title: Innate inflammatory cells are not responsible for early death of donor myoblasts after myoblast transfer therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) is a cell-based gene therapy representing a potential treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The rapid disappearance of donor myoblasts from transplanted muscles after MTT is one of the most controversial and significant obstacles facing research in this area. Dystrophin-deficient muscles show constitutively high levels of inflammation, thus necessitating an examination of whether inflammatory cells, specifically natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, within dystrophic muscle are responsible for poor graft survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mdx mice were treated with RB6-8C5 monoclonal antibody, PK136 monoclonal antibody, or clodronate liposomes to systemically deplete neutrophils, NK cells, and macrophages, respectively. After each depletion regimen, the mice and age-matched controls received 5.0 x 10 male myoblasts injected longitudinally into each tibialis anterior muscle. Donor myoblast survival was assessed by Y-chromosome specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS.: The systemic depletion of host neutrophils and NK cells resulted in a transient improvement in donor myoblast survival at 72 hr and 7 days post-MTT, respectively. Systemic depletion of macrophages had no significant beneficial effect on myoblast survival. Overall, the number of detectable male donor myoblasts was similar at time 0 and 1 hr post-MTT; however, there was significant loss by 24 hr (approximately 50%-70%) followed by a continual decline in donor cell numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neutrophils and macrophages do not seem to play a major role in the rapid death of donor myoblasts after transplantation into dystrophic muscle. NK cells similarly seem to have no significant effect, contrary to earlier findings reported by our group.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Microbiology (M502), School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Center, Nedlands, Perth, W.A. 6009, Australia. leanne.sammels@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sammels
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosio
authors.forename: Clayton T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Fragall
authors.forename: Miranda D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grounds
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: Manfred W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beilharz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D009504:Neutrophils; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics