title: Hypoxia regulation of the cell cycle in malignant melanoma: putative role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intratumor hypoxia has been shown to promote more aggressive and metastatic cancer phenotypes that are associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Cellular proliferation and its control are known to be important components of tumor progression. Hypoxia induces cell-cycle arrest in cultured cell lines, possibly via up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. The effect of hypoxia on cell-cycle regulation in excised human tumors has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed immunohistochemistry for p27 and Ki-67 on 10 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded metastatic melanomas, selected on the basis of histological evidence of zonal/geographic necrosis, adjacent to areas with viable perivascular tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of cases, there was a significant increase in p27 staining in cells adjacent to necrotic areas compared to perivascular zones. An inverse staining pattern between Ki-67 and p27 was identified in these tumors. Tumors with no zonal increase in p27 staining demonstrated a diffuse pattern of staining for Ki-67 within tumor nests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While increased cellular proliferation is a characteristic of cancer, subsets of human melanomas may retain the ability to regulate their rate of proliferation in response to changes in the tumor microenvironment. The hypoxia-mediated cell-cycle arrest (decreased Ki-67) in these tumors may be mediated by p27 up-regulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. drmichaelmurphy@netscape.net
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Claffey
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signoretti
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loda
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27