title: Serum androgen levels and testicular structure during pubertal maturation in male subjects with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate reproductive endocrine function in boys and young men with epilepsy taking an antiepileptic drug in a population-based, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients and 70 controls matched for age and pubertal stage participated in this study. Twenty-eight patients were taking carbamazepine (CBZ); five, lamotrigine (LTG); 12, oxcarbazepine (OXC); and 25, valproate (VPA) as monotherapy for epilepsy. All subjects were examined clinically, and their medical histories were obtained. Serum reproductive hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were measured, and testicular ultrasonography was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum testosterone levels were within the normal range in young male patients with epilepsy. However, the patients taking VPA had high serum androstenedione levels at all pubertal stages. In prepuberty, their serum androstenedione values were already approximately fivefold compared with the values of the controls (8.7 nM; SD, 4.0 vs. 1.8 nM, SD, 1.0; p < 0.0003), and they were elevated in 64% of the VPA-treated patients compared with none of the other patients, p = 0.0006. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels were increased, and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations decreased in the pubertal patients taking CBZ. The mean testicular volumes did not differ between the patients and the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBZ and VPA, but not LTG and OXC, are associated with changes in serum sex-hormone levels in boys and young men with epilepsy. However, the long-term health consequences of these reproductive endocrine changes during pubertal development remain to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland. kirsi.mikkonen@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikkonen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: Arto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Päivänsalo
authors.forename: Jouko I T
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Isojärvi
authors.forename: Leena K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Vainionpää
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood*; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014227:Triazines; D002220:Carbamazepine; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine