title: Relationship between daytime sleepiness and blood pressure in healthy older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some sleep disorders have been linked to hypertension, but few studies have examined the relationship between daytime sleepiness and blood pressure (BP). This study attempted to determine whether scores on a short questionnaire assessing daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) were associated with BP and could be used to predict hypertension after 5 years in healthy older adults who had not previously been diagnosed with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 157 healthy men and women 55 to 80 years of age completed an extensive medical examination, a series of psychosocial tests, and two 24-h ambulatory BP sessions. After 5 years the procedures were repeated in 133 (85%) of the subjects. Psychosocial variables and BP were compared in subjects scoring high (score of > or = 10) and low (< 10) on the ESS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to individuals with low ESS sores, those scoring high had increased casual and sleep BP as well as higher systolic BP levels and diastolic BP variability during waking hours, and reported higher levels of anger, depression, anxiety, and intensity of psychological symptoms as well as lower defensiveness. Individuals with high ESS scores were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension 5 years later. Groups with high and low ESS scores did not differ significantly on any other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ESS, a simple measure of daytime sleepiness, identified individuals at risk for hypertension. Future studies should investigate the possibility that diagnosis and treatment of daytime sleepiness could aid in BP reduction and ultimately in decreased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1759, USA. irisg@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Iris B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ancoli-Israel
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*