title: The major surface protein of Wolbachia endosymbionts in filarial nematodes elicits immune responses through TLR2 and TLR4.
abstract: More than 150 million humans in tropical countries are infected by filarial nematodes which harbor intracellular bacterial endosymbionts of the genus Wolbachia (Rickettsiales). These bacteria have been implicated in adverse effects of drug treatment in filariasis. The present study provides evidence that purified major Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP) acts as an inducer of the innate immune system through TLR2 and TLR4: 1) recombinant, stringently purified rWSP elicited the release of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-8 from cultured blood cells of both Onchocerca volvulus-infected and uninfected people; 2) the inflammatory response to rWSP challenge was TLR2- and TLR4-dependent as demonstrated with TLR-transfected fibroblastoid cells, as well as macrophages and dendritic cells from functional TLR-deficient mice; 3) blood cells of onchocerciasis patients exposed to rWSP also generated down-regulating mediators IL-10 and PGE(2) after 6 days of culture; 4) furthermore, rWSP-reactive IgG1 Abs were present in sera of O. volvulus-infected people but not in those of uninfected Europeans. The lack of rWSP-reactive IgE and IgG4 in serum indicated a bias toward a Th1-type adaptive immune response. Abs against rWSP stained endobacteria in living and degenerating adult O. volvulus filariae, tissue microfilariae and host tissue macrophages that apparently had engulfed microfilariae. Thus, filarial helminths, through products of their endobacteria such as WSP, acquire characteristics of a typical microbial pathogen inducing immune responses via TLR2 and TLR4.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. NBrattig@bnu.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Norbert W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Brattig
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bazzocchi
authors.forename: Carsten J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kirschning
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reiling
authors.forename: Dietrich W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceciliani
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geisinger
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hochrein
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bandi
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoerauf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017181:Onchocerca volvulus / Q000382:microbiology*; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology*; D013559:Symbiosis; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D008222:Lymphokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors