title: Transcatheter device closure of congenital and postoperative residual ventricular septal defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our purpose was to describe a 13-year experience with patients undergoing transcatheter device closure of unrepaired congenital or postoperative residual ventricular septal defects (VSDs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1989, 170 patients (median age, 3.9 years) have undergone catheterization for closure of 1 or more congenital (n=92) or postoperative (n=78) residual VSDs using successive generations of STARFlex-type devices. Outcomes included echocardiographic assessment of residual flow and device position, assessment of VSD shunt/severity, and adverse events. Among 168 patients in whom device implantation was performed, between 1 and 7 devices were placed per patient (median, 1), with multiple devices placed in 40%. There was a significant decrease in left-to-right shunting after device implantation (P<0.001) and significant improvement in VSD size/severity, and device position proved stable. Of 332 adverse events, 39 were related to the device and 261 were related to the catheterization; all but 5 occurred in the periprocedural period. At a median follow-up of 24 months (0 to 154 months), 14 patients had died and 18 had device(s) explanted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital and postoperative VSD closure using STARFlex-type devices resulted in stable improvement in clinical status and decreased interventricular shunting. Although periprocedural events occurred frequently, late events caused by the device were rare. Transcatheter device closure is an effective management option for patients with complex muscular VSDs that are difficult to approach surgically and for postoperative residual VSDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Knauth
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Stanton B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Doff B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Landzberg
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hellenbrand
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography