title: Differences in the ultimate strength of the biceps anchor and the generation of type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions in a cadaveric model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of superior labral anterior posterior lesions remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The biceps anchor is more vulnerable to loading with a posterior vector as opposed to an in-line pull.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pairs of cadaveric shoulders were dissected, and the biceps tendon was loaded to failure in 1 of 2 loading patterns. Loading pattern A was meant to simulate the eccentric load of the biceps in the deceleration phase of throwing; loading pattern B was meant to simulate the posterior biceps load of the late cocking phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biceps anchor demonstrated significantly increased ultimate strength with in-line loading (group A, 508 N) as opposed to posterior loading (group B, 262 N, P < .001). All group B specimens failed at the biceps anchor, resulting in a type II superior labral anterior posterior lesion. Specimens in group A did not create a superior labral anterior posterior lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direction of biceps loading resulted in significant differences in the ultimate strength of the biceps anchor and the generation of superior labral anterior posterior lesions. The biceps anchor was significantly weaker when loaded with a posterior vector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The superior labrum may be most vulnerable to injury in late cocking. The reproducible generation of type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions may have applications as a biomechanical model.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Specialty Institute, 280 S. Main Street, Suite 200, Orange, CA 92868, USA. moshepard72@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Jeff R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology