title: Thalidomide-based TNF-alpha inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases.
abstract: Inflammatory processes associated with the over-production of cytokines, particularly of TNF-alpha, accompany numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, in addition to numerous systemic conditions, exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). TNF-alpha has been validated as a drug target with Remicade and Enbrel available as prescription medications. Both, however, are large macromolecules, require injection and have limited brain access. The classical drug, thalidomide is being increasingly used in the clinical management of a wide spectrum of diseases. As its clinical value in treating ENL derives from its TNF-alpha inhibitory activity, thalidomide was chosen for structural modification for the discovery of novel and more potent isosteric analogues with appropriate lipophilicity to insure high brain penetration. TNF-alpha inhibitory activity was evaluated against lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in cell culture, whose viability was quantified to differentiate reductions in TNF-alpha secretion from that associated with cellular toxicity. Specific analogues potently inhibited TNF-alpha secretion, compared to thalidomide. This involved a post-transcriptional mechanism, as they decreased TNF-alpha mRNA stability via its 3'-untranslated region (UTR), as determined by luciferase activity in stably transfected cells with and without the 3'-UTR of human TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Drug Design and Development Section, Lab. of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Prog., National Inst. on Aging, National Inst. of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. GreigN@vax.grc.nia.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Nigel H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Greig
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Xiaoxiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Qian-Sheng
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tracy Ann
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Harold W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brossi
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sambamurti
authors.forename: Debomoy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lahiri
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013792:Thalidomide