title: Optical characteristics of the canine prostate at 665 nm sensitized with tin etiopurpurin dichloride: need for real-time monitoring of photodynamic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging, minimally invasive therapy for prostate cancer that depends on the sequestration of a photosensitizing drug within targeted tissue. The photosensitizer is subsequently activated by light of a specific wavelength, resulting in destruction of the targeted tissue. Successful treatment requires knowledge of the optical properties of the target tissue, a critical element for therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult canines were injected with tin etiopurpurin dichloride (1.0 mg/kg) as a liposome emulsion vehicle in saline 24 hours prior to light treatment. Laser light was delivered to the prostate via a 400 microm optical fiber fitted with a 2.0 cm cylindrical diffuser and optical properties of the prostate were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we determined the attenuation coefficient and critical fluence in the canine prostate. Our studies shown that the attenuation coefficient is not uniform but higher at the base (average for all animals 2.59 to 2.79 cm-1) than in the mid section or apex of the prostate (1.71 to 1.90 cm-1). Significant differences among dogs (0.11 to 12.70 cm-1) were found. In some cases we observed a fluctuation of the attenuation coefficient during treatment. We also established experimentally the minimum energy (1449 mJ/cm2) needed (critical fluence) to produce necrosis. Experimentally establishing the values of effective attenuation and critical fluence is necessary to predict the area of ablation during PDT and protect surrounding organs from over treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results it is evident that for PDT of the prostate to be successful the optical parameters of the prostate must be measured and monitored during treatment. We suggest that the optimum way of doing this is real-time computerized monitoring combined with simulation PDT.
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, 43614-5807, USA. jerzy@golemxiv.dh.mco.edu
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankun
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lilge
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douplik
authors.forename: Rick W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pestka
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szkudlarek
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Selman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D011166:Porphyrins; D011467:Prostate / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents
chemical_list: D011166:Porphyrins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C063166:tin etiopurpurin