title: Viewing lava safely: an epidemiology of hiker injury and illness in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the injuries and illnesses encountered by wilderness hikers in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park attempting to hike to active lava flows and to investigate the roles that demographics, prior hiking experience, hiking behavior, and preparedness play in hiker vulnerability to injury and illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an 8-week period, daily on-site exit interviews of lava hikers were conducted by a uniformed park ranger and park volunteer. Information about the hiker's home residence, wilderness hiking experience, preparedness, health status, and health problems encountered during the hike was collected from a total of 804 hikers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high rate of injury and illness was found among the study population. Scrapes and abrasions (59%), blisters (51%), and muscle strains and sprains (47%) were the most common injuries. Dehydration (77%) and respiratory irritation (46%) were the most common illnesses. Lower extremities were the most common site of injuries, and beginning hikers were the most vulnerable to injury and illness. Many hikers were inexperienced tourists willing to disregard warning signs and enter high-risk areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is one of 22 US national park units with volcanic resources. The injuries and illnesses reported by the study group identify the impact that this type of environment can have on the safety of wilderness users in areas with similar resources. Recreating in remote and severe areas has inherent risks, but the high rate of injuries and illnesses sustained by the hikers of this study can potentially be reduced through the development of more direct risk management methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2261, USA. heggie@tamu.edu
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Heggie
authors.forename: Tracey M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Heggie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D003681:Dehydration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014195:Travel; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions; D016138:Walking