Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection.
BACKGROUND
The amount of dietary fat required for optimal bioavailability of carotenoids in plant matrices is not clearly defined.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to quantify the appearance of carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons after subjects ingested fresh vegetable salads with fat-free, reduced-fat, or full-fat salad dressings.


METHODS
The subjects (n = 7) each consumed 3 salads consisting of equivalent amounts of spinach, romaine lettuce, cherry tomatoes, and carrots with salad dressings containing 0, 6, or 28 g canola oil. The salads were consumed in random order separated by washout periods of > or =2 wk. Blood samples were collected hourly from 0 to 12 h. Chylomicrons were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and carotenoid absorption was analyzed by HPLC with coulometric array detection.


RESULTS
After ingestion of the salads with fat-free salad dressing, the appearance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene in chylomicrons was negligible. After ingestion of the salads with reduced-fat salad dressing, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons increased relative to that after ingestion of the salads with fat-free salad dressing (P < 0.04). Similarly, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons was higher after the ingestion of salads with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing (P < 0.02).


CONCLUSIONS
High-sensitivity HPLC with coulometric array detection enabled us to quantify the intestinal absorption of carotenoids ingested from a single vegetable salad. Essentially no absorption of carotenoids was observed when salads with fat-free salad dressing were consumed. A substantially greater absorption of carotenoids was observed when salads were consumed with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing.
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and the Center for Designing Foods to Improve Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1120, USA.
Melody J
MJ
Brown
Mario G
MG
Ferruzzi
Minhthy L
ML
Nguyen
Dale A
DA
Cooper
Alison L
AL
Eldridge
Steven J
SJ
Schwartz
Wendy S
WS
White
D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000187:drug effects; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D014675:Vegetables
D000975:Antioxidants; D002914:Chylomicrons; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D002338:Carotenoids