title: Intrathecal morphine provides effective and safe analgesia in children after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this prospective, randomized, blinded to observer study was to assess the analgesic effect and safety of intrathecal morphine (ITM) in post-operative pain control in children after heart surgery with a sternotomy incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty children, 3-55 kg in body weight, undergoing elective cardiac surgery with opioid-based anaesthesia were randomly divided into two treatment groups to receive either 20 micrograms/kg ITM at induction of anaesthesia or control. To standardize the protocol for administration of post-operative rescue intravenous morphine boluses and infusion (20-60 micrograms/kg/h), the Cardiac Analgesic Assessment Scale (CAAS) was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients were excluded from the study after randomization. Thirty-five patients were enrolled to the ITM group and 36 to the control group. The groups were similar for demographics and intra-operative clinical characteristics. The mean time for the first intravenous morphine dose from ITM administration or equivalent time zero in the control group was significantly longer (P = 0.003) in the ITM group compared with the control group (12.3 vs. 8.7 h). Time from Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission to the start of intravenous morphine was also significantly longer (P = 0.01) in the ITM group (6.0 vs. 3.4 h). The total intravenous morphine consumption over the mean 19 post-operative hours was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in the ITM group. However, the use of ITM did not result in earlier extubation or earlier discharge from the PICU. Of the 35 patients who received ITM at induction of anesthesia, 20% (n = 7) did not require any additional morphine in the PICU compared with three out of 36 control group patients. This did not reach statistical significance. The incidence of adverse events was low in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ITM dose of 20 micrograms/kg had a significant (P = 0.03) intravenous morphine-sparing effect after cardiac surgery. Effective analgesia was observed for 12 h after administration of intrathecal morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. pertti.suominen@hus.fi
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ragg
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frawley
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: But
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Eyres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine