title: Voluntary HIV testing in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A study was undertaken to examine patterns of voluntary HIV testing among heterosexuals across Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys on sexual behaviour and HIV were performed including probability samples of the general population ages 18-49 years in Greece (n = 2,000), Italy (n = 2,603), Switzerland (n = 2,777), and Norway (n = 3,704).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of lifetime voluntary HIV testing among heterosexuals is 10.1%, 15.5%, 17.4%, and 40.9%, in Greece, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland, respectively. Between 49.0%, and 89.3% of individuals reporting risk behaviours never sought voluntary testing. Multivariate analysis shows that in some countries the likelihood of HIV testing is significantly higher for individuals aged 24-29 and 30-39 years, compared with younger respondents with the same risky behaviour. Among Swiss men and women higher educational level also significantly increases the probability of testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of voluntary HIV testing among heterosexuals with histories of risk is low. The needs of specific groups should be considered to improve HIV prevention and access to care.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Igiene, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. c.renzi@idi.it
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renzi
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zantedeschi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Signorelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035141:Voluntary Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*