title: [Using surveys of schoolchildren to evaluate coverage with and opportunity for vaccination in Costa Rica].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify differences in the level of coverage of and opportunity for vaccination among schoolchildren in three areas in Costa Rica with different characteristics: an urban area (with the highest level of socioeconomic development of the three areas), a rural area (with a medium level of socioeconomic development), and a border area (a rural area in northern Costa Rica, on the border with Nicaragua, with the lowest level of socioeconomic development and the highest proportion of foreign immigrants).
  
  
  METHODS
  Following selection of schools by proportional probability, surveys were used with children chosen at random from the first and second grades of elementary schools in the three areas: urban (961 students), rural (544 students), and border (811 students). The data on the vaccines that had been administered were obtained from the children's vaccination cards. Differences among the three areas were evaluated: (1) in the coverage with BCG; with three doses of diphtheria-tetanuspertussis vaccine (DTP3); with three doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV3); with the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR1); and with the second dose of MMR vaccine (MMR2) and (2) in the "opportunity" for the children having received DTP1 + OPV1 before 3 months of age, DTP3 + OPV3 before 7 months of age, and DTP4 + OPV4 + MMR1 before 24 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of all the students who had been selected, 80% of them in the urban area had a vaccination card, 73% did in the rural area, and 72% did in the border area (P < 0.05). The coverage levels for BCG, DTP3, and OPV3 were each over 95% in both the urban area and the rural area; however, the coverage levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the border area: BCG, 83%; OPV3, 88%; and DTP3, 88%. Coverage with MMR1 and MMR2 was similar in the three areas. The percentage of schoolchildren with two or more doses of measles vaccine was 98% in the urban area, 92% in the rural area, and 85% in the border area (P < 0.05). In terms of opportunity, 90% of the children had received DTP1 + OPV1 before 3 months of age in the urban area, 89% had in the rural area, and 80% had in the border area (P < 0.05). The percentage of application of the complete basic schedule (DTP4 + OPV4 + MMR1) before 24 months of age was 93% in the urban area, 95% in the rural area, and 84% in the border area (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The border area had lower coverage of and opportunity for the basic schedule of vaccines, except for MMR. Follow-up campaigns for measles eradication have increased the coverage of the initial and booster doses in all three areas, but the increase has been greatest in the urban area. A greater effort should be made to identify children with an incomplete schedule of vaccinations, with priority going to areas that have a high proportion of immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica. ncalvo@inciensa.sa.cr
authors.forename: Nidia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morice
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sáenz
authors.forename: Lissette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003364:Costa Rica; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*