title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss current therapies for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their efficacy and use according to current treatment guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall approach to the management of stable COPD is a stepwise increase in treatment, depending on disease severity. Inhaled bronchodilators are the cornerstone of symptomatic management of COPD and include beta 2-agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines. Short-acting beta 2-agonist bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) have a quick onset of action and are useful for rescue. Long-acting bronchodilators are taken on a regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms and include beta 2-agonists saleterol and formoterol and anticholinergics ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide. Methylxanthines have decreased in usage due to potential toxicity. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines are an international initiative, updated in 2003. GOLD staging consists of 5 levels of severity; treatment guidelines recommend a step-wise approach, with short- and long-acting bronchodilators as the cornerstone of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate pharmacologic treatment of symptomatic COPD can result in reduced patient limitations and health care utilization and improved health-related quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Cerner Health Insights, 9100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 655 East, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA. dgeorge@cerner.com
authors.forename: Dorothy L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents