title: Molecular profiling of human hepatocellular carcinoma defines mutually exclusive interferon regulation and insulin-like growth factor II overexpression.
abstract: Molecular subtyping of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with potential mechanistic and therapeutic impact has not been achieved thus far. We have analyzed the mRNA expression patterns of 43 different human HCC samples and 3 HCC cell lines in comparison with normal adult liver using high-density cDNA microarrays. Two main groups of HCC, designated group A (65%) and group B (35%), were distinguished based on clustering of the most highly varying genes. Group A HCCs were characterized by induction of a number of interferon (IFN)-regulated genes, whereas group B was characterized mainly by down-regulation of several apoptosis-relevant and IFN-regulated genes. The number of apoptotic tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was significantly higher in tumors of group A as compared with those of group B. Based on the expression pattern, group B was further subdivided into two subgroups, designated subgroup B1 (6 of 43 tumors, 14%) and subgroup B2 (9 of 43 tumors, 21%). A prominent characteristic of subgroup B1 was high overexpression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II. All tested HCC cell lines expressed equally high concentrations of IGF-II transcripts and co-segregated with group B1 in clustering. IGF-II overexpression and induction of IFN-related genes were mutually exclusive, even when analysis was extended to other cancer expression profile studies. Moreover, IFN-gamma treatment substantially reduced IGF-II expression in HCC cells. In conclusion, cDNA microarray analyses provided subtyping of HCCs that is related to intratumor inflammation and tumor cell apoptosis. This profiling may be of mechanistic and therapeutic impact because IGF-II overexpression has been linked to reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation and may be accessible to therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. kai.breuhahn@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breuhahn
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vreden
authors.forename: Ramsi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckebaum
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stippel
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nussbaum
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Caselmann
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Haab
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D007371:Interferon-gamma