title: Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although various techniques are available for obtaining pathology specimens from the mediastinal lymph nodes, including conventional bronchoscopic transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), transesophageal ultrasonography-guided needle aspiration, and mediastinoscopy, there are limitations to these techniques, which include low yield, poor access, need for general anesthesia, or complications. To overcome these problems, we undertook the current study to evaluate the clinical utility of the newly developed ultrasound puncture bronchoscope to visualize and perform real-time TBNA of the mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes under direct endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective patient enrollment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2002 to September 2003, 70 patients were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new convex probe (CP) EBUS is integrated with a convex scanning probe on its tip with a separate working channel, thus permitting real-time EBUS-guided TBNA. The indications for CP-EBUS were the diagnosis of mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy for known or suspected malignancy. Lymph nodes and the surrounding vessels were first visualized with CP-EBUS using the Doppler mode. The dimensions of the lymph nodes were recorded, followed by real-time TBNA under direct EBUS guidance. Final diagnosis was based on cytology, surgical results, and/or clinical follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All lymph nodes that were detected on the chest CT scan could be visualized using CP-EBUS. In 70 patients, CP-EBUS-guided TBNA was performed to obtain samples from mediastinal lymph nodes (58 nodes) and hilar lymph nodes (12 nodes). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CP-EBUS-guided TBNA in distinguishing benign from malignant lymph nodes were 95.7%, 100%, and 97.1%, respectively. The procedure was uneventful, and there were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time CP-EBUS-guided TBNA of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes is a novel approach that is safe and has a good diagnostic yield. This new ultrasound puncture bronchoscope has an excellent potential for assisting in safe and accurate diagnostic interventional bronchoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasufuku
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiyo
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Prashant N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Chhajed
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizasa
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography