title: Characterization of a KCNQ1/KVLQT1 polymorphism in Asian families with LQT2: implications for genetic testing.
abstract: Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic disease that predisposes affected individuals to arrhythmias, syncope, and sudden death. Mutations in several ion channel genes have been discovered in different families with LQTS: KCNQ1 (KVLQT1, LQT1), KCNH2 (HERG, LQT2), SCN5A (LQT3), KCNE1 (minK, LQT5), and KCNE2 (MiRP1, LQT6). Previously, the P448R-KVLQT1 missense mutation has been reported as an LQT1-causing mutation. In this report, we demonstrate the presence of the P448R polymorphism in two, unrelated Chinese LQTS families. Although absent from 500 reference alleles derived from 150 white and 100 African-American subjects, P448R was present in 14% of healthy Chinese volunteers. Given the inconsistencies between the genotype (LQT1) and clinical phenotype (LQT2) in our two LQTS families, together with the finding that the P448R appears to be a common, ethnic-specific polymorphism, mutational analysis was extended to the other LQTS-causing genes resulting in the identification of distinct HERG missense mutations in each of these two families. Heterologous expression of P448R-KVLQT1 yielded normal, wild-type (WT) currents. In contrast, the two unique HERG mutations resulted in dominant-negative suppression of the WT HERG channel. Our study has profound implications for those engaged in genetic research. Importantly, one child of the original proband was initially diagnosed with LQT1 based upon the presence of P448R-KVLQT1 and was treated with beta-blockers. However, he did not possess the subsequently determined LQT2-causing mutation. On the other hand, his untreated P448R-negative brother harbored the true, disease-causing HERG mutation. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing channel polymorphisms from mutations pathogenic for LQTS and emphasize the importance of using appropriate ethnically matched controls in the genotypic analysis of LQTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, TB 172 Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Dipika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Glatter
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Timofeyev
authors.forename: Dipika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuteja
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tester
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Melvin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Scheinman
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Nipavan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiamvimonvat
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People; D001483:Base Sequence; D044383:Black People; D002681:China; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; C496909:KCNQ1 protein, human; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated