title: Leptin inhibits norepinephrine efflux from the hypothalamus in vitro: role of gamma aminobutyric acid.
abstract: Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, produces a number of central and neuroendocrine effects, the mechanisms behind which are not completely understood. Hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) is involved in many of the neuroendocrine effects that are associated with leptin. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin could affect hypothalamic NE activity to bring about its central and neuroendocrine effects. Because gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to affect the release of NE, we also tested the possibility that leptin-induced changes in NE could be mediated through GABA. The mediobasal hypothalami from adult male rats were incubated in an in vitro incubation system for four consecutive incubation periods of 60 min each at 37 degrees C in Krebs Ringers Henseleit (KRH) solution in an atmosphere of 95% O(2) and 5% CO(2.) After determining the basal release, the hypothalami were challenged with 0, 0.1, 1 or 10 nm of leptin, bicuculline (a GABA-A receptor antagonist; 10 microM) and bicuculline (10 microM) +10 nM of leptin during the second incubation period. Residual effects of leptin were measured in the third incubation where tissues were incubated with KRH alone, and the viability of tissues was determined in the fourth incubation when tissues were exposed to high K(+) KRH. NE levels in the incubation medium were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Leptin inhibited NE efflux from the hypothalamus in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation of hypothalami with 10 nM of leptin and bicuculline, a completely blocked the leptin-induced decrease in NE efflux. These results demonstrate for the first time that leptin could act directly on the hypothalamus to inhibit NE efflux through GABA. It was concluded that leptin could probably produce its central and neuroendocrine effects by modulating NE and GABA levels in the hypothalamus.
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, A 522 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Sheba M J
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: MohanKumar
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: MohanKumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D020738:Leptin; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine; D001640:Bicuculline