title: Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) results in urine passing, in a retrograde manner, up the ureter. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been considered to be the main cause of permanent renal parenchymal damage in children with reflux. Therefore management of these children has been directed at preventing infection by antibiotic prophylaxis and/or surgical correction of reflux. However controversy remains as to the optimum strategies for management of children with primary VUR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and harms of the different treatment options for primary VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs were included if they compared any treatments of VUR including surgery (open and closed techniques), antibiotic prophylaxis of any duration, non-invasive techniques such as bladder training and any combination of therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently searched the literature, determined trial eligibility, assessed quality, extracted and entered data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten trials involving 964 evaluable children comparing long-term antibiotics and surgical correction of VUR with antibiotics (seven trials), antibiotics with no treatment (one trial) and different materials for endoscopic correction of VUR (two trials) were identified. Risk of UTI by 1-2 and 5 years was not significantly different between surgical and medical groups (by 2 years RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.09; by 5 years RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.26). Combined treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in febrile UTI by 5 years (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.70) but no concomitant significant reduction in risk of new or progressive renal damage at 5 years (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29). In one small study no significant differences in risk for UTI or renal damage were found between antibiotic prophylaxis and no treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is uncertain whether the identification and treatment of children with VUR confers clinically important benefit. The additional benefit of surgery over antibiotics alone is small at best. Assuming a UTI rate of 20% for children with VUR on antibiotics for five years, nine reimplantations would be required to prevent one febrile UTI, with no reduction in the number of children developing any UTI or renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vimalachandra
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000628:therapy*