Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.
Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are arguably the two most dreaded complications of diabetes. Together they contribute to serious morbidity and mortality. As they progress to end-stage renal disease and blindness, they impose enormous medical, economic,and social costs on both the patient and the health care system. Because nephropathy and retinopathy are frequently linked in patients,this article reviews their common and individual aspects of pathophysiology, clinical features, and management.
Jawa
Ali
A
Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, SL-53, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA.
Kcomt
Juanita
J
Fonseca
Vivian A
VA
D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents