title: HIV-1 tat protein modulates the generation of cytotoxic T cell epitopes by modifying proteasome composition and enzymatic activity.
abstract: Tat, the trans activation protein of HIV, is produced early upon infection to promote and expand HIV replication and transmission. However, Tat appears to also have effects on target cells, which may affect Ag recognition both during infection and after vaccination. In particular, Tat targets dendritic cells and induces their maturation and Ag-presenting functions, increasing Th1 T cell responses. We show in this work that Tat modifies the catalytic subunit composition of immunoproteasomes in B and T cells either expressing Tat or treated with exogenous biological active Tat protein. In particular, Tat up-regulates latent membrane protein 7 and multicatalytic endopeptidase complex like-1 subunits and down-modulates the latent membrane protein 2 subunit. These changes correlate with the increase of all three major proteolytic activities of the proteasome and result in a more efficient generation and presentation of subdominant MHC-I-binding CTL epitopes of heterologous Ags. Thus, Tat modifies the Ag processing and modulates the generation of CTL epitopes. This may have an impact on both the control of virally infected cells during HIV-1 infection and the use of Tat for vaccination strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Ferrara, Italy. r.gavioli@unife.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gavioli
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallerani
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortini
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabris
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottoni
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canella
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonaccorsi
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marastoni
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micheletti
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cafaro
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rimessi
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ensoli
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000276:immunology; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D021122:Protein Subunits; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex