title: Breast cancer patients have improved immune and neuroendocrine functions following massage therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women with breast cancer are at risk for elevated depression, anxiety, and decreased natural killer (NK) cell number. Stress has been linked to increased tumor development by decreasing NK cell activity. The objectives of this study included examining massage therapy for women with breast cancer for (1) improving mood and biological measures associated with mood enhancement (serotonin, dopamine), (2) reducing stress and stress hormone levels, and (3) boosting immune measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four women (M age=53) diagnosed with Stage 1 or 2 breast cancer were randomly assigned postsurgery to a massage therapy group (to receive 30-min massages three times per week for 5 weeks) or a control group. The massage consisted of stroking, squeezing, and stretching techniques to the head, arms, legs/feet, and back. On the first and last day of the study, the women were assessed on (1) immediate effects measures of anxiety, depressed mood, and vigor and (2) longer term effects on depression, anxiety and hostility, functioning, body image, and avoidant versus intrusive coping style, in addition to urinary catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) and serotonin levels. A subset of 27 women (n=15 massage) had blood drawn to assay immune measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immediate massage therapy effects included reduced anxiety, depressed mood, and anger. The longer term massage effects included reduced depression and hostility and increased urinary dopamine, serotonin values, NK cell number, and lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with Stage 1 and 2 breast cancer may benefit from thrice-weekly massage therapy for reducing depressed mood, anxiety, and anger and for enhancing dopamine, serotonin, and NK cell number and lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Avenue, Room 7037, Miami, FL 33136, USA. mhernan4@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Reif
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ironson
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diego
authors.forename: Sharlene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schanberg
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burman
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000145:classification / Q000652:urine*; D003863:Depression / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine