title: Elevated atmospheric CO(2) affects the chemical quality of brassica plants and the growth rate of the specialist, Plutella xylostella, but not the generalist, Spodoptera littoralis.
abstract: Cabbage, Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cv. Lennox and Rinda), and oilseed rape, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (cv. Valo and Tuli), plants were grown under ambient CO(2) (360 ppm) or elevated CO(2) (720 ppm) at 23/18 degrees C and under a photoperiod of 22/2 h light (250 micromol m(-)(2) s(-)(1))/dark regime for up to 5 weeks. Afterward, the performance of the crucifer specialist Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the generalist Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on those plants was studied. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) of P. xylostella larvae, feeding on both cultivars of oilseed rape or on the Lennox cultivar of cabbage leaves grown at an elevated CO(2) concentration, was significantly reduced as compared to ambient CO(2). A negative larval growth rate at elevated CO(2) was observed for P. xylostella on both oilseed rape cultivars, but the growth rate was reduced but positive on cabbage. Conversely, the RGR of S. littoralis on either plant species was not affected by CO(2) treatment but was lower on cabbage cv. Rinda than on cv. Lennox. The mortality of the larvae was not affected by CO(2) treatment either. At the same time, elevated CO(2) significantly decreased the concentrations of leaf phytochemical constituents in oilseed rape, i.e., total phenolics and total nitrogen, but not in cabbage. The effect of elevated CO(2) on the leaf glucosinolate concentrations of both plant species was marginal. In addition, the observed significant changes in individual glucosinolate concentrations of oilseed rape leaves were not consistent among cultivars. However, our results demonstrate for the first time quite strong effects of CO(2) enrichment on the larval performance of P. xylostella, which is an important pest of Brassica plants around the world. Further studies are still required to increase our understanding of why elevated CO(2) differently affects the performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores on Brassica plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Gadi V P
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tossavainen
authors.forename: Anne-Marja
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nerg
authors.forename: Jarmo K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Holopainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D017440:Photoperiod; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen