title: Rapid prototyping of temporal bone for surgical training and medical education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The skills of ear surgery are best developed by dissecting a temporal bone. However, only a limited number of trainees can be afforded this opportunity because of the scarcity of available bones. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of a prototype temporal bone model for surgical training and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulated 3D model of a human temporal bone was made using a selective laser sintering method. The powder layers were laser-fused based on detailed CT data and accumulated to create a 3D structure. Conventional surgical instruments were used to dissect the model under a microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model was as hard as real bone and surface structures were accurately reproduced. The model could be shaved using a surgical drill, burr and suction irrigator in the same way as a real bone. The malleus and incus were reproduced. The semicircular canals and the oval and round window niches were identified. Cavity structures, such as the semicircular canal, vestibule, antrum and air cells, were filled with powder which had to be removed using a pick and suction irrigator during dissection. A magnified model was useful for educating medical students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prototype 3D model made using selective laser sintering serves as a good educational tool for middle ear surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. otosuzu@tokyo-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D013664:Teaching Materials; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery