title: Comparison of the cytotoxicity of molybdenum as powder and as alloying element in a niobium-molybdenum alloy.
abstract: Commercially pure metal niobium (c.p. Nb) as well as niobium-molybdenum (Nb-Mo) alloys were produced following several powder metallurgical routes. In brief, niobium and molybdenum powders were blended and milled in order to form Nb-Mo alloys. The alloy powders and the c.p. Nb were then either pressed and sintered, or cold isostatically pressed followed by hot isostatically pressing. In order to assess the cytotoxicity of the c.p. Nb and c.p. Mo powders, a 72 h minimal essential medium-extraction test was performed according to ISO/EN 10993-5. The cytotoxicity of the c.p. Nb metal and the Nb-Mo alloys was tested in a 72 h direct contact test. Compared to a negative control (UHMWPE), c.p. Nb was non-toxic, but c.p. Mo was moderately toxic. None of the powder metallurgically produced materials were toxic. Neither differences in molybdenum concentration, nor in porosity of the samples, due to different production routes, had any influence on the toxicity of the materials. Rat bone marrow cultures showed that only on c.p. Nb was a mineralized extracellular matrix formed, while on the more porous Nb-Mo alloys, cell growth was observed, but no mineralization. In conclusion, c.p. Mo powder is moderately toxic, however, as an alloying element it is non-toxic. Material porosity seems to influence differentiation of bone tissue in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metals and Material Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pypen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dessein
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Helsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leenders
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: De Bruijn