title: Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage: a 10-year experience at our institution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience in patients with spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (SPH) seen at our institution over a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the years from 1992 to 2002, 13 patients with SPH without a history of trauma, were treated at our hospital. There were 5 male and 8 female patients with a mean age of 55.7 years (range 36-79 years). The patients' records were reviewed retrospectively with respect to etiology, clinical presentation, radiologic findings and therapeutic management of SPH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were presented with flank or abdominal pain. Radiological evaluation included ultrasonography (U/S) in 7 cases and computed tomography (CT) in 13 cases. An underlying renal mass was indentified employing U/S in 2 cases and using CT in 10 cases respectively. The etiology of SPH was determined in 12 cases. The most common causes were angiomyolipoma (5 patients) and renal cell carcinoma (4 patients). Out of the remaining 4 cases with SPH, one was associated with anticoagulant therapy; polyarteritis nodosa and Wegener angeitis were the underlying diseases in 2 cases respectively; finally, the etiology could not be determined in 1 case. All but two patients were managed surgically. Complete nephrectomy was performed in 6 cases, partial nephrectomy in 4 and simple evacuation of the haematoma was performed in 1 case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPH presence should arouse suspicions concerning its etiology, since the most common cause is a renal tumor and approximately 50% of such tumors are malignant. CT scanning is a useful imaging modality for the initial evaluation of SPH, permitting identification of the underlying cause in most instances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daskalopoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karyotis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heretis
authors.forename: Ploutarchos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anezinis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mavromanolakis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delakas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018207:Angiomyolipoma / Q000150:complications; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010488:Polyarteritis Nodosa / Q000150:complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants