title: Net health plan savings from reference pricing for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in elderly British Columbia residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reference drug pricing (RP) is a cost-sharing strategy commonly used to control drug expenditures. Under RP, a benefit plan fully reimburses medications that are equally or less expensive than the reference price, and requires patients to pay the extra cost of therapeutically equivalent but higher priced drugs. Critics argued that drug plan savings are offset by administrative costs and increased spending on other health services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated net healthcare savings in beneficiaries >or=65 years from the perspective of the British Columbia provincial health insurance system after it applied RP to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated savings in new users of antihypertensives after the start of RP plus associated administrative costs and savings from reductions in retail drug prices. Findings were integrated with earlier results on the consequences of RP on expenditures for drugs, physicians, and hospitalizations among all seniors who used ACE inhibitors before the introduction of RP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first year after the implementation of RP, savings for continuous users were CAN dollars 6.0 million. Savings for new users were dollars 0.2 million. Approximately five sixths thereof were achieved by utilization changes and one sixth by cost shifting to patients. There were no savings through drug price changes. Administering RP cost dollars 0.42 million. Overall net savings were estimated to be dollars 5.8 million during the first year after the start of RP. The magnitude of these savings is equal to 6% of all cardiovascular drug expenditures in seniors. After 10 years, approximately 50% of savings will be achieved by new users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed substantial net savings from RP for ACE inhibitors for the provincial health insurance system in British Columbia, although there were generous exemptions from the policy. In other jurisdictions, savings could be higher if drug prices decline after the start of reference pricing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02120, USA. Schneeweiss@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dormuth
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grootendorst
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Soumerai
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maclure
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics*; D001955:British Columbia; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017047:Cost Sharing; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D011306:Prescription Fees; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors