title: Ultrasensitive detection of DNA sequences in solution by specific enzymatic labeling.
abstract: We present a newly developed technique for the direct detection of very low concentrations of specific nucleic acid sequences in homogeneous solution based on a polymerase extension reaction. This method consists of synthesizing a highly fluorescent nucleic acid reporter molecule using a sequence of the target as a template. Synthesis of the reporter molecule is accomplished by hybridizing a short complementary oligonucleotide primer to the target and extending the reporter using a polymerase and free nucleotides. One of these nucleotides is partially labeled with a fluorophore. The reaction sample is then flowed through the capillary cell of a single molecule detector. Detection of the reporter signifies the presence of the target being sought. Under carefully selected conditions, fluorescence from the reporter molecule is much stronger than that of the free nucleotide background over the detection time. We have derived practical equations that allow us to determine an optimal range of values for the relative reporter and free-nucleotide concentrations. This method allows for the rapid, direct detection of individual targets at femtomolar concentrations without the use of an amplification procedure, such as the polymerase chain reaction.
authors.affiliation: Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA. acx@lanl.gov
authors.forename: Alonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Diego A R
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dalvit
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paz-Matos
mesh_terms: D000345:Affinity Labels / Q000737:chemistry; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000345:Affinity Labels; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012997:Solvents; D004247:DNA; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase