title: Three-field dissection or two-field dissection?--A proposal of new algorithm for lymphadenectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no systematic criteria for cervical lymphadenectomy in esophageal carcinoma. We provide a new algorithm for deciding whether to use three-field dissection or two-field dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight patients underwent curative esophagectomies with three-field lymph node dissections for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. We examined the outcomes and predictors for survival of these patients. Therefore, we devised a new decision tree for deciding whether to use three-field dissection or two-field dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall 5-year survival rate for the 98 patients was 41.3%. The number of positive nodes was the only significant predictor for survival in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The outcomes of patients with positive supraclavicular/internal jugular nodes were poor. On the other hand, positive cervical paraesophageal nodes do not worsen prognosis. We provided a new algorithm for selecting procedure of lymphadenectomy based on the presence of lymph node metastases. This algorithm is decided by the number of positive nodes, the presence of cervical node metastasis and recurrent nerve node metastasis. According to this decision tree, there were a few patients who needed absolutely three-field dissections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new algorithm may be helpful for deciding three-field dissection or two-field dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan. makihisa@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabira
authors.forename: Toshitada
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuhara
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teshima
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawasuji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004210:Dissection; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013909:Thorax