title: CyberKnife frameless stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal lesions: clinical experience in 125 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial lesions is well established. Its use for the treatment of spinal lesions has been limited by the availability of effective target-immobilizing devices. Conventional external beam radiotherapy lacks the precision to allow delivery of large doses of radiation near radiosensitive structures such as the spinal cord. The CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) is an image-guided frameless stereotactic radiosurgery system that allows for the radiosurgical treatment of spinal lesions. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of the treatment of spinal lesions with a single-fraction radiosurgical technique using the CyberKnife.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CyberKnife system uses the coupling of an orthogonal pair of x-ray cameras to a dynamically manipulated robot-mounted linear accelerator with six degrees of freedom that guides the therapy beam to the intended target without the use of frame-based fixation. Real-time imaging allows the tracking of patient movement. Cervical spine lesions were located and tracked relative to cranial bony landmarks; lower spinal lesions were tracked relative to fiducial bone markers. In this prospective cohort evaluation of a spine radiosurgery technique, 125 spinal lesions in 115 consecutive patients were treated with a single-fraction radiosurgery technique (45 cervical, 30 thoracic, 36 lumbar, and 14 sacral). There were 17 benign tumors and 108 metastatic lesions. All dose plans were calculated on the basis of computed tomographic images acquired from 1.25-mm slices with an inverse treatment planning technique. Radiosurgical circular cones ranging in diameter from 5 to 40 mm were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor volume ranged from 0.3 to 232 cm(3) (mean, 27.8 cm(3)). Seventy-eight lesions had received external beam irradiation previously. Tumor dose was maintained at 12 to 20 Gy to the 80% isodose line (mean, 14 Gy); canal volume receiving more than 8 Gy ranged from 0.0 to 1.7 cm(3) (mean, 0.2 cm(3)). No acute radiation toxicity or new neurological deficits occurred during the follow-up period (range, 9-30 mo; median, 18 mo). Axial and radicular pain improved in 74 of 79 patients who were symptomatic before treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first large prospective evaluation of this frameless image-guided spinal radiosurgery system. The CyberKnife system was found to be feasible, safe, and effective. The major potential benefits of radiosurgical ablation of spinal lesions are short treatment time in an outpatient setting with rapid recovery and symptomatic response. This technique offers a successful therapeutic modality for the treatment of a variety of spinal lesions as a primary treatment or for lesions not amenable to open surgical techniques, in medically inoperable patients, in lesions located in previously irradiated sites, or as an adjunct to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gerszten
authors.forename: Cihat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozhasoglu
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalnicki
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome