title: Apical right ventriculotomy for closure of apical ventricular septal defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apical ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are difficult to visualize through a transatrial approach, while the use of a left ventriculotomy may result in progressive ventricular dysfunction. Transcatheter closure has not been reliable, especially in small infants. Apical right ventriculotomy provides good exposure, preserves left ventricular function, and allows secure closure of apical VSDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1994 through April 2002, nine children, median age 8 months (range, 74 days to 2.5 years) underwent 10 operations for VSD closure via apical right ventriculotomy (one patient with a residual defect underwent successful VSD closure via a second apical right ventriculotomy). Two patients were status post pulmonary artery banding and two patients had previous unsuccessful attempts at closure via a transatrial approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no hospital mortality; there were 2 late deaths (78% survival; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45% to 94%), 3 months and 4 years postoperatively. Postoperative echocardiography demonstrated no residual VSDs in 3 and insignificant residual VSDs in 4 of the survivors. All survivors currently exhibit normal biventricular function during a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 11 to 104 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apical right ventriculotomy provides excellent exposure allowing safe and effective closure of apical VSDs. The observed late morbidity and mortality reflects the complexity that often exists in these cases due to additional irreparable lesions.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, The Children's Hospital at The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Roger B B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mee
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Shivaprakash G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herrera-Verdugo
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right