title: Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and stroke risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between cerebrovascular events and periodontitis has been found in few studies based on clinical periodontal examinations. However, evidence on the association between periodontal pathogens and stroke is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate whether elevated levels of serum antibodies to major periodontal pathogens predict stroke in a case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 6950 subjects (aged 45 to 64 years) who participated in the Mobile Clinic Health Survey in 1973 to 1976 in Finland. During a follow-up of 13 years, a total of 173 subjects had a stroke. From these, 64 subjects had already experienced a stroke or had signs of coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline, whereas 109 subjects were apparently healthy. Two controls per case were matched for age, gender, municipality, and disease status. Serum IgG and IgA class antibody levels to the periodontal pathogens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were determined by multiserotype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cases identified during the follow-up that were free of stroke or CHD at baseline were more often IgA-seropositive for A. actinomycetemcomitans than were their controls, 41.3% versus 29.3%. Compared with the seronegative, the seropositive subjects had a multivariate odds ratio of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6) for stroke. The patients with a history of stroke or CHD at baseline were more often IgA-seropositive for P. gingivalis than were their controls, 79.7% versus 70.2%. When compared with the seronegative, the seropositive subjects had an odds ratio of 2.6 (1.0 to 7.0) for secondary stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present prospective study provides serological evidence that an infection caused by major periodontal pathogens is associated with future stroke.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. pirkko.pussinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Pirkko J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pussinen
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reunanen
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asikainen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knekt
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000276:immunology*; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology*; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G