7-Ketocholesterol induces reversible cytochrome c release in smooth muscle cells in absence of mitochondrial swelling.
OBJECTIVE
7-Ketocholesterol, a major oxysterol in oxidized low-density lipoproteins in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, induces vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) death. We investigated whether cytochrome c release participated in SMC death induced by 7-ketocholesterol and whether the processes were reversible.


METHODS
SMC cultures derived from the rabbit aorta were exposed to 25 microM 7-ketocholesterol. Cytochrome c and Bax were studied by means of immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, apoptosis by the TUNEL technique and mitochondrial structure by transmission electron microscopy.


RESULTS
7-Ketocholesterol induced rapid upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax and its translocation from cytosol into the mitochondria (4 h). This was followed by mitochondrial cytochrome c release (65% at 8 h) into the cytosol, which was almost complete at 16 h. The mitochondria became spherical and ultracondensed, without showing signs of lysis. They clustered around the nucleus and were wrapped by wide cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytochrome c release was not blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, in contrast to DNA fragmentation and SMC loss. Interestingly, upon removal of 7-ketocholesterol after 16 h and re-exposure to serum for 24 h, the mitochondrial cytochrome c content, their transmembrane potential and TUNEL labelling normalised and SMC loss decreased. However, none of these cell death markers was rescued when the SMCs had been exposed to the oxysterol for 24 h.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that cytochrome c release during oxysterol-induced SMC apoptosis is not caspase-dependent and occurs as a result of a reversible mitochondrial conformational change rather than swelling and rupture of the outer membrane. The reversibility of these events suggests that the apoptotic cascade could be arrested before a point of no return.
Seye
Cheikh I
CI
Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
Knaapen
Michiel W M
MW
Daret
Danièle
D
Desgranges
Claude
C
Herman
Arnold G
AG
Kockx
Mark M
MM
Bult
Hidde
H
D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D017209:Apoptosis; D001692:Biological Transport; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007653:Ketocholesterols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008933:Mitochondrial Swelling; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
D015415:Biomarkers; D007653:Ketocholesterols; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; C003001:7-ketocholesterol