Comparative benefit of preemptively applied thiopental for propofol injection pain: the advantage over lidocaine.
Propofol is one of the most frequently applied intravenous anesthetics for the induction of general anesthesia. However, pain on injection of this agent is a considerable problem in daily anesthesia practice because of its severity. Administration of lidocaine prior to propofol injection is a standard technique for reducing the pain on injection. However, this method provides insufficient pain relief. To evaluate whether pretreatment with an ultra-short acting barbiturate, thiopental, is more effective than with lidocaine, a randomized and single-blinded trial was conducted. Patients (20-65 years old, n = 137) were allocated into six groups, and applied with physiological saline, thiopental (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg), or lidocaine (40 mg) at 30 second prior to propofol injection (1 mg/kg, 1200 ml/h). The patient was interviewed about the degree of pain just after propofol was totally injected. Both thiopental (> or =25 mg) and lidocaine decreased the severity of pain in comparison with physiological saline as evaluated by a six-graded pain score. Lidocaine failed to influence the incidence of pain (from 86% to 55%), although thiopental significantly decreased it to 40% (25 mg), 21% (50 mg), 12% (50 mg), and 0% (100 mg), respectively. Thiopental (> or =50 mg) decreased both the severity and incidence of pain more effectively than lidocaine. A Hill plot analysis of these data, after rearrangement by patient's body weight, estimated that the half-effective dose (ED50) and the ED99 of this drug to block pain on injection of propofol were 0.6 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively.
Department of Anesthesia, Hiroshima Red Cross & Atomic Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan. azmacci@nifty.com
Toshiharu
T
Azma
Kazumi
K
Kawai
Hideki
H
Tamura
Kuniko
K
Okada
Motoichi
M
Okida
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008012:Lidocaine; D013874:Thiopental; D015742:Propofol