Comparison of driving simulator performance and neuropsychological testing in narcolepsy.
Daytime sleepiness and cataplexy can increase automobile accident rates in narcolepsy. Several countries have produced guidelines for issuing a driving license. The aim of the study was to compare driving simulator performance and neuropsychological test results in narcolepsy in order to evaluate their predictive value regarding driving ability. Thirteen patients with narcolepsy (age: 41.5+/-12.9 years) and 10 healthy control patients (age: 55.1+/-7.8 years) were investigated. By computer-assisted neuropsychological testing, vigilance, alertness and divided attention were assessed. In a driving simulator patients and controls had to drive on a highway for 60 min (mean speed of 100 km/h). Different weather and daytime conditions and obstacles were presented. Epworth Sleepiness Scale-Scores were significantly raised (narcolepsy patients: 16.7+/-5.1, controls: 6.6+/-3.6, P < or = 0.001). The accident rate of the control patients increased (3.2+/-1.8 versus 1.3+/-1.5, P < or = 0.01). Significant differences in concentration lapses (e.g. tracking errors and deviation from speed limit) could not be revealed (9.8+/-3.5 versus 7.1+/-3.2, pns). Follow-up investigation in five patients after an optimising therapy could demonstrate the decrease in accidents due to concentration lapses (P < or = 0.05). Neuropsychological testing (expressed as percentage compared to a standardised control population) revealed deficits in alertness (32.3+/-28.6). Mean percentage scores of divided attention (56.9+/-25.4) and vigilance (58.7+/-26.8) were in a normal range. There was, however, a high inter-individual difference. There was no correlation between driving performance and neuropsychological test results or ESS Score. Neuropsychological test results did not significantly change in the follow-up. The difficulties encountered by the narcolepsy patient in remaining alert may account for sleep-related motor vehicle accidents. Driving simulator investigations are closely related to real traffic situations than isolated neuropsychological tests. At the present time the driving simulator seems to be a useful instrument judging driving ability especially in cases with ambiguous neuropsychological results.
Kotterba
Sylvia
S
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Buerkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany. Sylvia.kotterba@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Mueller
Nicole
N
Leidag
Markus
M
Widdig
Walter
W
Rasche
Kurt
K
Malin
Jean-Pierre
JP
Schultze-Werninghaus
Gerhard
G
Orth
Maritta
M
D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D014851:Wakefulness