title: Lead-contaminated drinking waters in the public schools of Philadelphia.
abstract: Lead exposure is a preventable environmental health concern. Young children between the ages of 1 to 6 are most susceptible to its clinical effects. This article reports the results of lead level determinations in the drinking water of Philadelphia's public school buildings and remediation efforts aimed at dealing with this public health concern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water samples were collected from drinking sources in 292 school buildings in Philadelphia from May 2000 through January 2001. These samples were collected and sent to reference laboratories for determination of lead levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 42.5% (124) of schools had water lead levels not exceeding the action level of 20 ppb, of which 3.1% had nondetectable levels or levels less than 5 ppb. A total of 28.7% of buildings had water lead levels ranging from 20 to 50 ppb, 11.6% had levels between 50-100 ppb, and 17.1% had water lead levels of 100 ppb or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 57.4% of Philadelphia's public school buildings had water lead levels exceeding the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) action level of 20 ppb, and 28.7% of school buildings had water with mean lead levels in excess of 50 ppb. Depending on the volume of water consumed, drinking water from school buildings may be a significant source of lead exposure for children in their formative years of development. Although Philadelphia's public school buildings were evaluated, lead-contaminated drinking water in schools is not only an urban concern. School buildings in suburban and rural areas may have similar water lead levels, and testing programs are desirable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, MCP Hahneman University and Mercy Health System, Allegheny General Hospital, Philadelphia, USA. Sdbryant213@aol.com
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bryant
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012424:Rural Population; D012574:Schools; D013383:Suburban Population; D014505:Urban Population; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead