title: Corneal and lenticular components of total astigmatism in a preschool sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the contribution of corneal and lenticular components to total astigmatism in preschool low and high astigmats to determine whether there was any compensation for high astigmatism by the lenticular component.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cycloplegic refractive and keratometric measures using the Retinomax K-Plus (Nikon Inc., Melville, NY) were conducted on 129 children (mean age, 51.1 +/- 8.4 mo) in Oxford County, Canada. We divided the sample into high astigmats (total cylinder > or =1 D; mean, 1.38 +/- 0.43 D; n = 29) and normal astigmats (total cylinder < or =0.75 D; mean, 0.22 +/- 0.20 D; n = 100). Measures of total and corneal cylinder were transposed into J0 and J45 components, where positive and negative J0 values quantified with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule astigmatisms, respectively, and J45 quantified oblique astigmatism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WTR astigmatism was dominant in both the high and normal astigmatic group. J0 and J45 components of corneal astigmatism were highly correlated with total astigmatism in high astigmats, whereas only J0 was significantly correlated with total astigmatism in normal astigmats. Although the magnitude of total and corneal cylinder was significantly greater in high astigmats, overall lenticular cylinder was similar in both groups. However, the Fourier transforms showed high astigmats to have significantly lower lenticular J0 and higher lenticular J45 than the normal astigmats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astigmatism in 3- to 5-year-old children is primarily corneal. In preschool children, the lens does not vary in response to high amounts of corneal WTR astigmatism, and in fact, it increases the oblique astigmatism component when the corneal component is high. In high astigmats, lenticular astigmatism contributes to both J0 and J45 components, whereas the corneal contribution is primarily J0.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. sshankar@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bobier
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D014787:Vision Tests