title: Depression in first generation labour migrants in Western Europe: the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of elderly migrants from Turkish and Moroccan descent in Western Europe will increase sharply in the coming decades. Identifying depressed elderly migrants necessitates a screening instrument that is both acceptable and has good psychometric properties. This study examines the utility of Turkish and Arabic translations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among elderly labour migrants from Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were derived from a community based health survey among 304 native Dutch, 330 Turkish and 299 Moroccan migrants, aged 55-74 years, living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Acceptability, reliability, convergent and construct validity were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceptability of the CES-D was satisfactory, although Moroccan migrants and Turkish females had difficulty answering one or more of the (interpersonal) items from the CES-D. Translated versions of the CES-D proved to be highly internal consistent and have good convergent validity in both Turkish and Moroccan elderly. Depressed and somatic items were much more intermingled in Turkish and Moroccan elderly compared to earlier studies and native Dutch elderly. This fits to the hypothesis that Turkish and Moroccan elderly migrants tend to somatize their depressive symptoms much more than native Western elderly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utility of the CES-D for elderly migrants of Turkish and Moroccan descent was found to be satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Service Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spijker
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: van der Wurff
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Poort
authors.forename: C H M
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Verhoeff
authors.forename: A T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology