title: The homeobox transcription factor Prox1 is highly conserved in embryonic hepatoblasts and in adult and transformed hepatocytes, but is absent from bile duct epithelium.
abstract: Prox1 is a transcription factor with two highly conserved domains, a homeobox and a prospero domain. It has been shown that Prox1 knock-out mice die during early embryonic stages and display a rudimentary liver. We have studied the expression of Prox1 at RNA and protein levels in chick, rat, mouse and human liver and in transformed and non-transformed hepatic cell lines. Prox1 is expressed in early embryonic hepatoblasts and is still expressed in adult hepatocytes. Prox1 protein is located in the nuclei of hepatoblasts, which grow into the neighboring embryonic mesenchyme. The expression pattern in chick, mouse, rat and human embryos is highly conserved. Besides albumin and alpha-fetal protein, Prox1 belongs to the earliest markers of the developing liver. In adult liver, Prox1 is expressed in hepatocytes but is absent from bile duct epithelial and non-parenchymal cells (Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and myofibroblasts). Isolated primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B) are Prox1 positive, whereas the immortalized murine liver cell-line MMH, which constitutively expresses the receptor c-met, is Prox1 negative. Transfection of MMH with Prox1 cDNA increases the expression level significantly as compared to control transfectants. In HepG2 and Hep3B, the Prox1 levels are even up to 100 times higher. Our studies show that Prox1 is a highly conserved transcription factor, expressed in hepatocytes from the earliest stages of development into adulthood and over-expressed in hepatoma cell lines. Its absence from bile duct epithelial cells suggests a function for the specification of hepatoblasts into hepatocytes. The genes controlled by Prox1 need to be studied in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dudas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papoutsi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elmaouhoub
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saile
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Tomarev
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: von Kaisenberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schweigerer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramadori
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met