title: Modifying cochlear implant design: advantages of placing a return electrode in the modiolus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A modiolar return electrode significantly increases the current flow across spiral ganglion cells into the modiolus, and may decrease the cochlear implant's power requirements.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ideal cochlear implants should maximize current flow into the modiolus to stimulate auditory neurons. Previous efforts to facilitate current flow through the modiolus included the fabrication and use of precurved electrodes designed to "hug" the modiolus and silastic positioners designed to place the electrodes closer to the modiolus. In contrast to earlier efforts, this study explores the effects of return electrode placement on current distributions in the modiolus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of return electrode positioning on current flow in the modiolus were studied in a Plexiglas model of the cochlea. Results of model measurements were confirmed by measurements in the modiolus of human temporal bones. The return electrode was placed either within the modiolus, or remotely, outside the temporal bone, simulating contemporary cochlear implant configurations using monopolar stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cochlear model results clearly show that modiolar current amplitudes can be influenced significantly by the location of the return electrode, being larger when placed into the modiolus. Temporal bone data show similar findings. Voltages recorded in the modiolus are, on average, 2.8 times higher with the return electrode in the modiolus compared with return electrode locations outside the temporal bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placing a cochlear implant's return electrode in the modiolus should significantly reduce its power consumption. Reducing power requirements should lead to improved efficiency, safer long-term use, and longer device life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Hinsdale, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Steven Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wiet
authors.forename: Claus-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015834:Cochlear Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000628:therapy*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate