Surgical management of children with urolithiasis.
The management of urolithiasis in children poses specific technical challenges that require planning before endoscopy and that affect the risks and outcomes of these procedures. The indications for operative intervention in children and adults are similar:infection, persistent symptoms of flank pain, nausea, and vomiting, as well as the failure to pass a ureteral stone after an appropriate trial of observation (3-6 weeks). Specific adjustments for performing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and cystolithotomy in children are discussed.
Wu
Hsi-Yang
HY
University of Pittsburgh and Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4A-424 DeSoto Wing, 3705 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. wuhy@chp.edu
Docimo
Steven G
SG
D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy