title: Smoking-induced ventral striatum dopamine release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantial evidence from animal models demonstrates that dopamine release in the ventral striatum underlies the reinforcing properties of nicotine. The authors used [(11)C]raclopride bolus-plus-continuous-infusion positron emission tomography (PET) to determine smoking-induced ventral striatum dopamine release in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nicotine-dependent smokers (who smoked > or =15 cigarettes/day) underwent a [(11)C]raclopride bolus-plus-continuous-infusion PET session. During the session, subjects had a 10-minute break outside the PET apparatus during which 10 subjects smoked a cigarette and 10 did not smoke (as a control condition).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group that smoked had greater reductions in [(11)C]raclopride binding potential in ventral striatum regions of interest than the group that did not smoke, particularly in the left ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens and left ventral putamen (range for smoking group=-25.9% to -36.6% reduction). Significant correlations were found between change from before to after the smoking break in craving ratings and change from before to after the break in binding potential for these two regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine-dependent subjects who smoked during a break in PET scanning had greater reductions in [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (an indirect measure of dopamine release) than nicotine-dependent subjects who did not smoke. The magnitude of binding potential changes was comparable to that found in studies that used similar methods to examine the effects of other addictive drugs.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. abrody@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: Edythe D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Judah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farahi
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Grace S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mandelkern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D020891:Raclopride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D020891:Raclopride; D009538:Nicotine; D004298:Dopamine