title: Two-dimensional tension tests in plant biomechanics--sweet cherry fruit skin as a model system.
abstract: Splitting of fruits is a function of two-dimensional tension caused by different growth rates of tissues and turgor, especially water uptake shortly before harvest. In order to analyse the mechanical properties of spheroid plant material close to stress-strain conditions in vivo, a new hydraulic two-dimensional testing device was set up. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit skin was chosen as a model system. The recorded pressure-deflection curves were non-linear, with a considerable initial "lag phase" and a distinct increasing end part. Taking into account the special geometry, these curves could be modelled with a newly developed analytical approach based on linear elastic material behaviour. The results demonstrated good correlation if a modulus of elasticity ranging from 160 to 250 MPa for the cherry fruit skin was chosen. In addition, a mean strength value of 47 MPa was calculated based on the theory of thin shells and spheres. The results are compared with mechanical data found for fruits and other plant material. In order to test the theoretical approach, two- and one-dimensional tension tests were performed on packaging PE foil, revealing a mean modulus of 171 MPa in bi-axial tension, and 193 and 242 MPa in uni-axial tension, depending on the test speed. The results demonstrate that it seems to be feasible to use this method to analyse the two-dimensional stress-strain conditions of spheroid plant materials such as cherry fruit skins. It may be applied as a tool for crop testing to elucidate the mechanical basis of cracking susceptibility of fruits.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. hendrik.bargel@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bargel
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Spatz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Speck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neinhuis
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004548:Elasticity; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D013718:Tensile Strength