title: Complications associated with percutaneous nephrostomies. A retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the morbidity and mortality associated with radiologically guided percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 401 patients treated with 569 PCN over a 5-year period was performed. Using the Seldinger technique, the catheters (6-10 F) were placed under fluoroscopic, ultrasonographic, or CT guidance. Data on underlying disease, complications, subsequent management, and long-term management were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCN was successful in 558 of the 569 attempts (98%). There were 22 major complications (4%) in 569 procedures, including cardiac arrest, bleeding requiring transfusion or embolization, septicemia, hydrothorax or pneumothorax. There were 38% minor complications, including urinary tract infection, catheter dislodgement, catheter obstruction by debris, urinary leakage, and inflammation of the skin at the site of insertion of the percutaneous catheter. Seventy-seven (14%) of the procedures were followed by urinary tract infection during the PCN treatment. Seventy-nine (14%) catheters slipped out unintentionally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous nephrostomy is a gentle procedure associated with high technical success and low morbidity. However, the risk of the procedure has to be weighed against the expected benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden. eva.radecka@rtg.uas.lul.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Radecka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnusson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional