title: Serum levels of insulin growth factor (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein predict risk of second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Second primary tumors (SPTs) are a hallmark of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Serum levels of insulin growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been associated with subsequent development of several epithelial cancers in prospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the role of IGFs in SPT development, we conducted a nested case-control study within a randomized, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial in patients with early-stage HNSCC. We compared prediagnostic serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in 80 patients who subsequently developed SPTs and 173 controls (patients without SPTs) matched to the cases on age (+/-5 years), sex, ethnicity, year of randomization, and length of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cases exhibited significantly higher levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 than did the controls (P = 0.001 and 0.019, respectively). Elevated IGF-I levels were associated with a 3.66-fold significantly increased risk of SPT. Lower and higher IGFBP-3 levels were associated with a 2.22- and 7.12-fold significant increased risk, respectively. The median SPT-free time was significantly shorter in patients with higher IGF-I levels than in patients with lower IGF-I levels (P < 0.0001). A similar trend was observed for IGFBP-3 (P = 0.002). Moreover, in the Cox proportional hazards model, higher IGF-I levels were significantly associated with increased risk of SPT with a hazard ratio of 2.78. Patients with the lower and higher IGFBP-3 levels also exhibited significantly increased risks with hazard ratios of 1.65 and 2.17, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study demonstrating that higher IGF-I levels, and lower and higher IGFBP-3 levels are risk factors for SPT development. Thus, measuring serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels may be useful markers in assessing the risk of second tumors in patients successfully treated for their index cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. xwu@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Kim-Anh
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Marcella M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Waun Ki
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010919:Placebos; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011897:Random Allocation; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D010919:Placebos; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I