title: Baseline toxicity of a chlorobenzene mixture and total body residues measured and estimated with solid-phase microextraction.
abstract: Body residues of compounds with a narcotic mode of action that exceed critical levels result in baseline toxicity in organisms. Previous studies have shown that internal concentrations in organisms also can be estimated by way of passive sampling. In this experiment, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were used as a tool to estimate the body residues, which were then compared to measured levels. Past application of SPME fibers in the assessment of toxicity risk of samples has focused on separate exposure of fibers and organisms, often necessitated by the amount of agitation needed in order to achieve steady state in the fibers within a convenient time period. Uptake kinetic studies have shown that in SPME fibers with thin coatings, equilibrium concentrations can be reached without agitation within the time frame of a toxicity test. In contrast to toxicity experiments to date, the SPME fibers in the current study were exposed concomitantly to the test water with the organisms, ensuring an exposure under the exact same conditions. Fibers and two aquatic invertebrate species were exposed to a mixture of four chlorobenzenes with a narcotic mode of action. The total body residue of these compounds in the organisms was determined, as was the acute toxicity resulting from the accumulation. The total body residues of both species were correlated to the total concentrations in SPME fibers. It was concluded that toxicity could be predicted based on total body residue (TBR) estimates from fiber concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. heather.leslie@wur.nl
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Joop L M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hermens
authors.forename: Michiel H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kraak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004175:Diptera; D005544:Forecasting; D007814:Larva; D009835:Oligochaeta; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013048:Specimen Handling; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; C031294:chlorobenzene