[Shammah-associated oral leukoplakia-like lesions].
METHODS
Shammah is a chewing tobacco, commonly used in Northern Africa. Leukoplakia-like lesions and oral cancer may be induced. In a 73-year-old male patient from Algeria leukoplakia-like lesions were observed in the anterior mandibular vestibulum and lower lip. The patient has been using shammah for 39 years. During the day three portions of shammah wrapped in a piece of paper tissue are prepared and rest in situ for 4-5 h. Due to its high alkalinity, shammah induces lesions resembling a burn.


RESULTS
Clinically, a white homogeneous lesion was seen in the vestibulum and mucosa of the lower lip. The white lesions could not be wiped off. Gingival recessions were seen in the lower front teeth. Root surfaces showed black-brown discoloration. A brush biopsy did not reveal epithelial atypia. The oral cavity showed signs of denture stomatitis and erythematous candidiasis. Microbiologically, Candida albicans was demonstrated.


CONCLUSIONS
Due to the possibility of oral cancer in association with this habit, leukoplakia-like lesions have to be followed up diligently. Since chewing tobacco is a rare habit in Germany, changes as observed in the present case report may only rarely be observed. Due to migration it seems likely that in the future oral habits may be observed which are atypical for Western Europe. This phenomenon has also been addressed as transcultural dentistry.
Zentrum für Zahnmedizin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum.
G
G
Bethke
P A
PA
Reichart
D000462:Algeria; D001706:Biopsy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000633:toxicity*