title: Expression of human beta-defensins-1 and -2 peptides in unresolved chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides which contribute to host innate immunity by disrupting the membrane integrity of a broad spectrum of microorganisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the expression profiles of hBD-1 and -2 peptides in gingiva and to assess the possible relations of these antimicrobial peptides with periodontal health and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven periodontally healthy subjects and 22 patients with unresolved chronic periodontitis were recruited and the gingival biopsies collected consisted of healthy tissues from the healthy subjects (HT-C); periodontal pocket tissues (PoT) and inflamed connective tissues (ICT) from the base of pocket, i.e. granulation tissues, as well as clinically healthy tissues (HT-P) from the adjacent clinically healthy sites from the patients. The expression of hBD-1 and -2 peptides was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitatively analyzed with a computerized image processing system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both hBD-1 and -2 peptides were detected in all periodontally healthy subjects, while hBD-1 was detected in all patients and hBD-2 was found in most of the patients. Their expression was mainly confined to the granular and spinous layers of gingival epithelium, in which hBD-1 was detected in both intercellular spaces and cytoplasm, whereas hBD-2 was mainly observed in the cytoplasm. HT-C expressed significantly higher levels of hBD-2 than HT-P (p < 0.05). Within the patients, both defensins were up-regulated significantly in PoT as compared with the adjacent HT-P (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that hBD-1 and -2 were frequently expressed in the granular and spinous layers of gingival epithelia and their expression may be associated with periodontal health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, ROC.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Lijian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Darveau
authors.forename: Lakshman P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Samaranayake
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005110:Extracellular Space; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D023083:beta-Defensins