title: Virologic and immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in indigenous and nonindigenous HIV-1-infected patients in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the results of antiretroviral treatment (highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]) in indigenous Dutch (ID) and nonindigenous HIV-1-infected patients in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We focused on the largest groups of nonindigenous people visiting our outpatient clinic: patients from other industrialized countries (western), from Surinam/Netherlands Antilles (SNA), and from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis of 692 therapy-naive HIV-1-positive individuals who visited our outpatient clinic for the first time between July 1, 1996 and December 31, 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the groups at the time of their first visit to our clinic; at the start of HAART; and according to the virological, immunologic, and clinical treatment response during the 96 weeks after the start of HAART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients starting antiretroviral therapy, 362 were ID, 84 were western, 72 were from SNA, and 110 were from SSA. SNA and SSA patients had a lower CD4 cell count at first visit (ID = 330 cells/mm(3), western = 330 cells/mm(3), SNA = 250 cells/mm(3), and SSA = 170 cells/mm(3); P = 0.0002). Treatment in SNA and SSA patients was also started at a lower CD4 cell count, but the plasma HIV-1 RNA level was comparable. After the start of HAART, a similar rise in CD4 cell count was seen in the 4 groups (P = 0.33), but the baseline difference in CD4 cell count remained present during the follow-up period of 96 weeks. After adjusting for variables potentially influencing treatment outcome, the proportion of patients not reaching a plasma HIV-1 RNA level <400 copies/mL was not different for the 4 groups in contrast to the percentage not reaching a plasma HIV-1 RNA level <50 copies/mL (at 48 weeks: ID = 4.8%, western = 27.5%, SNA = 23.1%, and SSA = 24.2%; P = 0.017 over the 96-week time period). After the start of HAART, nonindigenous patients also more often had progression to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage C or died (P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In nonindigenous patients, treatment with HAART was equally successful in terms of the increase in CD4 cell count but was substantially less effective in achieving a plasma HIV-1 RNA level below 50 copies/mL. Further investigations should explore differences in adherence and pharmacokinetics in these patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeannine F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nellen
authors.forename: Ferdinand W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wit
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Wolf
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jurriaans
authors.forename: Joep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D044383:Black People; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents