Inactivation of caliciviruses.
The viruses most commonly associated with food- and waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis are the noroviruses. The lack of a culture method for noroviruses warrants the use of cultivable model viruses to gain more insight on their transmission routes and inactivation methods. We studied the inactivation of the reported enteric canine calicivirus no. 48 (CaCV) and the respiratory feline calicivirus F9 (FeCV) and correlated inactivation to reduction in PCR units of FeCV, CaCV, and a norovirus. Inactivation of suspended viruses was temperature and time dependent in the range from 0 to 100 degrees C. UV-B radiation from 0 to 150 mJ/cm(2) caused dose-dependent inactivation, with a 3 D (D = 1 log(10)) reduction in infectivity at 34 mJ/cm(2) for both viruses. Inactivation by 70% ethanol was inefficient, with only 3 D reduction after 30 min. Sodium hypochlorite solutions were only effective at >300 ppm. FeCV showed a higher stability at pH <3 and pH >7 than CaCV. For all treatments, detection of viral RNA underestimated the reduction in viral infectivity. Norovirus was never more sensitive than the animal caliciviruses and profoundly more resistant to low and high pH. Overall, both animal viruses showed similar inactivation profiles when exposed to heat or UV-B radiation or when incubated in ethanol or hypochlorite. The low stability of CaCV at low pH suggests that this is not a typical enteric (calici-) virus. The incomplete inactivation by ethanol and the high hypochlorite concentration needed for sufficient virus inactivation point to a concern for decontamination of fomites and surfaces contaminated with noroviruses and virus-safe water.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Erwin.Duizer@rivm.nl
Erwin
E
Duizer
Paul
P
Bijkerk
Barry
B
Rockx
Astrid
A
De Groot
Fleur
F
Twisk
Marion
M
Koopmans
D000818:Animals; D002139:Caliciviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D012367:RNA, Viral; D000431:Ethanol; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite