title: Presynaptic alpha2-receptors regulate reverse Na+/Ca2+-exchange and transmitter release in Na+-loaded peripheral sympathetic nerves.
abstract: Electrical depolarisation-(2 Hz, 1 ms)-induced [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) release has been measured from the isolated main pulmonary artery of the rabbit in the presence of uptake blockers (cocaine, 3 x 10(-5) M; corticosterone, 5 x 10(-5) M). Substitution of most of the external Na+ by Li+ (113 mM; [Na+]0: 25 mM) slightly potentiated the axonal stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NA in a tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-7) M) sensitive manner. The reverse Na+/Ca2+-exchange inhibitor KB-R7943 (3 x 10(-5) M) failed to inhibit the stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NA, but increased the resting outflow of neurotransmitter. The 'N-type' voltage-sensitive Ca2+-channel (VSCC) blocker omega-conotoxin (omega-CgTx) GVIA (10(-8) M) significantly and irreversibly inhibited the release of [3H]NA on stimulation (approximately 60-70%). The 'residual release' of NA was abolished either by TTX or by reducing external Ca2+ from 2.5 to 0.25 mM. The 'residual release' of NA was also blocked by the non-selective VSCC-blocker neomycin (3 x 10(-3) M). Correlation was obtained between the extent of VSCC-inhibition and the transmitter release-enhancing effect of presynaptic alpha2-receptor blocker yohimbine (3 x 10(-7) M). When the release of [3H]NA was blocked by omega-CgTx GVIA plus neomycin, yohimbine was ineffective. Inhibition of the Na+-pump by removal of K+ from the external medium increased both the resting and the axonal stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NA in the absence of functioning VSCCs (i.e., in the presence of neomycin and after omega-CgTx treatment). Under these conditions the stimulation-evoked release of NA was abolished either by TTX or by external Ca2+-removal (+1 mM EGTA). Similarly, external Li+ (113 mM) or the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange blocker KB-R7943 (3 x 10(-5) M) significantly inhibited the stimulation-induced transmitter release in 'K+-free' solution. KB-R7943 decreased the resting outflow of NA as well. Under conditions in which the Na+-pump was inhibited in the absence of functioning VSCCs, yohimbine (3 x 10(-7) M) further enhanced the release of neurotransmitter, while l-noradrenaline (l-NA, 10(-6) M), an agonist of presynaptic alpha2-receptors, inhibited it. The yohimbine-induced enhancement of NA-release was abolished by Li+-substitution and significantly inhibited by KB-R7943 application. It is concluded that after blockade of VSCCs brief depolarising pulses may reverse Na+/Ca2+-exchange and release neurotransmitter in Na+-loaded sympathetic nerves. Further, similar to that of VSCCs, the reverse Na+/Ca2+-exchange may also be regulated by presynaptic alpha2-receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad-tér 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary. tortam@net.sote.hu
authors.forename: Tamás L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Török
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nagykáldi
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sáska
authors.forename: Timur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Somaia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nada
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zilliikens
authors.forename: Kálmán
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magyar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sylvester Vizi
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007474:Ion Exchange; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C101670:2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D015016:Yohimbine; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D008094:Lithium; D012964:Sodium; D013890:Thiourea; D009638:Norepinephrine