title: Special control of infection and rejection episodes after four years of cardiac transplantation at the University of Munich.
abstract: During the past 4 years, 36 orthotopic heart transplantations and two heart-lung transplantations were performed at Munich University Hospital. Immunosuppressive regimen consisted of cyclosporine A and low dose prednisone. The rejection diagnosis was based on daily cyto-immunological monitoring (CIM) and high frequency electrocardiography. In addition, viral, bacterial, and fungal infections were examined by CIM. The CIM is based on an evaluation of activated lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and lymphocyte subsets in the mononuclear concentrate isolated from the peripheral blood by Ficoll Hypaque separation. Of the 38 patients, 24 are currently alive from 1 month to 4 years later (including one heart-lung recipient 1.5 years postoperatively). Altogether, 40 rejection episodes occurred among the patients. The diagnosis was based on CIM (sensitivity = 95%) and on endomyocardial biopsies (sensitivity = 95%). Control of rejection therapy was also done by using these methods. When the biopsies showed ongoing acute rejection, additional antithymocyte globulin or antilymphocyte globulin therapy was administered, relative to the CIM results. When using the endomyocardial biopsies for rejection control only, results showed a very low rate of two to three biopsies per patient in the first 3 months postoperatively. In addition, 16 infection periods were detected: five viral, six bacterial, four fungal, and one case of toxoplasmosis. The CIM showed typical hints of these inflammations in 12 cases (sensitivity = 75%) before clinical signs were visible. This immediately led to further diagnostic examinations and specific anti-infectious therapies, which were initiated early.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichenspurner
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kemkes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Osterholzer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reble
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ertel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lersch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinbeck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gokel