title: The questioning skills of tutors and students in a context based baccalaureate nursing program.
abstract: This paper explores, describes and compares the types and levels of questions asked by 30 randomly selected tutors (nurse educators) and their 314 students in context-based learning tutorial seminars in a Canadian baccalaureate nursing program. Thirty 90-min seminars were audio taped, transcribed and coded using a Questioning Framework designed for this study. The framework includes types and levels of questions, related wording and examples. The results of this study indicate that the majority of questions asked by tutors and students in the first three years of the program were framed at the low level (knowledge, comprehension, and application) and were aimed at seeking yes/no responses and factual information more so than probing. Although these questions are important to facilitate the teaching/learning process, educators and students need to increase the number of questions requiring analysis, synthesis, and evaluation as well as questions that involve probing, exploration, and explanation - questions believed to activate and facilitate critical thinking skills. Recommendations include the need for students and tutors to be taught how to question, the creation of a supportive environment for questioning and the use of appropriate strategies to teach the use of higher order questions. Future research using a cross sectional longitudinal design and qualitative approaches are also recommended. This study has direct implications for enhancing student learning and the development of nurse educators.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, 3rd Floor Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada. Joanne.profetto-mcgrath@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Profetto-McGrath
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bulmer Smith
authors.forename: Rene A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Olive
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yonge
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D005178:Faculty; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D013334:Students; D013850:Thinking