title: Gender-specific differences of the foot during the first year of walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is is well established that gender-specific differences in foot shape exist in adults. However, no information is available whether these differences are present already in children's feet and at what stage in the development these changes become evident.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plantar pressure patterns and footprints of 42 healthy infants (20 male, 22 female) were evaluated over the course of one year and compared regarding gender-specific differences. The age at initial evaluation of the children was 16.1 months, and they were evaluated every 3 months. Anthropometric data, foot shape, and foot loading parameters for the whole foot, as well as for selected regions of interest, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the foot shape and dynamic foot loading parameters were noted between boys and girls already at this young age. Boys demonstrated a broader midfoot, indicating a lower arch. Girls showed a more pronounced dynamic loading, especially in the heel and forefoot regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences seen in this study should be taken into account by the shoe industry responsible for the design of children's shoes to support healthy development of the growing foot. Foot disorders are not only caused by hereditary factors but may be due to disturbances during foot growth and development. Since today's society is dependent on wearing shoes for foot protection, shoes should be designed not only according to the fashion demands of the customers but also to the biomechanical needs. Therefore, it is important to ensure that shoes fit the shape of the feet, which is different for boys and girls already when walking begins.
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Lab, Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Müenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012737:Sex Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*