title: Patterns of presentation and mortality in tetanus: a 10-year retrospective review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the indications, problems and prospects of bedside non-surgically inserted jugular and subclavian dual luman catheters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal failure patients being managed in our centre with indications for central catheterisation were consecutively recruited at presentation. They had bedside non-surgical jugular and subclavian insertion using modified seldinger wire technique and the performance of the Gatheters monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients aged between 23 and 65 years had 32 central catheterisations during the 12-month period. The indications included its use as haemodialysis access in all patients, additional indications were CVP monitoring in 5, and parenteral hyperalimentation in 1. Three catheterisations were in right subclavian vein, 4 in let internal jugular vein and 25 in right internal jugular vein. The duration of use ranged between 3 days and 11 weeks and blood flow rate used ranged between 50 and 350ml/min. Nine (28.1%) catheterisations were complicated with exit site and systemic infection. Catheter blockage and accidental catheter removal were recorded in 3 patients each. Carotid artery puncture was recorded in 2 patients but haemostasis was maintained with direct digital compression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that percutaneous bedside internal jugular and subclavian (venous) catheterisation using dual lumen catheter is safe and devoid of major complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tetanus, an ubiquitous disease still ravages our population despite the fact that it is totally preventable. The mortality had remained high with its attendant socio-economic implications as it affects mainly farmers in their prime of life. We conducted this retrospective review to be able to determine pattern of presentation, case fatality rate and factors influencing mortality with a view to mapping out control strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case records of all managed patients aged 16 and above over a ten-year period (1992-2001) were retrieved and socio-demographic and clinical data as well as results of laboratory investigations were collated. Analysis was done using SPSS package. Chi-square analysis and student t-test were used for comparison of means as appropriate. P-values of <0. 05 was taken as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 114 patients managed during the period, which comprised of 85 males and 29 females. The means age (+/- SD) was 35.96 (+/-17.76). Sixty six (57.89%) patients are either jobless or farmers. Majority of the patients had injuries in the lower limb 59.65% when compared with 20.18% that had theirs in the upper limb. 107 (93.86%) of the patients presented with trismus while only 82 (71.93%) had opsthotonus. Only 51 (44.73%) patients survived while 61 (53.5%) died. The mean age (+/- SD) of the survivors was 32.35 (+ 14.45) years while that of those that died was 39.4 (+/- 19.89) years (P = 0.036). Other factors that significantly influenced survival included severity of spasms (P = 0/003), tachycardia (P = 0.044), and degree of sedation (P <0.0001). No association was found between survival and incubation period, period of onset, site of injury and associated medical conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetanus is still associated with high mortality rate. Factors such as severity of spasma, age, sedation and tachycardia were found to significantly influence mortality. It is recommended that prophylactic life immunisation against tetanus be given to all Nigerians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Arogundade
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: E A A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kuteyi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinsola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013742:Tetanus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy