title: Biomechanical properties of the anterior urethra of the male rabbit--a study using impedance planimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anterior urethra of the male rabbit regarding its luminal cross-sectional area (CSA), CSA distensibility, circumferential tension-strain relation, histology and the collagen content of the tissue. material and methods: Nineteen rabbits were examined with impedance planimetry by distending the urethra at the passage from the spongious to the bulbous part and 1 cm proximally in the bulbous part. Four weeks later, eight rabbits underwent a second examination. After the measurements the urethras were processed for either histology or determination of collagen content. The urethras from six additional rabbits served as controls for histology and collagen content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CSA and the CSA distensibility were smaller at the distal than the proximal distension site. At both sites the CSA distensibility was high at low luminal pressure loads and decreased with increasing pressure. The circumferential tension-strain plot displayed an exponential relation, with a steeper slope distally than proximally. Repeated biomechanical investigation revealed a significantly increased CSA and a decreased slope of the circumferential tension-strain relation at both distension sites. The biomechanical investigation induced abrasion of the epithelium, extravasation of erythrocytes and separation of the collagen fibres, suggesting oedema of the luminal part of the wall. After 4 weeks the epithelium had changed from transitional to stratified, squamous and often keratinized epithelium and the collagen beneath the epithelium formed a dense network instead of wavy lines as seen in the control urethras. The collagen content was larger at the distal than the proximal distension site. No change in collagen content could be demonstrated between the urethras investigated once or twice with impedance planimetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-linear pressure-CSA, pressure-CSA distensibility and circumferential tension-strain relations found at both distension sites demonstrate that the urethra yields readily at low pressures, thus facilitating flow. At higher pressure loads, the tissue becomes less distensible, a property that protects it against over-distension and damage. Impedance planimetry cannot be used to study before-and-after phenomena as the biomechanical investigation changed both the histology and the biomechanical properties of the rabbit urethra.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark. hlandersen@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Duch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ledet
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Djurhuus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004106:Dilatation; D004548:Elasticity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D014521:Urethra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*