title: Automatic auditory processing of english words as indexed by the mismatch negativity, using a multiple deviant paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate mismatch negativity (MMN) responses to a variety of speech stimuli (/de:/, /ge:/, /deI/ "day", and /geI/ "gay") in a multiple deviant paradigm. It was hypothesized that all speech stimulus contrasts in the multiple deviant paradigm, including the fine acoustic speech contrast [d/g], would elicit robust MMN responses and that consonant vowel (CV) real word deviants (e.g., "day" and "gay") would elicit larger MMN responses than CV nonword deviants (e.g., "de" and "ge") within and across experimental contrasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy, right-handed, native English-speaking adults (23.4 +/- 2.27 yr) with normal hearing were presented with 12 blocks of stimuli, using a multiple deviant oddball paradigm. Each of the four speech stimuli were presented as standards (p = 0.7) in three blocks, with the remaining stimuli acting as deviants (p = 0.1 each). Subjects were also presented with the same stimuli in a behavioral discrimination task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMN responses to the fine acoustic speech contrast [d/g] (e.g., "de" versus "ge", "day" versus "gay") did not reach significance. However, a significant and larger MMN response was obtained at an earlier latency to the real word deviants among nonword standards with the same initial consonant (i.e., de-->day, ge-->gay) when compared with the responses to nonword deviants among word standards (day-->de, gay-->ge).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that MMN responses could be elicited by speech stimuli with large, single acoustic deviances, within a multiple deviant paradigm design. This result has positive clinical implications for the testing of subjects who may only tolerate short testing sessions (e.g., pathological populations) in that responses to a wider range of speech stimuli may be recorded without necessarily having to increase session length. The results also demonstrated that MMN responses were elicited by large, single acoustic deviances but not fine acoustic deviances within the speech stimuli. The poor results for the fine acoustic deviances support previous studies that have used single contrast paradigms and found that when carefully controlled methodological designs and strict methods of analysis are applied, robust responses to fine-grained CV syllable contrasts may be difficult to obtain. The enhanced MMN observed in response to the real word deviants among nonword standards may provide further evidence for the presence of long-term neural traces for words in the brain, however possible contextual effects limit the interpretation of these data. Further research is needed to investigate the ability of the MMN response to accurately reflect speech sounds with fine acoustic contrasts, as well as the ability of the MMN to reflect neural traces for words in the brain, before it can be reliably used as a clinical tool in the investigation of spoken word processing in pathological populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech Pathology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Catharine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.forename: Curtis W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ponton
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finnigan
authors.forename: Paavo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alku
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kei
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sockalingam
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chenery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*