Nematode parasites of animals are more prone to develop xenobiotic resistance than nematode parasites of plants.
In this paper, we concentrate on a comparison of plant and animal-parasitic nematodes, to gain insight into the factors that influence the acquisition of the drug resistance by nematodes. Comparing nematode parasite of domestic animals and cultivated plants, it appears that drug resistance threatens only domestic animal production. Does the paucity of report on nematicide field resistance reflect reality or, is nematicide resistance bypassed by other management practices, specific to cultivated plants (i.e. agricultural control)? First, it seems that selection pressure by treatments in plants is not as efficient as selection pressure in ruminants. Agronomic practices (i.e. sanitation, early planting, usage of nematodes resistant cultivar and crop rotation) are frequently used to control parasitic-plant nematodes. Although the efficiency of such measures is generally moderate to high, integrated approaches are developing successfully in parasitic-plant nematode models. Secondly, the majority of anthelmintic resistance cases recorded in animal-parasitic nematodes concern drug families that are not used in plant-parasitic nematodes control (i.e. benzimidazoles, avermectines and levamisole). Thirdly, particular life traits of parasitic-plant nematodes (low to moderate fecundity and reproductive strategy) are expected to reduce probability of appearance and transmission of drug resistance genes. It has been demonstrated that, for a large number of nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., the mode of reproduction by mitotic parthenogenesis reduced genetic diversity of populations which may prevent a rapid drug resistance development. In conclusion, anthelmintic resistance develops in nematode parasite of animals as a consequence of an efficient selection pressure. Early detection of anthelmintic resistance is then crucial: it is not possible to avoid it, but only to delay its development in farm animal industry.
Silvestre
A
A
INRA, BioAgresseurs, Santé et Environnement, 37380 Nouzilly, France. silvestr@tours.inra.fr
Cabaret
J
J
D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010944:Plants / Q000469:parasitology*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000871:Anthelmintics; D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D015262:Xenobiotics