title: Dose related effects of ifosfamide on enterocyte apoptosis in different sites of the rabbit intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the potential dose related apoptotic effect of subchronic administration of the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide in different sites of the small and large rabbit intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty New Zealand White rabbits received intravenously every week, for 10 weeks, 0 (group S, controls, n = 5), 30 (group A, n = 5), 45 (group B, n = 5) or 60 mg/kg ifosfamide (group C, n = 5). One day after the end of the treatment period, segments of jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal and distal colon were excised. Intestinal mucosa apoptosis was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by DNA fragmentation and standard terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assays by which the percentage of fragmented DNA and the ratio of apoptotic cells per crypt (apoptotic index) were determined, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At low dose (group A), ifosfamide had minor apoptotic effect on enterocytes, which was enhanced mainly in the small intestine when the dose was increased (group B); at the highest dose tested (group C), this effect was extended to the large intestine. In all groups of animals, the observed crypt cell apoptosis was maximal in the ileum, while minimal in the proximal colon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a dose and intestinal site-dependent induction of enterocyte apoptosis after subchronic ifosfamide administration in the rabbit.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece. pipsil@med.duth.gr
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ypsilantis
authors.forename: Loannis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tentes
authors.forename: Stelios F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Assimakopoulos
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kortsaris
authors.forename: Chrisoula D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Scopa
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitiakoudis
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007069:Ifosfamide