title: Multiple sclerosis: management issues during pregnancy.
abstract: Care of pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging because of the multiple physiological changes associated with pregnancy and the need to consider the impact of any intervention on the foetus. Pregnancy is associated with clinical MS stability or improvement, while the rate of relapse rises significantly during the first three months post-partum before coming back to its level prior to pregnancy. Gestational history has no influence on long-term disability and MS does not seem to influence pregnancy or the child's health. Apart from methotrexate and cyclophosphamide, most drugs used regularly to treat MS can safely be used by pregnant women. Intravenous steroids may be used with relative safety during pregnancy. Maternal use of azathioprine is not associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, though impaired foetal immunity, intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity are occasionally observed. Cyclosporin is not teratogenic, but may be associated with growth retardation and prematurity. Pregnancy should be avoided in women treated with methotrexate because of its known abortifacient effects and risk of causing typical malformations. Cyclophosphamide is teratogenic in animals, but population studies have not conclusively demonstrated its teratogenicity in humans. Until information is available regarding safety, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, interferon-beta-1a and interferon-beta-1b should be discontinued before an anticipated pregnancy. Women with MS are no more likely to experience delivery complications than are women without MS and the mode of delivery should be decided strictly on obstetrical criteria. Spinal, epidural and general anaesthesia can all be used safely in MS patients. Young women with MS who desire children can be reassured that their infants are not at increased risk of malformations, preterm delivery, low birth weight, or infant death. The progressive nature of the disease may motivate affected women to start or complete their families as soon as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ospedale San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. simone.ferrero@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pretta
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ragni
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced; D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008727:Methotrexate