title: Specific cardiac disorders in 402 consecutive patients with ischaemic cardioembolic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the cardiological substrate in acute stroke patients presenting with a cardioembolic stroke subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 402 consecutive patients with cardioembolic stroke (cerebral infarction, n=347; transient ischaemic attack, n=55) were collected from a prospective hospital-based stroke registry in which data on 2000 stroke patients over a 10-year period were included. In all patients, specific cardiac disorders were identified by physical examination and results of electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography. Holter monitoring and more sensitive techniques of cardiac imaging were used in selected cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardioembolic cerebral ischaemia accounted for 20% of all acute strokes (25% of ischaemic cerebrovascular events). Cardiac sources of embolism included the following: (a) structural cardiac disorders associated with arrhythmia (n=232), the most frequent being left ventricular hypertrophic hypertensive disease (n=120) and rheumatic mitral valve disease (n=49); (b) structural cardiac disease with sustained sinus rhythm (n=81), the most frequent being systolic left ventricular dysfunction of both ischaemic (n=35) or non-ischaemic (n=24) aetiology; and (c) isolated atrial dysrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, n=88 and atrial flutter, n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertrophic hypertensive cardiac disease complicated with atrial fibrillation was the most frequent cardiac source of emboli in cardioembolic stroke. Other important cardiac sources were isolated atrial fibrillation, rheumatic mitral valve disease, and systolic left ventricular dysfunction of ischaemic and non-ischaemic cause. The incidence of traditional emboligenous-prone cardiac disorders, such as mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular calcification was low.
authors.affiliation: Service of Cardiology, Hospital del Sagrat Cor, C/ Viladomat 288, E-08029 Barcelona, Spain. aarboixd@meditex.es
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pujadas Capmany
authors.forename: Adrià
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arboix
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casañas-Muñoz
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anguera-Ferrando
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology