APOBEC3F properties and hypermutation preferences indicate activity against HIV-1 in vivo.
APOBEC3G (CEM15 ) deaminates cytosine to uracil in nascent retroviral cDNA. The potency of this cellular defense is evidenced by a dramatic reduction in viral infectivity and the occurrence of high frequencies of retroviral genomic-strand G --> A transition mutations. The overwhelming dinucleotide hypermutation preference of APOBEC3G acting upon a variety of model retroviral substrates is 5'-GG --> -AG. However, a distinct 5'-GA --> -AA bias, which is difficult to attribute to APOBEC3G alone, prevails in HIV-1 sequences derived from infected individuals (e.g., ). Here, we show that APOBEC3F is also a potent retroviral restrictor but that its activity, unlike that of APOBEC3G, is partially resistant to HIV-1 Vif and results in a clear 5'-GA --> -AA retroviral hypermutation preference. This bias is also apparent in a bacterial mutation assay, suggesting that it is an intrinsic APOBEC3F property. Moreover, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G appear to be coordinately expressed in a wide range of human tissues and are independently able to inhibit retroviral infection. Thus, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are likely to function alongside one another in the provision of an innate immune defense, with APOBEC3F functioning as the major contributor to HIV-1 hypermutation in vivo.
University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, 321 Church St. S.E., 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Mark T
MT
Liddament
William L
WL
Brown
April J
AJ
Schumacher
Reuben S
RS
Harris
D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D016341:Genes, vif / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; C492906:APOBEC3F protein, human; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase