title: Inhibition of the metabolism of etizolam by itraconazole in humans: evidence for the involvement of CYP3A4 in etizolam metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in the metabolism of etizolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of itraconazole, a potent and specific inhibitor of CYP3A4, on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etizolam were examined. Twelve healthy male volunteers received itraconazole (200 mg/day) or placebo for 7 days in a double-blind randomized crossover manner, and on the 6th day they received a single oral 1-mg dose of etizolam. Blood samplings and evaluation of psychomotor function using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Stanford Sleepiness Scale were conducted up to 24 h after etizolam dosing. Plasma concentration of etizolam was measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Itraconazole treatment significantly increased the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 213+/-106 ng rectangle h/ml versus 326+/-166 ng rectangle h/ml, P<0.001) and the elimination half-life (12.0+/-5.4 h versus 17.3+/-7.4 h, P<0.01) of etizolam. The 90% confidence interval of the itraconazole/placebo ratio of the total AUC was 1.38-1.68, indicating a significant effect of itraconazole. No significant change was induced by itraconazole in the two pharmacodynamic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that itraconazole inhibits the metabolism of etizolam, providing evidence that CYP3A4 is at least partly involved in etizolam metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 990-9585 Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasui-Furukori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoshima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C044610:etizolam; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D003975:Diazepam