title: Change and predictors of change in communication, cognition, and social function between 1 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cognitive, communication, and social changes experienced by individuals between 1 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  TBI Model System Database with 927 eligible subjects using a cohort with complete 1- and 5-year data (N = 292).
  
  
  METHODS
  Change in Functional Independence Measure trade mark -Cognitive (FIM-Cog) items from Year 1 to Year 5 postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the FIM-Cog Total score, 26% individuals improved, 61% stayed the same, and 14% worsened by more than 1 point from Year 1 to Year 5. On the 2 FIM Communication items, 19% individuals improved, 68% stayed the same, and 13% worsened by greater than 1 point. On the FIM Social Interaction item, 12% individuals improved, 76% stayed the same, and 11% worsened. On the FIM Memory and Problem Solving items, 34% individuals improved, 48% stayed the same, and 19% worsened. Several variables predicted this improvement and worsening, some of which were available at the time of injury and most were those available at 1 year postinjury. The Memory and Problem Solving items, taken together, showed fewer participants at ceiling at Year 1 and more change between Year 1 and Year 5 compared to the Communication and Social Interaction items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many individuals did not demonstrate meaningful change on FIM-Cog and its component items from Year 1 to Year 5. In particular, a high proportion of improvement was observed in Memory/Problem Solving, and worsening in Social Interaction. Demographic and functional indicators present at 1 year postinjury may be predictive of subsequent change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Charlotte Institute of Rehabilitation, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA. Flora.hammond@carolinashealthcare.org
authors.forename: Flora M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Corrigan
authors.forename: Howell
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013997:Time Factors