title: Treatment of mechanically-induced vasospasm of the carotid artery in a primate using intra-arterial verapamil: a technical case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite improvements in the safety and efficacy of endovascular procedures, considerable morbidity may still be attributed to vasospasm. Vasospasm has proven amenable to pharmacological intervention such as nitrates, intravenous calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and intra-arterial papaverine, particularly in small vessels. However, few studies have focused on medium to large vessel spasm. Here we report the use of an intra-arterial CCB, verapamil, to treat flow-limiting mechanically-induced spasm of the common carotid artery (CCA) in a primate. We believe this to be the first such report of its kind.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a study assessing the placement feasibility and safety of a catheter capable of delivering intra-arterial cerebroprotective therapy, a female 16 kg baboon prophylaxed with intravenous nitroglycerin underwent transfemoral CCA catheterization with a metallic 6-Fr catheter without signs of acute spasm. The protocol dictated that the catheter remain in the CCA for 12 hours. Upon completion of the protocol, arteriography revealed a marked decrease in CCA size (mean cross-sectional area reduction = 31.6 +/- 1.9%) localized along the catheter length. Intra-arterial verapamil (2 mg/2cc) was injected and arteriography was performed 10 minutes later. Image analysis at 6 points along the CCA revealed a 21.0 +/- 1.7% mean increase in vessel diameter along the length of the catheter corresponding to a 46.7 +/- 4.0% mean increase in cross-sectional area. Mean systemic blood pressure did not deviate more than 10 mm Hg during the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraluminal CCBs like verapamil may constitute an effective endovascular treatment for mechanically-induced vasospasm in medium to large-sized vessels such as the CCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. coon@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Coon
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sander Connolly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D048530:Papio anubis; D011859:Radiography; D013035:Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014700:Verapamil