title: A novel polymorphism in the 1A promoter region of the vitamin D receptor is associated with altered susceptibilty and prognosis in malignant melanoma.
abstract: The association of Taq 1 and Fok 1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor with occurrence and outcome of malignant melanoma (MM), as predicted by tumour (Breslow) thickness, has been reported previously. We now report a novel adenine-guanine substitution -1012 bp relative to the exon 1a transcription start site (A-1012G), found following screening by single-stranded conformational polymorphism of this promoter region. There was a total of 191 MM cases, which were stratified according to conventional Breslow thickness groups, cases being randomly selected from each group to form a distribution corresponding to the known distribution of Breslow thickness in our area, and this population (n=176) was compared to 80 controls. The A allele was over-represented in MM patients and, with GG as reference, odds ratio (OR) for AG was 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-5.7, (P=0.03) and AA 3.3, CI 1.4-8.1, (P=0.007). The outcome was known in 171 of 191 patients and the A allele was related to the development of metastasis, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the probability of metastasis at 5 years being: GG 0%; AG 9%, CI 4-16%; AA 21%, CI 12-36%; (P=0.008), and to thicker Breslow thickness groups (P=0.04). The effect on metastasis was independent of tumour thickness and A-1012G may have predictive potential, additional to Breslow thickness. Neither the Fok 1 nor Taq 1 variants (f and t) were significantly related to the development of metastasis, although there was a strong relationship of fftt with the thickest Breslow thickness group (P=0.005). There was an interaction between the A-1012G and Fok 1 polymorphisms (P=0.025) and the Fok 1 variant enhanced the effect of the A allele of the A-1012G polymorphism on metastasis, the probability of metastasis for AAff at 5 years follow-up being 57%, CI 24-92%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK. jah53@leicaster.ac.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Halsall
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol