title: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors alpha and gamma require zinc for their anti-inflammatory properties in porcine vascular endothelial cells.
abstract: Zinc is an essential structural component of various proteins and is crucial for the integrity of the vascular endothelium. The present study focused on the effect of zinc deficiency on the anti-inflammatory properties of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma agonists. Porcine pulmonary-arterial endothelial cells were deprived from zinc by chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene diamine. Cells were exposed to TNF-alpha for 2 h following pretreament with the PPARalpha agonists fenofibrate or ciprofibrate or the PPARgamma agonists thiazolidinedione or troglitazone. The inflammatory response was tested by measuring nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding activities as well as by measuring mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and IL-6. All PPAR agonists tested lost their potency to downregulate the TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory response in zinc-deficient cells. However, if zinc was added back, all PPAR agonists significantly downregulated the TNF-alpha-mediated induction of inflammatory transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 and significantly reduced the expression of their target genes, VCAM-1 and IL-6. We therefore hypothesize that zinc is required for the PPARalpha and -gamma DNA binding activity. Indeed, zinc deficiency significantly reduced the agonist-induced binding activity of PPARalpha and -gamma to the PPAR response element. Our data demonstrate the importance of zinc in PPAR signaling and the requirement of zinc for the anti-inflammatory properties of PPARalpha and -gamma agonists.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0215, USA.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reiterer
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toborek
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hennig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D015032:Zinc