title: A dual closed-loop control system for mechanical ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Closed-loop mechanical ventilation has the potential to provide more effective ventilatory support to patients with less complexity than conventional ventilation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an automatic technique for mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two closed-loop control systems for mechanical ventilation are combined in this study. In one of the control systems several physiological data are used to automatically adjust the frequency and tidal volume of breaths of a patient. This method, which is patented under US Patent number 4986268, uses the criterion of minimal respiratory work rate to provide the patient with a natural pattern of breathing. The inputs to the system include data representing CO2 and O2 levels of the patient as well as respiratory compliance and airway resistance. The I:E ratio is adjusted on the basis of the respiratory time constant to allow for effective emptying of the lungs in expiration and to avoid intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). This system is combined with another closed-loop control system for automatic adjustment of the inspired fraction of oxygen of the patient. This controller uses the feedback of arterial oxygen saturation of the patient and combines a rapid stepwise control procedure with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm to automatically adjust the oxygen concentration in the patient's inspired gas. The dual closed-loop control system has been examined by using mechanical lung studies, computer simulations and animal experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the mechanical lung studies, the ventilation controller adjusted the breathing frequency and tidal volume in a clinically appropriate manner in response to changes in respiratory mechanics. The results of computer simulations and animal studies under induced disturbances showed that blood gases were returned to the normal physiologic range in less than 25 s by the control system. In the animal experiments understeady-state conditions, the maximum standard deviations of arterial oxygen saturation and the end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 were +/- 1.76% and +/- 1.78 mmHg, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The controller maintained the arterial blood gases within normal limits under steady-state conditions and the transient response of the system was robust under various disturbances. The results of the study have showed that the proposed dual closed-loop technique has effectively controlled mechanical ventilation under different test conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, U.S.A. ftehrani@fullerton.edu
authors.forename: Fleur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tehrani
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Takkin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malinowski
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afuwape
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grundl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014939:Work of Breathing
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen