title: On the flicker noise of ferrite circulators for ultra-stable oscillators.
abstract: The flicker noise of the ferrite circulator is a critical element in ultra-stable microwave oscillators, in which the signal reflected from the input of the reference cavity is exploited to stabilize the frequency. This paper explains why the circulator noise must be measured in isolation mode, proposes a measurement scheme, and provides experimental results. The observed flicker spans from -162 to -170 dB[rad2]/Hz at 1 Hz off the 9.2 GHz carrier, and at +19 dBm of input power. In the same conditions, the instrument limit is below -180 dB[rad2]/Hz. Experiments also give information on the mechanical stability of the microwave assembly, which is in the range of 10(-11) m. The measurement method can be used as the phase detector of a corrected oscillator; and, in the field of solid-state physics, it can be used for the measurement of random fluctuations in magnetic materials.
authors.affiliation: Université Henri Poincaré Ecole Supérieure de Sciences et Technologies de l'Ingénieur de Nancy (ESSTIN) and the Laboratory of Physics of Ionized Media and Applications (LPMIA), Nancy, France. rubiola@esstin.uhp-nancy.fr
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubiola
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gruson
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giordano