title: Pulmonary tuberculosis in Italian children by age at presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods and outcome of paediatric pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in relation to children's ages when observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children under 15, who had been admitted to the Children's Hospital with PTB were prospectively evaluated. Our sample included patients with a positive tuberculin skin test and signs or symptoms of tuberculosis (TB), including abnormal chest X-rays which suggested PTB. We collected demographic, clinical, radiographic and microbiological data from the patients, in addition to carrying out contact investigations in order to find a source case. All the patients involved in this study were subjected to anti-tuberculosis treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two patients (44% under 5) were eligible for inclusion in our study. Children with presenting symptoms were younger than asymptomatic patients (p<0.05). A source case was found in 38 patients out of 62 children (62%) and children under 5 were more likely to have a source case than that found with older children (p<0.05). Ghon complex (infiltrate + adenopathy) tended to occur in young children (median age of 3.25, p<0.05). Fourteen children (23%) had clinical specimens which tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), and 20 (32%) for MT DNA according to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Resistant strains to 1 or more anti-tuberculosis drugs were found in 5 children and in 4 adult sources. The patients with minimal or no radiographic change during therapy displayed symptoms for a longer period of time and were infected by a resistant strain (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in case detection, case management and contact investigations are necessary for controlling paediatric TB, especially in young children. Given that any diagnosis of TB in children is supported by epidemiological and clinical evidence rather than isolating MT, detection of the source case is important in selecting appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Civico Hospital, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abbagnato
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salsa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*