title: Optimizing the glenoid contribution to the stability of a humeral hemiarthroplasty without a prosthetic glenoid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a shoulder requiring arthroplasty, if the glenoid is flat or biconcave, the surgeon can restore the desired glenoid stability by using a glenoid prosthesis with a known surface geometry or by modifying the surface of the glenoid to a geometry that provides the desired glenoid stability. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) the stability provided by the glenoid is reduced by the removal of the articular cartilage; (2) the stability contributed by the glenoid is compromised by loss of its articular cartilage, and this lost stability can be restored by spherical reaming along the glenoid centerline; and (3) the stability of a reamed glenoid is comparable with that of a native glenoid and with that of a polyethylene glenoid with similar surface geometry; and (4) the glenoid stability can be predicted from the glenoid surface geometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stability provided by the glenoid in a given direction can be characterized by the maximal angle that the humeral joint reaction force can make with the glenoid centerline before the humeral head dislocates; this quantity is defined as the balance stability angle in the specified direction. The balance stability angles were both calculated and measured in eight different directions for an unused polyethylene glenoid component and eleven cadaveric glenoids in four different states: (1) native without the capsule or the rotator cuff, (2) denuded of cartilage and labrum, (3) after reaming the glenoid surface around the glenoid centerline with use of a spherical reamer with a radius of 25 mm, and (4) after reaming around the glenoid centerline with use of a spherical reamer with a radius of 22.5 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated and measured balance stability angles for each direction in each glenoid were strongly correlated. Denuding the glenoids of the articular cartilage reduced the glenoid contribution to stability, especially in the posterior direction. Reaming the glenoid restored the stability to values comparable with those of the normal glenoid. For example, the average calculated balance stability angle (and standard deviation) in the posterior direction for all eleven glenoids was 24 degrees for the native glenoids, 14 degrees for the denuded glenoids, 25 degrees for the glenoids reamed to a radius of 25 mm, and 33 degrees for the glenoids reamed to a radius of 22.5 mm. The values for the glenoids reamed to 25 mm (25 degrees ) were similar to those of a polyethylene glenoid of the same radius of curvature. For glenoids reamed to 22.5 mm, the average difference between the actual balance stability angle and that predicted from the glenoid geometry was 3.4 degrees +/- 2.4 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glenoid contribution to shoulder stability was decreased by the removal of cartilage and labrum and was restored by spherical reaming to a level similar to resurfacing the glenoid with a polyethylene component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Boorman
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Matsen
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*