title: Increased incidence of vaginal septum in C57BL/6J mice since 1976.
abstract: Decreased fertility was observed in a breeding colony of C57BL/6J mice. On examination, a dorsoventral vaginal septum was detected in many females. This defect was identified in 1976, with incidence of 4.0% in this strain. Our objective was to determine whether incidence of this condition has increased and whether this defect was associated with the observed infertility. We report incidence of 11.3%, nearly triple the original reported incidence. For comparison, incidence of vaginal septum in C57BL/6N females was determined and was found to be 1%. We performed a breeding study using normal and affected C57BL/6J females to evaluate fertility in affected females. Our data were consistent with those of the 1976 report; fertility was decreased in females with an intact vaginal septum. In 50% of affected females, the septum remained intact after breeding. The fertility for this subgroup of vaginal septum-retained females was 14.3%, compared with 85.7% in females whose septum ruptured and 75.0% in normal females (statistically significant, P = 0.02). On the basis of our results, we provide animal and financial loss data due to the defect. Lastly, we provide suggestions on how to minimize animal losses and be in accordance with the principles of the 3Rs (replacement, refinement, reduction).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gearhart
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalishman
authors.forename: Hranush
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Melikyan
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities*