title: Opening of mitochondrial KATP channels enhances cardioprotection through the modulation of mitochondrial matrix volume, calcium accumulation, and respiration.
abstract: Previously, we have shown that the pharmacological opening of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K channels with diazoxide (DZX) enhances the cardioprotection afforded by magnesium-supplemented potassium (K/Mg) cardioplegia. To determine the mechanisms involved in the cardioprotection afforded by K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia, rabbit hearts (n=24) were subjected to isolated Langendorff perfusion. Control hearts were perfused for 75 min. Global ischemia (GI) hearts were subjected to 30 min of equilibrium, 30 min of GI, and 15 min of reperfusion. K/Mg and K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia hearts received either K/Mg or K/Mg + DZX for 5 min before GI and reperfusion. Tissue was harvested for mitochondrial isolation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mitochondrial structure, area, matrix volume, free calcium, and oxygen consumption were determined. TEM demonstrated that GI mitochondria were damaged and that K/Mg and K/Mg + DZX preserved mitochondrial structure. TEM and light scattering demonstrated separately that mitochondrial matrix and cristae area and matrix volume were significantly increased after GI and reperfusion with GI > K/Mg + DZX > K/Mg hearts (P <0.05 vs. control). Mitochondrial free calcium was significantly increased in GI and K/Mg hearts. K/Mg + DZX significantly decreased mitochondrial free calcium accumulation (P <0.05 vs. GI and K/Mg). State 3 oxygen consumption and respiratory control index in malate (complex I substrate)- and succinate (complex II substrate)-energized mitochondria were significantly decreased (P <0.05 vs. control) in the GI and K/Mg + DZX groups. These data indicate that the enhanced cardioprotection afforded by K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia occurs through the preservation of mitochondrial structure and the significant decrease in mitochondrial free calcium accumulation and mitochondrial state 3 oxygen consumption.
authors.affiliation: Div. of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Rm. 144, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rousou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ericsson
authors.forename: Micheline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levitsky
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McCully
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008274:Magnesium; D003981:Diazoxide; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium