title: Surgical management of urinary incontinence.
abstract: Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence and ureteral ectopia are the two most common causes of urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. Surgical treatments for both disorders have been described. Once a diagnosis is made, surgical intervention may lead to improved outcomes with resolution of incontinence in many patients. Proper case selection and surgical technique are critical in achieving clinical success when managing these difficult cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville, TN 37996-4544, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hoelzler
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lidbetter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*