The response regulator 2 mediates ethylene signalling and hormone signal integration in Arabidopsis.
Hormones are important regulators of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, perception of the phytohormones ethylene and cytokinin is accomplished by a family of sensor histidine kinases including ethylene-resistant (ETR) 1 and cytokinin-response (CRE) 1. We identified the Arabidopsis response regulator 2 (ARR2) as a signalling component functioning downstream of ETR1 in ethylene signal transduction. Analyses of loss-of-function and ARR2-overexpressing lines as well as functional assays in protoplasts indicate an important role of ARR2 in mediating ethylene responses. Additional investigations indicate that an ETR1-initiated phosphorelay regulates the transcription factor activity of ARR2. This mechanism may create a novel signal transfer from endoplasmic reticulum-associated ETR1 to the nucleus for the regulation of ethylene-response genes. Furthermore, global expression profiling revealed a complex ARR2-involving two-component network that interferes with a multitude of different signalling pathways and thereby contributes to the highly integrated signal processing machinery in higher plants.
Hass
Claudia
C
Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
Lohrmann
Jens
J
Albrecht
Verónica
V
Sweere
Uta
U
Hummel
Florian
F
Yoo
Sang Dong
SD
Hwang
Ildoo
I
Zhu
Tong
T
Schäfer
Eberhard
E
Kudla
Jörg
J
Harter
Klaus
K
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
C117139:ARR2 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003583:Cytokinins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C036216:ethylene