Operator-independent isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for morphology in congenital heart disease: a validation study.
BACKGROUND
Operator-independent isotropic 3D MRI may greatly simplify the assessment of complex morphology in congenital heart disease. We sought to evaluate the reliability of this new approach.


RESULTS
In 31 adolescent and adult patients (age, 6 to 42 years; median, 16 years) with congenital heart disease, cardiac morphology was determined with free-breathing (navigator-gated), isotropic, 3D steady-state free-precession (3D SSFP) MRI and independently evaluated by 2 observers. Cardiac diagnoses and multiple distance measurements were compared with conventional MR reference sequences (ie, spin-echo, cine gradient-echo, contrast-enhanced MR angiography) and with echocardiography/cine cardioangiography or surgery. Of the 31 patients, 24 had native congenital heart defects or residual defects after repair that warranted immediate treatment. None of these defects was missed by 3D SSFP. Novel diagnostic issues were discovered in 4 of 31 patients (coronary anomalies, n=3; left juxtaposition of the right atrial appendage in double-outlet right ventricle and transposition of the great arteries, 1). For sizes of valves and vessels, we found minor mean differences of -1.1 to 1.6 mm, with SD ranging from 1.2 to 2.9 mm, demonstrating overall good agreement with standard MRI (Bland-Altman analysis). Interobserver variability of 3D SSFP distance measures was low; mean differences ranged from -1.5 to 1.0 mm, and SD ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 mm. Scatter was lower for extracardiac than intracardiac measures.


CONCLUSIONS
In adolescents and adults, isotropic 3D SSFP MRI allows reliable assessment of complex cardiac morphology. Distance measurements are accurate and reproducible. Thus, a single operator-independent acquisition may substitute for conventional 2D MRI sequences to accelerate and simplify MR scanning in congenital heart disease.
Sørensen
Thomas Sangild
TS
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Skejby Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Körperich
Hermann
H
Greil
Gerald F
GF
Eichhorn
Joachim
J
Barth
Peter
P
Meyer
Hans
H
Pedersen
Erik Morre
EM
Beerbaum
Philipp
P
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results