title: Amplification targeting: a modified pretargeting approach with potential for signal amplification-proof of a concept.
abstract: Conventional nuclear medicine imaging with large radiolabeled molecules such as antitumor antibodies suffers from slow localization and clearance. Pretargeting is under active investigation as an alternative using either (strept)avidin/biotin, bispecific antibodies, or oligomers. However, only the use of oligomers such as phosphorodiamidate morpholinos (MORFs) in pretargeting offers the potential of signal amplification at the target. Amplification targeting is a multistep procedure with the potential to greatly improve target localization of radioactivity (and eventually drugs) through the intermediate use of polymers conjugated with multiple copies of oligomers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to prove the concept in vivo in tumored mice of amplfication targeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nude mice bearing LS174T tumors received in order: the anti-CEA antibody MN14 conjugated with MORF, a polymer conjugated with multiple copies of complementary MORFs (cMORFs), and, finally, (99m)Tc-MORF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In tumored animals, dual radiolabels ((99m)Tc and (111)In) were used to demonstrate that, after 18 h, about 25% of antibody MORFs in tumor were targeted with polymeric cMORFs and, after 3 h, about 12% of the polymeric cMORFs in tumor were targeted with (99m)Tc-MORF. Therefore, hybridization in tumor in both cases (i.e., polymeric cMORF to antibody MORF and radiolabeled MORF to polymeric cMORF) was surprisingly efficient given the barriers to targeting in vivo and the competition between targeting and clearance. Moles of radiolabeled MORF accumulating in tumor were more than tripled for study animals receiving all 3 injections compared with control animals not receiving the antibody or the polymer. Furthermore, MORF expression (on antibody) and cMORF expression (on polymer) were rapidly lost in normal organs such as liver, spleen, and kidneys but not in tumor, thus improving the target-to-nontarget ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although signal amplification has not yet been convincingly demonstrated and amplification targeting will require further studies for optimization, the concept has now been shown to be feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Guozheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Yumin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusckowski
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hnatowich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013667:Technetium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013667:Technetium