title: Medical and social issues related to posttraumatic seizures in persons with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of late posttraumatic seizures (LPTS) in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) ranges anywhere from 5% to 18.9% in civilian populations up to 32% to 50% in military personnel.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the current knowledge about the incidence and prevalence of LPTS following a TBI, the risk factors for developing LPTS, and the options available for preventing the development of LPTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The psychosocial ramifications of LPTS following a TBI have not been well explored. As a result, the psychosocial findings from the current literature on epilepsy will be reviewed with the hope that the need for future TBI outcomes research to investigate the impact of LPTS following a TBI or, at least, to include LPTS as a potential contributing factor will be recognized.
authors.affiliation: Northern California TBI Model System of Care, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128, USA. tamara@tbi-sci.org
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: Thao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duong
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012919:Social Behavior