title: Will changes in primary care improve health outcomes? Modelling the impact of financial incentives introduced to improve quality of care in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the total health gain from improving the quality of care among patients with cardiovascular disease in line with the quality indicator targets in the new contract for general practitioners (GPs) in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical modelling, applying population impact measures to estimate cardiovascular health gains from achieving treatment targets in the GP contract, taking into account current levels of treatment and control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of events prevented in the population over 5 years applied to a national general practice population of 10,000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest health gain in those aged 45-84 years would come from reaching cholesterol reduction targets. This could prevent 15 events in people with coronary heart disease, seven events in those with a history of stroke, and seven events in those with diabetes. Achieving blood pressure control targets in hypertensive patients without the above conditions could prevent 15 cardiovascular events, with further benefits from reducing blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure and coronary heart disease, stroke, or diabetes. Achieving other targets would have smaller impacts because high levels of care are already being achieved or because of the low prevalence of conditions or associated event risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to quantify the health gain to a practice population of achieving quality targets such as those set in the new GP contract. The amount of health gain is sensitive to current quality of care, prevalence of conditions, and risk factors, and to the size of change anticipated. Nevertheless, it appears that significant health gains could result from achieving the proposed quality targets.
authors.affiliation: Evidence for Population Health Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. patrick.mcelduff@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McElduff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyratzopoulos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shekelle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D002784:Cholesterol; D001241:Aspirin