title: Optic disk and retinal characteristics in myopic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the baseline retina and optic disk characteristics in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 679 subjects with myopia and 100 with emmetropia, aged 8 to 13 years. Digital retina imaging and cycloplegic autorefraction were conducted to look for signs of retinal degeneration. Other outcome measures were vertical and horizontal cup-to-disk (CD) ratios, CD area ratio, parapapillary atrophy (PPA)-to-disk area ratio, and disk rotational angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of lattice degeneration was 0.15% (95% confidence interval: 0.008-1.00). No other retinal abnormalities were detected. Increased PPA-to-disk area ratio was associated with increased axial length, increased myopia severity, and increasing age. Cup-to-disk ratios were smaller in subjects with myopia compared with those with emmetropia, but this did not correlate with severity of myopia. In subjects with severe myopia, the upper pole of the disk was rotated away from the fovea but to lesser extent than in those with emmetropia or milder myopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from PPA, degenerative features were not commonly found in this study.
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751. Louistong@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Wei-Han
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luu
authors.forename: Bobby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular