title: Long-term effect of motor cortical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [correction].
abstract: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) recently has been assessed as a noninvasive treatment modality for movement and psychiatric disorders, whereas the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects is not fully understood. Studies in rodents showed lasting functional changes in some selected regions, such as limbic-associated structures, but unfocused brain stimulation did not clarify the regional effects. To address the topographical and temporal profiles of the effects on glucose metabolism in primate brain, we performed rTMS and repeated (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) before, during, and up to 16 days after rTMS in anesthetized cynomologous monkeys. We delivered a total of 2,000 pulses of 5 Hz-rTMS over the right precentral gyrus using a small-sized eight-figured coil that induced a localized electrical field. Voxel-based analysis in a standard space of the macaque brain showed statistically robust changes in FDG uptake: a decrease in the motor/premotor cortices and an increase in the limbic-associated areas involving the anterior/posterior cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortices. Interestingly, these uptake changes continued for at least 8 days and the magnitude of the lasting effects in the limbic-related areas was negatively correlated across subjects with those in the motor/premotor cortices. The results demonstrate that motor rTMS has a long-term lasting effect on motor-related regions and distant limbic-related areas via functional connections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigative Radiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Osaka, Japan. thayashi@ri.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watabe
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imabayashi
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jino
authors.forename: Norimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ejima
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ugawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18