Soyasaponin I and sapongenol B have limited absorption by Caco-2 intestinal cells and limited bioavailability in women.
A human study was conducted to evaluate soyasaponin bioavailability in humans. Eight healthy women ingested a single dose of concentrated soy extract containing 434 micromol of group B soyasaponins, the predominant form of soyasaponins in soybeans. Neither soyasaponins nor their metabolites were detected in a 24-h urine collection. Soyasapogenol B, a major metabolite of group B soyasaponins, was found (36.3 +/- 10.2 micromol) in a 5-d fecal collection but no group B soyasaponins were detected. A human colon cancer Caco-2 cell model was used to evaluate the absorbability of soyasaponins at the mucosal level. The mucosal transfers of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were 0.5-2.9 and 0.2-0.8%, respectively, after 4-h incubation on the Caco-2 monolayer. The apical to basolateral absorptions of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were low with P(app) of 0.9 to 3.6 x 10(-6) and 0.3 to 0.6 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The transport rate and cell uptake of soyasaponin I were saturable and concentration-independent. In contrast, soyasapogenol B was taken up by Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Soyasaponin I had no apparent cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 3 mmol/L, whereas soyasapogenol B at 1 mmol/L or more significantly reduced cell viability. Therefore, ingested soyasaponins have low absorbability in human intestinal cells and seem to be metabolized to soyasapogenol B by human intestinal microorganisms in vivo and excreted in the feces.
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Jiang
J
Hu
Manju B
MB
Reddy
Suzanne
S
Hendrich
Patricia A
PA
Murphy
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012503:Saponins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
D012503:Saponins; C407096:soyasapogenol B; C056684:soyasaponin I; D009828:Oleanolic Acid