Associations between visual and auditory hallucinations in children and adolescents, and tobacco use in adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
The cross-sectional association between tobacco use and psychotic features has been well established. If psychotic features precede tobacco use, then tobacco may be used to self-medicate psychotic symptoms. The aim was to assess if psychotic features in adolescents constitute a risk factor for later tobacco use.


METHODS
A random target sample of 2,600 children aged 4-16 years from the Dutch general population was followed up across a 14-year interval. At different ages (childhood, adolescence, young adulthood), information about visual and auditory hallucinations was obtained using standardized questionnaires for parents and subjects themselves. At outcome (ages 18-30), tobacco use was assessed.


RESULTS
Auditory hallucinations, but not visual hallucinations, in early and late adolescence, assessed via parents and adolescents themselves, predicted tobacco use in adulthood.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study confirmed that auditory psychotic features in adolescence are associated with tobacco use in adulthood. Tobacco may be used to self-medicate auditory, but not visual, hallucinations.
Ferdinand
Robert F
RF
Dept. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.f.ferdinand@erasmusmc.nl
van der Ende
Jan
J
Verhulst
Frank C
FC
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*