Risk factors for erosive esophagitis: a multivariate analysis based on the ProGERD study initiative.
OBJECTIVE
Gastroesophageal reflux disease can be divided into three categories: nonerosive GERD (NERD), erosive GERD (ERD), and Barrett's esophagus. A shift among these categories rarely occurs. The aim of the present study was to elucidate potential patient-associated risk factors associated with ERD.


METHODS
A total of 6,215 patients with troublesome heartburn were recruited to a large, prospective, multicenter open cohort study comprising an initial treatment phase and a 5-yr follow-up phase. Each center planned to recruit an equal number of patients with NERD and ERD. All patients underwent an interview based on standardized questionnaires, a physical examination, and endoscopy with biopsies. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis.


RESULTS
Risk factor analysis was performed on 5,289 patients (NERD: n = 2,834; ERD: n = 2,455), which was the intent-to-treat population excluding patients with suspected/proven complicated reflux disease. Stepwise regression analysis identified the following independent predictors of ERD: male gender, overweight, regular use of alcohol, a history of GERD >1 yr, and smoker or ex-smoker. A higher level of education and a positive Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) status were associated with a lower risk of ERD.


CONCLUSIONS
Some patient-associated factors increase the risk of erosive esophagitis as opposed to nonerosive reflux disease. However, no single factor or combination of factors is capable of predicting mucosal damage with clinically sufficient certainty. Thus, endoscopy is still required in all GERD patients if valid information on the state of the esophageal mucosa is needed.
Department of Medicine, Jung-Stilling Hospital, Wichernstrasse 40, 57074 Siegen, Germany.
Joachim
J
Labenz
Daniel
D
Jaspersen
Michael
M
Kulig
Andreas
A
Leodolter
Tore
T
Lind
Wolfgang
W
Meyer-Sabellek
Manfred
M
Stolte
Micheal
M
Vieth
Stefan
S
Willich
Peter
P
Malfertheiner
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution