title: Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program in vitro.
abstract: In the developing pancreas, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) specifies which precursor cells ultimately will become endocrine cells and initiates the islet differentiation program. NeuroD1, a closely related bHLH protein and a downstream target of Ngn3, maintains the differentiation program initiated by Ngn3. We have developed an in vitro model of Ngn3-dependent differentiation by infecting pancreatic duct cell lines with an Ngn3-expressing adenovirus. We found that both Ngn3 and its downstream target NeuroD1 activated the islet differentiation program in these cells by inducing the expression of genes with early roles in the differentiation cascade, as well as genes characteristic of fully differentiated islet cells. Induction of these genes, as exemplified by the insulin1 gene, involved alteration of the local chromatin structure. Interestingly, the subsets of genes activated by Ngn3 and NeuroD1 were not completely overlapping, indicating that these two bHLH proteins serve specific functions in the development of the endocrine pancreas. In addition, microarray gene expression analysis identified a previously uncharacterized group of Ngn3-induced genes with potentially important roles in islet development and function. These studies demonstrate how Ngn3 initiates islet differentiation and provide us with a model for testing methods for producing islet cells for people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gasa
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mrejen
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leachman
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Juehu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Swarup
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Raghavendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mirmira
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: German
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C093970:NEUROD1 protein, human; C498695:NEUROG3 protein, human; C501008:Neurod1 protein, mouse; C407737:Neurog3 protein, mouse