title: Hand hygiene among physicians: performance, beliefs, and perceptions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physician adherence to hand hygiene remains low in most hospitals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for nonadherence and assess beliefs and perceptions associated with hand hygiene among physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of physician practices, beliefs, and attitudes toward hand hygiene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  163 physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual observation of physician hand hygiene practices during routine patient care with documentation of relevant risk factors; self-report questionnaire to measure beliefs and perceptions. Logistic regression identified variables independently associated with adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherence averaged 57% and varied markedly across medical specialties. In multivariate analysis, adherence was associated with the awareness of being observed, the belief of being a role model for other colleagues, a positive attitude toward hand hygiene after patient contact, and easy access to hand-rub solution. Conversely, high workload, activities associated with a high risk for cross-transmission, and certain technical medical specialties (surgery, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, and intensive care medicine) were risk factors for nonadherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct observation of physicians may have influenced both adherence to hand hygiene and responses to the self-report questionnaire. Generalizability of study results requires additional testing in other health care settings and physician populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician adherence to hand hygiene is associated with work and system constraints, as well as knowledge and cognitive factors. At the individual level, strengthening a positive attitude toward hand hygiene and reinforcing the conviction that each individual can influence the group behavior may improve adherence among physicians. Physicians who work in technical specialties should also be targeted for improvement.
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Program, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hugonnet
authors.forename: Carmen Lúcia
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pessoa-Silva
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sauvan
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Perneger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013038:Specialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload