title: VenUS I: a randomised controlled trial of two types of bandage for treating venous leg ulcers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of two different compression bandages for the healing of venous leg ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pragmatic, randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community, district nurse-led services; community leg ulcer clinics; hospital leg ulcer clinics with community outreach. A range of urban and rural settings in England and Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a venous leg ulcer of at least 1-week's duration, at least 1 cm in length or width and an ankle:brachial pressure index of at least 0.8.
  
  
  METHODS
  The four-layer bandage (4LB) (which is multilayer elastic compression) compared with the short-stretch bandage (SSB) (multilayer, inelastic compression).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary end-point was complete healing of all the ulcers on the trial leg. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of patients healed at 12 and 24 weeks, rate of recurrence, costs of leg ulcer treatment and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between April 1999 and December 2000 the trial recruited 387 people aged from 23 to 97 years at trial entry. The majority of patients in this trial (82%; 316/387) had a reference ulcer of area </=10 cm(2). To test the difference over time of Kaplan--Meier curves for the two bandage groups, the distribution of the cumulative times to healing of individuals in the two trial groups was compared using the log-rank test. The difference in the distribution of cumulative healing times between the individuals in the two groups was not statistically significant at the 5% level. Adjusting for the effects of variables which may influence healing (centre, baseline ulcer area, duration, episodes, ankle mobility, weight) in a Cox proportional hazards model, a statistically significant treatment effect in favour of the 4LB was identified. At any point in time, the probability of healing for individuals in the SSB treatment arm is significantly lower than that for people treated with the 4LB. Our base case economic analysis showed that the 4LB is the dominant strategy, that is, it is associated with a greater health benefit and lower costs than the SSB, although the differences are not statistically significant. This result is explained largely by the greater number of community nurse visits required by participants in the short-stretch arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4LB, which is currently the UK standard compression bandage for people with venous leg ulcers, was more clinically and cost-effective than the SSB. The bandage costs were less important than the costs of treatment visits, and patients in SSBs required more treatment overall. Generally, this trial supports the use of the 4LB in preference to the SSB. Recommendations for future research include: exploration of the relationship between bandager skill, application technique and ulcer healing; the relative cost-effectiveness of community leg ulcer clinics; and the study of nurse decision-making in venous ulcer management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cullum
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Torgerson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001458:Bandages / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology