title: Yin zi huang, an injectable multicomponent chinese herbal medicine, is a potent inhibitor of T-cell activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical efficacy of many multiherbal Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) is partially attributable to their immunoregulatory properties. In this study we evaluated the effect of eight commonly used, commercially available multiherbal Chinese medicines on T-cell activation. We focused on Yin Zhi Huang (YZH, an injectable herbal medicine commonly used for the treatment of liver diseases in China), because it was the most potent inhibitor of T-cell activation in our experimental system. The effects of 10 ingredient components of YZH were also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  [3H] thymidine incorporation assay was used to assess mouse T-cell proliferation after stimulation with latex beads coated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. CD25, CD69, PD-1, and I-COS expression by purified mouse CD4+ T cells treated with plate-bound anti-CD3 antibody and soluble anti-CD28 antibody was analyzed by fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS). Cytokine/chemokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among tested herbal medicines, YZH was the most potent inhibitor of T-cell activation. In splenocyte proliferation assays, the inhibitory effect of YZH was dose-dependent, with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1:3200-1:1600. Ten (10) purified compounds found in YZH were evaluated for their activity. Among them, ursolic acid (1-10 micromol), luteolin (1-10 micromol), baicalein (1-10 micromol), scopran (5-50 micromol), and crocin (5-50 micromol), exhibited dose-dependent inhibition. YZH also inhibited CD25, CD69, PD-1, and ICOS expression by stimulated mouse CD4+ T cells. In human PBMCs, YZH inhibited SEB-stimulated cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor[TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma) and chemokine (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta) production in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show for the first time that YZH is a potent inhibitor of T-cell activation, and this property may be the major mechanism underlying the clinical efficacy of YZH. Our experimental results pave the way for identification of active component(s) and/or analysis of synergistic/additive effect of a YZH ingredient in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krakauer
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oppenheim
authors.forename: O M Zack
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D060945:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C400230:Icosl protein, mouse; D060945:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand; C491383:Pdcd1 protein, mouse; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011506:Proteins; C070600:yin zhi huang; D014316:Tritium; D013936:Thymidine