title: Impaired habituation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder show impaired habituation to peripheral stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the Troxler effect (the ability to habituate to a peripheral visual stimulus when presented with a competing central visual stimulus) in groups of 23 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 15 controls matched for age, gender, and IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses revealed a statistically significant effect of diagnosis on fading (P = 0.03), with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subjects taking longer to fade to a peripheral stimulus than controls. Additional analyses revealed a significant interaction between diagnosis and visual field; control subjects showed similar fading times to stimuli presented in the right and left visual fields (13.25 vs. 12.96 seconds), while the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group showed much slower fading in the right than in the left visual field (18.64 vs. 15.00 seconds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have impaired visual habituation. The findings provide evidence of frontal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suggest that impaired habituation contributes to off-task behavior in children with the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jansiewicz
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newschaffer
authors.forename: Martha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Denckla
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception