title: Mouse model of microembolic stroke and reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the role of fibrinolysis in stroke, we used a mouse model in which preformed 2.5- to 3-microm-diameter fibrin microemboli are injected into the cerebral circulation. The microemboli lodge in the downstream precapillary vasculature and are susceptible to fibrinolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We injected various doses of microemboli into the internal carotid artery in mice and characterized their distribution, effects on cerebral blood flow, neurological deficit, infarct area, and spontaneous dissolution. By comparing wild-type and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) knockout (tPA-/-) mice, we analyzed the role of endogenous tPA in acute thrombotic stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microemboli cause dose-dependent brain injury. Although moderate doses of microemboli are followed by spontaneous reperfusion, they result in reproducible injury. Gene knockout of tPA markedly delays dissolution of cerebral emboli and restoration of blood flow and aggravates ischemic thrombotic infarction in the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a microembolic model of stroke, in which degree of injury can be controlled by the dose of microemboli injected. Unlike vessel occlusion models, this model can be modulated to allow spontaneous fibrinolysis. Application to tPA-/- mice supports a key role of endogenous tPA in restoring cerebral blood flow and limiting infarct size after thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Atochin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murciano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gürsoy-Ozdemir
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krasik
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayata
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Muzykantov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005337:Fibrin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010316:Particle Size; D015424:Reperfusion; D013623:Tail / Q000098:blood supply; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D005337:Fibrin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator