title: Aquatic snails from mining sites have evolved to detect and avoid heavy metals.
abstract: Toxicants in polluted environments are often patchily distributed. Hence, rather than being passive absorbers of pollution, some organisms have evolved the ability to detect and avoid toxicants. We studied the avoidance behavior of Physella columbiana, an aquatic pulmonate snail, in a pond that has been polluted with heavy metals for more than 120 years. Populations of this snail are rare at reference sites and are only robust at heavy-metal-polluted sites. We hypothesized that the snails are able to persist because they have evolved the ability to minimize their exposure to metals by actively avoiding metals in their environment. Using a Y-maze flow tank, we tested the avoidance behavior of snails to heavy-metal-polluted sediments and single-metal solutions of cadmium, zinc, or lead. We also tested the avoidance behaviors of the snails' laboratory-reared offspring raised in nonpolluted conditions. In addition, we tested the avoidance behavior of a small population of snails from a reference pond. Although all the snails we tested were able to detect low concentrations of heavy metals, we found that snails from the polluted site were the most sensitive, that their offspring were somewhat less sensitive, and that snails from the reference site were the least sensitive. This suggests that the ability of polluted-site snails to avoid heavy metals is both genetic and environmental. The concentrations of metals avoided by the snails from the polluted site were below the levels found at hot spots within their natal pond. The snails may be able to persist at this site because they decrease their exposure by moving to less-polluted sections of the pond. One application of our findings is the use of aquatic snails and our Y-maze design as an inexpensive pollution detector. Environmental pollutants such as lead, zinc, and arsenic are a problem throughout the world. People in underdeveloped countries often lack sophisticated pollution detection devices. We have developed a behavioral assay of aquatic pollution that is easy to use, is extremely sensitive (detection below 10 ppb), and can be constructed for fewer than 100 US dollars. Pulmonate snails are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate parts of the globe, and they are often common in polluted waters. For countries such as India and Bangladesh, which must test thousands of shallow wells for possible contamination with heavy metals, our assay would be a good initial test. Once snails detected metals, then those samples could be confirmed by spectrometers. We encourage scientists in underdeveloped nations to consider our assay as an option.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA. lefcort@gonzaga.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lefcort
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*; D014861:Washington; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical