title: Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acids as amides or calcium salts.
abstract: Fatty amides of high oleate fats and calcium salts of palm oil were reported to resist biohydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine whether converting polyunsaturated fat sources to amides and calcium salts had equal ability to resist biohydrogenation. A total mixed ration consisting of forage and concentrate contained (dry basis): 1) 2.45% soybean oil (SBO), 2) 2.75% calcium salt of SBO, 3) 2.75% amide of SBO, or 4) 2.75% of a mixture of the calcium salt and amide (80:20, wt/wt) of SBO. The 4 diets were fed ad libitum to 4 multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Omasal samples were taken to measure postruminal fatty acid content and determine the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation. Adding SBO to the diets as either calcium salts or amides increased omasal flow of C18:2 (n-6) from 25 to 39 g/d. Omasal flow of C18:1 increased from 36 to 49 g/d when SBO was fed to cows as calcium salts, but increased to 86 g/d when SBO was fed as amides. Adding the soybean amide to the diet more than doubled the delivery of C18:1 (n-9) to the omasum of lactating cows, but it also increased trans fatty acid production in the rumen accompanied by milk fat depression. In this study, calcium salts and amide derivatives of fatty acids were both effective in enhancing omasal flow of unsaturataed fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. Amides were more effective than calcium salts for increasing the postruminal flow of oleic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lundy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004063:Digestion; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006865:Hydrogenation; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009851:Omasum / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D009829:Oleic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D000073878:Palm Oil; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002118:Calcium