title: Casein kinase II alpha subunit and C1-inhibitor are independent predictors of outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene expression profiling has been shown to be a valuable tool for prognostication and identification of cancer-associated genes in human malignancies. We aimed to identify potential prognostic marker(s) in non-small cell lung cancers using global gene expression profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one previously untreated patients with non-small cell lung cancer were analyzed using the Affymetrix GeneChip high-density oligonucleotide array and comparative genomic hybridization. Identified candidate genes were validated in an independent cohort of 45 patients using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analyses. Follow-up data for these patients was collected and used to assess outcome correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hierarchical clustering analysis yielded three distinct subgroups based on gene expression profiling. Cluster I consisted of 4 patients with adenocarcinoma and 1 with squamous cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma); clusters II and III consisted of 6 and 10 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Outcome analysis was performed on the cluster groups containing solely squamous cell carcinoma, revealing significant differences in disease-specific survival rates. Moreover, patients having a combination of advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and assigned to the poor prognosis cluster group (cluster II) had significantly poorer outcomes. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis showed recurrent chromosomal losses at 1p, 3p, 17, 19, and 22 and gains/amplifications at 3q, 5p, and 8q, which did not vary significantly between the cluster groups. We internally and externally validated a subset of 11 cluster II (poor prognosis)-specific genes having corresponding chromosomal aberrations identified by comparative genomic hybridization as prognostic markers in an independent cohort of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma identifying CSNK2A1 and C1-Inh as independent predictors of outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSNK2A1 and C1-Inh are independent predictors of survival in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients and may be useful as prognostic markers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epithelial Cancer Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Pornchai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O-charoenrat
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Inderpal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sarkaria
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viale
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Socci
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.forename: Pulivarthi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Bhuvanesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D021122:Protein Subunits; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D021122:Protein Subunits; D047390:Casein Kinase II