title: Dental fear in adults: a meta-analysis of behavioral interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this meta-analytic and systematic quantitative approach is to examine the effects of behavioral interventions for dental anxiety and dental phobia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty studies were identified where dental fear treatment with behavioral methods was evaluated. Thirty-eight of 80 met entry criteria and were included in a meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated effect sizes (ESs) for self-reported anxiety after intervention indicate positive changes in 36 of the 38 studies and no changes in two. The overall ES = 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.8). The percent of subjects with post-treatment dental visits in the first 6 months post-treatment varied between 50 and 100%. The overall ES for attendance at dental visits, weighted by sample size, is 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.6). The homogeneity analysis indicates that the studies cannot be adequately described in one ES. The reported percentage of subjects with a dental visit between 6 months and 4 years post-treatment varied from 48 to 100%. The overall weighted ES for visiting the dentist, adjusted for drop-outs in the studies, is 1.2 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite extensive heterogeneity, changes in self-reported anxiety represent medium to large ESs. Patients signing up for a behavioral intervention for dental fear can be expected to report a significant reduction in their fear, and this effect generally seems to be lasting. Mean long-term attendance ( >4 years after treatment) is 77%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. gerd.kvale@psykp.uib.no
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kvale
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berggren
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milgrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000145:classification; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003729:Dental Care / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012647:Self-Assessment