title: Bipolar disorder and cell membrane dysfunction. Progress toward integrative management.
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by periods of abnormally elevated mood (mania) that cycle with abnormally lowered mood (depression). Multiple structural, metabolic, and biochemical abnormalities are evident in the brain's cortex, subcortex, and deeper regions. This disorder is highly genetically conditioned but also highly susceptible to environmental stressors: prenatal or perinatal insults, childhood sexual or physical abuse, challenging life events, substance abuse, and other toxic chemical exposures. Its high morbidity, lost productivity, and suicide risk place a great toll on society. Since World War II, BD has been steadily worsening with earlier age of onset, greater intensity of symptoms, and development of drug resistance. Incidence in children is rising and misdiagnosis is common. Disciplined management of the many risk factors is essential, including cognitive psychotherapy and support from family and community. Lithium has been the foundational treatment, followed by valproate and other mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Several single-nutrient and multinutrient supplements have also proven beneficial. Controlled, double-blind trials show multinutrient combinations of vitamins, minerals, orthomolecules, herbals, and the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA to be effective monotherapy. The molecular action of lithium and valproate converge with nutrients on the level of the cell membrane and its molecular signal transduction systems. This emergent, unified rationale presages effective integrative management of bipolar disorder.
authors.forename: Parris M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kidd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009553:Nimodipine; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D009553:Nimodipine