Risk factors for heart failure.
Despite remarkable therapeutic advances in the management of patients with heart failure (HF), the mortality due to this syndrome remains high. Identifying free-living individuals who are at high risk for developing HF may allow implementing strategies that can prevent HF. Prospective epidemiologic studies have identified several risk factors and risk markers for HF. This article reviews current knowledge regarding conventional and newer risk markers for HF, outlines possible underlying mechanisms for the increased HF risk, and provides a framework for clinical multivariate risk prediction using HF risk factors.
Kenchaiah
Satish
S
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.
Narula
Jagat
J
Vasan
Ramachandran S
RS
D017677:Age Distribution; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
D015415:Biomarkers