title: Numerical modeling of microbubble backscatter to optimize ultrasound particle image velocimetry imaging: initial studies.
abstract: We have developed a promising non-invasive ultrasound-based method for performing particle image velocimetry (PIV) in vivo. This method, termed echo PIV, provides multi-component blood velocity data with good ( approximately 2 ms) temporal resolution. The method takes advantage of the non-linear ultrasound backscatter characteristics of small gas-filled microbubbles (ultrasound contrast) that are seeded into the blood stream. In this study, we use a numerical model to explore potential areas to focus future work in echo PIV. Ultrasound backscatter from encapsulated microbubbles was modeled using a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation (Church model, 1995), taking into account the protein/lipid shell layer as a thick, mass-conserving incompressible fluid surrounded by incompressible blood-like fluid. The equation of motion was solved numerically to characterize the fundamental and second harmonic components of the backscattered pressure. Results show a significant advantage in using the second harmonic component for echo PIV, especially for small bubble sizes less than 3 microm in diameter at 2.2 MHz frequency. The effect of the shell thickness ranging from 10 to 500 nm on the vibration amplitude of the bubble was examined and it is shown that the presence of the shell requires mechanical index (MI) > 0.2 of incident pressure amplitude to improve bubble detectability. Analysis of the effect of pulse length shows a tradeoff between axial resolution (short pulse length) and bubble detectability (longer pulse length) will most likely be required. The effect of varying MI between 0.1 and 0.6 was also studied at a center frequency of 2.2 MHz and the results indicate that the resonance of the second harmonic is maximized for bubbles with diameter of approximately 2.75 microm. Bubble non-linearities at MI > 0.2 induced a resonant frequency shift away from the integer multiple of the incident frequency in the second harmonic backscatter. For a given bubble size, there is a combination of optimal incident frequency and mechanical index range that maximizes the ratio of the second harmonic compared to the fundamental. This resonant frequency decreases with increasing bubble radius. Further, a narrow bandwidth pulse is shown to increase signal strength. Both of these effects may cause conflict with factors governing spatial resolution. Optimization of the incident frequency, microbubble size and mechanical index to enhance bubble detectability will depend on the particular clinical application. These theoretical predictions provide further understanding of the physics behind our echo PIV technique, and should be useful for guiding the design of echo PIV systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 427, Boulder 80309-0427, USA.
authors.forename: Osama M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Mukdadi
authors.forename: Hyoung-Bum
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shandas
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D045423:Microbubbles; D008954:Models, Biological; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler