title: Evaluation of mixture effects in a crude extract of compost using the CALUX bioassay and HPLC fractionation.
abstract: Potential synergistic interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a household sewage sludge compost extract were investigated using the Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated Luciferase gene eXpression (DR-CALUX) assay and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) fractionation. The biological activity of the crude extract was measured in vitro using the CALUX assay. The CALUX activity of the extract was as potent as 360-pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent value) per g sample, this was 70 times above the WHO-TEQ value which was derived from chemical analyses of dioxins/furans and dioxin-like PCBs of the mixture. The CALUX activity pattern of the crude extract and the retention times of 26 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), as determined by RP-HPLC on an octadecylsilica column, suggested that the dioxin-like compounds with the log K(OW) (n-octanol/water partition coefficient) values corresponding to 6.0-7.0 contributed highly to the whole activity. The CALUX activity of the crude extract was three times the sum of the CALUX activities of the RP-HPLC separated fractions. Mixture effects were assessed by co-exposure of each HPLC fraction and 2,3,7,8-TCDD to the cells. The four concentration levels of added 2,3,7,8-TCDD corresponded to the TEQ value in the original compost sample. The experimental CALUX activity was higher than the predicted CALUX activity for some fractions. It was demonstrated that some compounds in the compost sample interacted synergistically with 2,3,7,8-TCDD in terms of dioxin-like activity. This finding points out the necessity for detailed investigation of synergistic effects in environmental samples.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. suzuki.go@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takigami
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kushi
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004347:Drug Interactions; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012722:Sewage; D008156:Luciferases