title: Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acquired hypopituitarism in adults is obviously suspected in patients with primary hypothalamic-pituitary diseases, particularly after neurosurgery and/or radiotherapy. That brain injuries (BI) can cause hypopituitarism is commonly stated and has been recently emphasized but the management of BI patients does not routinely include neuroendocrine evaluations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the occurrence of hypopituitarism in patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI) or subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) 3 months after the BI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence of hypopituitarism in conscious patients after traumatic brain injury [TBI, n = 100, 31 women, 69 men; age 37.1 +/- 1.8 years; body mass index (BMI) 23.7 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2); Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-15] or subarachnoid haemorrhage [SAH, n = 40, 14 men, 26 wpmen, 51.0 +/- 2.0 years; 25.0 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2); Fisher's scale 1-4] was studied in a multicentre study 3 months after the BI. All patients underwent wide basal hormonal evaluation; the GH/IGF-I axis was evaluated by GHRH + arginine test and IGF-I measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TBI patients, some degree of hypopituitarism was shown in 35%. Total, multiple and isolated deficits were present in 4, 6 and 25%, respectively. Diabetes insipidus was present in 4%. Secondary adrenal, thyroid and gonadal deficit was present in 8, 5 and 17%, respectively. Severe GH deficiency (GHD) was the most frequent pituitary defect (25%). In SAH patients, some degree of hypopituitarism was shown in 37.5%. Despite no total hypopituitarism, multiple and isolated deficits were present in 10 and 27.5%, respectively. Diabetes insipidus was present in 7.5%. Secondary adrenal, thyroid and gonadal deficit was present in 2.5, 7.5 and 12.5%, respectively. Severe GHD was the most frequent defect (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBI and SAH are conditions associated with high risk of acquired hypopituitarism. The pituitary defect is often multiple and severe GHD is the most frequent defect. Thus neuroendocrine evaluations are always mandatory in patients after brain injuries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aimaretti
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Somma
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fusco
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannavò
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasperi
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scaroni
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Marinis
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benvenga
authors.forename: Ettore Carlo
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: degli Uberti
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantero
authors.forename: Enio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D001120:Arginine