title: What does GP out of hours care cost? An analysis of different models of out of hours care in Scotland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The changes to out of hours care provided by General Practitioners have led to wide variation in the types and costs of out of hours care across the country.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the costs of different models of service delivery for GP out of hours organisations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional survey of eight GP out of hours organisations and samples of their patients. A deputising service, rotas, and various types of GP co-operative across Scotland were surveyed. Information on the quantities of resources used by each organisation was combined with unit costs. Costs incurred by patients and other NHS costs subsequent to the out of hours contact were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual costs incurred by the GP out of hours organisation per 1,000 population ranged from pounds sterling 2,916 to pounds sterling 12,120. There was no relationship between costs and type and size of organisation. There was a three-fold variation in total costs per out of hours contact (pounds sterling 15 to pounds sterling 51). Costs per phone contact were lowest (pounds sterling 6 to pounds sterling 11), followed by cost per centre contact (pounds sterling 10 to pounds sterling 16) and cost per home contact (pounds sterling 21 to pounds sterling 60). Total costs per episode ranged from pounds sterling 78 to pounds sterling 136 for centre contacts, from pounds sterling 130 to pounds sterling 303 for home contacts, and from pounds sterling 70 to pounds sterling 553 for telephone contacts. Home contacts had the highest average cost per episode (pounds sterling 212), followed by telephone contacts (pounds sterling 117) and centre contacts (pounds sterling 85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are wide variations in the costs of operating GP out of hours services, It is likely that the context in which organisations were set up and local geography infuence variations in costs, as well as the level of GP cover.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill. a.scott@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simoens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drummond
mesh_terms: D039602:After-Hours Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006792:House Calls / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics; D012606:Scotland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000191:economics