title: Ultrasonography of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the Thoroughbred: technique and normal appearance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) has been recognised as a cause of lameness in the Thoroughbred, but diagnosis is difficult due to the nonspecific clinical signs, and can be achieved only by performing arthroscopy on the mid carpal joint (MCJ). It would be beneficial to be able to image the MPICL using ultrasonography to determine whether pathology is present in the ligament in order to aid diagnosis and prognosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the MPICL could be imaged using ultrasound from the dorsal aspect of the MCJ, and to describe the technique and normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ligament.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study was performed using 2 cadaver carpi. Each carpus in turn had the MPICL imaged simultaneously using arthroscopy and ultrasound, with a metallic probe positioned on the dorsal aspect of the ligament to highlight the position of the MPICL. Six further pairs of carpi had the MPICL imaged ultrasonographically followed by dissection of the carpus to evaluate the ligament and relate its anatomy to the ultrasound images. Finally, 15 Thoroughbreds with no history of lameness isolated to the carpus had their MPICLs assessed and measured ultrasonographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MPICL could be imaged via the dorsal aspect of the MCJ using standard ultrasound equipment. The body and division into medial and lateral branches could be seen as a distinct, moderately dense granular echogenic structure in the palmar aspect of the joint, with clearly defined margins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The normal MPICL can be imaged reliably using ultrasound in the Thoroughbred from the dorsal aspect of the MCJ. There is a wide range in the normal width of the lateral aspect of the MPICL, but there is good symmetry between contralateral limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report of the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ligament will be beneficial in acting as a reference for the detection of pathology using ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animals, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: A R S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D002102:Cadaver; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography