Distinct patterns of KRAS mutations in colorectal carcinomas according to germline mismatch repair defects and hMLH1 methylation status.
In sporadic colorectal tumours the BRAFV600E is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and inversely associated to KRAS mutations. Tumours from hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) patients carrying germline mutations in hMSH2 or hMLH1 do not show BRAFV600E, however no consistent data exist regarding KRAS mutation frequency and spectrum in HNPCC tumours. We investigated KRAS in 158 HNPCC tumours from patients with germline hMLH1, hMSH2 or hMSH6 mutations, 166 MSI-H and 688 microsatellite stable (MSS) sporadic carcinomas. All tumours were characterized for MSI and 81 of 166 sporadic MSI-H colorectal cancer (CRCs) were analysed for hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation. KRAS mutations were observed in 40% of HNPCC tumours, and the mutation frequency varied upon the mismatch repair gene affected: 48% (29/61) in hMSH2, 32% (29/91) in hMLH1 and 83% (5/6) in hMSH6 (P = 0.01). KRAS mutation frequency was different between HNPCC, MSS and MSI-H CRCs (P = 0.002), and MSI-H with hMLH1 hypermethylation (P = 0.005). Furthermore, HNPCC CRCs had more G13D mutations than MSS (P < 0.0001), MSI-H (P = 0.02) or MSI-H tumours with hMLH1 hypermethylation (P = 0.03). HNPCC colorectal and sporadic MSI-H tumours without hMLH1 hypermethylation shared similar KRAS mutation frequency, in particular G13D. In conclusion, we show that depending on the genetic/epigenetic mechanism leading to MSI-H, the outcome in terms of oncogenic activation may be different, reinforcing the idea that HNPCC, sporadic MSI-H (depending on the hMLH1 status) and MSS CRCs, may target distinct kinases within the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway.
Oliveira
Carla
C
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, The University of Porto, IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Westra
Jantine L
JL
Arango
Diego
D
Ollikainen
Miina
M
Domingo
Enric
E
Ferreira
Ana
A
Velho
Sérgia
S
Niessen
Renee
R
Lagerstedt
Kristina
K
Alhopuro
Pia
P
Laiho
Paivi
P
Veiga
Isabel
I
Teixeira
Manuel R
MR
Ligtenberg
Marjolijn
M
Kleibeuker
Jan H
JH
Sijmons
Rolf H
RH
Plukker
John T
JT
Imai
Kohzoh
K
Lage
Pedro
P
Hamelin
Richard
R
Albuquerque
Cristina
C
Schwartz
Simo
S
Lindblom
Annika
A
Peltomaki
Päivi
P
Yamamoto
Hiroyuki
H
Aaltonen
Lauri A
LA
Seruca
Raquel
R
Hofstra
Robert M W
RM
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C094443:G-T mismatch-binding protein; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein