title: Study of antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1 genotypes in northern Thailand: role of mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction as a tool for monitoring zidovudine-resistant HIV-1 in resource-limited settings.
abstract: As the number of HIV-1-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral drugs has been rapidly increasing in developing countries, there is an urgent need for drug resistance genotype information of non-B subtype HIV-1 and for the establishment of a practical system of monitoring drug-resistant viruses. This study first sequenced the reverse transcriptase region of HIV-1 in 112 infected individuals who had been treated with zidovudine (AZT)/didanosine or AZT/zalcitabine as dual therapy at a government hospital in northern Thailand and then compared the above sequence method with mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) for detecting M41L and K70R mutations. Concordant rates of detecting M41L and K70R mutations by the 2 methods were 96.9% (93/96) and 92.7% (89/96), respectively. The M41L and K70R MS-PCR could detect 86.4% of AZT-resistant strains with any resistance mutation, which was determined by the sequencing method. Then 292 drug-naive individuals were screened for the presence of drug-resistant HIV-1 by the MS-PCR assay and it was found that 2 individuals (0.7%) carried viruses with either the M41L or K70R mutation. It is feasible to test a large number of samples with MS-PCR, which is sensitive, cheap, and easy to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment. The M41L and K70R MS-PCR is potentially a useful tool to monitor the spread of AZT-resistant HIV-1 in resource-limited countries.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Siriphan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeng-Aroon
authors.forename: Nuanjun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wichukchinda
authors.forename: Lay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myint
authors.forename: Panita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pathipvanich
authors.forename: Koya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ariyoshi
authors.forename: Archawin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojanawiwat
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Pathom
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sawanpanyalert
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Wattana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Auwanit
mesh_terms: D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine