title: Lidocaine increases intracellular sodium concentration through voltage-dependent sodium channels in an identified lymnaea neuron.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The local anesthetic lidocaine affects neuronal excitability in the central nervous system; however, the mechanisms of such action remain unclear. The intracellular sodium concentration ([Na]i) and sodium currents (INa) are related to membrane potential and excitability. Using an identifiable respiratory pacemaker neuron from Lymnaea stagnalis, the authors sought to determine whether lidocaine changes [Na]i and membrane potential and whether INa is related to these changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular recording and sodium imaging were used simultaneously to measure membrane potentials and [Na]i, respectively. Measurements for [Na]i were made in normal, high-Na, and Na-free salines, with membrane hyperpolarization, and with tetrodotoxin pretreatment trials. Furthermore, changes of INa were measured by whole cell patch clamp configuration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine increased [Na]i in a dose-dependent manner concurrent with a depolarization of the membrane potential. In the presence of high-Na saline, [Na]i increased and the membrane potential was depolarized; the addition of lidocaine further increased [Na]i, and the membrane potential was further depolarized. In Na-free saline or in the presence of tetrodotoxin, lidocaine did not change [Na]i. Similarly, hyperpolarization of the membrane by current injections also prevented the lidocaine-induced increase of [Na]i. In the patch clamp configuration, membrane depolarization by lidocaine led to an inward sodium influx. A persistent reduction in membrane potential, resulting from lidocaine, brings the cell within the window current of INa where sodium channel activation occurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine increases intracellular sodium concentration and promotes excitation through voltage-dependent sodium channels by altering membrane potential in the respiratory pacemaker neuron.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Japan. onizuka@shaw.ca
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onizuka
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasaba
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamakawa
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibusuki
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takasaki
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans; D002138:Calibration; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001572:Benzofurans; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015222:Sodium Channels; C061665:sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D008012:Lidocaine; D012964:Sodium