title: Scanty AFB smears: what's in a name?
abstract: METHODS
  A tuberculosis control project in Bangladesh.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the frequency and diagnostic value of smears with scanty acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (IUATLD/WHO scale, < 10/100 high power fields), and to assess the appropriateness of the current positivity threshold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of databases of laboratory registers, patient records and the diagnostic yield of sputum collection strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanty smears constituted about 10% of suspect and almost 50% of follow-up smears. In suspect series, 10% of scanty 1-9/100 were not confirmed by another positive or scanty AFB sputum, compared to 7.5% of results at the current cut-off value of 10/100. Considering such results as positive by adopting a lower cut-off as low as the 1/100 used in the ATS scale added 1.5% false positives at the most. In return, the gain in confirmed positive cases was up to 10%, and that in positive results exceeded the incremental yield of the third diagnostic sputum. Significance of scanty follow-up smears at the end of the intensive phase was suggested by their association with treatment failure and unfavourable outcome overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scanty results (IUATLD/WHO scale) are not rare and should not be ignored. Adoption of a considerably lower positivity threshold would be appropriate in control programmes where basic conditions for reliable AFB microscopy, including regular quality assessment, are present.
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. avdeun@itg.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Deun
authors.forename: A Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cooreman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daru
authors.forename: A P K
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: K J M
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rieder
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001459:Bangladesh; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014944:World Health Organization