title: Evaluation of the Iowa Medicaid pharmaceutical case management program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of pharmaceutical case management (PCM) on medication safety and health care utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort design with 9-month follow-up period (enrollment from October 1, 2000, through July 1, 2001, with follow-up through July 1, 2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Iowa Medicaid program.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,211 noninstitutionalized, continuously eligible Iowa Medicaid patients taking four or more chronic medications including at least one agent commonly used in at least 1 of 12 specific diseases who were cared for by pharmacists in 117 pharmacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reimbursement for PCM services (initial patient assessment, written recommendations to physician, follow-up assessments and communication of progress and new problems to physician).
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of high-risk medications, Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) score, health care utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacists in 114 pharmacies had eligible patients during at least one quarter during the study period; 28 pharmacies were classified as high intensity based on the number of PCM patients they managed. A total of 524 of the eligible patients received 1,599 PCM services; 90% of claims were filed by pharmacists, and the remainder by physicians. Nearly one half (46.1%) of medications and 92.1% of patients had at least one medication problem before PCM. By closeout, the percentage of medications with problems decreased in 8 of 10 MAI domains for those who received PCM. Compared with baseline, mean MAI score improved significantly from 9.4 to 8.3 among PCM recipients (P < .001). Percentage of PCM recipients using high-risk medications decreased significantly compared with PCM eligibles who did not receive the service. In the 28 pharmacies that adopted the new service most intensely, patients had a significant decrease in high-risk medication use, compared with patients of low-intensity pharmacies (P < .001). No difference was observed between PCM recipients and PCM eligibles who did not receive PCM in health care utilization or charges, even after including reimbursements for PCM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication safety problems were prevalent in this high-risk population. The PCM program improved medication safety during a 9-month follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Health Effectiveness Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. e-chrischilles@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Chrischilles
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Shari S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen-Hardee
authors.forename: Margaret D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Voelker
authors.forename: Tae-Ryong
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Angela K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kuehl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires