Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American young adolescents.
Using both surveys and the experience sampling method (ESM), community violence exposure, social support factors, and depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed longitudinally among inner-city African American adolescents. Moderator models were tested to determine protective factors for youth exposed to community violence. Several social support factors emerged as protective-stabilizing forces for witnesses of violence both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, including maternal closeness, time spent with family, social support, and daily support (ESM). Contrary to hypotheses, several social support factors demonstrated a promotive-reactive effect such that, in conditions of high victimization, they failed to protect youth from developing symptoms. Effects did not differ by outcome or sex, though sex differences in findings emerged. Protective-stabilizing effects occurred more for witnessing violence, whereas promotive-reactive patterns occurred more for victimization. Results affirm social support factors as protective from the adverse effects of violence exposure, but they also suggest that some factors typically conceived as contributing to resilience might at times fail to protect youth in conditions of extreme risk.
University of Chicago, 5730 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. phammack@uchicago.edu.
Phillip L
PL
Hammack
Maryse H
MH
Richards
Zupei
Z
Luo
Emily S
ES
Edlynn
Kevin
K
Roy
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012944:Social Support; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*