title: Real-time PCR for universal antibiotic susceptibility testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility is usually performed using phenotypic methods. In this study, we developed a universal 16S rRNA and rpoB quantitative PCR assay for susceptibility testing of bacteria commonly isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibiotic susceptibilities for 24 bacterial strains of various species were tested by real-time quantitative PCR assay and by conventional methods. Quantification of DNA copies of either the 16S RNA genes or rpoB were recorded over time in the presence or absence of antibiotics to determine the bacterial growth kinetics and the optimal testing time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular results for antibiotic susceptibility or resistance were in accordance with those obtained using a standard macrodilution broth assay. The method was reproducible, sensitive and rapid (2 h for Gram-negative bacilli and 4 h for Gram-positive cocci). Moreover, this assay was also able to determine the antibiotic susceptibilities of fastidious bacteria, such as mycobacteria, within 5 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that molecular detection of bacteria could be more rapid than phenotypic methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
authors.affiliation: Didier Raoult, Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rolain
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D003199:Computer Systems; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010641:Phenotype; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; C105078:RNA polymerase beta subunit