title: Transdermal delivery of insulin using microneedles in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate arrays of solid microneedles and insert them into the skin of diabetic hairless rats for transdermal delivery of insulin to lower blood glucose level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arrays containing 105 microneedles were laser-cut from stainless steel metal sheets and inserted into the skin of anesthetized hairless rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. During and after microneedle treatment, an insulin solution (100 or 500 U/ml) was placed in contact with the skin for 4 h. Microneedles were removed 10 s, 10 min, or 4 h after initiating transdermal insulin delivery. Blood glucose levels were measured electrochemically every 30 min. Plasma insulin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay at the end of most experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arrays of microneedles were fabricated and demonstrated to insert fully into hairless rat skin in vivo. Microneedles increased skin permeability to insulin, which rapidly and steadily reduced blood glucose levels to an extent similar to 0.05-0.5 U insulin injected subcutaneously. Plasma insulin concentrations were directly measured to be 0.5-7.4 ng/ml. Higher donor solution insulin concentration, shorter insertion time, and fewer repeated insertions resulted in larger drops in blood glucose level and larger plasma insulin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solid metal microneedles are capable of increasing transdermal insulin delivery and lowering blood glucose levels by as much as 80% in diabetic hairless rats in vivo.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Wijaya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Martanto
authors.forename: Shawn P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Holiday
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Harvinder S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prausnitz
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005544:Forecasting; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D013193:Stainless Steel