title: Evaluation of the effects of premedication on gastroduodenoscopy in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, and butorphanol premedication on the difficulty and time required to pass an endoscope into the stomach and duodenum of cats anesthetized with ketamine and isoflurane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized complete block crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 purpose-bred adult female cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each cat was premedicated and anesthetized 4 times with an interval of at least 7 days between procedures. Cats were premedicated with hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, or butorphanol administered IM. Twenty minutes after premedication, sedation was assessed by use of a subjective ordinal scale. Cats received ketamine administered IM, and 10 minutes later a cuffed orotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane. Cats breathed spontaneously throughout the procedure. When end-tidal isoflurane concentration was stable at 1.4% for 15 minutes, endoscopy was begun. The times required to pass the endoscope through the cardiac and pyloric sphincters were recorded, and the difficulty of endoscope passage was scored by use of a subjective ordinal scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in difficulty or time required to pass the endoscope through the cardiac and pyloric sphincters were found among premedicant groups. Premedication with medetomidine resulted in the greatest degree of sedation and longest time to return to sternal recumbency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, and butorphanol at the doses tested can be used satisfactorily to premedicate cats prior to general anesthesia for gastroduodenoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lysa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ludders
authors.forename: Hollis N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Erb
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gleed
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004384:Duodenoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000494:pharmacology; D007530:Isoflurane; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D004091:Hydromorphone; D002077:Butorphanol; D006024:Glycopyrrolate