title: A study of empyema thoracis and role of intrapleural streptokinase in its management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical spectrum, microbiology and outcome of empyema thoracis are changing. Intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytic agents is being increasingly used for management of empyema thoracis. The present study was carried out to describe the clinical profile and outcome of patients with empyema thoracis including those with chronic empyema and to study the efficacy and safety of intrapleural streptokinase in its management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical profile, etiological agents, hospital course and outcome of 31 patients (mean age 40 +/- 16 years, M: F 25: 6) with empyema thoracis treated from 1998 to 2003 was analyzed. All patients were diagnosed on the basis of aspiration of frank pus from pleural cavity. Clinical profile, response to therapy and outcome were compared between the patients who received intrapleural streptokinase (n = 12) and those who did not (n = 19).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etiology was tubercular in 42% of the patients (n = 13) whereas the rest were bacterial. Amongst the patients in which organisms could be isolated (n = 13, 42%) Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest (n = 5). Intrapleural streptokinase was instilled in 12 patients. This procedure resulted in increase of drainage of pleural fluid in all patients. Mean daily pleural fluid drainage after streptokinase instillation was significantly higher for patients who received intrapleural streptokinase than those who did not (213 ml vs 57 ml, p = 0.006). Only one patient who was instilled streptokinase eventually required decortication, which had to be done in five patients (16.1%). Mean hospital stay was 30.2 +/- 17.6 days whereas two patients died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tubercular empyema is common in Indian patients. Intrapleural streptokinase appears to be a useful strategy to preserve lung function and reduce need for surgery in patients with late stage of empyema thoracis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, New-Delhi-110029, India. amit_banga@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banga
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Khilnani
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Naveet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wig
authors.forename: Namrata
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D007440:Intubation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D035422:Pleural Cavity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase