title: Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions.
abstract: The multivariate genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was investigated in a sample of 617 pairs of adolescent and young adult twins from Japan. Additive genetic factors accounted for 22% to 49% of the variability on all TCI temperament scales. Although the theory predicts lower heritability for the character scales, all character subscales had a substantial genetic contribution, and nonshared environmental influences accounted for the remainder. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that several subscales used to define one dimension shared a common genetic basis with subscales defining others. Using the degree of shared genetic influence as the basis to rearrange the TCI subscales into new dimensions, it was possible to create genetically independent scales. The implications for personality measurement, theory, and molecular genetic research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, The Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. juko@msa.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: Juko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Atsunobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kijima
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002605:Character; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology