title: Synthesis of novel thiazolothiazepine based HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
abstract: Thiazolothiazepines are among the smallest and most constrained inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN) inhibitors (J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3334). Previously, we identified two thiazolothiazepines lead IN inhibitors with antiviral activity in cell-based assays. Structural optimization of these molecules necessitated the design of easily synthesizable analogs. In order to design similar molecules with least number of substituent, herein we report the synthesis of 10 novel analogs. One of the new compounds (1) exhibited similar potency as the reference compounds, confirming that a thiazepinedione fused to a naphthalene ring system is the best combination for the molecule to accommodate into the IN active site. Thus, the replacement of sulfur in the thiazole ring with an oxygen does not seem considerably affect potency. On the other hand, the introduction of an extra methyl group at position 1 of the polycyclic system or the shift from a thiazepine to an oxazepine skeleton decreased potency. In order to understand their mode of interactions with IN active site, we docked all the compounds onto the previously reported X-ray crystal structure of IN. We observed that compounds 7-9 occupied an area close to D64 and Mg(2+) and surrounded by amino acid residues K159, K156, N155, E152, D116, H67, and T66. The oxygen atom of the oxazolo ring of 7 and 8 could chelate Mg(2+). These results indicate that the new analogs potentially interact with the highly conserved residues important for IN catalytic activities.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs), Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brizzi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Fedora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ragno
authors.forename: Raveendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dayam
authors.forename: Nouri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neamati
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D015195:Drug Design; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D008968:Molecular Conformation
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors