title: 4S neuroblastoma: the long-term outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stage 4S neuroblastoma is associated with a high rate of spontaneous maturation and involution, with survival rates of 70-90%. There is little long-term follow-up data describing the disease status or late effects. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome and imaging findings in long-term survivors of 4S neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient population was identified from a single centre over 26 years. Twenty-five of 31 consecutive patients were long-term survivors. Five died from disease progression and one from cerebral palsy related complications. All survivors underwent clinical examination. Abdominal ultrasound scanning, liver function tests, hepatitis viral screen, and urinary catecholamines were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at diagnosis was 8 +/- 9 weeks with a mean age when studied of 11 years and 10 months +/- 8 years. Twenty of 25 had no significant clinical findings, three had disease associated clinical abnormalities (neurological, multiple subcutaneous nodules). Three patients had treatment related effects (small testes, urethral stricture, radiation induced soft tissue hypoplasia, post-surgical Horners syndrome). Persistant adrenal enlargement and calcification was noted in three patients. Twelve patients had abnormal liver ultrasound findings ranging from mildly coarse echotexture to structural changes without evidence of hepatic dysfunction or infection. Treatment did not correlate with abnormal hepatic ultrasound findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of long-term survivors of stage 4S neuroblastoma have no clinically or radiologically significant sequelae but do have residual abnormalities. These findings have implications for subsequent management of unrelated medical conditions in this patient group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology/Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. levitg@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Byrne
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sebire
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology