title: Long-term evaluation of a structured outpatient education programme for intensified insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 diabetes: a 12-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the long-term outcome of a structured outpatient diabetes teaching and treatment programme (DTTP) for intensified insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 diabetes, which aims to improve metabolic control without increasing the risk of severe hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 123 diabetic outpatients (age 41+/-14 years; 64 women; BMI 23.5+/-3.1; diabetes duration 17+/-11 years; HbA1c 7.9+/-1.6%; 32 patients with a history of severe hypoglycaemia; 18 with overt nephropathy; 22 with proliferative retinopathy) who participated in the DTTP between June 1989 and June 1990 were invited for follow-up visits after 3, 6 and 12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 123 patients, 11 died during the follow-up period, two were lost for follow-up, and one was not willing to participate in re-evaluation after 12 years. Mean HbA1c levels decreased from 7.9+/-1.6% to 7.1+/-1.2% (p<0.01) after 3 years, and were 7.8+/-1.5% (NS) and 7.8+/-1.2% (NS) after 6 and 12 years respectively. Frequency of hypoglycaemia decreased from 0.49 episodes per patient per year to 0.14 after 3 years (p<0.01), 0.19 after 6 years (p<0.01) and 0.16 after 12 years (p<0.01). Of the participants, 41% were able to lower HbA1c levels without episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and to maintain this improvement at all follow-up visits over the 12-year period. At follow-up, intensified insulin therapy was carried out by 94% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A sustained reduction of the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was observed in patients with Type 1 diabetes after participation in a structured outpatient DTTP over a 12-year period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Graz, Austria. johannes.plank@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plank
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rakovac
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Semlitsch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kraly
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin