title: Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of neoplasms of the head and neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive and highly accurate method of detecting mediastinal lymph-node metastases in gastrointestinal and lung cancer. Little information is available regarding the use of EUS-FNA to stage tumors in the head and neck region. This study reports experience with EUS in the diagnosis and staging of these tumors and their mediastinal spread.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients who underwent EUS for diagnosis and/or staging of head and neck tumors were reviewed. Referral criteria were suspected invasion of the esophagus by a lower-neck mass on cervical computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or mediastinal lymphadenopathy > 10 mm on a chest CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients (23 men, nine women; mean age 65 years, range 44 - 80) were referred and underwent 35 EUS examinations. In one patient, EUS was not possible due to a benign esophageal stricture. In 17 patients with suspected esophageal invasion on CT scans, EUS demonstrated invasion of the esophagus in four cases and of the pleura in one; 12 tumors showed no visible invasion of adjacent structures. The other 17 examinations were carried out for suspected mediastinal metastatic disease. In eight cases, EUS-FNA confirmed metastatic disease, whereas only benign changes were shown in the other nine cases. EUS-FNA also provided the first tissue diagnosis in two primary tumors and identified malignancy in one patient with no CT suspicion of positive mediastinal lymph nodes. EUS avoided the need for more invasive investigations in all patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and it changed the management in 12 of the 17 patients (71 %) with suspected esophageal invasion and in eight of the 17 patients (47 %) with suspected mediastinal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS with FNA provides a viable approach to the diagnosis and staging of tumors in the head and neck region when there is a suggestion of esophageal invasion on CT or MRI, or enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. EUS with FNA may avoid the need for mediastinoscopy or other more invasive techniques for staging of these neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wildi
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fickling
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmulewitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varadarajulu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging