title: Factor structure and reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine (1) the psychometric properties of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ; Bernstein, D., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132-1136; Bernstein, D., & Fink, L. (1993). Manual for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript. Bronx, NY: VA Medical Center] in an undergraduate sample and (2) the prevalence of abuse and neglect in this sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal components analyses (PCA), coefficient alpha, and correlations were used to analyse data for 470 undergraduate students from a mid-western Canadian university. Cut-offs from a short-form of the CTQ [Bernstein, D., & Fink, L. (1998). Manual for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. New York: The Psychological Corporation] were used to estimate prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCA yielded a five-factor solution comprised of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as emotional, and physical neglect. All factors, except physical neglect, demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. This factor structure largely replicated results reported for an adolescent clinical sample [Bernstein, D., Ahluvala, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 340-348], with the exception of the physical neglect factor which was comprised of considerably different items. Rates of childhood trauma were largely comparable to those reported for community and student samples in more densely populated regions of North America.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTQ appears to be a valid measure of abuse and neglect in student samples, although experiences are somewhat differentially identified as different types of abuse and neglect depending on age and patient versus nonpatient status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont., N9A 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Paivio
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities