title: Anaemia of chronic disease in AA amyloidosis is associated with allele 2 of the interleukin-1beta-511 promoter gene and raised levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis the receptor for advanced glycation end products is a target for the circulating amyloid precursor protein (SAA) resulting in upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokine pathway. Besides inducing hepatic SAA synthesis the interleukin-1 cytokine family is involved in the regulation of haematopoiesis. We therefore studied the relationship between the circulating levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), a new member of the IL-1 complex, as well as polymorphisms within the IL-1 cluster with the occurrence of anaemia in patients with AA amyloidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 54 adult patients with biopsy-proven reactive amyloidosis allocated into three groups on the basis of haemoglobin (Hb) level: group I included all patients with Hb < 110 g L(-1) (n = 16); group II patients (Hb > 110 g L(-1), n = 16) were selected to match group I patients with respect to sex, age, underlying disease (seropositive, erosive rheumatoid arthritis) and renal function; and group III patients (n = 38) represented all patients (unselected) with Hb > or = 110 g L(-1). Gene polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction restriction length assay and included the base exchange at position-889 of the IL-1alpha gene, the polymorphic region at position-511 and the polymorphic locus at exon 5, position +3954 of the IL-1beta gene, as well as the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) exon 2 polymorphism caused by the 86-bp tandem repeats. Plasma IL-1beta, IL-1alpha, IL-18, IL-1 Ra, SAA, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and erythropoietin levels were studied by enzyme immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating IL-beta and IL-18 were significantly raised in the anaemic patients with AA amyloidosis when compared with group II patients (matched, Hb > 110 g L(-1)) as well as group III patients (nonmatched, Hb > or = 110 g L(-1)). A significant inverse relationship was found between IL-1beta and haemoglobin levels, as well as between IL-18 and haemoglobin levels. The frequency of allele 2 (T) of the IL-1beta-511 promoter gene was significantly increased and that of allele 1 (C) decreased in anaemic amyloid patients (group I) when compared with group II and III patients. Circulating IL-1beta levels tended to be higher amongst the IL-1beta-511 allele 2 carriers than amongst the noncarriers, as well as amongst the anaemic amyloid patients filling all criteria of anaemia of chronic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of anaemia in patients with AA amyloidosis is associated with allele 2 (T) of the IL-1beta-511 promoter gene and elevated levels of circulating IL-1beta and IL-18. In AA amyloidosis the raised cytokine levels may generate a vicious cycle leading to accelerated amyloidogenesis, suppression of erythropoiesis and aggravation of the underlying inflammatory disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. peter.maury@hus.fi
authors.forename: C P J
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Maury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liljeström
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laiho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiitinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaarela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000740:Anemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein