title: The localization of occluded matrix proteins in calcareous spicules of sea urchin larvae.
abstract: The sea urchin embryo forms calcareous endoskeletal spicules composed of calcite and an occluded protein matrix. Though the latter is approximately 0.1% of of the mass, the composite has substantially altered material properties, e.g., conchoidal fracture planes and increased hardness. Experiments were conducted to examine the localization of matrix proteins occluded in the mineral by use of immunocytochemistry coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The isolated, unfixed spicules were etched under relatively gentle conditions and exposed to affinity purified antibodies made against two different matrix proteins, as well as an antibody to the entire constellation of matrix proteins. Immunogold tagged secondary antibody was used to observe antibody localization in the back scatter mode of SEM. All proteins examined were very widely distributed throughout the calcite, supporting a model of the structure in which a multiprotein assemblage is woven with fine texture around microcrystalline domains of calcite. Gentle etching revealed a laminar arrangement of calcite solubility, consistent with a stepwise deposition of matrix and mineral to increase girth of the spicule.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cell Biology Department, 142 LSA Bldg., University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.
authors.forename: Jong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; C051691:SM50 protein, sea urchin