title: Managers and leaders: are they different?
abstract: The traditional view of management, back in 1977 when Abraham Zaleznik wrote this article, centered on organizational structure and processes. Managerial development at the time focused exclusively on building competence, control, and the appropriate balance of power. That view, Zaleznik argued, omitted the essential leadership elements of inspiration, vision, and human passion which drive corporate success. The difference between managers and leaders, he wrote, lies in the conceptions they hold, deep in their psyches, of chaos and order. Managers embrace process, seek stability and control, and instinctively try to resolve problems quickly--sometimes before they fully understand a problems significance. Leaders, in contrast, tolerate chaos and lack of structure and are willing to delay closure to understand the issues more fully. In this way, Zaleznik argued, business leaders have much more in common with artists, scientists, and other creative thinkers than they do with managers. Organizations need both managers and leaders to succeed, but developing both requires a reduced focus on logic and strategic exercises in favor of an environment where creativity and imagination are permitted to flourish.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaleznik
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D001290:Attitude; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010551:Personality; D014481:United States