title: Hmx2 and Hmx3 homeobox genes direct development of the murine inner ear and hypothalamus and can be functionally replaced by Drosophila Hmx.
abstract: The Hmx homeobox gene family appears to play a conserved role in CNS development in all animal species examined, and in higher vertebrates has an additional role in sensory organ development. Here, we show that murine Hmx2 and Hmx3 have both overlapping and distinct functions in the development of the inner ear's vestibular system, whereas their functions in the hypothalamic/pituitary axis of the CNS appear to be interchangeable. As in analogous knockin studies of Otx and En function, Drosophila Hmx can rescue conserved functions in the murine CNS. However, in contrast to Otx and En, Drosophila Hmx also rescues significant vertebrate-specific functions outside the CNS. Our work suggests that the evolution of the vertebrate inner ear may have involved (1) the redeployment of ancient Hmx activities to regulate the cell proliferation of structural components and (2) the acquisition of additional, vertebrate-specific Hmx activities to regulate the sensory epithelia.
authors.affiliation: Brookdale Center for Developmental and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J Fredrik
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Grimmer
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Van De Water
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lufkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001835:Body Weight; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000196:embryology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C420991:HMX protein, Drosophila; C086188:Hmx2 protein, mouse; C086187:Hmx3 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors