Four cases of the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: anesthetic implications.
The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is a method of maintaining utero-placental circulation during cesarean section to gain time to secure a potentially obstructed fetal airway. Four cases of the EXIT procedure are described with special reference to the maternal anesthetic technique. Deep volatile anesthesia (approximately 2 MAC) with isoflurane or sevoflurane for a prolonged period of time, in three cases in combination with an intravenous nitroglycerin infusion, was used to ensure a fully relaxed uterus during the procedure. All mothers were maintained hemodynamically stable with preserved utero-placentary perfusion. It was possible to intubate the tracheas of two fetuses, whereas in the other two tracheostomies had to be performed. Fetal gas exchange was not negatively affected during the EXIT procedure as evidenced by normal blood gas values in the umbilical artery at the time of delivery. After reducing the concentration of volatile anesthetic, delivery of the neonate and administration of oxytocin, uterine contractility was promptly re-established and there were no signs of uterine atony in the postoperative period. All four neonates survived the procedure without complications.
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. gunnar.dahlgren@kirurgi.ki.se
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Dahlgren
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Törnberg
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Pregner
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Irestedt
D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D003560:Cysts / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007530:Isoflurane; D007829:Laryngostenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014139:Tracheostomy
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D005996:Nitroglycerin