title: The effectiveness of pin site care for patients with external fixators.
abstract: The aim of this mini-review was to establish if cleaning, dressing and removing crusts from external fixator or skeletal pin sites affected the risk of infection. A systematic search was conducted using Cochrane, Medline, CINAHL and Embase databases. Inclusion criteria were orthopaedic patients with skeletal pins or external fixator devices applied to either upper or lower limbs. The databases were searched for controlled studies comparing at least one aspect of pin site care (cleansing, dressing or crust removal) with a control group of 'observation only'. Only one study met the inclusion criteria. It focused on cleansing external fixator pin sites. The study included two treatment groups, one using 0.9% normal saline and one using 70% alcohol, and a control group which had no cleansing. While the control group had a more favourable outcome than the treatment groups, there is still insufficient evidence from this one study to recommend no cleansing. It is also important to note that the most frequently recommended solution for cleansing pin sites in UK protocols (0.9% normal saline) had the worst outcome, therefore its efficacy in this population may need to be challenged.
authors.affiliation: Regional Rehabilitation Unit, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK. heather.williams@nwlh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D001458:Bandages; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D016267:External Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D016530:Orthopedic Nursing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome