title: The differential flow of epidural local anaesthetic via needle or catheter: a prospective randomized double-blind study.
abstract: The extent of epidural anaesthesia and pattern of spread of contrast medium, using different injection techniques, has not been well documented. Therefore, in this prospective, randomized double-blind study, the extent of anaesthesia and pattern of spread of contrast medium following an epidural bolus injection, via either a Tuohy needle or an epidural catheter, were compared. The study had two parts. In the first, 59 of 79 patients scheduled for a lower extremity operation under epidural anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Anaesthesia was achieved with an epidural injection of 10 to 15 ml (including a 3 ml test dose) of 0.75% ropivacaine and fentanyl 25 microg via either a Tuohy needle (Group N, n=31) or a catheter (Group C, n=28). The level of sensory anaesthesia was recorded. In the second part, the remaining 20 patients were randomized to initially receive 5 ml of contrast medium via either a Tuohy needle (Group NE, n= 10) or a catheter (Group CE, n = 10). The extent of spread was recorded radiologically. Unilateral or missed blocks and additional dose requirement were absent in Groups N and C. No differences were found in the extent of sensory anaesthesia or the spread of contrast medium. Twenty per cent of catheter tips lay outside the lateral margins of the vertebral bodies. We found that an epidural bolus injection, via either a Tuohy needle or a catheter, made no difference in regard to spread of local anaesthetic or contrast medium in the epidural space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002404:Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D005283:Fentanyl