title: Delivery of therapeutic levels of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin through a pulmonary route.
abstract: Although heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) have been widely used clinically as anticoagulants, their broader use has been limited by the lack of noninvasive delivery methods for this class of molecules. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient, rapid, and reproducible delivery system for heparin through the lungs that is not confined to particles of a certain geometric or aerodynamic diameter. Importantly, blood levels after intrapulmonary administration of either heparin or LMWH were comparable to that of s.c. administration but are characterized by a more rapid onset of action (t(1/2) = 40 min vs. 2.5 h, respectively). Furthermore, we show in animal models, that inhaled heparin species efficiently inhibit diseases such as thrombosis and emphysema, and that the repetitive inhalation of formulated LMWH results in no observable toxicity from the delivery of reproducible systemic levels of heparin or LMWH.
authors.affiliation: Biological Engineering Division and Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Yiwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Ganlin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dongfang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shriver
authors.forename: Mallik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Shiladitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasisekharan
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004646:Emphysema / Q000188:drug therapy; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006493:Heparin