The measurement of vitamin D: analytical aspects.
In the past quarter of a century, our understanding of the metabolism and mechanism of action of vitamin D has been elucidated. During this period, many metabolites of vitamin D have been identified and a small proportion of these assayed in blood. The ability to assay these vitamin D metabolites has led to a better appreciation of the pathological role that altered vitamin D metabolism plays in the development of diseases of calcium homeostasis. However, for many physicians it is not clear which vitamin D metabolites should be quantitated and what the information gained tells us. Of the four major circulating vitamin D metabolites in blood, only two, namely 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D], have warranted measurement. Of these, the need for assessing serum 1,25(OH)(2)D is actually quite limited and should therefore not be considered as part of the standard vitamin D testing regimen. 25OHD, on the other hand, provides us with the single best assessment of vitamin D nutritional status and should be the only vitamin D assay typically ordered for this reason. Which of the many methods that are available should a laboratory use for quantitating either of these vitamin D metabolites? Early methods required large volumes of blood, organic solvent extractions, and extensive purification of the vitamin D metabolites prior to assay. Today, these time-consuming and costly methods have given way to a range of radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that can accurately and conveniently provide important information concerning an individual's vitamin D status. This review will consider when vitamin D measurements should be undertaken and how best to perform such assays.
Zerwekh
Joseph E
JE
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8885, USA. Joseph.Zerwekh@utsouthwestern.edu
D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000032:analysis; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002117:Calcitriol