title: The evolution of stereotactic guidance in neuroendoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the advantages and limitations of the utilized system in accordance with the operative indications of stereotactic neuroendoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our collective experience of computer-assisted stereotaxy (frame-based and frameless) and virtual endoscopy in neuroendoscopic surgery from 1982 to 2003. Sterotactic guiding systems (frame-based and frameless) have been used to perform more than 450 neuroendoscopic operations at our institute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though image guidance is not essential in all cases, technological developments have definitely been one of the major factors in improving outcomes. Planning endoscopic trajectory and intraoperative orientation within the ventricular system or other cavities are the main indications for its application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No surgical tool, no matter how accurate, can be a substitute for thoughtful and methodical pre-operative planning. Image-guided technologies are applied in order to make endoscopic surgery safer, faster and more easily reproducible. Despite the high initial cost of the equipment, overall expenses are expected to be reduced because of greater operative efficiency and shorter hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany. tirakota@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Wuttipong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tirakotai
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bozinov
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sure
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertalanffy
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hellwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques