title: Results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft in tanner stage 3 or 4 adolescents with clearly open growth plates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drilling across the physes for intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is considered risky for skeletally immature patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Skeletally immature patients with clearly open growth plates can safely undergo intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft without suffering growth plate disturbance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgery involved drilling tunnels through the tibial and femoral physes, the bone plugs were placed proximal to the physes, and button fixation was placed on the cortex. Of 272 skeletally immature patients, 16 had clearly open growth plates. Tanner stage of physical development was evaluated. Follow-up evaluation included objective and subjective data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of surgery, 7 patients were Tanner stage 3 and 9 were Tanner stage 4. Clinical follow-up (mean, 3.4 years after surgery) showed that the mean growth after surgery was 11.7 +/- 4.2 cm for boys and 6.6 +/- 2.3 cm for girls. No patients had growth plate disturbances, gross leg deformities, or gross leg-length discrepancies. Subjective results (mean, 5.6 years after surgery) showed a mean total score of 97.6 +/- 2.9 for the modified Noyes survey and 95.4 +/- 6.9 for the International Knee Documentation Committee survey. All patients returned to competitive sports after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 16 skeletally immature patients with clearly open growth plates who were Tanner stage 3 or 4, an intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed using a patellar tendon autograft with no gross growth disturbance; however, the surgical technique was meticulous for placing the bone plugs proximal to the physes, and the graft was not overtensioned.
authors.affiliation: The Shelbourne Clinic at Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: K Donald
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Shelbourne
authors.forename: Tinker
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Bryan V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Wiley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000254:growth & development / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome