Nursing intervention and older adults who have cancer: specific science and evidence based practice.
This review of a small and heterogeneous body of literature suggests intriguing and useful approaches to nursing interventions with older adults who have cancer and areas that clearly deserve greater attention in future research. Research such as that done by McCorkle and Goodwin,while disparate in design, clearly demonstrate the ability of interventions to achieve better continuity of care and appropriate treatment for physically and socially vulnerable older adults with cancer. Comparison across settings and studies that investigate similar clinical phenomena would illuminate further how to achieve more effective intervention with elders who have cancer. In studies addressing case management, comparison of work by McCorkle et al with that completed by Goodwin et al suggests that programs that are longer than 4-week interventions are more likely to be beneficial than are shorter programs. Goodwin et al constructed a 12-month intervention that might be extended even further to improve continuity to older adults who may lack family/social support. Continuity may be especially important as older patients move from primary or geriatric care to surgical care to medical oncology care. Such a program also may offer added benefits in care of older adults who survive an initial cancer but require vigilant follow-up for recurrence or a second primary cancer and who may face ageist assumptions about screening and early detection of those cancers. The work of Coleman, Earp, and Powe and Weinrich underscores the necessity of understanding the precise needs of rural elders in relation to cancer. These studies strongly suggest that nurses can improve screening rates and symptom management. Rural health care may have particularly poor specialty resources for cancer and aging. Increasing oncology nurses' presence in rural communities and supporting those nurses with specific content in aging may be a successful mechanism to ameliorate these deficits. Coleman's study especially found that increasing opportunities to ensure that practice is grounded in current evidence is critical to improving evidence-based practice and avoiding misconceptions about the effects of age in cancer care. The weak effects associated with the use of lay educators to improve cancer screening behaviors strongly reinforce the influence of nurses over other personnel to carry out educational interventions. In rural and urban areas alike, the credibility and professionalism of nurses was clearly of benefit. McDougall's research highlights the effects of cancer treatment on older people's cognitive status. His intervention supports the further testing of group activities led by nurses as a way to improve aspects of memory. Clinical application of this low-risk, possibly high-benefit intervention strategy, which is congruent with current work in dementia care, implies that elder care facilities might benefit from having a nurse on staff to address institutional and individual concerns related to cognitive function among older residents with cancer. A single often unstated theme throughout these studies is the impact of the nurse-patient relationship on outcome variables for older adults at risk for or living with cancer. The nurse-patient relationship, a touchstone of practice, reminds each nurse to focus on the individual elder, to look past chronological age and cancer diagnosis to understand that individual as having a life that, though it may be decades long in time, is still to be lived each day in the manner and capacity that the person can command and desires. Knowledge of that elder will aid the nurse in asking critical questions, using existing research, adapting other relevant evidence, and intervening more effectively over the course of that relationship.
Bourbonniere
Meg
M
Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown University, Box G-ST, Providence, RI 02912, USA. meg_bourbonniere@brown.edu
Kagan
Sarah H
SH
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019090:Case Management; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations