title: Physiologic role of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in female lower urinary tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years nitric oxide (NO) has gained increasing recognition as an important neurotransmitter and cell signaling molecule with a broad range of functions in the lower urinary tract. This review discusses recently published data related to the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of NO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the female lower urinary tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of three isoforms of NOS, namely endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS and inducible NOS, has been identified in various tissues of the lower urinary tract in animals and humans. In addition to its relaxation effects on bladder and urethra, NO also serves as a neurotransmitter in the lower urinary tract. The physiologic roles of NO in overactive bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, diabetic cystopathy, interstitial cystitis, and bladder inflammation have been demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO plays an important role in the micturition process and in disorders of the lower urinary tract. Improved understanding of the pathophysiologic role of NO/NOS system and of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway may allow us to identify suitable therapeutic targets for lower urinary tract disorders. However, there is a need for further investigation to determine the precise function of NO in human lower urinary tract because most work thus far has been done in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. mho@obgyn.humc.edu
authors.forename: Mat H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Narender N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khorram
mesh_terms: D003556:Cystitis / Q000201:enzymology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000201:enzymology; D014521:Urethra / Q000201:enzymology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000201:enzymology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000201:enzymology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000503:physiopathology; D014553:Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase