title: The use and safety of transoesophageal echocardiography in the general ICU -- a minireview.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been evaluated predominantly in medical and cardiac surgical ICUs. This article reviews the pertinent literature and evaluates the impact of TEE in a general surgical ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty studies on TEE in the ICU were evaluated for complications, indications, diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical impact on patient management. Diagnostic impact was defined as identification of the underlying cardiovascular pathology, therapeutic impact as changes in patient management and surgical impact as indication for operative procedures. In addition, we reviewed the TEE reports and patient charts of 216 critically ill patients in a 16-bed multidisciplinary surgical ICU at our university hospital, who underwent a TEE for differential diagnosis of hemodynamic instability from July 1995 to December 1998 to assess the impact of TEE on patient management in a general surgical ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical impact in a total of 2,508 patients ranged from 44 to 99% (weighted mean 67.2%), 10-69% (36.0%), and 2-29% (14.1%), respectively. The complication rate was 2.6%, with no examination related mortality. In our series in a general surgical ICU, a diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical impact was inferred in 191 (88.4%), 148 (68.5%) and 12 (5.6%) patients, respectively. Adverse effects were observed in 5.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEE is safe, well-tolerated and useful in the management of critically ill patients. This applies as well for hemodynamically unstable patients in a general surgical ICU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany. Egbert.Huettemann@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hüttemann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schelenz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chatzinikolaou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reinhart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged