Neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia.
Grape seed extract (GSE) possess cardioprotective abilities by functioning as in vivo antioxidants and by virtue of their ability to directly scavenge ROS including hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract (GSE) in the gerbil hippocampus after 5 min transient forebrain ischemia. Neuronal cell density in GSE-treated ischemic animals was significantly increased as compared with vehicle-treated ischemic animals 4 days after ischemic insult. In the GSE-treated groups, about 60% of pyramidal cells of the sham-operated group were stained with cresyl violet 4 days after ischemic insult. In this study, we found that GSE had neuroprotective effects on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the CA1 region after ischemia. In vehicle-treated groups, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunoreactivity was significantly changed time-dependently, whereas the immunoreactivity in the GSE-treated group was similar to the sham-operated group. In addition, we confirmed that astrocytes and microglia did not show significant activation in the CA1 region 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion, because many CA1 pyramidal cells were not damaged. Therefore, these results suggest that GSE can protect ischemic neuronal damage by inhibiting DNA damage after transient forebrain ischemia.
Hwang
In Koo
IK
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, 200-702, South Korea.
Yoo
Ki-Yeon
KY
Kim
Duk Soo
DS
Jeong
Youn-Kab
YK
Kim
Jong Dai
JD
Shin
Hyun-Kyung
HK
Lim
Soon Sung
SS
Yoo
Ick-Dong
ID
Kang
Tae-Cheon
TC
Kim
Dong-Woo
DW
Moon
Won-Kuk
WK
Won
Moo Ho
MH
D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002545:Brain Ischemia; D002452:Cell Count; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010078:Oxazines; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
D000975:Antioxidants; D048588:Benzoxazines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010078:Oxazines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C028911:cresyl violet; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine