title: Differential effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation and immobilization stress on blood lymphocyte subsets in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence of the relationship between sleep and the immune response. Studies aimed at elucidating the function of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have found it difficult to separate the effects due to REM sleep deprivation and the effects due to the stress produced by the deprivation procedure. It has been claimed that immobilization is the main stressor that the animals have to face during the deprivation process. In this study, we analyzed the effects of short-term (24 h) and long-term (240 h) REM sleep deprivation on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of rats. In addition, these effects were compared with those obtained after both short- and long-term stress by immobilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocyte population bearing surface markers such as CD5 (T cells), CD45RA (B cells), CD4 (T helper/inducer cells), CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells) and CD161 (NK cells) were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies. Lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both short- and long-term REM sleep deprivation decreased the percentage of T lymphocytes and induced a significant increase in NK cells. Short-term immobilization induced only a significant increase in the percentage of B lymphocytes and a decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes, while long-term immobilization did not elicit any change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results support the notion that REM sleep deprivation and immobilization stress each exert particular effects on the immune system. These data suggest that the characteristics of the immune response will depend on the nature of the behavioral manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico. jvm@xanum.uam.mx
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velazquez-Moctezuma
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Salazar
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cortes-Barberena
authors.forename: Oralia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Najera-Medina
authors.forename: Socorro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retana-Marquez
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Aguilera
authors.forename: Anabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Anguiano
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortes-Martinez
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Muñiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000276:immunology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*