Isoprenoids: remarkable diversity of form and function.
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is the source of a wide array of products. The pathway has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and isoprenoids are some of the most ancient biomolecules ever identified, playing key roles in many life forms. In this review we focus on C-10 mono-, C-15 sesqui-, and C-20 diterpenes. Evidence for interconversion between the pathway intermediates farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and their respective metabolites is examined. The diverse functions of these molecules are discussed in detail, including their ability to regulate expression of the beta-HMG-CoA reductase and Ras-related proteins. Additional topics include the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of select isoprenoids, antiulcer activities, and the disposition and degradation of isoprenoids in the environment. Finally, the significance of pharmacological manipulation of the isoprenoid pathway and clinical correlations are discussed.
Holstein
Sarah A
SA
Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
Hohl
Raymond J
RJ
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; C015234:geranyl pyrophosphate; C004808:farnesyl pyrophosphate; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases