title: [Clinicopathological characteristics of atypical cystic duct (ACD) of the breast: assessment of ACD as a precancerous lesion].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinicopathological features of atypical cystic duct (ACD) as a precancerous lesion of the breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole mammary gland serial sections were performed on 200 cases of breast cancer without pre-operative biopsy (prior operation, fine needle aspiration or needle biopsy were routinely performed in each case). The clinicopathological findings and immunohistochemical features of ACD were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four (22%) of the 200 breast cancer patients had ACD breast lesions. The frequency of patients with ACD increased in premenopausal women (P=0.001). A number of ACD lesions displayed a histological transition to adjacent ductal carcinoma in-situ. In 16 of 44 (36%) patients with ACD, carcinoma cells stained positive for p53. In 12 of these 16 cases (75%), ACD cells also stained positive for p53 protein (P=0.001). Myoepithelial cells of ACD appeared attenuated and stained strongly for alpha-smooth muscle actin. There was no correlation between the ACD-present group and the ACD-absent group in tumor size, nodal metastasis, and immunostaining patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, c-erbB-2 and Ki-67 labeling index of cancerous tissues. All 44 ACD lesions showed a negative staining of c-erbB-2, regardless of the staining result in their corresponding carcinomas. The mean Ki-67 labeling index of ACD lesions was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACD is frequently associated with breast cancer. It may represent a precancerous mammary lesion, supported by the frequent histological continuum between ACD and malignancy, and simultaneous p53 over-expression present in both ACD and its corresponding breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagano Cancer Detection Center, Mastumoto 390, Japan, Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China. fulijyb@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xiao-Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Ritsu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kusama
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Tong-Hua
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone