title: What makes an error unacceptable? A factorial survey on the disclosure of medical errors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the importance of disclosing medical errors to patients has been argued, little is known about the relative effect of different attributes of error handling and communication on patients' judgments about errors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates how different characteristics of medical errors and of physicians' subsequent handling of errors contribute to patients' evaluations of the incident and their attitudes towards potential consequences and sanctions for the physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  A factorial survey using the vignette technique presented hypothetical scenarios involving medical errors to members of the general public in an Internet-based study. Members of a German Internet survey panel participated (n = 1017). Multiple ordered logistic regression models were estimated to explain citizens' judgments of error severity and their attitudes towards reporting of errors, wishing for referral to another physician, and supporting sanctions against the health professional involved as a response to characteristics of the presented errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the severity of the outcomes of errors remains the most important single factor in the choice of actions to be taken, the professional's approach to the error is regarded as essential in the overall evaluation of errors and the consideration of consequences. In errors with a severe outcome, an honest, empathic, and accountable approach to the error decreases the probability of participants' support for strong sanctions against the physician involved by 59%. Judgments were only marginally affected by respondents' characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The handling of errors strongly contributes to citizens' choice of actions to be taken, and they are sensitive to failures to name the incident as an 'error'. For the success of de-individualized, systems-oriented approaches to errors, communication of clear accountability to patients will be crucial.
authors.affiliation: University Witten/Herdecke, Health Policy & Management, Witten, Germany. davids@uni-wh.de
authors.forename: David L B
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schwappach
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Koeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D035881:Compensation and Redress; D003625:Data Collection; D030881:Disclosure; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors