title: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival: an epidemiological analysis of emergency service reports in a large city in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The factors that influence survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan have not been fully investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The official emergency service record was used to investigate 1,600 patients for whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation was attempted by the city's emergency personnel. Only 45 (2.8%) patients survived for 1 month. The survival rate was 9.8% in the patients under 20 years of age, with a marked decreasing trend to 0.8% in the patients aged 80 years or older. The rate peaked at 4.8% on Sunday and bottomed out at 0.5% on Thursday, forming a distinct sine curve. The survival rate was 9.9% when an ambulance arrived at the scene within 4 min, with a steep drop to 2.5% when 4-7 min elapsed. However, the rate was not significantly different by the interval to hospital. Although bystander resuscitation did not significantly affect the survival, paramedics on board significantly improved the rate (3.5% vs 1.6%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that age, day of the week, place, interval to ambulance's arrival, and personnel on board were independently associated with the probability of survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quick arrival of a paramedic team would improve the survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. General education of lifesaving techniques would be another key factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuoka
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012151:Resuscitation; D013534:Survival; D014505:Urban Population