title: TGF-beta1 disrupts endotoxin signaling in microglial cells through Smad3 and MAPK pathways.
abstract: Human formyl peptide receptor-like 1 and its mouse homologue formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) are G protein-coupled receptors used by a number of exogenous and host-derived chemotactic peptides, including the 42 aa form of beta amyloid peptide, a causative factor of Alzheimer's disease. Functional FPR2 was induced by bacterial LPS in murine microglial cells, the resident phagocytic cells that play a pivotal role in inflammatory and immunological diseases in the CNS. To identify agents that may suppress microglial cell activation under proinflammatory conditions, we investigated the effect of TGF-beta1 on the expression of functional FPR2 by microglial cells activated by LPS. TGF-beta1 dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA expression and function of FPR2 in LPS-activated microglial cells. The inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1 was mediated by Smad3, a key signaling molecule coupled to the TGF-beta receptor, and the transcription coactivator, p300. Also, TGF-beta1 activates MAPKs in microglial cells that became refractory to further stimulation by LPS. These effects of TGF-beta1 culminate in the inhibition of LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB and the up-regulation of FPR2 in microglial cells. Thus, TGF-beta1 may exert a protective role in CNS diseases characterized by microglial cell activation by proinflammatory stimulants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: Wanghua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Youhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ji Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C481578:formyl peptide receptor 2, mouse; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein; C494361:Ep300 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases