title: Antimetastatic activity of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is increased in breast cancer and surgery has been shown to increase the growth of metastatic tumours. We investigated the effect of selective COX-2 inhibition on the growth of metastases in either an experimental metastasis model or following excision of a murine primary breast tumour. 50,000 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of female BALB/c mice. When the mean TD reached 8+/-0.4 mm, tumours were excised and the mice were randomised into two groups (n=12 per group) to receive daily intraperitoneal injections of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-236 or drug vehicle for 14 days. Alternatively, experimental metastases were established by tail-vein injection of 50,000 4T1 cells. Mice received either the selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-236 or drug vehicle for 14 days (n=12 per group). SC-236 treatment significantly reduced tumour burden, the number and size of spontaneous metastases following primary tumour excision. SC-236 treatment also reduced tumour burden, the number and size of experimental metastases. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that COX-2 inhibition reduced microvessel density and increased apoptosis within both spontaneous and experimental metastases. These data clearly demonstrate that the selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-236, has potent antimetastatic activity against both spontaneous metastases arising following primary tumour excision and experimental metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roche-Nagle
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bouchier-Hayes
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Harmey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides