title: The effects of ecstasy (MDMA) on rat liver bioenergetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of the drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) can result in life-threatening hyperthermia. Agents that uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are known to cause severe hyperthermia. In the present study, the authors tested the hypothesis that MDMA directly uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed both in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro studies consisted of measuring the effects of MDMA (0.1-5.0 mmol/L) on states of respiration in isolated rat liver mitochondria and on mitochondrial membrane potential in a rat liver cell line. In ex vivo studies, mitochondrial rates of respiration were measured in the livers of rats one hour after treatment with MDMA (40 mg/kg subcutaneously).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the in vitro mitochondrial preparations, only concentrations of 5 mmol/L MDMA showed evidence of uncoupling with a slight increase in state 4 respiration and a corresponding decrease in the respiratory control index. MDMA (0.1-5.0 mmol/L) failed to decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential in 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanide iodide-stained WB-344 cells after either one or 24 hours of incubation. Ex vivo rates of respiration obtained from the livers of rats one hour after treatment with MDMA (40 mg/kg subcutaneously) showed no evidence of mitochondrial uncoupling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that while high concentrations of MDMA have some mild uncoupling effects in isolated mitochondria, these effects do not translate to cell culture or ex vivo studies in treated animals. These data do not support the view that the hyperthermia induced by MDMA is from a direct effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rusyniak
authors.forename: Stephany L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tandy
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kamendulis
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Klaunig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine