title: Differences in rates of diarrhea in patients with human immunodeficiency virus receiving lopinavir-ritonavir or nelfinavir.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare rates of diarrhea in patients receiving an antiretroviral regimen containing lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir and in patients who received these drugs sequentially.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred one participants in the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study who were prescribed lopinavir-ritonavir or nelfinavir from 1996-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chart review identified episodes of diarrhea that potentially were associated with an antiretroviral agent. Data collected included antidiarrheal agents dispensed, baseline viral load and CD4+ cell counts, demographic variables, and previous therapy Diarrhea associated with an antiretroviral regimen occurred in 175 (49%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 17 (17%) of 99 patients receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (p < 0.001). Treatment for the diarrhea occurred in 118 (33%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 9 (9%) of 99 receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (p < 0.001). Patients in the lopinavir-ritonavir group were more likely to have received highly active antiretroviral therapy and azithromycin than patients receiving nelfinavir, and they had lower baseline CD4+ cell counts (p < or = 0.01 for each comparison). The average number of months/person-year of diarrhea treatment was 2.0 for the nelfinavir group and 0.13 for the lopinavir-ritonavir group. Of the 10 antiretroviral-naive patients who received lopinavir-ritonavir, none needed treatment for diarrhea, whereas 78 (36%) of 217 antiretroviral-naive patients who received nelfinavir required treatment for diarrhea. Of the 52 patients who had been taking nelfinavir and were switched to lopinavir-ritonavir, they were more likely to start antidiarrheal treatment while taking nelfinavir (14 [27%]) than while receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (3 [6%]) (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving lopinavir-ritonavir were significantly less likely to have diarrhea or to require treatment for diarrhea than patients receiving nelfinavir. The same results occurred when the drugs were given to the same patients sequentially (nelfinavir followed by lopinavir-ritonavir). The diarrhea associated with lopinavir-ritonavir was less frequent, less severe, and shorter in duration than diarrhea associated with nelfinavir.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Section, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jodie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: Charnelda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruffin
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tschampa
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: DeSilva
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005845:Georgia; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D061466:Lopinavir; D008875:Middle Aged; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000930:Antidiarrheals; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019438:Ritonavir