title: The influence of active and passive smoking on habitual snoring.
abstract: The impact of active smoking, passive smoking, and obesity on habitual snoring in the population is mainly unknown. We aimed to study the relationship of habitual snoring with active and passive tobacco smoking in a population-based sample. A total of 15,555 of 21,802 (71%) randomly selected men and women aged 25-54 years from Iceland, Estonia, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden answered a postal questionnaire. Habitual snoring, defined as loud and disturbing snoring at least 3 nights a week, was more prevalent among current smokers (24.0%, p < 0.0001) and ex-smokers (20.3%, p < 0.0001) than in never-smokers (13.7%). Snoring was also more prevalent in never-smokers exposed to passive smoking at home on a daily basis than in never-smokers without this exposure (19.8% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.0001). The frequency of habitual snoring increased with the amount of tobacco smoked. Active smoking and passive smoking were related to snoring, independent of obesity, sex, center, and age. Ever smoking accounted for 17.1% of the attributable risk of habitual snoring, obesity (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2)) for 4.3%, and passive smoking for 2.2%. Smoking, both current and ex-smoking, is a major contributor to habitual snoring in the general population. Passive smoking is a previously unrecognized risk factor for snoring among adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden. karl.franklin@lung.umu.se
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Thórarinn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gíslason
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omenaas
authors.forename: Rain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jõgi
authors.forename: Erik Juel
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunnbjörnsdóttir
authors.forename: Lennarth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: Birger N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Laerum
authors.forename: Eythor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björnsson
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torén
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004957:Estonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution