title: Dominance rank and fecal testosterone levels in adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda.
abstract: In an attempt to describe hormone-behavior interactions in a sample of wild male chimpanzees, we quantified testosterone in 67 fecal samples obtained from 22 adult male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. A mixed-model methodology that controlled for age-class identified a significant positive association between testosterone levels and dominance rank. The results are consistent with those reported from a separate, smaller chimpanzee community in the same population in a study that analyzed testosterone levels in urine [Muller & Wrangham, 2004]. As in that earlier study, our results held during a period of social stability, which is not consistent with predictions of the "challenge hypothesis." We concur with Muller and Wrangham [2004] that the challenge hypothesis requires modification to explain the chimpanzee data, because fission-fusion sociality in chimpanzees makes challenges unpredictable. We also discuss the utility of fecal samples and a mixed-model statistical method for behavioral endocrinology studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. mpm1@uwm.edu
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Muehlenbein
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Whitten
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000662:veterinary*; D012930:Social Dominance; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis*; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone