title: Evaluation of seizure-like episodes in survivors of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transient paroxysmal alterations of consciousness or behavior are common sequelae of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Clinicians caring for patients with such episodes often diagnose them as epileptic seizures, a frequent and well-studied complication of TBI. As it is difficult to confirm this diagnosis, antiepileptic drugs are often used empirically. However, as such therapy is frequently ineffective, we studied the usefulness of prolonged video electroencephalogram (VEEG) monitoring in the clinical management of paroxysmal behaviors in TBI survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients referred evaluation in an epilepsy monitoring unit for management of medically intractable epilepsy were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a documented history of moderate-to-severe brain injury preceding the onset of epilepsy were identified. These patients were studied by simultaneous videotape and scalp electroencephalographic recordings, and the majority also underwent magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychologic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1858 consecutive admissions over a 66-month period, 127 (7%) fulfilled enrollment criteria. VEEG monitoring was conducted for an average of 4.6 days. Monitoring was successful in establishing a diagnosis in 82% of the cases referred: 62% had focal seizures, 6% had generalized seizures, and 33% had psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Of those with temporal lobe epilepsy, 53% had mesial temporal sclerosis, as shown by magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEEG is a useful procedure in the evaluation of TBI survivors with spells. The yield of diagnoses that may alter treatment is substantial. Additionally, mesial temporal sclerosis is associated with TBI. Given the variety of seizure types found in survivors of moderate-to-severe TBI, obtaining specific diagnosis of seizure type by VEEG monitoring impacts treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA. Anne.Hudak@UTSouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Caryn R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Booker
authors.forename: Rajani R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Caesar
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Van Ness
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diaz-Arrastia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014743:Videotape Recording