title: The relationship between AIDS retinal cotton wool spots and neuropsychological impairment in HIV-positive individuals in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between AIDS retinal cotton wool spots (CWS) and neuropsychological impairment in HIV-positive individuals in the pre-HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) era and the association between AIDS-related retinal CWS and neuropsychological impairment in HIV-positive patients not treated with HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control analysis of prospectively acquired data in HIV-infected individuals who underwent prospective and longitudinal evaluations of retinal findings as well as neuropsychological testing was performed. Individuals underwent prospective retinal ophthalmic examinations with fundus photography of any retinal lesions. They also underwent periodic neuropsychological testing. The occurrence of retinal CWS was analyzed in relationship to neuropsychological impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty individuals with CWS were compared to 6o matched control AIDS patients. There was no association between either global clinical neuropsychological impairment or impairment in any of the five major domains tested and retinal CWS. There was an association between beta-2 microglobulin and CWS as well as an association between low CD4 T-cell count and the presence of retinal CWS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no association between retinovascular disease and neurocognitive impairment in this case-control study. Retinal CWS in HIV disease are related to higher serum beta-2 microglobulin levels and lower CD4 T-cell counts, suggesting that these lesions are related to HIV disease progression but may be caused by a pathological process independent of CNS disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: J Allen
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: J Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Marcotte
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin