title: Effects of fluorescent and nonfluorescent tracing methods on lymphocyte migration in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of fluorescent dyes to monitor in vivo cellular migration and proliferation has greatly expanded, but little is known about their potential influence on cell migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adoptive transfer studies of lymphocytes labeled with various dyes were performed, and their in vivo homing was compared with that of coinjected unlabeled control cells. In addition, in vitro migration and binding studies were performed to analyze the various steps of transmigration separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These data showed that the intracellular fluorescent dyes calcein acetoxymethyl ester, 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester, and fluorescein isothiocyanate affect in vivo homing of especially B lymphocytes to lymphoid organs, without any direct effect on in vitro chemotactic or adhesive activity. The only label that did not affect migration was the extracellular and nonfluorescent molecule biotin, provided that the labeling was performed at room temperature. Interestingly, by using the highly versatile congenic Ly5.1-Ly5.2 system, we also demonstrated intrinsic differences in lymphocyte migration based on allelic differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that fluorescent labeling of lymphocytes has a severe effect on their homing capacity in vivo. Labeling of cells with biotin appeared to be a good alternative for this purpose; however, if direct fluorescence is required, the negative effects on cell migration should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kraal
authors.forename: Reina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mebius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D001710:Biotin; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate