Preliminary results of an anticircumsporozoite DNA vaccine trial for protection against avian malaria in captive African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus).
Captive juvenile African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) housed in an outdoor enclosure at the Baltimore Zoo have an average 50% mortality from avian malarial (Plasmodium sp.) infection each year without intense monitoring for disease and chemotherapeutic intervention. During the 1996 malaria transmission season, the safety and efficacy of an anti-circumsporozoite (CSP) DNA vaccine encoding the Plasmodium gallinaceum CSP protein against P. relictum were studied. The goal was to reduce clinical disease and death without initiating sterile immunity after release into an area with stable, endemic avian malaria. The birds were monitored for adverse clinical signs associated with vaccination, the stimulation of an anti-CSP antibody response, and protection afforded by the vaccine. The presence of P. relictum in trapped culicine mosquitoes within the penguin enclosure was monitored to assess parasite pressure. Among the vaccinated penguins, the parasitemia rate dropped from approximately 50% to approximately 17% despite intense parasite pressure, as determined by mosquito infection rate. During the year of the vaccine trial, no mortalities due to malaria occurred and no undesirable vaccination side effects occurred. This is the first trial of an antimalarial vaccine in a captive penguin colony.
National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
K Christiana
KC
Grim
Thomas
T
McCutchan
Jun
J
Li
Margery
M
Sullivan
Thaddeus K
TK
Graczyk
Glenn
G
McConkey
Michael
M
Cranfield
D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D015142:Baltimore; D001717:Birds; D015139:Blotting, Southern / Q000662:veterinary; D002171:Canaries; D002645:Chickens; D003465:Culex / Q000469:parasitology; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect / Q000662:veterinary; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D008289:Malaria, Avian / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D010964:Plasmodium gallinaceum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; C041595:circumsporozoite protein, Protozoan