title: Folate, homocysteine, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) regulates both folate absorption and activation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, the authors examined relationships between serum folate concentrations and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 91 outpatients with schizophrenia, clinical assessments were performed and serum folate, homocysteine, B(12), glycine, and serine concentrations were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum folate concentrations were significantly lower than in a representative sample from the Framingham Offspring Study. Folate concentration correlated inversely with the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms total score and was lower in patients with the deficit syndrome than in nondeficit patients. Homocysteine concentration correlated with the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings could reflect several possible mechanisms, including low dietary intake of folate, low GCPII activity, cigarette smoking, and the involvement of folate in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Additional studies are needed to clarify these findings.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program and Neurology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. goff@psych.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Teodoro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bottiglieri
authors.forename: Erland
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arning
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freudenreich
authors.forename: A Eden
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evins
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D014805:Vitamin B 12