title: Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection in pediatric oncology patients: results of an epidemiologic investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate an outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections (BSIs) involving three patients admitted to a pediatric oncology unit between April and June 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the third case was documented, cultures were performed of the hands of all medical and paramedical staff members in the pediatric oncology unit and of environmental surfaces in the rooms occupied by the three patients. Electrophoretic karyotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the genetic relatedness among C. parapsilosis isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three cases of C. parapsilosis BSI were diagnosed based on blood cultures performed during a 38-day period. Evidence of prior C parapsilosis colonization of the gastrointestinal tract was present in only the first case. Each patient had an indwelling central venous catheter (CVC), which was promptly removed, and semiquantitative catheter tip cultures also revealed C. parapsilosis. None of the 30 environmental cultures performed was positive for C. parapsilosis, but the fungus was isolated from the hands of 6 of the 20 nurses tested. Both molecular typing methods revealed identical DNA fingerprinting patterns for all 13 patient isolates (7 from blood, 3 from CVC tips, and 3 from the gastrointestinal tract) and for 5 of the 6 recovered from the nurses' hands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the possibility of cross-infection with a single C. parapsilosis strain that was transmitted (probably during CVC dressing changes) by nurses whose hands were colonized with it. The role of previous gastrointestinal colonization in the first case cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Largo F Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boccia
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Romano Spica
authors.forename: Gualtiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fadda
mesh_terms: D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D016469:Fungemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction