title: Height, weight, body mass index and pubertal development references for children of Moroccan origin in The Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide growth and sexual maturation reference data for Moroccan children living in The Netherlands and to compare them with the reference data of children of Dutch origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional growth and demographic data were collected from 2880 children of Moroccan origin and 14,500 children of Dutch origin living in The Netherlands in the age range 0-20 y. Growth references for length, height, weight, weight-for-height, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference were constructed with the LMS method. Predictive variables for height and BMI were assessed by regression analyses. Reference curves for sexual maturation were estimated by a generalized additive model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moroccan young adults were on average 9 cm shorter than their Dutch contemporaries. Mean final height was 174.7 cm for males and 161.3 cm for females. Height differences in comparison with Dutch children increase from 2 y onwards. Height SDS was predominantly associated with target height. Compared to Dutch children, maturation started 0.2 and 0.9 y later for girls and boys, respectively. Median age at menarche was 12.9 y, 3.6 mo earlier than in Dutch girls (p = 0.001). BMI of Moroccan children was above that of Dutch children, especially for girls. BMI SDS was associated with birthweight in the age group 0 - < or = 5 y.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moroccan children living in The Netherlands are substantially shorter than Dutch children. Girls have higher weight-for-height and BMI for age. Median age at menarche occurs earlier. Given these differences, separate growth charts for the Moroccan children are useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. am.fredriks@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fredriks
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Buuren
authors.forename: S E R
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jeurissen
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Verloove-Vanhorick
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands; D011627:Puberty / Q000208:ethnology*