title: Mortality and incidence of cancer during 10-year follow-up of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of cholesterol-lowering treatment with statins on mortality and risk of cancer beyond the usual 5-6-year trial periods are unknown. We extended post-trial follow-up of participants in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) to investigate cause-specific mortality and incidence of cancer 5 years after closure of the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  4S was a randomised double-blind trial of simvastatin or placebo in patients with coronary heart disease, serum total cholesterol 5.5-8.0 mmol/L, and serum triglycerides 2.5 mmol/L or lower. The double-blind period lasted for a median of 5.4 years (range for survivors 4.9-6.3) and ended in 1994. After the trial, most patients in both groups received open-label lipid-lowering treatment. National registers were used to assess mortality and causes of death and cancer incidence in the original treatment groups for a median total follow-up time of 10.4 years (range for survivors 9.9-11.3). Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  414 patients originally allocated simvastatin and 468 assigned placebo died during the 10.4-year follow-up (relative risk 0.85 [95% CI 0.74-0.97], p=0.02), a difference largely attributable to lower coronary mortality in the simvastatin group (238 vs 300 deaths; 0.76 [0.64-0.90], p=0.0018). 85 cancer deaths arose in the simvastatin group versus 100 in the placebo group (0.81 [0.60-1.08], p=0.14), and 227 incident cancers were reported in the simvastin group versus 248 in the placebo group (0.88 [0.73-1.05], p=0.15). Incidence of any specific type of cancer did not rise in the simvastatin group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simvastatin treatment for 5 years in a placebo-controlled trial, followed by open-label statin therapy, was associated with survival benefit over 10 years of follow-up compared with open-label statin therapy for the past 5 years only. No difference was noted in mortality from and incidence of cancer between the original simvastatin group and placebo group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, PL 340, 00029 HUS, Finland. timo.strandberg@hus.fi
authors.forename: Timo E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Kalevi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pyörälä
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faergeman
authors.forename: Gudmundur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thorgeirsson
authors.forename: Terje R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjekshus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D019821:Simvastatin