title: Sonic hedgehog induces arteriogenesis in diabetic vasa nervorum and restores function in diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The embryonic morphogen sonic hedgehog (SHh) has been shown to induce neovascularization of ischemic tissue but has not been shown to play a role in regulating vascular nerve supply. Accordingly, we investigated the hypothesis that systemic injection of SHh protein could improve nerve blood flow and function in diabetic neuropathy (DN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve weeks after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (MCV and SCV) of the sciatic nerves were significantly reduced in diabetic rats. SHh-treated diabetic rats demonstrated marked improvement of both MCV and SCV (P<0.05). Laser Doppler perfusion imaging showed that nerve blood flow was significantly reduced in the diabetic rats but was restored in SHh-treated diabetic rats (P<0.05 versus diabetic saline-treated rats) to levels similar to those achieved with vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (VEGF-2) gene therapy. In vivo perfusion of Bandeuraea simplicifolia (BS)-1 lectin showed marked reduction in the vasa nervora in diabetic sciatic nerves but restoration of nerve vasculature to nondiabetic levels in the SHh-treated and plasmid DNA encoding human VEGF-2 (phVEGF-2)-treated diabetic nerves. Interestingly, the SHh-induced vasculature was characterized by larger diameter and more smooth muscle cell-containing vessels, compared with VEGF-2 gene-treated diabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that Shh induces arteriogenesis and restores nerve function in DN.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth Medical Center Boston, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
authors.forename: Kengo F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Allendoerfer
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Munger
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pola
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosch-Marce
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirchmair
authors.forename: Young-sup
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Marcy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asahara
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Losordo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013311:Streptozocin; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014650:Vasa Nervorum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C045475:Griffonia simplicifolia lectins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D037121:Plant Lectins; C509239:SHH protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D013311:Streptozocin