title: Recurrent third-trimester fetal loss and maternal mosaicism for long-QT syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of germ-line mosaicism in genetic disease is probably underestimated, even though recent studies indicate that it may be involved in 10% to 20% of apparently de novo cases of several dominantly inherited genetic diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe here a case of repeated germ-line transmission of a severe form of long-QT syndrome (LQTS) from an asymptomatic mother with mosaicism for a mutation in the cardiac sodium channel, SCN5A. A male infant was diagnosed with ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac decompensation in utero at 28 weeks and with LQTS after birth, ultimately requiring cardiac transplantation for control of ventricular tachycardia. The mother had no ECG abnormalities, but her only previous pregnancy had ended in stillbirth with evidence of cardiac decompensation at 7 months' gestation. A third pregnancy also ended in stillbirth at 7 months, again with nonimmune fetal hydrops. The surviving infant was found to have a heterozygous mutation in SCN5A (R1623Q), previously reported as a de novo mutation causing neonatal ventricular arrhythmia and LQTS. Initial studies of the mother detected no genetic abnormality, but a sensitive restriction enzyme-based assay identified a small (8% to 10%) percentage of cells harboring the mutation in her blood, skin, and buccal mucosa. Cord blood from the third fetus also harbored the mutant allele, suggesting that all 3 cases of late-term fetal distress resulted from germ-line transfer of the LQTS-associated mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent late-term fetal loss or sudden infant death can result from unsuspected parental mosaicism for LQTS-associated mutations, with important implications for genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Fla, USA.
authors.forename: Todd E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Elicia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estrella
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Myerburg
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia de Viera
authors.forename: Niberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: Mary Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ahearn
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurlansky
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Nanette H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bishopric
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000209:etiology; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D005804:Genes, Lethal; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009030:Mosaicism; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017354:Point Mutation; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012008:Recurrence; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; C568320:SCN5A protein, human; D015222:Sodium Channels