title: Characterization of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci in Kuwait hospitals.
abstract: This study investigated the distribution of genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AME) and the genetic relatedness of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci isolated in Kuwait hospitals. A total of 117 enterococci, consisting of 109 Enterococcus faecalis, seven Enterococcus faecium, and one Enterococcus casseliflavus were studied. The MICs of gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, and streptomycin were determined by agar dilution and the genes encoding the AAC(6')- APH(2"), ANT(4'), APH(3'), APH (2")-Ib, APH (2")-Ic, APH (2")-Id, and ANT(6) enzymes were amplified by PCR. They were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Filter mating was used to transfer gentamicin resistance determinants. They were all resistant to kanamycin (MIC 2000 mg/L). Fifty-five isolates were resistant to gentamicin (MIC 500 mg/L), 72 were resistant to tobramycin (MIC 64 mg/L), 115 were resistant to amikacin (MIC 64 mg/L), and 97 were resistant to streptomycin (MIC 1000 mg/L). The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia was detected in all isolates with gentamicin MIC 500 mg/L and in 15 isolates with gentamicin MIC 256 mg/L. The aph(3')-IIIa gene was detected in 101 isolates, whereas the ant(6')-Ia gene was detected in 85 of the 97 streptomycin-resistant isolates with MIC 1000 mg/L. The aac(6')-Ii gene was detected only in the seven E. faecium isolates. None of them contained ant(4')-Ia, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic and aph(2")-Id. PFGE revealed heterogeneous patterns with no dominant clone. The results demonstrated that AME are common in aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci isolated in Kuwait. However, the absence of a dominant clone suggests that they acquired high-level aminoglycoside independently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait. EDET@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Udo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Sweih
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohanakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016984:Enterococcus faecium; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial