title: Extreme stretch growth of integrated axons.
abstract: Large animals can undergo enormous growth during development, suggesting that axons in nerves and white matter tracts rapidly expand as well. Because integrated axons have no growth cones to extend from, it has been postulated that mechanical forces may stimulate axon elongation matching the growth of the animal. However, this distinct form of rapid and sustained growth of integrated axons has never been demonstrated. Here, we used a microstepper motor system to evaluate the effects of escalating rates of stretch on integrated axon tracts over days to weeks in culture. We found that axon tracts could be stretch grown at rates of 8 mm/d and reach lengths of 10 cm without disconnection. Despite dynamic and long-term elongation, stretched axons increased in caliber by 35%, while the morphology and density of cytoskeletal constituents and organelles were maintained. These data provide the first evidence that mechanical stimuli can induce extreme "stretch growth" of integrated axon tracts, far exceeding any previously observed limits of axon growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.forename: Douglas H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000254:growth & development*; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004867:Equipment Design; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D013314:Stress, Mechanical