title: Rilmenidine sympatholytic activity preserves mental stress, orthostatic sympathetic responses and adrenaline secretion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heightened central sympathetic nervous outflow is common in essential hypertension, contributing to hypertension development and possibly also to complications. Acute sympathetic nervous activation is a proven trigger for adverse cardiovascular events. Accordingly, antihypertensive drugs inhibiting sympathetic outflow represent a theoretically attractive therapeutic option.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the sympatholytic and blood pressure-lowering activity of the imidazoline binding agent rilmenidine at rest and during reflex sympathetic activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a randomized, double-blind, 6-week cross-over study, with a 1-week placebo run-in period, two 2-week active treatment intervals (rilmenidine 1 mg twice daily or placebo) and intervening 1-week placebo washout. In 15 hypertensive patients, noradrenaline and adrenaline plasma kinetics and intra-arterial blood pressure measurements were performed at rest, after mental stress (difficult mental arithmetic) and during head-up tilting, at the end of the 2-week dosing periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The noradrenaline spillover rate, indicative of whole body sympathetic activity, was reduced 35% by rilmenidine at rest (P < 0.01) and remained significantly lower during mental stress and tilting, although the increases in noradrenaline spillover with both stimuli were preserved. The effects on intra-arterial blood pressure ran in parallel, a fall in supine resting pressure, but no reduction in blood pressure rise during mental stress and a lack of fall in blood pressure with tilting. On placebo, adrenaline secretion was 0.88 +/- 0.15 nmol/min (mean +/- SE) at rest, increased by 0.42 +/- 0.23 nmol/min with mental stress (P = 0.019) and was unchanged with tilting. Rilmenidine left adrenaline secretion untouched under all conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms a sympatholytic effect of rilmenidine during supine rest but preservation of sympathetic responses during mental stress and tilting, with the latter underlying a freedom from postural hypotension on the drug. The absence of suppression of reflexive sympathetic responses contrasts with the described effects of rilmenidine in experimental animals, and emphasizes the previously demonstrated unique importance in humans of suprabulbar noradrenergic neuronal projections from the brainstem in regulating tonic sympathetic activity, with these being inhibited by imidazoline binding agents. Sympathetic nervous inhibition with rilmenidine contrasted with an absence of suppression of adrenaline secretion, affirming that sympathetic nervous and adrenal medullary function can be disconnected.
authors.affiliation: Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. murray.esler@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esler
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Socratous
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011187:Posture; D000077769:Rilmenidine; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018667:Tilt-Table Test
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010080:Oxazoles; D013565:Sympatholytics; D000077769:Rilmenidine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine