title: Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exenatide (exendin-4) exhibits dose-dependent glucoregulatory activity, but causes dose-limiting nausea and vomiting. This study was designed to formally assess the possibility of inducing tolerance to the side effects of nausea and vomiting at therapeutic doses of exenatide, using a dose-escalation methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this two-arm, triple-blind, multicenter study, 123 subjects with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and randomized; 99 (80.5%) of them completed the study. Subjects in the exenatide-primed arm received subcutaneous exenatide, starting at 0.02 micro g/kg three times a day (TID) and increasing in 0.02 micro g/kg per dose increments every 3 days for 35 days. Subjects in the exenatide-naive arm received placebo TID for 35 days. At the end of this 35-day regimen, subjects in both arms received the same highest dose of exenatide (0.24 micro g/kg TID) for 3 days. Thus, the exenatide-naive arm received exenatide for the first time on Day 35.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exenatide-primed arm had a lower proportion of subjects experiencing nausea and vomiting in response to exposure to the highest dose of exenatide (27 vs 56% in the exenatide-naive arm; p = 0.0018). Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative incidence were 0.28 in the exenatide-primed arm, compared with 0.68 in the exenatide-naive arm (p </= 0.001). As predicted by the study design, fewer subjects in the exenatide-primed arm reported severe nausea (29%) and vomiting (10%) than those in the exenatide-naive arm (48 and 31%, respectively). In the exenatide-primed arm, fasting serum glucose progressively declined over the first 35 days of dosing, but was unchanged in the exenatide-naive arm (placebo phase) during the same interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gradual dose-escalation of exenatide successfully reduced the proportion of subjects experiencing dose-limiting nausea and vomiting, with no loss of glucoregulatory activity, thus demonstrating the value of gradual dose-escalation in mitigating the gastrointestinal side effects of exenatide.
authors.affiliation: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fineman
authors.forename: Larry Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Alain D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms; D000077270:Exenatide