title: Variability in respiratory protection and the assigned protection factor.
abstract: The workplace protection factor (WPF) for a given respirator wearer shows substantial variability from wearing to wearing; this variability is commonly assumed to be lognormal in nature. Further, when multiple WPFs are measured for each of multiple wearers, the aggregated WPFs appear to follow a lognormal distribution. However, the analysis typically applied to WPF data does not apportion variability within versus between wearers. We present an analytical framework based on a normal random effects model of log-transformed penetration P values (P = 1/WPF). Data from seven studies of negative-pressure air-purifying half-mask respirators, and from two studies of hemlet-and-visor type powered air-purifying respirators were analyzed by the method of maximum likelihood in the context of the model. More specifically, analyses were performed for log-transformed P values and for logit-transformed P values. Parameter estimates included within-wearer and between-wearer variance components. In general, the within-wearer component dominated the between-wearer component. We also propose a method for establishing an assigned protection factor, APF, that properly accounts for these variance components. Our method provides an APF satisfying two criteria: (1) for a given wearer, an acceptable WPF distribution has no more than 5% of WPFs below the APF value; and (2) for a wearer population, no more than 5% of wearers have unacceptable WPF distributions. The method incorporates an one-sided confidence limit to account for sampling variability. Alternative confidence limits were computed based on large sample variance estimates of random effects model parameters versus a bootstrap method. In general, there was good agreement between the APF values based on log-transformed versus logit-transformed P data, and between APF values based on the large sample variance estimates versus the bootstrap method. Based on large sample variance estimates for the logit-transformed P data from the seven half-mask studies, estimated APFs ranged from 1.4 to 250, with 5/7 studies yielding an APF </= 5.3. Given these results and related considerations, we recommend that the current half-mask APF be reduced from 10 to 5.
authors.affiliation: Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. mnicas@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D015919:Ventilators, Negative-Pressure; D017132:Workplace