title: New advances in insulin treatment of diabetes: overcoming barriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the optimal role of insulin in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the complications of diabetes, highlight the attempts to improve control of plasma glucose, and summarize current recommendations for use of insulin in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the strict new guidelines for the diagnosis of diabetes issued by the American Diabetes Association in July 1997--a plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) rather than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)--an additional 8 million persons will be diagnosed this year, and diabetes and its complications will be at the forefront of public health concerns. Strong evidence indicates that with reduction of plasma glucose levels and tight control of glycohemoglobin, the rate of complications can be considerably decreased. Although insulin replacement therapy is well known to be both the best and the most cost-effective way to control glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes, studies have no shown that those with type 2 diabetes can likewise benefit from appropriate insulin therapy. Other investigations have indicated that coronary events are as likely to occur in patients with recently discovered impaired glucose tolerance as in patients with known diabetes (at a 2-hour postprandial glucose threshold of 96 mg/dL [5.3 mmol/L]). Such finding suggest that there may be no such thing as "borderline diabetes" and give impetus to the search for improved types of insulin to treat all patients with diabetes. A recent candidate is the new insulin analogue lispro, which was developed by recombinant DNA techniques, with its design influenced by the structural analogy to another endogenous hormone, insulin-like growth factor I. Lispro is a fast-acting, rapidly dissipating insulin formulation. This profile allows lispro to be given less than 15 minutes before a meal, yet with little risk of postprandial hypoglycemia because its high mealtime peak is followed by rapid disappearance from the bloodstream.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lispro has been shown to improve postprandial control of plasma glucose and to decrease the occurrence of hypoglycemia episodes in comparison with regular insulin. Because of its stability and pharmacokinetic properties, lispro can also be used in insulin pump therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: DiMarchi
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Santiago