The retinal conformation and its environment in rhodopsin in light of a new 2.2 A crystal structure.
A new high-resolution structure is reported for bovine rhodopsin, the visual pigment in rod photoreceptor cells. Substantial improvement of the resolution limit to 2.2 A has been achieved by new crystallization conditions, which also reduce significantly the probability of merohedral twinning in the crystals. The new structure completely resolves the polypeptide chain and provides further details of the chromophore binding site including the configuration about the C6-C7 single bond of the 11-cis-retinal Schiff base. Based on both an earlier structure and the new improved model of the protein, a theoretical study of the chromophore geometry has been carried out using combined quantum mechanics/force field molecular dynamics. The consistency between the experimental and calculated chromophore structures is found to be significantly improved for the 2.2 A model, including the angle of the negatively twisted 6-s-cis-bond. Importantly, the new crystal structure refinement reveals significant negative pre-twist of the C11-C12 double bond and this is also supported by the theoretical calculation although the latter converges to a smaller value. Bond alternation along the unsaturated chain is significant, but weaker in the calculated structure than the one obtained from the X-ray data. Other differences between the experimental and theoretical structures in the chromophore binding site are discussed with respect to the unique spectral properties and excited state reactivity of the chromophore.
Biological Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan. t-okada@aist.go.jp
Tetsuji
T
Okada
Minoru
M
Sugihara
Ana-Nicoleta
AN
Bondar
Marcus
M
Elstner
Peter
P
Entel
Volker
V
Buss
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
D012243:Rhodopsin; D012172:Retinaldehyde