title: Prevalence of current and chronic pain and their influences upon work and healthcare-seeking: a population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of current and chronic pain and their relationship to pain intensity, sex, age, income, employment status, citizenship, marital status, urban residence, occupational activity, and healthcare-seeking based on a representative sample from a Swedish county.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey using a postal questionnaire was sent to a representative sample (n = 9952) of the target population (284,073 people, age 18-74 yrs) in a county (Ostergötland) in southern Sweden. A questionnaire was mailed and followed by 2 postal reminders if necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participation rate was 76.7% (n = 7637); nonparticipants were on average younger, male, and earned less money. The overall point prevalence of pain was 48.9%. The corresponding one-month period prevalence was 63.0%, and pain on several occasions during the previous 3 months was reported by 61.3% of participants. The prevalence of chronic pain (pain > 3 months) was 53.7%. Female sex, age, and sick leave/early retirement were generally of significant importance in the regressions of pain. No sex factor was found in the regressions of pain frequency and pain intensity. Chronic pain especially frequent and intensive pain showed clear associations with healthcare-seeking and occupational activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalence of current pain (48.9%) and chronic pain (53.7%) were found in this community-based study. Being female, older, and on sick leave or early retirement were generally of significant importance in the regressions of pain. Chronic pain showed clear associations with healthcare-seeking and occupational activity, indicating considerable socioeconomic costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Bjorn.Gerdle@inr.liu.se
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerdle
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology