title: Antimicrobial-specific cell-mediated immune reconstitution in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: To identify virological and immunological correlates of microbial-specific immune reconstitution in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Candida- and tetanus-specific lymphocyte proliferation was measured in 165 children initiating a new highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. During the study, the proportions of children with immunity to Candida and tetanus increased from 53% to 66% and 19% to 22%, respectively. Tetanus immunity was associated with an HIV load < or =400 RNA copies/mL and with Candida immunity. At the end of the study, 23% of the patients with baseline negative lymphocyte proliferation had tetanus immunity, and 65% had Candida immunity. Reconstitution of tetanus immunity correlated with lower end-of-study HIV loads and activated CD8+ cell percentages and higher baseline and in-study CD4+ cell percentages, but not with a gain of CD4+ cells. Reconstitution of Candida immunity showed similar trends. In conclusion, children with advanced HIV infection receiving HAART reconstituted Candida immunity more readily than they did tetanus immunity, suggesting a role for antigen reexposure. Additional factors for immune reconstitution were low HIV load, high CD4+ cell percentages, and low levels of activated CD8+ cells.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. adriana.weinberg@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pahwa
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyomopito
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Sandra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Burchett
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002175:Candida / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013742:Tetanus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents