title: Effects of electrical water bath stunning current frequencies on the spontaneous electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potentials in hens.
abstract: 1. The effectiveness of water bath electrical stunning of chickens with a constant root mean square (rms) current of 100 mA per bird delivered for 3 s using 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 Hz sine wave alternating current (AC) was investigated in layer hens. The quantitative changes occurring in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were used to determine the effectiveness of stunning. The changes occurring in the EEG were evaluated using Fast Fourier Transformations (FFT) and the SEPs were averaged to determine whether they were present or abolished. 2. The results of FFT indicated that stunning of chickens with a constant rms current of 100 mA per bird using 100 or 200 Hz induced epileptiform activity in all the hens, immediately followed by a reduction in the total (2 to 30 Hz) and relative (13 to 30 Hz) power contents in the EEG frequency bands indicative of unconsciousness and insensibility. The SEPs were abolished in the majority of hens stunned with 100 Hz and all the hens stunned with 200 Hz. 3. By contrast, stunning using 400, 800 or 1500 Hz failed to induce epileptiform activity in all the birds, the total and relative power contents in the EEG frequency bands showed a substantial increase, rather than reduction, and the SEPs were also retained in the majority of chickens. It is therefore suggested that stunning using these frequencies failed to stun them satisfactorily. In these birds, occurrence of a painful arousal, rather than unconsciousness, could not be ruled out. 4. It is therefore suggested that water bath electrical stunning of chickens with a minimum rms current of 100 mA per bird delivered using 100 or 200 Hz would be adequate to ensure bird welfare under commercial conditions, provided both the carotid arteries in the neck are severed at slaughter. On humanitarian and bird welfare grounds, a rms current of greater than 100 mA per bird should be applied whilst using frequencies of 400 Hz or more of sine wave AC for water bath electrical stunning of chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, England. M.Raj@bristol.ack.uk
authors.forename: A B M
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary*; D004597:Electroshock; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water