Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for bipolar (manic-depressive) and related disorders: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach.
Identifying genes for bipolar mood disorders through classic genetics has proven difficult. Here, we present a comprehensive convergent approach that translationally integrates brain gene expression data from a relevant pharmacogenomic mouse model (involving treatments with a stimulant--methamphetamine, and a mood stabilizer--valproate), with human data (linkage loci from human genetic studies, changes in postmortem brains from patients), as a bayesian strategy of crossvalidating findings. Topping the list of candidate genes, we have DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa) located at 17q12, PENK (preproenkephalin) located at 8q12.1, and TAC1 (tachykinin 1, substance P) located at 7q21.3. These data suggest that more primitive molecular mechanisms involved in pleasure and pain may have been recruited by evolution to play a role in higher mental functions such as mood. The analysis also revealed other high-probability candidates genes (neurogenesis, neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, signal transduction, circadian, synaptic, and myelin related), pathways and mechanisms of likely importance in pathophysiology.
Ogden
C A
CA
Laboratory of Neurophenomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Rich
M E
ME
Schork
N J
NJ
Paulus
M P
MP
Geyer
M A
MA
Lohr
J B
JB
Kuczenski
R
R
Niculescu
A B
AB
D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
D018692:Antimanic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; D004745:Enkephalins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D015320:Tachykinins; D013373:Substance P; D008694:Methamphetamine; D014635:Valproic Acid; C033660:preproenkephalin