title: Drug resistance mutations and newly recognized treatment-related substitutions in the HIV-1 protease gene: prevalence and associations with drug exposure and real or virtual phenotypic resistance to protease inhibitors in two clinical cohorts of antiretroviral experienced patients.
abstract: This study aimed at identifying HIV-1 protease amino acid changes associated with protease inhibitor (PI) exposure and susceptibility. New amino acid substitutions were correlated with the number of experienced PIs, reaching statistical significance only for those at positions 3, 44, and 74. The correspondence multivariate model demonstrated that > or =3 experienced PIs and substitutions or mutations at positions 3, 46, 54, 73, 74, and 84 were correlated with PI cross-resistance, including resistance for lopinavir and amprenavir in this cohort of patients who were naive for these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. torti.carlo@libero.it
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torti
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quiros-Roldan
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monno
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patroni
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saracino
authors.forename: Gioacchino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Angarano
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tinelli
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo Caputo
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tirelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carosi
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002219:Carbamates; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005663:Furans; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D061466:Lopinavir; C095108:amprenavir; D016333:HIV Protease