title: Behavioral and emotional adjustment of teenagers in mainstream school who were born before 29 weeks' gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate behavioral and emotional problems and positive adjustment of 15-to 16-year-olds who were born at extremely low gestational age (ELGA), from the perspective of parents, teachers, and teenagers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective follow-up was conducted of birth cohorts, with classroom control subjects. All infants who were born before 29 weeks in 1983-1984 (mean gestational age: 27 weeks) to mothers who resided in 3 regions of the United Kingdom were studied. A total of 82% (179 of 218) of survivors were traced at age 15 to 16. The 150 in mainstream school were compared with age- and gender-matched classroom control subjects (n = 108). Behavioral and emotional problems, delinquency, peer relations, self-esteem, and hobbies, were assessed by standardized, well-validated instruments, including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, administered by mail to parents, teenagers, and teachers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents were more likely to rate ELGA teenagers than control subjects as in the "abnormal" range for hyperactivity (8% vs 1%; difference: 7%; (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2-12), peer relationship problems (19% vs 5%; difference: 14%; 95% CI: 6-21), and emotional problems (18% vs 7%; difference: 11%; 95% CI: 3-19), but not conduct problems (10% vs 5%; difference: 5%; 95% CI: -1 to 12)). Teachers reported a similar pattern. In contrast, compared with control subjects, ELGA teenagers did not rate themselves as having more problems with peers, hyperactivity, conduct, depression, or low self-esteem. They reported more emotional problems but less delinquency, alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with mainstream classmates, children who are born extremely early continue to have higher levels of parent- and teacher-reported emotional, attentional, and peer problems well into their teens. However, despite these problems, they do not show signs of more serious conduct disorders, delinquency, drug use, or depression.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, United Kingdom. frances.gardner@socres.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yudkin
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bowler
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hockley
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mutch
authors.forename: Unni
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wariyar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors