title: Evidence of tutoring in the development of subsong in newly-fledged Meyer's Parrots Poicephalus meyeri.
abstract: Subsongs are vocal trials uttered by young birds to practice songs. Among songbirds, subsongs are displayed by individuals in their first year of life. Studies on Zebra Finches Poephila guttata suggest that the juveniles learn their songs from a vocal tutor, their father. In this study we examine the subsongs in six captive-born Meyer's Parrots Poicephalus meyeri, from fledging time to weaning. Recordings of songs from chicks and fathers were analyzed for similarities in frequency and time parameters. With age, the subsongs of the chicks became more similar to the vocalizations of the fathers with 20% similarity rating in the first week after fledging to 100% at weaning time. Moreover, fledged chicks were exposed to a wide range of stimuli from several species of parrots breeding pairs caged nearby but chicks exclusively learned their fathers' songs. Our data support the hypothesis that Meyer's Parrots are vocal learners and use their father as their tutor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, 20126, Italy. bioacust.lab@unimib.it
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masin
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bottoni
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D005220:Fathers; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots / Q000502:physiology*; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*