Expression and phosphorylation of delta-CaM kinase II in cultured Alzheimer fibroblasts.
Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis is among the major cellular alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II), one of the major effectors regulating neuronal responses to changes in calcium fluxes, in cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with sporadic AD. We found, by using PCR and Western analysis, that human fibroblasts express the delta-isoform of this kinase, and that CaM kinase II is the major Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase in these cells. Protein expression level of the kinase was not significantly different in AD fibroblasts. However, the total activity of the kinase (stimulated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin) was significantly reduced in AD cell lines, whereas Ca(2+)-independent activity was significantly enhanced. The percent autonomy of the kinase (%Ca(2+)-independent/Ca(2+)-dependent activity) in AD cell lines was 62.8%, three-fold the corresponding percentage in control fibroblasts. The abnormal calcium-independent activity was not due to enhanced basal autophosphorylation of Thr(287). The observed abnormalities, if present in brain tissue, may be implicated either in dysfunction of neuroplasticity and cognitive functions or in dysregulation of cell cycle.
Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Chiara
C
Cavazzin
Cristian
C
Bonvicini
Annachiara
A
Nocera
Marco
M
Racchi
Jiro
J
Kasahara
Daniela
D
Tardito
Massimo
M
Gennarelli
Stefano
S
Govoni
Giorgio
G
Racagni
Maurizio
M
Popoli
D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism
D002147:Calmodulin; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013912:Threonine; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium