title: Anxiety is not manifested by elevated heart rate and blood pressure in acutely ill cardiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate assessment of anxiety in cardiac patients is important because anxiety is associated with adverse outcomes. Clinicians often use heart rate and blood pressure as indicators of anxiety; however, little is known about whether these measures accurately reflect anxiety in acutely ill patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether heart rate and blood pressure were related to level of anxiety in patients with chronic advanced heart failure (HF), patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and healthy individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this descriptive, correlational study, anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at the same time in three groups of individuals: (1) 54 patients hospitalized for AMI; (2) 32 patients with chronic advanced HF; and (3) 31 healthy individuals. State anxiety was measured using the anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Heart rate and blood pressure data were collected immediately prior to the anxiety assessment. Data were collected in the outpatient setting for patients with HF and healthy individuals. For patients with AMI, data were collected a mean of 48+/-33 h after admission. There were no correlations between anxiety and heart rate or diastolic blood pressure. Higher anxiety was associated with lower systolic blood pressure in patients with AMI (r=-0.23, P<0.05) and in healthy individuals (r=-0.27, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated heart rate and blood pressure do not accurately reflect level of anxiety as reported by patients with HF or AMI and healthy individuals, and thus cannot be used to assess anxiety in acutely ill patients. Clinicians who use changes in heart rate or blood pressure as indicators of anxiety may fail to recognize and treat anxiety, placing their patients at high risk for both immediate and long-term complications.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Kentucky/United States Air Force, Lexington, KY, USA. mdejong@aol.com
authors.forename: Marla J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Kyungeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Misook L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013599:Systole; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000209:etiology