title: Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disruptions in hypothalamic-gonadal and other endocrine axes due to energy deficits are associated with low levels of the adipocyte-secreted hormone leptin and may result in hypothalamic amenorrhea. We hypothesized that exogenous recombinant leptin replacement would improve reproductive and neuroendocrine function in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea due to strenuous exercise or low weight were studied for one month before receiving recombinant human leptin and then while receiving treatment for up to three months. Six control subjects with hypothalamic amenorrhea received no treatment and were studied for a mean (+/-SD) of 8.5+/-8.1 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility, body weight, ovarian variables, and hormone levels did not change significantly over time in the controls and during a one-month control period before recombinant leptin therapy in the treated subjects. In contrast, recombinant leptin treatment increased mean LH levels and LH pulse frequency after two weeks and increased maximal follicular diameter, the number of dominant follicles, ovarian volume, and estradiol levels over a period of three months. Three patients had an ovulatory menstrual cycle (P<0.05 for the comparison with an expected rate of spontaneous ovulation of 10 percent); two others had preovulatory follicular development and withdrawal bleeding during treatment (P<0.05). Recombinant leptin significantly increased levels of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, bone alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin but not cortisol, corticotropin, or urinary N-telopeptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin administration for the relative leptin deficiency in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea appears to improve reproductive, thyroid, and growth hormone axes and markers of bone formation, suggesting that leptin, a peripheral signal reflecting the adequacy of energy stores, is required for normal reproductive and neuroendocrine function.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Corrine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Welt
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bullen
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alex M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: DePaoli
authors.forename: Aspasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karalis
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D000858:Anovulation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D001823:Body Composition; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000652:urine; D024042:Collagen Type I; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000652:urine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D006728:Hormones; D020738:Leptin; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C122136:recombinant methionyl human leptin; D015675:Osteocalcin; D003094:Collagen; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase