title: Family discord and stress predictors of depression and other disorders in adolescent children of depressed and nondepressed women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that family stress variables are associated with the effects of maternal depression on offspring diagnoses and examined whether such factors may be differentially associated with disorders in offspring of depressed and never-depressed women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred sixteen mothers and their 15-year-old children in an Australian community completed cross-sectional assessments of mother and youth diagnoses, interviewer-rated and self-reported quality of marital relationship/status, quality of parent-child relationship, and interviews for youth chronic and episodic stress. Women with depression histories were oversampled and included 458 never-depressed and 358 women with current or past major depressive episodes or dysthymic disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant interaction effects were found between maternal depression and family discord/stress variables such that high levels of environmental risk factors were significantly associated with youth depression in children of depressed women compared with low levels of adverse conditions and were generally less associated with depression in children of nondepressed women. Nondepressive disorders were associated with adverse family and stress factors for both groups of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with a multiple risk factor model of depression transmission in high-risk families and suggest a pattern of reactivity to adverse conditions among children of depressed women. The results suggest that psychosocial factors may contribute to diagnoses in offspring of depressed women in community samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. hammen@psych.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammen
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Josephine H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010553:Personality Development; D011594:Psychometrics; D011793:Queensland; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*