title: Endocrine and metabolic deficiency.
abstract: Endocrine and metabolic disorders that cause neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations are frequently encountered by ophthalmologists in clinical practice. This review focuses on three of the most common entities for which neuro-ophthalmologic signs and symptoms are a prominent feature. These entities include pituitary disorders (adenoma, apoplexy, and hypophysitis), thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and neuro-ophthalmologic complications of diabetes mellitus, such as ischemic ocular motor mononeuropathies and diabetic papillopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3 E. Gates Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Balcer
mesh_terms: D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*