title: Cyclooxygenase-2 and its role in ovulation: a 2004 account.
abstract: The pre-ovulatory surge of gonadotrophins triggers a marked and obligatory increase in follicular prostaglandin synthesis prior to ovulation, and the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme is a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In the early 1990s, the pre-ovulatory rise in follicular prostaglandin synthesis was shown to result from the selective induction of a novel COX isoform, now referred to as COX-2. Differences in the time-course of COX-2 induction in species with a short versus a long ovulatory process suggest that the enzyme could be a molecular determinant that sets the alarm of the mammalian ovulatory clock. Some of the fine molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional activation of the COX-2 gene in granulosa cells have also been elucidated. The binding of trans-activating upstream stimulatory factors (USF) to a consensus E-box cis-element in the proximal region of the promoter was shown to play a predominant role in COX-2 transcription. Studies showed that COX-2 expression could also serve as a valuable marker for follicular commitment to ovulation during hyperstimulatory cycles. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the events that led to the characterization of COX-2 in pre-ovulatory follicles, updates current concepts on the control of COX-2 expression in pre-ovulatory follicles, and addresses the consequences of COX-2 inhibition to women fertility and potential implications of COX-2 expression in ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche en reproduction animale and Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. jean.sirois@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sirois
authors.forename: Khampoune
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sayasith
authors.forename: Kristy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Angelika E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doré
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000201:enzymology*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases