title: Relationships between milk urea and production, nutrition, and fertility traits in Israeli dairy herds.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to identify and evaluate production and environmental factors that influence milk urea (MU) in Israeli dairy herds, to analyze the relationships between MU concentration and nutritional variables, and to examine a possible association between MU and pregnancy rate (PR). Production and environmental data were obtained from the Israeli Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) Center (n = 1,279,600). Programmed total mixed rations (feeds and quantities) on milk-test day were collected from 42 dairy herds. Data on 36,073 cows that were inseminated close to milk-test day and pregnancy diagnosis results were obtained from the DHI data bank. Highly significant positive relationships were found between MU concentration and milk yield and fat percentage; relationships between MU and milk total protein percentage and somatic cell count were negative. Milk urea levels were higher during the summer months and were higher for adult cows. These levels increased as lactation progressed. Milk urea was positively associated with dietary levels of crude protein, ruminal digestible protein, and neutral detergent fiber contents; it was negatively associated with ration energy and nonstructural carbohydrate contents. Significant influences of specific feeds on MU were detected. A significant negative association was found between MU level and PR. Least squares means for PR for cows in the lowest and highest MU quartiles were 38.4 and 36.1%, respectively. Increasing levels of MU were negatively related to reproductive performance of dairy cows, but the risk of nonpregnancy caused by high levels of MU was lower than reported in previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Dairy Cattle Department-Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bet Dagan 50150 Israel. danhoj@shaham.moag.gov.il
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hojman
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gips
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanochi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ezra
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002452:Cell Count; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D007557:Israel; D007774:Lactation; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008055:Lipids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014508:Urea