title: Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with familial hypercholesterolemia have endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), which herald the premature atherosclerotic disease they develop later in life. Although intervention therapy in the causal pathway of this disorder has been available for more than a decade, the long-term efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering medication have not been evaluated in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the 2-year efficacy and safety of pravastatin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that recruited children between December 7, 1997, and October 4, 1999, and followed them up for 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fourteen children with familial hypercholesterolemia, aged 8 to 18 years and recruited from an academic medical referral center in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  After initiation of a fat-restricted diet and encouragement of regular physical activity, children were randomly assigned to receive treatment with pravastatin, 20 to 40 mg/d (n = 106), or a placebo tablet (n = 108).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary efficacy outcome was the change from baseline in mean carotid IMT compared between the 2 groups over 2 years; the principal safety outcomes were growth, maturation, and hormone level measurements over 2 years as well as changes in muscle and liver enzyme levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with baseline, carotid IMT showed a trend toward regression with pravastatin (mean [SD], -0.010 [0.048] mm; P =.049), whereas a trend toward progression was observed in the placebo group (mean [SD], +0.005 [0.044] mm; P =.28). The mean (SD) change in IMT compared between the 2 groups (0.014 [0.046] mm) was significant (P =.02). Also, pravastatin significantly reduced mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with placebo (-24.1% vs +0.3%, respectively; P<.001). No differences were observed for growth, muscle or liver enzymes, endocrine function parameters, Tanner staging scores, onset of menses, or testicular volume between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two years of pravastatin therapy induced a significant regression of carotid atherosclerosis in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, with no adverse effects on growth, sexual maturation, hormone levels, or liver or muscle tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegman
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hutten
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.forename: Henk D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Büller
authors.forename: Eric J G
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sijbrands
authors.forename: John J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kastelein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017035:Pravastatin