title: Early craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCCLP), compared with a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), before any treatment as well as 20 months after lip closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The children were drawn from a group representing all Danish children with cleft born 1976 to 1981. Sixty-four children were included in the study (19 BCCLP and 45 UICL). The ages were 2 and 22 months at examinations 1 and 2, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method of investigation was infant cephalometry in three projections. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using linear, angular, and area variables. Growth was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark in the x-ray at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2, corrected for x-ray magnification. The growth of an anatomical region in a patient was assessed by investigating the growth pattern formed by a collection of individual growth vectors in that region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BCCLP group differed significantly from the UICL group. The most striking findings in BCCLP were an extremely protruding premaxilla; markedly increased posterior maxillary width; increased width of the nasal cavity; short maxilla with reduced posterior height; short mandible; bimaxillary retrognathia; severe reduction in the size of the pharyngeal airway; and a more vertical facial growth pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that a facial type including a wide and posterior short maxilla, short mandible, and bimaxillary retrognathia might be a liability factor that increases the probability of developing cleft lip and palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, School of Dentistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark. nh@lab3d.odont.ku.dk
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Darvann
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolund
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreiborg
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000209:etiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development