title: Verrucous carcinoma of the bladder with koilocytosis unassociated with vesical schistosomiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verrucous carcinoma of the bladder is a very rare malignant neoplasm, histologically similar to condyloma acuminatum. Usually it shows association with vesical schistosomiasis (bilharziasis). Only 13 cases unrelated to bilharziasis have been reported to date, and none of them reported koilocytosis, a typical finding in human papillomavirus infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of verrucous carcinoma of the bladder that was unrelated to bilharziasis, with koilocytosis and absence of human papillomavirus. The literature relating to the topic is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Ana Paula Garcia
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Lucíla Heloísa
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Simardi
authors.forename: Marcos Tobias
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018289:Carcinoma, Verrucous / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*