title: Potential donor rotational bone grafts using vascular territories in the foot and ankle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An improved understanding of the extraosseous and intraosseous blood supply of the distal aspect of the tibia, distal aspect of the fibula, cuboid, and cuneiforms should identify vascular territories that would enable surgeons to perform rotational vascularized pedicle bone-grafting procedures in the foot and ankle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the blood supply of twenty cadaveric lower extremities using two vascular injection techniques. In order to define the extraosseous and intraosseous arterial anatomy in this region, ten specimens were sequentially subjected to injection with Batson's compound, soft-tissue digestion, and bone-clearing according to a modified Spalteholz technique. To further characterize the extraosseous vascular anatomy, the other ten specimens were injected with latex and dissected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a consistent and previously unnamed blood supply to the distal aspect of the tibia, distal aspect of the fibula, cuboid, and cuneiforms. Four vessels, each present in all of our specimens, provided distinct vascular territories to bone. A branch of the proximal lateral tarsal artery supplied a consistent vascular territory in the cuboid with an average of fifteen nutrient vessels. Similarly, a branch of the distal medial tarsal artery to the first cuneiform supplied an average of nine nutrient vessels superior to the tibialis anterior tendon insertion. A branch of the anterior lateral malleolar artery to the fibula supplied an average of seven nutrient vessels to the lateral malleolus. A branch of the distal lateral tarsal artery provided the midsection of the third cuneiform with an average of seven nutrient vessels. In the latex-injected specimens, harvesting of the vascularized pedicle bone grafts designed from these data demonstrated their anatomic plausibility and arcs of rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four new rotational vascularized pedicle bone grafts have been identified in the foot and ankle. These grafts were present in all of our specimens, were well vascularized, had wide arcs of rotation, and were relatively easy to harvest.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Box 2923, Durham, NC 27710, USA. nunle001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Brett J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nunley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005529:Foot Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation; D014019:Tissue Donors