title: Psychogenic status epilepticus in children.
abstract: Epilepsy features, psychiatric profile, psychosocial factors, and outcome are described for six children (three males) aged 5-15 years (mean 12.1) with psychogenic status epilepticus (PSE), i.e., prolonged or repetitive psychogenic seizures (PSs), >30 minutes, simulating status epilepticus. They had epilepsy, they were on chronic anticonvulsants (ACVs), and some had other neurological deficits. All received intravenous and/or rectal ACVs prior to suspicion of PSE. PSE was confirmed via video/EEG, demonstrating no epileptogenic activity during alleged seizures. Provocation and placebo therapy techniques were used in two. Psychiatric assessment identified comorbid disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosocial stressors were almost ubiquitous. Psychiatric intervention included psychotherapy, family therapy, and medical treatment in one patient. Outcome was monitored for an average of 3.6 years (3-5 years). PSE did not recur. PSs recurred in three. Psychiatric comorbidity improved in four, who accepted psychiatric intervention and whose epilepsy also improved. In conclusion, the occurrence of PSE in children and adolescents with epilepsy is stressed. Prompt diagnosis was often missed in the acute care setting, and this carries important implications for iatrogenic complications. PSE diagnosis resulted in identification and management of comorbid psychiatric disorders. This was probably important in reducing the predominating anxiety and affective disorders in most patients as well as PSE recurrence. Epilepsy severity and associated deficits were most likely important factors in determining outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pendeli Children's Hospital, 8 Hippocrates Street, 152 36 Palaia Pendeli, Athens, Greece. theon@otenet.gr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papavasiliou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vassilaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paraskevoulakos
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Kotsalis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bazigou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bardani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome