title: Caffeinated coffee consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have generally suggested no effect of coffee consumption on the risk of acute myocardial infarction. The effect of coffee consumption on prognosis after acute myocardial infarction is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an inception cohort study, we observed 1935 patients who were hospitalized with a confirmed acute myocardial infarction between 1989 and 1994 at 45 community hospitals and tertiary care centers in the United States, as part of the Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study. Trained interviewers assessed self-reported caffeinated coffee consumption before infarction with a standardized questionnaire. We analyzed survival censored at December 31, 1995, using Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1902 patients for whom we had information on coffee intake, 315 (17%) died during a median follow-up period of 3.8 years. Coffee drinkers tended to be men, younger, and free of comorbidity, and they were more likely to be current smokers. Coffee consumption was not associated with an overall change in long-term post-infarction mortality rate. However, we did observe an unexpected and unexplained variation in the association between coffee consumption and mortality with time, with an apparent inverse association in the first 90 days after infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported coffee consumption has no overall association with post-infarction mortality. The unexpected time variation in the effect of coffee intake requires evaluation in other studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass 02215, USA. kmukamal@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maclure
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013662:Tea; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine