Taking advantage of the positive side-effects of smallpox vaccination.
From the introduction of smallpox vaccination approximately 200 years ago right up to its discontinuation (1980), reports by physicians and scientists about positive side-effects such as healing of chronic skin rashes, reduced susceptibility to various infectious diseases, e.g. measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough, and even the prophylactic use of the vaccination, e.g. against syphilis, were published again and again. Comparison with the period after cessation of vaccination confirms the experiences of the above vaccinators. As early as 1956, targeted research on these observations led to evidence of the 'ring-zone phenomenon', i.e. the production of soluble antiviral substances in infected chicken embryos and cell cultures. With the help of modern immunological and bioengineering methods, it was later possible to demonstrate that these effects are based on the activation of lymphoreticular cells and the regulatory effect of certain cytokines within the context of the non-specific immune system. These findings led to the development of paramunization with paraspecific vaccines from highly attenuated animal pox viruses. During attenuation, deletions in the virus DNA occur. Attenuated animal pox strains are therefore suited for the production of vector vaccines. The fact that these vector vaccines demonstrate an especially high level of paraspecific efficacy and lack harmful effects is likewise the result of the attenuated animal pox viruses. Optimum regulation of the entire immune system leads to increased paramunity already in the first few days after vaccination and to enhanced antigen recognition and thus accelerated commencement of specific immunity.
Institute of Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases of the Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian, Munich, Bavaria. mayr@starnberg-mail.de
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Mayr
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D012899:Smallpox / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
D012900:Smallpox Vaccine; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated