Health promotion interventions for disadvantaged women: overview of the WISEWOMAN projects.
BACKGROUND
The Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for Women Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) program aims to remove racial and ethnic disparities in health by addressing the screening and intervention needs of midlife uninsured women. This paper describes the WISEWOMAN program requirements, the design of the 12 projects funded in 2002, the use of a standardized data reporting and analysis system, risk factors among participants, effective behavioral strategies, and plans for the future.


METHODS
The WISEWOMAN demonstration projects are examining the feasibility and effectiveness of adding a cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention component to the early detection of breast and cervical cancer. Women aged 40-64 are eligible if they are enrolled in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) in selected U. S. states and are financially disadvantaged and lack health insurance. The primary outcome measures are blood pressure, lipid levels, and tobacco use. Intermediate measures include self-reported diet and physical activity, measures of readiness for change, and barriers to behavior change.


RESULTS
During 2002, the 10 projects that were fully operational screened 8164 financially disadvantaged women and developed culturally and regionally appropriate nutrition and physical activity interventions for a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Twenty-three percent of the women screened had high total cholesterol, with 48% of these being newly diagnosed. Thirty-eight percent of the women had high blood pressure, with 24% being newly diagnosed. Approximately, 75% of participants were either overweight or obese, and in some sites up to 42% were smokers.


CONCLUSIONS
The WISEWOMAN demonstration projects have been successful at reaching financially disadvantaged and minority women who are at high risk for chronic diseases. These projects face challenges because they are generally implemented by safety net providers who have limited resources and staff to conduct research and evaluation. On the other hand, the findings from these projects will be especially informative in reducing health disparities because they are conducted in those settings where the most socially and medically vulnerable women receive care.
Will
Julie C
JC
Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. JWill@cdc.gov
Farris
Rosanne P
RP
Sanders
Charlene G
CG
Stockmyer
Chrisandra K
CK
Finkelstein
Eric A
EA
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*