title: Stepped-care approach to treating MS: a managed care treatment algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce a model treatment algorithm for use in the managed care setting as a strategy to provide ongoing disease management and long-term care for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), with the goal of delaying disease progression and the associated disability and cognitive dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MS is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that is associated with progressive disability and cognitive dysfunction. Currently, management of MS involves planning an effective long-term treatment strategy that can delay the progression of the disease. This article reviews a typical stepped-care approach to treating MS that is based on the concept of a platform drug, which is an agent that provides baseline immunomodulatory action throughout the course of the disease. Considerations for selecting a platform therapy include the effect on the full spectrum of MS (disability, relapses, lesion load, and atrophy as well as patient compliance and the potential impact of neutralizing antibodies [NAbs]). Currently, 4 first-line therapies are approved for relapsing MS: the 3 interferon beta (IFNbeta) products and glatiramer acetate. Of these, the IFNbetas are generally recommended as platform therapy because all have shown significant effects on relapses, magnetic resonance imaging parameters of the disease, and because intramuscular (i.m.) IFNbeta-1a (Avonex) and subcutaneous (s.c.) IFNbeta-1a (Rebif) have been shown to slow the progression of sustained disability. Patients being treated with IFNbetas can develop NAbs to the drug, which can lead to a loss of efficacy and subsequent occurrence of breakthrough disease. The 3 different formulations of IFNbeta are associated with a varying incidence of NAbs (i.m. IFNbeta-1a, 5%; s.c. IFNbeta-1a, 24%; IFNbeta-1b [Betaseron], 45%). Antibodies also form against glatiramer acetate, although their clinical significance needs to be elucidated. As the disease progresses or has periods of aggressive activity, the stepped-care approach is to add other agents onto the platform therapy to improve control of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stepped care, as outlined in this model treatment algorithm for the managed care setting, is an effective method to achieve the fundamental goal of MS treatment, that is, to delay disease progression and the associated disability and cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: SJR Associates LLC, West Bloomfield, Michigan 48323-3207, USA. SJRAssociates@aol.com
authors.forename: Sheldon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Imelda C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hum
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maves
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mazanec
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Woodrow J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Proveaux
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rossman
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000465:Algorithms; D001691:Biological Therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009500:Neutralization Tests
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic