title: Atomic force microscopic studies on erythrocytes from an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: We examined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM) images of human, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine erythrocytes to determine whether the general pattern of erythrocyte membrane architecture has been largely conserved in the course of phylogenetic evolution or relatively minor modifications have taken place. The general pattern of the cell surface structure is indeed very similar among the phyla examined. The surface features include a number of blebs or globular structures and hole-like depressions. Such features are particularly clear in fish (Heteropneustes sp.), in which globular blebs are arranged in tiers around the depressions. The same pattern is found in the other phyla, although the sizes of the blebs and depressions vary. The depressions are approximately 340 and approximately 100 nm in diameter in chickens and fish, respectively, and are smaller in other phyla. The images of human erythrocytes presented here show holes more clearly than the images obtained by Zhang et al. (Scanning Electron Microsc., 1995; 9:981-989), who showed for the first time the highly uneven surface of these cells. The globules range in size from approximately 50-150 nm in diameter. These nanostructures have a width of approximately 333-1,000 atoms, assuming that the average dimension of an atom is 1.5 A. The size range of the holes is approximately 40-432 nm (equivalent to a width of approximately 266-2880 atoms). LFM images, which take into account the lateral component of the force, represent the variation of surface friction (roughness) on the erythrocyte surface. This is very clear in the toad images, which show well-ordered strata that have not been revealed in ordinary AFM images.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscope Centre (USIC), University College of Science, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India.
authors.forename: Kajal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Tapan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.forename: Radhaballav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.forename: Manoranjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ratan Lal
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brahmachary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae / Q000097:blood*; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood*; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005399:Fishes / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008116:Lizards / Q000097:blood*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010802:Phylogeny