title: Osteoporosis assessment strategies for male nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty-five to thirty percent of hip fractures occur in men, and nursing home residents have a 5-10-fold greater fracture risk than community-dwellers. Osteoporosis prevalence in men in long-term care, however, is poorly defined. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis, as assessed by peripheral bone mineral density (BMD), in a group of institutionalized veterans, and to determine how many men with low BMD had received a prior diagnosis of osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were residents in a 740-bed skilled nursing facility (78% men). Male residents (n = 103) competent to give informed consent underwent bilateral calcaneal and forearm BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Prior osteoporosis documentation was sought in medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent of veterans (95% confidence interval (CI) 12-28%) exhibited calcaneal osteoporosis (T-score < -2.5), and 62% (CI 52-72%) were osteoporotic at the forearm. Forearm and calcaneal BMD were correlated (r = 0.678, P < 0.001). BMD of the left and right forearm, and of left and right calcaneus, were highly correlated (r = 0.880, P < 0.001 and r = 0.931, P < 0.001, respectively). Documentation of osteoporosis existed for one of 20 men with calcaneal osteoporosis and four of 59 men with forearm osteoporosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoporosis was prevalent but poorly documented in institutionalized veterans. Discordance in T-scores between forearm and heel was similar to that reported in other studies. The broad range of T-scores among subjects suggests that peripheral BMD measurement may be useful for clinical fracture risk stratification. Correlation among skeletal sites indicates that measuring a single site may be practical.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA. meelliott@pharmacy.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Drinka
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology