title: Violators of a child passenger safety law.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonuse of child car safety seats (CSSs) remains significant; in 2000, 47% of occupant fatalities among children <5 years of age involved unrestrained children. Nonusers and part-time users of CSSs represent small proportions of the US population that have not responded to intervention efforts. Our study examined the factors contributing to nonuse or part-time use of CSSs and the effects of exposure to a class for violators of the California Child Passenger Safety (CPS) law.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups (in English and Spanish) were conducted with individuals cited for violation of the law (N = 24). A thematic analysis of notes made by an observer, supplemented by audiotapes of the sessions, was conducted. In addition, a study of the effects of exposure to a violator class on knowledge and correct CSS use was conducted among violators. Certified CPS technicians conducted the classes and interviews. Subjects were parents cited as the driver with a child of 20 to 40 pounds, between 12 and 47 months of age. One hundred subjects recruited from the class were compared with 50 subjects who did not attend a class. Follow-up home interviews, with inspection of CCS use, were conducted 3 months after payment of the fine and completion of all court requirements. Fisher's exact test was used for 2 x 2 tables, because some of the tables had small cell sizes. The Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used for child restraint use, knowledge, and correct use scales, because some of these variables were not normally distributed. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of several variables on these parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors influencing CSS nonuse were 1) lifestyle factors, 2) transportation and trip circumstances, 3) nonparent or nondriver issues, 4) parenting style, 5) child's behavior, and 6) perceived risks of nonuse. Violator subjects were mostly Hispanic and female, with incomes of less than 30,000 dollars per year. Those exposed to the class (citation and education group) scored 1 point higher on a knowledge test and had 1 more item correct on a CSS use instrument than did the group not exposed to the class (citation only group). In the logistic model, the citation and education group scored higher on the 2 items that were corrected by the instructor during the class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our focus group study of CPS law violators revealed that multiple complex factors influence consistent use of a CSS. The interplay of the particular vehicle, the trip circumstances, and family/parent/child factors affected the use of a CSS at the time of parent citation. Addressing transportation issues and parenting skills in CPS programs is necessary. Among parents who had been ticketed for not restraining their children, exposure to a violator class demonstrated some benefit, compared with a fine alone. Correct CSS use improved most on items corrected by the instructor. Violator classes that include "hands-on" training show promise for improving rates of correct use of CSSs.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Center for Health Policy and Research, Child Injury and Traffic Safety Research Group, Irvine, California 92697-5800, USA. pagran@uci.edu
authors.forename: Phyllis F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Agran
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Diane G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Winn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002140:California; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012449:Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence