title: A novel anionic dendrimer for improved cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides.
abstract: The optimal design of hybridisation-competent antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) coupled with an efficient delivery system appear to be important prerequisites for the successful use of antisense reagents for gene silencing. We selected an antisense ODN complementary to an accessible region of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA with the aid of an antisense oligonucleotide scanning array. The scanning array comprised 2684 antisense ODN sequences targeting the first 120 nts in the coding region of EGFR mRNA. The array-designed antisense ODN was covalently conjugated to a novel anionic dendrimer using a pentaerythritol-based phosphoroamidite synthon via automated DNA synthesis and the ability of this conjugate to effectively deliver and down-regulate EGFR expression in cancer cells was evaluated. Each dendrimeric structure had nine ODN molecules covalently linked to a common centre at their 3' termini. This dendrimer conjugate was markedly more stable to serum nucleases compared to the free ODNs and the cellular uptake of ODN-dendrimer conjugates was up to 100-fold greater as compared to mannitol, a marker for fluid phase endocytosis, and up to 4-fold greater than naked ODN in cancer cells. ODN-dendrimer uptake was energy-dependent and mediated, at least in part, via binding to cell surface proteins; a process that was inhibited by self-competition and by competition with free ODN, salmon sperm DNA, heparin and dextran sulphate. Fluorescent microscopy studies showed a combination of punctate and more diffuse cytosolic distribution pattern for fluorescently labelled ODN-dendrimer conjugate in A431 cells implying internalization by endocytosis followed by release and sequestration of the conjugate into the cytosol. Little or no conjugate appeared to be present in the nuclei of A431 cells. In vitro RNase H-mediated cleavage assays confirmed that covalently conjugated antisense ODNs in the dendrimer conjugate were able to hybridize and cleave the array-defined hybridisation target site within the EGFR mRNA without the need for ODN dissociation from the conjugate. In cell culture, ODN-dendrimer conjugates were effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth that correlated with a marked knockdown in EGFR protein expression. These data highlight a novel anionic dendrimer delivery system for gene silencing oligonucleotides that improved their biological stability, cellular delivery and antisense activity in cultured cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Majad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shchepinov
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohail
authors.forename: Ibrahim F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Benter
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hollins
authors.forename: Edwin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: Saghir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004355:Drug Stability; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018773:Genes, erbB-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds; C497025:tris-2,2,2-(3-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityloxy)propyloxymethyl)ethyl-N,N-diisopropylaminocyanethoxy phosphoramidite