Caudal neostigmine with bupivacaine produces a dose-independent analgesic effect in children.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and duration of varying doses of caudal neostigmine with plain bupivacaine and its side effects in children undergoing genito-urinary surgery.


METHODS
In a randomized double-blind prospective study 80 boys aged two to eight years scheduled for surgical repair of hypospadias were allocated randomly to one of four groups (n = 20 each) and received either only caudal 0.25% plain bupivacaine 0.5 mL.kg(-1) (Group I) or 0.25% plain bupivacaine 0.5 mL.kg(-1) with neostigmine (Groups II-IV) in doses of 2, 3 and 4 microg.kg(-1) respectively. Postoperative pain was assessed for 24 hr using an objective pain score. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, total amount of analgesic consumed and adverse effects were also recorded.


RESULTS
The duration of postoperative analgesia in Group I (5.1 +/- 2.3 hr) was significantly shorter than in the other three groups (II -16.6 +/- 4.9 hr; III - 17.2 +/- 5.5 hr; IV - 17.0 +/- 5.8 hr; P < 0.05). Total analgesic (paracetamol) consumption was significantly more in Group I (697.6 +/- 240.7 mg) than in the groups receiving caudal neostigmine (II - 248.0 +/- 178.4; III - 270.2 +/- 180.8 and IV -230.6 +/- 166.9 mg; P < 0.05). Groups II, III and IV were comparable with regards to duration of postoperative analgesia and total analgesic consumption (P > 0.05). Incidence of nausea and vomiting were comparable in all four groups. No significant alteration in vital signs or any other adverse effects were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Caudal neostigmine (2, 3 and 4 microg.kg(-1)) with bupivacaine produces a dose-independent analgesic effect ( approximately 16-17 hr) in children as compared to those receiving caudal bupivacaine alone (approximately five hours) and a reduction in postoperative rescue analgesic consumption without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.
Mahajan
Rajesh
R
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, H.No.53, Sector 24-A, Chandigarh-160023, India.
Grover
Vinod K
VK
Chari
Pramila
P
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D009388:Neostigmine; D002045:Bupivacaine