title: Effect of oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy on homocysteine levels: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this randomized trial was evaluate the effect on homocysteine plasma levels of two different hormone replacement therapy (HRT) formulations in a group of late postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible for this study were women: in postmenopause since 5 years or more (confirmed from FSH level > or = 40 mIU/l); with body mass index (BMI) < or = 35; without endocrine, hepatic or renal diseases; not current users of vitamin B or folic acid supplements; not users of any lipid-lowering drugs and sex steroids in the 6 months before trial entry. Group A: oral estradiol valerate 2 mg per day per oral normegestrol acetate 2.5 mg per day (n = 98) for 12 months; Group B: a weekly patch releasing estradiol (50 microg per day) per oral normegestrol acetate 2.5 mg per day (n = 101) for 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values of the homocysteine levels in the group A and B at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months were 7.9 and 9.1, 8.7 and 8.9, 9.3 and 10.2, 9.6 and 10.2, respectively, the differences between the two treatments were not statistically significant (time by treatment interaction, P = 0.32). Otherwise, the changes of homocysteine level at the four visits was statistically significant (P = 0.0001) in both groups. In particular, in the oral treatment group homocysteine levels increased from baseline of 10.5% at 3 months, of 17.2% after 6 months of therapy and of 21.9% at the end of the study; in the transdermal group, after a little decrease at 3 months (1.5%), the increases were of 12.1 and 12.9%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not show any different effect of oral and transdermal treatment with estradiol plus normegestrol acetate on homocysteine levels. Further it does not support previous suggestion of a lowering effect of HRT on plasma homocysteine.
authors.affiliation: 1st Obstetric Gynecology Department, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dal Pino
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Pace
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cesana
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Crosignani
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017698:Postmenopause; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D009644:Norgestrel; D004958:Estradiol