title: Forehead flap periorbital reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate functional and aesthetic results of periorbital defect repair using forehead flaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patients who received periorbital defect repair by 3 of us with a paramedian forehead flap alone or in conjunction with other local or regional flaps, bone grafts, or cartilage grafts. Flap survival, functional results, and postoperative complications were determined by physical examination at regular follow-up. Three experienced surgeons other than us quantified aesthetic outcomes using a 10-cm visual analog scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients underwent periorbital defect repair between August 1, 1989, and December 31, 2000. Defects ranged from 8 to 300 cm(2) (mean, 46.8 cm(2)) in area. The most commonly involved primary structures were the medial canthus, lacrimal drainage system, and medial upper eyelid. The mean improvement on a 10-cm visual analog scale was 1.6 from before resection to after reconstruction and 3.8 from tumor resection to after reconstruction. In all relevant cases, globe coverage and lacrimal drainage system patency were excellent. No patients experienced fistula formation or eyelid retraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reliability, versatility, and relative technical simplicity of the forehead flap provide excellent cosmetic and functional results in reconstruction of intermediate-sized periorbital defects, especially those associated with nasal defects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sherris
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garrity
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery*