title: Assessing cytotoxicity of photosensitized transformation products of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and atrazine with freshwater microbial assemblages.
abstract: In this study of riboflavin-sensitized photolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), the final photoproducts were found to include 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 3,5-dinitroaniline. After exposure to TNT (10 mg/L) for 90 min, in a river water sample there was inhibition of the viability count of heterotrophic bacterial assemblages by 28.3% and 24.3% and of bacterial heterotrophic mineralization of glucose by 99.5% and 93.6% relative to the light control and dark control groups, respectively. After exposure separately to 10 mg/L 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, or 3,5-dinitroaniline, the viability count of heterotrophic bacterial assemblages was enhanced by 30.0%, 98.2%, and 148.7%, respectively, relative to the TNT group in light and by 12.2%, 40.2%, and 36.5%, respectively, relative to TNT group in dark. After exposure to the same aforementioned test chemicals, heterotrophic activity of bacterial assemblages was inhibited by 75.7%, 72.4%, and 56.0%, respectively, relative to light control group, and there were no significant changes in the dark. A similar study was conducted with atrazine (10 mg/L). The main products of atrazine riboflavin-sensitized phototransformation include desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA). It was found that DEA and DIA did not inhibit microbial heterotrophic activity. However, after 72 h the viable count was enhanced by 52.8% and 63.3% in the DEA and DIA exposure groups, respectively, in comparison to the control. These results suggested that photosensitized transformation decreased TNT and atrazine cytotoxicity to microbial assemblages in the natural water. Photoproducts of atrazine--DEA and -DIA, and of TNT could become growth substrates for bacterial assemblages in natural water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Huey-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008027:Light; D008922:Mississippi; D010777:Photochemistry; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D005947:Glucose; D001280:Atrazine; D012256:Riboflavin