title: Prevalence of Parkinson disease in Singapore: Chinese vs Malays vs Indians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of Parkinson disease (PD) in Singapore and compare the rates between Singaporean Chinese, Malays, and Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-phase community-based survey among a disproportionate random sample of 15,000 individuals (9,000 Chinese, 3,000 Malays, 3,000 Indians) aged 50 years and above who live in central Singapore was conducted. In phase 1, trained interviewers conducted a door-to-door survey using a validated 10-question questionnaire. In phase 2, medical specialists examined participants who screened positive to any of the questions. Participants suspected to have PD had their diagnosis confirmed in phase 3 by a movement disorders specialist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participation rate was 67% among 22,279 eligible individuals. Forty-six participants with PD were identified of which 16 were newly diagnosed cases. The prevalence rate of PD for those aged 50 and above in Singapore was 0.30% (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.41), age-adjusted to US 1970 census. The prevalence rates increased significantly with age. The age-adjusted prevalence rates among Chinese (0.33%, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.48), Malays (0.29%, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.67), and Indians (0.28%, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.67) were the same (p = 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PD in Singapore was comparable to that of Western countries. Race-specific rates were also similar to previously reported rates and similar among the three races. Environmental factors may be more important than racially determined genetic factors in the development of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. louis_tan@ttsh.com.sg
authors.forename: L C S
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venketasubramanian
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahadevan
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Krishnamoorthy
authors.forename: A K Y
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008296:Malaysia / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires