title: Cost-benefit analysis of first-generation antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of individuals with allergic rhinitis in the US take first-generation antihistamines (FGAs). Although FGAs have been proven effective in alleviating allergic rhinitis symptoms, they have been associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle, aviation and occupational injuries and deaths, reduced productivity and impaired learning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this analysis was to quantify the total costs and benefits of FGA use in the US from the societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a decision-analytic model to quantify the annual societal costs and benefits of treatment with FGAs compared with the hypothetical alternative of no treatment for the population of individuals with allergic rhinitis and taking FGAs in the US in 2001. The benefit associated with FGA use was estimated using the willingness-to-pay framework and projected to the US population using published estimates of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis. The costs of FGA-associated sedation included lost productivity and the direct and indirect cost of unintentional injuries (including motor vehicle, occupational, public and home injuries and fatalities). The incidence of injuries and fatalities associated with FGA use was estimated using the risk of injury attributable to the sedentary effects of FGAs in the allergic rhinitis population. To evaluate uncertainty in the model assumptions, a probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted using Bayesian second-order Monte Carlo simulation. Costs and benefits are expressed in 2001 US dollars, using a 3% discount rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on current utilisation, the total societal benefit (95% credible interval) associated with the use of FGAs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis was US 7.7 billion dollars (US 1.3 billion dollars to US 21 billion dollars). The societal cost of purchasing FGAs was only US 697 million dollars. However, the societal cost of FGA-associated sedation was US 11.3 billion dollars (US 2.4 billion dollars to US 50.8 billion dollars). The annual societal net benefit of FGA use for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in the US was -US4.2 billion dollars (-US 36 billion dollars to +US 0.296 billion dollars). The net benefit was negative in 97% of the 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The societal benefits of FGA use in alleviating the symptoms of allergic rhinitis are significant. However, based on the assumptions, probability distributions and parameter estimate ranges used in the current model, it is very likely that the costs associated with sedation exceed the benefits of FGA use in the US. The cost of FGA-associated sedation is comparable to estimates of the cost of all medical care expenditures on respiratory conditions in the US (US 12.1 billion dollars to US 31.3 billion dollars) [1996 values] and provides compelling evidence of the economic burden of sedation associated with FGA use.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Program, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. Patrick.Sullivan@UCHSC.edu
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Follin
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nichol
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists