Head positioning and neck muscle activation during air combat.
BACKGROUND
Specific mechanisms leading to acute neck injury in flight as a result of +Gz exposure remain unclear. In this study, head positions adopted by aircrew in air combat have been quantified, and the associated levels of cervical muscle activation have been determined.


METHODS
Six fast jet aircrew subjects were instrumented with surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and activation potentials from neck erector spinae (ES) and sternocleidomastoid (SC) muscles were logged on a data recorder. EMG signal was normalized to preflight maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). All subjects flew a one-on-one air combat sortie in a Hawk T1 aircraft comprising at least four air combat engagements. In-cockpit video and +Gz acceleration were recorded. Time-synchronized analysis of video, EMG, and acceleration were conducted for head position and normalized muscle activation (%MVC).


RESULTS
During air combat, the head was away from neutral for 68% of the time, predominantly in extension, or rotation plus extension. During neck extension under G, 40-80% MVC occurred in the ES: this was reduced by half when the canopy was used as a support. Similar activation occurred in the SC in neck extension plus rotation. The ES was activated at over 40% MVC for 25% of the engagement duration. Postsortie, 35% reduction in neck muscle strength occurred.


CONCLUSIONS
Extreme neck extension +/- rotation is very common in air combat and is associated with high levels of muscle activation and fatigue. This information can be used to help devise targeted neck conditioning and positioning strategies in order to reduce injury risk.
Green
Nicholas D C
ND
RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine, RAF Henlow, Henlow, Bedfordshire, England. clo@rafcam.mod.uk
Brown
Lex
L
D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation; D004576:Electromyography; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D014857:Warfare