Scleral penetrations and perforations in strabismus surgery and associated risk factors.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the incidence and identify associated risk factors of scleral penetrations and perforations resulting from strabismus surgery.


METHODS
A prospective observational study of patients undergoing strabismus surgery by residents or fellows was conducted. The surgical techniques employed included recessions, resections, advancements, posterior fixation sutures, and transpositions. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed on each operated eye following surgery to identify any retinal changes indicative of a penetration or perforation.


RESULTS
Of the 144 patients and 217 operated eyes, 11 sustained penetrations (5.1%), and 6 perforations (2.8%). On a per muscle procedure basis, the incidence of penetrations was 4.3% and of perforations 1.9%. The mean age at surgery for patients who experienced perforations was 4.8 years (+/- 5.3), which was less than those with penetrations or those without any complications (P = .016). The surgeon's experience was not related to the frequency of these complications. Penetrations or perforations were more likely to occur with rectus muscle recessions than resections (P = .0067). Horizontal rectus muscles were most frequently associated with penetrations and perforations when compared to vertical rectus and oblique muscles (P = .003). The S-24 needle was more frequently involved in the penetrations and perforations than other needles (P = .027).


CONCLUSIONS
In order to reduce the risk of scleral penetrations or perforations, surgeons should exercise caution when performing strabismus surgery in younger patients, when using S-24 needles, and when performing rectus muscle recessions. This study has demonstrated, for the first time with statistical significance, that recessions are more often associated with penetrations and perforations than other types of strabismus procedures.
Dang
Yadvinder
Y
Department of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics, King/Drew Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Racu
Camellia
C
Isenberg
Sherwin J
SJ
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000601:surgery*