title: Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines.
abstract: Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade, but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression. In our cancer vaccine trials of 440 patients, the objective response rate was low (2.6%), and comparable to the results obtained by others. We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch of the Center for Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room 2B42, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1502 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA. sar@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Restifo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit