title: Induction of endothelial iNOS by 4-hydroxyhexenal through NF-kappaB activation.
abstract: Lipid peroxidation and its end-product, 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE), are known to affect redox balance during aging, which causes various degenerative processes including vascular alterations from endothelial cell deterioration. To better understand the molecular action of HHE in the development of vascular abnormalities during the aging process, we investigated whether the upregulation of inducible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by HHE is mediated through nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Results indicate that HHE stimulates iNOS by the transcriptional regulation of NF-kappaB activation through cytosolic kappaB degradation inhibitors (IkappaB). Pretreatment with NF-kappaB inhibitors Bay 11-7082 and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) suppressed the upregulation of iNOS by blunting IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB binding activity. Because inflammatory stimuli induce iNOS to generate large amounts of nitric oxide (NO), intracellular NO levels in the presence of Bay 11-7082, NAC, and caffeic acid methyl ester were estimated. These inhibitors significantly suppressed the HHE-induced NO levels to a basal level. These findings strongly suggest that in endothelial cells, HHE induces iNOS gene expression through NF-kappaB activation, which can lead to vascular dysfunction by the activation of various proinflammatory genes.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Je
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000375:Aging; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005609:Free Radicals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C434003:3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile; D000447:Aldehydes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D005609:Free Radicals; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D013450:Sulfones; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C063409:4-hydroxyhexenal; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008156:Luciferases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D000111:Acetylcysteine