title: Temporomandibular joint-preserving preauricular subtemporal-infratemporal fossa approach: surgical technique and clinical application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The preauricular subtemporal-infratemporal (PSI) approach is commonly used to resect clival tumors and other lesions anterior to the brainstem. One of the surgical steps in this approach is a condylar osteotomy or a condylectomy, which often leads to temporomandibular joint dysfunction. We describe a modification of the PSI approach that preserves the temporomandibular joint without sacrificing the ability to mobilize the petrous internal carotid artery or gain surgical access to the clivus and anterior brainstem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomic studies in cadaveric specimens were performed, and the extent of exposure of critical skull base and intradural structures was documented with postdissection fine-cut computed tomographic scans. This modification of the PSI approach was subsequently used in three consecutive patients with a clival chondrosarcoma, and the completeness of tumor resection was documented with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This approach allowed complete mobilization of the petrous internal carotid artery and surgical access to the mid-lower clivus, jugular tubercle, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle, anterior brainstem, and the origin of the trigeminal through hypoglossal nerves. It also proved to be safe and feasible in the three patients who underwent surgical resection of a clival chondrosarcoma, allowing a complete tumor removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This variation of the PSI approach is practical, has no additional morbidity, and provides complete access to critical cranial base regions and tumor margins. It can certainly be used as an alternative to the standard PSI approach when dealing with clival tumors and other lesions anterior to the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vilela
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rostomily
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000473:pathology; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000601:surgery; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000473:pathology*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D004423:Ear / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000473:pathology*