title: On-line electrical impedance measurement for monitoring blood viscosity during on-pump heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The viscosity of blood (eta) as well as its electrical impedance at 20 kHz at high shear rate depends on hematocrit, temperature, concentration of macromolecules and red cell deformability. The aim of our study was to investigate the relation between viscosity and electrical impedance in a heart-lung machine-like set-up, because during on-pump heart surgery considerable viscosity changes occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood of 10 healthy volunteers was examined under temperature variation between 18.5 and 37 degrees C at four different levels of hemodilution. Blood viscosity was examined with a golden-standard technique, i.e. a Contraves LS 30 Couette viscometer, and the results were compared with measurements of the electrical resistivity (R) at 20 kHz by a specially designed device in series with the tubing system of a heart-lung machine. All measurements were performed at a shear rate of 87 s(-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using stepwise multiparameter regression analysis (SPSS) a highly significant correlation was found (r(2) = 0.882) between viscosity (eta) and resistivity (R). Adding the variables sodium ([Na(+)]) and fibrinogen ([Fibr]) concentration the coefficient of correlation further improved to r(2) = 0.928 and the relation became: eta = -0.6844 + 0.038 R + 0.038 [Na(+)] + 0.514 [Fibr]. All coefficients showed a statistical significance of p < 0. 001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical impedance measurement is feasible in a heart-lung machine-like set-up and allows accurate continuous on-line estimation of blood viscosity; it may offer an adequate way to record and control viscosity changes during on-pump heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hemodynamics Laboratory, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. g.pop@cardio.umcn.nl
authors.forename: G A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: T L M
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: de Backer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Struijk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moraru
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Slager
authors.forename: A J J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006355:Heart-Lung Machine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009862:Online Systems; D012044:Regression Analysis