title: Clock drawing, clock reading, clock setting, and judgment of clock faces in elderly people with dementia and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess patient performance on different clock tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based memory clinic; inpatient and outpatient memory clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with dementia (n=30), patients with depression (n=30), and healthy controls (n=30).
  
  
  METHODS
  General neuropsychological tests, clock drawing tests, and three additional clock tasks: clock reading, clock setting, and judgment of clock faces (each comprising 12 items).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demented patients differed significantly from the control and depression groups on all clock tasks; controls and depressed patients differed only in the clock-setting task. A comparison between tasks showed that clock setting was the most difficult, which differentiated best between diagnostic groups. Groups differed not only in overall performance scores, but also in error characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, study results indicate that clock setting is a sensitive task that may prove to be a valuable tool when screening for dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria. thomas.bodner@uklibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bodner
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delazer
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kemmler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gurka
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marksteiner
authors.forename: W Wolfgang
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fleischhacker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D013995:Time