title: Ethnic differences and determinants of diabetes and central obesity among South Asians of Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the within ethnic subgroup variations in diabetes and central obesity among South Asians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 9442 individuals age > or = 15 years from the National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) (1990-1994) were analysed. Diabetes was defined as non-fasting blood glucose > or = 7.8 mmol/l, or known history of diabetes. Central obesity was measured at the waist circumference. Distinct ethnic subgroups Muhajir, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun, and Baluchi were defined by mother tongue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes varied among ethnic subgroups (P = 0.002), being highest among the Muhajirs (men 5.7%, women 7.9%), then Punjabis (men 4.6%, women 7.2%), Sindhis (men 5.1%, women 4.8%), Pashtuns (men 3.0%, women 3.8%), and lowest among the Baluchis (men 2.9%, women 2.6%). While diabetes was more prevalent in urban vs. rural dwellers [odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24, 1.82], this difference was no longer significant after adjusting for central obesity (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.95, 1.42). However, the ethnic differences persisted after adjusting for major sociodemographic risk factors (unadjusted OR for Pashtun vs. Punjabi 0.59, 95% CI 0.42, 0.84, adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37, 0.78). Ethnic variation was also observed in central obesity, which varied with gender, and did not necessarily track with ethnic differences in diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unmeasured environmental or genetic factors account for ethnic variations in diabetes and central obesity, and deserve further study.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, PO Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan. tazeen.jafar@aku.edu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jafar
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levey
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jessani
authors.forename: A Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Jafary
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors