title: Batch-test study on the dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in contaminated aquifer material by zero-valent iron.
abstract: Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are common groundwater contaminants. One possible remediation option is in-situ reductive dechlorination by zero-valent iron, either by direct injection or as reactive barriers. Chlorinated ethenes (tetrachloroethene: PCE; trichloroethene: TCE) have received extensive attention in this context. However, another common groundwater pollutant, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCA), has attracted much less attention. We studied TCA reduction by three types of granular zero-valent irons in a series of batch experiments using polluted groundwater, with and without added aquifer material. Two types of iron were able to reduce TCA completely with no daughter product concentration increases (1,1-dichloroethane: DCA; chloroethane: CA). One type of iron showed slower reduction, with intermediate rise of DCA and CA concentrations. When evaluating the formation of daughter products, the tests on the groundwater alone showed different results than the groundwater plus aquifer batches: DCA did not temporarily accumulate in the batches with added aquifer material, contrary to the batches without added aquifer material. 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE, also present in the groundwater as an abiotic degradation product of TCA) was also reduced slower in the batches without added aquifer material than in the batches with aquifer material. Redox potentials gradually decreased to low values in batches with aquifer material without iron, while the batches with groundwater alone maintained a constant higher redox potential. Either adsorption processes or microbiological activity in the samples could explain these phenomena. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR: a targeted gene probe technique) for chlorinated aliphatic compound (CAH)-degrading bacteria confirmed the presence of Dehalococcoides sp. (chloroethene-degraders) but was negative for Desulfobacterium autotrophicum (a known co-metabolic TCA degrader). DCA reduction was rate determining: first-order half-lives of 300-350 h were observed. TCA was fully removed within hours. CA is resistant to reduction by zero-valent iron but it is known to hydrolyze easily. Since CA did not accumulate in our batches, it may have disappeared by the latter mechanism or it may not have formed as a major daughter product.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technology, Vito-Boeretang 200, Mol B-2400, Belgium. richard.lookman@vito.be
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lookman
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bastiaens
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borremans
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maesen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gemoets
authors.forename: Ludo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diels
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000327:Adsorption; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005018:Ethyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014240:Trichloroethanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D014240:Trichloroethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005018:Ethyl Chloride; C006972:chloroacetic acid; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid; D007501:Iron