title: Controlled production of Camembert-type cheeses. Part I: Microbiological and physicochemical evolutions.
abstract: A holistic approach of a mould cheese ripening is presented. The objective was to establish relationships between the different microbiological and biochemical changes during cheese ripening. Model cheeses were prepared from pasteurized milk inoculated with Kluyveromyces lactis, Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium camemberti and Brevibacterium linens under aseptic conditions. Two cheese-making trials with efficient control of environmental parameters were carried out and showed similar ripening characteristics. K. lactis grew rapidly between days 1 and 6 (generation time around 48 h). G. candidum grew exponentially between days 4 and 10 (generation time around 4.6 d). Brevi. linens also grew exponentially but after day 6 when Pen. camemberti mycelium began developing and the pH of the rind was close to 7. Its exponential growth presented 3 phases in relation to carbon and nitrogen substrate availability. Concentrations of Pen. camemberti mycelium were not followed by viable cell count but they were evaluated visually. The viable microorganism concentrations were well correlated with the carbon substrate concentrations in the core and in the rind. The lactose concentrations were negligible after 10 d ripening, and changes in lactate quantities were correlated with fungi flora. The pH of the inner part depended on NH3. Surface pH was significantly related to NH3 concentration and to fungi growth. The acid-soluble nitrogen (ASN) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) indexes and NH3 concentrations of the rind were low until day 6, and then increased rapidly to follow the fungi concentrations until day 45. The ASN and NPN indexes and NH3 concentrations in the core were lower than in the rind and they showed the same evolution. G. candidum and Pen. camemberti populations have a major effect on proteolysis; nevertheless, K. lactis and Brevi. linens cell lysis also had an impact on proteolysis. Viable cell counts of K. lactis, G. candidum, Pen. camemberti and Brevi. linens were correlated with the environmental conditions, with proteolytic products and with carbon substrate assimilation. NH3 diffusion from surface to the cheese core during ripening was highly suspected. Interaction phenomena between microorganisms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche Génie et de Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires (INRA, INA P-G), F-78 850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Leclercq-Perlat
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buono
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latrille
authors.forename: Henry-Eric
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Spinnler
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corrieu
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D001951:Brevibacterium / Q000254:growth & development; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods; D005848:Geotrichum / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000254:growth & development; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D000641:Ammonia; D007785:Lactose; D009584:Nitrogen