title: Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase by gallotannin selectively up-regulates expression of proinflammatory genes.
abstract: Poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) are emerging key regulators of chromatin superstructure and transcriptional activation. Accordingly, both genetic inactivation of PARP-1 and pharmacological inhibition of PAR formation impair the expression of several genes, including those of the inflammatory response. In this study, we asked whether poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the sole depoly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzyme identified so far, also regulates gene expression. We report the novel finding that inhibition of PARG by gallotannin triggered nuclear accumulation of PAR and concomitant PAR-dependent expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. Remarkably, silencing of PARG by means of small interfering RNA selectively impaired gallotannin-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. Consistent with a PAR-dependent transcriptional activation, increases of iNOS and COX-2 transcripts were not caused by activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 or interferon regulatory factor-1, nor by mRNA stabilization. Overall, our data provide the first evidence that pharmacological inhibition of PARG leads to PAR-dependent alteration of gene expression profiles in macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rapizzi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fossati
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarugi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001252:Astringents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001252:Astringents; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; C499321:Parp1 protein, mouse; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases