title: Frontline: control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen, in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase, phagocyte NADPH oxidase, tumor necrosis factor, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, or the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88.
abstract: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is related to rickettsial organisms and replicates in the hostile environment of neutrophils. Previous studies with SCID mice suggested that T and/or B cells are required for its control in vivo. Here, we used mice deficient for Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, or phagocyte NADPH oxidase (gp91(phox-/-)) to define the pathways that are critical for the recognition and the killing of this pathogen. Whereas SCID mice developed a 60-fold higher bacterial load in the blood compared to wild-type mice and succumbed to infection, all other gene-deficient mouse strains were fully capable in overcoming a systemic infection with A. phagocytophilum. From these data we conclude that effector mechanisms that are crucial to the defense against numerous other intracellular pathogens are dispensable for the control of A. phagocytophilum.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Friederike D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: von Loewenich
authors.forename: Diana G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Scorpio
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reischl
authors.forename: J Stephen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dumler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdan
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016513:Mice, SCID; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019255:NADPH Oxidases