title: Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH, AgRP and leptin in lean and obese men and their relationship to differing states of energy balance perturbation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A great deal of attention has focused on the central role of alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its antagonism at the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) by agouti related protein (AgRP) in the regulation of energy balance. However, very little is known regarding the function of circulating AgRP and alpha-MSH in humans. We aimed to determine whether circulating alpha-MSH and AgRP are responsive to long-term perturbations in energy balance, in a manner consistent with their central putative functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating alpha-MSH, AgRP and leptin were measured in both lean (n = 11) and obese (n = 18) male volunteers, some of whom (lean n = 11, obese n = 12) were then allocated one of two weight-loss dietary strategies to achieve about 5% weight loss. This was achieved by either total starvation (for 4-6 days) for rapid weight loss or a very low calorie diet (VLCD, 2.6 MJ/day) (11-12 days) for less rapid weight loss, in both the lean and obese volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, prior to any weight loss both plasma alpha-MSH (15.8 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.8 +/- 1.0 pmol/l +/- SEM; P < 0.001) and AgRP (49.4 +/- 2.4 vs. 10.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml +/- SEM; P < 0.001) were elevated in obese subjects compared with lean. In both cases this correlated closely with fat mass (P < 0.001), percentage body fat (P < 0.001) and leptin (P < 0.05). Plasma AgRP increased significantly during a 6-day fast in lean individuals (11.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 21.6 +/- 3.1 pg/ml +/- SEM; P < 0.05) but not in the VLCD subjects or in the obese, while alpha-MSH was not affected by any changes in energy balance in either the lean or the obese volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show a difference in alpha-MSH and AgRP in lean and obese subjects that correlates closely with body fat at baseline. We demonstrate an increase in plasma AgRP during a 6-day fast in lean individuals that is coincident with a decrease in plasma leptin. This increase in AgRP was not due to weight loss per se as there was no change in AgRP as a result of the same weight loss in the VLCD intervention in lean individuals. The source of the increase in plasma AgRP and its physiological function in the periphery remains to be elucidated but we suggest that the dynamics of the change in plasma leptin may determine the elevation in fasting plasma AgRP in lean subjects.
authors.affiliation: Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, UK. nh@rowett.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoggard
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Eileen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: Marinos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lobley
authors.forename: Vernon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Shabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005215:Fasting; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D015431:Weight Loss; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C515198:AGRP protein, human; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D011506:Proteins; D000521:alpha-MSH