title: Effects of an increase in prescription copayment on utilization of low-sedating antihistamines and nasal steroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health plans are using 3-tier copayment designs and other methods to control utilization that shifts drug costs to plan members. There is a need to determine the effects of increased member cost sharing on drug utilization and drug costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of a 10 US dollars increase in prescription copayment in a public employer health plan for 2 classes of drugs used for allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in the number of prescriptions dispensed for 2 therapeutic classes.low-sedating antihistamines (LSAs) and nasal steroids (NSs).were examined 1 year prior to and 1 year after copayment increase. Relative price effects were measured as arc price elasticity, the ratio of the percent change in prescription utilization over the percent change in price, an indicator of how responsive patients are to the copayment increase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 8,643 continuously enrolled health plan beneficiaries, 2,150 patients (24.8%) received at least 1 NS or LSA during the 2-year period of the study, from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 1999. An average 10 US dollars increase in copayment per prescription was associated with no statistically significant change in utilization of combined LSA and NS prescriptions, 2.89 per patient in 1998 and 2.94 in 1999 (P = 0.597). Health plan costs for study drugs, unadjusted for inflation, decreased by 16.3% from 86.86 US dollars per patient in 1998 to 72.68 US dollars in 1999 (P = 0.004). Health plan costs per patient per month (PPPM) for all drugs for the 2,150 allergic rhinitis patients decreased by 13% from 41.33 US dollars PPPM in 1998 to 35.93 US dollars in 1999 (P<0.001), and health plan drug costs for all 8,643 members decreased by 13% from 14.93 US dollars per member per month (PMPM) in 1998 to 12.99 US dollars in 1999 (P<0.001). The actual average copayment increase was 7.23 US dollars (a 41% increase) for LSAs, which was associated with a 14.8% increase in utilization of LSAs and an 11.8% increase in the number of patients using LSAs; the number of LSA prescriptions per patient per year was unchanged at 2.68 in 1999 versus 2.61 in 1998 (P = 0.429). The actual average copayment increase was 10.98 US dollars (71%) for NSs, which was associated with an 11.3% decrease in utilization of NSs and a 10.2% decrease in the number of users of nasals steroids in 1999; the number of nasal steroid prescriptions per patient per year was unchanged at 2.05 in 1999 versus 2.07 in 1998 (P =.842). The combined utilization of LSA and NS prescriptions increased by 8.9% following the increase in copayments for these 2 therapeutically interchangeable drugs for allergic rhinitis. LSA prescriptions were less elastic, with an unadjusted arc elasticity of 0.39, while nasal steroid prescriptions were more responsive to the copayment change, with an unadjusted arc elasticity of.0.22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An average 10 US dollars increase in patient cost sharing per prescription (46.9% copayment increase) was associated with an increase in combined utilization of 2 drug classes used for allergic rhinitis (LSAs and NSs) but no change in the number of prescriptions per patient. Health plan costs decreased significantly for allergic rhinitis drugs, all drugs used by allergic rhinitis patients, and all drugs used by continuously enrolled health plan members. NSs exhibited a greater arc price elasticity compared with low-sedating oral antihistamines.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, 1425 Richland St., Columbia, SC 29201, USA. meissner@cop.sc.edu
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.forename: W Mark
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shinogle
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D003669:Deductibles and Coinsurance / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D016527:Drug Costs; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; D008297:Male; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D013256:Steroids