title: Associations of fitness and fatness with mortality in Russian and American men in the lipids research clinics study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative size of the effects of fitness and fatness on mortality in Russian men, and to make comparison to US men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective closed cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  1359 Russian men and 1716 US men aged 40-59 y at baseline (1972-1977) who were enrolled in the Lipids Research Clinics Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fitness was assessed using a treadmill test and fatness was assessed as body mass index (BMI) calculated from measured height and weight. Hazard ratios were calculated using proportional hazard models that included covariates for age, education, smoking, alcohol intake and dietary keys score. All-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality were assessed through 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Russian men, fitness was associated with all-cause and CVD mortality, but fatness was not. For mortality from all causes, compared to the fit-not fat, the adjusted hazard ratios were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.37) among the fit-fat, 1.86 (95% CI: 1.31, 2.62) among the unfit-not fat and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.68) among the unfit-fat. Among US men, the same hazard ratios were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.83), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.77) and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.06), respectively. There were no statistically significant interactions between fitness and fatness in either group of men for all-cause or CVD mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of fitness on mortality may be more robust across populations than are the effects of fatness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. june_Stevens@unc.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evenson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids