title: Sporadic cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996-2000.
abstract: Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis were determined in 152 patients and 466 unmatched controls who resided in two local government districts in North Cumbria, North West England, from March 1, 1996, to February 29, 2000. Risk was associated with the usual daily volume of cold unboiled tap water drunk (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.14 to 1.71 per pint consumed per day [p = 0.001]) and short visits to farms (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.90, p = 0.04). Fifty-six (84%) of 67 fecal specimens from patients obtained from January 1, 1998, and February 29, 2000, were Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 (animal and human strain). Livestock fecal pollution of water sources appears to be the leading cause of human sporadic cryptosporidiosis in this population and shows the need for better protection of water catchments from livestock and improved drinking water treatment in this area of England.
authors.affiliation: Carlisle and District Primary Care Trust, Rosehill, Carlisle, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reacher
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Casemore
authors.forename: Neville Q
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Verlander
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004326:Drinking; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*