title: [Paralyzed face. Ansa-cervicalis-nervi-hypoglossi].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For 100 years hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA) has been a common surgical procedure for reanimation of paralyzed mimic muscles of the face after axotomy of the facial nerve. However, the denervation and subsequent scarred degeneration of the target muscles of the hypoglossal nerve often results in unfavorable late effects for speech and swallowing. Therefore, the ansa cervicalis nervi hypoglossi-facial nerve anastomosis (ACHFA) can be an alternative to avoid such late effects. As a branch of the hypoglossal nerve the ansa cervicalis innervates the infrahyoidal muscles. Neck dissection surgery proved that resection of the ansa cervicalis causes no side effects for swallowing because of several nerve anastomoses to the cervical plexus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared our clinical results of eight cases following a delayed ACHFA with our own experiences after HFA and results from the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a reanimation rate lower than usually seen after HFA only in the target muscles of the forehead. This may be caused by a reduced neuronal plasticity of the ansa cervicalis. However, in the target muscles of the other two facial nerve branches we observed the same good results one would expect after HFA. There were no late side effects for swallowing and speech though.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg. schipper@hno.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Spetzger
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ridder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D013997:Time Factors