title: Lipoteichoic acid and toll-like receptor 2 internalization and targeting to the Golgi are lipid raft-dependent.
abstract: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a key cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, seems to function as an immune activator with characteristics very similar to lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown that LTA binds CD14 and triggers activation via Toll-like receptor 2, but whether the activation occurs at the cell surface or internalization is required to trigger signaling has yet to be demonstrated. In this work we have investigated LTA binding and internalization and found that LTA and its receptor molecules accumulate in lipid rafts and are subsequently targeted rapidly to the Golgi apparatus. This internalization seems to be lipid raft-dependent because raft-disrupting drugs inhibited LTA/Toll-like receptor 2 colocalization in the Golgi. Similarly to lipopolysaccharide, LTA activation occurs at the cell surface, and the observed trafficking is independent of signaling.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Triantafilou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manukyan
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morath
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Triantafilou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D004735:Energy Transfer; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000737:chemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D008156:Luciferases