title: Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method.
abstract: Respiratory motion degrades anatomic position reproducibility during imaging, necessitates larger margins during radiotherapy planning and causes errors during radiation delivery. Computed tomography (CT) scans acquired synchronously with the respiratory signal can be used to reconstruct 4D CT scans, which can be employed for 4D treatment planning to explicitly account for respiratory motion. The aim of this research was to develop, test and clinically implement a method to acquire 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method. A commercial position-monitoring system used for respiratory-gated radiotherapy was interfaced with a third generation multislice scanner. 4D cardiac reconstruction methods were modified to allow 4D thoracic CT acquisition. The technique was tested on a phantom under different conditions: stationary, periodic motion and non-periodic motion. 4D CT was also implemented for a lung cancer patient with audio-visual breathing coaching. For all cases, 4D CT images were successfully acquired from eight discrete breathing phases, however, some limitations of the system in terms of respiration reproducibility and breathing period relative to scanner settings were evident. Lung mass for the 4D CT patient scan was reproducible to within 2.1% over the eight phases, though the lung volume changed by 20% between end inspiration and end expiration (870 cm3). 4D CT can be used for 4D radiotherapy, respiration-gated radiotherapy, 'slow' CT acquisition and tumour motion studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. pjkeall@vcu.edu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Starkschall
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vedam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D012119:Respiration; D012984:Software; D013909:Thorax / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*