title: Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of an 8-week, water-based exercise program (experimental group) with that of an upper-extremity function program (control group) to increase cardiovascular fitness within a community setting for people with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public community center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A volunteer sample of 12 community-dwelling people with stroke with mild to moderate residual motor deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects participated in group exercise programs for 1 hour, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The experimental group exercised in chest-deep water at targeted heart rates. The control group performed arm and hand exercises while sitting. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was cardiovascular fitness (V(O2)max). Secondary measures were maximal workload, muscle strength, gait speed, and the Berg Balance Scale score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental group attained significant improvements over the control group in cardiovascular fitness, maximal workload, gait speed, and paretic lower-extremity muscle strength. The relatively short program (8 wk) of water-based exercise resulted in a 22% improvement in cardiovascular fitness in a small group of people with stroke who had relatively high function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A water-based exercise program undertaken as a group program may be an effective way to promote fitness in people with stroke.
authors.affiliation: School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, T325-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Janice J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Jocelyn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Atila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkaplan
authors.forename: Sif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gylfadóttir
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013551:Swimming Pools