title: Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on survival in 3773 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: We assessed the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on survival and cardiorenal outcomes in a consecutive cohort of Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with varying degree of albuminuria, ranging from normoalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. A total of 3773 consecutive Chinese type 2 diabetic patients were followed prospectively for a mean period of 35.8 months. Clinical end points included all-cause mortality, with cardiovascular end point defined as first hospitalization because of ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, revascularization procedures, or cerebrovascular accident as well as renal end point defined as dialysis, doubling of baseline plasma creatinine, or plasma creatinine > or =500 micromol/L. The use of ACE inhibitor was 26.3% in normoalbuminuric (NA), 70.1% in microalbuminuric (MI), and 82.6% in macroalbuminuric (MA) groups. Albuminuria was a major predictor for all-cause mortality with 4-fold difference between NA and MA patients. The 7-year cumulative mortality rate was 7.1%, 10.8%, and 21.7% in the NA, MI, and MA groups, respectively. The use of ACE inhibition was associated with significant reduction of mortality (hazard ratio 0.41 and 95% confidence interval, 0.29, 0.58) in the entire group and was most evident in high-risk patients who had cardiorenal complications or retinopathy at baseline for all albuminuric groups (NA 0.76 [0.31,1.87]; MI 0.32 [0.16, 0.65]; and MA 0.20 [0.13, 0.33]). The prognostic value of albuminuria for death in type 2 diabetes and the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria has been confirmed. The effects of ACE inhibitors in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria require further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. wingyeeso@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Wing Yee
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Norman N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Peter C Y
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Chung Shun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Christopher W K
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Gary T C
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Chun Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Wing Bun
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ronald C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Juliana C N
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors