title: Endoscopic ultrasound after preoperative chemoradiation can help identify patients who benefit maximally after surgical esophageal resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether differences in postoperative survival exist based on the presence and site of residual tumor (esophagus vs regional lymph nodes) after preoperative chemoXRT in patients with esophageal cancer. Based on these data, we reevaluated the role of EUS in identifying patients who maximally benefit from surgical esophageal resection after preoperative chemoXRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 97 consecutive esophageal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoXRT and a potentially curative surgical procedure between 1998 to 2001. All patients had EUS examination prior to chemoXRT and 53 had a repeat EUS examination after chemoXRT but prior to surgery. Surgical resection specimens were analyzed for absence or presence of residual tumor and its location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with residual tumor in the esophagus (pathT1-3N0) and patients without residual tumor (pathT0N0) had similar cumulative survival (p= 0.92). Patients with residual cancer in lymph nodes showed a trend toward shorter cumulative survival compared to patients without residual tumor in lymph nodes (p= 0.086). The actuarial survival in pathN1 group was lower than pathN0 group at 1, 2, and 3 yr. Patients with significant residual lymphadenopathy detected by EUS after therapy had significantly worse postoperative survival compared to patients with no residual lymphadenopathy (p= 0.028). In eight patients, we found that reliable cytologic identification of residual malignancy was technically feasible by EUS-FNA after chemoradiation therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following preoperative chemoXRT and surgery, patients with residual tumor in the regional lymph nodes have lower actuarial survival at 1, 2, and 3 yr after surgery, compared to patients with path CR or with residual tumor only in the esophagus. EUS and EUS-guided FNA can be helpful in identifying residual tumor in the lymph nodes after preoperative chemoXRT to select patients who benefit maximally from surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of GI Medicine and Nutrition, Medical Oncology and Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Banke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swisher
authors.forename: Jaffer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ajani
authors.forename: Kaitlyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fanning
authors.forename: Ritsuko R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: Joe B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abu-Hamda
authors.forename: Kimber L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Molke
authors.forename: Garrett L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Arlene M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Linus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Zhongxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: W Roy
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Smythe
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Ara A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vaporciyan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome