title: Health-related millennium development goals: policy challenges for Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are two objectives: (a) to clearly articulate the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2000 and their implications for developing countries like Pakistan; and (b) to critically review the challenges faced by Pakistan in achieving the health-related MDGs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical review of secondary data and information generated primarily by multilateral agencies and United Nations organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MDGs represent a global consensus on the broad goals of development to be achieved by 2015. Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three are specifically health related--reducing infant (under-5) and maternal mortality; and combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other significant communicable diseases. According to various studies, many developing countries will not achieve the MDGs without concerted efforts and commitment of additional resources. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is also faced with an enormous challenge in reaching the Millennium Development Goals and targets set by the United Nations. For Pakistan, perhaps the most challenging MDG is that of reducing "by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio." Maternal mortality is so intertwined with other "social" factors--including the status of women--that a comprehensive holistic approach is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to achieve the MDGs, Pakistan would require a fundamental shift in its policy and strategic directions. Along with allocation of significant additional resources for health, it needs to review and reprioritize the use of existing resources, focusing more on primary health care. Pakistan must also adopt a holistic integrated approach that views health, education, and other social sector development as intrinsically interrelated and interwoven. Without such an integrated approach, achieving the health-related MDGs is likely to remain illusive for Pakistan. There is a critical need to foster a healthy debate on the health-related Millennium Development Goals in Pakistan so as to inform and, hopefully influence, public policy.
authors.affiliation: Canadian International Development Agency, 200 Promenade du Portage, Hull, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Islam
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006292:Health Priorities; D040361:Healthy People Programs / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014480:United Nations / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016387:Women's Health