title: Intraischemic nitrous oxide alters neither neurologic nor histologic outcome: a comparison with dizocilpine.
abstract: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism contributes to the anesthetic action of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). We examined the effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists N(2)O and dizocilpine on outcome from filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Rats breathed 70% nitrogen/30% oxygen or 70% N(2)O/30% oxygen during MCAO. A third group breathed 70% nitrogen/30% oxygen and was given dizocilpine (0.25 mg/kg IV). After 75 min of MCAO, the rats recovered for 3 or 14 days. Pericranial temperature was maintained at 37.5 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C during ischemia and for 20 h postischemia. N(2)O did not alter neurologic scores at 3 days (N(2)O, 21 +/- 6; nitrogen, 22 +/- 8; P = 0.95; 0 = normal; 48 = maximal deficit; mean +/- sd; n = 15) or 14 days (N(2)O, 13 +/- 6; nitrogen, 12 +/- 6; P = 0.93; n = 15-16) postischemia. N(2)O had no effect on infarct size at 3 days (N(2)O, 162 +/- 45 mm(3); nitrogen, 162 +/- 61 mm(3); P > 0.99) or 14 days (N(2)O, 147 +/- 56 mm(3); nitrogen, 151 +/- 62 mm(3); P = 0.99) postischemia. Dizocilpine treatment caused smaller infarcts (3 days: 66 +/- 49 mm(3), P < 0.0001 versus nitrogen; 14 days: 84 +/- 50 mm(3), P < 0.006 versus nitrogen) and reduced the neurologic deficit (3 days: 10 +/- 10, P = 0.002 versus nitrogen; 14 days: 6 +/- 7, P = 0.006 versus nitrogen). N(2)O (70%) had no effect on either behavioral or histologic outcome from transient focal cerebral ischemia when compared with results in rats breathing 70% nitrogen. These results indicate that normobaric N(2)O does not alter the response of rat brain to a focal ischemic insult.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology, ‡Surgery, and §Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center; and †Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoo
authors.forename: Huaxin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mixco
authors.forename: H Mayumi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Homi
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pearlstein
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009609:Nitrous Oxide