The classification of cortical dysplasias through molecular genetics.
Recent genetic insight into the mechanisms of human brain malformation have allowed one to consider a classification of these disorders by the genetic disruption. In this article an attempt is made to classify human cortical dysplasias by the known genetic disruptions or insults that lead to them. The discussion of malformation is within the context of the embryologic processes that have thought to have gone awry. Human disorders of segmentation, cell proliferation, telencephalic cleavage, differentiation, and neuronal migration are discussed. As this is a rapidly changing area, the reader is encouraged to check online databases for updates on the genetic insights that have been gained since the publication of this article.
Clark
Gary D
GD
Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neuroscience, Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, MC 3-6365, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA. gclark@bcm.tmc.edu
D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology