title: Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are effective for many cardiovascular diseases and are widely prescribed, but cough sometimes necessitates their withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a model that predicts, by using information available at first prescription, whether a patient will develop cough within 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study with derivation and validation sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics affiliated with an urban tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were collected from electronic charts. The derivation set included 1125 patients and the validation set included 567 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough assessed by predetermined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total cohort, 12% of patients developed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough. Independent multivariate predictors of cough were older age, female gender, non-African American (with East Asian having highest risk), no history of previous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, and history of cough due to another angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Patients with a history of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough were 29 times more likely to develop a cough than those without this history. These factors were used to develop a model stratifying patients into 4 risk groups. In the derivation set, low-risk, average-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups had a 6%, 9%, 22%, and 55% probability of cough, respectively. In the validation set, 4%, 14%, 20%, and 60% of patients in these 4 groups developed cough, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model may help clinicians predict the likelihood of a particular patient developing cough from an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor at the time of prescribing, and may also assist with subsequent clinical decisions.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Tejal K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fiskio
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seger
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: E Francis
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Tsuguya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors