title: Amantadine and rimantadine for preventing and treating influenza A in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride have antiviral properties, but these drugs are not widely used due to a lack of knowledge of their potential value and concerns about possible adverse effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness and safety ("effects") of amantadine and rimantadine in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November week 2, 2003), EMBASE (January 1990 to September 2003) and the reference lists of articles. We also contacted manufacturers, researchers and authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised studies comparing amantadine and/or rimantadine with placebo, control antivirals or no intervention, or comparing doses or schedules of amantadine and/or rimantadine in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  For prevention trials the numbers of participants with clinical influenza (influenza-like-illness or ILI), i.e. confirmed influenza A, and adverse effects were analysed. Analysis for treatment trials included the mean duration of fever and length of hospital stay, and the number of adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amantadine prevented 25% of ILI cases (95% confidence interval (CI) 13% to 36%), and 61% of influenza A cases (95% CI 35% to 76%). Amantadine reduced duration of fever by one day (95% CI 0.7 to 1.3). Rimantadine demonstrated comparable effectiveness, but there were fewer trials and the results for prevention were not statistically significant. Both amantadine and rimantadine induced significant gastrointestinal adverse effects. Adverse effects of the central nervous system and study withdrawals were significantly more common with amantadine than rimantadine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amantadine and rimantadine have comparable effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of influenza A in healthy adults, although rimantadine causes fewer adverse effects than amantadine.
authors.affiliation: Health Reviews Ltd, Via Adige 28a, Anguillara Sabazia, Roma, Italy, 00061. toj1@aol.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demicheli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000547:Amantadine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012299:Rimantadine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012299:Rimantadine; D000547:Amantadine