title: Characterisation of embalming materials of a mummy of the Ptolemaic era. Comparison with balms from mummies of different eras.
abstract: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to determine the nature of organic materials used in mummification balms. A comparative analysis of samples taken from Egyptian mummies is developed. The results are given in two parts. First, it is shown that the chemical composition of the balm is practically independent of the part of the mummy from which it is taken. This study was done on a Ptolemaic mummy (circa 100 BC from the Guimet Museum in Lyon). Fats, beeswax, and diterpenic resins were the main components: they were found everywhere. Castor oil was also very often detected (in half of the samples). This particular fat is present in the balm inside the thorax but not in the skull. Moreover it is shown that a vegetable tannin was employed. Components indicative of vegetable tannin input (gallic acid and inositols) were found in seven samples out of eighteen, particularly close to the body and on the canopic pack of the heart. Secondly, some conclusions from a comparative study of the composition of balms from mummies of various social levels as well as of different Egyptian periods are reported. It is shown that beeswax was used as from very early times (XVIIIth dynasty). The mixture of beeswax, fats, and diterpenoid resins would appear to be more recent. The balms of three mummies dating from more recent Egyptian periods (XIXth to XXVth dynasty) were analysed. No evidence of a resin, gum-resin, or plant gum could be found. Some mummies would appear to have been embalmed with fats or beeswax. Finally, the entrails canopic pack said to belong to Ramses II undoubtedly shows an embalming process with a triterpenic resin of the mastic type. The adopted analytical methodology enabled us to achieve simultaneous detection of four components of the balm of the Ptolemaic mummy. Analysis of the other five mummies revealed far less complex chemical compositions for the balms. This may be an indication of different embalming processes, although we should bear in mind the question of organic matter preservation through the ages.
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud EA 33-43, LETIAM, IUT d'Orsay (Université Paris XI), Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France. tchapla@iut-orsay.fr
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchapla
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Méjanelle
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bleton
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goursaud
mesh_terms: D002368:Castor Oil / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D000076144:Egypt, Ancient; D004615:Embalming / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D009106:Mummies / Q000266:history*; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D012116:Resins, Plant; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax; D002368:Castor Oil