title: Prospective study of glove perforation in obstetrical and gynecological operations: are we safe enough?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the glove perforation rate, efficacy of double gloving, effect of duration of surgery, expertise of surgeon and operative urgency on the glove perforation rate in obstetrical and gynecologic operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February to September 2002, double glove protocol was made necessary for all major obstetrical and gynecologic procedures. The operating surgeon, first and second assistant were included in the study. Gloves damage was noted (overt by inspection, occult by hydroinsufflation technique).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 156 procedures included in study, 32 procedures were performed (all emergency operations) single-gloved because surgeons found double gloving clumsy (56%), made it difficult to tie knots due to lack of dexterity (24%), or were too tight (20%). One thousand one hundred and twenty single gloves were examined after each procedure by hydroinsufflation. The overall perforation rate was 13.6% (single versus double outer gloves, 13.8% versus l3.2%, P > 0.05). Matching perforations were found in six cases (4.6%). Thus, the protection offered by double gloves was 95.4% even if the outer gloves were perforated. Four inner gloves had preexisting perforations. Sixty unused gloves checked similarly revealed a perforation rate of 1.6%. Emergency cases had higher perforation rate compared to elective surgeries (16.6% versus 10.8%, P < 0.00 1). Surgeries lasting for more than 40 min had a higher perforation rate compared to those finished in less than or equal to 40 min (18.6% versus 7.6%, P < 0.001). The middle finger of the left hand was the most commonly involved. The surgeon, first assistant and second assistant were involved in 73.6, 23.3 and 3.2% cases, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double gloving offers considerable protection against exposure to contaminants in the blood and body fluids of the patient and should be made routine, especially in developing countries where HIV, hepatitis B and C are widely prevalent. Double gloving should be made mandatory in emergency procedures, which have a higher perforation rate due to operative urgency, and gloves should be changed in operations lasting for more than 40 min to ensure integrity of barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Jai Bhagwan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Raksha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005932:Gloves, Surgical / Q000592:standards*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D013513:Obstetric Surgical Procedures