title: Effects of genetic variability and habitat of Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) on herbivory by free-feeding and gall-forming insects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Differences in the chemical and physical traits of plants caused by both genetic and habitat characteristics may influence attack by herbivores. Leaves of Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae), a common tree of different habitats in the Brazilian Neotropical savannas (cerrado), are susceptible to severe attack by herbivorous free-living and gall-forming insects. Attack by free-living and gall-forming insects within and between populations of Q. parviflora were examined and it was determined to what extent genetic variability (detected by RAPD markers), phenotypic characteristics of the plants and habit traits influence the number of free-living and gall-forming insect species and individuals attacking the plants, and the intensity of attack.
  
  
  METHODS
  On four occasions in 2000, leaves were sampled from ten individual trees in each of three types of vegetation in the cerrado: campo sujo, cerrado sensu stricto and cerradão at the Ecological Station of Pirapitinga (ESP), in Três Marias, north-western Minas Gerais, Brazil. Genetic variability was detected by RAPD markers, and concentrations of nutrients, phenols and tannins, sclerophylly and pre-dawn water potential of leaves were measured. Water and nutrient contents in the soil below each tree characterized the habitat. The free-living and gall-forming herbivorous insects were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 69 RAPD markers analysed, 41 were polymorphic and were used for analyses of genetic variability of Q. parviflora. Most of the variability occurred within habitats, accounting for 97.65 % of the genetic variability. Plants in the cerrado sensu stricto and campo sujo were the most similar. There were no significant associations between genetic similarity and the chemical and physical traits of Q. parviflora, or with habitat, nor was there significant correlation between phenotypic and habitat traits. Increasing concentrations of tannins and sulphur, C : N ratio and sclerophylly correlated with increasing percentage of leaf area damaged by herbivores. Decreased sclerophylly, concentration of tannins and C : N ratio, and increased concentration of nutrients in leaves correlated with increased severity of attack by gall-forming insects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrient concentration in the soil had more influence, indirectly, on free-feeding insects than did composition of Q. parviflora leaves. However, gall-forming insects are affected more by leaf quality, attacking fewer sclerophyllous leaves, with larger nutrient but smaller tannin concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916, Mod. B, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil. silmaryalvim@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Silmary J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gonçalves-Alvim
authors.forename: Rosane G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Collevatti
authors.forename: G Wilson
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012987:Soil; D013634:Tannins; D014867:Water; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen