title: Pilot study of urinary iodine concentration and of biochemical thyroid parameters before and after cautious public health intervention on salt iodide content: the Swiss longitudinal 1996-2000 iodine study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iodide concentration (IC) in salt was cautiously increased in Switzerland (15 --> 20 ppm iodide). We evaluated the dynamics of the effect of this intervention on urinary iodine concentration (UIC, microg/l) and on thyroid parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital in Bern, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 36 subjects (12 children, 11 women, 13 men) out of 44 were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the study periods PRE (May 1996-May 1998) and POST (October 1998-December 2000, subdivided into equal subperiods POST1 and POST2), that is, before and after the increase of IC in salt, subjects collected 6248 urine spots for analysis of UIC. Thyroid volumes (n=2/subject) and serum thyroid parameters (n=8/subject) were sequentially evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Average PRE-POST data were compared (multiple regression analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  UIC increased overall by 5.1% (P=0.0003). Increase of UIC was highest in children (11.3%, P<0.0001), significant in women (8%, P=0.0016), but not significant in men (P=0.143). Comparison between periods POST1 and POST2 showed that UIC changed more gradually in women than in children. Thyroid volumes were normal, no nonphysiological change occurred. TSH indicated euthyroidism; it decreased in children (1.98 ==> 1.74 mU/l, P=0.04) and increased in men (1.65 ==> 1.91mU/l, P=0.025). FT3 decreased in children (P<0.004) and FT4 decreased in men (P=0.017), both within normal ranges. TSH, FT3 and FT4 were unchanged in women. FT3/FT4 ratios were stable. Anti-TPO-Ab titers were stable (P=0.9). Anti-Tg-Ab titers decreased (P=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant UIC effects were of uncertain metabolic relevance. No pathological side effects occurred. Differential delays and penetrances of UIC increase in children and adults were hitherto unknown. The unspectacular stepwise policy seems to be safe. Our pilot results in a population with moderate iodine deficiency in women should be confirmed in population-based cluster studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was supported by grants from the University Hospital in Bern, the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH), the 'Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research' (32-49424.96), the 'Fondation Genevoise de Bienfaisance Valerie Rossi di Montelera', the 'Schweizerische Lebensversicherungs- und Rentenanstalt' and the 'Schüpbach Foundation of the University of Bern'.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. claudine.als@insel.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Als
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haldimann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minder
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013557:Switzerland; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine