Effects of fentanyl on the incidence of emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia.
OBJECTIVE
In children, emergence agitation frequently complicates sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia. The effect of intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) was examined on the incidence of emergence agitation in children who received desflurane or sevoflurane after midazolam premedication and intravenous thiopental induction.


METHODS
One hundred and twenty children (2-7 yr) undergoing adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy, or both, were studied. All children were premedicated orally with midazolam 0.5 mg kg(-1). After intravenous induction with thiopental and atracurium to facilitate endotracheal intubation, patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Patients in Groups 1 and 3 received physiological saline solution, whereas patients in Groups 2 and 4 received intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) during induction. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in Groups 1 and 2 and with desflurane in Groups 3 and 4. After discontinuation of the volatile anaesthetic, the times to tracheal extubation and response to verbal stimuli (emergence time), and emergence behaviours were recorded.


RESULTS
The time to tracheal extubation was significantly shorter in Groups 3 (5.2+/-1.7 min) and (6.4+/-2.1 min) than in Groups 1 (8.1+/-2.1 min) (P = 0.0001 and 0.006, respectively) and 2 (8.8+/-1.9 min) (P = 0.0001). The emergence time was significantly shorter in Group 3 (10.0+/-3.9 min) than in Groups 1 (13.8+/-4.9 min) (P = 0.017) and 2 (14.9+/-4.1 min) (P = 0.003). The incidence rate of severe agitation was 13% in Groups 1 and 3, and 7 and 10% in Groups 2 and 4, respectively (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
After midazolam premedication and intravenous induction of anaesthesia with thiopental administration of intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) did not provide any clinically significant benefit on emer gence agitation in children who receive sevoflurane or desflurane anaesthesia.
Demirbilek
S
S
Medical School of Inonu University, Department of Anaesthesiology, Malatya, Turkey. sedemirbilek@inonu.edu.tr
Togal
T
T
Cicek
M
M
Aslan
U
U
Sizanli
E
E
Ersoy
M O
MO
D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000077335:Desflurane; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013874:Thiopental; D014068:Tonsillectomy
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D013874:Thiopental; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl