title: Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) previously reported that estrogen plus progestin therapy does not protect cognition among women aged 65 years or older. The effect of estrogen-alone therapy, also evaluated in WHIMS, on cognition has not been established for this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) alters global cognitive function in older women and to compare its effect with CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE plus MPA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), WHIMS evaluated the effect of CEE on incidence of probable dementia among community-dwelling women aged 65 to 79 years with prior hysterectomy from 39 US academic centers that started in June 1995. Of 3200 eligible women free of probable dementia enrolled in the WHI, 2947 (92.1%) were enrolled in WHIMS. Analyses were conducted on the 2808 women (95.3%) with a baseline and at least 1 follow-up measure of global cognitive function before the trial's termination on February 29, 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received 1 daily tablet containing either 0.625 mg of CEE (n = 1387) or matching placebo (n = 1421).
  
  
  METHODS
  Global cognitive function measured annually with the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 5.4 years, mean (SE) 3MSE scores were 0.26 (0.13) units lower than among women assigned to CEE compared with placebo (P =.04). For pooled hormone therapy (CEE combined with CEE plus MPA), the mean (SE) decrease was 0.21 (0.08; P =.006). Removing women with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or stroke from the analyses lessened these differences. The adverse effect of hormone therapy was more pronounced among women with lower cognitive function at baseline (all P<.01). For women assigned to CEE compared with placebo, the relative risk of having a 10-unit decrease in 3MSE scores (>2 SDs) was estimated to be 1.47 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women aged 65 years or older, hormone therapy had an adverse effect on cognition, which was greater among women with lower cognitive function at initiation of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. mespelan@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espeland
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shumaker
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hays
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017698:Postmenopause; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate