title: Emergence of Talanin protein associated with human uric acid nephrolithiasis in the Hominidae lineage.
abstract: Recently, we identified a susceptibility locus for human uric acid nephrolithiasis (UAN) on 10q21-q22 and demonstrated that a novel gene (ZNF365) included in this region produces through alternative splicing several transcripts coding for four protein isoforms. Mutation analysis showed that one of them (Talanin) is associated with UAN. We examined the evolutionary conservation of ZNF365 gene through a comparative genomic approach. Searching for mouse homologs of ZNF365 transcripts, we identified a highly conserved mouse ortholog of ZNF365A transcript, expressed specifically in brain. We did not found a mouse homolog for ZNF365D transcript encoding the Talanin protein, even if we were able to identify the corresponding genomic region in mouse and rat not yet organized in canonical gene structure suggesting that ZNF365D was originated after the branching of hominoid from rodent lineage. In mouse and in most mammals, a functional uricase degrades the uric acid to allantoin, but uricase activity was lost during the Miocene epoch in hominoids. Searching for the presence of Talanin in Primates, we found a canonical intron-exon structure with several stop codons preventing protein production in Old World and New World monkeys. In humans, we observe expression and we have evidence that ZNF365D transcript produces a functional protein. It seems therefore that ZNF365D transcript emerged during primate evolution from a noncoding genomic sequence that evolved in a standard gene structure and assumed its role in parallel with the disappearance of uricase, probably against a disadvantageous excessive hyperuricemia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Alghero, Italy. fgianfrancesco@isa.cnr.it
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gianfrancesco
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casu
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maninchedda
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberto
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirastu
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002879:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 / Q000235:genetics; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D026801:Synteny; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors; C475725:ZNF365 protein, human; D014527:Uric Acid