title: Tetrathiomolybdate therapy protects against concanavalin a and carbon tetrachloride hepatic damage in mice.
abstract: Tetrathiomolybdate, an anticopper drug, has been shown to protect mice against pulmonary fibrosis from bleomycin. Our hypothesis is that it does so by inhibiting fibrosis-inducing cytokines. Indeed, we have good evidence, not yet published, that tetrathiomolybdate inhibits pulmonary levels of transforming growth factor-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in these bleomycin experiments. Herein, we evaluate tetrathiomolybdate's effectiveness in mitigating hepatitis and fibrosis in mice from the hepatotoxins, concanavalin A and carbon tetrachloride, and its inhibition of cytokines as a possible mechanism. In short-term experiments, concanavalin A elevated serum amino leucine transferase levels several fold, and tetrathiomolybdate completely prevented this increase. In additional experiments, tetrathiomolybdate therapy reversed the elevated serum transaminase levels despite continued concanavalin A injections, with nearly significant serum interleukin-1beta inhibition. Concanavalin A given for 12 weeks produced mild fibrosis, whereas concomitant tetrathiomolybdate treatment resulted in normal histology. Carbon tetrachloride given for 12 weeks resulted in very high serum amino leucine transferase levels, high serum transforming growth factor-beta levels, cirrhosis as seen histologically, and increase in liver hydroxyproline, a measure of fibrosis. Concomitant tetrathiomolybdate partially and significantly protected against increases in amino leucine transferase and transforming growth factor-beta, fully protected against the increase in hydroxyproline, and resulted in normal histology. In conclusion, tetrathiomolybdate protects against the hepatitis and fibrosis produced by these hepatotoxins, probably by inhibiting the excessive increase in inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Fred K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Askari
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Brewer
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D003208:Concanavalin A; D003300:Copper; D008982:Molybdenum; C020809:tetrathiomolybdate; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D006909:Hydroxyproline