title: Effects of melatonin on the nitric oxide treated retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical which reportedly causes damage to living cells. This study evaluated the damaging effect of NO and the protection of melatonin on the retina in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Wistar rats (230-250 g) received two intraperitoneal injections of either melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle alone. After general anaesthesia, the animals received 1 microl intravitreal injections of 0.9% saline and 1 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) into the right eye and the left eye, respectively. The animals were divided into two groups and then sacrificed after 24 hours (day 1) and 96 hours (day 4). The mean inner retinal layer thickness (mIRLT), the number of retinas expressing hyperchromatic (HC) nuclei in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the apoptotic ganglion cell detection were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 day, SNP significantly increased the mIRLT by 45% (p = 0.004), initiated more INL nuclear HC expression (p = 0.01) and apoptotic nuclei (p<0.05) compared with the control eyes. Injection of melatonin ameliorated these changes. On day 4, SNP demonstrated similar effects in all parameters on the retina. After the injection of melatonin, both INL HC expression and apoptotic ganglion nuclei in the SNP treated eyes were similar to the controls but the mIRLT was significantly greater than in controls (p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncontrolled NO elevation caused morphological and nuclear changes in the retina. Melatonin significantly suppressed the NO induced increase in mIRLT, INL HC expression, and apoptotic ganglion cells on day 1, but not after day 4. Melatonin may have a protective role in the NO elevated retina.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion Biomedical de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. ORSIUA@inet.polyu.edu.hk
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benitez-King
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reiter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D002843:Chromatin; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002843:Chromatin; D005136:Eye Proteins; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008550:Melatonin