title: Conservation and expression of an alternative 3' exon of Runx2 encoding a novel proline-rich C-terminal domain.
abstract: The Runx2 (Cbfa1, Aml3, PEBP2alphaA) gene plays an essential role in bone development and is one of a three-member family of closely related genes that encode the alpha-chain DNA binding components of the heterodimeric core binding factor complex. While all three mammalian Runx genes share a complex dual promoter structure (P1, P2) and display alternative splicing, a distinctive feature of Runx2 is the potential to encode larger isoforms in which the C-terminal domain encoded by the standard 3' terminal exon (exon 6) is replaced by an extended 200-201 amino acid C-terminal sequence including an extensive proline-rich domain and a C-terminal amphipathic helix. We report that the novel exon that gives rise to these variants (exon 6.1) is located over 100 kb downstream of exon 6 in the mouse, rat and human genomes. Exon 6.1 spans a CpG-rich island, and human/rodent conservation is evident through the coding sequence and the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and blot hybridisation analyses reveal that exon 6.1 is utilised at low levels in all mouse tissues and cell lines that express Runx2, regardless of which promoter is active, giving Runx2 the potential to encode more than 12 distinct isoforms. RT-PCR analysis of human RUNX2 exon 6.1 expression shows that utilisation of this exon is also conserved. In vitro transcription/translation of cDNAs encoding several exon 6.1 isoforms reveals that the novel Runx proteins are able to bind specifically to canonical Runx DNA target sequences. Antibodies raised to the unique C-terminal domain were shown to be reactive by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assay, and were used in confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to reveal low level cytoplasmic staining in osteosarcoma and lymphoma cells that express high levels of Runx2 mRNA. However, reactive protein could not be detected in immunoblots of extracts from either cell type, suggesting that these proteins are unstable in lymphoid and osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, the conservation and widespread utilisation of Runx2 exon 6.1 suggest that its encoded isoforms play an as yet undetermined role in mammalian development.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilbey
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Ewan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Neil
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits; D050660:Core Binding Factors; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D020014:K562 Cells; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011392:Proline / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits; D050660:Core Binding Factors; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D011392:Proline