title: Distraction Osteogenesis of the Craniofacial Skeleton.
abstract: LEARNING OBJECTIVES:: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Review the biomechanical principles and pertinent cellular and molecular biology of distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. 2. Describe the clinical indications and applications of distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. 3. Describe maxillary, mandibular, midface, and calvarial procedures in distraction osteogenesis. 4. Discuss the clinical outcomes and complications of distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton.The year 2002 marked the end of the first decade in clinical distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. In this short period, its application has increased exponentially. More than 3000 cases have been performed according to a recent survey, and more than 700 articles have been written on this subject in the MEDLINE database since 1996. It is a powerful surgical tool and enables surgeons to achieve results not previously attainable. Despite all this, distraction osteogenesis is practiced by only a small number of plastic surgeons. This article reviews the biomechanical principles; the pertinent cellular and molecular biology; and the clinical indications, applications, controversies, and complications of distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton.
authors.affiliation: Augusta, Ga.; Dallas, Texas; Indianapolis, Ind.; Ann Arbor, Mich.; and Chicago, Ill.; From the Section of Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Center, Medical College of Georgia; the Craniofacial Center, Medical City Dallas Hospital; Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Section of Plastic Surgery; Craniofacial Anomalies Program, C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan; and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Rush Craniofacial Center, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center.
authors.forename: Jack C.
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.forename: Robert J.
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Havlik
authors.forename: Steve R.
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: John W.
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Polley