title: Botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia is currently the treatment of choice for management of this neurological voice disorder. Over the past 20 years, botulinum toxin has been used to treat both adductor and abductor forms of the disorder, with vocal improvement noted after treatment for both. A large number of studies have attempted to document the efficacy of botulinum toxin for improvement of vocal symptoms in individuals with spasmodic dysphonia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of botulinum toxin for treating spasmodic dysphonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2003), EMBASE (1974 to July 2003 ), CINAHL (through July 2003), Dissertation Abstracts International (1975 to July 2003) and PsycINFO (1975 to July 2003). The search engine FirstSearch was also used (July 2003). Reference lists for all the obtained studies and other review articles were examined for additional studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies in which the participants were randomly allocated prior to intervention and in which botulinum toxin was compared to either an alternative treatment, placebo or non-treated control group were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently evaluated all potential studies meeting the selection criteria noted above for inclusion. One study met the inclusion criteria and was included in the final analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one study in the literature met the inclusion criteria. This was the only study identified which reported a treatment/no treatment comparison. It reported significant beneficial effects for fundamental frequency (Fo), Fo Range, spectrographic analysis, independent ratings of voice severity and patient ratings of voice improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence from randomized controlled trials does not allow firm conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of botulinum toxin for all types of spasmodic dysphonia, or for patients with different behavioral or clinical characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, University of South Alabama, 2000 University Commons, Mobile, AL 36688, USA. cwatts@usouthal.edu
authors.forename: C C W
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whurr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nye
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D013035:Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins