title: Identification of a specific isoform of tomato lipoxygenase (TomloxC) involved in the generation of fatty acid-derived flavor compounds.
abstract: There are at least five lipoxygenases (TomloxA, TomloxB, TomloxC, TomloxD, and TomloxE) present in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit, but their role in generation of fruit flavor volatiles has been unclear. To assess the physiological role of TomloxC in the generation of volatile C6 aldehyde and alcohol flavor compounds, we produced transgenic tomato plants with greatly reduced TomloxC using sense and antisense constructs under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The expression level of the TomloxC mRNA in some transgenic plants was selectively reduced by gene silencing or antisense inhibition to between 1% and 5% of the wild-type controls, but the expression levels of mRNAs for the four other isoforms were unaffected. The specific depletion of TomloxC in transgenic tomatoes led to a marked reduction in the levels of known flavor volatiles, including hexanal, hexenal, and hexenol, to as little as 1.5% of those of wild-type controls following maceration of ripening fruit. Addition of linoleic or linolenic acid to fruit homogenates significantly increased the levels of flavor volatiles, but the increase with the TomloxC-depleted transgenic fruit extracts was much lower than with the wild-type control. Confocal imaging of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf cells expressing a TomloxC-GFP fusion confirmed a chloroplast localization of the protein. Together, these results suggest that TomloxC is a chloroplast-targeted lipoxygenase isoform that can use both linoleic and linolenic acids as substrates to generate volatile C6 flavor compounds. The roles of the other lipoxygenase isoforms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Research Group in Plant Gene Regulation, Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Zhefeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grierson
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006591:Hexobarbital / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013489:Suppression, Genetic; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C010463:n-hexanal; D006591:Hexobarbital; D008084:Lipoxygenase