title: Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study: study design, methods and quality assurance/control results.
abstract: The Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) Study was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of outdoor sources of air toxics, as defined in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, to indoor concentrations and personal exposures. The concentrations of 18 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 17 carbonyl compounds, and fine particulate matter mass (PM(2.5)) were measured using 48-h outdoor, indoor and personal air samples collected simultaneously. PM2.5 mass, as well as several component species (elemental carbon, organic carbon, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and elemental analysis) were also measured; only PM(2.5) mass is reported here. Questionnaires were administered to characterize homes, neighborhoods and personal activities that might affect exposures. The air exchange rate was also measured in each home. Homes in close proximity (<0.5 km) to sources of air toxics were preferentially (2:1) selected for sampling. Approximately 100 non-smoking households in each of Elizabeth, NJ, Houston, TX, and Los Angeles, CA were sampled (100, 105, and 105 respectively) with second visits performed at 84, 93, and 81 homes in each city, respectively. VOC samples were collected at all homes, carbonyls at 90% and PM(2.5) at 60% of the homes. Personal samples were collected from nonsmoking adults and a portion of children living in the target homes. This manuscript provides the RIOPA study design and quality control and assurance data. The results from the RIOPA study can potentially provide information on the influence of ambient sources on indoor air concentrations and exposure for many air toxics and will furnish an opportunity to evaluate exposure models for these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. weisel@eohsi.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Clifford P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Weisel
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colome
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Dalia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Spektor
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alimokhtari
authors.forename: Jaymin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giovanetti
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maberti
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shendell
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals