Influence of Carnichrome on the energy balance of gestating sows.
Twelve multiparous sows with an average initial weight of 182 kg were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of feeding Carnichrome (50 mg of carnitine and 200 microg of chromium picolinate per kilogram of feed, as fed) on energy and nitrogen utilization in early, mid-, and late gestation. All sows were fed a diet with or without Carnichrome for the preceding 28-d lactation, the weaning-to-estrus period, and for the duration of gestation. Daily feeding allowances over pregnancy were based on calculated energy and nutrient requirements to achieve a target sow maternal weight gain of 20 kg and remained constant throughout gestation. Heat production (HP) and its partitioning (activity, thermic effect of feeding short term [TEFst], basal) were determined in early (wk 5 or 6), mid- (wk 9 or 10), and late (wk 14 or 15) pregnancy using indirect calorimetry. Net maternal weight gain and total number of fetuses averaged 21.6 kg and 16.4, respectively. Organic matter and energy digestibility for the Carnichrome diet was greater (P < 0.05), which resulted in greater DE and ME contents (0.6%, P < 0.05) compared with the control diet. The digestibility coefficient of energy in the current experiment for a typical corn and soybean meal diet (92%) was greater than that predicted from DE values of corn and soybean meal in feeding tables (88%). Carnichrome had no effect on total HP, energy retained as protein or lipid, and maternal energy retention in early, mid-, or late gestation. Heat production in late gestation increased linearly (4.0 kJ/[kg BW0.75 x d]) for each additional day from d 90 to 110, despite the reduction of ME intake per unit of BW0.75. Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was 405 kJ/(kg BW0.75 x d). On average, activity HP was 116 kJ/(kg BW0.75 x d), which was equivalent to 20% of ME intake; however, this value ranged from 11 to 37% between sows, which corresponds to duration of standing ranging from 210 to 490 min/d. Energy cost of standing activity averaged 0.30 kJ/(kg BW0.75 x min). In conclusion, Carnichrome had no effect on the components of heat production and maternal weight gain during gestation, although it improved energy and organic matter digestibility of the diet.
Young
M G
MG
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0210, USA.
Tokach
M D
MD
Noblet
J
J
Aherne
F X
FX
Dritz
S S
SS
Goodband
R D
RD
Nelssen
J L
JL
van Milgen
J
J
Woodworth
J C
JC
D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000662:veterinary; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008098:Litter Size; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010298:Parity; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
D010848:Picolinic Acids; D009584:Nitrogen; C030614:picolinic acid; D002331:Carnitine