title: Enhancement of hepatocarcinogenesis by kojic acid in rat two-stage models after initiation with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine or N-diethylnitrosamine.
abstract: Kojic acid (KA) has been used as a food additive for preventing enzymatic browning of crustaceans and as a cosmetic agent for skin whitening. In the present experiments, effects of KA on the induction of hepatic pre-neoplastic lesions in N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine-initiated (experiment 1) and non-initiated (experiment 2) models, and its promoting influence in a medium-term liver bioassay (experiment 3) were investigated at dietary doses of up to 2% in male F344 rats. In experiment 1, 2% KA feeding induced significant increases in numbers (22.3 +/- 13.0 vs 8.5 +/- 3.4 in the 0%) and areas (0.37 +/- 0.29 vs 0.05 +/- 0.03 in the 0%) of glutathione-S-transferase P form (GST-P)-positive foci and toxic changes such as vacuolation of hepatocytes and microgranulomas. The development of GST-P-positive foci was pronounced in the animals with hepatocellular toxic changes. In experiment 2, numbers (0.65 +/- 0.57 vs 0.17 +/- 0.28 in the 0%) and areas (0.005 +/- 0.005 vs 0.0007 +/- 0.0012 in the 0%) of GST-P-positive foci and hepatocellular proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression (3.8 +/- 2.3 vs 2.6 +/- 0.7 in the 0%) were significantly increased by the 2% treatment. The PCNA-positive hepatocytes were abundantly localized around the vacuolated and granulomatous legions in both experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 3, significant increases in numbers (16.9 +/- 3.2 vs 8.4 +/- 2.7 in the 0%) and areas (1.62 +/- 0.39 vs 0.77 +/- 0.34 in the 0%) of GST-P-positive foci were again observed with 2% KA. These results demonstrate tumor-promoting and possible hepatocarcinogenic activity of KA at 2%, but the carcinogenic potential is likely to be weak. This study also indicated that enhanced replication of hepatocytes related to toxic changes might be involved as an underlying mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onose
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsumori
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011753:Pyrones / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011753:Pyrones; C016509:2-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; C011890:kojic acid; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase