title: Glutathione S transferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that the genetically determined deficiency of glutathione S transferase (GST) enzymes involved in the detoxification of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) components may contribute to the development of asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large population of German schoolchildren (n = 3054) was genotyped for deficiencies of the GST isoforms M1 and T1. The association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and asthma as well as atopy was investigated with respect to current and in utero ETS exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children lacking the GSTM1 allele who were exposed to current ETS the risk for current asthma (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 18.6) and asthma symptoms such as wheeze ever (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.0), current wheezing (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.8 to 12.6) and shortness of breath (OR 8.9, 95% CI 2.1 to 38.4) was higher than in GSTM1 positive individuals without ETS exposure. Hints of an interaction between ETS exposure and GSTM1 deficiency were identified. In utero smoke exposure in GSTT1 deficient children was associated with significant decrements in lung function compared with GSTT1 positive children not exposed to ETS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSTM1 and GSTT1 deficiency may increase the adverse health effects of in utero and current smoke exposure.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maxmilians University-Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, D-80337 Munich, Germany. Michael.Kabesch@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabesch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoefler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leupold
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D005982:Glutathione Transferase