Confocal reflectance imaging of head and neck surgical specimens. A comparison with histologic analysis.
BACKGROUND
Confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) is an optical method of imaging tissue noninvasively without the need for fixation, sectioning, and staining as in standard histopathologic analysis. Image contrast is determined by natural differences in refractive indices of organelles and other subcellular structures within the tissues. Gray-scale images are displayed in real time on a video monitor and represent horizontal (en face) optical sections through the tissue. We hypothesized that CRM is capable of discerning histologic characteristics of different tissues in the head and neck.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the microscopic anatomy of freshly excised head and neck surgical specimens en bloc using CRM and to compare the findings with those generated by conventional histologic analysis.


METHODS
This was a pilot observational cohort study. Bone, muscle, nerve, thyroid, parotid, and ethmoid mucosa from human surgical specimens were imaged immediately after excision. Confocal images were compared with corresponding routine paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections obtained from the same tissue.


RESULTS
Characteristic histologic features of various tissues and cell types were readily discernible by CRM and correlated well with permanent sections. However, in all tissues examined, there was less microscopic detail visible in the CRM images than was appreciated in paraffin-embedded histologic sections.


CONCLUSIONS
The CRM images revealed cytologic features without the artifacts of histologic processing and thus may have the potential for use as an adjunct to frozen-section analysis in intraoperative consultation.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
W Matthew
WM
White
Marisa
M
Baldassano
Milind
M
Rajadhyaksha
Salvador
S
Gonzalez
Gary J
GJ
Tearney
R Rox
RR
Anderson
Richard L
RL
Fabian
D015331:Cohort Studies; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006257:Head / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D009138:Musculocutaneous Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D009186:Myelin Sheath; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology
D004396:Coloring Agents; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006416:Hematoxylin