title: Assessment of a new cell culture perfusion apparatus for in vitro chronic toxicity testing. Part 2: toxicological evaluation.
abstract: The goal of replacement, refinement and reduction of animal testing is critically dependent on the development and assessment of novel in vitro methodologies and the further development of existing methodologies. Here, we evaluated the use of a modified perfusion cell culture apparatus for application to chronic in vitro nephrotoxicity testing using DMSO, SDS, paracetamol and cyclosporine A as test compounds. Renal epithelial monolayers were cultured on microporous growth supports and exposed to test compounds under static or perfusion conditions. Alamar Blue reduction, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and remnant protein were used to assay cell toxicity. There was no significant difference in IC(50) values between static and perfusion cultures up to 72 hours exposure. However, the perfusion system allowed continuous real-time monitoring of plasma membrane damage, which gives important information of time, duration and scale of toxicity. The complexity of the system restrains its use to low-throughput analysis. However, the real and theoretical advantages of this and similar systems merit further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Dept, The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, IRL-Dublin. Ireland. paul.jennings@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koppelstaetter
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000633:toxicity*; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D010078:Oxazines; D010477:Perfusion; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014966:Xanthenes; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010078:Oxazines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; D000082:Acetaminophen; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D016572:Cyclosporine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide