title: Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 are at risk for dietary restraint, disinhibited overeating, weight concerns, and greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the emergence of dietary restraint, disinhibited eating, weight concerns, and body dissatisfaction among girls from 5 to 9 years old, and to assess whether girls at risk for overweight at age 5 were at greater risk for the emergence of restraint, disinhibited overeating, weight concerns, and body dissatisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data were used to assess the relationship between weight status and the development of dietary restraint, aspects of disinhibited overeating, weight concern, and body dissatisfaction at ages 5, 7, and 9 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 153 girls from predominately middle class and exclusively non-Hispanic white families living in central Pennsylvania. Statistical analyses Differences in weight status, dietary restraint, disinhibition, weight concern, and body dissatisfaction between girls at risk (>85th percentile body mass index) or not at risk for overweight at age 5 were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance at ages 5, 7, and 9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls who were at risk for overweight at age 5 reported significantly higher levels of restraint, disinhibition, weight concern, and body dissatisfaction by age 9. Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 also showed greater increases in weight status from 5 to 9 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of dietary restraint, weight concern, and body dissatisfaction among young girls at risk for overweight were accompanied by greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years of age, consistent with other recent findings suggesting that youths' attempts at weight control may promote weight gain. Positive alternatives to attempts at dietary restriction are essential to promoting healthful weight status among children, and should include encouraging physical activity, promoting children's acceptance of a variety of low-energy-density foods, and providing guides to appropriate portion sizes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies and the Graduate Program in Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shunk
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001828:Body Image; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept