[Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy and opportunistic protozoan infections].
Opportunistic parasite infections (OPIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons infected with HIV. In industrialised countries, the use of Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART) results to be effective in suppressing the HIV viral load, with a quantitative and qualitative improvement in the CD4+ T-cell count followed by a strong reduction of opportunistic infections including those caused by parasites. These successes have been mainly attributed to the reconstitution of the cell immunity, which play the most important role in controlling OPIs. However, there are many clinical reports and several laboratory results, which suggest that the control of OPIs in HIV-positive persons under HAART is also induced by the anti-HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), which inhibit the aspartyl proteases of the parasites. The non-conventional use of HIV-PIs seems to be an alternative way for the treatment of parasitic infections, which should be deeply investigated. Of five longitudinal studies carried out before and after the introduction of HAART, four studies showed a strong reduction of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in HIV-positive persons under HAART, whereas in another study, no difference was observed in the incidence rate of TE before and after the introduction of HAART. The influence of HAART in reducing TE has been also confirmed in a randomised, controlled clinical trial, which showed that there is no increase in the risk of developing TE after beginning HAART, even though HIV-infected persons with TE had a discontinuing prophylaxis for Toxoplasma gondii. Four HIV protease inhibitors were tested against the T. gondii virulent RH strain in vitro, alone or in association with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine. Ritonavir and nelfinavir were highly inhibitory for the parasite growth. Furthermore, none of the antiviral drugs negatively affected the anti-Toxoplasma activity of pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine. In HIV-Leishmania co-infections, a changing pattern has been observed in the HAART era, characterised by a high rate of relapses, which could be explained by the increased survival rate resulting from the effective antiretroviral therapy. A 64.8% decrease of the visceral leishmaniasis incidence was detected after HAART began to be used extensively in Spain. In a large cohort study carried out in ten European countries and in Australia, the relative risk to contract cryptosporidiosis as the first AIDS defining disease was reduced by 96% in the HAART era. In Italy, the relative risk of death for cryptosporidiosis reduced of 74% in the period 1997-98, when HIV-positive persons received HAART. In a large study carried out in Italy, isosporiasis was included in the group of opportunistic infections, of which the relative hazards showed a reduction of 95% in the HAART era. Since 1997, there was the evidence that the use of HAART in persons with advanced HIV infection can improve chronic diarrhoea and lead to disappearance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from the stools. Although the reconstitution of the cellular immunity seems to be the main factor influencing the reduction of OPIs in persons with AIDS who undergo HAART, there are clinical and microbiological evidences, as well as in vitro and in vivo results, which indicate direct effects of HIV-PIs on the proteases of opportunistic parasites. These findings stress the existence of non-conventional unexpected benefits of PIs in HAART against protozoa. In addition, this benefit of PIs has been demonstrated also for Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteases and for P. carinii acid proteases. In spite of these important results, HIV PIs are still very toxic for humans, specially in cases of very long treatment, and no clinical trial has been carried out for persons at risk, such as children and pregnant women, because the priority was to reduce the severity of HIV and not the evaluation of possible side effects of the therapy. It follows that further researches are needed to establish the non-conventional use of HIV PIs. Furthermore, the study of PIs against specific aspartyl proteases of those opportunistic protozoa that cause severe and intractable diseases, could be considered an alternative way towards the development of new drugs that may prove effective against these infections.
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Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma.
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D021865:Isosporiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors