title: Dithiocarbamates residues in Brazilian food and the potential risk for consumers.
abstract: Dithiocarbamates are a non-systemic group of pesticides widely used to protect crops from fungal diseases. The current methodology used by monitoring laboratories to determine dithiocarbamates in food involves the analysis of CS(2) generated after hydrolysis of the compound present in the sample. This method does not identify the origin of the CS(2) detected, which may or may not be related to the presence of pesticides leading to a potential overestimation of the dietary dithiocarbamate intake. In this paper, 520 food samples (papaya, banana, apple, strawberry, orange, potato, tomato, rice and dry beans) collected in the local market of the Federal District, Brazil, were analyzed for dithiocarbamate content. Detectable levels (> or =10.10 mg/kg CS(2)) were found in 60.8% of the samples, with the highest levels (up to 3.8 mg/kg) found in strawberry, papaya and banana. No residues were found in rice (polished) and only one dry bean sample had detectable levels of the fungicides. Detectable residues were found in the pulp of banana, papaya (including the seeds) and orange (50-62% of the analyzed samples). An exposure assessment, based on dithiocarbamate levels detected in the food crops analyzed in this study, confirms that the intake of dithiocarbamates through food consumption in the country does not represent a health risk to consumers, i.e., the estimated daily intake is less than the acceptable daily intake. Furthermore, the implementation of more selective methodologies to individually analyze these compounds in food monitoring programs in Brazil is not necessary.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, UnB, 70919-970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. eloisa@unb.br
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.forename: M C C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Conceição
authors.forename: L C K R
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Souza
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry; D005028:Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates) / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D005028:Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates); D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010573:Pesticide Residues