Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital.
Genetic variants of Clostridium difficile have been reported with increasing frequency, but their true incidence is unknown. C. difficile strains have been classified into variant toxinotypes according to variations in the pathogenicity locus encoding the major virulence factors, toxins A and B. Some strains produce an additional toxin, binary toxin CDT. This survey of clinical isolates (153) from patients in a single hospital set out to ascertain the distribution of variant toxinotypes and strains possessing binary toxin genes. A PCR-RFLP-based method of toxinotyping identified 123 (80.4 %) isolates as toxinotype 0, 13 (8.5 %) strains as non-toxigenic and 17 (11.1 %) as belonging to variant toxinotypes. Binary toxin genes were amplified by PCR in nine strains (5.8 %), all of which were variant toxinotypes. Toxin variants of C. difficile are pathogenic and commonly isolated and need to be considered when evaluating new diagnostic testing strategies for C. difficile disease.
Geric
Barbara
B
Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 3Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
Rupnik
Maja
M
Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 3Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
Gerding
Dale N
DN
Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 3Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
Grabnar
Miklavz
M
Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 3Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
Johnson
Stuart
S
Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Hines VA Hospital, Hospital/151 Fifth Avenue & Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA 3Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014481:United States; D014774:Virulence
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003603:Cytotoxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C410164:actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, Clostridium