title: Airborne dispersal as a novel transmission route of coagulase-negative staphylococci: interaction between coagulase-negative staphylococci and rhinovirus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether rhinovirus infection leads to increased airborne dispersal of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective nonrandomized intervention trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve nasal Staphylococcus aureus-CoNS carriers among 685 students screened for S. aureus nasal carriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were studied for airborne dispersal of CoNS in a chamber under three conditions (street clothes, sterile gown with a mask, and sterile gown without a mask). After 2 days of pre-exposure measurements, volunteers were inoculated with a rhinovirus and observed for 14 days. Daily quantitative nasal and skin cultures for CoNS and nasal cultures for rhinovirus were performed. In addition, assessment of cold symptoms was performed daily, mucous samples were collected, and serum titers before and after rhinovirus inoculation were obtained. Sneezing, coughing, and talking events were recorded during chamber sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants had at least one nasal wash positive for rhinovirus and 10 developed a symptomatic cold. Postexposure, there was a twofold increase in airborne CoNS (P = .0004), peaking at day 12. CoNS dispersal was reduced by wearing a gown (57% reduction, P < .0001), but not a mask (P = .7). Nasal and skin CoNS colonization increased after rhinovirus infection (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe this is the first demonstration that a viral pathogen in the upper airways can increase airborne dispersal of CoNS in nasal S. aureus carriers. Gowns, gloves, and caps had a protective effect, whereas wearing a mask did not further reduce airborne spread.
authors.affiliation: Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 27157-1042, USA.
authors.forename: Werner E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassetti
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bassetti-Wyss
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reboussin
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gwaltney
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sherertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000391:Air Microbiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D003030:Coagulase / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003139:Common Cold / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000821:virology*; D009657:North Carolina; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000382:microbiology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D021521:Ribotyping; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D003030:Coagulase