title: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using an Amplatzer occluder--early results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with the use of an Amplatzer occluder was introduced in 1999, however, clinical experience with this method remains limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess short-term safety and efficacy of this technique in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 2001, nine children underwent transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in the cardiac centre in Bratislava (Slovak Republic) or in our centre. Patients were selected for the procedure based on the results of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Transcatheter closure using the Amplatzer occluder was guided by both TEE and angiography. The follow-up duration ranged from 3 to 22 months, mean 11.5 months. Control angiography was performed in order to detect any leakage through the aortic valve. The end-diastolic left ventricular diameter before and after the procedure as well as the function of the aortic, tricuspid and mitral valves were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was effective in all patients. No damage to atrio-ventricular nor aortic valves was observed. Tricuspid regurgitation, present prior to the procedure, markedly decreased following the closure of the defect. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter significantly (p=0.001) decreased after the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Perimembranous ventricular septal defect can be safely and effectively closed using a transcatheter Amplatzer occluder. (2) Appropriate selection for the procedure as well as TEE and angiographic guidance during the procedure enable the avoidance of complications. (3) Tricuspid regurgitation is not an absolute contraindication to perform this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Radiology, Medical Academy, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawelec-Wojtalik
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masura
authors.forename: Aldona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siwińska
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojtalik
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smoczyk
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Górzna-Kamińska
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Surmacz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011859:Radiography; D018154:Slovakia