title: Atomic force microscopy of BHK-21 cells: an investigation of cell fixation techniques.
abstract: The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to image a wide variety of biological samples, including cultured cells, in air. Whilst cultured cells have been prepared for AFM analysis using a variety of matrices and fixatives, a definitive study of sample preparation and its effects on cell morphology has not, as far as the authors are aware, previously been reported. Although a considerable number of cell fixatives exist, no single fixative is ideal for all investigations. Prior to the performance of specialised techniques, such as atomic force microscopy of cultured cells in air, the cell fixation method must be investigated and optimised. The fixative abilities of 2% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate, 0.25% glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, 4% phosphate-buffered formal saline, 1% formaldehyde, methanol:acetone, formal saline, 4% paraformaldehyde and ethanol:acetic acid were assessed in this study. A qualitative assessment system was used to evaluate the efficacy of the above fixatives using conventional fixation criteria (i.e. the presence of fibroblastic morphology consistent with optical microscopy and the absence of fixation artifacts). The optimal fixative was identified as 4% paraformaldehyde, which was capable of providing optically consistent images of BHK-21 (fibroblastic) cells, whose heights remained within the measurement capability of the AFM instrument used in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moloney
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: O'Shea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D005404:Fixatives; D007668:Kidney / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives