title: Selective increase in pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-18:3) in Korean pine nut oil by crystallization and its effect on LDL-receptor activity.
abstract: The aims of this study were to obtain concentrated pinolenic acid (5,9,12-18:3) from dietary Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut oil by urea complexation and to investigate its cholesterol-lowering effect on the LDL-receptor activity of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Pine nut oil was hydrolyzed to provide a low-pinolenic acid-containing FA extract (LPAFAE), followed by crystallization with different ratios of urea in ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) as a solvent to produce a high-pinolenic acid-containing FA extract (HPAFAE). The profiles of HPAFAE obtained by urea complexation showed different FA compositions compared with LPAFAE. The long-chain saturated FA palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) were decreased with urea/FA ratios (UFR) of 1:1 (UFR1), 2:1 (UFR2), and 3:1 (UFR3). Linoleic acid (9,12-18:2) was increased 1.3 times with UFR2 in EtOH, and linolenic acid (9,12,15-18:3) was increased 1.5 times with UFR3 in MeOH after crystallization. The crystallization with UFR3 in EtOH provided the highest concentration of pinolenic acid, which was elevated by 3.2-fold from 14.1 to 45.1%, whereas that of linoleic acid (9,12-18:2) was not changed, and that of oleic acid (9-18:1) was decreased 7.2-fold. Treatment of HepG2 cells with HPAFE resulted in significantly higher internalization of 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-LDL (47.0 +/- 0.15) as compared with treatment with LPAFAE (25.6 +/- 0.36) (P< 0.05). Thus, we demonstrate a method for the concentration of pinolenic acid and suggest that this concentrate may have LDL-lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwang-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seog-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: In-Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chul
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rhee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003460:Crystallization; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D028223:Pinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C034302:5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; C024286:3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine; D014508:Urea