title: Retinal bipolar cell input mechanisms in giant danio. I. Electroretinographic analysis.
abstract: Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from the giant danio (Danio aequipinnatus) to study glutamatergic input mechanisms onto bipolar cells. Glutamate analogs were applied to determine which receptor types mediate synaptic transmission from rods and cones to on and off bipolar cells. Picrotoxin, strychnine, and tetrodotoxin were used to isolate the effects of the glutamate analogs to the photoreceptor-bipolar cell synapse. Under photopic conditions, the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG) only slightly reduced the b-wave, whereas the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) blocker dl-threo-beta-benzyl-oxyaspartate (TBOA) removed most of it. Complete elimination of the b-wave required both antagonists. The alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX) blocked the d-wave. Under scotopic conditions, rod and cone inputs onto on bipolar cells were studied by comparing the sensitivities of the b-wave to photopically matched green and red stimuli. The b-wave was >1 log unit more sensitive to the green than to the red stimulus under control conditions. In CPPG or l-AP4 (l-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, a group III mGluR agonist), the sensitivity of the b-wave to the green stimulus was dramatically reduced and the b-waves elicited by the 2 stimuli became nearly matched. The d-wave elicited by dim green stimuli, which presumably could be detected only by the rods, was eliminated by NBQX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) cone signals onto on bipolar cells involve mainly EAATs but also mGluRs (presumably mGluR6) to a lesser extent; 2) rods signal onto on bipolars by mainly mGluR6; 3) off bipolar cells receive signals from both photoreceptor types by AMPA/kainate receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Kwoon_Wong@brown.edu
authors.forename: Kwoon Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Adolph
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dowling
mesh_terms: D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018684:Glycine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010852:Picrotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013331:Strychnine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D005998:Glycine; D018684:Glycine Agents; D010852:Picrotoxin; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D013331:Strychnine; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; C120673:benzyloxyaspartate; C104331:cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; C018861:carbetapentane; C012729:2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid