title: Interventions in chronic low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic low back pain presents a major challenge for general practitioners and is a significant drain on community resources. Patients often feel frustrated by modern medicine's apparent failure to validate their symptoms with a specific diagnosis and management plan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article presents an evidence based guide to current interventions, including an algorithm for the interventional diagnostic workup of low back pain that has persisted beyond 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modern imaging techniques rarely determine the cause of pain. The GP must look for 'red flag' clues in the history. Management of low back pain includes NSAIDs, simple injections of plain local anaesthetic without adrenalin or cortisone, referral to a masseuse, cortisone, physiotherapist and/or a musculoskeletal pain physician. Specific management includes medial branch and sacroiliac joint blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy. Patients with long term pain may be referred to a psychologist for cognitive behavioural therapy.
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Spinal Clinic, Victoria. pverrills@metspinal.com
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verrills
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vivian
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003714:Denervation / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012446:Sacroiliac Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000503:physiopathology