title: Prostatic tissue ablation by injection: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most men 50 to 80 years old will have development of some degree of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Many who experience lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) will be treated medically. However, significant numbers will have more severe and progressive disease requiring surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate is the current gold standard of treatment for BPH. Minimally invasive therapies for symptomatic BPH emerge and fade continuously. However, intraprostatic injection for BPH has been used for more than 100 years and may be on the verge of a rebirth. The goal of this review is to familiarize the reader with the origins and history of intraprostatic injection, and its evolution using transperineal, transrectal and transurethral routes with multiple injectants. Initially used to treat urinary retention in men with BPH, its primary indication is now for LUTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a structured MEDLINE review of the literature on intraprostatic injections from 1966 to 2003, augmented with relevant articles from select journals and documents dating to 1832.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with BPH transperineal and transurethral injections have the most systematic evaluation. Most injectants will cause localized prostatic necrosis and gland volume reduction with varying degrees of LUTS relief. Anhydrous ethanol is the most widely studied injectable to date. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with each route of injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examined for more than a century, the potential for using injectables for prostatic tissue ablation remains significant. More systematic laboratory research and clinical trials, currently ongoing, need to be completed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA. mark.plante@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zvara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012997:Solvents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A