title: Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are defined by the presence of cancer and exclusion of other known causes of the neurological symptoms, but this criterion does not separate "true" PNS from neurological syndromes that are coincidental with a cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide more rigorous diagnostic criteria for PNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international panel of neurologists interested in PNS identified those defined as "classical" in previous studies. The panel reviewed the existing diagnostic criteria and recommended new criteria for those in whom no clinical consensus was reached in the past. The panel reviewed all reported onconeural antibodies and established the conditions to identify those that would be labelled as "well characterised". The antibody information was obtained from published work and from unpublished data from the different laboratories involved in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The panel suggest two levels of evidence to define a neurological syndrome as paraneoplastic: "definite" and "possible". Each level can be reached combining a set of criteria based on the presence or absence of cancer and the definitions of "classical" syndrome and "well characterised" onconeural antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed criteria should help clinicians in the classification of their patients and the prospective and retrospective analysis of PNS cases.
authors.affiliation: Service of Neurology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain. graus@medicina.ub.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graus
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Delattre
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giometto
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grisold
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honnorat
authors.forename: P Sillevis
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Smitt
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Vedeler
authors.forename: J J G M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Verschuuren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voltz
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests; D007391:International Cooperation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009462:Neurology / Q000592:standards*; D020361:Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies