title: HAADF-STEM imaging with sub-angstrom probes: a full Bloch wave analysis.
abstract: A full coherent Bloch wave calculation is presented to investigate high-angle annular dark-field image formation for sub-angstrom probes in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). With increasing illumination angle, the contribution of the 1s bound state increases to a maximum at an optimum probe angle, after which we find increasing contributions from high-angle plane wave states around the periphery of the objective aperture. Examination of image contributions from different depths within a crystal shows an oscillatory behavior due to the beating between 1s and non-1s states. The oscillation period reduces with decreasing probe size, while the relative contribution from a specific depth increases. This signifies a changeover from a projection mode of imaging to a depth-slicing mode of imaging. This new mode appears capable of resolving three-dimensional atomic structures in future generation aberration-corrected STEM.
authors.affiliation: Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6030, USA.
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nellist
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pennycook
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical