title: Phthalate esters enhance quinolinate production by inhibiting alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD), a key enzyme of the tryptophan pathway.
abstract: Tryptophan is metabolized to alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) via 3-hydroxyanthranilate (3-HA). ACMS decarboxylase (ACMSD) directs ACMS to acetyl CoA; otherwise ACMS is non-enzymatically converted to quinolinate (QA), leading to the formation of NAD and its degradation products. Thus, ACMSD is a critical enzyme for tryptophan metabolism. Phthalate esters have been suspected of being environmental endocrine disrupters. Because of the structural similarity of phthalate esters with tryptophan metabolites, we examined the effects of phthalate esters on tryptophan metabolism. Phthalate esters containing diets were orally given to rats and the urinary excreted tryptophan metabolites were quantified. Of the phthalate esters with different side chains tested, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolite, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), most strongly enhanced the production of QA and degradation products of nicotinamide, while 3-HA was unchanged. This pattern of metabolic change led us to assume that these esters lowered ACMSD protein or its activity. Although DEHP could not be tested because of its low solubility, MEHP reversibly inhibited ACMSD from rat liver and mouse kidney, and also the recombinant human enzyme. Correlation between inhibition of ACMSD by phthalate esters with different side chains and urinary excretion of QA supports the notion that phthalate esters perturb tryptophan metabolism by inhibiting ACMSD. Quinolinate is a potential endogenous toxin and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Although toxicity of phthalate esters through accumulation of QA remains to be investigated, they may be detrimental by acting as metabolic disrupters when intake of a tryptophan-rich diet and exposure to phthalate esters occur coincidentally.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Life Style Studies, School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuwatari
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohsaki
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuoka
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004952:Esters / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014364:Tryptophan; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C024396:aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase; D017378:Quinolinic Acid; C016599:mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate