Variation in GRM3 affects cognition, prefrontal glutamate, and risk for schizophrenia.
GRM3, a metabotropic glutamate receptor-modulating synaptic glutamate, is a promising schizophrenia candidate gene. In a family-based association study, a common GRM3 haplotype was strongly associated with schizophrenia (P = 0.0001). Within this haplotype, the A allele of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 4 (hCV11245618) in intron 2 was slightly overtransmitted to probands (P = 0.02). We studied the effects of this SNP on neurobiological traits related to risk for schizophrenia and glutamate neurotransmission. The SNP4 A allele was associated with poorer performance on several cognitive tests of prefrontal and hippocampal function. The physiological basis of this effect was assessed with functional MRI, which showed relatively deleterious activation patterns in both cortical regions in control subjects homozygous for the SNP4 A allele. We next looked at SNP4's effects on two indirect measures of prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission. Prefrontal N-acetylaspartate, an in vivo MRI measure related to synaptic activity and closely correlated with tissue glutamate, was lower in SNP4 AA homozygotes. In postmortem human prefrontal cortex, AA homozygotes had lower mRNA levels of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2, a protein regulated by GRM3 that critically modulates synaptic glutamate. Effects of SNP4 on prefrontal GRM3 mRNA and protein levels were marginal. Resequencing revealed no missense or splice-site SNPs, suggesting that the intronic SNP4 or related haplotypes may exert subtle regulatory effects on GRM3 transcription. These convergent data point to a specific molecular pathway by which GRM3 genotype alters glutamate neurotransmission, prefrontal and hippocampal physiology and cognition, and thereby increased risk for schizophrenia.
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH/DHHS, Building 10, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Michael F
MF
Egan
Richard E
RE
Straub
Terry E
TE
Goldberg
Imtiaz
I
Yakub
Joseph H
JH
Callicott
Ahmad R
AR
Hariri
Venkata S
VS
Mattay
Alessandro
A
Bertolino
Thomas M
TM
Hyde
Cynthia
C
Shannon-Weickert
Mayada
M
Akil
Jeremy
J
Crook
Radha Krishna
RK
Vakkalanka
Rishi
R
Balkissoon
Richard A
RA
Gibbs
Joel E
JE
Kleinman
Daniel R
DR
Weinberger
D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
D005971:Glutamates; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C102718:metabotropic glutamate receptor 3