title: Minocycline exerts multiple inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell migration: the role of ERK1/2, PI3K, and matrix metalloproteinases.
abstract: Widely used tetracycline antibiotics affect many cellular functions relevant to human vascular disease including cell proliferation, migration, and matrix remodeling. We examined whether minocycline inhibited human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After the establishment of an optimal dose, minocycline treated HASMC were exposed to VEGF. HASMC migration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation were determined by smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, zymograms, and Western blot analysis, respectively. We demonstrated that VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced SMC migration in a dose-dependent manner. MMP-9, but not MMP-2, mRNA was increased during VEGF stimulation. MMP-9 activity was increased from 1.5- to 2.5-fold in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Both ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKt pathways were activated during VEGF-induced HASMCs migration. We then demonstrated that minocycline can inhibit VEGF-induced HASMC migration (P<0.05). The effects may be through the inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription, protein activities and downregulation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathway phosphorylation. Our results indicated that minocycline exerts multiple effects on VEGF-induced SMC migration, including inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription and protein activities and downregulating ERK1/2 and PI3K signal pathways, suggesting minocycline may be a potentially therapeutic approach to inhibit disease process induced angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94110, USA.
authors.forename: Jianhua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Yongmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wenwu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Kaiyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000502:physiology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D003094:Collagen; D004151:Dipeptides; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005419:Flavonoids; D007797:Laminin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008911:Minocycline; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; C059485:matrigel; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one