Estrogen content of dairy and swine wastes.
Naturally occurring estrogens in animal wastes may cause negative environmental impacts, yet their abundance in animal waste treatment and storage structures is poorly documented. To better quantify estrogen concentrations in animal wastes, multiple waste samples were collected from treatment and storage structures at dairy and swine facilities and analyzed for concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17alpha-estradiol by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (E2 only). Mass ratios of each estrogen to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also determined. Because manure application rates are typically macronutrient-based, estrogen to macronutrient ratios are proportional to areal mass application rates of estrogen to fields. Swine farrowing waste (from farrowing sows and piglets) had the highest ratios of E2 to macronutrients. Mean ratios in swine farrowing waste were roughly twice those in swine finishing waste (from growing male and nonpregnant female animals) and more than four times higher than those in dairy waste (from lactating cows in various stages of their reproductive cycles); these differences were statistically significant (alpha = 0.05). Estrone followed a similar trend. In contrast, ratios of 17alpha-estradiol to macronutrients were highest in dairy operations. These results can be used to better predict estrogen loading rates on fields receiving swine and dairy wastes.
Raman
D Raj
DR
Biosystems Engineering & Environmental Science Department, The University of Tennessee, 2506 E. J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4531, USA. draman@utk.edu
Williams
Elizabeth L
EL
Layton
Alice C
AC
Burns
Robert T
RT
Easter
James P
JP
Daugherty
Adam S
AS
Mullen
Michael D
MD
Sayler
Gary S
GS
D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis*; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D034421:Sus scrofa
D008372:Manure; D010758:Phosphorus; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol; D009584:Nitrogen; D011188:Potassium