title: Effects of a stress-reduction program on psychological function, pain, and physical function of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a stress-reduction program on pain, psychological function, and physical function in persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who experience pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two SLE patients were assigned randomly to receive either biofeedback-assisted cognitive-behavioral treatment (BF/CBT), a symptom-monitoring support (SMS) intervention, or usual medical care (UC) alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BF/CBT participants had significantly greater reductions in pain and psychological dysfunction compared with the SMS group (pain, P = 0.044; psychological functioning, P < 0.001) and the UC group (pain, P = 0.028; psychological functioning, P < 0.001). BF/CBT had significantly greater improvement in perceived physical function compared with UC (P = 0.035), and improvement relative to SMS was marginally significant (P = 0.097). At a 9-month followup evaluation, BF/CBT continued to exhibit relative benefit compared with UC in psychological functioning (P = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the utility of a brief stress management program for short-term improvement in pain, psychological function, and perceived physical function among persons with SLE who experience pain.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA. grecocm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rudy
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome