Lifestyle modifications for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based approach.
Two conditions contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Multiple metabolic components contribute to hypertension. These same metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities play a vital role in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is often accompanied by the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome includes elevated blood pressure, increased triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and central obesity. Additional features are the prothrombotic state, endothelial dysfunction, and markers for inflammation. Insulin resistance is central to the metabolic syndrome. Through a meta-analysis of multiple studies, an assessment of various life-style modifications to reduce CVD is discussed with recommendations on their validity and value.
Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA.
George D
GD
Harris
Rrussell D
RD
White
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D008019:Life Style; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D015431:Weight Loss