Effect of prolonged exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production in humans.
The present study was undertaken to examine the role of the exercise-induced stress hormone response on the regulation of type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte intracellular cytokine production. Subjects performed 2.5 h of cycling exercise at 65% maximal O2 uptake while ingesting a 6.4% carbohydrate (CHO) solution, 12.8% CHO solution, or a placebo. Peripheral whole blood samples were stimulated and stained for T lymphocyte surface antigens (CD4 and CD8). Cells were then permeabilized, stained for intracellular cytokines, and analyzed using flow cytometry. Exercise resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the number and percentage of IFN-gamma positive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. These stimulated cells produced less IFN-gamma immediately postexercise (P < 0.05) and 2-h postexercise (P < 0.05) compared with preexercise. However, CHO ingestion, which attenuated the exercise-induced stress hormone response compared with placebo (P < 0.05), prevented both the decrease in the number and percentage of IFN-gamma-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the suppression of IFN-gamma production from stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. There was no effect of exercise on the number of, or cytokine production from, IL-4-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. These data provide support for the role of exercise-induced elevations in stress hormones in the regulation of type 1 T lymphocyte cytokine production and distribution.
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough Univ., Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
G I
GI
Lancaster
Q
Q
Khan
P T
PT
Drysdale
F
F
Wallace
A E
AE
Jeukendrup
M T
MT
Drayson
M
M
Gleeson
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates