Pathogenic factors in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Multiple actions of heparin that probably are beneficial.
The following areas are discussed in this review: atherogenesis; cerebrovascular factors; hypoperfusion; beta-amyloid production; beta-amyloid fibril formation; beta-sheets; metal cations; reactive oxygen species/free radicals; chronic inflammatory factors; endogenous plasma heparin; lipoprotein lipase; polyamines; protein kinase C; casein kinases; phospholipase A2; serine proteases; myeloperoxidase; cyclooxygenase 2; cysteine proteases; caspases; proprotein convertases; aspartic proteases; cyclin proteinases; thrombin; tau hyperphosphorylation; advanced glycosylation end products; activator protein 1; calcium; apolipoprotein E epsilon4; histamine; blood-brain barrier; glutamate; transglutaminase; insulin-like growth factor 1.
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
Hyman
H
Engelberg
D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D018925:Chemokines; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006493:Heparin; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases