title: A stochastic model for retinocollicular map development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examine results of gain-of-function experiments on retinocollicular maps in knock-in mice [Brown et al. (2000) Cell 102:77]. In wild-type mice the temporal-nasal axis of retina is mapped to the rostral-caudal axis of superior colliculus. The established map is single-valued, which implies that each point in retina maps to a unique termination zone in superior colliculus. In homozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-in mice the map is double-valued, which means that each point on retina maps to two termination zones in superior colliculus. This is because about 50 percent of cells in retina express Isl2, and two types of projections, wild-type and Isl2/EphA3 positive, form two branches of the map. In heterozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-ins the map is intermediate between the homozygous and wild-type: it is single-valued in temporal and double-valued in the nasal parts of retina. In this study we address possible reasons for such a bifurcation of the map.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We study the map formation using stochastic model based on Markov chains. In our model the map undergoes a series of reconstructions with probabilities dependent upon a set of chemical cues. Our model suggests that the map in heterozygotes is single-valued in temporal region of retina for two reasons. First, the inhomogeneous gradient of endogenous receptor in retina makes the impact of exogenous receptor less significant in temporal retina. Second, the gradient of ephrin in the corresponding region of superior colliculus is smaller, which reduces the chemical signal-to-noise ratio. We predict that if gradient of ephrin is reduced by a genetic manipulation, the single-valued region of the map should extend to a larger portion of temporal retina, i.e. the point of transition between single-and double-valued maps should move to a more nasal position in Isl2-EphA3 heterozygotes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a theoretical model for retinocollicular map development, which can account for intriguing behaviors observed in gain-of-function experiments by Brown et al., including bifurcation in heterozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-ins. The model is based on known chemical labels, axonal repulsion/competition, and stochasticity. Possible mapping in Isl2/EphB knock-ins is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA. akula@cshl.edu
authors.forename: Alexei A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Koulakov
authors.forename: Dmitry N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tsigankov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D036388:Ephrin-B2 / Q000378:metabolism; D036389:Ephrin-B3 / Q000378:metabolism; D036342:Ephrins / Q000378:metabolism; D006579:Heterozygote; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008390:Markov Chains; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008959:Models, Neurological; D036121:Receptor, EphA3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D036388:Ephrin-B2; D036389:Ephrin-B3; D036342:Ephrins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C091135:Isl-2 protein, vertebrate; C558561:Isl2 protein, mouse; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D014157:Transcription Factors; D036121:Receptor, EphA3