title: Transcervical carotid stenting with internal carotid artery flow reversal: feasibility and preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transfemoral carotid artery stenting (CAS), with or without distal protection, is associated with risk for cerebral and peripheral embolism and access site complications. To establish cerebral protection before crossing the carotid lesion and to avert transfemoral access complications, the present study was undertaken to evaluate a transcervical approach for CAS with carotid flow reversal for cerebral protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients underwent CAS through a transcervical approach. All patients with symptoms had greater than 60% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, and all patients without symptoms had greater than 80% ICA stenosis. Twenty-one patients (42%) had symptomatic disease or ipsilateral stroke, and 8 patients (16%) had contralateral stroke. Four patients (8%) had recurrent stenosis, 7 patients (14%) had contralateral ICA occlusion, and 1 patient (2%) had undergone previous neck radiation. Twenty-seven procedures (54%) were performed with local anesthesia, and 23 (46%) with general anesthesia. Using a cervical cutdown, flow was reversed in the ICA by occluding the common carotid artery and establishing a carotid-jugular vein fistula. Pre-dilation was selective, and 8-mm to 10-mm self-expanding stents were deployed and post-dilated with 5-mm to 6-mm balloons in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was technically successful in all patients, without significant residual stenoses. No strokes or deaths occurred. There was 1 wound complication (2%). All patients were discharged within 2 days of surgery. Mean flow reversal time was 21.4 minutes (range, 9-50 minutes). Carotid flow reversal was not tolerated in 2 patients (4%). Early in the experience, carotid flow reversal was not possible in 1 patient, and there were 1 major and 3 minor common carotid artery dissections, which resolved after stent placement. One intraoperative transient ischemic attack (2%) occurred in 1 patient in whom carotid flow was not reversed, and 1 patient with a contralateral ICA occlusion had a contralateral transient ischemic attack. At 1 to 12 months of follow-up, all patients remained asymptomatic, and all but 1 stent remained patent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcervical CAS with carotid flow reversal is feasible and safe. It can be done with the patient under local anesthesia, averts the complications of the transfemoral approach, and eliminates the increased complexity and cost of cerebral protection devices. Transcervical CAS is feasible when the transfemoral route is impossible or contraindicated, and may be the procedure of choice in a subset of patients in whom carotid stenting is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brok University Hospital, NY, USA. enrique.criado@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Criado
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doblas
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontcuberta
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orgaz
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: L Philipp
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparis
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricotta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome