Effect of NADPH oxidase inhibition on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced lung injury.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes acute lung injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) from NADPH oxidase may contribute to this injury. To determine the role of NADPH oxidase, we pretreated pigs with structurally dissimilar NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Low-dose apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone; 200 mg/kg, n = 6), high-dose apocynin (400 mg/kg, n = 6), or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI; 8 mg/kg) was compared with diluent (n = 8). An additional group was treated with indomethacin (10 mg/kg, n = 3). CPB was performed for 2 h with deflated lungs, complete pulmonary artery occlusion, and bronchial artery ligation to maximize lung injury. Parameters of pulmonary function were evaluated for 25 min following CPB. Blood chemiluminescence indicated neutrophil ROS production. Electron paramagnetic resonance determined the effect of apocynin and DPI on in vitro pulmonary endothelial ROS production following hypoxia-reoxygenation. Both apocynin and DPI attenuated blood chemiluminescence and post-CPB hypoxemia. At 25 min post-CPB with Fi(O(2)) = 1, arterial Po(2) (Pa(o(2))) averaged 52 +/- 5, 162 +/- 54, 335 +/- 88, and 329 +/- 119 mmHg in control, low-dose apocynin, high-dose apocynin, and DPI-treated groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Indomethacin had no effect. Pa(O(2)) correlated with blood chemiluminescence measured after drug administration before CPB (R = -0.60, P < 0.005). Neither apocynin nor DPI prevented the increased tracheal pressure, plasma cytokine concentrations (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6), extravascular lung water, and pulmonary vascular protein permeability observed in control pigs. NADPH oxidase inhibition, but not xanthine oxidase inhibition, significantly blocked endothelial ROS generation following hypoxia-reoxygenation (P < 0.05). NADPH oxidase-derived ROS contribute to the severe hypoxemia but not to the increased cytokine generation and pulmonary vascular protein permeability, which occur following CPB.
Dodd-o
Jeffrey M
JM
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287-9106, USA. jdoddo@jhmi.edu
Welsh
Laura E
LE
Salazar
Jorge D
JD
Walinsky
Peter L
PL
Peck
Eric A
EA
Shake
Jay G
JG
Caparrelli
David J
DJ
Ziegelstein
Roy C
RC
Zweier
Jay L
JL
Baumgartner
William A
WA
Pearse
David B
DB
D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006400:Hematocrit; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D011312:Pressure; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014132:Trachea / Q000503:physiopathology
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D010100:Oxygen