Comparative chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters.
BACKGROUND
The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized.


METHODS
Purified lipopolysaccharides from four gastric Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter mustelae) and four enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and Helicobacter pullorum) were structurally characterized using electrophoretic, serological and chemical methods.


RESULTS
Structural insights into all three moieties of the lipopolysaccharides, i.e. lipid A, core and O-polysaccharide chains, were gained. All species expressed lipopolysaccharides bearing an O-polysaccharide chain, but H. mustelae and H. hepaticus produced truncated semirough lipopolysaccharides. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharides of H. pylori and H. mustelae, no blood group mimicry was detected in the other Helicobacter spp. examined. Intra-species, but not interspecies, fatty acid profiles of lipopolysaccharides were identical within the genus. Although shared lipopolysaccharide-core epitopes with H. pylori occurred, differing structural characteristics were noted in this lipopolysaccharide region of some Helicobacter spp. The lipopolysaccharides of the gastric helicobacters, H. bizzozeronii and H. mustelae, had relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activities which clustered around that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide, whereas H. bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and H. hepaticus formed a cluster with approximately 1000-10,000-fold lower activities. H. pullorum lipopolysaccharide had the highest relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activity of all the helicobacter lipopolysaccharides (10-fold higher than that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide), and all the lipopolysaccharides of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. were capable of inducing nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-kappaB) activation.


CONCLUSIONS
The collective results demonstrate the structural heterogeneity and pathogenic potential of lipopolysaccharides of the Helicobacter genus as a group and these differences in lipopolysaccharides may be indicative of adaptation of the bacteria to different ecological niches.
Hynes
Sean O
SO
Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway.
Ferris
John A
JA
Szponar
Bogumila
B
Wadström
Torkel
T
Fox
James G
JG
O'Rourke
Jani
J
Larsson
Lennart
L
Yaquian
Elisa
E
Ljungh
Asa
A
Clyne
Marguerite
M
Andersen
Leif P
LP
Moran
Anthony P
AP
D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008033:Limulus Test; D008050:Lipid A / Q000737:chemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry
D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004731:Endotoxins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008050:Lipid A; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial