title: Complications of laparoscopic radical cystectomy during the initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radical cystectomy is the standard of care for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. While open radical cystectomy is now a standard procedure, laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still in its infancy. We performed this surgery laparoscopically in 11 patients and review the procedure specific complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beginning in February 1999, 11 patients underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy at the Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Dehli. Urinary diversion was performed by an open-hand sewn ileal conduit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three intraoperative complications specifically related to the laparoscopic radical cystectomy. These included injury to the external iliac vein in one patient and a small rectal tear in two. All were repaired with laparoscopic free hand suturing with normal postoperative recovery. Other laparoscopy-related complications were subcutaneous emphysema in one patient and hypercarbia necessitating conversion to open surgery in a patient who, four weeks after surgery, died of multiple organ failure. One patient had margins positive and received cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. All patients had normal renal function and preserved upper tracts with no evidence of metastasis at a mean of 18.4 months follow up (range 1-48 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though there were three complications specific to the laparoscopic radical cystectomy, none necessitated a conversion to open surgery or hampered the overall outcome. Absence of local recurrence or metastatic disease at four years of follow up suggests that the procedure is oncologically valid. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a new procedure and it is important to critically analyze the complications in order to reduce their occurrence and allow the development of a better technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029. akhemal@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Amlesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Narmada P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*