title: A tracer kinetic model for 18F-FHBG for quantitating herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression in living animals using PET.
abstract: Reporter probe 9-(4-18F-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine (18F-FHBG) and reporter gene mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-sr39tk) have been used for imaging reporter gene expression with PET. Current methods for quantitating the images using the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue do not distinguish between the effects of probe transport and subsequent phosphorylation. We therefore investigated tracer kinetic models for 18F-FHBG dynamic microPET data and noninvasive methods for determining blood time-activity curves in an adenoviral gene delivery model in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  18F-FHBG (approximately 7.4 MBq [approximately 200 microCi]) was injected into 4 mice; 18F-FHBG concentrations in plasma and whole blood were measured from mouse heart left ventricle (LV) direct sampling. Replication-incompetent adenovirus (0-2 x 10(9) plaque-forming units) with the E1 region deleted (n = 8) or replaced by HSV1-sr39tk (n = 18) was tail-vein injected into mice. Mice were dynamically scanned using microPET (approximately 7.4 MBq [approximately 200 microCi] 18F-FHBG) over 1 h; regions of interest were drawn on images of the heart and liver. Serial whole blood 18F-FHBG concentrations were measured in 6 of the mice by LV sampling, and 1 least-squares ratio of the heart image to the LV time-activity curve was calculated for all 6 mice. For 2 control mice and 9 mice expressing HSV1-sr39tk, heart image (input function) and liver image time-activity curves (tissue curves) were fit to 2- and 3-compartment models using Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear regression. The models were compared using an F statistic. HSV1-sr39TK enzyme activity was determined from liver samples and compared with model parameter estimates. For another 3 control mice and 6 HSV1-sr39TK-positive mice, the model-predicted relative percentage of metabolites was compared with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of 18F-FHBG in plasma to whole blood was 0.84 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SE) by 30 s after injection. The least-squares ratio of the heart image time-activity curve to the LV time-activity curve was 0.83 +/- 0.02, consistent with the recovery coefficient for the partial-volume effect (0.81) based on independent measures of heart geometry. A 3-compartment model best described 18F-FHBG kinetics in mice expressing HSV1-sr39tk in the liver; a 2-compartment model best described the kinetics in control mice. The 3-compartment model parameter, k3, correlated well with the HSV1-sr39TK enzyme activity (r2 = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  18F-FHBG equilibrates rapidly between plasma and whole blood in mice. Heart image time-activity curves corrected for partial-volume effects well approximate LV time-activity curves and can be used as input functions for 2- and 3-compartment models. The model parameter k3 from the 3-compartment model can be used as a noninvasive estimate for HSV1-sr39TK reporter protein activity and can predict the relative percentage of metabolites.
authors.affiliation: The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Leeta Alison
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Khoi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berenji
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Jorge R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namavari
authors.forename: Nagichettiar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satyamurthy
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007700:Kinetics; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C113308:9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006147:Guanine; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; C092717:thymidine kinase 1