Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses.
BACKGROUND
Medication used for acute aggression in psychiatry must have rapid onset of effect, low frequency of administration and low levels of adverse effects. Zuclopenthixol acetate is said to have these properties.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the clinical effects of zuclopenthixol acetate for the management of acute aggression or violence thought to be due to serious mental illnesses, in comparison to other drugs used to treat similar conditions.


METHODS
We supplemented past searches of Current Controlled Trials (10/2000), the Cochrane Library (1997) and MEDLINE (1966-1997) and appeals for unpublished data with an update search of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of trials (September 2003).


METHODS
All randomised clinical trials involving people thought to have serious mental illnesses comparing zuclopenthixol acetate with other drugs.


METHODS
Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and cross-checked. We calculated fixed effects relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous data. Where possible, the number needed to treat/harm statistic (NNT/H) was calculated. We analyzed by intention-to-treat. Mean differences were used for continuous variables.


RESULTS
We found no data for the primary outcome, tranquilisation. Compared with haloperidol, zuclopenthixol acetate was no more sedating at two hours (n=40, 1 RCT, RR 0.60 CI 0.27 to 1.34). People given zuclopenthixol acetate were not at reduced risk of being given supplementary antipsychotics (n=134, 3 RCTs, RR 1.49 CI 0.97 to 2.30) although additional use of benzodiazepines was less (n=50, 1 RCT, RR 0.03 CI 0.00 to 0.47, NNT 2 CI 2 to 4). People given zuclopenthixol acetate had fewer injections over seven days compared with those allocated to haloperidol IM (n=70, 1 RCT, RR 0.39 CI 0.18 to 0.84, NNT 4 CI 3 to 14). We found no data on more episodes of aggression or harm to self or others. One trial (n=148) reported no significant difference in adverse effects for people receiving zuclopenthixol acetate compared with those allocated haloperidol at one, three and six days (RR 0.74 CI 0.43 to 1.27). Compared with haloperidol or clotiapine, people allocated zuclopenthixol did not seem to be at more risk of a range of movement disorders (<20%). Three studies found no difference in the proportion of people getting blurred vision/ dry mouth (n=192, 2 RCTs, RR at 24 hours 0.90 CI 0.48 to 1.70). Similarly dizziness was equally infrequent for those allocated zuclopenthixol acetate compared with haloperidol (n=192, 2 RCTs, RR at 24 hours 1.15 CI 0.46 to 2.88). There was no difference between treatments for leaving the study before completion (n=522, RR 0.85 CI 0.31 to 2.31).


CONCLUSIONS
Recommendations on the use of zuclopenthixol acetate for the management of psychiatric emergencies in preference to 'standard' treatment have to be viewed with caution. Most trials present important methodological flaws and findings are poorly reported. This review did not find any suggestion that zuclopenthixol acetate is more or less effective in controlling aggressive acute psychosis, or in preventing adverse effects than intramuscular haloperidol, and neither seemed to have a rapid onset of action. Well-conducted pragmatic randomised controlled trials are needed.
Gibson
R C
RC
Section of Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
Fenton
M
M
Coutinho
E S F
ES
Campbell
C
C
D000208:Acute Disease; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003006:Clopenthixol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003006:Clopenthixol