title: Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies in recurrent early pregnancy loss and mid-to-late pregnancy loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Associations have been reported between antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), mainly anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and/or the lupus anticoagulant, and recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL). However, relatively few studies describing antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (aPE) have been reported. We describe the prevalence of aPL to both cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine in patients with RPL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with recurrent early pregnancy losses (n = 145) and mid-to-late pregnancy loss(es) (n = 26) were screened for aPE and aCL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with recurrent early pregnancy losses, prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) aPE (17.9%, P = 0.001) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) aPE (12.4%, P = 0.01) was significantly higher than in the control group. In patients with mid-to-late pregnancy loss(es), prevalence of IgM aPE (19.2%, P = 0.008) and IgG aCL (23.1%, P = 0.02) was significantly higher than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that aPE may be a risk factor in patients with mid-to-late pregnancy loss(es) as well as recurrent early pregnancy losses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. sugi@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugi
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubayashi
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inomo
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.forename: Tsunehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D002308:Cardiolipins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; C483858:phosphatidylethanolamine