title: Intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: failure of a primary chemotherapy approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High rates of overall and event-free survival have been reported in patients with intracranial germinomas treated with craniospinal radiotherapy. More recently, similar results have been reported with chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy to more localized treatment volumes. Our interest in exploring chemotherapy without radiotherapy in patients with CNS germinomas was based on concerns about the late sequelae of radiotherapy to the brain or neuraxis and also the well documented success of chemotherapy alone in patients with disseminated extracranial germinomas. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based combination chemotherapy, without radiotherapy, was effective in patients with CNS germinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients were enrolled, ranging in age from 1 to 24 years (median, 14 years). Thirteen were male. Nine had diabetes insipidus. Therapy comprised two courses of Regimen 'A' (cisplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and bleomycin) followed by MRI evaluation. Patients achieving a complete remission (CR) completed all planned therapy with two courses of regimen 'B' (carboplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin). Patients achieving less than a CR received two courses of Regimen 'B' followed by another evaluation. Those in CR after four courses of treatment received one additional course of Regimen 'A' and Regimen 'B', while those not in CR after four treatment courses underwent second look surgery and/or radiation therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of 11 patients with residual postoperative disease assessable for response achieved a CR. With a median follow-up of 6.5 years, eight out of 19 (0.42) patients remain in CR 1 without radiotherapy and another three patients are in stable second or subsequent remissions. Three patients died from treatment-related toxicity and another died in CR 1 from an uncharacterized leukoencephalopathy. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was 0.47 +/- 0.23 and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 0.68 +/- 0.22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy was effective in achieving remissions, however, the long-term outcome using this treatment program was unsatisfactory and associated with unacceptable morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with diabetes insipidus.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia. stewartk@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: Stewart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kellie
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brualdi
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin