title: Effect of intensive insulin therapy on progression of overt nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of chronic (long-term) intermittent intravenous insulin therapy (CIIIT) on the progression of overt nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective longitudinal three-center study of 31 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy, who were receiving intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy (four insulin injections daily) and weekly CIIIT. All study patients had follow-up consultations weekly for at least 12 months (mean duration, 37.0 +/- 4.6 months). Each patient had monthly hemoglobin A(1c) (by high-performance liquid chromatography) and semiannual creatinine clearance determinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hemoglobin A(1c) levels declined significantly from 8.6 +/- 0.6% to 7.6 +/- 0.3% (P = 0.0062) during the study period. The creatinine clearance remained essentially unchanged (from 46.1 +/- 3.0 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 at baseline to 46.0 +/- 3.9 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 at the end of the observation period, with an average annualized slope increase of 3.39 +/- 1.5 mL/min per year--no significant difference).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of CIIIT to intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to arrest or appreciably reduce the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy, as well as substantially improve their glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Grecu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Benbarka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meisenheimer