Headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue among adolescent girls in the United States: associations with behavioral, sociodemographic, and environmental factors.
BACKGROUND
Data on the prevalence and co-occurrence of multiple somatic symptoms among US adolescent females as they are influenced by sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors is limited.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the health status of adolescent US females measured by the prevalence, frequency, and co-occurrence of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue and to investigate associations between selected risk and protective factors.


METHODS
School-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of adolescents in the 6th through 10th grades in the US. Data collected between 1997 and 1998.


METHODS
Prevalence of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue.


RESULTS
Among US adolescent girls, 29.1% experience headaches, 20.7% report stomachaches, 23.6% experience back pain, and 30.6% report morning fatigue at the rate of more than once a week. Co-occurrence of somatic complaints is common. Among girls who experienced headaches more than once a week, 3.2 million (53.3%) also reported stomach pain more than once a week and 4.1 million (74.3%) reported morning fatigue more than once a week. Heavy alcohol use, high caffeine intake, and smoking cigarettes every day were strongly associated with all symptoms, while parent and teacher support served as protective factors.


CONCLUSIONS
Somatic complaints of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue are common among US adolescent girls and co-occur often. Effective clinical treatment of this population requires comprehensive assessment of all female adolescents presenting with seemingly isolated somatic complaints.
Office of Women's Health, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD 20857, USA. Rghandour@hrsa.gov
Reem M
RM
Ghandour
Mary D
MD
Overpeck
Zhihuan J
ZJ
Huang
Michael D
MD
Kogan
Peter C
PC
Scheidt
D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002110:Caffeine; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D013270:Stomach; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D002110:Caffeine