title: Migraine and tension headache in children under 6 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features of idiopathic headache with early onset, whose presence is probably underestimated by parents and physicians and the influence of environmental and psychological factors on headache in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on a prospective longitudinal evaluation of 35 consecutive children referred to the Neuropsychiatry Departments of the Universities of Varese and Pavia (mean age at the first observation: 4 years and 7 months, range: 12 months-6 years; mean age at onset: 4 years and 2 months, range: 10 months-6 years) presenting with headache symptomatology. Mean duration of clinical follow-up: 9.5 months. The diagnosis based on the IHS criteria was then compared to the intuitive clinical diagnosis made in accordance with alternative case definitions. We examined our patients for the presence of early developmental disorders and interictal somatic disorders. We also studied the role of psychosocial factors at the onset and in the course of headache.
  
  
  RESULTS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  migraine without aura in two cases, episodic tension headache in four cases, migrainous disorders not fulfilling above criteria in eight cases, headache of the tension-type not fulfilling above criteria in 12 cases and headache not classifiable in nine cases. Clinical features of headache are described in the text. Early developmental disorders (0-2 years), such as eating difficulties and sleep disorders, were detected in 18/35 children. Among patients older than 2 years, we also detected interictal somatic disorders (20 cases) such as sleep disorders, eating difficulties, enuresis and idiopathic vomiting. In 14/35 subjects, we identified psychosocial components playing a significant role at the onset of, and during, the headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better clinical definition of the disorder would make it easier to identify very young affected children and consequently to plan more specific therapeutic interventions, taking into account environmental and psychological factors. A diagnosis of idiopathic headache becomes particularly significant: according to our cases, despite their being limited in number, migraine and tension headache can be considered also as indices of individual or family related problems requiring appropriate psychiatric or psychological intervention. This stresses the need for a multidisciplinary team of specialists that would include a psychologist/ psychiatrist or headache specialist with specific training in psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University of Insubria, Macchi Foundation Hospital, Varese 21100, Italy. balottin@unipv.it
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Balottin
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nicoli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitillo
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ferrari Ginevra
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borgatti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanzi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004775:Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004777:Environment; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011584:Psychology; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000592:standards; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology