title: Brain to blood efflux transport of adenosine: blood-brain barrier studies in the rat.
abstract: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transport of [(14)C] adenosine was studied using the brain efflux index (BEI) technique. BEI increased linearly over the first 2 min after injection, with deviation from linearity thereafter; 90.12 +/- 1.5% of the injected [(14)C] radioactivity remained within the brain after 20 min. The remaining tracer appears to be mainly intracellular, trapped by phosphorylation, as an almost linear increase of BEI over 20 min was observed after intracerebral injection of [(14)C] adenosine together with 5-iodo tubercidin. The BBB efflux clearance of [(14)C] radioactivity was estimated to be 27.62 +/- 5.2 micro L/min/g, almost threefold higher than the BBB influx clearance estimated by the brain uptake index technique. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of blood plasma collected from the jugular vein after the intracerebral injection revealed metabolic breakdown of [(14)C] adenosine into nucleobases. The BBB efflux transport was saturable with apparent K(m) = 13.22 +/- 1.75 micro m and V(max) = 621.07 +/- 71.22 pmole/min/g, which indicated that BBB efflux in vivo is 6.2-12p mole/min/g, negligible when compared to the reported rate of adenosine uptake into neurones/glia. However, these kinetic parameters also suggest that under conditions of elevated ISF adenosine in hypoxia/ischaemia, BBB efflux transport could increase up to 25% of the uptake into neurones/glia and become an important mechanism to oppose the rise in ISF concentration. HPLC-fluorometry detected 93.6 +/- 5.25 nm of adenosine in rat plasma, which is 17- to 220-fold lower than the reported K(m) of adenosine BBB influx in rat. Together with the observed rapid degradation inside endothelial cells, this indicated negligible BBB influx of intact adenosine under resting conditions. Cross-inhibition studies showed that unlabelled inosine, adenine and hypoxanthine caused a decrease in BBB efflux of [(14)C] radioactivity in a concentration-dependent manner, with K(i) of 16.7 +/- 4.88, 65.1 +/- 14.1 and 71.1 +/- 16.9 micro m, respectively. This could be due to either competition of unlabelled molecules with [(14)C] adenosine or competition with its metabolites hypoxanthine and adenine for the same transport sites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
authors.forename: Aleksandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Isakovic
authors.forename: N Joan
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Zoran B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Redzic
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000248:Adenosine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018757:GABA Modulators; D013395:Sucrose; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000248:Adenosine Kinase; D007930:Leucine; D013874:Thiopental; D000241:Adenosine