title: Anemia and malaria at different altitudes in the western highlands of Kenya.
abstract: Malaria associated severe anemia in children is the most important complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. To evaluate anemia and malaria in an area with recurrent malaria epidemics in the western highlands of Kenya, we conducted cross-sectional surveys in four "lowland" (1440-1660 m) and two "highland" (1960 and 2040 m) villages in 2002. Among 1314 subjects randomly selected from all age groups, the overall prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin, Hb < 11 g/dl) was 14% and P. falciparum infection 17%. In children < or =5 years, anemia prevalence ranged from 57% at 1440 m to 11% at 2040 m and correlated with altitude (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). Similarly, P. falciparum prevalence ranged from 31 to 0% and correlated with altitude (r = -0.93, P < 0.01). Malnutrition defined by a body mass index <15th percentile characterized 39% of the population and the hookworm prevalence was 3.9%. In the lowland villages, anemia was most common in children < or =5 years of age (34%) followed by women of childbearing age (16%). A similar pattern was also observed in the highland villages. In these vulnerable populations, hemoglobin concentration was significantly associated with malaria infection, but not with malnutrition or hookworm infestation and comparisons of anemia prevalence between highland and lowland villages revealed that two-thirds of anemia could be attributed to malaria infection. The prevalence of severe anemia (Hb < 8 g/dl) was 1.5%; of these, 90% resided in lowland villages, 70% were under-fives, while 20% were women of childbearing age. In severely anemic subjects, the Hb concentration decreased further with malnutrition (P < 0.05). Anemia was more prevalent in the lowland villages characterized by high prevalence of P. falciparum infection. We conclude that malaria may also be the main cause of anemia in the highland fringe areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Measures that reduce the prevalence of malaria will consequently reduce anemia in both, young children and adult women and the need for blood transfusions associated with the risk of HIV-transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162 8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Willis S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Akhwale
authors.forename: J Koji
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obonyo
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Björkman
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000254:growth & development*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012424:Rural Population; D013154:Spleen / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins