title: The neurobiology of adaptive learning in reading: a contrast of different training conditions.
abstract: fMRI was used to investigate the separate influences of orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing on the ability to learn new words and the cortical circuitry recruited to subsequently read those words. In a behavioral session, subjects acquired familiarity for three sets of pseudowords, attending to orthographic, phonological, or (learned) semantic features. Transfer effects were measured in an event-related fMRI session as the subjects named trained pseudowords, untrained pseudowords, and real words. Behaviorally, phonological and semantic training resulted in better learning than did orthographic training. Neurobiologically, orthographic training did not modulate activation in the main reading regions. Phonological and semantic training yielded equivalent behavioral facilitation but distinct functional activation patterns, suggesting that the learning resulting from these two training conditions was driven by different underlying processes. The findings indicate that the putative ventral visual word form area is sensitive to the phonological structure of words, with phonologically analytic processing contributing to the specialization of this region.
authors.affiliation: Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-6695, USA. sandak@haskins.yale.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sandak
authors.forename: W Einar
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mencl
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rueckl
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Dina L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Fulbright
authors.forename: R Todd
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pugh
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008037:Linguistics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*