title: Mitochondrial bound hexokinase activity as a preventive antioxidant defense: steady-state ADP formation as a regulatory mechanism of membrane potential and reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria.
abstract: Brain hexokinase is associated with the outer membrane of mitochondria, and its activity has been implicated in the regulation of ATP synthesis and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Here we show that the ADP produced by hexokinase activity in rat brain mitochondria (mt-hexokinase) controls both membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) and ROS generation. Exposing control mitochondria to glucose increased the rate of oxygen consumption and reduced the rate of hydrogen peroxide generation. Mitochondrial associated hexokinase activity also regulated Deltapsi(m), because glucose stabilized low Deltapsi(m) values in state 3. Interestingly, the addition of glucose 6-phosphate significantly reduced the time of state 3 persistence, leading to an increase in the Deltapsi(m) and in H(2)O(2) generation. The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose completely impaired H(2)O(2) formation in state 3-state 4 transition. In sharp contrast, the mt-hexokinase-depleted mitochondria were, in all the above mentioned experiments, insensitive to glucose addition, indicating that the mt-hexokinase activity is pivotal in the homeostasis of the physiological functions of mitochondria. When mt-hexokinase-depleted mitochondria were incubated with exogenous yeast hexokinase, which is not able to bind to mitochondria, the rate of H(2)O(2) generation reached levels similar to those exhibited by control mitochondria only when an excess of 10-fold more enzyme activity was supplemented. Hyperglycemia induced in embryonic rat brain cortical neurons increased ROS production due to a rise in the intracellular glucose 6-phosphate levels, which were decreased by the inclusion of 2-deoxyglucose, N-acetyl cysteine, or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Taken together, the results presented here indicate for the first time that mt-hexokinase activity performed a key role as a preventive antioxidant against oxidative stress, reducing mitochondrial ROS generation through an ADP-recycling mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner Seixas
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: da-Silva
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Puyou
authors.forename: Marietta Tuena
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Gómez-Puyou
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moreno-Sanchez
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: De Felice
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Meis
authors.forename: Marcus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D005947:Glucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006593:Hexokinase; D005947:Glucose