title: Infection with HIV type 1 group M non-B subtypes in individuals living in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M non-B subtypes in individuals living in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1999 through April 2003, HIV-1-seropositive individuals were selected from 3 clinics in New York City based on having risk factors for infection with HIV-1 non-B subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma samples, and partial gag, pol, or env genes were amplified by PCR analysis. The infecting HIV-1 group M subtype was determined based on results of either heteroduplex mobility assay or sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven subjects were enrolled in the study. Of the 97 subjects, 91 (94%) were selected based on having emigrated from a non-European country, while 6 (6%) were native United States citizens. Subtypes were successfully determined in 53 (55%) of the 97 plasma samples tested. The subtypes in 2 plasma samples were unclassifiable. HIV-1 infections were classified as those due to the following group M subtypes: A (n = 4; 7%), B (n = 12; 22%), C (n = 8; 15%), F (n = 2; 4%), CRF01_AE-like (n = 7; 13%), CRF02_AG-like (n = 19; 34%), an intersubtype recombinant form G/A (n = 1; 2%), and unclassifiable viruses (n = 2; 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals infection with a broad variety of HIV-1 group M subtypes mostly in the immigrant population of New York City as well as how several non-B subtypes are being introduced into the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10010, USA. Jacqueline.Achkar@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Achkar
authors.forename: Sherri T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Burda
authors.forename: Frank A J
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: Mateusz M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Urbanski
authors.forename: Constance A U
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seifen
authors.forename: Martha N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kahirimbanyi
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parta
authors.forename: Helene C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lupatkin
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zolla-Pazner
authors.forename: Phillipe N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Nyambi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D015752:Genes, env; D015750:Genes, gag; D015751:Genes, pol; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014195:Travel
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral