title: [Clustering of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in adults living in Salvador (BA), Brazil].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, with and without inclusion of arterial hypertension, occurring simultaneously in a racially-mixed population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,298 adults aged > or = 20 years in the city of Salvador, Brazil, in 2000. Eight modifiable cardiovascular risk factors were assessed, in any combination: total cholesterol > or = 240 mg/dL; high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) < 40 mg/dL; triglycerides > or = 200 mg/dL; glycemia > or = 126 mg/dL + well-controlled diabetes; body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2, waist > or = 102 cm for males and > or = 88 cm for females, smoking and alcoholism. The results were stratified according to the number of simultaneous risk factors (zero to five or more and two or more risk factors). The data were analyzed in terms of estimated proportions and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), with and without the inclusion of arterial hypertension (VI Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure [JNC-VI], United States of America), ratio of proportions and chi-square for proportions as a measure of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men (41.4% of participants), 7.5% (95%CI: 2.5 to 9.7) did not present risk factors; 68.8% (95%CI: 65.0 to 72.8) presented two or more risk factors, not including hypertension. After inclusion of hypertension, 73.4% (95%CI: 69.7 to 77.1) presented two or more risk factors. Among women, 11.6% did not present risk factors. The presence of two or more risk factors, not including hypertension, was observed in 67.7% (95%CI: 64.8 to 71.4). After inclusion of hypertension, 71.7% (95%CI: 68.5 to 74.9) of the women presented two or more risk factors. Significant differences were observed for the presence of two or more risk factors in men with not more than 4 years of schooling vs. 5 to less than 11 years of schooling (P < 0.05); in women with not more than 4 years of schooling vs. 5 to less than 11 years of schooling; in women with not more than 4 years of schooling vs. 11 or more years of schooling (P < 0.01); and in black vs. white women (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high proportion of clustering cardiovascular risk factors in Salvador, with or without hypertension, especially in the population with little schooling and in black individuals, suggests the need for broad social strategies to reduce social inequality, promote health, and facilitate the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBa), Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Salvador (BA), Brazil. ines@lessa.org
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lessa
authors.forename: Maria Jenny
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Lucélia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Naomar de
authors.initials: Nd
authors.lastname: Almeida Filho
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: Maria Cecília R
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors