title: The effect of penetration enhancers on drug delivery through skin: a QSAR study.
abstract: Skin penetration enhancers are used to allow formulation of transdermal delivery systems for drugs that are otherwise insufficiently skin-permeable. A full understanding of the mode of action could be beneficial for the design of potent enhancers and for the choice of the enhancer to be used in the topical formulation of a special drug. In this study, the structural requirements of penetration enhancers have been investigated using the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) technique. Activities of naturally occurring terpenes, pyrrolidinone and N-acetylprolinate derivatives on the skin penetration of 5-fluorouracil, diclofenac sodium (DFS), hydrocortisone (HC), estradiol and benazepril have been considered. The resulting QSARs indicated that for 5-fluorouracil and diclofenac sodium, less hydrophobic enhancers were the most active. More precisely, molecular descriptors in the corresponding QSARs indicated the possible involvement of intermolecular electron donor-acceptor interactions. This was in contrast to the skin permeation promotion of hydrocortisone, estradiol and benazepril by enhancers, where a linear relationship between enhancement activity and n-octanol/water partition coefficients of enhancers was evident. The possible mechanisms of penetration enhancement as suggested by the QSARs will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran. t.ghafourian@livjm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Taravat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghafourian
authors.forename: Parinaz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zandasrar
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamishekar
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nokhodchi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D013729:Terpenes; D004008:Diclofenac; D004958:Estradiol; D011392:Proline; D005472:Fluorouracil; C044946:benazepril; D006854:Hydrocortisone