title: Non-Mendelian transmission of alleles at microsatellite loci: an example in Ixodes ricinus, the vector of Lyme disease.
abstract: Microsatellite loci are usually considered to be neutral co-dominant and Mendelian markers. We undertook to study the inheritance of five microsatellite loci in the European Lyme disease vector, the tick Ixodes ricinus. Only two loci appeared fully Mendelian while the three others displayed non-Mendelian patterns that highly frequent null alleles could not fully explain. At one locus, IR27, some phenomenon seems to hinder the PCR amplification of one allele, depending on its origin (maternal imprinting) and/or its size (short allele dominance). DNA methylation, which appeared to be a possible explanation of this amplification bias, was rejected by a specific test comparing the amplification efficiency that did not differ between unmethylated and experimentally methylated DNA. The role of allele size in heterozygous individuals was then revealed from the data available on field collected ticks and consistent with the results of a theoretical approach. These observations highlight the need for prudence while inferring reproductive systems (selfing rates), parentage or even allelic frequencies from microsatellite markers, in particular for parasitic organisms for which molecular approaches often represent the only way for population biology inferences.
authors.affiliation: Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Equipe Evolution des Systèmes Symbiotiques, UMR 2724 CNRS-IRD, BP 64501, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. demeeus@mpl.ird.fr
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Meeûs
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Humair
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunau
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delaye
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renaud
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D004276:DNA, Satellite / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005784:Gene Amplification / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D018884:Ixodes / Q000235:genetics*; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D008745:Methylation; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic
chemical_list: D004276:DNA, Satellite