title: Tamoxifen for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) is the third commonest cause of cancer mortality world-wide. Survival is poor for patients with advanced disease. Trials of tamoxifen for hepatocellular carcinoma have conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the effect of tamoxifen on overall survival, quality-of-life, tumour response, and treatment toxicity in people with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified trials from The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register (January 2004), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials on The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2003), and MEDLINE database (1966 to November 2003). We searched bibliographies of review articles and identified trials, and hand-searched abstracts from relevant other meetings.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised clinical trials of treatment with tamoxifen compared to a control treatment without tamoxifen in people with hepatocellular carcinoma, including trials of tamoxifen versus placebo, tamoxifen versus best supportive care, and tamoxifen plus other treatment versus the same other treatment alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three independent reviewers selected studies for inclusion, rated them for methodologic quality components (generation of allocation sequence; allocation concealment; blinding; and follow-up), and extracted data on the specified outcomes. Hazard ratios were derived for overall survival where possible. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten randomised trials randomising 1709 patients were included. Tamoxifen versus placebo/no intervention had no significant effect on overall survival (hazard ratio 1.05; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.16; P = 0.4). This comparison showed no statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.2 and I(2 ) = 25.9%). Subgroup analysis showed that tamoxifen tended to increase mortality in trials with three adequate/three methodological components (hazard ratio 1.15; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.34; P = 0.06), showed no significant effect in trials with two adequate/three methodological components (hazard ratio 1.00; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.18; P = 0.98), and tended to reduce mortality in trials with one or less adequate/three methodological components (hazard ratio 0.82; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.12; P = 0.2), although this may have been confounded by the use of higher doses of tamoxifen in the better quality trials. Tamoxifen was associated with adverse effects. One trial measured patient quality of life, but the results were not reported in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not support the use of tamoxifen for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Further research on the effects of tamoxifen in hepatocellular carcinoma does not seem warranted.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Culjak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stockler
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012737:Sex Factors; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013629:Tamoxifen