title: Reading speed benefits from increased vertical word spacing in normal peripheral vision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Crowding, the adverse spatial interaction due to proximity of adjacent targets, has been suggested as an explanation for slow reading in peripheral vision. The purposes of this study were to (1) demonstrate that crowding exists at the word level and (2) examine whether or not reading speed in central and peripheral vision can be enhanced with increased vertical word spacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five normal observers read aloud sequences of six unrelated four-letter words presented on a computer monitor, one word at a time, using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Reading speeds were calculated based on the RSVP exposure durations yielding 80% correct. Testing was conducted at the fovea and at 5 degrees and 10 degrees in the inferior visual field. Critical print size (CPS) for each observer and at each eccentricity was first determined by measuring reading speeds for four print sizes using unflanked words. We then presented words at 0.8x or 1.4x CPS, with each target word flanked by two other words, one above and one below the target word. Reading speeds were determined for vertical word spacings (baseline-to-baseline separation between two vertically separated words) ranging from 0.8x to 2x the standard single-spacing, as well as the unflanked condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the fovea, reading speed increased with vertical word spacing up to about 1.2x to 1.5x the standard spacing and remained constant and similar to the unflanked reading speed at larger vertical word spacings. In the periphery, reading speed also increased with vertical word spacing, but it remained below the unflanked reading speed for all spacings tested. At 2x the standard spacing, peripheral reading speed was still about 25% lower than the unflanked reading speed for both eccentricities and print sizes. Results from a control experiment showed that the greater reliance of peripheral reading speed on vertical word spacing was also found in the right visual field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased vertical word spacing, which presumably decreases the adverse effect of crowding between adjacent lines of text, benefits reading speed. This benefit is greater in peripheral than central vision.
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry, University of Houston, 505 J. Davis Armistead Building, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA. schung@optometry.uh.edu
authors.forename: Susana T L
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D011932:Reading; D014787:Vision Tests; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology