title: Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence supports an independent association between plasma total homocysteine concentrations and the risk of vascular disease. Recent epidemiologic studies reappraised the possibility that vascular risk factors might play a role in the pathogenesis not only of vascular dementia (VaD) but also of Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the relations of mild cognitive impairment, AD, and VaD with blood homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 314 consecutive subjects, 228 of whom were eligible for analyses. Plasma total homocysteine, serum folate, and serum vitamin B-12 concentrations were measured in 55 nondemented elderly control subjects, 81 mildly cognitively impaired subjects (Clinical Dementia Rating: 0.5), and 92 demented patients prevalently in a mild disease stage and with a clinical diagnosis of AD (n = 74) or VaD (n = 18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects in the lowest folate tertile had significantly higher adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mild cognitive impairment (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.2, 8.1) and dementia (3.8; 1.3, 11.2). Hyperhomocysteinemia was significantly associated with dementia (adjusted OR: 4.3; 1.3, 14.7) and AD (adjusted OR: 3.7; 1.1, 13.1). In subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5, the mean (+/- SE) Mini-Mental State Examination score was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the highest homocysteine tertile (24.5 +/- 0.5) than in the lowest tertile (26.6 +/- 0.5). No significant associations were found between minimum medial temporal lobe thickness or leukoaraiosis and any biochemical measure in the dementia and AD groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that relative folate deficiency may precede AD and VaD onset. Hyperhomocysteinemia might also be an early risk factor for cognitive decline in the elderly, but its role in dementia development must be addressed in future longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Memory Clinic, Geriatric Division and Department of Metabolic Diseases, Ospedale Regionale della Beata Vergine, Mendrisio, Switzerland. pierluigi.quadri@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quadri
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fragiacomo
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pezzati
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zanda
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forloni
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tettamanti
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lucca
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12