title: Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modafinil is a well-tolerated psychostimulant drug with low addictive potential that is used to treat patients with narcolepsy or attention deficit disorders and to enhance vigilance in sleep-deprived military personal. So far, understanding of the cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil and the relevant neurobiological mechanisms are incomplete.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans and how they are related to noradrenergic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy volunteers (aged 20-29 years) received either modafinil 200 mg or placebo using a double blind crossover design. Two computerized working memory tasks were administered, a numeric manipulation task that requires short-term maintenance of digit-sequences and different degrees of manipulation as well as delayed matching task that assesses maintenance of visuo-spatial information over varying delay lengths. The battery was supplemented by standardized paper pencil tasks of attentional functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modafinil significantly reduced error rates in the long delay condition of the visuo-spatial task and in the manipulation conditions, but not in the maintenance condition of the numeric task. Analyses of reaction times showed no speed-accuracy trade-off. Attentional control tasks (letter cancellation, trail-making, catch trials) were not affected by modafinil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy volunteers without sleep deprivation modafinil has subtle stimulating effects on maintenance and manipulation processes in relatively difficult and monotonous working memory tasks, especially in lower performing subjects. Overlapping attentional and working memory processes have to be considered when studying the noradrenergic modulation of the prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. um207@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steffenhagen
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Regenthal
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bublak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000077408:Modafinil; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000077408:Modafinil