title: An investigation into techniques for cleaning mold-contaminated home contents.
abstract: This study examined the efficacy of the following treatments to reduce selected fungal spore and mycotoxin levels on materials commonly found in home contents: (1) gamma irradiation at a 10-13 kiloGray exposure, (2) a detergent/bleach wash, and (3) a steam cleaning technique. A minimum of six replicates were performed per treatment. Paper, cloth, wood, and carpet were inoculated with either fungal spores (Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, or Chaetomium globosum) at 240,000 spores/2.54 cm2 of material or with the mycotoxins roridin A, T-2, and verrucarin A at 10 microg per 2.54 cm2 of material. Treatments were evaluated with an agar plating technique for fungal spores and a yeast toxicity culture assay for mycotoxins. Results showed that gamma irradiation inactivated fungal spores, but the treatment was not successful in inactivating mycotoxins. The washing technique completely inactivated or removed spores on all materials except for C. globosum, which was reduced on all items except paper (p < 0.05). Washing inactivated all mycotoxins on paper and cloth but not on carpet or untreated wood (p < 0.001). The steam cleaning treatment did not completely eliminate any fungal spores; however, it reduced P. chrysogenum numbers on all materials, C. globosum was reduced on wood and carpet, and S. chartarum was reduced on wood (p < 0.05). Steam cleaning was unsuccessful in inactivating any of the tested mycotoxins. These results show that the bleach/detergent washing technique was more effective overall in reducing spore and mycotoxin levels than gamma irradiation or steam cleaning. However, the other examined techniques were successful in varying degrees.
authors.affiliation: Center for Indoor Air Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA. Stephen.Wilson@tthusc.edu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Brasel
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Carriker
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fogle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Andriychuk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karunasena
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Straus
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006796:Household Work / Q000379:methods*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification / Q000528:radiation effects; D010209:Paper; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D013227:Steam; D002713:Chlorine