title: Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin derivative, NCX 4016, promotes reparative angiogenesis and prevents apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of peripheral ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, nitric oxide (NO) donors have been developed that mimic the physiological intracellular release of NO. We evaluated whether one of these new compounds, consisting of aspirin coupled to an NO-releasing moiety (NCX 4016), would protect limbs from supervening arterial occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were assigned to receive regular chow or chow containing NCX 4016 or aspirin (both at 300 mumol/kg body weight, daily) throughout the 3-week experimental period. One week after randomization, they underwent surgical excision of the left femoral artery. Limb blood flow recovery (laser Doppler flowmetry) was accelerated by NCX 4016 as compared with aspirin or vehicle (P<0.05). In controls, histological analysis revealed a 35% increase in the capillary density of ischemic muscles compared with contralateral ones, indicative of spontaneous angiogenesis. Neovascularization was enhanced by NCX 4016 (91%; P<0.05 versus vehicle), but not by aspirin (51%; P=NS versus vehicle). Furthermore, NCX 4016 reduced endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis (4.3+/-1.0 versus 8.7+/-2.0 in aspirin and 12.6+/-3.3 ECs/1000 cap in vehicle; P<0.05 for either comparison) as well as caspase-3 mRNA levels in ischemic muscles ([caspase-3/GAPDH]*100 = 0.09+/-0.04 versus 2.30+/-0.44 in aspirin and 2.30+/-0.32 in vehicle; P<0.01 for either comparison). Nitrite levels and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione were selectively increased in ischemic muscles by NCX 4016. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression was reduced by aspirin, with this effect being blunted by NCX 4016.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with the new oral NO-releasing aspirin derivative stimulates reparative angiogenesis and prevents apoptosis and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating the consequences of supervening arterial occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emanueli
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Linthout
authors.forename: Maria Bonaria
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Salis
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monopoli
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Soldato
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ongini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C102148:nitroaspirin; D001241:Aspirin