title: Amino acid neurotransmitter release and learning: a study of visual imprinting.
abstract: The intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) is an area of the domestic chick forebrain that stores information acquired through the learning process of imprinting. The effects of visual imprinting on the release of the amino acids aspartate, arginine, citrulline, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine and taurine from the left and right IMHVs in vitro were measured at 3.5, 10 and 24 h after training. Chicks were exposed to an imprinting stimulus for 1 h, their preferences measured 10 min afterward and a preference score calculated as a measure of the strength of learning. Potassium stimulation was used to evoke amino acid release from the IMHVs of trained and untrained chicks in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. Ca2+-dependent, K+-evoked release of glutamate was significantly (34.4%) higher in trained than in untrained chicks. This effect was not influenced by time after training or by side (left or right IMHV). Training influenced the evoked release of GABA and taurine from the left IMHV at both 3.5 and 10 h. The training effects at the two times were statistically homogeneous so data (< or = 10 h group) were combined for each amino acid respectively. For this < or = 10 h group, evoked release increased significantly with preference score. In contrast, for the 24 h group, evoked release of GABA and taurine was not significantly correlated with preference score. There were no significant correlations between preference score and GABA or taurine release in the right IMHV at any time, nor in the absence of extracellular calcium. No significant effects of training condition, time or side were observed for any other amino acid in the study. The present findings suggest that soon after chicks have been exposed to an imprinting stimulus glutamatergic excitatory transmission in IMHV is enhanced, and remains enhanced for at least 24 h. In contrast, the learning-related elevations in taurine and GABA release are not sustained over this period. The change in GABA release may reflect a transient increase in inhibitory transmission in the left IMHV.
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. rhiannon.meredith@physiol.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horn
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D007173:Imprinting, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids