title: A microarray screen for novel candidate genes in coeliac disease pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The causative molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of coeliac disease are poorly understood. To unravel novel aspects of disease pathogenesis, we used microarrays to determine changes in gene expression of duodenal biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  cDNA microarrays representing 19 200 genes were used to compare gene expression profiles of duodenal biopsies from 15 coeliac disease patients with villous atrophy (Marsh III) and seven control individuals with normal biopsies (Marsh 0). In addition, the specific effect of gluten was studied by comparing the expression profiles of Marsh III lesions of seven patients exposed to gluten with four patients on a gluten free diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing Marsh III with Marsh 0 lesions identified 109 genes that differed significantly (p<0.001) in expression levels between patients and controls. A large number of these genes have functions in proliferation and differentiation pathways and might be important for correct development of crypt-villous units. Alterations in these pathways may lead to the characteristic hyperplasia and villous atrophy seen in coeliac disease. The analyses also revealed 120 differentially expressed genes (p<0.005) when comparing patients on a gluten free diet with those exposed to gluten. These genes further strengthen our observation of increased cell proliferation in the presence of gluten.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides new candidate genes in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Based on our results, we hypothesise that villous atrophy in coeliac disease patients is due to failure in cell differentiation. These genes are involved in pathways not previously implicated in coeliac disease pathogenesis and they may provide new targets for therapy.
authors.affiliation: Complex Genetics Group, Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diosdado
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wapenaar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goerres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadithi
authors.forename: J B A
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Crusius
authors.forename: J W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: C J J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: F C P
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Holstege
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wijmenga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens