title: Comparative analysis of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and indicator bacteria during sewage sludge hygienization in various composting processes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the suitability of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and enterococci as indicator organisms for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in treated sludge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, detected and enumerated by direct immunofluorescence microscopy, were compared with counts of indicator bacteria during six different sewage sludge hygienization processes, including closed reactor and open windrow composting, and sludge sanitation by quicklime or peat addition. No statistical correlation existed between the counts of indicator bacteria, Cl. perfringens, E. coli, and enterococci and occurrence of Cryptosporidium or Giardia. In sludge end-products, Giardia cysts were detected more frequently than Cryptosporidium oocysts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct analysis is the best method to confirm the presence of (oo)cysts in sludge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ruska.rimhanen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimhanen-Finne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuorinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marmo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hänninen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000254:growth & development*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005872:Giardia / Q000254:growth & development*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; C016538:lime