title: Practicality of performing medical procedures in chemical protective ensembles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether certain life saving medical procedures can be successfully performed while wearing different levels of personal protective equipment (PPE), and whether these procedures can be performed in a clinically useful time frame.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the capability of eight medical personnel to perform airway maintenance and antidote administration procedures on manikins, in all four described levels of PPE. The levels are: Level A--a fully encapsulated chemically resistant suit; Level B--a chemically resistant suit, gloves and boots with a full-faced positive pressure supplied air respirator; Level C--a chemically resistant splash suit, boots and gloves with an air-purifying positive or negative pressure respirator; Level D--a work uniform. Time in seconds to inflate the lungs of the manikin with bag-valve-mask, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) were determined, as was the time to secure LMAs and ETTs with either tape or linen ties. Time to insert a cannula in a manikin was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in time taken to perform procedures in differing levels of personal protective equipment (F21,72 = 1.75, P = 0.04). Significant differences were found in: time to lung inflation using an endotracheal tube (A vs. C mean difference and standard error 75.6 +/- 23.9 s, P = 0.03; A vs. D mean difference and standard error 78.6 +/- 23.9 s, P = 0.03); time to insert a cannula (A vs. D mean difference and standard error 63.6 +/- 11.1 s, P < 0.001; C vs. D mean difference and standard error 40.0 +/- 11.1 s, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significantly greater time to complete procedures was documented in Level A PPE (fully encapsulated suits) compared with Levels C and D. There was however, no significant difference in times between Level B and Level C. The common practice of equipping hospital and medical staff with only Level C protection should be re-evaluated.
authors.affiliation: CareFlight/NSW Medical Retrieval Service, Westmead, Australia. alang@careflight.org
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laurence
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008348:Manikins; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011482:Protective Devices; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D015386:Hazardous Substances