title: Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although renal-replacement therapy for children with end-stage renal disease has been used for several decades, data on patients' long-term survival are sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the long-term survival of all children and adolescents who were under 20 years of age when renal-replacement therapy commenced (study period, April 1963 through March 2002), using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Survival was analyzed with the use of Kaplan-Meier methods and age-standardized mortality rates. Risk factors for death were analyzed with the use of Cox regression analysis with time-dependent covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1634 children and adolescents were followed for a median of 9.7 years. The long-term survival rate among children requiring renal-replacement therapy was 79 percent at 10 years and 66 percent at 20 years. Mortality rates were 30 times as high as for children without end-stage renal disease. Risk factors for death were a young age at the time renal-replacement therapy was initiated (especially for children under 1 year of age, among whom the risk was four times as high as for children 15 to 19 years of age) and treatment with dialysis (which was associated with a risk more than four times as high as for renal transplantation). Overall, a trend toward improved survival was observed over the four decades of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvement in long-term survival, mortality rates among children requiring renal-replacement therapy remain substantially higher than those among children without end-stage renal disease. Increasing the proportion of children treated with renal transplantation rather than with dialysis can improve survival further.
authors.affiliation: Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. stephenm@anzdata.org.au
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors