title: Genetic variation in natural honeybee populations, Apis mellifera capensis.
abstract: Genetic variation in honeybee, Apis mellifera, populations can be considerably influenced by breeding and commercial introductions, especially in areas with abundant beekeeping. However, in southern Africa apiculture is based on the capture of wild swarms, and queen rearing is virtually absent. Moreover, the introduction of European subspecies constantly failed in the Cape region. We therefore hypothesize a low human impact on genetic variation in populations of Cape honeybees, Apis mellifera capensis. A novel solution to studying genetic variation in honeybee populations based on thelytokous worker reproduction is applied to test this hypothesis. Environmental effects on metrical morphological characters of the phenotype are separated to obtain a genetic residual component. The genetic residuals are then re-calculated as coefficients of genetic variation. Characters measured included hair length on the abdomen, width and length of wax plate, and three wing angles. The data show for the first time that genetic variation in Cape honeybee populations is independent of beekeeping density and probably reflects naturally occurring processes such as gene flow due to topographic and climatic variation on a microscale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. r.hepburn@ru.ac.za
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Radloff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D011156:Population Density; D013019:South Africa