Quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases: structure, function, and physiology.
Quino(hemo)protein alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) that have pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as the prosthetic group are classified into 3 groups, types I, II, and III. Type I ADH is a simple quinoprotein having PQQ as the only prosthetic group, while type II and type III ADHs are quinohemoprotein having heme c as well as PQQ in the catalytic polypeptide. Type II ADH is a soluble periplasmic enzyme and is widely distributed in Proteobacteria such as Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Comamonas, etc. In contrast, type III ADH is a membrane-bound enzyme working on the periplasmic surface solely in acetic acid bacteria. It consists of three subunits that comprise a quinohemoprotein catalytic subunit, a triheme cytochrome c subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function. The catalytic subunits of all the quino(hemo)protein ADHs have a common structural motif, a quinoprotein-specific superbarrel domain, where PQQ is deeply embedded in the center. In addition, in the type II and type III ADHs this subunit contains a unique heme c domain. Various type II ADHs each have a unique substrate specificity, accepting a wide variety of alcohols, as is discussed on the basis of recent X-ray crystallographic analyses. Electron transfer within both type II and III ADHs is discussed in terms of the intramolecular reaction from PQQ to heme c and also from heme to heme, and in terms of the intermolecular reaction with azurin and ubiquinone, respectively. Unique physiological functions of both types of quinohemoprotein ADHs are also discussed.
Toyama
Hirohide
H
Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
Mathews
F Scott
FS
Adachi
Osao
O
Matsushita
Kazunobu
K
D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D004579:Electron Transport; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D045542:PQQ Cofactor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D000438:Alcohols; D045542:PQQ Cofactor; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C019641:alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor)