title: Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets of the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases.
abstract: The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 helicase complex functions to initiate and elongate replication forks. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathways regulate DNA replication to maintain genomic stability. We describe four lines of evidence that ATM/ATR-dependent (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated/ATM- and Rad3-related) checkpoint pathways are directly linked to three members of the MCM complex. First, ATM phosphorylates MCM3 on S535 in response to ionizing radiation. Second, ATR phosphorylates MCM2 on S108 in response to multiple forms of DNA damage and stalling of replication forks. Third, ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP)-ATR interacts with MCM7. Fourth, reducing the amount of MCM7 in cells disrupts checkpoint signaling and causes an intra-S-phase checkpoint defect. Thus, the MCM complex is a platform for multiple DNA damage-dependent regulatory signals that control DNA replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. david.cortez@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Elledge
mesh_terms: D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016196:S Phase; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C066470:MCM3 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C101624:MCM7 protein, human; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7