title: Low-dose oral combination of 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone acetate in postmenopausal women decreases factor VII, fibrinogen, antithrombin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversies still persist concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its effects upon blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. This study was carried out to evaluate possible effects of continuously administered low-dose 17beta-estradiol (E2) and norethisterone acetate (NETA) on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, 1-year study in 120 healthy postmenopausal women. The three groups consisted of a placebo group (n = 40), a group receiving oral continuous combined E2 1 mg and NETA 0.25 mg (n = 40) and a group receiving oral continuous combined E2 1 mg and NETA 0.5 mg (n = 40).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two low doses of E2-NETA induced significantly lower plasma levels of factor VII, fibrinogen, antithrombin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), compared with placebo treatmen
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose E2 (1 mg) in combination with NETA resulted in favorable changes of factor VII activity and fibrinogen, compared with placebo. The lower plasma levels of PAI-1 may lead to increased fibrinolytic activity. These findings suggest a decreased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Antithrombin activity was also reduced, which may increase the risk of developing venous thromboembolism. The clinical significance of the lower levels of these factors remains to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borgfeldt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samsioe
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000032:analysis*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005167:Factor VII / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D004958:Estradiol; D005167:Factor VII; D005340:Fibrinogen; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone