title: High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the human median nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is widely accepted that peripheral nerve repairs performed within 6 weeks of injury have much better outcomes than those performed at later dates. However, there is no diagnostic technique that can determine if a traumatic peripheral nerve injury requires surgical intervention in the early postinjury phase. The objective of this article was to determine whether novel, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques could demonstrate the microstructure of human peripheral nerves that is necessary for determining prognosis and determining if surgery is indicated following traumatic injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging protocols were developed on a 9.4-T research scanner using spin-echo proton density and gradient-echo imaging sequences and a specially designed, inductively coupled radio frequency coil. These imaging protocols were applied to in situ imaging of the human median nerve in 4 fresh-frozen cadaver arms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noninvasive high-resolution images of the human median nerve were obtained. Structures in the nerve that were observed included fascicles, interfascicular epineurium, perineurium, and intrafascicular septations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of these imaging techniques to clinical scanners could provide physicians with a tool that is capable of grading the severity of nerve injuries and providing indications for surgery in the early postinjury phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Archie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heddings
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilgen
authors.forename: Randolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nudo
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toby
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McIff
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results