title: Functional MRI study of working memory in MDMA users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is known to cause degeneration of serotonin nerve terminals after acute doses in animals. Similarly, behavioral studies in human MDMA users regularly find abnormalities in memory, mood, and impulse control. However, studies of brain function using brain imaging in MDMA users have been less consistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), whether individuals with a self-reported history of MDMA use would differ from non-MDMA using controls on activation while performing a working memory task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen MDMA using subjects and 19 non-MDMA using controls underwent fMRI scanning while performing the immediate and delayed memory task (IMT/DMT). The study was based on a block design in which the delayed memory task (DMT) alternated with the immediate memory task (IMT), which served as a control condition. FMRI scans were acquired on a 1.5 T scanner, using a gradient echo echoplanar pulse sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Random effects SPM99 analysis showed significantly greater activation (whole volume corrected cluster P<0.05) during the DMT relative to the IMT in the MDMA subjects compared with the control subjects in the medial superior frontal gyrus, in the thalamus extending into putamen, and in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these effects could be due to other drugs used by MDMA users, these results are consistent with behavioral problems that are associated with MDMA use, and with animal studies on the effects of MDMA on brain function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, 1300 Moursund, Houston, TX 77030, USA. frederick.g.moeller@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: F Gerard
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Ponnada A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine