title: Retinotopy with coordinates of lateral occipital cortex in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lateral occipital cortex in humans is known as the "extrastriate visual cortex." It is, however, an unexplored field of research, and the anatomical nomenclature for its surface has still not been standardized. This study was designed to investigate whether the lateral occipital cortex in humans has retinotopic representation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four right-handed patients with a diagnosis of intractable epilepsy from space-occupying lesions in the occipital lobe or epilepsy originating in the occipital lobe received permanently implanted subdural electrodes. Electrical cortical stimulation was applied directly applied to the brain through metal electrodes by using a biphasic stimulator. The location of each electrode was measured on a lateral skull x-ray study. Each patient considered a whiteboard with vertical and horizontal median lines. The patient was asked to look at the midpoint on the whiteboard. If a visual hallucination or illusion occurred, the patient recorded its outline, shape, color, location, and motion on white paper one tenth the size of, and with vertical and horizontal median lines similar to those on, the whiteboard. Polar angles and eccentricities of the midpoints of the phosphenes from the coordinate origin were measured on the paper. On stimulation of the lateral occipital lobe, 44 phosphenes occurred. All phosphenes were circular or dotted, with a diameter of approximately 1 cm, except one that was like a curtain in the peripheral end of the upper and lower visual fields on stimulation of the parietooccipital region. All phosphenes appeared in the visual field contralateral to the cerebral hemisphere stimulated. On stimulation of the lateral occipital lobe, 22 phosphenes moved centrifugally or toward a horizontal line. From three-dimensional scatterplots and contour maps of the polar angles and eccentricities in relation to the x-ray coordinates of the electrodes, one can infer that the lateral occipital cortex in humans has retinotopic representation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that phosphenes induced by electrical cortical stimulation of the lateral occipital cortex represent retinotopy. From these results one can assert that visual field representation with retinotopic relation exists in the extrastriate visual cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan. kaido@nmu-gw.naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaido
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoshida
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taoka
authors.forename: Toshisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010719:Phosphenes; D011859:Radiography; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014794:Visual Fields; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology