title: Risk factors and clinical features associated with severe dengue infection in adults and children during the 2001 epidemic in Chonburi, Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an important cause of morbidity in South-east Asia and used to occur almost exclusively in young children. In recent years, there has been a progressive shift in age-distribution towards older children and adults. We investigated an outbreak in 2001 in both children and adults, in an endemic area of Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 347 patients with serologically confirmed dengue infection admitted to Chonburi Hospital during an epidemic in 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 128 (37%) patients had dengue fever (DF) and 219 (63%) had DHF. Patients with DHF were significantly older than patients with DF (11 years vs. 8 years). Clinical bleeding was noted in 124 individuals, both with DF (n = 24) and DHF (n = 100), and significantly more frequently in adults. Twenty-nine (13.2%) of all DHF cases were caused by primary infection. Secondary dengue infection was associated significantly with the development of DHF in children, OR (95% CI) = 3.63 (1.94-6.82), P < 0.0001, but not in adults, OR (95% CI) = 0.6 (0.02-6.04), P = 1. Unusual clinical manifestations were observed in 23 patients: three presented with encephalopathy and 20 with highly elevated liver-enzymes. In the latter group, four patients were icteric and nine had gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that DHF in South-east Asia is common in both children and adults. In dengue-endemic countries, dengue should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with clinical gastrointestinal bleeding in association with increased liver enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. ole.wichmann@charite.de
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Suchat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hongsiriwon
authors.forename: Chureeratana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowonwatanuwong
authors.forename: Kesinee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chotivanich
authors.forename: Yoawalark
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sukthana
authors.forename: Sasithon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pukrittayakamee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019595:Severe Dengue / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology