title: The age dependent relationship between facial fractures and skull fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide clinical evidence to support the age dependent relationship between facial fractures and skull fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of all children and adults admitted with combined facial fractures and skull fractures and skull fractures alone between January 1991 and November 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Albany Medical Center Hospital, a tertiary level-one trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and one children, ages 1 month to 17 years, with skull fractures (frontal, parietal, or temporal), and 41 children with concurrent facial fractures were included in this study. One hundred and thirty-nine adults, ages 18-90 years, with skull fractures, and 70 adults with concurrent facial fractures were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gender, age, skull fracture, facial fracture, Glasgow coma score (GCS), mechanism of injury, and outcome of all patients admitted with frontal, parietal, or temporal fractures with or without facial fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are a significantly greater (P < 0.001) number of facial fractures associated with skull fractures among adults as compared to children. Moreover, there is an exponential rise in facial fractures associated with skull fractures between infancy and adolescence. The GCS of children with combined facial and skull fractures is significantly lower than in those with skull fractures only (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectrum of craniofacial injuries is related to the specific developmental stage of the craniofacial skeleton. This is demonstrated by the variable pattern of combined facial and skull fractures observed clinically in children and adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, A71, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Feustel
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Koltai
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*