title: Comparison of nitinol tipless stone baskets in an in vitro caliceal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tipless stone baskets facilitate caliceal calculi extraction during flexible ureteroscopy. We evaluated the stone capture rate of 9 commercially available tipless stone baskets in an in vitro model using novice and expert operators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Microvasive Zerotip (2.4Fr, 3.0Fr), Cook N-Circle (2.2Fr, 3.0Fr, 3.2Fr), Bard Dimension (3.0Fr, Sacred Heart Medical Halo (1.9Fr), Vantage (1.9Fr) and Circon-ACMI Sur-Catch-NT (3.0Fr) were tested by 3 novice and 3 experienced basket operators. Each operator performed stone extraction of 2, 5 and 8 mm calculi (size determined by digital caliper with 3 repetitions of each basket. The time to extraction of the calculus from a convex based test tube caliceal model was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Fisher's pairwise comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a learning curve of 27 basket retrievals, there was no significant difference in stone capture times between novice (38 +/- 54 seconds) and expert operators (32 +/- 49 seconds, p = 0.174). For total stone capture (all sizes) the Sacred Heart Halo resulted in the most rapid stone extraction (17 +/- 14 seconds) by novices and experts, while the Sur-Catch NT resulted in the slowest stone extraction (78 +/- 90, seconds, p = 0.001). The Halo (14 +/- 9 seconds) and Vantage (19 +/- 12 seconds) baskets were significantly faster for 2 mm calculi than the N-Circle (73 +/- 60 seconds, p = 0.006), Sur-Catch (169 +/- 85 seconds, p = 0.0005) and Dimension (73 +/- 70 seconds, p = 0.017). The Zerotip functioned well for 2 mm calculi in the hands of expert operators (15 +/- 9 seconds) but not novice operators (94 +/- 95 seconds). The Sur-Catch NT was significantly slower for 2 mm calculi than the N-Circle (p = 0.01), Dimension (p =.03), Halo (p =.0005), Vantage (p =.001) and Zerotip (p =.002). For 5 mm calculi the Halo was superior (12 +/- 8 seconds), while the Zerotip were superior for 8 mm calculi (8 +/- 3 seconds) compared to the N-Circle (23 +/- 28 seconds, p = 0.026), Halo (26 +/- 18 seconds, p = 0.021) and Vantage (23 +/- 15 seconds, p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Sacred Heart Halo and Vantage baskets resulted in the most expeditious stone extraction, especially for 2 to 5 mm calculi while the Microvasive Zerotip was optimal for 8 mm calculi. The Sur-Catch NT had the slowest stone capture rate for all stone sizes. Caliceal models of stone basketing may be useful to train novice urology residents and nursing assistants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lukasewycz
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skenazy
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuskowski
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hendlin
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D007670:Kidney Calices; D018666:Ureteroscopy
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C013616:nitinol