Analysis of protein phosphorylation by hypothesis-driven multiple-stage mass spectrometry.
We describe a strategy, which we term hypothesis-driven multiple-stage mass spectrometry (HMS-MS), for the sensitive detection and identification of phosphopeptides derived from enzymatic digests of phosphoproteins. In this strategy, we postulate that any or all of the potential sites of phosphorylation in a given protein may be phosphorylated. Using this assumption, we calculate the m/z values of all the corresponding singly charged phosphopeptide ions that could, in theory, be produced by the enzyme employed for proteolysis. We test ions at these m/z values for the presence of phosphoserine or phosphothreonine residues using tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) in a vacuum MALDI ion trap mass spectrometer, where the neutral loss of the elements of H(3)PO(4) (98 Da) provides a sensitive assay for the presence of phosphopeptides. Subsequent MS(3) analysis of the (M + H - 98)(+) peaks allows us to confirm or reject the hypotheses that the putative phosphopeptides are present in the sample. HMS-MS was successfully applied to the detection and identification of phosphopeptides from substrates of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) Cdc28, phosphorylated in vitro (Ipl1) and in vivo (Orc6), basing hypothesis formation on the minimal Cdk consensus phosphorylation motif Ser/Thr-Pro. The method was also used to find in vitro phosphopeptides from a domain of the Drosophila melanogaster protein PERIOD, hypothesizing possible phosphorylations of all Ser/Thr residues without assuming a consensus motif. Our results demonstrate that HMS-MS is a sensitive, highly specific tool for systematically surveying proteins for Ser/Thr phosphorylation, and represents a significant step toward our goal of comprehensive phosphorylation mapping.
Chang
Emmanuel J
EJ
Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
Archambault
Vincent
V
McLachlin
Derek T
DT
Krutchinsky
Andrew N
AN
Chait
Brian T
BT
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000032:analysis; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
D010748:Phosphopeptides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D010768:Phosphoserine