title: Cross-sectional study of risk factors for the clinical expression of ovine Johne's disease on New South Wales farms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the environmental and management risk factors that promote the clinical expression of ovine Johne's disease on farms in New South Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire about the farm, flock and their management was mailed to all farmers known to keep infected sheep in the area zoned residual for ovine Johne's disease in New South Wales. The resultant data were analysed by multivariate statistical methods, specifically examining the factors associated with farmers reporting some mortality due to ovine Johne's disease; the reported annual incidence of ovine Johne's disease-associated mortality; the youngest age at which sheep die from ovine Johne's disease; whether scouring was a feature of the disease; and the season of peak mortality from ovine Johne's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fine wool Merino sheep were more likely to die from ovine Johne's disease than other sheep types. Mortality was higher on farms with light sandy soils and those with a high proportion of improved pastures containing subterranean clover. Winter shearing was also associated with clinical expression. The time that the infection had been present on a farm was not strongly associated with mortality. Higher stocking density, high rainfall and access to open water, factors that are believed to aid transmission, were not found to be influential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical expression appears to be principally associated with light infertile soils and their associated pastures and pasture improvement practices which may lead to micronutrient deficiencies or imbalances. Genetic effects are also important and are likely to be exacerbated by physiological stressors, such as winter shearing.
authors.affiliation: NSW Agriculture, 161 Kite Street, Locked Bag 21, Orange, New South Wales 2800. ian.lugton@agric.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Lugton
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires