title: Interleukin-6 and antiphospholipid antibodies in women with contraceptive-related thromboembolic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the possible (joint) contributing role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and antiphospholipid antibodies to the occurrence of the venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interleukin-6 and antiphospholipid antibodies (anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody-immunoglobulin M [IgM], G [IgG], and A [IgA]; anticardiolipin-IgM and IgG; antiphosphatidylserine-IgM and IgG) were measured in 30 women (median age 41, range 28-49 years) in the stable period (on average 3.5 years) after first venous thromboembolism. Sixteen patients used oral contraceptives during the episode of venous thromboembolism (oral contraceptives group), whereas 14 patients did not (non-oral contraceptives group). Thirty-seven age-matched, healthy women served as controls
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, the oral contraceptives group had elevated IL-6 (median interquartile range 2.3 [1.1-4.3] versus 1.4 [0-2.0] pg/mL, P <.05). The oral contraceptives group had elevated anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody-IgM in comparison with both the non-oral contraceptives group (median interquartile range 47.5 [2.0-77.0] versus 29.50 [11.00-45.50] OD(450), P <.06) and controls (47.5 [2.0-77.0] versus 17.5 [3.5-30.0] OD(450), P <.001). Interleukin-6 level in the non-oral contraceptives group was related to obesity, whereas such a relation was not found in the oral contraceptives group, suggesting the presence of another factor (oral contraceptive use), which stimulates IL-6 production. Of particular interest is our finding that elevated IL-6 levels correlated significantly positively with elevated anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody-IgG in patients who were users of oral contraceptives (but not overweight, n = 10) (r = 0.56, P <.05)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a new hypothesis that, in susceptible women, use of oral contraceptives induces production of IL-6, which stimulates production of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I. Thus, the prothrombotic profile is aggravated and could facilitate occurrence of venous thromboembolism. This remains to be elucidated in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salobir
authors.forename: Miso
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D015850:Interleukin-6