Effects of chlorella on activities of protein tyrosine phosphatases, matrix metalloproteinases, caspases, cytokine release, B and T cell proliferations, and phorbol ester receptor binding.
A Chlorella powder was screened using 52 in vitro assay systems for enzyme activity, receptor binding, cellular cytokine release, and B and T cell proliferation. The screening revealed a very potent inhibition of human protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity of CD45 and PTP1C with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.678 and 1.56 microg/mL, respectively. It also showed a moderate inhibition of other PTPs, including PTP1B (IC(50) = 65.3 microg/mL) and T-cell-PTP (114 microg/mL). Other inhibitory activities and their IC(50) values included inhibition of the human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-1 (127 microg/mL), MMP-3 (185 microg/mL), MMP-7 (18.1 microg/mL), and MMP-9 (237 microg/mL) and the human peptidase caspases caspase 1 (300 microg/mL), caspase 3 (203 microg/mL), caspase 6 (301 microg/mL), caspase 7 (291 microg/mL), and caspase 8 (261 microg/mL), as well as release of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 (44.9 microg/mL), IL-2 (14.8 microg/mL), IL-4 (49.2 microg/mL), IL-6 (34.7 microg/mL), interferon-gamma (31.6 microg/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (11 microg/mL) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Chlorella also inhibited B cell proliferation (16.6 microg/mL) in mouse splenocytes and T cell proliferation (54.2 microg/mL) in mouse thymocytes. The binding of a phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, to its receptors was also inhibited by Chlorella with an IC(50) of 152 microg/mL. These results reveal potential pharmacological activities that, if confirmed by in vivo studies, might be exploited for the prevention or treatment of several serious pathologies, including inflammatory disease and cancer.
Cheng
Fong-Chi
FC
MDS Pharma Services Taiwan Ltd., 158 Li-Teh Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China. fong-chi.cheng@mdsps.com
Lin
Atsui
A
Feng
Jin-Jye
JJ
Mizoguchi
Toru
T
Takekoshi
Hideo
H
Kubota
Hitoshi
H
Kato
Yoko
Y
Naoki
Yo
Y
D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002708:Chlorella / Q000737:chemistry*; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology
D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D011955:Receptors, Drug; C027776:phorbol ester receptor; D003208:Concanavalin A; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases