title: Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the relative success of opiate antagonist medication within controlled clinical trials for alcoholism, laboratory studies have not fully examined potential mechanisms for their efficacy in alcohol-dependent persons. The present study evaluated the impact of naltrexone and nalmefene on craving and subjective effects after a moderate alcohol dose among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics (n = 125) and social drinkers (n = 90).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to receive placebo, naltrexone (titrated to 50 mg/day), or nalmefene (titrated to 40 mg/day) for seven days before an alcohol challenge clinical laboratory session. During the clinical laboratory session, a drink of alcohol (0.4 mg/kg for men, 0.34 mg/kg for women) was provided in a bar-like setting. The effects of the alcohol dose on subjective craving, stimulation, and sedation were measured before having free access to alcohol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholics reported higher levels of craving than social drinkers before and after the drink as well as higher levels of alcohol-induced stimulation. Both opiate antagonist medications suppressed initial increases in craving and stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that both naltrexone and nalmefene are associated with reduced alcohol-induced craving and stimulation among alcoholics who are not actively attempting to reduce drinking. These data provide insights into potential mechanisms that may underlie opiate antagonists' effects in the context of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. drobesdj@moffitt.usf.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drobes
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voronin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009271:Naltrexone; C038981:nalmefene