title: Effective photoimmunotherapy of murine colon carcinoma induced by the combination of photodynamic therapy and dendritic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The unique mechanism of tumor destruction by photodynamic therapy (PDT), resulting from apoptotic and necrotic killing of tumor cells accompanied by local inflammatory reaction and induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs), prompted us to investigate the antitumor effectiveness of the combination of PDT with administration of immature dendritic cells (DCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Confocal microscopy and Western blotting were used to investigate the influence of PDT on the induction of apoptosis and expression of HSP expression in C-26 cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies were used to examine phagocytosis of PDT-treated C-26 cells by DCs. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 was measured with ELISA. Cytotoxic activity of lymph node cells was evaluated in a standard (51)Cr-release assay. The antitumor effectiveness of PDT in combination with administration of DCs was investigated in in vivo model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDT treatment resulted in the induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death and expression of HSP27, HSP60, HSP72/73, HSP90, HO-1, and GRP78 in C-26 cells. Immature DCs cocultured with PDT-treated C-26 cells efficiently engulfed killed tumor cells, acquired functional features of maturation, and produced substantial amounts of IL-12. Inoculation of immature DCs into the PDT-treated tumors resulted in effective homing to regional and peripheral lymph nodes and stimulation of cytotoxic activity of T and natural killer cells. The combination treatment with PDT and administration of DCs produced effective antitumor response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility and antitumor effectiveness demonstrated in these studies suggest that treatment protocols involving the administration of immature DCs in combination with PDT may have clinical potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jalili
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makowski
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Switaj
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nowis
authors.forename: Grzegorz M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wilczynski
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilczek
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chorazy-Massalska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radzikowska
authors.forename: Wlodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maslinski
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biały
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sienko
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sieron
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamek
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basak
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mróz
authors.forename: Ireneusz W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Krasnodebski
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakóbisiak
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gołab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000378:metabolism; D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D050883:HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D018834:Chaperonin 60; D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D050883:HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; C494371:HSPA8 protein, human; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse; C494372:Hspa8 protein, mouse; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse