title: Lutein and beta-carotene from lutein-containing yellow carrots are bioavailable in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lutein is a hydroxy-carotenoid constituting the macular pigment of the human retina. Increasing lutein intake from foods could increase the density of this pigment and decrease the risk of developing macular degeneration. Yellow carrots are a novel food source that could increase lutein consumption.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated and compared lutein uptake and clearance in humans from genetically selected lutein-containing yellow carrots fed chronically and from a lutein supplement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four women and 5 men aged 23-28 y participated in this randomized, blinded, 3 x 3 crossover intervention. Treatments consisted of yellow carrots (YC treatment, 1.7 mg lutein/d), white carrots as a negative control (WC treatment, 0 mg lutein/d), and a lutein supplement in oil as a positive control (LS treatment, 1.7 mg lutein/d). Each treatment lasted 7 d and was followed by a 7-d washout period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (+/- SD) peak changes in serum lutein concentration from baseline were 0.31 +/- 0.08, 0.19 +/- 0.08, and -0.04 +/- 0.04 micromol/L for the LS, YC, and WC treatments, respectively. The areas under the curve for 0-14 d (AUC(0-14d)) differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between treatments. Lutein from the YC treatment was 65% as bioavailable as that from the LS treatment. The AUC(0-14d) for beta-carotene (-0.01 +/- 0.28 micromol.d/L) also showed that the YC treatment maintained peak serum beta-carotene concentrations at 0.35 +/- 0.30 micromol/L, whereas the LS treatment did not (AUC(0-14d) = -0.71 +/- 0.59 micromol.d/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lutein from this novel food source significantly increases serum lutein concentrations and does not result in the decrease in beta-carotene concentrations that accompanies administration of lutein supplements.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Molldrem
authors.forename: Jialiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Philipp W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tanumihardjo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D014975:Lutein