title: Laparoscopic warm renal ischemia in the solitary porcine kidney model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of a laparoscopic approach on warm renal ischemia in the pig with a solitary kidney. Although the maximal safe duration for warm ischemia during open partial nephrectomy is commonly accepted to be 30 minutes, the maximal safe ischemic time during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has not been previously determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen farm pigs underwent unilateral laparoscopic right nephrectomy. Two weeks later, the pigs underwent complete laparoscopic mobilization of the remaining left kidney and were randomized to complete hilar clamp times of 0, 30, 60, or 90 minutes. Serum creatinine was evaluated before right nephrectomy and at days 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 30 after renal ischemia during laparoscopy. All renal specimens were evaluated by an experienced nephropathologist in a blinded fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum creatinine remained stable at all points in the control and 30-minute ischemia groups. The serum creatinine level rose initially on days 2 and 4 in the 60-minute and 90-minute ischemia groups but returned to baseline by day 7. At harvest, no statistically significant difference was found among the groups in serum creatinine or histologic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal ischemic times up to 90 minutes during laparoscopy were well tolerated by the solitary porcine kidney. Possible explanations for this finding include the protective effect of a solitary kidney and the potential protective effect of relative ischemic preconditioning provided by the pneumoperitoneum.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: D Duane
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Lincoln J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Maynes
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Premal J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Zuppan
authors.forename: Grenith J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Ada M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Winkielman
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Sterling
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Herbert C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ruckle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine