title: Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide the American College of Critical Care Medicine with updated guidelines for hemodynamic support of adult patients with sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publications relevant to hemodynamic support of septic patients were obtained from the medical literature, supplemented by the expertise and experience of members of an international task force convened from the membership of the Society of Critical Care Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both human studies and relevant animal studies were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experts articles reviewed the literature and classified the strength of evidence of human studies according to study design and scientific value. Recommendations were drafted and graded levels based on an evidence-based rating system described in the text. The recommendations were debated, and the task force chairman modified the document until <10% of the experts disagreed with the recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An organized approach to the hemodynamic support of sepsis was formulated. The fundamental principle is that clinicians using hemodynamic therapies should define specific goals and end points, titrate therapies to those end points, and evaluate the results of their interventions on an ongoing basis by monitoring a combination of variables of global and regional perfusion. Using this approach, specific recommendations for fluid resuscitation, vasopressor therapy, and inotropic therapy of septic in adult patients were promulgated.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: Tom S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Djillali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Annane
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Astiz
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chalfin
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dasta
authors.forename: Stephen O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Susla
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Totaro
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanotti-Cavazzoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents