title: Nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase.
abstract: Calculations, using the Maxwell equations, are presented of nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase for pulse durations in the two-optical-cycle range for pulses propagating in sapphire. Initially, with increasing pulse intensity the carrier-envelope phase increases monotonically. However, at higher intensities there is a turnabout in the direction of the phase change and a large change in the phase that is caused by a warping of the envelope from strong nonlinear effects. The Kerr nonlinear response occurs on a time scale of approximately 1 fs and gives significantly different results from those obtained by assuming an instantaneous response.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, M.S. 19-44, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA. pmgoorjian@arc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Goorjian
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cundiff