Preconditioning of the myocardium by volatile anesthetics.
Cardiovascular disease continues to be a major health problem. Tremendous efforts have been invested in clinical and laboratory research in the hopes of decreasing the risk of patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries. A powerful endogenous mechanism of cardioprotection, termed ischemic preconditioning, was reported in a laboratory setting whereby the myocardium can be preconditioned by a brief ischemic episode and protected against a subsequent prolonged ischemic attack. Since this initial observation, several pharmacological agents have been demonstrated to mimic ischemic preconditioning. These include opioids, potassium channel openers such as pinacidil and diazoxide, and adenosine agonists. Recently, volatile anesthetics were found to be powerful cardiac preconditioning agents. Infarct size reduction as the result of anesthetic-induced preconditioning paralleled that of ischemic preconditioning. The use of volatile anesthetics as preconditioning agents in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries can potentially result in the reduction of morbidity and disability in this class of patients. However, to fully realize the potential use of this novel property of volatile anesthetics, the underlying mechanism of anesthetic-induced preconditioning would need to be elucidated. This review highlights the major recent findings on the cardioprotective effects of volatile anesthetics.
Kwok
Wai-Meng
WM
Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. wmkwok@mcw.edu
Aizawa
Kei
K
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D015221:Potassium Channels