title: Context-dependent contributions of backbone hydrogen bonding to beta-sheet folding energetics.
abstract: Backbone hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) are prominent features of protein structures; however, their role in protein folding remains controversial because they cannot be selectively perturbed by traditional methods of protein mutagenesis. Here we have assessed the contribution of backbone H-bonds to the folding kinetics and thermodynamics of the PIN WW domain, a small beta-sheet protein, by individually replacing its backbone amides with esters. Amide-to-ester mutations site-specifically perturb backbone H-bonds in two ways: a H-bond donor is eliminated by replacing an amide NH with an ester oxygen, and a H-bond acceptor is weakened by replacing an amide carbonyl with an ester carbonyl. We perturbed the 11 backbone H-bonds of the PIN WW domain by synthesizing 19 amide-to-ester mutants. Thermodynamic studies on these variants show that the protein is most destabilized when H-bonds that are enveloped by a hydrophobic cluster are perturbed. Kinetic studies indicate that native-like secondary structure forms in one of the protein's loops in the folding transition state, but the backbone is less ordered elsewhere in the sequence. Collectively, our results provide an unusually detailed picture of the folding of a beta-sheet protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 506, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Songpon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deechongkit
authors.forename: Houbi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Evan T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruebele
authors.forename: Jeffery W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D004952:Esters; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase