title: How important is the impact of pressure recovery on routine evaluation of aortic stenosis? A clinical study in 91 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental investigations and invasive studies conducted in small series of patients using specially designed high-fidelity micromanometer tip catheters have suggested that downstream pressure recovery (PR) within the aorta may significantly affect transvalvular pressure gradient (PG) measurement. The study aims were to evaluate in a large cohort of patients the extent of PR when transvalvular PGs are routinely measured by fluid-filled pigtail side-hole catheters (FPC) using pullback from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta (AO), and to analyze factors influencing PR. The influence of PR on the correlation between catheter and Doppler PG measurements was also assessed in a subset of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transvalvular PG were measured in 91 patients with aortic stenosis using FPC pullback with the catheter positioned at different sites within the ascending aorta. In 71 patients, Doppler echocardiography was obtained within 24 h of catheterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean PR ranged from 0 to 20 mmHg, corresponding to a PR index (percent of maximal PG) ranging from 0 to 31%. PG was < 50 mmHg in nine of 61 patients (15%) with a PG > 50 mmHg at the origin of the aorta when further measurements were conducted with the catheter positioned more distally in the ascending aorta. PR index better correlated with the ratio of valve area to ascending AO cross-sectional area (r = 0.61, p = 0.001) than with valve area (r = 0.37, p = 0.001) and ascending AO cross-sectional area (0.27, p = 0.02) alone. Differences between Doppler- and catheter-predicted PG were minimized when correcting Doppler by non-invasively calculated PR (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of PR recorded in aortic stenosis by FPC, as used in most clinical catheterization laboratories, is low in the vast majority of patients. As predicted from fluid mechanics theory, the ratio of valve area to ascending AO cross-sectional area is the central determinant of PR. PR may affect the Doppler-catheter correlation in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France. isaaz@univ-st-etienne.fr
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isaaz
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerisier
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Da Costa
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamaud
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerenton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies