title: Dysphagia.
abstract: Dysphagia is a common complaint that always warrants investigation. The patient's history and preliminary testing can help differentiate between the two types of dysphagia: oropharyngeal or esophageal. Specific treatments for either of these types of dysphagia depend on the underlying etiology. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is often associated with a neuromuscular disorder and is treated with swallowing rehabilitation. Esophageal dysphagia is usually due to an anatomic defect or a motility disorder. Anatomic defects can often be corrected with endoscopic or surgical procedures. Motility disorders often benefit from pharmacologic treatment. Achalasia may be corrected with an endoscopic procedure with pneumatic dilation or, more recently, with injection of botulinum toxin.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. E-mail: devault@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Dawn D. F.
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Kenneth R.
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: DeVault