title: Sigmoidoscopy in children with chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was done to assess the role of rigid sigmoidoscopy in diagnosis and prognosis of children with chronic and minor lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of the clinical notes of children under 15 years of age with minor and chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding who had rigid sigmoidoscopy and biopsy between October 1998 and April 2002 at Liaquat Medical College Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Demographic data, clinical presentation, morbidity, sigmoidoscopic and histopathological findings were analysed to determine the role of rigid sigmoidoscopy in the management of rectal bleeding in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 229 sigmoidoscopic examinations were carried out in 207 children with a mean age of 6 years. Seventy-seven per cent (160) of children were symptomatic for a year or more. Causes of bleeding were juvenile colorectal polyps (155 cases; 75%), non-specific proctitis (38 cases; 18%), solitary rectal ulcer (seven cases; 3.5%), lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (six cases, 3%) and foreign body (betel nuts) impaction (one case; 0.5%). Polyps were mostly in the rectosigmoid region and solitary in 136 (88%) children. All polyps were removed by rigid sigmoidoscopy. Histological examination of 137 polyps revealed juvenile type in 136 (99%) cases and low-grade dysplastic changes in one patient. Non-specific proctitis (n = 38) was confirmed histologically in 92% (n = 35) of cases and it was self-limiting in 86% of cases. Other findings include solitary rectal ulcer in seven, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in six and telangiectasic (pyogenic) granuloma in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigid sigmoidoscopy was useful in diagnosis, treatment and prognostic evaluation of children with chronic and minor lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Final diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology.
authors.affiliation: Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Pakistan. parkash.mandhan@chmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mandhan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011349:Proctitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000379:methods