title: Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans.
abstract: Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to greater CO2 uptake by the oceans. This acidification process has changed the saturation state of the oceans with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. Here we estimate the in situ CaCO3 dissolution rates for the global oceans from total alkalinity and chlorofluorocarbon data, and we also discuss the future impacts of anthropogenic CO2 on CaCO3 shell-forming species. CaCO3 dissolution rates, ranging from 0.003 to 1.2 micromoles per kilogram per year, are observed beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate for the global oceans is approximately 0.5 +/- 0.2 petagrams of CaCO3-C per year, which is approximately 45 to 65% of the export production of CaCO3.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA. richard.a.feely@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Feely
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sabine
authors.forename: Kitack
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berelson
authors.forename: Joanie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleypas
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Fabry
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Millero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000502:physiology; D001272:Atmosphere; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000502:physiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007221:Industry; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010933:Plankton / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002119:Calcium Carbonate