title: High-frequency ultrasound in the study of male breast palpable masses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of high frequency colour-Doppler ultrasound in the study of diffuse or local breast nodules in males, and compare these results with those of mammography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 105 men aged between 12 and 82 years (mean age 42.3 years) with a palpable breast mass with or without pain. All patients underwent clinical and ultrasound examination. Seventy-eight also underwent mammography, whereas 27 did not because of young age (under 25 years) (n=10), no clinical or sonographic suspicion of a malignant mass (n=16), and ulcerated neoplastic lesion (n=1). The final diagnosis derived from surgery in six patients and from three-year follow-up for 99 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine patients had gynecomastia (85%), nine had adipomastia (8%), one had fibrolipoma (1%), five had carcinoma (5%) (invasive ductal carcinoma in four and bifocal ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma in one patient) and one had liposarcoma (1%). The clinical examination detected a bilateral (n=66) or unilateral (n=39) breast mass. Ultrasonography provided the correct diagnosis of diffuse nodular pathology in all cases and orientated diagnosis towards malignancy (6 cases) or benignity (1 case) of the lesions. No additional information was obtained from mammography, as compared to high-frequency ultrasonography. The integration of colour-Doppler in the examination was of little use as it demonstrated extensive vascularisation of most (5 cases) of the malignant lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that ultrasound allows the detection and characterization of palpable breast masses as well as correct local staging of neoplasms by identifying the degree of infiltration of the surrounding tissues.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Legale, Sezione di Scienze Radiologiche P. Cignolini, Università degli Studi, Palermo. carusogi@libero.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ienzi
authors.forename: Gaspare
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piovana
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ricotta
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cirino
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvaggio
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagalla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D005350:Fibroma; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008080:Liposarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color