Effects of moderate smoking on the central visual field.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether moderate cigarette smoking has any effects on the central visual field.


METHODS
This study included 30 healthy, moderate cigarette smokers (10-20 cigarettes per day for at least the past 5 years) and 22 healthy non-smokers. After two training test sessions, all individuals underwent computerized visual field examinations (Humphrey 30-2 Full Threshold Test) with both white-on-white (W-W) perimetry and blue-on-yellow (B-Y) perimetry. One eye of each subject with reliable visual field test results was evaluated. The foveal threshold, mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), short-term fluctuation (SF), corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD), glaucoma hemifield test (GHT) and number of significantly depressed points deviating at p < 5%, p < 2%, p < 1% and p < 0.5% on the pattern deviation probability map of the smokers were compared with those of the non-smokers.


RESULTS
When the results of W-W perimetry were analysed, the smokers were found to have significantly lower foveal thresholds (p = 0.001) and mean retinal sensitivity (p = 0.02), and higher PSD (p = 0.002) and CPSD (p = 0.01) than the non-smokers. Short-term fluctuation was similar in both groups (p = 0.55). The number of significantly depressed points deviating at p < 5%, p < 2% and p < 1% on the pattern deviation probability map was similar for both groups (p > 0.05). The number of depressed points deviating at p < 0.5% on the pattern deviation probability map was higher for the smokers than for the non-smokers (p = 0.03). The results of B-Y perimetry showed the smokers to have a significantly lower foveal threshold than the non-smokers (p = 0.03). However, there were no significant differences in the global indices of the two groups (p > 0.05). The number of significantly depressed points deviating at p < 5%, p < 2%, p < 1% and p < 0.5% on the pattern deviation probability map was similar in both groups (p > 0.05). No significant difference in GHT was determined with either perimetry for the smokers compared with the non-smokers (p > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that moderate cigarette smoking is associated with both diffuse and localized reductions in retinal sensitivity with W-W perimetry. Only reduction in the foveal threshold was observed with B-Y perimetry, with no hints of diffuse and localized reductions.
Akarsu
Cengiz
C
Department of Ophthalmology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey. cengizakarsu@hotmail.com
Yazici
Bülent
B
Taner
Pelin
P
Ergin
Ahmet
A
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields