title: Awakening consumer stewardship of health benefits: prevalence and differentiation of new health plan models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite widespread publicity of consumer-directed health plans, little is known about their prevalence and the extent to which their designs adequately reflect and support consumerism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined three types of consumer-directed health plans: health reimbursement accounts (HRAs), premium-tiered, and point-of-care tiered benefit plans. We sought to measure the extent to which these plans had diffused, as well as to provide a critical look at the ways in which these plans support consumerism. Consumerism in this context refers to efforts to enable informed consumer choice and consumers' involvement in managing their health. We also wished to determine whether mainstream health plans-health maintenance organization (HMO), point of service (POS), and preferred provider organization (PPO) models-were being influenced by consumerism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study uses national survey data collected by Mercer Human Resource Consulting from 680 national and regional commercial health benefit plans on HMO, PPO, POS, and consumer-directed products.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined consumer-directed products as health benefit plans that provided (1) consumer incentives to select more economical health care options, including self-care and no care, and (2) information and support to inform such selections. We asked health plans that offered consumer-directed products about 2003 enrollment, basic design features, and the availability of decision support. We also asked mainstream health plans about their activities that supported consumerism (e.g., proactive outreach to inform or influence enrollee behavior, such as self-management or preventive care, reminders sent to patients with identified medical conditions.)
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed survey responses for all four product lines in order to identify those plans that offer health reimbursement accounts (HRAs), premium-tiered, or point-of-care tiered models as well as efforts of mainstream health plans to engage informed consumer decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of enrollees in consumer-directed health plans are in tiered models (primarily point-of-care tiered networks) rather than HRAs. Tiers are predominantly determined based on both cost and quality criteria. Enrollment in HRAs has grown substantially, in part because of the entry of mainstream managed care plans into the consumer-directed market. Health reimbursement accounts, tiered networks, and traditional managed care plans vary in their capacity to support consumers in managing their health risks and selection of provider and treatment options, with HRAs providing the most and mainstream plans the least.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While enrollment in consumer-directed health plans continues to grow steadily, it remains a tiny fraction of all employer-sponsored coverage. Decision support in these plans, a critical link to help consumers make more informed choices, is also still limited. This lack may be of concern in light of the fact that only a minority of such plans report that they monitor claims to protect against underuse. Tiered benefit models appear to be more readily accepted by the market than HRAs. If they are to succeed in optimizing consumers' utility from health benefit spending, careful attention needs to be paid to how well these models inform consumers about the consequences of their selections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milstein
mesh_terms: D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017754:Group Purchasing / Q000592:standards; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040541:Marketing; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011243:Preferred Provider Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D014481:United States