title: Tissue engineering of ligaments: a comparison of bone marrow stromal cells, anterior cruciate ligament, and skin fibroblasts as cell source.
abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery still has important problems to overcome, such as "donor site morbidity" and the limited choice of grafts in revision surgery. Tissue engineering of ligaments may provide a solution for these problems. Little is known about the optimal cell source for tissue engineering of ligaments. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal cell source for tissue engineering of the anterior cruciate ligament. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), ACL, and skin fibroblasts were seeded onto a resorbable suture material [poly(L-lactide/glycolide) multifilaments] at five different seeding densities, and cultured for up to 12 days. All cell types tested attached to the suture material, proliferated, and synthesized extracellular matrix rich in collagen type I. On day 12 the scaffolds seeded with BMSCs showed the highest DNA content (p < 0.01) and the highest collagen production (p < 0.05 for the two highest seeding densities). Scaffolds seeded with ACL fibroblasts showed the lowest DNA content and collagen production. Accordingly, BMSCs appear to be the most suitable cells for further study and development of tissue-engineered ligament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Eijk
authors.forename: D B F
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riesle
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Van Blitterswijk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verbout
authors.forename: W J A
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dhert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006041:Goats; D008022:Ligaments / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*