title: A voxel-based PET investigation of the long-term effects of "Ecstasy" consumption on brain serotonin transporters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent functional imaging studies have reported evidence of alterations in the serotonergic system induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or "Ecstasy." However, these studies have often been limited by small sample size, lack of tracer selectivity, unreliable assessment of MDMA doses, insufficiently matched comparison groups, or region-of-interest analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positron emission tomography (PET) using the specific serotonin transporter ligand [(11)C](+)McN5652 was performed in 117 subjects: 30 current MDMA users, 29 former MDMA users, 29 drug-naive comparison subjects, and 29 users of drugs other than MDMA (polydrug comparison subjects). Self-assessment of drug history was checked by analyzing hair samples. Local serotonin transporter availability was computed by a regularized reference tissue approach. Voxel-based comparison of serotonin transporter availability was performed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM 99).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serotonin transporter availability in current MDMA users was significantly reduced in the mesencephalon, thalamus, left caudate, hippocampus, occipital cortex, temporal lobes, and posterior cingulate gyrus compared with all other groups. Reduction was more pronounced in female than in male subjects. There was no significant difference of serotonin transporter availability among former MDMA users and the drug-naive and polydrug comparison subjects. A negative correlation between serotonin transporter availability and mean MDMA dose was found in occipital visual areas and in the left precentral sulcus of current MDMA users. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the serotonin transporter availability and the MDMA abstention period in brainstem and in the basal forebrain in all MDMA users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis of MDMA-induced protracted alterations of the serotonergic system and indicate that the reduced availability of serotonin transporter, as measured by PET, might be reversible. Women appear to be more susceptible than men to MDMA-induced alterations of the serotonergic system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. buchert@uke.uni-Hamburg.de
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchert
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomasius
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nebeling
authors.forename: Jost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Obrocki
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C058079:McN 5652; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine