Neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia.
Grape seed extract (GSE) possess cardioprotective abilities by functioning as in vivo antioxidants and by virtue of their ability to directly scavenge ROS including hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract (GSE) in the gerbil hippocampus after 5 min transient forebrain ischemia. Neuronal cell density in GSE-treated ischemic animals was significantly increased as compared with vehicle-treated ischemic animals 4 days after ischemic insult. In the GSE-treated groups, about 60% of pyramidal cells of the sham-operated group were stained with cresyl violet 4 days after ischemic insult. In this study, we found that GSE had neuroprotective effects on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the CA1 region after ischemia. In vehicle-treated groups, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunoreactivity was significantly changed time-dependently, whereas the immunoreactivity in the GSE-treated group was similar to the sham-operated group. In addition, we confirmed that astrocytes and microglia did not show significant activation in the CA1 region 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion, because many CA1 pyramidal cells were not damaged. Therefore, these results suggest that GSE can protect ischemic neuronal damage by inhibiting DNA damage after transient forebrain ischemia.
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, 200-702, South Korea.
In Koo
IK
Hwang
Ki-Yeon
KY
Yoo
Duk Soo
DS
Kim
Youn-Kab
YK
Jeong
Jong Dai
JD
Kim
Hyun-Kyung
HK
Shin
Soon Sung
SS
Lim
Ick-Dong
ID
Yoo
Tae-Cheon
TC
Kang
Dong-Woo
DW
Kim
Won-Kuk
WK
Moon
Moo Ho
MH
Won
D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002545:Brain Ischemia; D002452:Cell Count; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010078:Oxazines; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
D000975:Antioxidants; D048588:Benzoxazines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010078:Oxazines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C028911:cresyl violet; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine