title: Use of the mini-mental state exam in middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia: cognitive impairment and its associations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined cognitive impairment with a commonly used cognitive screening tool (the Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE]) and its relationship to psychopathology, functional status, and other clinically relevant participant characteristics in 161 middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia and 86 normal-comparison participants (NCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed the MMSE and standardized rating scales of psychopathology and motor symptoms. Other aspects of daily functioning were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had worse mean MMSE scores than NCs; 23% of the patients, but no NCs, had MMSE totals </=24 (a commonly used cutoff score to define impairment). Examination of the individual cognitive domains assessed by the MMSE showed that schizophrenia patients had the greatest impairment on tasks of word recall and attention. Among the patients, impaired MMSE performance was associated with lower education, living in a structured setting, being unmarried, and more severe negative symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MMSE was useful in detecting functionally relevant cognitive deficits among middle-aged and older schizophrenia patients who scored in the impaired range; however, those patients in the unimpaired range may still have subtle cognitive deficits that were not detected with the MMSE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Barton W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Dilip V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014825:Vocabulary