title: Event-related potentials indicate motivational relevance of cocaine cues in abstinent cocaine addicts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motivational drive and its underlying affect-related states are the core mechanisms that precede the seeking and taking of drugs in substance dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate the motivational relevance of cocaine cues and whether or not an appetitive emotional system is involved employing event-related potential (ERP) measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cocaine-addicted subjects and healthy controls were exposed to neutral and cocaine-related pictures whilst ERPs were recorded simultaneously over frontal, parietal and midline sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients exhibited ERP amplitude discrepancies between neutral and cocaine-related pictures for N300, late slow positive wave (LSPW) and sustained slow positive wave (SSPW), whilst this effect was absent in control subjects. Differences in neutral and cocaine cue-evoked ERP waves were also found at left frontal sites for LSPW and SSPW in the patient group only. No group-specific cue-evoked ERP amplitudes were observed at parietal and midline sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings confirm the assumption that cocaine cues induce motivational relevance in cocaine-dependent individuals. It is possible that exposure to cocaine cues triggers an appetitive emotional system since left frontal sites are assumed to be involved in processing positive emotional-laden stimuli. The present study provides evidence that the sensitivity of ERP correlates for cocaine cues may be an indicator of motivational and emotional processes in drug-dependent individuals.
authors.affiliation: Parnassia Addiction Research Centre, Jan Hein Donnerstraat 75, 2553 Den Haag, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van de Laar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Ingmar H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003042:Cocaine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003463:Cues; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine