title: The results of cytogenetic analysis with regard to intracytoplasmic sperm injection in males, females and fetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of chromosome abnormalities among couples for whom intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment was indicated and fetuses conceived through the ICSI procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cytogenetic results were evaluated retrospectively. Patients undergoing ICSI (n = 508) were classified according to the referring indications as: (1) males with severe infertility (87 azoospermia and 34 oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, OAT), (2) prior to ICSI (56 males and 61 females), and (3) following an unsuccessful ICSI procedure (132 males and 138 females). Fetuses conceived through ICSI (n = 475) were also classified into 4 groups according to the additional risk factors for chromosome abnormalities: ICSI (n = 185), ICSI + advanced maternal age (AMA, n = 215), ICSI + positive triple test result (TT, n = 50), and ICSI + abnormal ultrasound findings (USG, n = 25).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An abnormal karyotype was found in 31.03% of males with azoospermia and 14.71% of males with OAT, in 3.57% of males and 1.64% of females in the group prior to ICSI, and in 5.30 and 5.07%, respectively, in the group following unsuccessful ICSI treatment. Gonosomal aneuploidies were predominant in males with azoospermia and autosomal rearrangements in males with OAT, while low-level sex chromosome mosaicism was found in females. The overall frequency of chromosome abnormalities in fetuses was 4.42% and varied in the different groups from 1.62% in ICSI, 2.79% in ICSI + AMA, 10.0% in ICSI + TT to 28.0% in ICSI + USG. The frequencies of the different types of chromosome abnormalities were as follows: balanced 1.05%, unbalanced 3.37%, familial 0.84%, de novo 3.37%, autosomal 3.58%, gonosomal 0.84%, numerical 1.89%, structural abnormalities 2.53%, and mosaicism 1.26%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that cytogenetic investigations of the ICSI parents and fetuses are essential for the families, genetic counselors and also reproductive centers. In fetal karyotyping, de novo structural chromosome abnormalities and mosaicism should be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: PREMED Center for Genetic Diagnosis, Tesvikiye, Istanbul, Turkey. premed@premed.com.tr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basaran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engur
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aytan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karaman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanbari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toksoy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yuksel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cankat
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kervancioglu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wollnik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahceci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuksel-Apak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*