title: The genes of the coactivator TIF2 and the corepressor SMRT are primary 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 targets.
abstract: The complex of the receptor for the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)), Vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and a 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) response element (VDRE) is considered to be the molecular switch for nuclear 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) signaling. In the presence of ligand the VDR-RXR complex interacts with coactivator (CoA) proteins that in turn contact components of the basal transcriptional machinery resulting in an enhanced transcription of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target genes. In the absence of ligand the VDR remains bound to the DNA and interacts with corepressor (CoR) proteins that are involved in gene silencing activity. We treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) for increasing amounts of time, extracted mRNA and screened by real-time PCR the members of the p160 CoA and NCoR CoR families. We find that of the p160 coactivators, only TIF2 was responsive to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Similarly SMRT but not NCoR1 gene transcription was sensitive to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment. In silico analysis revealed that both TIF2 and SMRT promoters have substantial numbers of VDREs compared to the promoters of the other family members. These VDREs are formed by direct repeats of the core binding motif RGKTCA with a three nucleotide spacing (DR3). We suggest that some or all of these DR3-type VDREs are responsible for the observed responsiveness of TIF2 and SMRT to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. dunlop@uku.fi
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlberg
mesh_terms: D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D056985:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2; D051958:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C498001:NCOA2 protein, human; C539130:NCOR2 protein, human; D056985:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2; D051958:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002117:Calcitriol