title: Quantification of volumetric and geometric changes occurring during fractionated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer using an integrated CT/linear accelerator system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients receiving fractionated radiotherapy (RT) for head-and-neck cancer have marked anatomic changes during their course of treatment, including shrinking of the primary tumor or nodal masses, resolving postoperative changes/edema, and changes in overall body habitus/weight loss. We conducted a pilot study to quantify the magnitude of these anatomic changes with systematic CT imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen assessable patients were enrolled in this pilot study. Eligible patients had to have a pathologic diagnosis of head-and-neck cancer, be treated with definitive external beam RT, and had have gross primary and/or cervical nodal disease measuring at least 4 cm in maximal diameter. All patients were treated using a new commercial integrated CT-linear accelerator system (EXaCT) that allows CT imaging at the daily RT sessions while the patient remains immobilized in the treatment position. CT scans were acquired three times weekly during the entire course of RT, and both gross tumor volumes (GTVs: primary tumor and involved lymph nodes) and normal tissues (parotid glands, spinal canal, mandible, and external contour) were manually contoured on every axial slice. Volumetric and positional changes relative to a central bony reference (the center of mass of the C2 vertebral body) were determined for each structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross tumor volumes decreased throughout the course of fractionated RT, at a median rate of 0.2 cm(3) per treatment day (range, 0.01-1.95 cm(3)/d). In terms of the percentage of the initial volume, the GTVs decreased at a median rate of 1.8%/treatment day (range, 0.2-3.1%/d). On the last day of treatment, this corresponded to a median total relative loss of 69.5% of the initial GTV (range, 9.9-91.9%). In addition, the center of the mass of shrinking tumors changed position with time, indicating that GTV loss was frequently asymmetric. At treatment completion, the median center of the mass displacement (after corrections for daily setup variation) was 3.3 mm (range, 0-17.3 mm). Parotid glands also decreased in volume (median, 0.19 cm(3)/d range, 0.04-0.84 cm(3)/d), and generally shifted medially (median, 3.1 mm; range, 0-9.9 mm) with time. This medial displacement of the parotid glands correlated highly with the weight loss that occurred during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurable anatomic changes occurred throughout fractionated external beam RT for head-and-neck cancers. These changes in the external contour, shape, and location of the target and critical structures appeared to be significant during the second half of treatment (after 3-4 weeks of treatment) and could have potential dosimetric impact when highly conformal treatment techniques are used. These data may, therefore, be useful in the development of an adaptive RT scheme (periodic adjustment of the conformal treatment plan) that takes into account such treatment-related anatomic changes. In theory, such a strategy would maximize the therapeutic ratio of RT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Garden
authors.forename: K Kian
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: O'Daniel
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Laurence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Court
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: K S Clifford
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Radhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015431:Weight Loss