title: Myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 gene mutations cause paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is characterized by attacks of involuntary movements that occur spontaneously while at rest and following caffeine or alcohol consumption. Previously, we and others identified a locus for autosomal dominant PDC on chromosome 2q33-2q35.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the PDC gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of PDC positional candidate genes by exon sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinical and molecular genetic laboratory at a university hospital. Patients Affected (n = 12) and unaffected (n = 26) subjects from 2 unrelated families with PDC and 105 unrelated control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified missense mutations in the myofibrillogenesis regulator gene (MR-1) in affected subjects in 2 unrelated PDC kindreds. These mutations were absent in control subjects and caused substitutions of valine for alanine at amino acid positions 7 and 9. The substitutions disturb interspecies conserved residues and are predicted to alter the MR-1 gene's amino-terminal alpha helix. The MR-1 exon containing these mutations (exon 1) was expressed only in the brain, a finding that explains the brain-specific symptoms of subjects with these mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MR-1 gene function is unknown, the precedence of ion channel disturbance in other episodic neurologic disorders suggests that the pathophysiologic features of PDC also involve abnormal ion localization. The discovery that MR-1 mutations underlie PDC provides opportunities to explore this condition's pathophysiologic characteristics and may provide insight into the causes of other paroxysmal neurologic disorders as well as the neurophysiologic mechanisms of alcohol and caffeine, which frequently precipitate PDC attacks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rainier
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tokarz
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plein
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lemons
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albin
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D001264:Athetosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002819:Chorea / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics; D004421:Dystonia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping