title: Efficacy and safety of emtricitabine vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emtricitabine is a new, once-daily nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of emtricitabine as compared with stavudine when used with a background regimen of didanosine and efavirenz.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study conducted at 101 research clinics in North America, Latin America, and Europe. The first patient was enrolled on August 21, 2000; no investigator or patient was unblinded until the last patient randomized completed the week 48 visit on October 24, 2002. Analyses were based on data collected in a double-blind setting with a median follow-up of 60 weeks. Patients were 571 antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults aged 18 years or older with viral load levels greater than or equal to 5000 copies/mL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Receipt of either 200 mg of emtricitabine once daily (plus stavudine placebo twice daily) (n = 286) or stavudine at standard doses twice daily (plus emtricitabine placebo once daily) (n = 285) plus open-label didanosine and efavirenz, once daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persistent virological response, defined as achieving and maintaining viral load at or below the limit of assay quantification (< or =400 or 50 copies/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the interim analysis on June 14, 2002, when the last patient randomized completed 24 weeks of double-blind treatment (median follow-up time of 42 weeks), patients in the emtricitabine group had a higher probability of a persistent virological response < or =50 copies/mL vs the stavudine group (85% vs 76%, P =.005). This was associated with a higher mean CD4 cell count change from baseline for the emtricitabine group (156 cells/ microL vs 119 cells/microL, P =.01 [of note, there was no statistical difference at 48 weeks [P =.15], although a sensitivity analysis, using an intent-to-treat population with the last CD4 cell count observation carried forward to week 48 showed a difference [P =.02]]). The independent data and safety monitoring board recommended offering open-label emtricitabine based on the interim analysis. The probability of persistent virological response < or =50 copies/mL through week 60 was 76% for the emtricitabine group vs 54% for the stavudine group (P<.001). The probability of virological failure through week 60 was 4% in the emtricitabine group and 12% in the stavudine group (P<.001). Patients in the stavudine group had a greater probability of an adverse event that led to study drug discontinuation through week 60 than did those in the emtricitabine group (15% vs 7%, P =.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once-daily emtricitabine appeared to demonstrate greater virological efficacy, durability of response, and tolerability compared with twice-daily stavudine when used with once-daily didanosine and efavirenz.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama Research Clinic, Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Saag
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cahn
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raffi
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Powderly
authors.forename: Audrey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mondou
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinkle
authors.forename: Katyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borroto-Esoda
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rousseau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016049:Didanosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010078:Oxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D010078:Oxazines; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D018119:Stavudine; D000068679:Emtricitabine; C098320:efavirenz; D016049:Didanosine