title: Responding to persistent requests for assistance in dying: a phenomenological inquiry.
abstract: Little is known about how American nurses understand and respond to requests made by decisionally capable patients for assistance in dying. This article is based on a broader qualitative study first reported elsewhere (Schwarz, 2003). The study used phenomenological interpretation and analysis of stories told by 10 nurses who worked in home hospice, critical care, and HIV/AIDS care settings. Persistent requests for assistance in dying were relatively uncommon, but when heard, participants provided the following responses: refusing assistance, administering palliative drugs that might secondarily hasten dying, tacitly permitting and not interfering with patient or family plans to hasten death, and actively providing direct assistance in dying. Nurses' responses were context-driven; they did not seek guidance from professional codes of ethics or colleagues. Secrecy and collusion were routinely practised. Few participants unequivocally agreed or refused to help patients die; most struggled to find morally and legally acceptable ways to help patients die well. Regardless of how they responded, nurses who believed they had hastened death described feelings of guilt and moral distress. Healthcare professionals who provide care for symptomatic dying patients need opportunities to meet with supportive colleagues, to share the experience of troubling cases and of moral conflict, and to be supported and heard in a 'safe' environment.
authors.affiliation: Ethics and End-of-Life Care, 450 West End Ave, New York, NY 10024, USA. Judschwarz@rcn.com
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003142:Communication; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D034723:Double Effect Principle; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States