title: Attitudes toward cervical cancer screening among Muslim women: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immigrant Muslim women have low rates of health care utilization, especially preventive care such as breast exams, mammograms, and cervical cancer screening. Religious and cultural beliefs, such as the value placed on modesty and premarital virginity, contribute to reluctance to seek health care. In addition, it has been unclear whether discussions of health care behavior that involve sexuality and reproductive health would be welcomed among immigrant Muslim women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To examine the impact of religious and cultural values on health care behavior of Muslim women from immigrant backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area, particularly with regard to cervical cancer screening; (2) To determine whether these women would welcome discussing values and beliefs regarding sexuality and reproductive health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our key informants were five Muslim women who identified pelvic and Pap smear screening exams as major sources of anxiety for their community, and therefore major barriers to health care. Three focus groups were then convened, including 15 women ages 18-25, to discuss these issues in more detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many Muslim women from immigrant backgrounds face challenges in obtaining adequate health care due to some common barriers of language, transportation, insurance, and family pressures. Additionally, many Muslim women resist screening practices that are the standard in the US but which threaten their cultural and religious values. Equally important, many health care professionals contribute to the women's challenges by making inappropriate recommendations regarding physical exams and reproductive health. The women were enthusiastic and candid in discussing these highly sensitive and taboo topics.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, USA. mmatin@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matin
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: LeBaron
mesh_terms: D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008877:Middle East / Q000208:ethnology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology