title: The role of beta-catenin, TGF beta 3, NGF2, FGF2, IGFR2, and BMP4 in the pathogenesis of mesenteric sclerosis and angiopathy in midgut carcinoids.
abstract: A subset of midgut carcinoids (MCs) result in mesenteric angiopathy (MA) and bowel infarction as a consequence of vascular compression caused by extensive mesenteric sclerosis (MS). The goal of this study was to determine whether the level of expression of several fibrosing-related growth factors was related to the finding of MA and/or MS in MCs. Eighteen cases of MC, 6 with both extensive MS and MA (group I), 5 with extensive MS only (group II), and 7 with ordinary MS only (group III), were analyzed for immunoexpression of beta-catenin, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF beta 2), nerve growth factor 2 (NGF2), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), and bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Standard immunohistochemical technique was used following antigen retrieval. Immunostaining was scored semiquantitively as the product of the percentage and intensity (0 to 2+) of the immunostaining, giving a possible range of 0 to 200. One-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney nonparametric analyses were used for statistical analysis. The mean scores of immunoreactivity of each factor in groups I, II, and III were as follows: 135, 174, and 147 for beta-catenin (cytoplasmic reactivity only); 106, 112, and 92 for TGF beta 3; 1.67, 32, and 36 for NGF-2; 2.5, 48, and 55 for FGF-2; 19, 112, and 66 for IGFR2; 140, 45, and 52 for BMP4. There were significant differences in NGF-2 immunoreactivity between groups I and III (P = 0.0023) and in BMP4 immunoreactivity between groups I and II (P = 0.017) and groups I and III (P = 0.022). All MCs expressed high levels of membranous beta-catenin, moderate levels of TGF beta 3 and IGFR2, and low levels of FGF-2, with no significant differences seen among the groups. MCs with prominent MS and MA (group I) expressed significantly higher BMP4 than those in groups II and III, suggesting a potential role of BMP4 in the pathogenesis of MA. The level of NGF-2 expression was significantly lower in group I than in group III, possibly indicating abnormal angiogenesis in the formation of angiopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Emma E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Furth
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Goldblum
authors.forename: Therisa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pasha
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012598:Sclerosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances