title: Risk stratification using heart rate turbulence and ventricular arrhythmia in MADIT II: usefulness and limitations of a 10-minute holter recording.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the usefulness of heart rate turbulence (HRT) parameters and frequency of ventricular premature beats (VPBs) for risk-stratifying postinfarction patients with depressed left ventricular function enrolled in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial II (MADIT II).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 884 MADIT II patients, 10-minute Holter monitoring at enrollment was used to evaluate HRT parameters and frequency of VPBs. The primary endpoints were defined as all-cause mortality in patients randomized to conventional treatment and as appropriate therapy for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients randomized to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median turbulence slope was lower in patients who died in comparison to survivors in the conventional arm (2.3 vs 4.5 ms/RR; P < 0.05); but it was not a significant predictor of mortality after adjustment for clinical covariates (age, ejection fraction, beta-blocker use, and BUN levels). There was no association between HRT parameters and arrhythmic events in ICD patients. Conventionally treated patients who died and ICD patients who had appropriate ICD therapy had significantly more frequent VPBs than those without such adverse events. After adjustment for clinical covariates, frequent VPBs>3/10 min were associated with death in the conventional arm (HR = 1.63; P = 0.070) and were predictive for appropriate ICD therapy in the ICD arm (HR = 1.75; P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In postinfarction patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, frequent VPBs are associated with increased risk of mortality and with appropriate ICD therapy. HRT obtained from 10-min Holter ECG showed a trend toward the association with mortality in univariate analysis but HRT parameters were not predictive of the outcome in multivariate analyses.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit of Kerckhoff-Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berkowitsch
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zareba
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: Scott Mc
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nitt
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Heinz F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Pitschner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*