Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy in colon carcinoma: 10-year results of NSABP protocol C-01.
BACKGROUND
The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-01 trial reported in 1988 that, for patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, compared with surgery alone, 1) postoperative chemotherapy with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-trans-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (i.e., MeCCNU or semustine), vincristine, and 5-fluorouracil was associated with better 5-year disease-free and overall survival and 2) postoperative immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin was associated with better 5-year overall, but not disease-free, survival. We now provide a 10-year update of this trial.


METHODS
Between November 11, 1977, and February 28, 1983, 1166 patients with resected Dukes' stage B and C adenocarcinoma of the colon were stratified by Dukes' stage, sex, and age (<65 years or > or =65 years) and then randomly assigned to receive no further treatment (surgery alone; 394 patients), adjuvant chemotherapy (379 patients), or adjuvant immunotherapy (393 patients). Those eligible for follow-up included 375 (95.2%) patients in the surgery-alone group, 349 (92.1%) patients in the adjuvant-chemotherapy group, and 372 (94.7%) patients in the adjuvant-immunotherapy group. All statistical tests were two-sided.


RESULTS
No difference was observed between patients in the chemotherapy group and those in the surgery-alone group in 10-year disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94 to 1.39;P =.17) or overall survival (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.38; P=.27). Immunotherapy did not appear to prevent tumor relapse after 10 years (for surgery alone versus immunotherapy, relative risk [RR] = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.25; P =.93) but had a beneficial effect on 10-year overall survival (for surgery alone versus immunotherapy, RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.56; P =.02) that apparently results from a reduction in deaths associated with comorbidities in the immunotherapy group.


CONCLUSIONS
The disease-free and overall survival benefit associated with chemotherapy in this patient population is of limited duration, disappearing after 10 years.
Smith
Roy E
RE
NSABP Operations Center, Pittsburgh, PA (RES, NM); NSABP Biostatistical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5234, USA.
Colangelo
Linda
L
Wieand
H Samuel
HS
Begovic
Mirsada
M
Wolmark
Norman
N
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012673:Semustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
D012673:Semustine; D014750:Vincristine; D005472:Fluorouracil