title: Effectiveness and efficiency of intensive care medicine: variable costs in different diagnosis groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To establish the effectiveness of ICU treatment and the efficiency in the use of resources in patients stratified according to 10 diagnosis and two levels-of-care. To propose strategies aimed at reducing costs and improving efficiency in each patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentre prospective observational study. ICUs enrolled two cohorts of up to 10 consecutive patients with ICU stay >/= 48 h. Each with one of these diagnoses: trauma, brain-trauma, brain-hemorrhage, stroke, acute-on-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary disease, lung-injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, and scheduled/unscheduled abdominal surgery. The presence of active-life support divides high from low level-of-care treatments. Variable ICU costs were collected daily (bottom-up) for 21 days. We evaluated effectiveness (hospital survival) and efficiency (hospital-survivors variable-cost as a ratio of overall cost).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two Italian general ICUs recruited 529 patients in 5 months. Mean ICU variable-costs significantly differed with diagnosis and level-of-care. Costs were positively affected by ICU length-of-stay, by duration of active-treatment. Outcome variably influenced costs. Medians of variable-costs per patient (1715 Euro) and patient-groups efficiencies (60.7%) identified four possible combinations between (low and high) cost and (low and high) efficiency groups. Moreover, efficiency was better than effectiveness in stroke, brain-hemorrhage and trauma, while it was worse in heart failure, acute-on-COPD or acute-lung injury. Overall ICU cost attributed only to survivors ranged from 699 (scheduled surgical) to 5906 (unscheduled surgical) Euro. Cost of non-survivors distributed to all patient was between 95 (scheduled-surgical) to 1633 (unscheduled-surgical) Euro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of variable patient-specific cost was used as a tool to assess intensive care performance in patient subgroups with different diagnosis and levels-of-care.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Azienda Ospedaliera - Polo Universitario San Paolo, Milano, Italy. g.iapichino@unimi.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iapichino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radrizzani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albicini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies