title: Macrophages and apoptotic cell clearance during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During implantation, apoptosis is critical for the appropriate tissue remodeling of the maternal decidua and invasion of the developing embryo, yet the regulation of apoptosis is also imperative for a successful pregnancy. The quick and effective removal of apoptotic cells by tissue macrophages represents an essential process, which prevents the release of self-antigens, and in the case of pregnancy, paternal alloantigens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent studies have shown that the process of apoptotic cell clearance is not a neutral event, but rather an active one that induces macrophage production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and survival factors. Apoptotic cell clearance is, therefore, necessary for the resolution of inflammatory conditions, which during pregnancy could have lethal consequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The function of the maternal immune system during implantation and throughout pregnancy is, therefore, an important area of investigation. This review will discuss the role of decidual macrophages in apoptotic cell clearance during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Vikki M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: Yeon Mee
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shawn L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Straszewski
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D003656:Decidua / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011506:Proteins; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases