title: Estrogens and epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian carcinogenesis are still unclear, but there is growing evidence that estrogens promote tumor progression in an epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) subgroup.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed current knowledge on the effects of estrogens in ovarian carcinogenesis and new potential research focuses concerning hormonal therapy of EOC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimentally, estrogen stimulates the growth of ovarian tumor cell lines expressing estrogen receptors (ER). We and other authors have demonstrated differential expression of ERalpha or beta during ovarian carcinogenesis, with overexpression of ERalpha as compared to ERbeta in cancer. This differential expression in ER suggests that estrogen-induced proteins may act as ovarian tumor-promoting agents. Among these proteins, c-myc, fibulin-1, cathepsin-D, or several kallikreins may play a role, since high expression levels have been found in EOC. Consistently, recent prospective epidemiological studies have indicated that estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women may increase ovarian cancer incidence and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Questions on the estrogen-sensitivity and potential benefits of new hormone therapies in an EOC subgroup should be readdressed in the light of recent experimental and clinical data.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cunat
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pujol
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen