title: A second protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase gene in Arabidopsis produces two transcripts whose products are sequestered in the nucleus.
abstract: The spontaneous and deleterious conversion of l-asparaginyl and l-aspartyl protein residues to l-iso-Asp or d-Asp occurs as proteins age and is accelerated under stressful conditions. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis L. Heynh.) contains two genes (At3g48330 and At5g50240) encoding protein-l-isoaspartate methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.77; PIMT), an enzyme capable of correcting this damage. The gene located on chromosome 5 (PIMT2) produces two proteins differing by three amino acids through alternative 3' splice site selection in the first intron. Recombinant protein from both splicing variants has PIMT activity. Subcellular localization using cell fractionation followed by immunoblot detection, as well as confocal visualization of PIMT:GFP fusions, demonstrated that PIMT1 is cytosolic while a canonical nuclear localization signal, present in PIMT2psi and the shorter PIMT2omega, is functional. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR was used to establish PIMT1 and PIMT2 transcript presence and abundance, relative to beta-TUBULIN, in various tissues and under a variety of stresses imposed on seeds and seedlings. PIMT1 transcript is constitutively present but can increase, along with PIMT2, in developing seeds presumably in response to increasing endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Transcript from PIMT2 also increases in establishing seedlings due to exogenous ABA and applied stress presumably through an ABA-dependent pathway. Furthermore, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences from PIMT2 amplicons determined that ABA preferentially enhances the production of PIMT2omega transcript in leaves and possibly in tissues other than germinating seeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky Agriculture Experiment Station, S129, Agriculture Science Center North, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA.
authors.forename: Qilong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Marisa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Belcastro
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Randy D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Dinkins
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: A Bruce
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Downie
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D026601:Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000201:enzymology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018744:DNA, Plant; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018749:RNA, Plant; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D026601:Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase