title: The 1- to 2-Hz oscillations in muscle force are exacerbated by stress, especially in older adults.
abstract: Although force fluctuations during a steady contraction are often heightened in old adults compared with young adults and are enhanced in young adults during the stress response, the mechanisms underlying the augmentation are uncertain. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of a stressor on the plasma concentrations of selected stress hormones and on the force fluctuations experienced by young and old adults during the performance of a precision grip. Thirty-six men and women (19-86 yr) participated in a protocol that comprised anticipatory (30 min), stressor (15 min), and recovery periods (25 min). The stressor was a series of noxious electrical stimuli applied to the dorsal surface of the left hand. Subjects sustained a pinch-grip force with the right hand at 2% of the maximal voluntary contraction force. The fluctuations in pinch-grip force, the interference electromyogram (EMG) of six muscles, and the spectra for the force and EMG were quantified across the 70-min protocol. The stressor increased the force fluctuations, largely due to an enhancement of the power at 1-2 Hz in the force spectrum (r(2) = 0.46). The effect was greatest for the old adults compared with young and middle-aged adults. The plasma concentrations of the stress hormones (adrenocorticotropin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) were elevated to similar levels for all three age groups, and the changes were not associated with modulation of the force fluctuations. Furthermore, the heightened EMG activity exhibited by the old adults during all periods was not related to the changes in the force fluctuations or the 1- to 2-Hz force oscillations. The absence of a change in the mean pinch-grip force during the protocol and the lack of an association between elevation of the plasma concentrations for the stress hormones and modulation of the force fluctuations suggest that the enhanced force fluctuations caused by the stressor was due to an increase in the low-frequency output of the spinal motor neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA. echristo@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Evangelos A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Christou
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jakobi
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Critchlow
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleshner
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Enoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002404:Catheterization; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone