title: Invasive group A streptococcal disease in North Queensland (1996 - 2001).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of group A streptococcal (GAS) invasive infections have been increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical and microbiological features of isolates obtained from invasive GAS infections in North Queensland, Australia between 1996 and 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and demographic data were collected prospectively. Isolates were biotyped, emm sequenced, M typed and tested for antibiotic sensitivity using E-test. Detection of the presence of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (spe) and fibronectin binding protein (prtF1) genes was also carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 109 isolates from blood and sterile sites. All isolates were sensitive to penicillin. Tetracycline and erythromycin resistance was seen in 11 and 2.7 per cent of isolates respectively. The isolates were evenly distributed by age and sex. The overall mortality was 7 per cent and there were 18 cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in which the mortality was 22 per cent. Indigenous patients had a crude incidence rate of 82.5 per 100,000 per year compared with 10.3 per 100,000 per year in the non-indigenous patients. There was no predominance of emm / M type or association of spe type with STSS. There was also no relationship between the presence of the prtF1 gene and invasive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive group A streptococci from North Queensland are similar to those from the Northern Territory of Australia in that no single strain is predominant. The indigenous population is overrepresented. Invasiveness and the development of streptococcal toxic shock is not related to the presence of the prtF1 gene or spe a or c.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia. robert_norton@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siegbrecht
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ketheesan
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017931:DNA Primers; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D005098:Exotoxins; C027951:erythrogenic toxin; C078635:fibronectin-binding proteins, bacterial