title: Pharmacotherapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is common among adolescents and young adults. It is characterised by pain behind or around the patella and crepitations, provoked by ascending or descending stairs, squatting, prolonged sitting with flexed knees, running and cycling. The symptoms impede function in daily activities or sports. Pharmacological treatments focus on reducing pain symptoms (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticosteroids), or restoring the assumed underlying pathology (compounds containing glucosamine to stimulate cartilage metabolism, anabolic steroids to increase bone density of the patella and build up supporting muscles). In studies, drugs are usually applied in addition to exercises aimed at building up supporting musculature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to summarise the evidence of effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in reducing anterior knee pain and improving knee function in people with PFPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group and Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field trials registers, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), PEDro (up to January 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2004), EMBASE (1988 to January 2004), and CINAHL (1982 to January 2004).
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trials (randomised or not) comparing pharmacotherapy with placebo, different types of pharmacotherapy, or pharmacotherapy to other therapies for people with PFPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search yielded 780 publications. Eight trials were included, of which three were of high quality. Data were analysed qualitatively using best evidence synthesis, because meta-analysis was impeded by differences in route of administration of drugs, care programs and outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials (163 participants) studied the effect of NSAIDs. Aspirin compared to placebo in a high quality trial produced no significant differences in clinical symptoms and signs. Naproxen produced significant short term pain reduction when compared to placebo, but not when compared to diflunisal. Laser therapy to stimulate blood flow in tender areas led to more satisfied participants than tenoxicam, though not significantly. Two high quality RCTs (84 participants) studied the effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (GAGPS). Twelve intramuscular injections in six weeks led to significantly more participants with a good overall therapeutic effect after one year, and to significantly better pain reduction during one of two activities. Five weekly intra-articular injections of GAGPS and lidocaine were compared with intra-articular injections of saline and lidocaine or no injections, all with concurrent quadriceps training. Injected participants showed better function after six weeks, though only the difference between GAGPS injected participants and non-injected participants was significant. The differences had disappeared after one year. One trial (43 participants) found that intramuscular injections of the anabolic steroid nandrolone phenylpropionate significantly improved both pain and function compared to placebo injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is only limited evidence for the effectiveness of NSAIDs for short term pain reduction in PFPS. The evidence for the effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate is conflicting and merits further investigation. The anabolic steroid nandrolone may be effective, but is too controversial for treatment of PFPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, P.O. Box 1738, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 3000 DR.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heintjes
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: S M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bierma-Zeinstra
authors.forename: R M D
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bernsen
authors.forename: J A N
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Koes
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C013786:A73025; D009277:Nandrolone