Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status predicts bone metastasis in patients presenting with renal cell carcinoma: implication for preoperative bone scans.
OBJECTIVE
We identified a subset of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have a high likelihood of presenting with bone metastasis and would most benefit from a preoperative bone scan.


METHODS
A database of 1,357 patients undergoing nephrectomy and/or immunotherapy for RCC at our institution was queried. Patients presenting with metastasis to the bones were identified and stratified according to T stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, musculoskeletal symptoms and alkaline phosphatase.


RESULTS
Of the patients 37% presented with metastasis. Bone metastasis was identified in 14% of patients. The incidence of bone metastasis was 5.4%, 13.8%, 15.4% and 28.2% in patients with T1 to T4 lesions, and 1.4%, 19% and 41% in those with an ECOG score of 0 to 2 and greater, respectively. T stage and ECOG score were then integrated. Bone metastasis was confirmed in 0.046%, 3.8%, 1.4% and 0% of patients with T1 to T4/ECOG 0 disease, and in 13.4%, 20%, 21.5% and 31% of those with T1 to T4/ECOG greater than 0 disease, respectively (p < 0.0001). Only 1.4% of patients with an ECOG score of 0 harbored bone metastasis, of whom 71% complained of musculoskeletal pain, 100% manifested extraosseous metastases and 25% had increased alkaline phosphatase at presentation.


CONCLUSIONS
Performance status is an important predictor of bone metastasis in patients presenting with presumed RCC lesions. Bone scan should be performed in patients with an ECOG score of greater than 0 regardless of T stage but is unnecessary in those presenting with an ECOG score of 0, particularly when lacking symptoms and extraosseous metastasis.
Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1738, USA.
Oleg
O
Shvarts
John S
JS
Lam
Hyung L
HL
Kim
Ken-ryu
KR
Han
Robert
R
Figlin
Arie
A
Belldegrun
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012307:Risk Factors
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase