title: Immunostimulant patch enhances immune responses to influenza virus vaccine in aged mice.
abstract: Improvement in the immune response to influenza virus vaccination in the elderly represents the primary unmet need in influenza virus vaccination. We have shown that topical application of immunostimulating (IS) patches containing heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT) enhances immune responses to injected vaccines. We extend these findings and show that LT-IS patch application enhances the antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination in both young and aged mice. LT-IS patches markedly increased influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), hemagglutination inhibition antibody, mucosal antibody, and T-cell responses. The magnitude of the immune responses in aged mice receiving an LT-IS patch was equivalent to or greater than that of the immune responses in young mice given vaccine alone. These results suggest that addition of an LT-IS patch may compensate for the deficient immune function seen in the aged in response to influenza virus vaccination. Therefore, use of an LT-IS patch could be a new, safe, and simple immunization strategy that may significantly improve the outcome of influenza virus vaccination in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: IOMAI Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guebre-Xabier
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ellingsworth
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Glenn
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli