title: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a child with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
abstract: Five weeks after commencing highly active antiretroviral therapy, a 12-year-old boy with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection presented with acute cerebellar dysfunction and hemiparesis. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for JC virus and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Rapid and sustained improvement followed a prolonged course of glucocorticosteroid therapy while continuing antiretrovirals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: James J C
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: Jo M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilmshurst
authors.forename: Alvin P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ndondo
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeats
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Eley
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011241:Prednisone