title: Genotypes associated with myocardial infarction risk are more common in African Americans than in European Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to describe the frequencies of multiple myocardial infarction (MI) risk-associated genotypes among different racial groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Racial disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well known. Recent large Japanese case-control studies identified connexin-37 (GJA-4), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) polymorphisms as risk factors for MI, but the prevalence of these genotypes among different racial groups in the U.S. needs to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from 95 healthy African Americans (AA) and 95 healthy European Americans (EA) was used for genotyping. Deoxyribonucleic acid containing the region of interest was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by genotyping using pyrosequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three MI-risk genotypes were observed in both populations and were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of two of the three "risk-associated" genotypes were significantly higher in the AA population: GJA4 C1019T T/T: AA, 20%, EA, 7% (p = 0.053); MMP3 -1171delA A/A: AA, 78%, EA, 24% (p < 0.001); PAI-1 -668delG G/G: AA, 55%, EA, 16% (p < 0.001). The likelihood of two or more high-risk genotypes was 3.3% among EA subjects and 51% in the AA group (p < 0.001). We found that 9.1% of AA had all three high-risk genotypes, compared with 0% among the EA group (p = 0.0097).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found higher frequencies of disease-associated genotypes in AA than in EA. Our results also show that more AA than EA carry multiple risk-associated genotypes. Future studies need to assess whether such genetic profiles predict adverse outcomes in U.S. populations and contribute to racial disparities in CVD burden.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lanfear
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cresci
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*; D000097006:Gap Junction alpha-4 Protein
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D000097006:Gap Junction alpha-4 Protein