title: [Lead and cardiopathy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The studies dealing with the relationship between cardiovascular disease and exposure to environmental and occupational chemical risks are out-dated and insufficient. However, this is not true of studies on lead.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims to investigate in particular the etiopathogenesis of the relationship between lead exposure and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies published in the last decade concerning both the general population and occupationally exposed subjects were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects due to high levels of exposure to lead are well known and have been studied for over a century. Knowledge on the chronic effects deriving from low and long-term exposure is still very controversial but is currently the most interesting topic; in particular lead hypertension is the topic of an increasing number of studies. Chronic exposure to low levels of lead can cause hypertension via several mechanisms. The most important are: oxidative stress associated with functional NO deficiency, elevation of sympathetic activity coupled with depressed vascular and increased renal beta receptor densities, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, rise in endothelin production, reduction in vasodilatatory prostaglandins and elevation of vasoconstrictive prostaglandins.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Igiene Industriale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia. apostoli@med.unibs.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corulli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dei Cas
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016232:Endothelins / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D007854:Lead; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000450:Aldosterone