title: Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsory treatment in psychiatry: single blind randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether a form of advance agreement for people with severe mental illness can reduce the use of inpatient services and compulsory admission or treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single blind randomised controlled trial, with randomisation of individual patients. The investigator was blind to allocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight community mental health teams in southern England.
  
  
  METHODS
  160 people with an operational diagnosis of psychotic illness or non-psychotic bipolar disorder who had experienced a hospital admission within the previous two years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The joint crisis plan was formulated by the patient, care coordinator, psychiatrist, and project worker and contained contact information, details of mental and physical illnesses, treatments, indicators for relapse, and advance statements of preferences for care in the event of future relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Admission to hospital, bed days, and use of the Mental Health Act over 15 month follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the Mental Health Act was significantly reduced for the intervention group, 13% (10/80) of whom experienced compulsory admission or treatment compared with 27% (21/80) of the control group (risk ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.95, P = 0.028). As a consequence, the mean number of days of detention (days spent as an inpatient while under a section of the Mental Health Act) for the whole intervention group was 14 compared with 31 for the control group (difference 16, 0 to 36, P = 0.04). For those admitted under a section of the Mental Health Act, the number of days of detention was similar in the two groups (means 114 and 117, difference 3, -61 to 67, P = 0.98). The intervention group had fewer admissions (risk ratio 0.69, 0.45 to 1.04, P = 0.07). There was no evidence for differences in bed days (total number of days spent as an inpatient) (means 32 and 36, difference 4, -18 to 26, P = 0.15 for the whole sample; means 107 and 83, difference -24, -72 to 24, P = 0.39 for those admitted).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of joint crisis plans reduced compulsory admissions and treatment in patients with severe mental illness. The reduction in overall admission was less. This is the first structured clinical intervention that seems to reduce compulsory admission and treatment in mental health services.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF. hendersc@nypdrat.cpmc.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Morven
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutherby
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szmukler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003419:Crisis Intervention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method