title: The relationship between volumetric brain changes and cognitive function: a family study on schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the cerebral correlates of intelligence, memory, and executive processing in 56 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 90 of their nonpsychotic relatives to establish whether the pattern of structure--function relationships in these two groups was different from that in 55 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired, and volumetric measurements were made for whole brain, prefrontal region, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, temporal lobes, hippocampi, and cerebellum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, full intelligence quotient (IQ) and verbal IQ correlated with the volume of the whole brain and right hippocampus; the latter was also associated with performance IQ. Left hippocampal size was associated with verbal IQ and, in control subjects and nonpsychotic relatives only, with estimated full IQ. Delayed verbal memory was linked to cerebellar and inversely to left hippocampal volume. Discrepancies in the relationship pattern emerged in patients with schizophrenia between left hippocampus and measures of IQ and verbal memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latter data indicate a loss of a normal structure--function relationship in schizophrenia and might reflect a functional compensation occurring secondary to early neurodevelopmental impairment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological Medicine, Section of General Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom. t.toulopoulou@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Timothea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toulopoulou
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grech
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rabe-Hesketh
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology