Computer-enhanced laparoscopic training system (CELTS): bridging the gap.
BACKGROUND
There is a large and growing gap between the need for better surgical training methodologies and the systems currently available for such training. In an effort to bridge this gap and overcome the disadvantages of the training simulators now in use, we developed the Computer-Enhanced Laparoscopic Training System (CELTS).


METHODS
CELTS is a computer-based system capable of tracking the motion of laparoscopic instruments and providing feedback about performance in real time. CELTS consists of a mechanical interface, a customizable set of tasks, and an Internet-based software interface. The special cognitive and psychomotor skills a laparoscopic surgeon should master were explicitly defined and transformed into quantitative metrics based on kinematics analysis theory. A single global standardized and task-independent scoring system utilizing a z-score statistic was developed. Validation exercises were performed.


RESULTS
The scoring system clearly revealed a gap between experts and trainees, irrespective of the task performed; none of the trainees obtained a score above the threshold that distinguishes the two groups. Moreover, CELTS provided educational feedback by identifying the key factors that contributed to the overall score. Among the defined metrics, depth perception, smoothness of motion, instrument orientation, and the outcome of the task are major indicators of performance and key parameters that distinguish experts from trainees. Time and path length alone, which are the most commonly used metrics in currently available systems, are not considered good indicators of performance.


CONCLUSIONS
CELTS is a novel and standardized skills trainer that combines the advantages of computer simulation with the features of the traditional and popular training boxes. CELTS can easily be used with a wide array of tasks and ensures comparability across different training conditions. This report further shows that a set of appropriate and clinically relevant performance metrics can be defined and a standardized scoring system can be designed.
Stylopoulos
N
N
Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. nstylopoulos@partners.org
Cotin
S
S
Maithel
S K
SK
Ottensmeye
M
M
Jackson
P G
PG
Bardsley
R S
RS
Neumann
P F
PF
Rattner
D W
DW
Dawson
S L
SL
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D018961:Educational Technology; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software