title: The incidence of wrist interosseous ligament and triangular fibrocartilage articular disc disruptions: a cadaveric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this cadaveric wrist study was to determine the incidence and size of defects of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL), lunotriquetral interosseous ligament (LTIL), and triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) articular disc, and to determine their relationship to wrist arthrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The status of the SLIL, LTIL, and the TFC articular disc was determined in 96 cadaveric wrists with an average age of 75 years (range, 61-92 y). The location and length of the SLIL and LTIL ligament disruptions and the site of ligament detachment were noted. Ligament disruptions were classified into 1 of 3 grades based on the size of the ligament disruption and the absence (grade 1 and 2 disruptions) or presence (grade 3 disruption) of wrist arthrosis. The location, size, and configuration of the TFC articular disc disruptions also were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disruptions of the SLIL were noted in 34 wrists (35%). There were 20 grade 1, 4 grade 2, and 10 grade 3 ligament disruptions. The average length of ligament disruption was 10.9 mm, or 40% of the length of the ligament. Twenty-four of 34 SLIL disruptions occurred without wrist arthrosis. Disruptions of the LTIL were noted in 47 wrists (49%). There were 23 grade 1, 10 grade 2, and 14 grade 3 ligament disruptions. The average length of ligament disruption was 7.6 mm, or 52% of the ligament length. Thirty-three of 47 LTIL disruptions occurred without wrist arthrosis. Disruptions of the TFC articular disc were noted in 58 wrists (60%). The most common patterns of disruption were either a linear defect at the radial attachment of the articular disc or a centrally located oval defect. Thirty-seven of the 58 TFC articular disc disruptions were noted in wrists without distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high incidence of SLIL, LTIL, and TFC articular disc disruptions in the cadaveric model. Large ligament and TFC articular disc disruptions without wrist arthrosis are very common.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3409, USA.
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kent F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Edwin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000473:pathology*