title: A meta-analysis of variables that predict significant intracranial injury in minor head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have presented conflicting results regarding the predictive effect of various clinical symptoms, signs, and plain imaging for intracranial pathology in children with minor head injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a meta-analysis of the literature in order to assess the significance of these factors and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in the paediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using Medline, Embase, Experts, and the grey literature. Reference lists of major guidelines were crosschecked. Control or nested case-control studies of children with head injury who had skull radiography, recording of common symptoms and signs, and head computed tomography (CT) were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT presence or absence of ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen papers were identified as satisfying criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, although not every paper contained data on every correlate. Available evidence gave pooled patient numbers from 1136 to 22 420. Skull fracture gave a relative risk ratio of 6.13 (95% CI 3.35 to 11.2), headache 1.02 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.69), vomiting 0.88 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.15), focal neurology 9.43 (2.89 to 30.8), seizures 2.82 (95% CI 0.89 to 9.00), LOC 2.23 (95% CI 1.20 to 4.16), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15 of 5.51 (95% CI 1.59 to 19.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a statistically significant correlation between intracranial haemorrhage and skull fracture, focal neurology, loss of consciousness, and GCS abnormality. Headache and vomiting were not found to be predictive and there was great variability in the predictive ability of seizures. More information is required about the current predictor variables so that more refined guidelines can be developed. Further research is currently underway by three large study groups.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Research Group (EmeRGe), Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK. joeldunning@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batchelor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stratford-Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teece
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sharpin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackway-Jones
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D020198:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000209:etiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology