title: Bone mineral density, sex hormones, and long-term use of neuroleptic agents in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence and severity of bone mineral loss and its relationship to sex hormone levels in men on long-term neuroleptic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen men with schizophrenia who were from 19 to 62 years old and had taken neuroleptic medication for 1 to 30 years had bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results were compared with those from 16 age-matched control subjects. Serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone index (FTI), prolactin, and pituitary gonadotropins were assayed and compared with age-matched Red Cross blood donor controls (N = 23 to 90 for the various assays).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the lumbar spine and at two of the three sites in the proximal femur (trochanter and Ward's triangle but not femoral neck), the BMD was lower in patients than in controls. A statistically significant increase in prolactin and sex hormone-binding globulin and a significantly decreased luteinizing hormone and FTI were found in the treated versus the control group. In the patient group, a significant inverse relationship existed between age and BMD at all sites. Lumbar spine density was related directly to FTI (r = 0.607; P=0.05) and inversely to duration of treatment (r = -0.767; P<0.001), although both correlations were accounted for mainly by age associations in multiple stepwise linear regression. Prolactin values did not correlate with either BMD or FTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMD was significantly lower with long-term neuroleptic use. In the lumbar spine, these changes may be related to the associated findings of decreased free testosterone and hyperprolactinemia, although the significance of other factors such as an independent drug effect, the psychiatric disease itself, and lifestyle cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Keely
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Drinkwater
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faiman