title: UV disinfection of indigenous aerobic spores: implications for UV reactor validation in unfiltered waters.
abstract: Conventional validation testing of UV reactors use cultured microorganisms spiked into test water flowing through a reactor. These tests are limited by the microbe titer it is possible to grow, thus limiting the size of the reactor it is possible to validate. The goal of this study was to examine the UV inactivation of indigenous aerobic spores naturally occurring in raw/unfiltered water supplies and to assess their use as an alternative indicator for validation testing of UV reactor performance, specifically for unfiltered water supplies planning large UV reactors. These spores were found in all raw waters tested in concentrations ranging between 20 and 12,000 CFU/100 mL and were very resistant to UV irradiation compared to a range of different microbes in the literature (i.e. adenovirus, MS-2 coliphage, and Cryptosporidium parvum). The inactivation of indigenous natural aerobic spores followed first-order kinetics with an inactivation coefficient ranging between 0.013 and 0.022 cm2/mJ with a high correlation coefficient. It was determined that naturally occurring aerobic spores, well characterized with respect to UV 253.7 nm inactivation, can be a useful tool when validating plant performance, and might also be used as a regular monitor of UV fluence and performance in a water treatment plant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall Engineering Bldg., Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Hadas
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mamane-Gravetz
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019149:Bioreactors; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration; D007700:Kinetics; D012016:Reference Values; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*