title: Repeat urethrotomy and dilation for the treatment of urethral stricture are neither clinically effective nor cost-effective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed an algorithm for the management of urethral stricture based on cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  United Kingdom medical and hospital costs associated with the current management of urethral stricture were calculated using private medical insurance schedules of reimbursement and clean intermittent self-catheterization supply costs. These costs were applied to 126 new patients treated endoscopically for urethral stricture in a general urological setting between January 1, 1991 and December 31, 1999. Treatment failure was defined as recurrent symptomatic stricture requiring further operative intervention following initial intervention. Mean followup available was 25 months (range 1 to 132).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The costs were urethrotomy/urethral dilation 2,250.00 pounds sterling (3,375.00 dollars, ratio 1.00), simple 1-stage urethroplasty 5,015.00 pounds sterling (7,522.50 dollars, ratio 2.23), complex 1-stage urethroplasty 5,335.00 pounds sterling (8,002.50 dollars, ratio 2.37) and 2-stage urethroplasty 10,370 pounds sterling (15,555.00 dollars, ratio 4.61). Of the 126 patients assessed 60 (47.6%) required more than 1 endoscopic retreatments (mean 3.13 each), 50 performed biweekly clean intermittent self-catheterization and 7 underwent urethroplasty during followup. The total cost per patient for all 126 patients for stricture treatment during followup was 6,113 pounds sterling (9,170 dollars). This cost was calculated by multiplying procedure cost by the number of procedures performed. A strategy of urethrotomy or urethral dilation as first line treatment, followed by urethroplasty for recurrence yielded a total cost per patient of 5,866 pounds sterling (8,799 dollars).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strategy of initial urethrotomy or urethral dilation followed by urethroplasty in patients with recurrent stricture proves to be the most cost-effective strategy. This financially based strategy concurs with evidence based best practice for urethral stricture management.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, London, United Kingdom. kelly.higgs@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Greenwell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Andrich
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mundy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004106:Dilatation / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*