title: HIV in Singapore--past, present, and future.
abstract: The first case of HIV infection in Singapore was reported in 1985. Between 1991 and 1998, the number of reported cases of HIV and AIDS increased rapidly before stabilizing from 1999. The epidemiology of the AIDS epidemic in Singapore is characterized by a predominance of male cases (seven to one) and heterosexual transmission. A multipronged control program comprising public education and education of high-risk groups, legislation, protection of the national blood supply, management of cases, and epidemiological surveillance has been put in place. The promotion of condom use among local sex workers has been fairly successful, with very low rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, freelance and potential indirect sex workers such as masseuses and lounge hostesses are a concern in view of their higher prevalence of HIV and STIs. Another concern is the high proportion of cases who are diagnosed only when they develop AIDS. A better understanding of sexual networks among men who have sex with men will enable more effective intervention programs for this group. Fresh innovative approaches are needed to encourage safe sex practices and early screening.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Task Force, Singapore. Jeffery_cutter@moh.gov.sg
authors.forename: Jeffery L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: Wei-Yen
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tun
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Suok-Kai
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chew
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006266:Health Education; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology