title: Detection of PAHs in seawater using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
abstract: The laboratory characterization of a field-operable surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor (SERS optode) is presented for the detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater. The sensor has been developed for deployment with a robust underwater spectrograph. To meet the demands of the harsh seawater application, sol-gel derived SERS substrates were used. The calibration curves of six PAHs were determined to be of Langmuir adsorption isotherm type with limits of detection ranging from the microg l(-1) to ng l(-1) level. The experimentally determined adsorption constants varied strongly with the molecular weight of the analytes and correlated with their solubility. A mixture of five PAHs dissolved in seawater was investigated to demonstrate the utility of this method for screening. Emphasis was put on the interference from suspended particulate matter (SPM). The Raman measurement with backscattering configuration was shown to be immune against turbidities up to 1000 NTU. The physico-chemical interference arising from adsorption by the sediment was measured on-line by adding sediment to a PAH-spiked solution. According to the calibration curve, the PAH concentration decrease corresponded to more than 98% of the analyte being scavenged by the sediment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Optics, Technical University Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bich Ha
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfannkuche
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: Heinz-Detlef
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kronfeldt
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kowalewska
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical