title: A hypothesis: interaction between supplemental iron intake and fermentation affecting the risk of colon cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study.
abstract: Fermentation in the large intestine can increase absorption of ferrous iron, which is the main form in supplements, because the solubility of ferrous iron is enhanced in the mildly acidic environments caused by fermentation. We therefore hypothesized that higher supplemental iron intake would increase the risk of colon cancer among those who consume large amounts of fermentable substrates, namely, dietary fiber and resistant starch. Among 34,708 postmenopausal women, supplemental iron was unrelated to proximal colon cancer in all women and to distal colon cancer among those consuming below the median of fermentable substrates. However, supplemental iron was positively associated with distal colon cancer among women who consumed above the median of fermentable substrates (P for interaction %lt; 0.01); the adjusted relative risks across categories of supplemental iron (0 g/day, 1-19 g/day, 20-49 g/day, and > or = 50 g/day) were 1.0, 1.24, 1.78, and 3.78 (P for trend < 0.01). This hypothesis needs confirmation in other cohort studies because, despite the significant trend, only nine cases were included in the top category of > or = 50 mg supplemental iron, and this finding could have arisen by chance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Duk-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015994:Incidence; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019266:Iron, Dietary