title: Treatment of stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves neurological function in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors and the survival of maturing erythroid cells. Here, we investigated the role of EPO in brain repair after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated with recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) at 24 hours after the onset of embolic stroke. An array of behavior tests was performed. Rats were euthanized 28 days after stroke for measurements of infarct volume, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. In vitro, neurospheres derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the rat and cerebral endothelial cells derived from the mouse were treated with rhEPO. Capillary-like tube formation and neuronal differentiation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with rhEPO significantly improved functional recovery, along with increases in density of cerebral microvessels at the stroke boundary and numbers of BrdU, doublecortin, and nestin immunoreactive cells in the SVZ. rhEPO treatment significantly increased brain levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In vitro, rhEPO enhanced capillary tube formation of cerebral endothelial cells, which was inhibited by a specific VEGF receptor 2 antagonist (SU1498). Incubation of neurospheres derived from stroke SVZ with anti-EPO neutralizing antibody inhibited neurogenesis, whereas incubation of stroke-derived neurospheres with rhEPO enhanced neurogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that EPO-increased VEGF and BDNF may be involved in angiogenesis and neurogenesis, which could contribute to functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Mich, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhenggang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ruilan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopp
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D023421:Models, Animal; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C000714848:Dcx protein, rat; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004921:Erythropoietin