title: A model of periodontitis in the rat: effect of lipopolysaccharide on bone resorption, osteoclast activity, and local peptidergic innervation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish and characterise a rat model of periodontitis that reiterates the features of human disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal inflammation was induced by a single injection of 10 microg liposaccharide (LPS) (Salmonella typhimurium) in 1 microl saline into rat mandibular gingiva at the buccomesial aspect of the second molar. Animals were killed after 3, 7 and 10 days, mandibles dissected and sectioned for histological and immunocytochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS injection resulted in a significant gingival and periodontal inflammation with inflammatory infiltrate, apical migration of the junctional epithelium, interdental bone loss, and activation of osteoclasts at the site of injection 7 and 10 days after injection. At 10 days post injection, there was a significant trend for bone loss on both sides of the mandible. Periodontal inflammation was associated with alteration in the levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals innervating the inflamed gingival papilla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intragingival injection of LPS in the rat provides an easily induced reproducible experimental model of periodontal inflammation that reiterates features of human disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandrina L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dumitrescu
authors.forename: Seham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abd-El-Aleem
authors.forename: Begonia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morales-Aza
authors.forename: Lucy F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D010010:Osteoclasts; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide