title: Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan.
abstract: Norovirus (NV) (formerly called Norwalk-like virus) is the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Recently, we reported an NV genotyping scheme based on variability in the capsid N-terminal/shell (N/S) domain gene (Katayama et al., Virology 299:225-239, 2002). We found 19 genotypes, including nine of genogroup I and 10 of genogroup II. In the present study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of NV from 66 outbreaks that occurred in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, from 1997 to 2002. We screened 416 stool specimens by a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method (Kageyama et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1548-1557, 2003) and detected 156 NV-positive specimens, from which we amplified the capsid N/S domain gene by RT-PCR and then cloned the PCR products. After sequencing these clones, we obtained 368 sequence variants (strains). By applying our classification scheme to the strains from Saitama and other published strains, we identified a total of 31 genotypes, including an additional five genotypes for genogroup I and seven for genogroup II. Of the 31 genotypes, 26 were present in the Saitama area during that time period. These results provide additional evidence for the great diversity of human NV genotypes. Specimens from all shellfish-related infections contained multiple genotypes, including several new genotypes. On the other hand, single genotypes were observed mostly in outbreaks that originated in semiclosed communities. Thus, the number of NV genotypes in each outbreak depended on the route of transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genomics, BML, Inc., Matoba 1361-1, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan. kageyama-t@bml.co.jp
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Shuetsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushi
authors.forename: Fuminori B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Naokazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katayama
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction