title: Role of i.v. urography in patients with haematuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, patients presenting with haematuria undergo a series of investigations, including urine cytology, cystoscopy, i.v. urography (IVU) and renal tract ultrasound (US). Studies have suggested that the omission of IVU as a routine investigation for painless haematuria does not dramatically reduce the detection rate of malignant conditions. In this large retrospective study we evaluated the impact of the omission of IVU on the diagnosis of renal tract malignancies and other non-malignant but significant conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of all patients attending our haematuria clinic between January 2000 and August 2002 was carried out. The diagnostic yields of IVU and a US scan were compared and the significance of abnormalities missed by either modality was assessed with regard to the overall management of patients. Diagnoses were divided into those that were significant and potentially harmful [e.g. tumour, pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, hydronephrosis] and those that were insignificant and harmless (e.g. simple cyst, non-obstructing calculus). Liddell's exact test for matched pairs was used to test for statistical significance and to give the relative risk of a positive result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1211 patients were included in the study. When cytology, cystoscopy and US were normal, IVU did not detect any additional malignant pathology. Performing IVU instead of a US scan would have resulted in 74 non-malignant conditions remaining undiagnosed. Similarly, US alone would have missed 64 non-malignant lesions. Six non-malignant but significant conditions, including PUJ obstruction (n = 5) and benign ureteric stricture with hydronephrosis (n = 1), were missed by US but detected by IVU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of retrospectively studied patients attending a haematuria clinic, IVU could safely have been omitted without decreasing the overall detection of malignant pathologies. Nevertheless, significant non-malignant pathologies would have remained undiagnosed. The authors suggest that US combined with a MAG III renogram could be considered as a first-line investigation instead of IVU. This is likely to result in maximum detection of malignant and non-malignant conditions, while reducing the radiation exposure to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK. vibhashmishra@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Vibhash C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Amrith R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Laniado
authors.forename: Hanif G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Motiwala
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hudd
authors.forename: Omer M A
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Karim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014567:Urography; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*