Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus.
The antigenic evolution of influenza A (H3N2) virus was quantified and visualized from its introduction into humans in 1968 to 2003. Although there was remarkable correspondence between antigenic and genetic evolution, significant differences were observed: Antigenic evolution was more punctuated than genetic evolution, and genetic change sometimes had a disproportionately large antigenic effect. The method readily allows monitoring of antigenic differences among vaccine and circulating strains and thus estimation of the effects of vaccination. Further, this approach offers a route to predicting the relative success of emerging strains, which could be achieved by quantifying the combined effects of population level immune escape and viral fitness on strain evolution.
Smith
Derek J
DJ
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. dsmith@zoo.cam.ac.uk
Lapedes
Alan S
AS
de Jong
Jan C
JC
Bestebroer
Theo M
TM
Rimmelzwaan
Guus F
GF
Osterhaus
Albert D M E
AD
Fouchier
Ron A M
RA
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral; D040961:Genetic Drift; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D012621:Seasons; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods
D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral