title: Nutrient intakes; biochemical and risk indices associated with Type 2 diabetes and glycosylated haemoglobin, in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize nutritional differences between survey participants diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes; those without diabetes, and those with "undiagnosed diabetes" based on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1994/5 British National Diet and Nutrition Survey, of people aged 65 years and over (mean age 78 years), included 73 respondents with diagnosed Type 2 diabetes [mean (sd) HbA(1c) = 7.06 (2.05)%], and 30 with "undiagnosed diabetes" (defined as HbA(1c) > 6.3%; mean (sd) HbA(1c) = 7.40 (1.66)%], among a representative sample of 1038 with anthropometry; 4-day weighed diet; blood and urine status measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (diagnosed + undiagnosed) was 10%. In subjects without diagnosis of diabetes, those with HbA(1c) > 6.3% had on average a significantly higher body weight (73.6 vs. 67.9 kg), higher waist circumference (99.8 vs. 91.8 cm), higher body mass index (28.6 vs. 25.9 kg/m(2)) and higher white cell counts (7.64 vs. 7.09 x 10(9)/l), than those with mean HbA(1c) < or = 6.3%. Diagnosed diabetic subjects had significantly higher energy-adjusted intakes of protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals than those not in this category (P < 0.01). In contrast, those with undiagnosed diabetes (HbA(1c) > 6.3%) were nutritionally "at risk", having low plasma concentrations of lycopene (0.13 vs. 0.24 micromol/l) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.99 vs. 1.27 micromol/l) and a trend towards low vitamin C (24 vs. 36 micromol/l) which was significant (P < 0.01) for men. HbA(1c) was positively correlated with white cell count, plasma fasting triglycerides, plasma alkaline phosphatase and homocysteine (all P < 0.01 overall), being particularly striking amongst men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among older British citizens, those with diagnosed diabetes had healthier nutritional profiles than those undiagnosed with high HbA(1c). Important health-promoting benefits are therefore predicted following early diagnosis and nutritional advice for people with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK. Chris.Bates@mrc.hnr.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prentice
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin