title: Comparative acid stress response of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium after habituation at different pH conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of habituation at different pH conditions on the acid resistance of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, and to identify potential differences between the adaptive responses of the three pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stationary phase cells of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, grown in glucose-free media, were exposed to pH 3.5 broth directly or after habituation for 90 min at various pH conditions from 4.0 to 6.0. Survivors at pH 3.5 were determined by plating on tryptic soy agar and incubating at 30 degrees C for 48 h. The kinetics (death rate) of the pathogens at pH 3.5 was calculated by fitting the data to an exponential model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Habituation to acidic environments provided protection of the pathogens against lethal acid conditions. This acid protection, however, was found to be pH dependent. For example, for E. coli O157:H7 an increased acid resistance was observed after habituation at a pH range from 4.0 to 5.5, while the maximum acid tolerance was induced at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the effect of low pH habituation was different among pathogens. For L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, the pH range within which habituation resulted to increased acid resistance was 5.0-6.0, 4.0-5.5 and 4.0-5.0, respectively, while the maximum acid tolerance was induced after habituation at pH 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acid stress conditions are common within current food processing technologies. The information on adaptive responses of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium after habituation to different pH environments provided in the present study, could lead to a more realistic evaluation of food safety concerns and to a better selection of processes in order to avoid adaptation phenomena and to minimize the potential for food safety risks.
authors.affiliation: Center for Red Meat Safety, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Koutsoumanis
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sofos
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000633:toxicity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D005520:Food Preservatives