title: Dose escalating safety study of a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, in patients undergoing total hip replacement: BISTRO I.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dabigatran etexilate (BIBR 1048) is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor undergoing evaluation for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following total hip replacement. Following oral administration, dabigatran etexilate is rapidly converted to its active form dabigatran (BIBR 953 ZW).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safe therapeutic range of dabigatran etexilate following total hip replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter, open-label, dose-escalating study, 314 patients received oral doses of dabigatran etexilate (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg twice daily or 150 and 300 mg once daily) administered 4-8 h after surgery, for 6-10 days. Dose escalation was based on clinical and pharmacokinetic data. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding. The primary efficacy outcome included venographic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), symptomatic DVT and pulmonary embolism, during the treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major bleeding event was observed in any group, but two patients at the highest dose (300 mg twice daily) suffered bleeding from multiple sites associated with reduced renal clearance and prolonged pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. A dose-response was demonstrated for minor bleeding events. Of the 289 treated patients, 225 patients had evaluable venograms. The overall incidence of DVT was 12.4% (28/225 patients). There was no consistent relationship between the dose and incidence of DVT, the highest incidence in any group being 20.8% (5/24 patients). The lowest dose (12.5 mg twice daily) showed a high rate of proximal DVT [12.5% (3/24)] and no increase in PD parameters. Peak and trough plasma concentrations, area under the dabigatran plasma concentration-time curve and PD parameters also increased in proportion with the dose. Higher dabigatran plasma concentrations were associated with lower DVT rates. Approximately 20% of the patients had low plasma concentrations after the first dose suggesting further optimization of the preliminary tablet formulation is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dabigatran etexilate demonstrates an acceptable safety profile, with a therapeutic window above 12.5 mg and below 300 mg twice daily. The low number of VTE events within each treatment group indicates a satisfactory antithrombotic potential, although the study was not powered for an efficacy analysis. Additional studies are ongoing to optimize oral absorption and the efficacy/safety balance.
authors.affiliation: Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden. b.eriksson@orthop.gu.se
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahnfelt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kälebo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stangier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nehmiz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kohlbrenner
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000069604:Dabigatran; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012449:Safety; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D011355:Prodrugs; D011725:Pyridines; D013917:Thrombin; D000069604:Dabigatran