title: Risk of postnatal exposure to Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate risk of exposure and age at first exposure to Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi and time to maternal antibody decay in foals.
  
  
  METHODS
  484 Thoroughbred and Warmblood foals from 4 farms in California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum was collected before and after colostrum ingestion and at 3-month intervals thereafter. Samples were tested by use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test; cutoff titers were > or = 40 and > or = 160 for S neurona and N hughesi, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk of exposure to S neurona and N hughesi during the study were 8.2% and 3.1%, respectively. Annual rate of exposure was 3.1% for S neurona and 1.7% for N hughesi. There was a significant difference in the risk of exposure to S neurona among farms but not in the risk of exposure to N hughesi. Median age at first exposure was 1.2 years for S neurona and 0.8 years for N hughesi. Highest prevalence of antibodies against S neurona and N hughesi was 6% and 2.1 %, respectively, at a mean age of 1.7 and 1.4 years, respectively. Median time to maternal antibody decay was 96 days for S neurona and 91 days for N hughesi. There were no clinical cases of equine protozoal myeloenchaphlitis (EPM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to S neurona and N hughesi was low in foals between birth and 2.5 years of age. Maternally acquired antibodies may cause false-positive results for 3 or 4 months after birth, and EPM was a rare clinical disease in horses < or = 2.5 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Paulo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: W David
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Packham
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowers-Lepore
authors.forename: Tim E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D002140:California; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired / Q000276:immunology; D018688:Neospora; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012522:Sarcocystis
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan