title: The effect of preapplication of corticosteroids on skin irritation and performance of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer.
abstract: Skin irritation due to iontophoresis may limit the frequency of use of devices for drug delivery or transdermal extraction of analytes of clinical interest. This study examined whether preapplication of corticosteroid preparations could reduce skin irritation from iontophoresis used by the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA) in monitoring interstitial glucose levels frequently and automatically. Numerous corticosteroid preparations were screened to identify formulations that did not interfere with adhesion of the Biographer to the skin or glucose sensing. Kenalog (Westwood-Squibb Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Buffalo, NY) (triamcinolone acetonide) and Cortizone-10 Quick Shot (Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY) (hydrocortisone) sprays were selected and, in a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial, were applied to the forearms of 66 subjects with diabetes and allowed to dry. Biographers were applied and worn for 15 h, and home blood glucose measurements were taken every 30 min to assess accuracy. Irritation was assessed periodically by trained observers and study subjects. Skin irritation was reduced by both corticosteroid sprays, with the fraction of subjects who experienced moderate irritation reduced by 57% and 43% for the Kenalog and Cortizone-10 Quick Shot sprays, respectively. The treatment effect persisted at the 1-week assessment. Preapplication of these preparations did not affect the clinical utility of interstitial glucose readings. Preapplication of Kenalog or Cortizone-10 Quick Shot sprays significantly reduced skin irritation due to iontophoresis, and did not interfere with glucose measurements. This approach may enable the minority of users who experience moderate to severe skin irritation to use the Biographer more frequently for diabetes management.
authors.affiliation: Cygnus Inc., Redwood City, California 94063, USA.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Leptien
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopatin
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Comyns
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Eastman
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D004487:Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D004890:Erythema / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001786:Blood Glucose