title: Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with hypertensive kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia have been reported among patients with chronic renal failure. However, little is known concerning insulin sensitivity among patients with hypertensive kidney disease (HKD), especially in those with moderate or severe renal dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined and compared 30 patients with HKD, 30 normotensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD-NT), 30 normal controls and 30 patients with hypertension and normal renal function (HTN). Moderate and severe renal dysfunction were defined according to the K/DOQI definitions (estimated glomerular filtration rates between 15 and 59 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and three surrogate indexes based on 75 g oral glucose tolerance test results were used to determine insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend to higher HOMA-R values in the HTN and HKD groups than in the other groups was noted, but the difference was not statistically significant. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) proposed by Stumvoll et al. was significantly lower in the HTN, HKD and CKD-NT groups than in controls and was significantly lower in HKD than in the HTN and CKD-NT groups. The insulin sensitivity index proposed by Gutt et al. was significantly lower in HKD than in the control and HTN groups and showed a trend to being lower in HKD than in CKD-NT. The same patterns prevailed in the oral glucose ISI. We assumed that subjects whose ISI values decreased below the mean value minus 2-SD in the control group manifest apparent insulin resistance. According to this criterion, approximately 40% of HKD subjects were in an insulin-resistant state: only <10% of HTN subjects and approximately 10-30% of CKD-NT subjects were insulin resistant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HKD with moderate to severe renal dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan. kanauchi@nmu-gw.naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanauchi
authors.forename: Kuniko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akai
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged