title: Genetic deletion of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta abrogates activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, JNK, Akt, and p44/p42 MAPK but potentiates apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta is a constitutively active, proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that controls growth modulation and tumorigenesis through multiple intracellular signaling pathways. How GSK-3beta regulates signaling pathways induced by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is poorly understood. In this study, we used fibroblasts derived from GSK-3beta gene-deleted mice to understand the role of this kinase in TNF signaling. TNF induced NF-kappaB activation as measured by DNA binding in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts, but deletion of GSK-3beta abolished this activation. This inhibition was due to suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase activation and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation. TNF-induced NF-kappaB reporter gene transcription was also suppressed in GSK-3beta gene-deleted cells. NF-kappaB activation induced by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1beta, or cigarette smoke condensate was completely suppressed in GSK-3beta(-/-) cells. Deletion of GSK-3beta also abolished TNF-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p44/p42 mitogen-activated kinase activation. Most surprisingly, TNF-induced Akt activation also required the presence of GSK-3beta. TNF induced expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated gene products cyclin D1, COX-2, MMP-9, survivin, IAP 1, IAP 2, Bcl-x(L), Bfl-1/A1, TRAF1, and FLIP in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts but not in GSK-3beta(-/-) cells, and this correlated with potentiation of TNF-induced apoptosis as indicated by cell viability, annexin V staining, and caspase activation. Overall, our results indicate that GSK-3beta plays a critical role in TNF signaling and in the signaling of other inflammatory stimuli and that its suppression can be exploited as a potential target to inhibit angiogenesis, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Md Saha
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jamaluddin
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012907:Smoking; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019938:Cyclin D1; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C496564:Chuk protein, mouse; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C496562:Ikbkb protein, mouse; C496566:Ikbke protein, mouse; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D018021:Lithium Chloride