title: Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants. Design of a double-blind randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN73254583].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteral feeding of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is a challenge, since metabolic demands are high and administration of enteral nutrition is limited by immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract. The amino acid glutamine plays an important role in maintaining functional integrity of the gut. In addition, glutamine is utilised at a high rate by cells of the immune system. In critically ill patients, glutamine is considered a conditionally essential amino acid. VLBW infants may be especially susceptible to glutamine depletion as nutritional supply of glutamine is limited in the first weeks after birth. Glutamine depletion has negative effects on functional integrity of the gut and leads to immunosuppression. This double-blind randomised controlled trial is designed to investigate the effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on feeding tolerance, infectious morbidity and short-term outcome in VLBW infants. Furthermore, an attempt is made to elucidate the role of glutamine in postnatal adaptation of the gut and modulation of the immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  VLBW infants (gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g) are randomly allocated to receive enteral glutamine supplementation (0.3 g/kg/day) or isonitrogenous placebo supplementation between day 3 and 30 of life. Primary outcome is time to full enteral feeding (defined as a feeding volume >/= 120 mL/kg/day). Furthermore, incidence of serious infections and short-term outcome are evaluated. The effect of glutamine on postnatal adaptation of the gut is investigated by measuring intestinal permeability and determining faecal microflora. The role of glutamine in modulation of the immune response is investigated by determining plasma Th1/Th2 cytokine concentrations following in vitro whole blood stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.vandenberg@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Anemone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Ruurd M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Elburg
authors.forename: Jos W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Willem P F
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fetter
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D017053:Infection Control; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D007792:Lactulose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010539:Permeability; D018417:Th1 Cells; D018418:Th2 Cells; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005973:Glutamine; D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose