title: Changing trends in clinical AIDS presentations and survival among HIV-1-infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To profile trends of clinical AIDS-defining illness (ADI) among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women over a 12-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective evaluation of AIDS clinical presentation in the Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS), 2255 subjects were enrolled and followed between December 1989 and June 2002 (total, 4993 person-years). Data on clinical AIDS presentation of 140 (6.2%) HIV-seropositive subjects were evaluated across three calendar periods corresponding to the use of different therapy regimens. Incidence rates (per 1000 woman-years) for AIDS and specific ADIs were compared between periods using Poisson regression methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rates of AIDS, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, herpes simplex disease, esophageal/bronchial candidiasis, wasting syndrome, and neurological diseases have showed significant downward trends. Among women with ADI, the frequency of either esophageal or bronchial candidiasis as initial ADI showed an increasing trend (p(trend) = 0.03), whereas a decrease in proportion of cases with nontuberculosis mycobacterial infection (P(trend) = 0.05) was observed over the same periods. In the multivariate analysis, both the CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA at the time of diagnosis were independently associated with survival after AIDS. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was associated with a 70% reduction in progression to death following AIDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporal changes in the incidence and clinical presentations in HIV-positive women in our cohort reflect an increased use of HAART that may have a differential effect on reduction in the risk of ADIs. These illnesses, although considerably less frequent in recent years, are still important contributors to morbidity in HIV-positive women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA. charurat@umbi.umd.edu
authors.forename: Manhattan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charurat
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blattner
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hershow
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Carmen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Zorrilla
authors.forename: D Heather
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landesman
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adeniyi-Jones
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuomala
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents