title: Different effects of simvastatin and interferon beta on the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon beta and statins are known to exert immunomodulatory actions by inhibiting gene transcription and translation of various proinflammatory molecules. Although interferon beta represents a mainstay in therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), statins are considered a potential new approach in treating MS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of interferon beta and statins on the posttranslational activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released from mononuclear cells in vitro that were obtained from patients with MS and healthy donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from 10 patients with a relapsing-remitting course of MS and 5 matched healthy individuals were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with an antibody to CD3, phytohemagglutinin, or medium alone as a negative control. Proteolytic activity was investigated in the supernatants by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis zymography in which gels were incubated with interferon beta or simvastatin during development. Zones of gelatin digestion were visualized and quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation with interferon beta resulted in an inhibition of the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2. In contrast, simvastatin enhanced the proteolytic capacity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, with a statistically significant increase of MMP-2 activity when compared with findings in controls. There were no differences in the enzymatic response between patients with MS and healthy individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interferon beta exhibits inhibitory effects at the posttranslational level of MMP activity, whereas simvastatin augments the proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, suggesting that statins exert anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects. This dual mechanism of action should be considered, given the recent interest in developing these drugs for treatment of MS.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany, and Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria. bernd.kieseier@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Bernd C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kieseier
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Archelos
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000097:blood*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016899:Interferon-beta; D019821:Simvastatin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases