Non-Gaussian statistics and temporal variations of the ultrasound signal backscattered by blood at frequencies between 10 and 58 MHz.
Very little is known about the blood backscattering behavior and signal statistics following flow stoppage at frequencies higher than 10 MHz. Measurements of the radio frequency (rf) signals backscattered by normal human blood (hematocrit = 40%, temperature = 37 degrees C) were performed in a tube flow model at mean frequencies varying between 10 and 58 MHz. The range of increase of the backscattered power during red blood cell (RBC) rouleau formation was close to 15 dB at 10 and 36 MHz, and dropped, for the same blood samples, below 8 dB at 58 MHz. Increasing the frequency from 10 to 58 MHz raised the slope of the power changes at the beginning of the kinetics of aggregation, and could emphasize the non-Gaussian behavior of the rf signals interpreted in terms of the K and Nakagami statistical models. At 36 and 58 MHz, significant increases of the kurtosis coefficient, and significant reductions of the Nakagami parameter were noted during the first 30 s of flow stoppage. In conclusion, increasing the transducer frequency reduced the magnitude of the backscattered power changes attributed to the phenomenon of RBC aggregation, but improved the detection of rapid growth in aggregate sizes and non-Gaussian statistical behavior.
Cloutier
Guy
G
Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, Research Center, University of Montreal Hospital and Department of Radiology, University of Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada. guy.cloutier@umontreal.ca
Daronatand
Michel
M
Savéry
David
D
Garcia
Damien
D
Durand
Louis-Gilles
LG
Foster
F Stuart
FS
D000162:Acoustics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001769:Blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008954:Models, Biological; D011087:Polycythemia Vera / Q000097:blood; D011164:Porphyrias / Q000097:blood; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography