title: Procedural skills in spinal manipulation: do prerequisites matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal manipulation has undergone a resurgence of interest. Developing evidence suggests a relationship between safety, skill and clinical outcome. Training programs are variable and range from extensive formalized curricula to weekend seminars and individual demonstrations. Systematic study of a relationship between prerequisites and skill development has not been conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This project evaluated programmatic differences in prerequisites of students during their training for spinal manipulation with respect to quantitative biomechanical evidence of procedural control and skill of performance of a novel task.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research used an experimental design comparing two cohorts involved in separate training programs at different institutions that had distinguishing characteristics in methods of prerequisites to manipulation training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A common manipulation procedure (L4 mamillary push [L4MP]) was chosen as a standard test maneuver. Performance of the procedure on initial effort by two cohorts of students (n=38 vs n=39) entering into training for lumbar spine procedures was measured. Comparisons were made based on quantitative biomechanical parameters to assess control and skill. Results were compared with a cohort of experts as a reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed between the performance measures of the two cohorts. The more skilled performance group was more similar to the expert reference standard than was the lesser skilled group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration, extent and content of prerequisites for learning the dynamic and complex manual skills for spinal manipulation can significantly influence the level of skill attainment even early in the course of training.
authors.affiliation: Texas Back Institute, 6300 West Parker Road, Suite 102, Plano, TX 75093, USA. jtriano@texasback.com
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Triano
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bougie
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scaringe
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sorrels
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skogsbergh
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mior
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026882:Manipulation, Chiropractic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*