title: Fatal bihemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage after burrhole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma in a bone marrow-transplanted patient: case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracranial hemorrhage seems to be a relatively frequent complication following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The neurosurgical management of these patients can be problematic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report about a 46-year-old patient, who had BMT because of a Pre-T-ALL and who developed symptomatic bihemispheric chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs). Pre-T-ALL is a form of an acute lymphatic leukemia of T cell type characterized by certain immunologic markers with a worse prognosis. A few hours after evacuation of the cSDHs, the patient developed a fulminant intracerebral hemorrhage on each hemisphere and expired 2 days later. We reviewed the literature reporting similar cases to discuss the indication for a neurosurgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We presume a higher incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in BMT patients than reported. This is caused by the pathologically altered parenchyma related to the extensive therapy in these patients. BMT patients are typically at high risk for intracranial bleeding and are treated conservatively or surgically. We cannot generally recommend the conservative management for symptomatic subdural hematomas/hygromas. The risk for an acute worsening, secondary to repeated hemorrhage, is equivalent to the risk of surgical intervention. Although the outcome of our case is tragic, it should not deter surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hegenbarth
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meixensberger
mesh_terms: D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography