title: Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isozymes in canine tissues and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cyclooxygenase isozyme distribution in tissues from dogs and determine the differential sensitivity of canine cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 isozymes to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine tissue samples (stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon, spleen, cerebral cortex, lung, ovary, kidney, and liver) were obtained from 2 dogs for northern and western blot analyses, and blood for whole blood COX assays was obtained from 15 dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 NSAIDs were evaluated to determine their COX-2 selectivity in whole blood assays. The concentrations of the drug needed to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) were then calculated for comparison. Expression and tissue distribution of COX isozymes were determined by northern and western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aspirin, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid, and piroxicam had little selectivity toward COX isozymes, whereas NS398, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, nimesulide, and etodolac had more than 5 times greater preference for inhibiting COX-2 than COX-1. All canine tissues examined, including those from the gastrointestinal tract, coexpressed COX-1 and -2 mRNA, although protein expression was observed only for COX-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canine COX-2 was selectively inhibited by etodolac, nimesulide, and NS398; tolfenamic acid and carprofen also appeared to be preferential COX-2 inhibitors in dogs. The roles of COX-1 as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme and COX-2 as a proinflammatory inducible enzyme (as determined in humans) appear to apply to dogs; therefore, COX-2-selective inhibitors should prove useful in reducing the adverse effects associated with nonselective NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Naduviladath V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Chandrasekharan
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Westover
authors.forename: Kendra B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Eager
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Simmons
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases