title: Septation and shortening of outflow tract in embryonic mouse heart involve changes in cardiomyocyte phenotype and alpha-SMA positive cells in the endocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on human, rat and chicken embryos have demonstrated that during the period of outflow tract septation, retraction of the distal myocardial margin of the outflow tract from the junction with aortic sac to the level of semilunar valves leads to the shortening of the myocardial tract. However, the mechanism is not clear. So we investigated the mechanism of outflow tract shortening and remodeling and the spatio-temporal distribution pattern of alpha-SMA positive cells in the outflow tract cushion during septation of the outflow tract in the embryonic mouse heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial sections of mouse embryos from embryonic day 9 (ED 9) to embryonic day 16 (ED 16) were stained with monoclonal antibodies against alpha-SCA, alpha-SMA, or desmin, while apoptosis was assessed using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidy transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between ED 11 and ED 12, the cardiomyocytes in the distal portion of the outflow tract were observed losing their myocardial phenotype without going into apoptosis, suggesting that trans-differentiation of cardiomyocytes into the cell components of the free walls of the intrapericardial ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The accumulation of alpha-SMA positive cells in the cardiac jelly began on ED 10 and participated in the ridge fusion and septation of the outflow tract. Fusion of the distal ridges resulted in the formation of the facing walls of the intrapericardial ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. Fusion of the proximal ridges was accompanied by the accumulation of alpha-SMA positive cells into a characteristic central whorl, in which cell apoptosis could be observed. Subsequent myocardialization resulted in the formation of the partition between the subaortic and subpulmonary vestibules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The shortening of the embryonic heart outflow tract in mice may result not from apoptosis, but from the trans-differentiation of cells with cardiomyocyte phenotype in the distal portion of the outflow tract into the cell components of the free walls of the intrapericardial ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The primary roles of alpha-SMA positive cells in the septation and remodeling of the outflow tract may assure proper fusion of the outflow ridges and form the facing walls of the intrapericardial ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
authors.forename: Yan-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hai-rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jing
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000199:Actins