title: Simulation of post-dialysis urea rebound using regional flow model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A regional flow model (RFM) can establish the missing link between hemodynamics and solute removal. We tried to simulate post-dialysis urea rebound using a RFM for the purpose of evaluating the validity of this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients on maintenance hemodialysis with negligible renal function were investigated. The parameters of the RFM were estimated so as to fit the calculated values of urea nitrogen to the measured values during a dialysis session. The estimated parameters were total urea distribution volume (TUV), systemic blood flow (Qsys), flow fraction (fQH) and volume fraction (fVH) of the high-flow system. Thirteen types of parameter sets were used for the estimation. The urea rebound at 60 min after a dialysis session (Creb) and the rebound ratio (RR) were calculated using these estimated parameters. The accuracy of the calculated Creb and RR was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of Creb and RR determined using estimated TUV, by taking Qsys as systemic blood flow calculated from ultrasonic echo cardiogram (Qucg), fQH as 0.8, and fVH as 0.2, was insufficient (method 1a). The accuracy of these values was significantly increased by taking fQH as 0.85 (method 1b). The estimation of Qsys with TUV did not improve the accuracy of Creb and RR (methods 2a and 2b). The estimation of fQH, fVH, and TUV (method 8) increased the accuracy of Creb and RR significantly compared with method 1a, but not compared with method 1b. Even with method 1b or method 8, the percentage RR was less than 90% in two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By taking fQH as 0.85, an acceptably accurate simulation of urea rebound can be accomplished with the necessity to estimate only TUV. The simulation was not significantly improved by the estimation of Qsys, fQH, and fVH. The RFM is useful in practice, although it has some limitations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kyoto City Hospital, 1-2 Mibu Higashitakada-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8845, Japan. yashiro@pearl.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yashiro
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muso
mesh_terms: D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001810:Blood Volume; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000592:standards*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014508:Urea