title: Toxicity classification and evaluation of four pharmaceuticals classes: antibiotics, antineoplastics, cardiovascular, and sex hormones.
abstract: Four different classes of environmental concern are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed for environmental hazards; antibiotics (n = 226), antineoplastics (n = 81), cardiovascular (n = 272), and sex hormones (n = 92). These along with an ECOSAR scan of all pharmaceuticals (n = 2848) were then classified according to the OECD aquatic toxicity classification system. The predicted species susceptibility is: daphnid > fish > algae, and the predicted rank order of relative toxicity: sex hormones > cardiovascular = antibiotics > antineoplastics (Table 1). Generally, a relatively large proportion (1/3) of all pharmaceuticals are potentially very toxic to aquatic organisms (Table 2). The qualitative risk assessment ranking relative to probability and potential severity for human and environmental health effects is: antibiotics > sex hormones > cardiovascular > antineoplastics. (Q)SARs and pharmacodynamic information should be used to prioritize and steer experimental risk assessments of pharmaceuticals, and potentially, also be used in new drug discovery optimizing efficacy and in minimising environmental hazards of new products. Nuclear receptors are relatively well conserved in evolution. Currently, antibacterial resistance represents the most significant human health hazard, and potentially the largest non-target organism hazard is sex hormones acting as endocrine modulators in wildlife. Data for the individual compounds are accessible via.
authors.affiliation: University of Guelph, Centre for Toxicology, Bovey Building, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. hsander@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000145:classification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000145:classification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002138:Calibration; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000145:classification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia; D056890:Eukaryota; D005399:Fishes; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000145:classification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones