title: Cryptococcus neoformans methionine synthase: expression analysis and requirement for virulence.
abstract: This paper describes (i) the expression profile of the methionine synthase gene (MET6) in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and (ii) the phenotypes of a C. neoformans met6 mutant. In contrast to the MET3 gene, which showed no significant change in expression in any environmental condition tested, the MET6 gene showed a substantial induction in response to methionine and a dramatic transcriptional induction in response to homocysteine. Like a met3 mutant, the met6 mutant was a methionine auxotroph. However, relative to a met3 mutant, the met6 mutant grew very slowly and was less heat-shock resistant. In contrast to a met3 mutant, the met6 mutant lost viability when starved of methionine, and it was deficient in capsule formation. Like a met3 mutant, the met6 mutant was avirulent. In contrast to a met3 mutant, the met6 mutant was hypersensitive to fluconazole and to the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporin A. A synergistic fungicidal effect was also found between each of these drugs and met6. The phenotypic differences between the met3 and met6 mutants may be due to the accumulation in met6 mutants of homocysteine, a toxic metabolic intermediate that inhibits sterol biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Renata C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pascon
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Tonya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ganous
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kingsbury
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McCusker
mesh_terms: D013766:5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D008543:Melanins; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D037521:Virulence Factors; D006710:Homocysteine; D016572:Cyclosporine; D015725:Fluconazole; D008715:Methionine; D013766:5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; D016559:Tacrolimus