title: Diabetic heel ulcers: a major risk factor for lower extremity amputation.
abstract: Of all the ulcers seen in patients with diabetes, heel ulcers are the most serious and often lead to below-the-knee amputation. Management of heel ulcers requires a thorough knowledge of the major risk factors for ulceration in the heel area and a standardized program of local ulcer care, metabolic control, early control of infection, and improvement of blood supply to the foot. The most common risk factors for ulceration in the heel region include immobility of the lower limbs, diabetic neuropathy, structural deformity, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Patient education regarding foot hygiene, skin care, and proper footwear is crucial to reducing the risk of an injury that can lead to heel ulceration. A careful foot examination that tests for neuropathy and arterial insufficiency can identify patients at risk for heel ulcers and appropriately classify patients with ulcers into different grades to design proper therapeutic plans for management. Team management programs that focus on education, prevention, regular foot examinations, aggressive intervention, and proper use of therapeutic measures can significantly reduce the risk of lower-extremity amputations from heel ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Diabetic Foot Clinic, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan 11942. niyounes@ju.edu.jo
authors.forename: Nidal A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Abla M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Albsoul
authors.forename: Hamzeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Awad
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006365:Heel / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012775:Shoes; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D014945:Wound Healing