title: Bioactivation of capecitabine in human liver: involvement of the cytosolic enzyme on 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine formation.
abstract: Capecitabine, an anticancer prodrug, is thought to be biotransformed into active 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by three enzymes. After oral administration, capecitabine is first metabolized to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR) by carboxylesterase (CES), then 5'-DFCR is converted to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) by cytidine deaminase. 5'-DFUR is activated to 5-FU by thymidine phosphorylase. Although high activities of drug metabolizing enzymes are expressed in human liver, the involvement of the liver in capecitabine metabolism is not fully understood. In this study, the metabolism of capecitabine in human liver was investigated in vitro. 5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR, and 5-FU formation from capecitabine were investigated in human liver S9, microsomes, and cytosol in the presence of the inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine. 5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR, and 5-FU were formed from capecitabine in cytosol and in the combination of microsomes and cytosol. Only 5'-DFCR formation was detected in microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 5-FU formation catalyzed by cytosol alone and in combination with microsomes were 8.1 mM and 106.5 pmol/min/mg protein, and 4.0 mM and 64.0 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The interindividual variability in 5'-DFCR formation in microsomes and cytosol among 14 human liver samples was 8.3- and 12.3-fold, respectively. Capecitabine seems to be metabolized to 5-FU in human liver. 5'-DFCR formation was exhibited in cytosol with large interindividual variability, although CES is located in microsomes in human liver. In the present study, it has been clarified that the cytosolic enzyme would be important in 5'-DFCR formation, as is CES.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokudome
authors.forename: Masakiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosakawa
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D011355:Prodrugs; D011725:Pyridines; D005467:Floxuridine; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; C418208:5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase; D005472:Fluorouracil; C104201:gimeracil; C025034:doxifluridine