title: Distinct expression patterns of the transcription factor E2F-1 in relation to tumour growth parameters in common human carcinomas.
abstract: E2F-1 is a pivotal transcription factor that integrates signals from a variety of G1/S phase regulators and modulates diverse cellular functions, such as DNA synthesis, repair, mitosis, and apoptosis. Its role in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as depicted from experimental models and limited reports in human malignancies, remains a matter of debate. Recently, in non-small cell lung cancer, it was observed that E2F-1 overexpression was associated with tumour growth, implying an 'oncogenic' effect. To clarify further the role of E2F-1 in carcinogenesis, the investigation was expanded in four of the most common human malignancies by examining its expression status and putative impact on tumour kinetics. These issues were addressed by immunohistochemical and molecular means in 52 breast carcinomas, 42 prostate adenocarcinomas, 58 colon adenocarcinomas, and 77 superficial bladder transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). The following results were found: (i). in breast carcinomas, E2F-1 expression correlated with proliferation (p < 0.001) and growth index (p = 0.001); (ii). in prostate adenocarcinomas, absence of E2F-1 was noted, in contrast to its expression in normal and hyperplastic glands; (iii). in colon adenocarcinomas, E2F-1 expression was inversely related to growth index (p = 0.001), being expressed in lesions with increased apoptosis (p = 0.001) and low proliferation (p < 0.001); and (iv) in superficial TCCs, E2F-1 expression correlated with proliferation (p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that E2F-1 has a growth-promoting effect in breast carcinomas and superficial TCC, whereas the opposite seems to be the case for colon and prostate cancer. To interpret the above findings, the status of the pRb and p53 tumour suppressor pathways, which are known to affect E2F-1 activity, was further investigated. The results suggest that the actions of E2F-1 are mainly dependent on the functionality of these pathways. Nevertheless, the data also imply that p53-independent pathways may play a nodal role in the function of E2F-1 in colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Panayotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zacharatos
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsinas
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karakaidos
authors.forename: Leandros-V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: Nousin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: Aspasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyroudi
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittas
authors.forename: Eystratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsouris
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.forename: Vassilis G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorgoulis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors