title: Evaluation of several pneumatic micronebulizers with different designs for use in ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Future directions for further improvement.
abstract: This paper reports characterization of the behavior of five pneumatic micronebulizers based on slightly different designs in inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS). Two nebulizers were used as reference nebulizers, a high-efficiency nebulizer (HEN) and a micromist (MM). They were compared with a commercially available PFA (tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer) nebulizer and with two new prototypes called the polymeric pneumatic concentric nebulizer (PMN) and the high-solids micronebulizer (HSM). The dimensions of the nebulizers, the gas back-pressure, and the free liquid uptake rates were measured. The study also included tertiary aerosol drop-size distributions, analyte transport rate, and analytical figures of merit, i.e. sensitivities and limits of detection, both in ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Recoveries for two food solid reference materials were also determined. Overall, the results indicated that the PFA and the HEN nebulizers provided the best results. These two nebulizers delivered a higher mass of analyte to the plasma and showed better sensitivies giving lower limits of detection than the PMN, HSM and MM. The results revealed that the liquid prefilming effect occurring before aerosol production in the PFA nebulizer promoted more efficient interaction of liquid and gas, thus affording good results even though gas back-pressure values could be maintained below 3 bar. In contrast, the HEN had to be operated at about 7 bar under the same conditions. Nebulizer design did not have a relevant effect on the recovery, which confirmed that the spray chamber plays an important role in terms of non-spectroscopic interferences.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain. salvador.maestre@ua.es
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Maestre
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Todolí
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mermet
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols