Injury patterns in big ten conference football.
BACKGROUND
In 1998, the National Collegiate Athletic Association legislated a decrease in the number of scrimmages and full-contact practices allowed during the spring season.


OBJECTIVE
A significantly increased risk of injury faced by the same player during the spring versus fall practice sessions does exist, but the National Collegiate Athletic Association regulations will not have the intended effect of reducing injury rates to equal or below those of the fall practice sessions.


METHODS
Retrospectively analyzed, descriptive study of prospectively collected injury surveillance data followed by a prospective, controlled, repeated-measures study after the rule change.


METHODS
Phase 1: the Big Ten Conference Sports Injury Surveillance System database was reviewed from spring 1992 through fall 1997 for all reportable injuries. Phase 2: a prospective investigation was instituted from spring 1998 through fall 2000. This protocol was modified to also document updated individual player position descriptions and string as well as exposures for the old fall and spring practice categories (scrimmages, full contact, and limited contact) and the new spring practice designations (full pads with and without tackling, helmets only, spring game, and other scrimmages).


RESULTS
Phase 1: There were 3950 fall injuries and 1007 spring injuries, with 469 of the 1007 attributable to the "spring risk factor." There was a statistically significant increase in injury rate in the spring (19.8) versus fall (10.6). Scrimmages (incidence density ratio = 2.4) and limited-contact practices (incidence density ratio = 2.5) showed more than twice the fall injury rate. Phase 2: There were 1502 fall injuries and 648 spring injuries, with 192 attributable to the spring risk factor. There was a 3-fold increase in injury rate in the spring (incidence density ratio = 3.2). Although the noncontact, helmets-only practices produced the lowest injury rates, the nonspring game scrimmages and the limited-contact practices defined as "practice with pads but without tackling" displayed the highest injury rates. In both spring and fall, nonplayers exhibited the highest injury rates for all string groups.


CONCLUSIONS
There was and still is a statistically significant increase in spring practice injury risk. The 1998 rule change resulted in an even greater increase in spring practice injury risk. If the goal is to minimize the number of spring practice injuries, it will be best accomplished by limiting the number of scrimmages and limited-contact sessions.
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
John P
JP
Albright
John W
JW
Powell
Al
A
Martindale
Robert
R
Black
Edward
E
Crowley
Paul
P
Schmidt
Jeff
J
Monroe
Doug
D
Locy
Tory
T
Aggler
W R
WR
Davis
George
G
Salvaterra
Dennis
D
Miller
Dennis
D
Helwig
Stephen
S
Soboroff
Jim
J
Nivens
James
J
Carpenter
Jeff
J
Kovan
Elizabeth
E
Arndt
Howard
H
Sweeney
John
J
Lombardo
Wayne J
WJ
Sebastianelli
Michael
M
Krauss
Greg
G
Landry
D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data