title: Effect of parental R-rated movie restriction on adolescent smoking initiation: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if young adolescents who report that their parents restrict viewing R-rated movies have a lower risk of trying smoking in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study. Students from 15 schools in New Hampshire and Vermont, randomly selected from all middle schools with >150 students, were surveyed in 1999. Baseline never-smokers were surveyed again by telephone 13 to 26 months later to determine smoking status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trying smoking during the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the 2596 students were white, with ages ranging from 10 to 14 years. Nineteen percent reported that their parents never allowed them to view R-rated movies, 29% were allowed once in a while, and 52% were allowed sometimes or all the time. Ten percent of students tried smoking during the follow-up period. Smoking-initiation rates increased as parental restriction of R-rated movies decreased (2.9% for adolescents reporting that their parents never allowed them to view R-rated movies, 7.0% for those allowed to view them once in a while, and 14.3% for those allowed to view them sometimes or all the time). There was a strong and statistically significant effect of parental R-rated movie restriction on adolescent smoking even after controlling for sociodemographics, social influences (friend smoking, receptivity to tobacco promotions), parenting style (maternal support and control, parental disapproval of smoking), and characteristics of the adolescent (school performance, sensation seeking, rebelliousness, self-esteem). Compared with adolescents whose parents never allowed them to view R-rated movies, the adjusted relative risk for trying smoking was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 3.1) for those allowed to watch them once in a while and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 4.7) for those allowed to watch them sometimes or all the time. The effect was especially strong among adolescents not exposed to family (parent or sibling) smoking, among whom the adjusted relative risk for smoking was 4.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 13) for those allowed to view R-rated movies once in a while and 10.0 (95% CI: 3.6, 31) for those allowed to view them sometimes or all the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental restriction from watching R-rated movies strongly predicts a lower risk of trying smoking in the future. The effect is largest among adolescents not exposed to family smoking. By exerting control over media choices and by not smoking themselves, parents may be able to prevent or delay smoking in their children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA. james.d.sargent@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Madeline A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Linda Titus
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ernstoff
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tickle
authors.forename: Todd F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Heatherton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000145:classification; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009513:New Hampshire / Q000453:epidemiology; D010379:Peer Group; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology