca-Sánchez
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-García
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Garrido-Herrera
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001280:Atrazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D006540:Herbicides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008433:Mathematics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014867:Water; D001546:Bentonite; D001280:Atrazine