title: The influence of exterior dust and soil lead on interior dust lead levels in housing that had undergone lead-based paint hazard control.
abstract: To aid in understanding the contribution of exterior dust/soil lead to postintervention interior dust lead, a subset of housing from the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program Evaluation was selected for study. Housing from 12 state and local governments was included. Exterior entry and street dust samples were obtained by a vacuum method, and soil samples were building perimeter core composites. Interior dust wipe lead data (microg/ft(2)) and paint lead data (mg/cm(2)) were also available for each of the dwelling units and included in the modeling. Results from 541 dwelling units revealed a wide range of exterior dust and soil lead levels, within and between grantees. Minimum and maximum geometric mean lead levels, by grantee, were 126 and 14400 microg/ft(2) for exterior entry dust; 325 and 4610 microg/ft(2) for street dust; and, for soil concentration, 383 and 2640 ppm. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead concentration (1641 ppm) was almost four times as high as street dust lead concentration (431 ppm), suggesting that lead dust near housing was often a source of street dust lead. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead loading was more than four times as high as window trough dust lead loading and more than an order of magnitude higher than interior entry dust lead loading. Statistical modeling revealed pathways from exterior entry dust lead loading to loadings on interior entryway floors, other interior floors, and windowsills. Paint lead was found to influence exterior entry dust lead. Results of this study show that housing where soil lead hazard control activities had been performed had lower postintervention exterior entry, interior entry floor, windowsills, and other floor dust loading levels. Soil was not present for almost half the buildings. Statistical analysis revealed that exterior strategy influenced soil lead concentration, and soil lead concentration influenced street dust lead loading. This study represents one of the few where an impact of soil treatments on dust lead levels within the housing has been documented and may represent the first where an impact on exterior entry dust lead has been found. The inclusion of measures to mitigate the role of exterior sources in lead hazard control programs needs consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA. clarkcs@uc.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menrath
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Succop
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bornschein
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Galke
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead