New advances and potential therapies for the treatment of asthma.
Asthma is a disease of the airways with an underlying inflammatory component. The prevalence and healthcare burden of asthma is still rising and is predicted to continue to rise in the current century. Inhaled beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids form the basis of the treatments available to alleviate the symptoms of asthma. There is a need for novel, safe treatments to tackle the underlying inflammation that characterizes asthma pathology. Furthermore, there is a requirement for new treatments to be developed as oral therapy in order to alleviate patient compliance issues, especially in children. A multitude of new approaches and new targets are being investigated, which may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions in this debilitating disease. For simplicity, these approaches can be divided into two categories. The first comprises therapies directed against specific components or steps seen in allergic asthma. By 'components' we mean the key inflammatory cells (T cells [in particular T(h)2], B cells, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils and antigen presenting cells [APC]) and mediators (immunoglobulin E [IgE], cytokines, histamines, leukotrienes and prostanoids) believed to be involved in the chronic inflammation seen in asthma. By 'steps' we mean the allergic response, such as antigen processing and presentation, T(h)2-cell activation, B-cell isotype switching, mast cell involvement and airway remodeling. The other category of novel approaches to disease modification in asthma encompasses general anti-inflammatory therapies including phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, and lipoxins.
Belvisi
Maria G
MG
Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK. m.belvisi@imperial.ac.uk
Hele
David J
DJ
Birrell
Mark A
MA
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000819:agonists; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine