title: A continuous available (CA) server for medical imaging applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The trend of medical imaging research and application is toward large database management and manipulation, which requires a robust image server to receive image data from sources and to deliver them to users reliably and in a timely fashion. This article describes the design, implementation, and clinical applications of a continuous available (CA) image server for these purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design of the CA image server is based on the concept of a triple modular redundancy server with three redundant server modules. Coupled with a majority voting mechanism in the three modules and failover software, the triple modular redundancy server takes care of all single points of failure hardware components in the CA image server automatically to achieve fault tolerance. Methods and procedures of evaluating the fault tolerance system reliability caused by network connectivity, motherboard, and disk storage failures are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thorough experimental results in laboratory and clinical environments verify that the image server achieves 99.999% hardware up time (or 5 minutes/year down time), satisfying the industrial terminology of hardware continuous availability. Performance of failover of the CA image server is automatically tabulated during these procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applications of CA image server are extensive. Two examples are given including Picture Archiving and Communication System, and off-site back-up archive using the Application Service Provider model. As designed, the CA image server is portable, scalable, affordable, easy to install, and requires no human intervention during failover and system recovery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Informatics, Department of Radiology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 601, Marina del Ray, CA 90292 USA. hkhuang@aol.com
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Brent J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003199:Computer Systems; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D019112:Teleradiology