title: Specific combinations of DNA repair gene variants and increased risk for non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Several polymorphisms in DNA repair genes have been reported to be associated with lung cancer risk including XPA (-4G/A), XPD (Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn), XRCC1 (Arg399Gln), APE1 (Asp148Glu) and XRCC3 (Thr241Met). As there is little information on the combined effects of these variants, polymorphisms were analyzed in a case-control study including 463 lung cancer cases [among them 204 adenocarcinoma and 212 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] and 460 tumor-free hospital controls. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age, gender, smoking and occupational exposure were calculated for the variants alone and combinations thereof. For homozygous individuals carrying the Glu variant of APE1, a protective effect was found (OR = 0.77, CI = 0.51-1.16). Individuals homozygous for the variants XPA (-4A) (OR = 1.53, CI = 0.94-2.5), XPD 751Gln (OR = 1.39, CI = 0.90-2.14) or XRCC3 241Met (OR = 1.29, CI = 0.85-1.98) showed a slightly higher risk for lung cancer overall. In the subgroup of adenocarcinoma cases, adjusted ORs were increased for individuals homozygous for XPA (-4A) (OR = 1.62, CI = 0.91-2.88) and XRCC3 241Met (OR = 1.65; CI = 0.99-2.75). When analyzing the combined effects of variant alleles, 54 patients and controls were identified that were homozygous for two or three of the potential risk alleles [i.e. the variants in nucleotide excision repair, XPA (-4A) and XPD 751Gln, and in homologous recombination, XRCC3-241Met]. ORs were significantly increased when all patients (OR = 2.37; CI = 1.26-4.48), patients with SCC (OR = 2.83; CI = 1.17-6.85) and with adenocarcinoma (OR = 3.05; CI = 1.49-6.23) were analyzed. Combinations of polymorphisms in genes involved in the same repair pathway (XPA + XPD or XRCC1 + APE1) affected lung cancer risk only in patients with SCC. These results indicate that lung cancer risk is only moderately increased by single DNA repair gene variants investigated but it is considerably enhanced by specific combinations of variant alleles. Analyses of additional DNA repair gene interactions in larger population-based studies are warranted for identification of high-risk subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. o.popanda@dkfz-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Odilia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Popanda
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schattenberg
authors.forename: Chi Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Phong
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Butkiewicz
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edler
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dienemann
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drings
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmezer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C110901:X-ray repair cross complementing protein 3; C497314:XPA protein, human; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein; D004265:DNA Helicases; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C085108:APEX1 protein, human; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human