title: Practical methods for dealing with 'not applicable' item responses in the AMC Linear Disability Score project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whenever questionnaires are used to collect data on constructs, such as functional status or health related quality of life, it is unlikely that all respondents will respond to all items. This paper examines ways of dealing with responses in a 'not applicable' category to items included in the AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) project item bank.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data examined in this paper come from the responses of 392 respondents to 32 items and form part of the calibration sample for the ALDS item bank. The data are analysed using the one-parameter logistic item response theory model. The four practical strategies for dealing with this type of response are: cold deck imputation; hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the 'tendency to respond to items'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The item and respondent population parameter estimates were very similar for the strategies involving hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the 'tendency to respond to items'. The estimates obtained using the cold deck imputation method were substantially different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cold deck imputation method was not considered suitable for use in the ALDS item bank. The other three methods described can be usefully implemented in the ALDS item bank, depending on the purpose of the data analysis to be carried out. These three methods may be useful for other data sets examining similar constructs, when item response theory based methods are used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.holman@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Cees A W
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glas
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindeboom
authors.forename: Aeilko H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011336:Probability; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires