title: Mechanisms for enlarging lesion size during irrigated tip radiofrequency ablation: is there a virtual electrode effect?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irrigated tip radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias was developed to increase the size of the radiofrequency-induced lesion, since cooling of the electrode tip allows use of higher power settings. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increased lesion size during irrigated tip ablation is caused by the cooling effect solely or if increased electrical conductivity around the tip also contributes by increasing the "current-delivering size" of the tip: the so-called "virtual electrode effect."
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro strips of left ventricular porcine myocardium and in vivo canine left ventricles were ablated. In vitro closed loop tip and showerhead irrigated tip catheters were compared. In vitro and in vivo showerhead tip catheters irrigated with solutions having different ionic content were compared. We found no difference in lesion size for closed loop and showerhead-type catheters (998 +/- 345 vs. 811 +/- 313 mm(3) during power-controlled ablation and 227 +/- 76 vs 318 +/- 127 mm(3) during temperature-controlled ablation). For irrigation with liquids having increasing ionic strength we found a decrease in lesion volume in vitro (361 +/- 249 vs. 812 +/- 229 mm(3) (P < 0.001) for power-controlled and 156 +/- 78 vs. 318 +/- 127 mm(3) (P < 0.05) for temperature-controlled ablation and nonsignificant differences in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism for enlarging lesion size during radiofrequency irrigated-tip ablation is that higher power levels can be used. There is no virtual electrode effect caused by the highly conductive surroundings of the tip during irrigation. In vitro this effect is shown to be opposite: it decreases lesion size.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department B, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. hhp@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Helen Høgh
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hastrup Svendsen
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: HaunsØ
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature