title: Dose-response for retinoic acid-induced forelimb malformations and cleft palate: a comparison of computerized image analysis and visual inspection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to (1) compare two techniques (computerized image analysis and visual morphological evaluation) for the assessment of fetal forelimb malformations and (2) increase the robustness of the dose-response curve for forelimb and cleft palate malformations resulting from all-trans retinoic acid (RA) exposure in GD 11 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant CD-1 mice were administered a single oral dose of all-trans RA (0, 2.5, 10, 30, 60, or 100 mg/kg) on GD 11. GD 18 fetuses were examined for malformations using visual morphological scoring and computerized image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-dependent changes occurred in the size and shape of the humerus, radius, and ulna based on both assessment methodologies. The most sensitive indicators for the lowest effect level (10 mg/kg) on forelimbs were roundness, a shape measurement determined by image analysis, and visual morphological scoring. For all other bone measurements (proximal and distal width, area, length, and perimeter), the lowest effect level was 30 mg/kg. The maximum effect for limb defects and total malformed fetuses was seen at 60 mg/kg and higher. Incidence of cleft palate increased over the entire range of administered doses reaching a maximum of 74% (100 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, results indicate that computerized image analysis was no more sensitive in detecting changes in the humerus, radius, and ulna than gross visual examination. Dose-response modeling of developmental endpoints yielded comparable benchmark dose levels for long bones and cleft palate that ranged from 0.24 to 7.6 mg/kg all-trans RA. Birth Defects Res B 71:289-295, 2004.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Mary Alice
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: D Alan
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Warren
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin