title: Anemia and its relationship to clinical outcome in heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia is often observed in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), but its implications for patient outcomes are not well understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between anemia, severity of CHF, and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured in 912 subjects with CHF enrolled in the Randomized Etanercept North American Strategy to Study Antagonism of Cytokines (RENAISSANCE) trial. In a subgroup of 69 subjects, cardiac MRI was performed at randomization and 24 weeks later. Anemia (Hb < or =12.0 g/dL) was present in 12% of subjects. Cox regression analysis indicated that for every 1-g/dL-higher baseline Hb, the risk of mortality was 15.8% lower (P=0.0009) and the risk of mortality or hospitalization for heart failure was 14.2% lower (P<0.0001). Greater CHF severity was associated with significantly lower Hb concentrations. An increase in Hb over time was associated with a decrease in left ventricular mass and lower mortality, whereas a decrease in Hb over time was associated with an increase in left ventricular mass and higher mortality. In multivariate analysis, anemia remained a significant, independent predictor of death or hospitalization for heart failure, with both outcomes being significantly higher in all NYHA classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anemia is frequently present in patients with CHF. Lower Hb is associated with greater disease severity, a greater left ventricular mass index, and higher hospitalization and mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn, USA.
authors.forename: Inder
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: John J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitmore
authors.forename: Marshelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Anh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McCamish
authors.forename: Paul B J
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications*; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015993:Life Tables; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D000068800:Etanercept