title: Factors associated with mortality and morbidity in small intestinal volvulus in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine historical, physical, and clinical factors that may affect morbidity and mortality in horses with small intestinal volvulus unrelated to other causes (e.g., incarceration, lipoma, etc.).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Client-owned horses (115), aged 1 month to 21 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from medical records, identified by computer search and manual review. Continuous variables were compared between affected and non-affected horses with Mann-Whitney U-tests and non-continuous variables with Fisher's exact test (2 x 2 tables) or chi(2)-tests (larger tables). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multivariable model of the risk factors, taking account of confounding and interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty percent of horses recovered from surgery survived to hospital discharge. Neither age, breed, nor sex was related to mortality. Survivors had a significantly lower heart rate, shorter capillary refill time, and better mucous membrane color. Variables associated with worsening cardiovascular status, increased hemoconcentration, and exudation of cells and protein into peritoneal fluid were significantly associated with non-survival. After recovery from surgery, the most serious complication was colic, which was significantly associated with non-survival (P=.028) as was a second celiotomy (P<.01). Both of these complications were associated with a jejunocecostomy during the first surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in the clinical and clinicopathologic signs were identified between survivors and non-survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings can be used to make a scientific assessment of prognosis in the pre-operative, operative, and post-operative management of horses with small intestinal volvulus.
authors.affiliation: New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA. jstephen@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: Kevin T T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D045822:Intestinal Volvulus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007421:Intestine, Small; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D011996:Records / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis