title: Nonadherence with pediatric human immunodeficiency virus therapy as medical neglect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the results of an interventionist approach applied to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children for whom caregiver nonadherence was suspected as the cause of treatment failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of a cohort of 16 perinatally HIV-infected children whose care was managed at the Arkansas Children's Hospital Pediatric HIV Clinic for an uninterrupted period of >or=3 years were reviewed through July 2003. Data collected included date of birth, dates of and explanations for clinic visits and hospitalizations, dates of laboratory evaluations, CD4(+) T cell percentages, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, antiretroviral medications, viral resistance tests (eg, phenotype and genotype), and physician-initiated interventions to enhance adherence to the medication regimen. A stepwise interventionist approach was undertaken when patients continued to demonstrate high viral loads, despite documented viral sensitivity to the medication regimen and caregivers' insistence that medications were being administered regularly. Step 1 was prescribing a home health nurse referral, step 2 was administering directly observed therapy (DOT) while the patient was hospitalized for 4 days, and step 3 was submitting a physician-initiated medical neglect report to the Arkansas Department of Human Services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results for 6 patients for whom this stepwise approach was initiated are reported. Home health nurse referrals failed to result in sustained improvements in adherence in all 6 cases. Viral load assays performed before and after DOT provided an objective measure of the effect of adherence, with 12 hospitalizations resulting in a mean +/- SD decrease in HIV RNA levels of 1.09 +/- 0.5 log(10) copies per mL, with a range of 0.6 to 2.1 log(10) copies per mL. Four families responded to DOT hospitalization, and sustained decreases in the respective patients' viral loads were noted. In 2 cases, medical neglect reports were submitted when DOT did not result in improved adherence. These patients were eventually placed in foster care, with subsequent improvements in their viral loads and CD4(+) T cell percentages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonadherence with antiretroviral therapy can be established on the basis of persistently elevated HIV RNA levels that decrease with DOT. Nonadherence poses a danger to the child that is grave and potentially irreversible. Caregivers should be offered all available resources to help them adhere to a sound treatment plan. In cases of demonstrated inability to provide needed care, it is necessary to consider seeking child protection, even for apparently healthy children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J Gary
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hackler
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Holly D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Maples
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Darville
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002675:Child, Preschool; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005581:Foster Home Care; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral