title: Nifedipine versus tamsulosin for the management of lower ureteral stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate and compare the effectiveness of 2 different medical therapies during watchful waiting in patients with lower ureteral stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 86 patients with stones less than 1 cm located in the lower ureter (juxtavesical or intramural tract) were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (30) and 2 (28) patients received daily oral treatment of 30 mg deflazacort, (maximum 10 days). In addition group 1 patients received 30 mg nifedipine slow-release (maximum 28 days) and group 2 received 1 daily oral therapy of 0.4 mg tamsulosin (maximum 28 days), Group 3 patients (28) were used as controls. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's test, ANOVA test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average stone size for groups 1 to 3 was 4.7, 5.42 and 5.35 mm, respectively, which was not statistically significant. Expulsion was observed in 24 of 30 patients in group 1 (80%), 24 of 28 in group 2 (85%) and 12 of 28 in group 3 (43%). The difference in groups 1 and 2 with respect to group 3 was significant. Average expulsion time for groups 1 to 3 was 9.3, 7.7 and 12 days, respectively. A statistically significant difference was noted between groups 2 and 3. Mean sodium diclofenac dosage per patient in groups 1 to 3 was 19.5, 26, and 105 mg, respectively. A statistical significant difference was observed between groups 1 and 2 with respect to group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical treatments with nifedipine and tamsulosin proved to be safe and effective as demonstrated by the increased stone expulsion rate and reduced need for analgesic therapy. Moreover medical therapy, particularly in regard to tamsulosin, reduced expulsion time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy. porpiglia@libero.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porpiglia
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghignone
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiori
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Roberto Mario
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Scarpa
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077409:Tamsulosin; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077409:Tamsulosin; D009543:Nifedipine