title: Effects of arecoline, safrole, and nicotine on collagen phagocytosis by human buccal mucosal fibroblasts as a possible mechanism for oral submucous fibrosis in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is associated with the betel quid chewing habit, and 86% of betel quid chewers in Taiwan are also smokers. Arecoline and safrole are major principles in the composition of betel quid, and nicotine is the main toxic ingredient of cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the pathogenesis of OSF, flow cytometry was used to compare collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts from the normal and the OSF region of the same 15 OSF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that heterogeneity of fibroblasts existed because collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts from the normal region was higher than from the OSF region in the same patient. The percentage of phagocytic cells was significantly inhibited by 10, 25 and 50 microg/ml arecoline, safrole and nicotine in normal fibroblast cultures, respectively, and the percentage of phagocytic cells was significantly reduced by 25, 25 and 50 microg/ml arecoline, safrole and nicotine in OSF fibroblast cultures, respectively. Collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts exhibited prominent dose-dependent inhibition as the concentration of arecoline, safrole, and nicotine increased. Besides, nicotine had a synergistic effect on arecoline- or safrole-inhibited collagen phagocytosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study concludes that even in the same person, the collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts is different between normal and OSF region. The deficiency in collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts of the lesion might participate in the pathogenesis of OSF. Arecoline, safrole and nicotine, which are released in saliva during BQ chewing plus cigarette smoking, inhibit collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner and may induce OSF formation in Taiwan's patients.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Dean-Hwa
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Lien-Chai
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Chien-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tien-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001115:Arecoline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012451:Safrole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D001115:Arecoline; D009538:Nicotine; D003094:Collagen; D012451:Safrole