Upstream and downstream of mTOR.
The evolutionarily conserved checkpoint protein kinase, TOR (target of rapamycin), has emerged as a major effector of cell growth and proliferation via the regulation of protein synthesis. Work in the last decade clearly demonstrates that TOR controls protein synthesis through a stunning number of downstream targets. Some of the targets are phosphorylated directly by TOR, but many are phosphorylated indirectly. In this review, we summarize some recent developments in this fast-evolving field. We describe both the upstream components of the signaling pathway(s) that activates mammalian TOR (mTOR) and the downstream targets that affect protein synthesis. We also summarize the roles of mTOR in the control of cell growth and proliferation, as well as its relevance to cancer and synaptic plasticity.
Hay
Nissim
N
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA. nhay@uic.edu
Sonenberg
Nahum
N
D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology
D006133:Growth Substances; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases