title: Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe lifetime prevalence rates, course and comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive syndromes (OCS) and OC-symptoms (OC-sx) up to age 41.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Zurich community cohort study 591 subjects were selected after screening at the age of 19 and studied prospectively by 6 interviews from 20 to 40; they represent 1599 subjects of the normal population. The diagnoses of OCD met DSM-IV criteria. Course was assessed by graphic illustrations and prospective data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence rate was 3.5 % for OCD (males 1.7%, females 5.4 %) and 8.7 % for OCS (males 9.9%, females 7.5 %). The onset of OC-sx was 18 years (median); and in 70% before age 20. OCD was treated in one third of cases, OCS in 6.1%. The course of symptoms was chronic in 60%,but OCD and OCS showed in most cases considerable improvements over time. OCD reduced quality of life mostly in the subject's psychological wellbeing and at work but to a considerable extent also in other social roles. Comorbidity was prominent with bipolar disorder, panic disorder and social phobia and also significant with bulimia, binge eating, generalized anxiety disorder and suicide attempts; there was no association with substance abuse/dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCD and OCD are manifestations of a wide spectrum of severity with high prevalence and strong clinical validity. The long-term course is better than generally assumed.
authors.affiliation: Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Lenggstrasse 31, 68, 8029 Zurich, Switzerland. jangst@bli.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamma
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endrass
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Vladeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ajdacic
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eich
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rössler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology