title: Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity.
abstract: Reactivation of dormant infections causes an immense burden of morbidity and mortality in the world at large. Reactivation can occur as a result of immunosuppression, environmental insult, or aging; however, the cause of reactivation of such infections is often not clear. We have previously shown that persistence of the parasite Leishmania major is controlled by endogenous CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells. In this report, we show that despite efficient parasite clearance at secondary sites of infection, Leishmania superinfection can cause disease reactivation at the primary site. Our results strongly suggest that T reg cells, whose numbers increase in sites of reactivation, are directly responsible for such reactivation. Depletion of CD25(+) cells at the time of secondary challenge prevented disease reactivation at the site of persistent infection while strengthening the expression of immunity at the site of secondary challenge. Finally, transfer of T reg cells purified from infected mice into chronically infected mice was sufficient to trigger disease reactivation and prevent the expression of an effector memory response. Our results demonstrate that after persistence is achieved, an equilibrium between T reg cells and effector lymphocytes, which can be disturbed by superinfection, controls the efficiency of recall immune responses and disease reactivation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Stacie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Reckling
authors.forename: Ciriacco A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Yasmine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Belkaid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D002465:Cell Movement; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2