title: Helping, spirituality and Alcoholics Anonymous in recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine how helping activities and spirituality--perhaps key influences on sobriety--change over recovery. The study also explores interrelations among Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), helping and spirituality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were administered to recovering alcoholics (118 men, 80 women) recruited at AA and Women for Sobriety meetings, treatment programs and through personal connections. A helping scale measured Recovery Helping (8-item alpha = 0.78), Life Helping (12-item alpha = 0.62), and Community Helping (6-item alpha = 0.60). The Daily Spiritual Experiences scale assessed two components of spirituality identified by factor analysis: Theism and Self-Transcendence. Two components of an AA scale, Involvement and Achievement, were also treated separately on the basis of factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling revealed that longer sobriety predicted significantly more time spent on Community Helping, less time spent on Recovery Helping and higher levels of Theism, Self-Transcendence and AA Achievement. Model covariances revealed that both AA components were related to more Recovery Helping and higher Theism. Both spirituality components related to all forms of helping, with one exception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight important changes in helping with length of sobriety. As their sobriety accumulates, recovering alcoholics seem to devote less time to informal helping and more time to organized community projects--perhaps indicating evolving needs and abilities. The results also suggest roles for AA and spirituality in encouraging helping, and they indicate that some forms of spirituality relate to AA affiliation. Future work might establish whether and when helping in different domains contributes to the maintenance of abstinence and to other drinking-related outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Suite 300, Berkeley, California 94709, USA. szemore@arg.org
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Zemore
authors.forename: Lee Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaskutas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000436:Alcoholics Anonymous; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003289:Convalescence; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013695:Temperance; D013997:Time Factors