title: AFM studies of the crystallization and habit modification of an excipient material, adipic acid.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the (1 0 0) face of crystalline adipic acid, both in air and liquid environments. In air, surface reorganization occurred during scanning of the AFM probe, which has been investigated using single point force-distance analysis under a controlled relative humidity (RH) environment. We suggest such reorganization can be attributed to the influence of a network of water molecules bound to the hydrophilic (1 0 0) surface permitting local AFM tip-enhanced dissolution and reorganization of the solute. In situ imaging was also carried out on the crystals, revealing etch-pit formation during dissolution, and rapid growth at higher levels of supersaturation (sigma), both of which are direct consequences of the hydrophilic nature of the (1 0 0) face. Also presented here are nanoscale observations of the effect of octanoic acid, a structurally-related habit modifier, on crystalline adipic acid. Using AFM, we have been able to show that the presence of octanoic acid at low concentration has little observable affect on the development of the (1 0 0) face; however, as this concentration is increased, there are clear changes in step morphology and growth mode on the (1 0 0) face of the crystal. At a concentration of 1.26 mmol dm(-3) (a concentration corresponding to a molar ratio of approximately 1:175 octanoic acid:adipic acid), growth on the (1 0 0) face is inhibited, with in situ AFM imaging indicating this is a direct consequence of octanoic acid binding to the surface, and pinning the monomolecular growth steps.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: S J B
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tendler
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000272:Adipates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D005079:Excipients / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D005079:Excipients; C029900:adipic acid