title: Executive functioning, illness course, and relapse/recurrence in continuation and maintenance treatment of late-life depression: is there a relationship?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors tested the hypothesis that impaired executive functioning leads to high rates of relapse and recurrence in late-life depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  They analyzed data from subjects participating in two independent intervention trials. Study I included 53 elderly depressed patients who participated in an open trial comparing the efficacy of paroxetine and nortriptyline and recurrence prevention over 18 months. Study II focused on 146 elderly depressed patients who received open treatment with paroxetine in a relapse-prevention study over 4 months of continuation treatment. They examined the effect of cognitive functioning, in general, and executive functioning, in particular, on time-to-relapse/recurrence, using baseline and post-treatment measures of neuropsychological functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The associations between cognitive measures and both probability of, and time-to-relapse/recurrence were small and statistically nonsignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data failed to support the hypothesis that cognitive impairment, in general, or executive dysfunction, in particular, predicts relapse or recurrence of major depression in late life. Authors recommend future testing of the hypothesis with detailed, comprehensive measures over longer periods of observation during maintenance trials.
authors.affiliation: Intervention Research Center for Late-Life Mood Disorders, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA. buttersma@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Meryl A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Butters
authors.forename: Rishi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Benoit H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.forename: Sati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: Patricia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Mary Amanda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dew
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nebes
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009661:Nortriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D009661:Nortriptyline; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors