title: Exploiting conserved structure for faster annotation of non-coding RNAs without loss of accuracy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)-functional RNA molecules not coding for proteins-are grouped into hundreds of families of homologs. To find new members of an ncRNA gene family in a large genome database, covariance models (CMs) are a useful statistical tool, as they use both sequence and RNA secondary structure information. Unfortunately, CM searches are slow. Previously, we introduced 'rigorous filters', which provably sacrifice none of CMs' accuracy, although often scanning much faster. A rigorous filter, using a profile hidden Markov model (HMM), is built based on the CM, and filters the genome database, eliminating sequences that provably could not be annotated as homologs. The CM is run only on the remainder. Some biologically important ncRNA families could not be scanned efficiently with this technique, largely due to the significance of conserved secondary structure relative to primary sequence in identifying these families. Current heuristic filters are also expected to perform poorly on such families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By augmenting profile HMMs with limited secondary structure information, we obtain rigorous filters that accelerate CM searches for virtually all known ncRNA families from the Rfam Database and tRNA models in tRNAscan-SE. These filters scan an 8 gigabase database in weeks instead of years, and uncover homologs missed by heuristic techniques to speed CM searches.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Software in development; contact the authors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. zasha@cs.washington.edu
authors.forename: Zasha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Walter L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ruzzo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D008390:Markov Chains; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D022661:RNA, Untranslated