Clinical responsiveness of glioblastoma multiforme to chemotherapy after vaccination.
OBJECTIVE
Although the development of immune-based therapies for various cancers including malignant glioma has been heralded with much hope and optimism, objective clinical improvements in most vaccinated cancer patients have not been realized. To broaden the search for vaccine-induced benefits, we examined synergy of vaccines with conventional chemotherapy.


METHODS
Survival and progression times were analyzed retrospectively in 25 vaccinated (13 with and 12 without subsequent chemotherapy) and 13 nonvaccinated de novo glioblastoma (GBM) patients receiving chemotherapy. Immune responsiveness and T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) content within CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TRECs) was determined in vaccinated patients.


RESULTS
Vaccinated patients receiving subsequent chemotherapy exhibited significantly longer times to tumor recurrence after chemotherapy relative to their own previous recurrence times, as well as significantly longer postchemotherapy recurrence times and survival relative to patients receiving isolated vaccination or chemotherapy. Patients exhibiting objective (>50%) tumor regression, extremely rare in de novo GBM, were also confined to the vaccine + chemotherapy group. Prior tumor behavior, demographic factors, other treatment variables, distribution of vaccine responders, and patients with high CD8+ TRECs all failed to account for these differences in clinical outcome. Within all GBM patients receiving post-vaccine chemotherapy, however, CD8+ TRECs predicted significantly longer chemotherapeutic responses, revealing a strong link between the predominant T-cell effectors in GBM and tumor chemosensitivity.


CONCLUSIONS
We propose that therapeutic vaccination synergizes with subsequent chemotherapy to elicit tangible clinical benefits for GBM patients.
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. wheelerc@cshs.org
Christopher J
CJ
Wheeler
Asha
A
Das
Gentao
G
Liu
John S
JS
Yu
Keith L
KL
Black
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003399:Craniotomy; D017931:DNA Primers; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D017931:DNA Primers; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell