title: The activity of antiepileptic drugs as histone deacetylase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Valproic acid (VPA), one of the widely used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), was recently found to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDAC inhibitors of a wide range of structures, such as hydroxamic acids, carboxylic acids, and cyclic tetrapeptides, have various effects on transformed and nontransformed cells, including neuromodulation and neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to assess comparatively the activity of traditional and newer AEDs as HDAC inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  After incubation of HeLa cells with the tested AEDs, histone hyperacetylation was assessed by immunoblotting with an antibody specific to acetylated histone H4. Direct HDAC inhibition by AEDs was estimated by using HeLa nuclear extract as an HDACs source and an acetylated lysine substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that in addition to VPA, topiramate (TPM) inhibited HDACs with apparent Ki values of 2.22 +/- 0.67 mM. Although levetiracetam (LEV) had no direct effect on HDACs, its major carboxylic acid metabolite in humans, 2-pyrrolidinone-n-butyric acid (PBA), inhibited HDACs with Ki values of 2.25 +/- 0.78 mM. The AEDs LEV, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, and vigabatrin did not inhibit HDACs. The compounds that directly inhibited HDACs also induced the accumulation of acetylated histone H4 in HeLa cells. The effects of TPM and PBA on histone acetylation were significant at 0.25 mM and 1 mM, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that in addition to VPA, the newer AED TPM and the major metabolite of LEV, PBA, are able to induce histone hyperacetylation in human cells, although with lower potencies than VPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Ein Karem, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eyal
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yagen
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobol
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Altschuler
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shmuel
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bialer
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000502:physiology; D002087:Butyrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077236:Topiramate; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002087:Butyrates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D010889:Piracetam