title: Bacteremias in liver transplant recipients: shift toward gram-negative bacteria as predominant pathogens.
abstract: During the 1990s, gram-positive bacteria emerged as major pathogens after liver transplantation. We sought to determine whether the pathogens associated with bacteremias in liver transplant recipients have changed. Patients included 233 liver transplant recipients transplanted between 1989 and 2003. The proportion of all infections due to bacteremias increased significantly over time (P <.0001). Of other major infections, a trend toward a decrease in fungal infections (P =.089) and a significant decrease in cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease (P =.0004) were documented. Whereas the proportion of bacteremias due to gram-negatives increased from 25% in the period of 1989-1993 to 51.8% in 1998-03, that of gram-positive bacteria decreased from 75% in the period of 1989-93 to 48.2% in the period of 1998-2003. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequent pathogens in bacteremic patients. The incidence of bacteremias due to MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has remained unchanged (P <.20); however, that due to enteric gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae has increased (P =.02). Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in the current quartile were not clonally related. In conclusion, bacteremias as a proportion of all infections in liver transplant recipients have increased significantly over time, due in part to a decline in infections due to other major pathogens, e.g., fungi, primarily Candida species, and CMV. Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as predominant pathogens in bacteremic liver transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA. nis5+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Marilyn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wagener
authors.forename: Asia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obman
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Cacciarelli
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Vera
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gayowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies