title: Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis.
abstract: Fagerstom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) has often been used as a measure of physical dependence on nicotine. In this study, we aimed to verify the usefulness of FTND and Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) in a sample of Turkish smokers and present relationship among interrelated items in our Turkish version of FTND by factor analysis. One hundred sixty nine smokers, 104 (61.5%) males, 65 (38.5%) females smoker were administered the Turkish translation of FTND. Fifty-two current smokers selected randomly from 169 were administered the questionnaire for test- retest reliability analysis. The Turkish version of FTND had moderate reliability (Cronbach alpha: 0.56). One FTND item (question 3: hate- most to give up) performed poorly on construct reliability tests. Factor 1 was loaded by questions 1 (first cigarette after awakening), 4 (number of cigarettes per day), 5 (smoking status during the first hours), 6 (smoking if ill), 2 (refrain from smoking in forbidden places) and factor 2 was separately loaded by question 3. Question 3 did not have significant correlation with the total score and the response to this question was significant between test and retest. The Turkish version of FTND may become a measuring tool in the assessment of smoking cessation programs. However, question 3 must be used attentively and preferably an explanation should be made to enable a clear understanding of the question to the Turkish smokers as they take the test.
authors.affiliation: Yedikule Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey. dratilla@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M Atilla
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kadakal
authors.forename: Cağatay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karşidağ
authors.forename: Nazan Gülhan
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Veysel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine