title: Fatal intoxication cases: cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 genotype distributions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many commonly used pharmaceuticals, such as antidepressants and neuroleptics as well as some illegal drugs, are metabolised by the cytochrome P450 enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6). Of Caucasians, 7-10% lack this enzyme, which can, upon administration of drugs in normal therapeutic doses, lead to adverse reactions and unexpected intoxication, leading in turn even to a fatal outcome in some cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (n=242) who had died due to intoxication by pharmaceuticals were genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 and compared with a reference group of 281 blood donors. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) method was used to identify five CYP2D6 alleles: *1 (wt), *2, *3, *4 and *6. The allele *5, a complete gene deletion, was identified by a multiplex amplification of long DNA fragments. Four CYP2C19 alleles *1 (wt), *2, *3 and *4 were also identified by SNP analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of the CYP2D6 poor metaboliser (PM) genotypes in individuals with fatal intoxication was lower (4.7%) than expected from the frequencies of these genotypes in the blood donors (8.5%). A significantly lower frequency P<0.005 (0.03 with correction according to Bonferroni) was found for the CYP2D6*4 allele among the fatal intoxication cases. The CYP2C19 genotype analyses showed the same results for the fatal intoxication cases and for the blood donors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings in this study confirm our earlier observations of a lower frequency of CYP2D6 PM genotypes in cases of fatal intoxication. To our knowledge, it has not been shown previously that intoxication victims might have a lower frequency of PMs than the general population.
authors.affiliation: National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics,, University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. annza@imv.liu.se
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zackrisson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gladh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindblom
mesh_terms: D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D001782:Blood Donors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6