title: Association of multiple cellular stress pathways with accelerated atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A causal relation between hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and accelerated atherosclerosis has been established in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Although several cellular stress mechanisms have been proposed to explain the atherogenic effects of HHcy, including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation, their association with atherogenesis has not been completely elucidated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ApoE-/- mice were fed a control or a high-methionine (HM) diet for 4 (early lesion group) or 18 (advanced lesion group) weeks to induce HHcy. Total plasma homocysteine levels and atherosclerotic lesion size were significantly increased in early and advanced lesion groups fed the HM diet compared with control groups. Markers of ER stress (GRP78/94, phospho-PERK), oxidative stress (HSP70), and inflammation (phospho-IkappaB-alpha) were assessed by immunohistochemical staining of these atherosclerotic lesions. GRP78/94, HSP70, and phospho-IkappaB-alpha immunostaining were significantly increased in the advanced lesion group fed the HM diet compared with the control group. HSP47, an ER-resident molecular chaperone involved in collagen folding and secretion, was also increased in advanced lesions of mice fed the HM diet. GRP78/94 and HSP47 were predominantly localized to the smooth muscle cell-rich fibrous cap, whereas HSP70 and phospho-IkappaB-alpha were observed in the lipid-rich necrotic core. Increased HSP70 and phospho-IkappaB-alpha immunostaining in advanced lesions of mice fed the HM diet are consistent with enhanced carotid artery dihydroethidium staining. Interestingly, GRP78/94 and phospho-PERK were markedly increased in macrophage foam cells from early lesions of mice fed the control or the HM diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple cellular stress pathways, including ER stress, are associated with atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE-/- mice.
authors.affiliation: Henderson Research Centre and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Geoff H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Werstuck
authors.forename: Sárka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lhoták
authors.forename: A B Lawrence
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Sudesh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Gazi S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritskes-Hoitinga
authors.forename: Erling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Sanjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dayal
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D018450:Disease Progression; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D050958:HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000502:physiology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017510:Protein Folding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015843:Serpins; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D003094:Collagen; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D050958:HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008055:Lipids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D015843:Serpins; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C494661:Serpinh1 protein, mouse; C018551:glucose-regulated proteins