title: The effects of manganese doping on UVA absorption and free radical generation of micronised titanium dioxide and its consequences for the photostability of UVA absorbing organic sunscreen components.
abstract: The effect of manganese doping on the free radical generation rate, free radical scavenging and UVA absorption properties of micronised sunscreen grade titania has been studied with respect to enhancement of the UVA photostability of test sunscreen formulations containing the organic UVA absorber Parsol 1789. Manganese doping has been shown to increase the UVA:UVB absorption ratio of titania, reduce free radical generation rates by over 90%, and provide free radical scavenging behaviour. Adding manganese-doped titania to a test formulation incorporating Parsol 1789 shows that manganese doping increases UVA attenuation stability by up to 3 times the amount achieved by comparable commercial undoped titania materials. HPLC data shows this to be related to an improved stabilisation of the organic sunscreen components. Manganese doped titania shows improved efficacy over undoped titania in sunscreen formulations containing organic UV absorbers.
authors.affiliation: Oxonica Ltd, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane, Yarnton, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lipscomb
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knowland
mesh_terms: D004355:Drug Stability; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D010777:Photochemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D008345:Manganese; D014025:Titanium