title: Measurements of intrafraction motion and interfraction and intrafraction rotation of prostate by three-dimensional analysis of daily portal imaging with radiopaque markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the interfraction and intrafraction motion of the prostate during the course of external beam radiotherapy using a video electronic portal imaging device and three-dimensional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients underwent implantation with two or three gold markers in the prostate before five-angle/11-field conformal radiotherapy. Using CT data as the positional reference, multiple daily sets of portal images, and a three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm, intrafraction translations, as well as interfraction and intrafraction rotations, were analyzed along the three principal axes (left-right [LR], superoinferior [SI], and AP). The overall mean values and standard deviations (SDs), along with random and systematic SDs, were computed for these translations and rotations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 282 intrafraction translational displacements, the random SD was 0.8 mm (systematic SD, 0.2) in the LR, 1.0 mm (systematic SD, 0.4) in the SI, and 1.4 mm (systematic SD, 0.7) in the AP axes. The analysis of 348 interfraction rotations revealed random SDs of 6.1 degrees (systematic SD, 5.6 degrees ) around the LR axis, 2.8 degrees (systematic SD, 2.4 degrees ) around the SI axis, and 2.0 degrees (systematic SD, 2.2 degrees ) around the AP axis. The intrafraction rotational motion observed during 44 fractions had a random SD of 1.8 degrees (systematic SD, 1.0 degrees ) around the LR, 1.1 degrees (systematic SD, 0.8 degrees ) around the SI, and 0.6 degrees (systematic SD, 0.3 degrees ) around the AP axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interfraction rotations observed were more important than those reported in previous studies. Intrafraction motion was generally smaller in magnitude than interfraction motion. However, the intrafraction rotations and translations of the prostate should be taken into account when designing planning target volume margins because their magnitudes are not negligible.
authors.affiliation: Département de Radio-Oncologie and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 11 Cote du Palais, PQ G1R 2J6, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Louis-Martin
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Girouard
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laverdière
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vigneault
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012399:Rotation