title: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in chronic heart failure: a prognosticating algorithm for the individual patient.
abstract: The identification of individuals who are at high risk of chronic heart failure (HF) is a medical art of growing concern. Cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPX) has become an important clinical tool to predict outcome. The value of peak oxygen consumption rests in the fact that it integrates elements of cardiac adaptations, and skeletal muscle, pulmonary, and endothelial dysfunctions more than other traditional prognostic indicators of chronic HF. Recently, exercise-related ventilatory abnormalities have gained attention, stimulating scientific debate and an innovative perspective. This review, through a critical examination of previous experiences, will focus on the prognostic application of CPX, defining a proficient outline of treatment for the individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, Fondazione "S. Maugeri," Via per Revislate, 13, 28010 Veruno, Italy. ucorra@fsm.it
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Corrà
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezzani
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosimini
authors.forename: Pantaleo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giannuzzi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen