The effect of migration on cancer incidence among Japanese in Hawaii.
OBJECTIVE
This analysis compared cancer incidence trends among Japanese in Japan, and Japanese and Caucasians in Hawaii, between 1960 and 1997, and estimated the impact of migration on the incidence of different cancers.


METHODS
Incidence information was obtained from 8 volumes of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. The migration effect was estimated from the areas under the incidence curves as the ratio of the geographic and the ethnic difference in cumulative cancer incidence.


RESULTS
Among the 5 more common cancers, the migrant effect was strongest for colon and stomach cancers, prostate and breast cancers were affected to a lesser degree, and lung cancer risk differed little between Japanese in Japan and Hawaii. Migration led to lower risk of stomach, esophageal, pancreatic, liver, and cervical cancers, but to higher rates for all other cancers. The large variation in time for migrants to adopt the host population's cancer risk suggests that risk factors have organ-specific effects, or operate at different times in life. Although the available incidence rates are limited by under-reporting and early detection efforts, mortality rates confirm the significant differences in cancer risk.


CONCLUSIONS
The persistent difference in cancer incidence several generations after migration supports the idea that living in the host country is not, alone, sufficient to modify cancer risk for all cancer sites to the level of the host population. Although the migration effect can be partially explained by known etiologic factors, a large proportion of the changing risk remains unexplained.
Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. gertraud@crch.hawaii.edu
Gertraud
G
Maskarinec
Jihae J
JJ
Noh
D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors