title: Cognitive screening for young children: development and diversity in learning contexts.
abstract: SYSTEMS is a screening tool of general cognitive functioning for school-aged children that entails cognitive manipulation and information skills. Our aim was to extend the test for 4- and 5-year-old children at preschool to estimate theoretical starting points in typical cognitive profiles, which are critical in the early years. Participants (N = 1164, girls/boys, 50%) were 4 to 11 years old (mean 7.9, SD 2.2) at preschools and schools in diverse socioeconomic areas of Sydney, Australia. Children's responses created the normative database, and the parameters were derived from curve estimation and regression procedures. The results suggest that cognitive screening is reliable and valid for younger and older children and show a nonlinear relation of children's test scores with age, which is characteristic of rapid change for younger children. The characteristic curve with the best fit to the data had a theoretical starting point before school age, at around 3 years of age. The findings are discussed in light of alternative models and the clinical and educational applications.
authors.affiliation: School of Development & Learning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. l.bornholt@edfac.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Laurel J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bornholt
authors.forename: Fiona H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ouvrier
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results