Progress on new vaccine strategies against chronic viral infections.
Among the most cost-effective strategies for preventing viral infections, vaccines have proven effective primarily against viruses causing acute, self-limited infections. For these it has been sufficient for the vaccine to mimic the natural virus. However, viruses causing chronic infection do not elicit an immune response sufficient to clear the infection and, as a result, vaccines for these viruses must elicit more effective responses--quantitative and qualitative--than does the natural virus. Here we examine the immunologic and virologic basis for vaccines against three such viruses, HIV, hepatitis C virus, and human papillomavirus, and review progress in clinical trials to date. We also explore novel strategies for increasing the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines.
Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, The Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. berzofsk@helix.nih.gov
Jay A
JA
Berzofsky
Jeffrey D
JD
Ahlers
John
J
Janik
John
J
Morris
SangKon
S
Oh
Masaki
M
Terabe
Igor M
IM
Belyakov
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008954:Models, Biological; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines