title: Inhalation anaesthesia for castration of newborn piglets: experiences with isoflurane and isoflurane/NO.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhalation anaesthesia with isoflurane and isoflurane/N2O by mask induction for routine castration of piglets under 14 days of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five male piglets aged between 4 and 12 days were used in a matched pair test. Two piglets of the same litter with the same weight were selected. One was castrated with, the other without anaesthesia. Induction was performed with either isoflurane (group ISO) or isoflurane/nitrous oxide (group ISO/N2O) in oxygen through a modified bain-breathing system. Induction time was 90 and 60 s for group ISO and group ISO/N2O, respectively. The disappearance of the palpebral reflex was recorded. The reaction of the piglets during castration was judged according to a scoring system separately for both testicles during skin incision and dissection of the spermatic cord. The scores were added and mean values were calculated. Total anaesthesia time, castration time and quality of recovery was recorded. Blood was collected from all piglets immediately after castration for measurement of ACTH and beta-endorphin values. Statistical analysis were performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric data and one-way anova (NCSS 2000, Kaysville, UT, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction of anaesthesia proved to be smooth in all cases. The palpebral reflex disappeared after 36.5 s in group ISO/N2O versus 51 s in group ISO. Mean castration scores were 0.6 in group ISO and 0 in group ISO/N2O, whereas 7.7 in piglets with no anaesthesia. These scores were significantly different. Mean anaesthesia time was 128 s (30-390) for group ISO and 123 s (70-220) for group ISO/N2O. No deaths occurred. The differences in the levels of ACTH and beta-endorphins in the blood plasma in the different groups showed no statistical difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that isoflurane or isoflurane/N2O anaesthesia by mask induction proves to be a safe, short and reliable method in piglets undergoing castration. Reaction to the castration procedure were significantly reduced. Stress hormone values were not different between the groups because of a large individual difference.
authors.affiliation: Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jäggin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doherr
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schatzmann
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide