title: Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) scores in 11-year-old children with communication impairments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pragmatic skills of children with communication disorders and their assessment are currently an issue for speech and language therapy and educational placement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether different subgroups of children with communication disorders score differently on the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) and to study how they compare with published normative data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 161 eleven-year-old children with a history of communication disorders was assessed using the CCC. The main use of this questionnaire was to establish whether pragmatic impairments were part of a child's communication difficulty. Although the checklist was originally designed for research purposes, normative data for this scale have been recently published as well as group data from a number of different clinical groups. Whilst the present CCC data have been previously reported descriptively for a wider sample, they have not been examined in terms of subgroups or compared directly with normative information and similarly diagnosed individuals from other studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the children assessed, 52 (33%) scored in the normal range (within 1 SD) on the pragmatic scale, 40 (26%) fell between 1 and 2 SD below the normative mean, and 64 (41%) scored below 2 SD of the mean of typically developing children (aged 6-16 years). Thus, the majority (67%) scored out of the normal range for pragmatic skill at 11 years of age. The cohort was separated into four diagnostic subcategories: those with a definite diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder (n=15); those with typical specific language impairment (n=82); generally impaired (n=37); and those with a clinical history of primary pragmatic language impairment (independent of CCC score, n=27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show that those generally impaired and with specific language impairment were less impaired than the other groups on the CCC pragmatic scale. There was a significant trend for those with autistic spectrum disorders to score lowest through pragmatic language impairment, generally impairment to specific language impairment. It is argued that a cut-off of 140 may prove more useful at this age than the 132 level previously published for 8 year olds. Results suggest that the CCC can be used as a clinical tool, but in conjunction with other reliable measures.
authors.affiliation: Human Communication and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. nicola.botting@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Botting
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007807:Language Tests; D011594:Psychometrics