title: Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study presented was designed to analyse the mechanical performance and the primary and secondary stability characteristics of endosseous titanium implants with 1 degree (EXP1) and 2 degrees (EXP2) of taper when compared with the standard Brånemark design (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden).
  
  
  METHODS
  One pair of 10 mm EXP1 and control implants were placed in the femoral condyles of six rabbits. Paired 6 mm EXP1 and control implants and 6 mm EXP2 and control implants were placed in the tibial metaphysis. The control implants used were 4 mm diameter standard Brånemark implants, the same length as the test implants. At placement, insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements were performed. Six weeks postoperatively when the animals were killed, RFA and removal torque (RT) measurements were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At placement, significantly higher IT was needed to insert the EXP implants compared with the controls. RFA values were significantly higher for EXP1 implants placed in the tibia but not in the femur. In pooling data from the femur and tibia there was a significant difference. The EXP2 implants failed to insert fully and demonstrated a lower RFA value than may have been expected due to the exposed threads, although this difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the present study showed that 1 degrees of taper results in a better primary stability compared with the standard Brånemark design. There was no evidence that the tapered design caused negative bone tissue reactions. All the implants gained in stability during the healing period.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK. d.j.osullivan@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sennerby
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meredith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D016348:Osseointegration; D011817:Rabbits; D013977:Tibia; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium