title: Atomic force microscopy of pea starch: origins of image contrast.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to image the internal structure of pea starch granules. Starch granules were encased in a nonpenetrating matrix of rapid-set Araldite. Images were obtained of the internal structure of starch exposed by cutting the face of the block and of starch in sections collected on water. These images have been obtained without staining, or either chemical or enzymatic treatment of the granule. It has been demonstrated that contrast in the AFM images is due to localized absorption of water within specific regions of the exposed fragments of the starch granules. These regions swell, becoming "softer" and higher than surrounding regions. The images obtained confirm the "blocklet model" of starch granule architecture. By using topographic, error signal and force modulation imaging modes on samples of the wild-type pea starch and the high amylose r near-isogenic mutant, it has been possible to demonstrate differing structures within granules of different origin. These architectural changes provide a basis for explaining the changed appearance and functionality of the r mutant. The growth-ring structure of the granule is suggested to arise from localized "defects" in blocklet distribution within the granule. It is proposed that these defects are partially crystalline regions devoid of amylose.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ridout
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Cliff L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hedley
authors.forename: Tatiana Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Bogracheva
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D013213:Starch