title: An analysis of CTLA-4 and proinflammatory cytokine genes in Wegener's granulomatosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The precipitating event(s) that triggers Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is unknown. Cytokines, costimulatory molecules, and counterregulatory molecules control the quality and intensity of immune responses. Thus, they are relevant candidates for genetic studies of immune dysregulation in WG, the pathogenesis of which may be facilitated by multiple acquired and/or inherited factors. This study was undertaken to investigate possible genetic associations of various proinflammatory cytokines and CTLA-4, a receptor for T cell inhibition, with WG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using polymerase chain reaction-based DNA genotyping, we investigated the polymorphisms located in the genes encoding a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and CTLA-4 in 117 American patients with WG and 123 ethnically matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, patients with WG had a significantly lower frequency of homozygosity for the shortest allele (designated allele 86) of the Ctla4 microsatellite polymorphism (AT)n located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of exon 3 (47.0% versus 69.9%; P = 0.0005). Significant differences between patients and controls in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of polymorphisms in the other cytokine and cytokine receptor genes studied (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFalpha], TNF receptor I [TNFRI], TNFRII, interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta], IL-6) were not found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ctla4 (AT)n 86 allele has been previously demonstrated to be crucial for maintenance of normal levels of CTLA-4 expression and balance between T cell activation and inhibition. Our results in American patients confirm findings from a Scandinavian cohort in which a positive association between WG and longer alleles of (AT)n in the Ctla4 3'-UTR was demonstrated. Diminished frequencies of the most effective allele for CTLA-4 expression may represent a WG-related susceptibility mutation that accounts, in part, for increased T cell activation and clonal expansion in WG. Blockade of T cell costimulation using CTLA-4Ig might be a useful therapeutic intervention, providing an alternative or complementary approach to conventional treatment with immunosuppressive agents.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: DeRen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Prock
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha