Nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with acute otitis media in a low-antibiotic use country.
OBJECTIVE
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common diseases of childhood. Knowledge, of which bacteria are the most common pathogens in AOM and their susceptibilities towards antibiotics, is essential for the reasonable empiric treatment. With rapidly increasing frequencies of antibiotic resistance surveillance of the common etiologic pathogens has become pertinent. The purpose of this paper is to present the bacteriological findings and antibiotic susceptibilities, in cultures from nasopharyngeal swabs, in Danish children with AOM.


METHODS
Children aged up to 10 years who had AOM diagnosed in general practice in Denmark were swabbed in nasopharynx, cultures were incubated and susceptibility testing was performed as tablet diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test.


RESULTS
We included 331 patients, in 257 bacteria were found, which could be classified as commonly ear pathogenic. The most frequent bacteria found was Streptococcus pneumoniae followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Ninety-six percent of the tested S. pneumoniae were susceptible towards penicillin and 99% towards erythromycin. Eighty-nine percent of the H. influenzae were susceptible to ampicillin and all tested M. catarrhalis were susceptible towards erythromycin. In more than 30% of H. influenzae MIC of phenoxymethylpenicillin were above the level that could be achieved in middle ear fluid.


CONCLUSIONS
Antimicrobial resistance is still infrequent in pathogens that might cause AOM in children in Denmark; this is probably due to minimal use of antibiotics as well as the use of phenoxymethylpenicillin as primary drug for treatment of AOM. Phenoxymethylpenicillin and azithromycin are not efficient for treating the majority of infections due to H. influenzae.
Nielsen
Hans Ulrik K
HU
Statens Serum Institut, National Center for Antimicrobials & Infection Countrol, Building 47, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen 2300S, Denmark. hun@ssi.dk
Konradsen
Helle Bossen
HB
Lous
Jørgen
J
Frimodt-Møller
Niels
N
D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010035:Otitis Media, Suppurative / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin; D010404:Penicillin V