title: Artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (Cervus elephus).
abstract: The objectives were to determine the efficacy of the HeatWatch (HW) electronic estrus detection system for monitoring behavioral estrus (including duration and intensity) in red deer hinds and to evaluate pregnancy rate to AI after detected estrus. Red deer hinds (Cervus elephus; n = 50) were allocated into two treatment groups: AI following synchronization (CIDR/PMSG) and observed estrus (induced estrus group: IE; n = 25) or AI following the detection of natural estrus (NE; n = 25) without hormonal treatment. Hinds were fitted with two HeatWatch (HW) electronic estrus detection transmitters, one above the tail (bottom) and one between the tuber coxae of the pelvic girdle (top), and visual observations for mounting activity began with the aid of young sterile red deer stags (18 months old) fitted with marking harnesses. Hinds in both groups were inseminated (10-12h after observed estrus) with frozen-thawed red deer semen using a transvaginal/cervical AI approach. Following a 26-day period of AI, hinds were placed with a mature fertile stag for an additional 30-day natural breeding period. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 57 and 86 days after the start of AI. While the hinds were housed with the young stags, 82% were detected in estrus by visual appraisal of stag crayon marks, but only 32% of these were detected by HW. In contrast, in the hinds housed with the mature stag, 93% detected in estrus by crayon marks were also detected by HW. The top HW transmitter consistently recorded more mounts (P < 0.05) than the bottom transmitter. The pregnancy rate was numerically better in IE versus NE hinds (42% versus 29%, P > 0.10). In summary, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in the intensity (number) or duration of mounts (detected by HW) during estrus in IE versus NE hinds, and HW was most effective in detecting estrus in the presence of a heavier, mature stag versus a younger stag. When used in combination with transvaginal AI, an overall first-service pregnancy rate of 36.6% was achieved with AI of frozen-thawed semen in red deer hinds following detected estrus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gandy
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Neuendorff
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Randel
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Willard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003670:Deer; D004581:Electronics; D004972:Estrus Detection / Q000379:methods*; D004973:Estrus Synchronization; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal