title: Ghrelin stimulates motility in the small intestine of rats through intrinsic cholinergic neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ghrelin is a peptide discovered in endocrine cells of the stomach. Since ghrelin mRNA expression and plasma levels are elevated in the fasting state, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) in the small intestine in vivo and compared with motor effects of ghrelin in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied with a venous catheter and bipolar electrodes in the duodenum and jejunum for electromyography of small intestine in awake rats. In organ baths, isometric contractions of segments of rat jejunum were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin dose-dependently shortened the MMC cycle length at all three recording points. At the duodenal site, the interval shortened from 17.2+/-2.0 to 9.9+/-0.8 min during infusion of ghrelin (1000 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) and at the jejunal site from 17.5+/-2.2 to 10.5+/-0.8 min. Ghrelin contracted the muscle strips with a pD2 of 7.97+/-0.47. Atropine (10(-6) M) in vitro and (1 mg kg(-1)) in vivo blocked the effect of ghrelin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghrelin stimulates interdigestive motility through cholinergic neurons. Ghrelin also stimulates motility, in vitro, suggesting that ghrelin receptors are present in the intestinal neuromuscular tissue and mediate its effects via cholinergic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edholm
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D054439:Ghrelin; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D016065:Myoelectric Complex, Migrating / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D001285:Atropine