Gastrin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Barrett's carcinogenesis.
OBJECTIVE
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has been causally implicated in carcinogenesis. The evidence for increased COX-2 in the malignant progression of Barrett's esophagus is contradictory. We hypothesize that COX-2 expression may be causally affected by the gastrin status via the cholecystokinin 2 (CCK(2)) receptor.


METHODS
COX-2 and prostaglandin E(2) expression were evaluated by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immune assay in samples of squamous esophagus, Barrett's esophagus with varying degrees of dysplasia to adenocarcinoma, and normal duodenum. Differentiation status was evaluated by histopathology and villin expression. A longitudinal case-control study compared COX-2 in patients who progressed to adenocarcinoma with nonprogressors matched for age and length of follow-up. Messenger RNA levels of gastrin and CCK(2) receptor in biopsies and cell lines were evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR, and in vitro gastrin stimulation was conducted with and without inhibitors for CCK(2) (YM022) and COX-2 (NS-398). Cell proliferation was evaluated using minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (Mcm2) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays.


RESULTS
COX-2 expression is significantly increased in Barrett's esophagus before dysplasia development. Expression is highly variable within Barrett's dysplasia and adenocarcinoma samples independent of differentiation status. In a longitudinal case-control study, the expression levels within patients increased over time, regardless of the degree of malignant progression. Biopsies from nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus expressed increased gastrin mRNA levels compared with other biopsies. Gastrin significantly induced COX-2, prostaglandin E(2), and cell proliferation in biopsies and cell lines. Gastrin-induced proliferation can be inhibited by YM022 and NS-398.


CONCLUSIONS
COX-2 is up-regulated early in the Barrett's metaplasia sequence. During carcinogenesis, gastrin is a significant determinant of COX-2 activity levels via the CCK(2) receptor.
Abdalla
Salem I
SI
Cancer Cell Unit Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Lao-Sirieix
Pierre
P
Novelli
Marco R
MR
Lovat
Laurence B
LB
Sanderson
Ian R
IR
Fitzgerald
Rebecca C
RC
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005755:Gastrins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C087260:YM 022; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases