title: Encrusted cystitis and pyelitis in children: an unusual condition with potentially severe consequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience with the management of encrusted cystitis and pyelitis (EC and EP) in the pediatric population. EC and EP are well-known entities in adults but are rarely identified in children. They consist of mucosal encrustations and are due to specific microorganisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2001, 4 children with a mean age of 9 years (range 4 to 13) were treated for EC (n = 2), EP (n = 1), and EC and EP (n = 1). The latter was a kidney transplant recipient. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics of the patients and the results of conservative management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The delay between the beginning of the symptoms and the diagnosis was longer than 1 month in all cases. The diagnosis of EC was not evoked and was made during cystoscopy in all cases. EP was diagnosed during pyelotomy in 1 patient because it was evoked and confirmed by computed tomography scan in the kidney transplant recipient. Corynebacterium urealyticum was identified in the urine of all patients. EC was treated by antibiotics and endoscopic debulking, and EP was treated by antibiotics and local acidification. The duration of antibiotic therapy was between 1 and 6 months. The tolerance to local acidification of the kidneys was poor. Cure was achieved in 3 cases, but the treatment of EP failed in the kidney transplant recipient and graft removal was decided after 6 months of failed management because intractable febrile urinary tract infections became life threatening for the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EC and EP are uncommon in children; however, these diseases must be considered. They must be diagnosed rapidly and require, if possible, conservative management. Nevertheless, kidney loss can occur in transplant recipients with EP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St. Louis Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meria
authors.forename: Margar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margaryan
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: Henri B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lottmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D003354:Corynebacterium Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003556:Cystitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D011702:Pyelitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069877:Struvite; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006020:Glycopeptides; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C499108:Thomas' solution; D014508:Urea; D000069877:Struvite