title: Sex differences in functional connectivity in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been consistent evidence for a lower incidence and milder course of schizophrenia in women, yet there have been very few investigations of sex differences in brain function in this disorder. This study used a new high-temporal-resolution measure of functional brain connectivity to test the prediction that female patients would show relatively greater inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity than male patients, particularly in the early stage of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with chronic schizophrenia (20 women and 20 men) and 24 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (12 women and 12 men) and their respective matched comparison groups completed a conventional auditory oddball task. Phase synchronous gamma (40 Hz) activity was extracted from EEG recording during the task and time-locked to the oddball (target) stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic schizophrenia subjects showed a reduction in global functional connectivity (lower gamma phase synchrony) relative to their matched healthy subjects. Unexpectedly, this reduction was most apparent in female patients. By contrast, while first-episode patients showed a general reduction in the speed of frontal connectivity, the speed of global connectivity was relatively faster in female patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to investigate sex differences in schizophrenia that used the functional connectivity measure of gamma phase synchrony. The results suggest that in female patients with schizophrenia, additional breakdowns in brain network connectivity may develop with illness chronicity.
authors.affiliation: The Brain Dynamics Centre, Acacia House, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW, 2145, Australia. shameran@biru.wsahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Shameran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Slewa-Younan
authors.forename: Evian
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Haig
authors.forename: Kerri J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flor-Henry
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003344:Cortical Synchronization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors