title: Evaluation of methods of archwire ligation on frictional resistance.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of elastomeric type and stainless steel (SS) ligation on frictional resistance using a validated method. To assess the validity of the new test system to measure mean frictional forces, SS and TMA wires, each with dimensions of 0.017 x 0.025 and 0.019 x 0.025 inches, were used in combination with a self-ligating Damon II bracket or a conventional preadjusted edgewise premolar SS bracket without ligation. Four types of elastomeric module, purple, grey, Alastik or SuperSlick, and a pre-formed 0.09 inch SS ligature were then assessed as methods of ligation using preadjusted edgewise premolar SS brackets. The specimens were tested on a Nene M3000 testing machine, with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute and each test run lasted for 4 minutes. Each bracket/wire combination with each method of ligation was tested 10 times in the presence of human saliva and the mean frictional force was recorded. The mean frictional forces were compared using three-way analysis of variance. The Damon II self-ligating bracket and unligated conventional SS bracket produced negligible mean frictional forces with any of the wires tested. For the 0.017 x 0.025 SS, 0.019 x 0.025 SS or 0.019 x 0.025 inch TMA wires, SS ligatures produced the lowest mean frictional forces. With the 0.017 x 0.025 TMA wire, purple modules produced the lowest mean frictional force. There was no consistent pattern in the mean frictional forces across the various combinations of wire type, size and ligation method. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of passive self-ligating brackets is the only method of almost eliminating friction.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Orthodontics, Glasgow Dental School, UK.
authors.forename: Balvinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khambay
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McHugh
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020724:Elastomers; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008982:Molybdenum; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; D013193:Stainless Steel; D008982:Molybdenum; D014025:Titanium