Effects of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical properties of resin composites.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical properties of resin composite restorative materials (RCs) and to investigate the construction of temperature--strain rate equivalence 'master curves'.


METHODS
Four visible light-cured resin composite RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (TC) (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250 (FZ) (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Prodigy Condensable (PR) (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Bar specimens (10 x 1.5x 16.0 mm3) were cured for 50 s at an irradiance of 500 mW cm(-2) and were randomly distributed into groups of six for each type of material. All specimens were stored in artificial saliva at pH 6, for 7d. The specimens tested at 12, 24 and 37 degrees C were stored at the corresponding temperature but those tested at 0 degrees C were stored at 24 degrees C. Three-point bend tests for flexural strength (F), flexural modulus of elasticity (E) and total energy to failure (W) were performed at cross-head speeds (XHS) of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50 and 100 mm min(-1) for all materials as well as at 0.01, 0.03, 0.2 and 0.5 mm min(-1) for some materials.


RESULTS
There was a common pattern of behavior across materials. At constant temperature, F showed a slight variation with cross-head speed, with a broad peak in the region of 1-10 mm min(-1). E, on the other hand, showed a more marked and steady increase with XHS at all temperatures except at 0 degrees C, where it tended to level off above about 10 mm min(-1). In contrast, the values of W showed a decline with increasing XHS, except at 37 degrees C where an initial rise followed by a decline was observed. At constant XHS, increase in temperature caused a small, but highly significant (P < 10(-3)) decline in F but a marked decline in E. W, again in contrast to Fand E, showed a general increase with temperature. A master curve model for the temperature-strain-rate equivalence was fitted to the E and W data (all P < 10(-5)) and the fitted parameters interpreted in terms of strain rate and temperature sensitivity.


CONCLUSIONS
The mechanical properties of RCs are very sensitive to the test conditions of strain rate and temperature. This implies that properties determined at any temperature other than 37 degrees C, or at only one cross-head speed (or only one strain rate) are inadequate to describe their behavior in service. The master curve principle is applicable to RCs and can be used, inter alia, to determine property values under other than tested conditions. Conditions of testing in regard to XHS and temperature, as well as other factors, should clearly be stated to enable proper comparisons between studies, but more importantly the use of standardized test conditions is overdue.
Musanje
L
L
Div. Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, 611 SW Campus Dr., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
Darvell
B W
BW
D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000465:Algorithms; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature
D000180:Acrylic Resins; C029012:Composite Dental Resin; D003188:Composite Resins; C444701:Filtek Z250; C513708:Heliomolar; D011140:Polyurethanes; C477351:Prodigy Condensable; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C121818:Tetric ceram