Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects.
Arousal and anxiety are behavioral responses that involve complex neurocircuitries and multiple neurochemical components. Here, we report that a neuropeptide, neuropeptide S (NPS), potently modulates wakefulness and could also regulate anxiety. NPS acts by activating its cognate receptor (NPSR) and inducing mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. The NPSR mRNA is widely distributed in the brain, including the amygdala and the midline thalamic nuclei. Central administration of NPS increases locomotor activity in mice and decreases paradoxical (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep in rats. NPS was further shown to produce anxiolytic-like effects in mice exposed to four different stressful paradigms. Interestingly, NPS is expressed in a previously undefined cluster of cells located between the locus coeruleus (LC) and Barrington's nucleus. These results indicate that NPS could be a new modulator of arousal and anxiety. They also show that the LC region encompasses distinct nuclei expressing different arousal-promoting neurotransmitters.
Xu
Yan-Ling
YL
Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
Reinscheid
Rainer K
RK
Huitron-Resendiz
Salvador
S
Clark
Stewart D
SD
Wang
Zhiwei
Z
Lin
Steven H
SH
Brucher
Fernando A
FA
Zeng
Joanne
J
Ly
Nga K
NK
Henriksen
Steven J
SJ
de Lecea
Luis
L
Civelli
Olivier
O
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016466:CHO Cells; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D006224:Cricetinae; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009479:Neuropeptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C534458:neuropeptide S, rat