The effect of static torsion on the compressive strength of the spine: an in vitro analysis using a porcine spine model.
METHODS
Matched porcine cervical spine motion segments were subjected to two main conditions and compared: axial compression and axial compression combined with varying axial torque.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of torsion on the acute compressive strength of the spine.


BACKGROUND
The spine is often subjected to compression together with axial torque as a component of complex loading, yet there is a lack of documentation on its effect on the compressive strength and injury mechanics.


METHODS
Matched cohorts of porcine cervical spine (C5-C6) motion segments were compressed to failure at a rate of 3,000 N/s combined with 0 Nm, 5 Nm, 20 Nm, or 30 Nm of axial torque. Three "failure" points were recorded from the stress/strain association: the first "step" (initial microfracture), the initial slope change (yield point or "slow crush" mechanism), and the ultimate failure point (fracture). Furthermore, resultant injuries were documented using planar radiography and visual inspection following dissection of the motion segments.


RESULTS
Axial torque affected the failure characteristics during acute compressive loading. The ultimate strength of the motion segments was significantly reduced with increasing static torques. The compressive load at which initial microfracture occurred, indicated by the first "step" in the load-deformation curve, was increased with 5 Nm, 10 Nm, and 20 Nm of applied torsion in comparison to no torque, but this effect was reduced with 30 Nm of torque. The "slow crush" mechanism of failure was not affected by the addition of axial torque. No radiographic gross injuries to the facet joints were observed. Damage appeared to be confined to the endplate and trabecular network of the vertebral body.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on this animal model, shown to have similar biomechanical behavior to humans, axial torque appears to significantly reduce the compressive strength of the spine.
Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Crystal D
CD
Aultman
Janessa D M
JD
Drake
Jack P
JP
Callaghan
Stuart M
SM
McGill
D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D023421:Models, Animal; D011859:Radiography; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014102:Torsion Abnormality