title: Glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal glucose oxidation are coupled during intense neuronal activation.
abstract: 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments have previously shown that glutamatergic neurotransmitter flux (Vcycle(Glu/Gln)) changes proportionately with neuronal glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)N) in the nonactivated cortex of anesthetized rats. Positron Emission Tomography measurements of glucose and oxygen uptake during sensory stimulation had shown that the incremental glucose utilization is greater than oxygen leading to the suggestion that the energy required for stimulated neuronal activity arises from nonoxidative glucose metabolism. In this study, the authors used spatially localized 1H-observed, 13C-edited NMR spectroscopy during an infusion of [1,6-13C2]glucose to assess the relationship between changes in Vcycle(Glu/Gln) and glucose utilization (CMRglc(ox)N and CMRglc(nonox)) during the intense cortical activity associated with bicuculline-induced seizures. Metabolic fluxes were determined by model-based analysis of the 13C-enrichment time courses of glutamate-C4 and glutamine-C4 (CMRglc(ox)N, Vcycle(Glu/Gln)) and lactate-C3 (CMRglc(nonox)). The exchange rate between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate was found to be significantly faster than TCA cycle flux both for control (41 micromol.g(-1).min(-1); 95% CI, 5 to 109 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)) and during seizures (21 micromol.g(-1).min(-1); 95% CI, 4.4 to 51.8 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)). During seizures, total glucose utilization (CMRglc(ox+nonox)) increased substantially (466% between 0 and 6 minutes; 277% between 6 and 55 minutes). Glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)N) also increased (214%; from 0.26 +/- 0.02 to 0.57 +/- 0.07 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)) but to a lesser degree, resulting in a large increase in cortical lactate concentration. Vcycle(Glu/Gln) increased 233% (from 0.22 +/- 0.04 to 0.52 +/- 0.07 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)), which was similar to the increase in glucose oxidation. The value of Vcycle(Glu/Gln) and CMRglc(ox)N obtained here lie on the line predicted in a previous study. These results indicate that neuronal glucose oxidation and not total glucose utilization is coupled to the glutamate/glutamine cycle during intense cortical activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. anant.patel@yale.edu
authors.forename: Anant B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Graeme F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanamatsu
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Behar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D003292:Convulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003292:Convulsants; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D001640:Bicuculline