title: Analgesia after thoracotomy: epidural fentanyl/bupivacaine compared with intercostal nerve block plus intravenous morphine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intercostal nerve blockade plus intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) could be an easier and safer alternative to epidural analgesia for postthoracotomy pain, but information about the efficacy of this technique is scarce. The objective of this randomized study was to compare the quality of analgesia and lung function in 2 groups of patients undergoing pulmonary surgery through a posterolateral thoracotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups were studied: G1 (n = 16) patients received a 5-segment intercostal block plus IV PCA morphine, and G2 (n = 15) patients received a bupivacaine and fentanyl PCA infusion through a thoracic epidural catheter. Resting and dynamic visual analog pain scale (VAS) measurements, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second were measured basally, on arrival in the recovery room, then hourly up to 4 hours and then 12, 24 and 48 hours later. Results were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance, chi-square, or Fisher exact test. A p value < or =0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting and dynamic VAS scores were slightly lower in G2 patients, although only resting scores were significant. After the first hour, mean scores were below 4 in both groups. No significant difference was observed between groups in relation to respiratory parameters or side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that the difference in pain scores is probably not clinically significant shows that an intercostal block with bupivacaine plus IV morphine PCA is a good alternative for postthoracotomy pain management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. mconcha@med.puc.cl
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concha
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dagnino
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cariaga
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrero
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007367:Intercostal Nerves; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine