title: How informative are parent reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms for assessing outcome in clinical trials of long-acting treatments? A pooled analysis of parents' and teachers' reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The validity of parent reports of children's attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms has been questioned, especially in clinical trials. Some advocate the exclusive use of teacher reports, maintaining that parent reports are not sensitive to changes in ADHD symptoms. This study compares the ability of parent and teacher reports to document change during clinical trials of long-acting treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search of Medline to identify any published clinical trials in pediatric ADHD that met the following criteria: 1) used a randomized design, 2) examined the efficacy of long-acting agents or standard formulations using 3-times-a-day dosing, and 3) used both parent and teacher reports of the same measure of ADHD symptoms as a study outcome. For each measurement of ADHD symptoms, we calculated effect sizes for parent and teacher reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three large, randomized, controlled clinical trials were identified (N = 1445 subjects). For every outcome for which teacher reports documented significant improvement, parent reports did also. Pooled analysis revealed a larger effect captured by the parent report relative to the teacher report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that parent reports are at least as sensitive to detecting change in ADHD symptoms as teacher reports in clinical trials that assess the efficacy of long-acting agents. These results suggest that parent reports are informative for detecting change during treatment of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.forename: Joel R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grossbard
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013663:Teaching