title: Skewing of cytokine profiles towards T helper cell type 2 response in visceral leishmaniasis patients unresponsive to sodium antimony gluconate.
abstract: Thirty-two parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmanisis (VL) patients and 23 healthy, age- and gender-matched controls were recruited between April 2001 and March 2002 and studied for intracellular cytokine production after stimulation in vitro using a Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter-based intracellular cytokine assay. The VL patients were given i.m. sodium antimony gluconate at a dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight daily for 28 d and were grouped as responders (n = 11) or non-responders (no response after 28 d of treatment; n = 21). Clinically, the non-responders had longer duration of illness (P < 0.05), larger spleen size (P < 0.05), and higher parasite load (P < 0.05) than responders. The percentage of T helper (Th) cells producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in responders than non-responders. Non-responders had higher IFN-gamma production than control subjects (P < 0.001). The percentage of Th cells producing interleukin-4 (IL-4) was significantly higher in non-responders than responders (P = 0.003) as well as in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The frequency of IL-4 producing cells in responders and control subjects was similar (P= 0.65). The cytokine polarization index, as calculated by the formula loge IFN-gamma producing cells/loge IL-4 producing cells, was significantly lower in non-responders compared with both responders and control subjects (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). The overall cytokine bias in non-responders was skewed towards a IL-4 dominance or Th2-like response and this was primarily due to induction of IL-4.
authors.affiliation: Balaji Utthan Sansthan, Fraser Road, Patna 800 001, Bihar, India. cpthakur@sancharnet.in
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate