title: Infection-dependent phenotypes in MHC-congenic mice are not due to MHC: can we trust congenic animals?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenic strains of mice are assumed to differ only at a single gene or region of the genome. These mice have great importance in evaluating the function of genes. However, their utility depends on the maintenance of this true congenic nature. Although, accumulating evidence suggests that congenic strains suffer genetic divergence that could compromise interpretation of experimental results, this problem is usually ignored. During coinfection studies with Salmonella typhimurium and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-congenic mice, we conducted the proper F2 controls and discovered significant differences between these F2 animals and MHC-genotype-matched P0 and F1 animals in weight gain and pathogen load. To systematically evaluate the apparent non-MHC differences in these mice, we infected all three generations (P0, F1 and F2) for 5 MHC genotypes (b/b, b/q and q/q as well as d/d, d/q, and q/q) with Salmonella and TMEV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infected P0 MHC q/q congenic homozygotes lost significantly more weight (p = 0.02) and had significantly higher Salmonella (p < 0.01) and TMEV (p = 0.02) titers than the infected F2 q/q homozygotes. Neither weight nor pathogen load differences were present in sham-infected controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that these strains differ for genes other than those in the MHC congenic region. The most likely explanation is that deleterious recessive mutations affecting response to infection have accumulated in the more than 40 years that this B10.Q-H-2q MHC-congenic strain has been separated from its B10-H-2b parental strain. During typical experiments with congenic strains, the phenotypes of these accumulated mutations will be falsely ascribed to the congenic gene(s). This problem likely affects any strains separated for appreciable time and while usually ignored, can be avoided with the use of F2 segregants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. mcclella@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Damjanovich
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Zack J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Groesbeck
authors.forename: Maggie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nibley
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Wayne K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Potts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006183:H-2 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020297:Mice, Congenic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017945:Theilovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D006183:H-2 Antigens