title: Inactivation of West Nile virus, vaccinia virus and viral surrogates for relevant and emergent viral pathogens in plasma-derived products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human plasma is the source of a wide variety of therapeutic proteins, yet it is also a potential source of viral contamination. Recent outbreaks of emergent viral pathogens, such as West Nile virus, and the use of live vaccinia virus as a vaccine have prompted a reassessment of the viral safety of plasma-derived products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of current viral inactivation methods for West Nile and vaccinia viruses and to reassess the use of model viruses to predict inactivation of similar viral pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virus-spiked product intermediates were processed using a downscaled representation of various manufacturing procedures. Virus infectivity was measured before and after processing to determine virus inactivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated effective inactivation of West Nile virus, vaccinia virus and a model virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, during pasteurization, solvent/detergent treatment and caprylate treatment. Caprylate provided rapid and effective inactivation of West Nile virus, vaccinia virus, duck hepatitis B virus and Sindbis virus. Inactivation of West Nile virus was similar to that of bovine viral diarrhoea virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that procedures used to inactivate enveloped viruses in manufacturing processes can achieve inactivation of West Nile virus and vaccinia virus. In addition, the data support the use of model viruses to predict the inactivation of similar emergent viral pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Research and Pathogen Safety, Biological Products Division, Bayer Health Care, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. kathryn.remington@cardinal.com
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Trejo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buczynski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Osheroff
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Renfrow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Pifat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002210:Caprylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D020355:Cholates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015611:Hepatitis B Virus, Duck / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010949:Plasma; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014709:Vero Cells / Q000821:virology; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002210:Caprylates; D020355:Cholates; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D003902:Detergents; D010755:Organophosphates; D011136:Polysorbates; D012997:Solvents; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C009524:tributyl phosphate