title: [Characteristics of infectious endocarditis in ventricular septal defects in children and adults].
abstract: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse cases of infectious endocarditis (IE) of native or repaired ventricular septal defects (VSD) to determine its incidence, the circumstances of its occurrences, the outcome and prognosis of this complication. From 1966 to 2002, 36 IE occurred in 19 boys and 17 girls: the age at diagnosis was 13.4 +/- 11.8 years; 26 had an isolated VSD and 10 had VSD associated with a minor lesion. Eleven of the 36 cases (30.5%) had been previously operated: repair of an isolated VSD with a patch in 5 cases, associated with a Crafoord procedure for coarctation of the aorta in 2 cases, three times with conservative treatment of associated aortic regurgitation (AR) and with ligature of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 1 case. Twenty-five of the 36 cases (69.5%) had not been operated before: 21 isolated type 1 VSD; 2 VSD + AR, 1 VSD with PDA (undiagnosed), 1 VSD with valvular pulmonary stenosis (PS). The portal of entry was post-surgical in 7 out of 36 cases (19.4%): 4 VSD patches, 2 VSD patches + Crafoord and 1 VSD patch with ligature of PDA. The source of infection was dental in 14 out of the 36 cases (38.9%): one isolated VSD repair with residual shunt, 11 native VSDs, and 2 cases of unoperated VSD + AR. The other infectious causes (15 = 41.7%) were ENT (2 cases), skin (2 cases), gastrointestinal (2 cases), pulmonary (1 case) or unknown (8 cases), on operated lesions (3 VSD patches + AR) or native lesions (12 cases: 10 isolated VSDs, 1 VSD with PSD and 1 VSD with PS). Twelve episodes occurred (33.3%) despite antibiotic prophylaxis, 7 out of 7 post-surgical and 5 out of 14 dental cases. The commonest localisation was the tricuspid valve (10 cases, always in isolated VSD). Embolism was observed in 60% of right heart endocarditis (always multiple) and in 55% of IE of the left heart (single embolism). Early surgery was required in 6 patients (16.7%). The risk of early surgery was higher in patients with VSDs associated with other lesions (4 out of 10 = 40%) than in isolated VSD (2 out of 26, 7.7%, p = 0.027). Thirteen patients underwent secondary surgery after an average interval of 2.96 years, median 0.86 years (from 4 months to 22.8 years) for VSD repair (10 cases), aortic valve replacement (2 cases) and aorto-aortic conduit (1 case). The global follow-up period was 7.4 +/- 8.3 years, from 28 days to 27.9 years (median 3.3 years). Five deaths were observed on average 3.7 +/- 6.2 years after the episode of IE (median 6 months): 2 were early, occurring less than 6 months after IE and directly related to the infective episode. The survival was 97.1% at 1 month, 94.3% at 6 months, 91.4% at 1 year and 86.6% at 5 and 10 years after IE. VSD is a benign cardiac lesion, the prognosis of which can be severely compromised by infectious endocarditis: surgical repair reduces the risk but does not totally exclude it because of minor associated abnormalities. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy and the diagnosis of latent infectious problems, particularly dental, remains essential before and after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Cardiologie pédiatrique, Hôpital cardiologique Louis Pradel, BP Lyon Montchat. sylvie.di.filippo@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Filippo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Semiond
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sassolas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vandenesch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ninet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bozio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies