title: Influence of sleep stage and wakefulness on spectral EEG activity and heart rate variations around periodic leg movements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Typical changes in spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and heart rate (HR) have been described in periodic leg movements (PLM) associated with or without microarousals (MA). We aimed to determine the effects of sleep stage and wakefulness on these responses to ascertain whether a common pattern of EEG and HR activation takes place.
  
  
  METHODS
  The time course of EEG spectral activity and HR variability associated with PLM was analysed in 13 patients during light NREM sleep, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. The same analysis was also conducted for PLM without MA occurring in stage 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant EEG and electrocardiogram (ECG) activation was found associated with PLM during sleep, but not during wakefulness. While in light NREM sleep, an increase in delta and theta bands was detected before the PLM onset, in REM sleep the EEG activation occurred simultaneously with the PLM onset. Moreover, during stage 1 and REM sleep, alpha and fast frequencies tended to remain sustained after the PLM onset. In contrast, during wakefulness, a small and not significant increase in cerebral activity was present, starting at the PLM onset and persisting in the post-movement period. A typical pattern of cardiac response was present during NREM and REM sleep, the autonomic activation being lesser and prolonged during wakefulness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the EEG and HR responses to PLM differ between sleep stages and wakefulness with lesser changes found during wakefulness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that specific sleep state-dependent mechanisms may underlie the occurrence of PLM.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Bilbao
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haba-Rubio
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ibanez
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sforza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000513:Alpha Rhythm; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003700:Delta Rhythm; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013826:Theta Rhythm; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*