title: Influence of opioid use on surgical and long-term outcome after resection for chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcome of pancreatic resection for chronic pancreatitis in patients with preoperative opioid use is not well described.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1997 to 2003, 112 of 231 patients referred with chronic pancreatitis underwent pancreatic resection. The outcome of patients who had preoperative opioid use (N=46) was compared with those without (N=66).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who used opioids presented at a younger age and had a younger age of symptom onset, longer symptom duration, more hospitalizations, a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus, a higher pain score, and more restriction in daily activity (all P<.05). Twenty-one (46%) patients with opioid use had a total pancreatectomy compared with 9 (14%) without opioid use (P=.0002); the 21 patients also had a higher frequency of postoperative bleeding and early reoperation (8 vs 2, P<.02; 11 vs 3, P=.003, respectively). Mortality and overall morbidity was not significantly different between the 2 groups (4 vs 1, 27 vs 34, respectively). Pain scores improved postoperatively in both groups (P=.001) and was not significantly different between the groups from 12 months onward (median follow-up of 12 months, range, 3-60 months). Twenty percent of patients who used preoperative opioids however reverted to morphine use compared with 6% of patients who had not used opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who used opioids had more advanced disease than patients without opioid use, accounting for part of the postoperative morbidity. Although long-term pain relief was comparable between the 2 groups, maintaining opioid withdrawal was more problematic in those with preoperative opioid use. Earlier referral for resection may be warranted in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alexakis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghaneh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raraty
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goulden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neoptolemos
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid