title: Assessing cost-effectiveness in mental health: family interventions for schizophrenia and related conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Existing evidence suggests that family interventions can be effective in reducing relapse rates in schizophrenia and related conditions. Despite this, such interventions are not routinely delivered in Australian mental health services. The objective of the current study is to investigate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of introducing three types of family interventions, namely: behavioural family management (BFM); behavioural intervention for families (BIF); and multiple family groups (MFG) into current mental health services in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ICER of each of the family interventions is assessed from a health sector perspective, including the government, persons with schizophrenia and their families/carers using a standardized methodology. A two-stage approach is taken to the assessment of benefit. The first stage involves a quantitative analysis based on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. The second stage involves application of 'second filter' criteria (including equity, strength of evidence, feasibility and acceptability to stakeholders) to results. The robustness of results is tested using multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most cost-effective intervention, in order of magnitude, is BIF (8000 Australian dollars per DALY averted), followed by MFG (21,000 Australian dollars per DALY averted) and lastly BFM (28,000 Australian dollars per DALY averted). The inclusion of time costs makes BFM more cost-effective than MFG. Variation of discount rate has no effect on conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three interventions are considered 'value-for-money' within an Australian context. This conclusion needs to be tempered against the methodological challenge of converting clinical outcomes into a generic economic outcome measure (DALY). Issues surrounding the feasibility of routinely implementing such interventions need to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Program Evaluation Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. c.mihalopoulos@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mihalopoulos
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005190:Family; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011340:Problem Solving; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology