title: HIV-1 vaccines and co-infection.
abstract: Vaccines are an economically efficient means of controlling viral infections, and it is likely that a vaccine against HIV-1 will be the most effective way of controlling the global AIDS crisis. However, an effective vaccine has not yet been attainable and in developing countries co-infection with protozoa and other chronic diseases adds another level of complexity to the design of an HIV-1 vaccine. Helminthic and protozoan infections can result in a constant state of immune activation that is characterised by a dominant T helper (Th)2 type of cytokine profile. Such an immune profile is likely to have an adverse impact on the efficacy of an HIV-1 vaccine CD8 cellular immune response and the corresponding Th1 cytokines that are most likely to be important for clearing viral infections.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd, 505 SCL, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Tara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Jean D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018448:Models, Immunological; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D015483:HIV Antibodies