Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and cognition and risk of developing both dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older women.


METHODS
The authors analyzed data from a 4-year randomized trial of raloxifene among 7,027 osteoporotic postmenopausal women (mean age, 66.3 years) at 178 sites. Diabetes was defined by history, fasting blood glucose > or =7.0 mmol/L (> or =126 mg/dL), or use of hypoglycemic agents; IFG was defined as fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/L but >6.11 mmol/L (110 mg/dL); all others were considered to have normal glucose (NG). The main outcome was baseline and 4-year change on five standardized cognitive tests (z scores with lower scores indicating worse performance) and risk of developing clinically significant impairment (dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or very low cognitive score).


RESULTS
A total of 267 (3.8%) women had diabetes and 297 (4.2%) had IFG. Women with IFG had worse baseline cognitive scores compared to women with NG but better scores than diabetics (age-adjusted composite z score based on five tests: NG 0.40, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.49; IFG 0.14, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.64; diabetics -0.78, 95% CI -1.23 to -0.33; p < 0.001). There was greater 4-year decline among diabetics (age and treatment-adjusted composite z score: NG -0.05, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.05; IFG 0.11, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.75; diabetics -1.00, 95% CI -1.50 to -0.50; p = 0.001). Further adjustment for education, race, and depression led to similar results. Risk of developing cognitive impairment among women with IFG or diabetes was increased by almost twofold (age and treatment-adjusted OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.61 for IFG; OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.81 for diabetics).


CONCLUSIONS
Diabetic as well as pre-diabetic women have impaired cognitive performance and greater risk of developing cognitive impairment.
Yaffe
K
K
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Box 181 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. kyaffe@itsa.ucsf.edu
Blackwell
T
T
Kanaya
A M
AM
Davidowitz
N
N
Barrett-Connor
E
E
Krueger
K
K
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride