Developing an OSTE to address lapses in learners' professional behavior and an instrument to code educators' responses.
OBJECTIVE
To develop an instrument for measuring medical educators' responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior.


METHODS
In 1999, at the Indiana University School of Medicine, a 22-item checklist of behaviors was developed to describe common responses used by educators responding to learners' lapses in professional behavior. Four medical students were trained to portray lapses in professional behaviors. These students and seven clinical observers trained to categorize behaviors as present or absent. Interrater reliability was assessed during 18 objective structured teaching evaluations (OSTEs). Videotaped OSTEs were coded twice at a one-month interval for test-retest reliability. Items were classified as low, moderate, or high inference behaviors. Script realism and educator effectiveness were assessed.


RESULTS
Educators rated OSTE scripts as realistic. Raters observed an average of 6 +/- 2 educator behaviors in reaction to learners' lapses in professional behavior. Educators' responses were rated as moderately effective. More experienced educators attempted more interventions and were more effective. Agreement was high among raters (86% +/- 7%), while intraclass correlation coefficients decreased with increasing inference level. From videotaped OSTEs, raters scored each behavior identically 86% of the time.


CONCLUSIONS
Accurate feedback on educators' interactions in addressing learners' professionalism is essential for faculty development. Traditionally, educators have felt that faculty's responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior were difficult to observe and categorize. These data suggest that educators' responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior can be defined and reliably coded. This work will help provide objective feedback to faculty when engaging learners about lapses in professional behavior.
Srinivasan
Malathi
M
Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4150 V. Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. malathi@ucdavis.edu
Litzelman
Debra
D
Seshadri
Roopa
R
Lane
Kathleen
K
Zhou
Wei
W
Bogdewic
Stephen
S
Gaffney
Margaret
M
Galvin
Matt
M
Mitchell
Gary
G
Treadwell
Patricia
P
Willis
Lynn
L
D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012381:Role Playing