title: Recent advances in minimal-access cardiac surgery using robotic-enhanced surgical systems.
abstract: Recent advances in interventional cardiology and cardiac surgery have changed traditional therapeutic algorithms by altering indications, timing and patterns of referral for subsequent surgical treatment. Developments in coronary revascularization have focused on reducing both surgical invasiveness and trauma. Patients with significant comorbid pathologies, those undergoing reinterventions and especially the elderly may benefit from such hybrid procedures by avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass and a midline sternotomy. Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized cardiothoracic surgery by increasing patient satisfaction and by reducing surgical trauma, hospital stay, and consequently overall costs. There are, however, limitations, but robot-assisted surgery endeavors to minimize these technical hindrances and thus allow better and more accurate surgical practice whilst minimizing surgical trauma.
authors.affiliation: Robotic Cardiac Programme, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK. Rpcasula@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casula
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics