title: Cervical muscle response to right posterolateral impacts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that the head kinematic and the cervical muscle EMG responses to unexpected impacts of increasing low-velocity in the posterolateral direction will be greater than to expected impacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were subjected to right posterolateral of 5.0, 8.6, 12.2, and 15.4 m/s2 acceleration in expected and unexpected conditions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The effect of a posterolateral impact on the cervical muscle responses is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral EMG of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were recorded and compared. The acceleration of the chair, torso, and head was recorded and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At an acceleration of 15.4 m/s2, the sternocleidomastoids generated the highest EMG in the unexpected impact conditions with lower percentages for the expected impact (50% of their maximal voluntary contraction). The splenii exhibited between 30% and 40% EMG, the trapezii generated approximately 25%. The EMG was significantly affected by the levels of acceleration (P < 0.01) for the sternocleidomastoids and splenii. The time to onset and peak EMG for all muscles progressively decreased with increasing levels of acceleration and regressed significantly on it (P < 0.01). Head accelerations were greater in the unexpected impacts (P < 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cervical muscles play a primary role in posture control. They may be a at risk of injury in whiplash especially in unexpected impacts. In the case of the right posterolateral impacts the sternocleidomastoids and splenii show a differentially higher response compared to the trapezii (P < 0.5). This may suggest an increased risk of injury to these muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented contribute to an understanding of head and neck responses in posterolateral impacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3-75 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G4. shrawan.kumar@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Shrawan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology