title: Bacteria and human autoimmunity: the case of primary biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intrahepatic bile ducts that eventually leads to liver cirrhosis and organ failure, in which several observations suggest an autoimmune origin. Similarly to other autoimmune diseases, microbial mediated molecular mimicry is the most widely studied trigger that may break immunologic tolerance in primary biliary cirrhosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypothesis of a bacterial role in the cause of primary biliary cirrhosis has received recent attention, based on in vitro data and the identification of a unique xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium that modulates naturally occurring environmental estrogens, namely, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence indicates that bacteria, through different mechanisms, may precipitate autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis and other autoimmune diseases. These data have several implications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Selmi
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*