title: Assessment and modulation of acamprosate intestinal absorption: comparative studies using in situ, in vitro (CACO-2 cell monolayers) and in vivo models.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the intestinal absorption mechanism of acamprosate and to attempt to improve the bioavailability (BA) of the drug through modulation of its intestinal absorption using two enhancers (polysorbate 80 and sodium caprate) based on in situ, in vitro and in vivo models and comparing the results obtained. Intestinal transport of the drug, in the absence and in presence of polysorbate 80 (0.06, 0.28 and 9.6 mM) or sodium caprate (13 and 16 mM) was measured by using an in situ rat gut technique and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Additionally, the effect of sodium caprate on drug oral bioavailability, measured as urinary recovery, was quantified by performing in vivo experiments with the rat as animal model. Only sodium caprate was able to increase the absorption rate constant (ka) of acamprosate in the mid-intestine of the rats from 0.29 +/- 0.07 h-1 in the absence of the promoter to 0.51 +/- 0.19 h-1 in the presence of C10 16 mM, along with the apparent permeability (Papp) obtained in Caco-2 cells (around two-fold). However, the drug bioavailability in rats (around 20%) did not improve in the presence of any of the concentrations tested (13, 16 and 50 mM). It is concluded that acamprosate absorption likely occurs via paracellular pathway and can be enhanced by sodium caprate in situ and in vitro but not in vivo-thus suggesting that although in situ and in vitro studies could be useful in early screening to select a potential promoter, in vivo studies in animal models are necessary to confirm the utility of the enhancer and to determine the influence of physiological variables.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain.
authors.forename: Teodoro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zornoza
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cano-Cebrián
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nalda-Molina
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerri
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Granero
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polache
mesh_terms: D000077443:Acamprosate; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013654:Taurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013654:Taurine; D000077443:Acamprosate