An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly.
Drugs have been associated with the development of delirium in the elderly. Successful treatment of delirium depends on identifying the reversible contributing factors, and drugs are the most common reversible cause of delirium. Anticholinergic medications, benzodiazepines, and narcotics in high doses are common causes of drug induced delirium. This article provides an approach for clinicians to prevent, recognise, and manage drug induced delirium. It also reviews the mechanisms for this condition, especially the neurotransmitter imbalances involving acetylcholine, dopamine, and gamma aminobutyric acid and discusses the age related changes that may contribute to altered pharmacological effects which have a role in delirium. Specific interventions for high risk elderly with the goal of preventing drug induced delirium are discussed.
Alagiakrishnan
K
K
Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. kalagiak@cha.ab.ca
Wiens
C A
CA
D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D019141:Respiratory System Agents