title: Management strategies for treatment of the trapped fourth ventricle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An isolated or trapped fourth ventricle (TFV) is an occasional, serious sequela of hemorrhagic, infectious, or inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system. The TFV usually occurs after successful shunting of the lateral ventricles. It may be heralded by delayed clinical deterioration after an initial period of symptomatic improvement. The typical clinical findings suggest an expanding posterior fossa mass lesion. Surgical treatments include CSF diversionary procedures as well as open and endoscopic approaches. Complications related to the treatment of the TFV are common and relate to catheter obstruction and cranial nerve or brainstem dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author reviews the clinical features, pathophysiology, and available treatment options for the TFV, with special reference to complication avoidance and advances in ventriculoscopy and frameless stereotaxy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of the TFV remains a formidable challenge. However, prompt recognition and intervention may aid in the preservation of life and neurological function.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Munger Pavilion, New York, NY 10595, USA. david_harter@nymc.edu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Harter
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography / Q000379:methods; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications