title: Normative data and scale properties of the German parent SDQ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a short assessment instrument which addresses positive and negative behavioural attributes of children and adolescents and generates scores for clinically relevant aspects. Although this brief questionnaire has been widely used in Germany to gather information from parents, teachers, and older children themselves, normative results obtained with the German version have not yet been reported to the international scientific community. To allow comparisons with SDQ findings in other countries, normative data for the German parent-rated form as well as a community-based evaluation of scale properties are summarised and complemented by results obtained in a number of clinical samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent ratings were collected for a community-based sample of 930 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 16 years, in which both genders and all age levels were equally represented. Statistical evaluation of psychometric properties included a factor analysis verifying the proposed scale structure, assessment of scale homogeneities, and determination of age, gender and social class effects. Based on the distributions of SDQ scores observed in this normative sample, recommended bandings identifying normal, borderline, and clinical ranges were defined for each scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exact replication of the original scale structure, satisfactory internal reliabilities, and observation of the expected associations with age and gender confirmed the equivalence of the German SDQ parent questionnaire with the English original. Differences between community-based results and clinical groups provided descriptive evidence of a dramatic impact of clinically defined psychiatric status on SDQ scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After evaluating parent ratings obtained in a community-based sample, the German SDQ was shown to possess favourable psychometric properties. Thus, the German translation of this popular and versatile instrument seems to be a similarly reliable and useful assessment tool as the original English questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Woerner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires