Pediatric surgical training: an historic perspective, a formula for change.
OBJECTIVE
American pediatric surgical education has more than a 65-year history of formalizing the organization and the curriculum of the training process. However, never before have so many simultaneous internal and external forces appeared on the horizon that have the collective potential of influencing the quality of future pediatric surgeons. It is the purpose of this study to identify and detail these opportunities, compare them with the historical past, and propose the beginnings of a strategy to control the destiny. The ultimate goal should be to continue to assure that pediatric surgeons are of the highest attainable quality that will optimize the surgical health of America's children.


RESULTS
Using a current literature review, 7 specific influencing forces have been identified: a declining applicant pool, the generation-X factor, medical economics, early specialization of training, restricted residency work hours, pediatric surgical manpower, and competency-based surgical education. An effective response to these forces is multifactorial, but a first need might be consideration of a new educational oversight organizational structure for pediatric surgery. Thereafter, specific curricular reform is needed to match the strengths of the candidates as well as the training programs. Finally, as a specialty field we must assert the leadership needed to define optimal educational outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
This report defines the educational history and the contemporary influencing forces, and it proposes a strategy to assure that pediatric surgical education exceeds the needs of America's children into the future.
The Children's Hospital, Denver, Denver, CO 80218-1088, USA.
Moritz M
MM
Ziegler
D000328:Adult; D002321:Career Choice; D002568:Certification; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce