title: The molecular genetic basis of mitochondrial malfunction in bladder tissue following outlet obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder dysfunction following partial outlet obstruction is a frequent consequence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and an increasingly common problem given the aging of the general population. Recent studies from this and other groups have begun to elucidate the molecular bases for the well described physiological malfunctions that characterize this clinical entity. We summarized and synthesized that information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using modern methods of molecular genetics, including real-time polymerase chain reaction, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and others, as well as traditional experimental techniques such as electron microscopy we and others examined the transcriptional profile, morphology, etc of bladder smooth muscle mitochondria in experimental models of outlet obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from many studies have demonstrated that aberrant gene expression in the mitochondrial and mitochondria related nuclear genetic systems underlies the loss of compliance and other attributes of bladder dysfunction following outlet obstruction. Such aberrant transcriptional characteristics engender loss of function in the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation systems. Morphological studies of mitochondria in the animal model systems support this conclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In large part the loss of function in bladder smooth muscle following outlet obstruction results from the attenuation of mitochondrial energy production. In this article we reviewed and synthesized all available experimental observations relevant to this problem and we suggest future lines of inquiry that should prove fruitful in developing new strategies to treat the condition.
authors.affiliation: Albany College of Pharmacy and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, USA. levinr@acp.edu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*