title: Statins inhibit beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes via a Rac1-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors (statins) inhibit myocyte hypertrophy in vitro and ameliorate the progression of cardiac remodeling in vivo, possibly because of inhibition of the small GTPase Rac1. The role of Rac1 in mediating myocyte apoptosis is not known. beta-Adrenergic receptor (betaAR)-stimulated myocyte apoptosis is mediated via activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), leading to activation of the mitochondrial death pathway. We hypothesized that betaAR-stimulated apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocyte (ARVMs) is mediated by Rac1 and inhibited by statins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  betaAR stimulation increased apoptosis, as assessed by transferase-mediated nick-end labeling, from 5+/-1% to 24+/-2%. betaAR stimulation also increased Rac1 activity. Adenoviral overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rac1 inhibited betaAR-stimulated apoptosis, JNK activation, cytochrome C release, and caspase-3 activation. Cerivastatin likewise inhibited the betaAR-stimulated activation of Rac1, decreased betaAR-stimulated apoptosis to 11+/-2%, and inhibited JNK activation, cytochrome C release, and caspase-3 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  betaAR stimulation causes Rac1 activation, which is required for myocyte apoptosis and leads to activation of JNK and the mitochondrial death pathway. Cerivastatin inhibits betaAR-stimulated activation of Rac1 and thereby inhibits JNK-dependent activation of the mitochondrial death pathway and apoptosis. The beneficial effects of statins on the myocardium may be mediated in part via inhibition of Rac1-dependent myocyte apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: Wilson S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C086276:cerivastatin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine