The ECOS-16 questionnaire for the evaluation of health related quality of life in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to validate the questionnaire ECOS-16 (Assessment of health related quality of life in osteoporosis) for the evaluation of health related quality of life (HRQoL) in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis.


METHODS
An observational, prospective and multi-centre study was carried out among post-menopausal women with osteoporosis in primary care centres and hospital outpatient clinics. All patients attended 2 visits: at baseline and at 6 months. In addition, the subgroup of outpatients attended another visit a month after the baseline to assess the test-retest reliability. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated in terms of feasibility, validity (content validity and construct validity) and internal consistency in baseline, and in terms of test-retest reliability and responsiveness to change in visit at month and visit at 6 months, respectively. In all visits, ECOS-16, EUROQoL-5D (EQ-5D) and four 7-point items about health status (general health status, back pain, limitation in daily activities and emotional status) were administered, whereas only outpatients were given MINI-OQLQ (Mini Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire), besides all clinical variables; and sociodemographic variables at baseline.


RESULTS
316 women were consecutively included, 212 from primary care centres and 104 from hospital outpatient clinics. Feasibility: 94.3% of patients answered all items of the questionnaire. The mean administration time was 12.3 minutes.


RESULTS
factor analysis suggested that the questionnaire was unidimensional. In the multivariate analysis, patients with vertebral fractures, co-morbidity and a lower education level showed to have worse HRQoL. Moderate to high correlations were found between the ECOS-16 score and the other health status questionnaires (0.47-0.82). Reliability: internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.92 and test-retest reliability (ICC) was 0.80. Responsiveness to change: ECOS-16 scores increased according to change perceived by the patient, as well as the effect size (ranges between 1.35 to 0.43), the greater the perception of change in patients' general health status, the greater the changes in patients' scores. The Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) suggested a change of 0.5 points in the ECOS-16 score, representing the least improvement in general health status due to their osteoporosis: "slightly better".


CONCLUSIONS
ECOS-16 has been proven preliminarily to have good psychometric properties, so that it can be potentially a useful tool to evaluate HRQoL of post-menopausal women with osteoporosis in research and routine clinical practice.
Badia
Xavier
X
Health Outcomes Research (HOR) Europe, Barcelona, Spain. xbadia@hor-europe.com
Díez-Pérez
Adolfo
A
Lahoz
Raquel
R
Lizán
Luis
L
Nogués
Xavier
X
Iborra
Jordi
J
D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012923:Social Class; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*