title: Pediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specific features and diagnostic boundaries of childhood bipolar disorder (BD) remain controversial, and its differentiation from other disorders challenging, owing to high comorbidity with other common childhood disorders, and frequent lack of an episodic course typical of adult BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We repeatedly examined children meeting DSM-IV criteria for BD (excluding episode-duration requirements) and analyzed their clinical records to evaluate age-at-onset, family history, symptoms, course, and comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 82 juveniles (aged 10.6 +/- 3.6 years) diagnosed with BD, 90% had a family history of mood or substance-use disorders, but only 10% of patients had been diagnosed with BD. In 74%, psychopathology was recognized before age 3, usually as mood and sleep disturbances, hyperactivity, aggression, and anxiety. At onset, dysphoric-manic and mixed presentations were most common (48%), euphoric mania less (35%), and depression least (17%). Subtype diagnoses were: BP-I (52%) > BP-II (40%) > cyclothymia (7%). DSM episode-duration criteria were met in 52% of cases, and frequent shifts of mood and energy were common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partly retrospective study of clinically diagnosed referred outpatients without a comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric BD is often mis- or undiagnosed, although it often manifests with mood lability and sleep disturbances early in life. DSM BD criteria inconsistent with clinical findings require revision for pediatric application.
authors.affiliation: Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, New York, NY 10022, USA. gianni.faedda@moodcenter.org
authors.forename: Gianni L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Faedda
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baldessarini
authors.forename: Ira P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Glovinsky
authors.forename: Nancy B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index