title: Peanut protein allergens: gastric digestion is carried out exclusively by pepsin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major characteristic of many food allergens, including Ara h 1, a major peanut allergen, is their resistance to gastric digestion. One estimate of the allergenic potential of a possible protein allergen is its stability under simulated gastric conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because the rate and extent of digestion of allergenic proteins will affect the severity of any subsequent allergic response, it is important to correlate protein allergen digestion in simulated gastric fluid with that in actual gastric fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  A major peanut allergen, Ara h 1, was digested in vitro by using both pepsin and porcine gastric fluid. Several comparisons between the 2 sets of proteolytic conditions were assessed including pH optima and the effect of temperature, denaturants, and specific enzyme inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro digestion of Ara h 1 with pepsin and porcine gastric fluid resulted in virtually identical hydrolysis patterns as observed on SDS-PAGE. The protease activity of both pepsin and gastric fluid were inhibited at high pH and in the presence of pepstatin. However, both remained active in 4 mol/L urea and at 60 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein digestion in the porcine stomach is carried out by pepsin. In vivo gastric digestion is modeled accurately by peptic hydrolysis. Digestion conditions in vivo are comparable to experimental conditions in vitro provided that the acidic nature of the stomach contents is optimal for characterization of the allergen under standard pepsin digestion conditions. Additional experimentation using crude food extracts, both in the presence and absence of a complete meal, is needed to elucidate the complete physiologic nature of food allergen digestion.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Randall A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kopper
authors.forename: N Joey
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Odum
authors.forename: Moon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Ricki M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steve Stanley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wesley Burks
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D010367:Arachis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D004063:Digestion; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000201:enzymology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D021184:Nut Hypersensitivity; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010450:Endopeptidases; D010434:Pepsin A