Quantifying labial blood flow using optical Doppler tomography.
OBJECTIVE
Changes in the oral microvasculature occur in a variety of diseases. Optical Doppler tomography (ODT) combines laser Doppler flowmetry with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to produce high-resolution tomographic images of biological tissues that also detect the velocity and direction of blood flow. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of ODT to image labial blood flow. A prototype ODT imaging system was constructed that characterized and measured labial blood flow in healthy subjects.


METHODS
A prototype ODT instrument was constructed using a diode light source with a central wavelength of 1300 nanometers, a 40-nanometer spectral width and 2.4 microwatts output power. To verify the accuracy of the system, the flow rates of a phantom material (Intralipid) pumped through a capillary tube at various speeds was measured. To evaluate the clinical feasibility of the ODT prototye, the mucosal aspect of the upper and lower lips at the midline was imaged in 9 healthy volunteers. The sample arm of the instrument consisted of a fiberoptic probe with a 2-mm in diameter polished glass lens attached to the end. The probe was placed approximately 3 mm from the mucosal surface of the lip and oriented perpendicular to the surface. A motorized translation stage moved the fiber in a superior to inferior direction while the subject's head was stabilized by placing the chin into a chin rest. Imaging time for a 12-mm x 2.5-mm scan was approximately 64 seconds.


RESULTS
The phantom experiments revealed that accuracy of this novel ODT prototype to measure flow was within 5%. In vivo labial blood flow velocity ranged from 11.8 to 43.1 mm/second in the upper lip and 8.2 to 53.2 mm/second in the lower lip. There were no statistically significant differences between flow rates in the upper and lower lips. OCT images and Doppler velocity signals were successfully integrated producing in vivo images of labial blood in all of the subjects (15 images). The resulting cross-sectional images revealed microscopic details of labial structures and, to the best of our knowledge, are the first ODT images of the labial microvasculature.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this in vivo study prove the feasibility of ODT to quantify labial blood flow and produce high spatial resolution images specifically localizing vessels anatomically. ODT provides both flow speed and flow direction information. ODT is noninvasive and offers the advantages of high volumetric flow sensitivity.
Department of Oral Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6030, USA. lotis@pobox.upenn.edu
Linda L
LL
Otis
Daquing
D
Piao
Carolyn W
CW
Gibson
Quing
Q
Zhu
D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007909:Lenses; D008046:Lip / Q000098:blood supply*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*