title: HAPLORE: a program for haplotype reconstruction in general pedigrees without recombination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haplotype reconstruction is an essential step in genetic linkage and association studies. Although many methods have been developed to estimate haplotype frequencies and reconstruct haplotypes for a sample of unrelated individuals, haplotype reconstruction in large pedigrees with a large number of genetic markers remains a challenging problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed an efficient computer program, HAPLORE (HAPLOtype REconstruction), to identify all haplotype sets that are compatible with the observed genotypes in a pedigree for tightly linked genetic markers. HAPLORE consists of three steps that can serve different needs in applications. In the first step, a set of logic rules is used to reduce the number of compatible haplotypes of each individual in the pedigree as much as possible. After this step, the haplotypes of all individuals in the pedigree can be completely or partially determined. These logic rules are applicable to completely linked markers and they can be used to impute missing data and check genotyping errors. In the second step, a haplotype-elimination algorithm similar to the genotype-elimination algorithms used in linkage analysis is applied to delete incompatible haplotypes derived from the first step. All superfluous haplotypes of the pedigree members will be excluded after this step. In the third step, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm combined with the partition and ligation technique is used to estimate haplotype frequencies based on the inferred haplotype configurations through the first two steps. Only compatible haplotype configurations with haplotypes having frequencies greater than a threshold are retained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We test the effectiveness and the efficiency of HAPLORE using both simulated and real datasets. Our results show that, the rule-based algorithm is very efficient for completely genotyped pedigree. In this case, almost all of the families have one unique haplotype configuration. In the presence of missing data, the number of compatible haplotypes can be substantially reduced by HAPLORE, and the program will provide all possible haplotype configurations of a pedigree under different circumstances, if such multiple configurations exist. These inferred haplotype configurations, as well as the haplotype frequencies estimated by the EM algorithm, can be used in genetic linkage and association studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The program can be downloaded from http://bioinformatics.med.yale.edu.
authors.affiliation: Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fengzhu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010375:Pedigree; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software