title: Biodegradation of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: new insight into the degradation pathway.
abstract: Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is a recalcitrant energetic chemical that tends to accumulate in soil, close to the surface. The present study describes the aerobic biodegradability of HMX using Phanerochaete chrysosporium. When added to 7 day old static P. chrysosporium liquid cultures, HMX (600 nmol) degraded within 25 days of incubation. The removal of HMX was concomitant with the formation of transient amounts of its mono-nitroso derivative (1-NO-HMX). The latter apparently degraded via two potential routes: the first involved N-denitration followed by hydrolytic ring cleavage, and the second involved alpha-hydroxylation prior to ring cleavage. The degradation of 1-NO-HMX gave the ring-cleavage product 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB), nitrite (NO2 -), nitrous oxide (N2O), and formaldehyde (HCHO). Using [14C]-HMX, we obtained 14CO2 (70% in 50 days), representing three C atoms of HMX. Incubation of real soils, contaminated with either HMX (403 micromol kg(-1)) (military base soil) or HMX (3057 micromol kg(-1)), and RDX (342 micromol kg(-1)) (ammunition soil) with the fungus led to 75 and 19.8% mineralization of HMX (liberated 14CO2), respectively, also via the intermediary formation of 1-NO-HMX. Mineralization in the latter soil increased to 35% after the addition of glucose, indicating that a fungus-based remediation process for heavily contaminated soils is promising. The present findings improve our understanding about the degradation pathway of HMX and demonstrate the utility of using the robust and versatile fungus P. chrysosporium to develop effective remediation processes for the removal of HMX.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4P 2R2, Canada.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halasz
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiboutot
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ampleman
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manno
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawari
mesh_terms: D001392:Azocines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009509:New Brunswick; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D020075:Phanerochaete / Q000378:metabolism*; D011792:Quebec; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002244:Carbon; C007950:octogen; D009584:Nitrogen