title: Distribution and sub-cellular localization of the aflatoxin enzyme versicolorin B synthase in time-fractionated colonies of Aspergillus parasiticus.
abstract: Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolites. At least 18 enzyme activities are required for aflatoxin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. One of these enzymes, versicolorin B synthase (VBS), catalyzes bisfuran ring closure in versiconal hemiacetal (a reaction near the middle of the pathway) to form versicolorin B. This reaction is required for the subsequent activation to aflatoxin B1-8,9 epoxide, a highly reactive and toxic aflatoxin metabolite, and is important for aflatoxin toxicity. We analyzed the localization of VBS in the aflatoxin-producing strain A. parasiticus SU-1 grown on solid media using a colony fractionation technique developed previously. A highly specific polyclonal antibody, raised against a maltose-binding protein-VBS fusion protein synthesized in Escherichia coli, was used to detect VBS in SU-1 grown on a rich solid medium via immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM). VBS was detected in both vegetative hyphae and in asexual developmental structures, called conidiophores. Western blot and CLSM analyses demonstrated the highest abundance of VBS in colony fraction S2 consisting of cells that had grown for 24-48 h; this fraction also contained the highest levels of newly developed conidiophores and the highest abundance of aflatoxin B1, consistent with VBS abundance. At the subcellular level, CLSM and TEM detected VBS distributed throughout the cytoplasm and concentrated in ring-like structures surrounding nuclei. It is uncertain whether enzymatically active VBS is present in either or both locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 234B GM Trout Food Science and Human Nutrition Building, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Ching-Hsun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Joanne H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Whallon
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klomparens
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Linz
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D013347:Subcellular Fractions
chemical_list: D016604:Aflatoxin B1; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C062670:versiconal hemiacetal acetate converting enzyme