Menorrhagia due to a qualitative deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: case report and literature review.
A case is presented of a 26-year-old woman who was referred to the hematology clinic because of her report of a family history of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deficiency. Since menarche, she had suffered from severe menorrhagia, but she had assumed that this was unrelated to her mother's history of repeated life-threatening bleeding. Her menorraghia was evident by using greater than 100 pads per period, bleeding as long as 4 continuous months, and even bleeding through her clothes despite using both tampons and pads. Evaluation with pelvic examination, endometrial biopsy, and pelvic ultrasound was unremarkable. Medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment for her dysfunctional uterine bleeding was unsuccessful. Laboratory evaluation revealed iron deficiency anemia but otherwise normal platelets, bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and vonWillebrand's studies. Despite any preconceptions, examination for a fibrinolytic defect ultimately demonstrated a PAI-1 antigen level of 11.4 ng/mL (4.0-43 ng/mL) and PAI-1 activity less than 5 AU/mL (5-37 AU/mL) and clinically supported a diagnosis of a hereditary, qualitative PAI-1 defect. She was treated with aminocaproic acid with return to relatively normal menses. Future treatment should also prevent excessive bleeding during trauma, surgery, or childbirth. Further evaluation of this patient and her family is planned and may help elucidate the important role of PAI-1 in the complicated balance between hemostasis and hemorrhage.
Repine
Thomas
T
Department of Hematology/Oncology at Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas 78234, USA. thomas.repine@cen.amedd.army.mil
Osswald
Michael
M
D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D005260:Female; D006474:Hemorrhagic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate