title: Nerve growth factor supplementation reverses the impairment, induced by Type 1 diabetes, of hindlimb post-ischaemic recovery in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 1 diabetes increases the risk of peripheral ischaemia and impairs recovery once ischaemia occurs, probably because the healing process is hampered by diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. In normoglycaemic mice subjected to limb ischaemia, blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF) compromises reparative angiogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated if expressional alterations of endogenous NGF system components are associated with diabetes-related impairment in neovascularisation. In addition, we tested whether the correction of NGF liabilities benefits post-ischaemic healing of Type 1 diabetic animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral hindlimb ischaemia was produced in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetic mice. Purified murine NGF (20 microg daily for 14 days) or PBS were injected into ischaemic adductors. Non-diabetic mice given PBS served as controls. Hindlimb blood flow was analysed sequentially for up to 14 days. At necroscopy, adductors were removed for quantification of microvessel density, endothelial cell apoptosis and NGF receptor expression. NGF content was determined by ELISA three days after ischaemia. In vitro, we tested whether NGF protects endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by high glucose and whether vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is involved in this beneficial effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscles removed from Type 1 diabetic mice showed reduced NGF content and up-regulation of the NGF p75 receptor. NGF supplementation promoted capillarisation and arteriogenesis, reduced apoptosis, and accelerated blood flow recovery. NGF stimulated VEGF-A production by human endothelial cells incubated in high-glucose medium and conferred resistance against high-glucose-induced apoptosis via a VEGF-A-mediated mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGF protects endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by Type 1 diabetes and facilitates reparative neovascularisation. The findings may open up new therapeutic options for the treatment of diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo and Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Salis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graiani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Desortes
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeddu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emanueli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020800:Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015424:Reperfusion; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020800:Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor