title: In utero effects of chemicals on reproductive tissues in females.
abstract: Chemicals found in the environment as industrial byproducts or pollutants as well as those that are prescribed or part of our daily lives can have multiple effects on the human body. The manner in which we are exposed, and the levels we are exposed to are significant contributing factors. Adults have the bodily defense mechanisms in place to combat exposures to adverse toxicants and general pollution at a variety of levels. However, developing organisms may not have adequate defense mechanisms, and toxicants can have a significant effect on their health and development. In this review, we take particular note of the toxicities of chemicals on the developing female reproductive system as a result of in utero exposure. Environmental and prescribed chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diethylstilbestrol, and genistein, as well as others, will be reviewed for their in utero toxicity in the neuroendocrine system, the ovary, oviduct, placenta, uterus, vagina, cervix, and mammary gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, and Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borgeest
authors.forename: Chuck
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greenfeld
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomic
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flaws
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000151:congenital*; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants