title: Offspring created as a result of donor insemination: a study of family relationships, child adjustment, and disclosure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the quality of family relationships and children's socioemotional adjustment in families created by donor insemination where parents tended either toward disclosure or nondisclosure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of 46 families with a child aged 4-8 years who was conceived through donor insemination. The study used standardized interview data from mothers and fathers, teachers, and the children themselves.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assisted conception unit endorsing openness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents and their 4- to 8-year-old child conceived through donor insemination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents were interviewed, and children were administered psychological tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews and questionnaires assessing the quality of the marital relationship, parent-child relationships, and child psychological adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers from disclosing families reported significantly less frequent and less severe arguments with their children and considered their children to show a lower level of conduct problems and to be less of a strain. The disclosing parents viewed themselves as more competent at parenting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences that were identified indicated more positive parent-child relationships in the disclosing than in the nondisclosing families. However, this did not represent dysfunctional relationships in the nondisclosing families but instead reflected particularly positive ratings in the disclosing group.
authors.affiliation: Family and Child Psychology Research Centre, City University, London, United Kingdom. e.lycett@city.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lycett
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golombok
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D030881:Disclosure; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011581:Psychological Tests