title: Interleukin-6, fibrin D-dimer, and coagulation factors VII and XIIa in prediction of coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activated inflammation and activated blood coagulation are believed to increase the risk of coronary thrombosis and are related. We therefore compared plasma IL-6 (a key cytokine in the inflammatory process), fibrin D-dimer (a marker of fibrin turnover), and coagulation factors VII and XIIa (initiators of extrinsic and intrinsic blood coagulation, respectively) as predictors of coronary risk in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study of pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  485 men who had had a coronary event (nonfatal myocardial infarction, death from coronary heart disease, or revascularization) were matched for age and smoking status with 934 controls. Baseline IL-6 and D-dimer were strong univariate predictors of coronary risk (relative risk in the highest quintile approximately twice that in the lowest quintile) and were associated with each other and with C-reactive protein. On multivariate analyses, D-dimer retained a significant association with coronary risk (relative risk, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.80), whereas IL-6 (1.47; 0.95 to 2.28) and C-reactive protein (1.33; 0.85 to 2.08) did not. Neither factor VII nor factor XIIa antigens were predictors of coronary events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibrin D-dimer may be a stronger predictor of coronary risk than inflammatory markers, perhaps through its ability to stimulate monocyte release of IL-6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. gdl1j@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gordon D O
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumley
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Denis St J
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Packard
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005167:Factor VII / Q000032:analysis*; D015956:Factor XIIa / Q000032:analysis*; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014280:Triglycerides; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D005167:Factor VII; D005340:Fibrinogen; D015956:Factor XIIa; D017035:Pravastatin