title: 17alpha-ethinylestradiol reduces the competitive reproductive fitness of the male guppy (Poecilia reticulata).
abstract: Whether endocrine disruption in an individual male is actually translated into reduced reproductive success in a natural competitive environment is extremely difficult to predict. Here, we have used paternity analysis to provide new information on the ability of an endocrine disruptor to deleteriously affect male guppy reproductive fitness by including the effect of intermale competition. Groups of male guppies were exposed to 10.5, 44.4, or 112 ng/L of the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from birth to adulthood. Subsequently, an exposed male competed against an unexposed male for the opportunity to fertilize a receptive female. The successful males siring the majority of the offspring in each brood were then identified using microsatellites in genetic paternity analysis. Only the highest dose of EE2 produced harmful effects with a significantly female-biased sex ratio, significant reductions in male sperm count, testis weight, body coloration and courtship behavior, and a significant increase in body size. These feminizing effects were translated into a highly significant reduction in fertility, where only 1 of the 17 exposed males sired offspring in competition with unexposed males. The evidence suggests that EE2-treated males have reduced reproductive fitness compared with untreated males, possibly the result of EE2 effects on multiple fitness traits. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence of endocrine disruption at the population level that has included the ecologically highly relevant effect of sexual competition on male reproductive fitness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baatrup
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000187:drug effects; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010334:Paternity; D011036:Poecilia / Q000502:physiology*; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol