Application of solid-phase microextraction for determining phenylurea herbicides and their homologous anilines from vegetables.
Residues of metobromuron, monolinuron and linuron herbicides and their aniline homologous were analyzed in carrots, onions and potatoes by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) performed with a polyacrylate fiber. A juice was obtained from food samples that were further diluted, and an aliquot was extracted after sodium chloride (14%) addition and pH control. At pH 4 only the phenylureas were extracted. A new extraction at pH 11 allowed the extraction of phenylureas plus homologous aniline metabolites. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosporus detection (NPD) the identity of the determined compounds was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Limits of quantification (LOQs) obtained with NPD and MS (selected-ion monitoring) were in the microg/kg order allowing determination of maximum residue levels (MRLs) established in the Spanish regulations. MRLs ranged from 0.02 to 0.1 mg/kg depending on the kind of food and herbicide. Under the proposed conditions matrix effects were low enough to permit calibration with samples proceeding from ecological (non-pesticide treated) crops. Twelve commercial samples of each carrots, onions and potatoes were analyzed and only three samples of potatoes contained residues of linuron at levels below MRLs.
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Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents; D013030:Spain; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
D000814:Aniline Compounds; D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D012997:Solvents