title: Management of unresponsive asthma.
abstract: Difficult asthma is defined as asthma that is not controlled despite treatment with> 800 micro g budesonide or equivalent per day. Poor control is defined as the need for bronchodilators more than three times a week, school absence of more than five days a term, or one episode or more of wheezing each month. Common causes of poor response to treatment include; wrong diagnosis, inappropriate medications or improper inhalation technique, poor adherence to medications and co-morbidity. Steroid resistant asthma is uncommon and estimated to be 1 in 1000-10000 asthmatic patients. If there is no functional improvement to prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks with adherence checked by measuring serum prednisolone and cortisol levels, a fibreoptic bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage and large airway biopsy should be considered. Eosinophilic inflammation identified on the biopsy in a child who is unresponsive to prednisolone may benefit from alternative anti-inflammatory treatments such as cyclosporin. Neutrophilic infiltration in biopsy may benefit with macrolide antibiotics, 5-lipogenase inhibitors or theophyllines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. skkabra@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lodha
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019819:Budesonide