title: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: ascending the learning curve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soon after its introduction, laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) became the procedure of choice in the surgical management of most adrenal tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome and learning curve of the first 100 cases operated by the same surgical team.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 100 consecutive LAs was performed. The parameters studied were indication for surgery, side and length of operation, intra- and postoperative complications, size of tumor, conversion to open surgery, final diagnosis, and length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1996 and 2002, 100 LAs were performed in 90 patients. The procedures included 45 left, 35 right, and 10 bilateral resections for pheochromocytoma (29), Cushings syndrome (27), Conns syndrome (16), nonfunctioning adenoma (13), and others (5). Mean tumor size was 4.16 cm (range, 0.3-11). Overall major morbidity occurred in eight patients (9%); there was one mortality due to cerebrovascular accident in an elderly patient. Five cases (5%) were converted to open surgery. The mean length of stay for the whole group was 4.7 days (range, 2-25). In order to assess the learning curve, procedures were divided into three, equal consecutive groups (n = 33, 33, and 34). Intraoperative complications in the intermediate and late groups were significantly less compared to those in the early group (2/33, 2/34, and 7/33, respectively; (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean operating time was significantly reduced between the early (169 min) and both intermediate (116 min) and late (127 min) groups (p < 0.005). The conversion rate was reduced between the three groups (3/33, 2/33, and 0/34), but this was not significant (p = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As expected, the outcome of LA is associated with a steep learning curve. According to this study, it seems that performance of approximately 30 cases by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon is required to master the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, 91031 Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goitein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoav
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reissman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies