title: Long gap esophageal atresia and esophageal replacement: moving toward a separation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of long gap esophageal atresia (EA) is still a major challenge. Gastric transposition and colon interposition are the 2 most popular choices for esophageal replacement, but there is general agreement that the child's own esophagus is the best. The aim of the study was to critically evaluate the feasibility and outcome of primary repair of long gap EA with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) by direct esophago-esophageal anastomosis as the only technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one neonates with EA+/-TEF were considered. Nineteen cases were classified as long gap (> or =3 cm). All infants underwent either primary or shortly delayed repair. In the latter group, a gastrostomy was performed along with an x-ray evaluation of the gap a few days before surgery (mean age, 46.4 days). To avoid disruptive anastomotic force, all infants were kept paralyzed and mechanically ventilated for an additional 6 days after esophageal anastomosis. Before starting feeding, postoperative esophagogram was done on day 7. Endoscopy was done routinely, starting 1 month after surgery; pH monitoring was conventionally performed at 1 year of age or even earlier, should gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) be suspected. Follow-up ranged from 11 months to 7 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 19 long gap EA infants an esophago-esophageal anastomosis was performed. Six of them (31%) required an anterior esophageal flap to bridge residual gap. Complications included minor anastomotic leak in 2 cases and anastomotic stricture (<5mm) in 12 (80%) cases, which were treated with an average of 5 dilatations (1 of which with resection of the stricture). GERD occurred in 8 cases (53.3%), of which, 3 required fundoplication. None of the patients had esophageal swallowing difficulties or persistent dysphagia. Two children experienced food aversion. Mean hospital stay was 66.2 (22 to 230) days. There were 4 deaths (very low birth weight, 1; associated anomalies, 1; and late sepsis, 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering heat gap determination remains imprecise, it seems possible to conclude that in a well-established tertiary care level referral center: (1) long gap EA could be treated successfully with primary repair and anastomosis; (2) strictures and GER represent the most frequent postoperative problem, but additional procedures required seem "acceptable" to maintain the patient's own esophagus and avoid replacement; (3) esophageal substitution in long gap EA should be reserved for cases in which a previous attempt of esophageal reconstruction failed.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Surgery Unit Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagolan
authors.forename: B d
authors.initials: Bd
authors.lastname: Iacobelli Bd
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: G Federici
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: di Abriola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laviani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trucchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orzalesi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dall'Oglio
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D002423:Cause of Death; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000209:etiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D015996:Survival Rate; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery