title: Hepatitis B: epidemiological, immunological, and serological considerations emphasizing mutation.
abstract: The global prevalence of hepatitis B virus is estimated to be 350 million chronic carriers, varying widely from low (<2%, as in Western Europe, North America, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan) to high (>8% as in Africa, Southeast Asia, and China). The overall prevalence in Brazil is about 8%. There are currently 7 genotypic variations, from A to G, and also 4 main surface antigen subtypes: adw, ayw, adr, and ayr. There has been great interest in identifying the geographic distribution and prognosis associated with the various genotypes and subtypes. Although the serologic test is highly sensitive and specific, it does not detect cases of mutant hepatitis B, which is increasingly common worldwide due to resistance and vaccine escape, antiviral therapy, and immunosuppression, among other causes. Alterations in surface, polymerase, X region, core, and precore genes have been described. The main mutations occur in surface and in core/precore genes, also known as occult hepatitis, since its serologic markers of active infection (HBsAg) and viral replication (HBeAg) can be negative. Thus, mutation should be suspected when serologic tests to hepatitis B show control of immunity or replication coincident with worsened clinical status and exclusion of other causes of hepatitis.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Section, Central Lab Division, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Khouri
authors.forename: Vera Aparecida
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: dos Santos
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries; D005838:Genotype; D014943:Global Health; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens