title: Subcutaneous insulin therapy in the hospital setting: issues, concerns, and implementation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize issues and recommendations regarding subcutaneous insulin therapy in various clinical settings in the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inpatient insulin regimen must be tailored to the specific clinical circumstance of the individual patient. Because nutritional intake is not necessarily provided as discrete meals in the hospital, the insulin dose requirement can be subclassified into "basal" and "nutritional" needs. In addition, the insulin requirement is generally increased in the presence of acute illness and stress. Thus, components of the insulin requirement are divided into basal, nutritional, and correction insulin. When the physician writes insulin orders, the basal and nutritional components are written as programmed or scheduled insulin, and the correction-dose insulin is written as an algorithm to supplement the scheduled insulin. Total insulin requirements may vary widely. Practical guidelines and suggestions are presented for selection of appropriate insulins, the delivery route, and the logical apportionment to programmed and correction insulin doses for hospitalized patients who are eating or not eating. Moreover, the role of bedside blood glucose monitoring in the hospital setting is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strict glycemic management in hospitalized patients has been shown to improve outcomes. Development and implementation of specific strategies for insulin delivery and improved methods for blood glucose monitoring should help to achieve target blood glucose levels safely.
authors.affiliation: MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clement
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007297:Inpatients; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin