title: Ozone effects on the ultrastructure of peatland plants: Sphagnum mosses, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Andromeda polifolia and Eriophorum vaginatum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ozone effects on peatland vegetation are poorly understood. Since stress responses are often first visible in cell ultrastructure, electron microscopy was used to assess the sensitivity of common peatland plants to elevated ozone concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three moss species (Sphagnum angustifolium, S. magellanicum and S. papillosum), a graminoid (Eriophorum vaginatum) and two dwarf shrubs (Vaccinium oxycoccus and Andromeda polifolia), all growing within an intact canopy on peat monoliths, were exposed to a concentration of 0, 50, 100 or 150 ppb ozone in two separate growth chamber experiments simulating either summer or autumn conditions in central Finland. After a 4- or 5-week-long exposure, samples were photographed in a transmission electron microscope and analysed quantitatively using image processing software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the chlorophyllose cells of the Sphagnum moss leaves from the capitulum, ozone exposure led to a decrease in chloroplast area and in granum stack thickness and various changes in plastoglobuli and cell wall thickness, depending on the species and the experiment. In E. vaginatum, ozone exposure significantly reduced chloroplast cross-sectional areas and the amount of starch, whereas there were no clear changes in the plastoglobuli. In the dwarf shrubs, ozone induced thickening of the cell wall and an increase in the size of plastoglobuli under summer conditions. In contrast, under autumn conditions the cell wall thickness remained unchanged but ozone exposure led to a transient increase in the chloroplast and starch areas, and in the number and size of plastoglobuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ozone responses in the Sphagnum mosses were comparable to typical ozone stress symptoms of higher plants, and indicated sensitivity especially in S. angustifolium. The responses in the dwarf shrubs suggest stimulation of photosynthesis by low ozone concentrations and ozone sensitivity only under cool autumn conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211, Finland. Riikka.Rinnan@uku.fi
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rinnan
authors.forename: Toini
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holopainen
mesh_terms: D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017753:Ecosystem; D029791:Ericaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010126:Ozone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012621:Seasons; D044003:Sphagnopsida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029796:Vaccinium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010126:Ozone