title: Development of sensitive immunoassays for free and total human glandular kallikrein 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free and total human kallikrein 2 (hK2) might improve the discrimination between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Concentrations of hK2 are 100-fold lower than concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA); therefore, an hK2 assay must have a low detection limit and good specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  PSA- and hK2-specific monoclonal antibodies were used in solid-phase, two-site immunofluorometric assays to detect free and total hK2. The total hK2 assay used PSA-specific antibodies to block nonspecific signal. The capture antibody of the free hK2 assay did not cross-react with PSA. To determine the hK2 concentrations in the male bloodstream, total hK2 was measured in a control group consisting of 426 noncharacterized serum samples. Free and total hK2 were measured in plasma from 103 patients with confirmed prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 426 males in the control group had a total hK2 concentration above the detection limit of 0.0008 microg/L. The median total hK2 concentration was 0.022 microg/L (range, 0.0015-0.37 microg/L). hK2 concentrations were 0.1-58% of total PSA (median, 3.6%). hK2 concentrations were similar in men 41-50 and 51-60 years of age. The ratio of hK2 to PSA steadily decreased from 5-30% at PSA <1 microg/L to 1-2% at higher PSA concentrations. In 103 patients with prostate cancer, the median hK2 concentration in plasma was 0.079 microg/L (range, 0.0015-16.2 microg/L). The median free hK2 concentration was 0.070 (range, 0.005-12.2) microg/L. The proportion of free to total hK2 varied from 17% to 131% (mean, 85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wide variation in the free-to-total hK2 ratio suggests that hK2 in blood plasma is not consistently in the free, noncomplexed form in patients with prostate cancer. The new assay is sufficiently sensitive to be used to study the diagnostic accuracies of free and total hK2 for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Finland. ville.vaisanen@pp.nic.fi
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Kaisa K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ivaska
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018604:Epitope Mapping; D015200:Fluoroimmunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen