title: Differential impact of some Aspergillus species on Meloidogyne javanica biocontrol by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to determine the influence of some Aspergillus species on the production of nematicidal agent(s) in vitro and biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica in tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens strains CHA0 and CHA0/pME3424.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six species of Aspergillus, isolated from the rhizosphere of certain crops, produced a variety of secondary metabolites in vitro. Culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Ps. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol overproducing mutant CHA0/pME3424 grown in King's B liquid medium caused significant mortality of M. javanica juveniles in vitro. Bacterial growth medium amended with CF of A. niger enhanced nematicidal and beta-galactosidase activities of fluorescent pseudomonads while A. quadrilineatus repressed such activities. Methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of the CF of A. niger markedly optimized bacterial efficacy to cause nematode deaths while hexane extract of the fungus had no influence on the nematicidal activity of the bacterial strains. A. niger applied alone or in conjunction with the bacterial inoculants inhibited root-knot nematode galling in tomato. On the other hand, A. quadrilineatus used alone or together with CHA0 did not inhibit nematode galling but when used in combination with strain CHA0/pME3424 did reduce galling intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aspergillus niger enhances the production of nematicidal compounds by Ps. fluorescensin vitro and improves biocontrol potential of the bacterial inoculants in tomato while A. quadrilineatus reduces bacterial performance to suppress root-knot nematodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhizosphere harbours a variety of micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Aspergillus species are ubiquitous in most agricultural soils and generally produce a variety of secondary metabolites. Such metabolites synthesized by Aspergillus species may influence the production of nematicidal agents and subsequent biocontrol performance of the bacterial inoculants against plant-parasitic nematodes. This fact needs to be taken into consideration when using biocontrol strains in an agriculture system.
authors.affiliation: Soil Biology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. imran_75850@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shaukat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000898:Antibiosis; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned