title: The homeoprotein Alx3 contains discrete functional domains and exhibits cell-specific and selective monomeric binding and transactivation.
abstract: Alx3 is a paired class aristaless-like homeoprotein expressed during embryonic development. Transcriptional transactivation by aristaless-like proteins has been associated with cooperative dimerization upon binding to artificially generated DNA consensus sequences known as P3 sites, but natural target sites in genes regulated by Alx3 are unknown. We report the cloning of a cDNA encoding the rat homolog of Alx3, and we characterize the protein domains that are important for transactivation, dimerization, and binding to DNA. Two proline-rich domains located amino-terminal to the homeodomain (Pro1 and Pro2) are necessary for Alx3-dependent transactivation, whereas another one (Pro3) located in the carboxyl terminus is dispensable but contributes to enhance the magnitude of the response. We confirmed that transcriptional activity of Alx3 from a P3 site correlates with cooperative dimerization upon binding to DNA. However, Alx3 was found to bind selectively to non-P3-related TAAT-containing sites present in the promoter of the somatostatin gene in a specific manner that depends on the nuclear protein environment. Cell-specific transactivation elicited by Alx3 from these sites could not be predicted from in vitro DNA-binding experiments by using recombinant Alx3. In addition, transactivation did not depend on cooperative dimerization upon binding to cognate somatostatin DNA sites. Our data indicate that the paradigm according to which Alx3 must act homodimerically via cooperative binding to P3-like sites is insufficient to explain the mechanism of action of this homeoprotein to regulate transcription of natural target genes. Instead, Alx3 undergoes restrictive or permissive interactions with nuclear proteins that determine its binding to and transactivation from TAAT target sites selected in a cell-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pérez-Villamil
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirasierra
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vallejo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D019281:Dimerization; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: C485163:ALX3 protein, human; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D013004:Somatostatin; D011392:Proline