title: Effect of various stress models on lidocaine pharmacokinetic properties in the mandible after masseter injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the role of stress (trauma, cold swimming, and adjuvant rheumatoid arthritis) on lidocaine concentrations as well as lidocaine's protein binding in the mandible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into four groups. Group A served as control. Group B underwent mandible osteotomy. Group C was submitted to cold swimming stress. Group D was subjected to experimental arthritis. Additionally, all the groups received 5 doses of lidocaine, 1 dose of lidocaine (3 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 2 hours. Two hours after the last dose, the animals were killed. Lidocaine concentrations were estimated in plasma. Furthermore, the mandible was isolated, and both lidocaine concentrations and lidocaine protein binding were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups under stress, lidocaine concentrations in serum showed a marked elevation. In addition, these animals demonstrated a significant decrease in the percent of lidocaine binding in the mandible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress can modify local anesthetics pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in alterations both in their concentration in serum and their protein binding in mandibular bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodosios
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saranteas
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mourouzis
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dannis
authors.forename: Chrisanthos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lolis
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tesseromatis
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size; D010027:Osteotomy; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor; D008012:Lidocaine