title: Relations of plasma total TIMP-1 levels to cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic measures: the Framingham heart study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a key regulator of extracellular matrix degradation. We examined relations of plasma total TIMP-1 to cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) structure and function in a community-based sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 1069 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 56 years, 58% women) free of heart failure and previous myocardial infarction. Plasma TIMP-1 was higher in men compared with women, and increased with age, body mass index and total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, but decreased with alcohol intake. Plasma TIMP-1 was also directly related to smoking, diabetes and use of anti-hypertensive treatment. Adjusting for age, sex and height, plasma TIMP-1 was positively associated with LV mass, wall thickness, relative wall thickness, end-systolic diameter, and left atrial diameter and the risk of having increased LV end-diastolic diameter or increased wall thickness, and negatively correlated with fractional shortening. Additional adjustment for clinical covariates attenuated the relations of plasma TIMP-1 to most echocardiographic measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cross-sectional investigation, plasma total TIMP-1 was related to major cardiovascular risk factors and to indices of LV hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. This raises the possibility that cardiovascular risk factors may influence cardiovascular remodelling via extracellular matrix degradation, which may be reflected in plasma TIMP-1 levels.
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Study, Boston University School of Medicine, 73 Mt Wayte Ave Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Siwik
authors.forename: Wilson S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: Peter W F
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1