Spinal cord injury in children: long-term urodynamic and urological outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
Urological complications in adults with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are well documented. We sought to determine the effect of SCI on the developing bladder and kidneys in the child.


METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed cases of SCI with 1-year minimum followup. We identified 42 children with an average age at injury of 5.3 years (range 1 day to 14 years). Mean followup was 5.5 years (range 1 to 15.5). Videourodynamics, sonograms, infection, medications and continence were reviewed. Safe bladder capacity was defined as the pressure specific volume at 40 cm water or less. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on level of injury-cervical (10), thoracic (26) and lumbar (6).


RESULTS
Bladder management included clean intermittent catheterization in 40 of 42 patients and antispasmodics in 37. No patient had reflux, hydronephrosis or renal scarring. In the cervical group safe bladder capacity was less than the expected capacity in 80% of patients but all patients undergoing multiple urodynamics had increasing capacity with time. In the thoracic group 58% of patients had a safe bladder capacity less than expected and 76% of those undergoing multiple urodynamics had increasing capacity. In the lumbar group 50% of patients had a safe bladder capacity less than expected and 67% of those undergoing multiple urodynamics had increasing capacity.


CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge this is the largest and longest urological study of young children with SCI. Early clean intermittent catheterization and use of anticholinergics appear to prevent upper tract deterioration, improve continence and decrease infections. Serial urodynamics confirm increasing safe capacity with growth in most children. Close followup is necessary as bladder characteristics may change with time.
Generao
Suzanne E
SE
Department of Urology, University of California-Davis, 5860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
Dall'era
Joseph P
JP
Stone
Anthony R
AR
Kurzrock
Eric A
EA
D000293:Adolescent; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014563:Urodynamics
D010276:Parasympatholytics