title: Violence, mental health, and physical symptoms in an academic internal medicine practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess how physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV), child abuse, and community violence relate to long-term mental and physical problems; to examine the overlap between different forms of violence and the impact of experiencing multiple forms of violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three general internal medicine practices affiliated with an academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-speaking women aged 25 to 60.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone or in-person interview and chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-four women completed interviews. A majority of participants experienced more than one form of violence. In separate multivariate analyses, each form of violence was associated with depressive symptoms or with at least 6 chronic physical symptoms, after adjustment for demographic factors and substance abuse. The degree of association with health outcomes was similar for each form of violence (odds ratio [OR], 2.4 to 3.9; P < .003). The association with chronic physical symptoms remained significant for IPV (OR, 3.3; P < .002) and community violence (OR, 3.4; P < .003), even after adjustment for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. There were dose-response relationships between the number of forms of violence experienced and the odds of depressive symptoms and the odds of multiple chronic physical symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple types of victimizations may contribute to patients' current mental health and physical problems. Research or clinical protocols that only focus on one form of violence may underestimate the complexity of women's experiences and needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon, USA. nicolaid@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicolaidis
authors.forename: MaryAnn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Bentson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerrity
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology*