title: Use of the holmium:YAG laser for ureterolithotripsy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with rigid ureteroscopy and holmium:YAG laser for treating ureteric calculi in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 35 children who were treated with rigid ureteroscopy for ureteric calculi between November 1997 and June 2003 (15 boys and 20 girls; mean age 6.2 years, range 1-14). The mean (range) stone size was 8 (4-15) mm and the duration of anaesthesia 46.6 (15-90) min. The stone was in the distal third of the ureter in 33 children and in the proximal third in two. We used a 7.5/8/10 F rigid ureteroscopes with routine dilatation of the ureteric orifice. For lower ureteric stones, lithotripsy was carried out with holmium:YAG laser in 29 cases, a pneumatic impactor in two and forceps extraction in two. Both stones in the proximal ureter were pushed back into the collecting system. All the ureters were stented using JJ stents in 31 and ureteric catheters in four cases. The mean postoperative follow-up was 12 (2-30) months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excluding the two stones pushed back, the stone-free rate after a one-stage procedure was 82% (27/33). With repeated procedures in the six (ESWL in two) remaining cases the success rate was 97% (32/33). The ureter was perforated in two patients within the first five in the series. There was no pyelonephritis or gross haematuria after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroscopy and lithotripsy using the holmium:YAG laser is effective and safe for treating ureteric stones in children, in experienced hands. The results would be even better using smaller and flexible ureteroscopes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. hasedogan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hasan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tekgul
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akdogan
authors.forename: Mehmet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keskin
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods