Mast cells and mast cell mediators as targets of dietary supplements.
OBJECTIVE
To review the increasing amount of data that support or dispel the use of dietary supplements in the treatment of inflammatory conditions that involve mast cells, such as allergies, arthritis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome.


METHODS
A search was conducted in MEDLINE for natural substances, dietary supplements, flavonoids, and proteoglycans for their in vitro or in vivo effects on allergic and inflammatory conditions.


METHODS
Studies were selected for inclusion because of the impact factor of the journal, the definitive nature of the findings, the soundness of the study design, and the expert opinion of the authors.


RESULTS
Dietary supplements include a large group of products, such as vitamins, minerals, plant, or animal extracts, as well as herbal preparations that are often called medicinal herbs. Many of the available dietary supplements contain a multitude of ingredients, the source and/or purity of which is seldom disclosed; some of these may have biologic effects of their own or may interact with other supplements or drugs, often leading to adverse effects. The most well-documented evidence published to date is on the inhibitory action of natural compounds, especially flavonoids, on mast cells and allergic symptoms. Some flavonoids have weak inhibitory activity, whereas others may have no benefit or may be detrimental. Sulfated proteoglycans could provide synergistic action but require formulations with increased absorption.


CONCLUSIONS
Combining the most active flavonoids with proteoglycans could be helpful in atopic and inflammatory conditions. However, a complete list of active ingredients and their source, purity, and exact concentration should be a requirement for nutraceuticals to standardize, compare, and promote their safe use.
Theoharides
Theoharis C
TC
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. theoharis.theoharides@tufts.edu
Bielory
Leonard
L
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001168:Arthritis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators