title: Tuberculous meningitis in adults--experience from Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The annual incidence of tuberculous meningitis (TM) is unknown. TM is a disease that still often results in residual sequelae, and has a mortality rate ranging between 15 and 51%. Experience of countries such as Turkey where drug-resistant tuberculosis and TM are prevalent is important.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory findings of 42 patients with TM, followed between 1991 and 2002, were evaluated retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight female and 14 male patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 33.9 +/- 13.2 years (range, 16-60 years). Fourteen had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis; 12 reported close contact with a person with active pulmonary tuberculosis; three were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis; two, with HIV infection; two, with Pott's disease; and one, with systemic lupus erythematosus. On admission, 17 patients were diagnosed with stage I; 15, with stage II; and 10, with stage III disease. Hemiparesis (35.7%), cranial nerve palsy (30.9%), and altered consciousness (26.9%) were the most common neurological deficits. Prolonged duration of pre-existing symptoms and female gender were found as significant risk factors in those who develop neurological sequelae (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Cranial computerised tomography revealed various pathological findings in all but five patients. Sulcus effacement was the most common radiological finding. Enlargement of ventricles, focal cerebral oedema/shunt, calcification of meninges, tubercle, and infarction were other common abnormal radiological findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged duration of pre-existing symptoms and female gender are predictors of neurological sequelae of TM. Early identification of such patients and prompt initiation of anti-tuberculosis therapy may improve their outcome.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. atayon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cagatay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozsut
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gulec
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kucukoglu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ertugrul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Akal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eraksoy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calangu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents