title: Hemorrhagic vascular complications of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.
abstract: Two hundred and fifty consecutive patients operated on by an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach were retrospectively analyzed in order to evaluate hemorrhagic vascular complications occurring during or after the surgical procedure and their appropriate management. Vascular complications of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery are identical to those of a microsurgical transsphenoidal approach. Damage to the sphenopalatine artery and to the internal carotid artery (ICA), which are the most frequent vascular troubles, may require technical tricks because of some aspects connected to the approach itself and of the physical properties of the endoscope. Furthermore, the progress in interventional neuroradiology in the last decades offers new solutions in respect to the past, where the use of the surgical microscope was already a tremendous progress. The anatomic substrate of each complication is discussed, along with the peculiar surgical details related to it.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cappabianca
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maiuri
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elefante
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Divitiis
mesh_terms: D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery*