title: Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops.
abstract: Evaluation of both immediate and future outcomes of one's actions is a critical requirement for intelligent behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated brain mechanisms for reward prediction at different time scales in a Markov decision task. When human subjects learned actions on the basis of immediate rewards, significant activity was seen in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum. When subjects learned to act in order to obtain large future rewards while incurring small immediate losses, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus and cerebellum were also activated. Computational model-based regression analysis using the predicted future rewards and prediction errors estimated from subjects' performance data revealed graded maps of time scale within the insula and the striatum: ventroanterior regions were involved in predicting immediate rewards and dorsoposterior regions were involved in predicting future rewards. These results suggest differential involvement of the cortico-basal ganglia loops in reward prediction at different time scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doya
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamawaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D012201:Reward