title: Biocompatibility pattern of a bicarbonate/lactate-buffered peritoneal dialysis fluid in APD: a prospective, randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, bicarbonate-buffered fluids, with their neutral pH and less advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) and glucose degradation products (GDP), have better biocompatibility than conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. That difference may be more beneficial in automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), due to its more frequent exchanges and longer contact times with fresh dialysate. We performed a prospective, randomized study in APD patients to compare the biocompatibility of conventional and bicarbonate/lactate-buffered PD fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 14 APD patients to have APD with either conventional or bicarbonate/lactate-based fluids. After 6 months, both groups changed to the other solution. The overall observation period was 12 months. After 1 and 5 months and again after 7 and 11 months, phagocytotic and respiratory burst capacities of effluent peritoneal macrophages were determined. Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as effluent IL-6, CRP, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, AGE and CA125 concentrations were measured. Inflow pain was quantified using a patient questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory burst capacity remained unchanged and phagocytotic activity increased significantly during APD (P<0.001) with the bicarbonate/lactate fluid. Effluent IL-6 release was significantly lower than with the lactate fluid (P<0.05). While in the effluent TGF-beta 1 was unaffected, AGE concentration was lower after bicarbonate/lactate treatment (P<0.05). Effluent CA125 concentration, an indicator of mesothelial cell integrity, was higher (P<0.05) in neutral effluents. Finally, patients' inflow pain diminished (P = 0.05) when using the neutral fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a neutral PD fluid in APD improved patients' inflow pain as well as biocompatibility parameters reflecting enhanced phagocytotic activity of peritoneal macrophages, reduced constitutive inflammatory stimulation (IL-6), reduced AGE accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and better preservation of the mesothelial cell integrity. From the biocompatibility point of view, a neutral fluid with low GDP content can be recommended as the primary choice for APD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. Andreas.Fusshoeller@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fusshoeller
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plail
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grabensee
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001639:Bicarbonates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002021:Buffers; D002452:Cell Count; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007773:Lactates; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002021:Buffers; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007773:Lactates