title: Effect on visual outcome after macular hole surgery when staining the internal limiting membrane with indocyanine green dye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect on the visual outcome after macular hole surgery when staining the internal limiting membrane (ILM) with indocyanine green (ICG) dye and to study the mechanism of the adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 40 eyes of 38 patients with an idiopathic macular hole (size, <0.5 disc diameter; duration, <12 months). The concentration, exposure time, and amount of the ICG solution that was minimally required to make the ILM visible were determined. The patients were randomly divided into group 1 (20 eyes of 19 patients) who underwent ILM peeling without ICG staining, and group 2 (20 eyes of 19 patients) who underwent ILM peeling with ICG staining. Routine examinations were conducted during the 12-month follow-up period. Multifocal electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography were performed on 31 eyes of 30 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The macular hole was closed in all patients. Visual acuity was improved in both groups, but it was significantly better in group 1 (median, 0.85) than in group 2 (median, 0.60; P =.02) after 12 months. The improvement of visual acuity in group 1 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] units [SD], 0.82 [0.19]) was significantly better than that in group 2 (logMAR units, 0.67 [0.21]; P =.30). The multifocal electroretinogram and optical coherence tomographic findings were not significantly different in the 2 groups. Fluorescein angiogram showed only weak hyperfluorescence at the macula in some patients of both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that ICG staining should not be used as long as the visibility of the retinal surface is good. However, ICG staining may be acceptable at a low concentration when a clear view of the retinal surface is unattainable. The results of the multifocal electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography suggest that the differences in visual recovery were caused not only by pigment epithelial cell damage or retinal toxic effect but also probably by the effect of ICG staining on ganglion cells and their axons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horio
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
mesh_terms: D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green