title: The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In type 2 diabetes, therapies to maintain blood glucose control usually fail after several years. We estimated the glycemic burden that accumulates from treatment failure and describe the time course and predictors of failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, population-based study using retrospective observational data. We identified all 7208 complete courses of treatment with nondrug therapy, sulfonylurea monotherapy, metformin monotherapy, and combination oral antihyperglycemic therapy between 1994 and 2002, inclusive, among members of the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region. We calculated mean cumulative glycemic burden, defined as HbA(1c)-months >8.0 or 7.0% for each treatment. We then measured the likelihood that the next HbA(1c) would exceed 8.0 and 7.0% after HbA(1c) exceeded each of ten hypothetical treatment thresholds. Finally, we estimated multivariate logistic regression models to predict when HbA(1c) would continue to deteriorate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this well-controlled population, the average patient accumulated nearly 5 HbA(1c)-years of excess glycemic burden >8.0% from diagnosis until starting insulin and about 10 HbA(1c)-years of burden >7.0%. Whenever patients crossed the American Diabetes Association-recommended treatment threshold of 8.0%, their next HbA(1c) result was as likely to be <8.0 as >8.0%. Multivariate prediction models had highly statistically significant coefficients, but predicted <10% of the variation in future HbA(1c) results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should change glucose-lowering treatments in type 2 diabetes much sooner or use treatments that are less likely to fail. An action point at 7.0% or lower is more likely to prevent additional deterioration than the traditional action point of 8.0%.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA. jonathan.brown@kpchr.org
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents