title: Preferential vulnerability of astroglia and glial precursors to combined opioid and HIV-1 Tat exposure in vitro.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection can cause characteristic neural defects such as progressive motor dysfunction, striatal pathology and gliosis. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-induced pathogenesis is exacerbated by heroin abuse and that the synergistic neurotoxicity is a direct effect of heroin on the CNS, an alarming observation considering the high incidence of HIV infection with injection drug abuse. Although HIV infection results in neurodegeneration, neurons themselves are not directly infected. Instead, HIV affects microglia and astroglia, which subsequently contributes to the neurodegenerative changes. Opioid receptors are widely expressed by macroglia and macroglial precursors, and the activation of mu-opioid receptors can modulate programmed cell death, as well as the response of neural cells to cytotoxic insults. For this reason, we questioned whether opioid drugs might modify the vulnerability of macroglia and macroglial precursors to HIV-1 Tat protein. To address this problem, the effects of morphine and/or HIV Tat(1-72) on the viability of macroglia and macroglial precursors were assessed in mixed-glial cultures derived from mouse striatum. Our findings indicate that sustained exposure to morphine and Tat(1-72) viral protein induces the preferential death of glial precursors and some astrocytes. Moreover, the increased cell death is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. Our results imply that opiates can enhance the cytotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat through direct actions on glial precursors and/or astroglia, suggesting novel cellular targets for HIV-opiate interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Valeriya K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Khurdayan
authors.forename: Shreya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.forename: Nazira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Hage
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Indrapal N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Pamela E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turchan-Cholewo
authors.forename: Avindra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Kurt F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015696:Gene Products, tat; D009294:Narcotics; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases