title: Quantification of colorectal cancer micrometastases in lymph nodes by nested and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis for carcinoembryonic antigen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been described to identify lymph node micrometastases. These assays are not quantitative and can be confounded by false-positive results. The purpose of this study was to determine whether quantification of CEA in lymph nodes could more readily identify clinically relevant groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens included 400 lymph nodes from 64 patients undergoing colon resections. Specimens were tested by immunohistochemistry and by RT-PCR using nested primers for CEA. Specimens from 59 patients that were positive by nested RT-PCR were further quantified by detection of CEA mRNA fluorescence increase at a threshold PCR cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEA was detected by nested RT-PCR analysis in 4 of 34 (12%) nodes of nonneoplastic disease, 2 of 13 (15%) nodes from T(1)N(0) patients, 32 of 81 (40%) nodes of T(2)N(0) patients, 49 of 109 (45%) nodes from T(3)N0 patients, and 92 of 163 (56%) nodes from T(1-4)N(1-2) patients. The overall presence of any RT-PCR-detectable CEA in nodes did not differentiate patient groups. Immunohistochemistry was positive in nodes from 7% of T(3)N(0) patients and 100% of T(1-3)N(1-2) patients. CEA quantification revealed that 0 of 7 patients with nonneoplastic disease and 2 of 17 (12%) patients with stage I T(1-2)N(0) cancers had one or more lymph nodes with >/=1.0 x 10(2) CEA transcripts per sample. In contrast, 4 of 13 (31%) patients with stage II T(3)N(0) cancer and 10 of 22 (45%) stage III patients with known metastases had lymph nodes with >/=1.0 x 10(2) CEA transcripts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that quantification of CEA levels in lymph nodes may more accurately identify patients at risk for cancer recurrence than does routine nested RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN., USA. Samuel.Ho@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyslop
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Gloria A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Niehans
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'Cunha
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kratzke
mesh_terms: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm