title: Ecological separation and genetic isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Classifying bacteria into species is problematic. Most microbiologists consider species to be groups of isolates that share some arbitrary degree of relatedness of biochemical or molecular (such as DNA sequence) features and that, ideally, are clearly delineated from all other groups of isolates. The main problem in applying to bacteria a biological concept of species based on the ability or inability of their genes to recombine, is that recombination appears to be rare in bacteria in nature, as indicated by the strong linkage disequilibrium between alleles found in most bacterial populations. However, there are some naturally transformable bacteria in which assortative recombination appears to be so frequent that alleles are in, or close to, linkage equilibrium. For these recombining populations a biological concept of species might be applicable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Populations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis from Spain were analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The data indicate that assortative recombination occurs frequently within populations, but not between populations. Similarly, the sequences of two house-keeping genes show no evidence of intragenic recombination between N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis represent extremely closely related 'sexual' populations that appear to be genetically isolated in nature, and thus conform to the biological concept of species. The extreme uniformity of N. gonorrhoeae house-keeping genes suggests that this species may have arisen recently as a clone of N. meningitidis that could colonize the genital tract. Ecological isolation - of populations that can colonize the genital tract from those that can colonize the nasopharynx - may have been an important component in speciation, leading to a lower frequency of recombination between species than within species.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bacteriologia, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Spratt