Epinephrine delivery during neonatal resuscitation: comparison of direct endotracheal tube vs catheter inserted into endotracheal tube administration.
OBJECTIVE
The optimal method for epinephrine administration during neonatal resuscitation is not known. We hypothesized that epinephrine will be delivered more efficiently when administered via a feeding catheter inserted into the endotracheal tube (C-ETT) vs when administered directly into the ETT (D-ETT). Our objectives were to (1) compare the delivery of epinephrine to the distal end of the ETT when administered via D-ETT vs C-ETT; (2) measure the retention of epinephrine within the ETT vs the feeding catheter used for the drug delivery; and (3) compare the delivery of the drug with and without an air flush after administration via C-ETT.


METHODS
All experiments were performed in vitro, simulating epinephrine administration during neonatal resuscitation, according to the standard guidelines. Radiolabeled epinephrine, diluted to 1 microCi/ml, was used and experiments were repeated at least 4 times. Epinephrine administration via D-ETT was followed by one manual breath via a self-inflating bag attached to the ETT. Epinephrine delivery via C-ETT was followed by 1 ml saline flush, and in some experiments, this was also followed by a 1 cm(3) air flush. Epinephrine delivery and retention were assessed by measuring the radioactive content of the effluent fluid and that of the ETT or of the feeding catheter used for drug delivery.


RESULTS
Significantly higher dosage of the drug was delivered when administered via D-ETT vs C-ETT, if air flush following C-ETT method was not used. However, with an air flush following the saline flush after the drug instillation, there was no difference in the amount of epinephrine delivered between the two methods. Retention in the ETT wall or the catheter was <7.5% of the administered dose with either method.


CONCLUSIONS
Without an air flush following C-ETT method of epinephrine delivery, higher dosage of the drug is delivered via D-ETT vs C-ETT method. An air flush following the saline flush during C-ETT method improves drug delivery. Given that the C-ETT method is more cumbersome and time consuming, and does not improve drug delivery, D-ETT administration should be the method of choice for epinephrine delivery during neonatal resuscitation.
Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
Virender K
VK
Rehan
Maricela
M
Garcia
Justin
J
Kao
Christina M
CM
Tucker
Satish M
SM
Patel
D002404:Catheterization; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D014316:Tritium
D014316:Tritium; D004837:Epinephrine