title: Release of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy cattle manure: physical factors.
abstract: Various physical factors affecting the release rate of naturally occurring Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts from dairy manure disks to sprinkled water were studied. The investigated factors included temperature (5 or 23 degrees C), manure type (calf manure, a 50% calf and 50% cow manure mixture, and a 10% calf and 90% cow manure mixture), and water application method (mist or drip) and flow rate. Effluent concentrations of manure and (oo)cysts were always several orders of magnitude below their initial concentration in the manure, decreased gradually, and exhibited persistent concentration tailing. Release of manure and (oo)cysts were found to be related by a constant factor, the so-called release efficiency of (oo)cysts. A previously developed (oo)cyst release model that included these release efficiencies provided a satisfactory simulation of the observed release. An effect of temperature on the release of manure and (oo)cysts was not apparent. The manure and (oo)cyst release rates from cow manure decreased faster than those from calf manure, and (oo)cyst release efficiencies from cow manure were higher than those from calf manure. In comparison with mist application, dripping water resulted in higher release rates of manure and (oo)cysts and in higher (oo)cyst release efficiencies due to the increased mechanical forces associated with droplet impact. Mist application at a higher flow rate resulted in faster release, but did not affect the (oo)cyst release efficiencies. The data and modeling approach described herein provide insight and an enhanced ability to describe the influence of physical factors on (oo)cyst release.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. jack.schijven@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schijven
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Shihui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003458:Cryptosporidium; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005872:Giardia; D008372:Manure; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D033661:Oocysts; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D008372:Manure