title: Safety and efficacy of enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes who receive tirofiban and aspirin: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enoxaparin or the combination of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban with unfractionated heparin independently have shown superior efficacy over unfractionated heparin alone in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS). It is not clear if combining enoxaparin with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is as safe or as effective as the current standard combination of unfractionated heparin with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess efficacy and safety of the combination of enoxaparin and tirofiban compared with unfractionated heparin and tirofiban in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, international, open-label, randomized, noninferiority trial of 1 mg/kg of enoxaparin every 12 hours (n = 2026) compared with weight-adjusted intravenous unfractionated heparin (n = 1961) in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS receiving tirofiban and aspirin. Phase A of the A to Z trial was conducted between December 1999 and May 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death, recurrent myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia at 7 days in the intent-to-treat population with boundaries set for superiority and noninferiority. Safety based on measures of bleeding using the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) classification system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 169 (8.4%) of 2018 patients randomized to enoxaparin experienced death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia at 7 days compared with 184 (9.4%) of 1952 patients randomized to unfractionated heparin (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-1.08). This met the prespecified criterion for noninferiority. All components of the composite primary and secondary end points favored enoxaparin except death, which occurred in only 1% of patients (23 for enoxaparin and 17 for unfractionated heparin). Rates for any TIMI grade bleeding were low (3.0% for enoxaparin and 2.2% for unfractionated heparin; P =.13). Using a worst-case approach that combined 2 independent bleeding evaluations, use of enoxaparin was associated with 1 additional TIMI major bleeding episode for each 200 patients treated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients receiving tirofiban and aspirin, enoxaparin is a suitable alternative to unfractionated heparin for treatment of non-ST-elevation ACS. The 12% relative and 1% absolute reductions in the primary end point in favor of enoxaparin met criterion for noninferiority and are consistent with prior trials performed without the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA. blazi001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Blazing
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Lemos
authors.forename: Harvey D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Keith A A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ardissino
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: DiBattiste
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmisano
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bilheimer
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Snapinn
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Vic
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hasselblad
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: Eldrin F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077466:Tirofiban; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017984:Enoxaparin; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014443:Tyrosine; D006493:Heparin; D000077466:Tirofiban; D001241:Aspirin