title: Increasing in vitro resistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Cambodian isolates: April 2000 to March 2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryptococcal meningitis is the third-most-common opportunistic infection in HIV patients in Cambodia. Hospitalized patients were given amphotericin B for initial therapy followed by fluconazole for maintenance therapy. The antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolates of C. neoformans were collected during active laboratory-based surveillance, the first batch from April 2000 to March 2001 (134 new cases), the second batch from April 2001 to March 2002 (268 new cases). Etest strips were used to determine the MICs of amphotericin B and fluconazole. The antigenic agglutination slide test was used for serotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIC(50)s and MIC(90)s of fluconazole changed significantly from year 2000 to 2002; the MIC(50)s increased from 4 to 12 mg/L, and the MIC(90)s from 12 to 96 mg/L. For amphotericin B, the MIC(50)s and MIC(90)s remained stable. Moreover, in the second batch, fluconazole MICs were >/=256 mg/L for 20 isolates. By serotyping, it was found that 98.5% of the isolates were serotype A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. neoformans strains isolated from CSF of AIDS patients in Cambodia remain susceptible in vitro to amphotericin B. These strains are less susceptible in vitro to fluconazole, 2.5% being resistant in the first year and 14% in the second year of study. Nevertheless, in vitro resistance of C. neoformans to fluconazole appeared to be linked to extended maintenance treatments.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Unit of Clinical Testing, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, BP 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. sborann@pasteur-kh.org
authors.forename: Borann
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sar
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monchy
authors.forename: Mich
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vann
authors.forename: Chantary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keo
authors.forename: Jean Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sarthou
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Buisson
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011786:Quality Control; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole