Enrichment of endoplasmic reticulum with cholesterol inhibits sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2b activity in parallel with increased order of membrane lipids: implications for depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores and apoptosis in cholesterol-loaded macrophages.
Macrophages in advanced atherosclerotic lesions accumulate large amounts of unesterified, or "free," cholesterol (FC). FC accumulation induces macrophage apoptosis, which likely contributes to plaque destabilization. Apoptosis is triggered by the enrichment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with FC, resulting in depletion of ER calcium stores, and induction of the unfolded protein response. To explain the mechanism of ER calcium depletion, we hypothesized that FC enrichment of the normally cholesterol-poor ER membrane inhibits the macrophage ER calcium pump, sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2b (SERCA2b). FC enrichment of ER membranes to a level similar to that occurring in vivo inhibited both the ATPase activity and calcium sequestration function of SERCA2b. Enrichment of ER with ent-cholesterol or 14:0-18:0 phosphatidylcholine, which possess the membrane-ordering properties of cholesterol, also inhibited SERCA2b. Moreover, at various levels of FC enrichment of ER membranes, there was a very close correlation between increasing membrane lipid order, as monitored by 16-doxyl-phosphatidycholine electron spin resonance, and SERCA2b inhibition. In view of these data, we speculate that SERCA2b, a conformationally active protein with 11 membrane-spanning regions, loses function due to decreased conformational freedom in FC-ordered membranes. This biophysical model may underlie the critical connection between excess cholesterol, unfolded protein response induction, macrophage death, and plaque destabilization in advanced atherosclerosis.
Li
Yankun
Y
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Ge
Mingtao
M
Ciani
Laura
L
Kuriakose
George
G
Westover
Emily J
EJ
Dura
Miroslav
M
Covey
Douglas F
DF
Freed
Jack H
JH
Maxfield
Frederick R
FR
Lytton
Jonathan
J
Tabas
Ira
I
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008280:Magnetics; D051379:Mice; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D013997:Time Factors; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
D003505:Cyclodextrins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008055:Lipids; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010743:Phospholipids; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D002784:Cholesterol; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases