title: Response of balloon-expandable endoprosthetic metallic stents subjected to over-expansion in vitro.
abstract: We attempted to evaluate the in vitro behavior and performance of balloon-expandable endoprosthetic metallic stents subjected to over-expansion (OE). Seventy-two balloon-expandable endoprosthetic stents, representing 22 models from six manufacturers, were overexpanded in vitro. Stents were initially expanded to their maximum manufacturer- recommended diameter and then over-expanded incrementally to their endpoints. Endpoints for OE were either stent disarticulation or an inability to undergo further expansion despite balloon insufflation to maximum burst pressure. Measurements of stent dimensions were recorded at each overexpanded diameter and comparisons were made to manufacturer's specifications. A total of 288 balloon-driven expansions were performed on 72 stents. Sixteen stents were expanded to large diameters (> or = 16 mm), 20 stents underwent OE of 50% or greater. One model tended to disarticulate after OE greater than 50%. There were five models that had a tendency to disarticulate after minimal OE. Five models were resistant to OE (25% or less OE) but did not disarticulate. Nearly all stents showed some degree of foreshortening with OE, while 36 stents underwent foreshortening of 30% or more. Models that are not recommended for OE include Intrastent, Intrastent DoubleStrut, NIR Royale and Omniflex. Good candidates for OE include Intrastent DoubleStrut LD, Palmaz large, Medtronic Extra Support Biliary Plus and Medtronic Flexible Biliary. Palmaz XL remains the only model available for expansion from 20 to 28 mm in diameter. For the remaining stents, OE is possible, however, caution should be used.
authors.affiliation: The University of San Diego, Department of Radiology, California, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kakimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arepally
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000592:standards; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015607:Stents / Q000592:standards*