title: Two modes of HIV-1 polypurine tract cleavage are affected by introducing locked nucleic acid analogs into the (-) DNA template.
abstract: Unusual base-pairing in a co-crystal of reverse transcriptase (RT) and a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) polypurine tract (PPT)-containing RNA/DNA hybrid suggests local nucleic acid flexibility mediates selection of the plus-strand primer. Structural elements of HIV-1 RT potentially participating in recognition of this duplex include the thumb subdomain and the ribonuclease H (RNase H) primer grip, the latter comprising elements of the connection subdomain and RNase H domain. To investigate how stabilizing HIV-1 PPT structure influences its recognition, we modified the (-) DNA template by inserting overlapping locked nucleic acid (LNA) doublets and triplets. Modified RNA/DNA hybrids were evaluated for cleavage at the PPT/U3 junction. Altered specificity was observed when the homopolymeric dA.rU tract immediately 5' of the PPT was modified, whereas PPT/U3 cleavage was lost after substitutions in the adjacent dT.rA tract. In contrast, the "unzipped" portion of the PPT was moderately insensitive to LNA insertions. Although a portion of the dC.rG and neighboring dT.rA tract were minimally affected by LNA insertion, RNase H activity was highly sensitive to altering the junction between these structural elements. Using 3'-end-labeled PPT RNA primers, we also identified novel cleavage sites ahead (+5/+6) of the PPT/U3 junction. Differential cleavage at the PPT/U3 junction and U3 + 5/+6 site in response to LNA-induced template modification suggests two binding modes for HIV-1 RT, both of which may be controlled by the interaction of its thumb subdomain (potentially via the minor groove binding track) at either site of the unzipped region.
authors.affiliation: Resistance Mechanisms Laboratory, HIV Drug Resistance Program, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Chandravanu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: Hye-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yi-Brunozzi
authors.forename: Stuart F J
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Le Grice
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry; D016914:Ribonuclease H / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013941:Thymine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D011687:Purines; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA; D016914:Ribonuclease H; D013941:Thymine; D010100:Oxygen