title: Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this manuscript is to foster understanding of the unique attributes of aging as they relate to the treatment of persistent pain in order to improve care of older patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A thorough review of pertinent recent literature, including clinical guidelines, provided the materials from which this synthesis is drawn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several unique attributes of aging are identified that should be taken into account in order to provide safe and effective pharmacotherapy for older patients with persistent pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to contemporary clinical guidelines should serve to promote improved outcomes in older patients who suffer from ongoing and debilitating pain. Since outcomes studies are lacking, attention to principles of care as they apply to this particular population is advised. Since each patient's experience and response to drug therapy will be unique, individualized assessment that incorporates an analysis of the patient's physiological state (comorbidities and concurrent drug therapies), a determination of realistic goals, and monitoring of outcomes on a regular basis will provide the optimum balance between benefits and risks of analgesic pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. fine@aros.net
authors.forename: Perry G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics