title: HIV Infection, hepatitis C infection, and HAART: hard clinical choices.
abstract: Abnormalities in hepatic function have become one of the most common complications occurring among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and liver disease has become an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. We present a case of a patient with HIV infection and hepatotoxicity that exemplifies the complications currently observed during the treatment of such patients. Hepatotoxicity can be a result of several factors, including a direct effect of HAART, substance abuse, and coinfection with either hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus. Imaging studies may be helpful in determining the etiology; however, a liver biopsy is often necessary to be able to more accurately determine the relative contributions of different processes. Although coinfection with HCV and HIV has become a common clinical problem, optimal treatment of such patients remains to be defined and must be individualized to maximize benefit and tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kottilil
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Polis
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012254:Ribavirin; C417083:peginterferon alfa-2b; C100416:peginterferon alfa-2a