title: Electron microscopy evidence that cytoplasmic localization of the p16(INK4A) "nuclear" cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) in tumor cells is specific and not an artifact. A study in non-small cell lung carcinomas.
abstract: It is well established that p16(INK4A) protein acts as a cell cycle inhibitor in the nucleus. Therefore, cytoplasmic localization of p16 (INK4A) usually is disregarded by investigators as nonspecific. Three recent studies reported findings that differ from the current view concerning p16(INK4A) immunohistochemical localization. All three demonstrated that breast and colon cancers expressing cytoplasmic p16(INK4) represent distinct biological subsets. We previously detected in a percentage of non-small cell lung carcinomas simultaneous nuclear and cytoplasmic p16(INK4A) staining. In view of the reports concerning breast and colon carcinomas, we conducted an ultrastructural re-evaluation of our cases to clarify the specificity of p16(INK4A) cytoplasmic expression. We observed p16 (INK4A) immunolocalization in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a proportion of tumor cells. Diffuse dense nuclear staining was detected in the nucleoplasm, whereas weaker granular immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm near the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Negative tumor cells also were visible. In the tumor-associated stromal, cells p16(INK4A) immunoreactivity was detected only in the nuclei. We have demonstrated that p16(INK4A) cytoplasmic staining is specific and suggest that it represents a mechanism of p16(INK4A) inactivation similar to that observed in other tumor suppressor genes.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bramis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peros
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zacharatos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dasiou-Plakida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalogeropoulos
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Asimacopoulos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marinos
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorgoulis
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D009687:Nuclear Proteins