title: Evidence-based prescribing of antibiotics for children: role of socioeconomic status and physician characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence-based guidelines for antibiotic use are well established, but nonadherence to these guidelines continues. This study was undertaken to determine child, household and physician factors predictive of nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prescription and health care records of 20 000 Manitoba children were assessed for 2 criteria of nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing during the period from fiscal year 1996 (April 1996 to March 1997) to fiscal year 2000: receipt of an antibiotic for a viral respiratory tract infection (VRTI) and initial use of a second-line agent for acute otitis media, pharyngitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection or cellulitis. The likelihood of nonadherence to evidence-based prescribing, according to child demographic characteristics, physician factors (specialty and place of training) and household income, was determined from hierarchical linear modelling. Child visits were nested within physicians, and the most parsimonious model was selected at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 45% of physician visits for VRTI resulted in an antibiotic prescription, and 20% of antibiotic prescriptions were for second-line antibiotics. Relative to general practitioners, the odds ratio for antibiotic prescription for a VRTI was 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.62) for pediatricians and 1.58 (95% CI 1.03-2.42) for other specialists. The likelihood that an antibiotic would be prescribed for a VRTI was 0.99 for each successive 10,000 Canadian dollars increase in household income. Pediatricians and other specialists were more likely than general practitioners to prescribe second-line antibiotics for initial therapy. Both criteria for nonadherence to evidence-based prescribing were 40% less likely among physicians trained in Canada or the United States than among physicians trained elsewhere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The links that we identified between nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing in children and physician specialty and location of training suggest opportunities for intervention. The independent effect of household income indicates that parents also have an important role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. kozyrsk@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kozyrskyj
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Dan G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chateau
authors.forename: Garey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mazowita
authors.forename: Terry P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Klassen
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D012621:Seasons; D012923:Social Class; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents