title: Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No practical method for identifying patients with low heath literacy exists. We sought to develop screening questions for identifying patients with inadequate or marginal health literacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n=332) at a VA preoperative clinic completed in-person interviews that included 16 health literacy screening questions on a 5-point Likert scale, followed by a validated health literacy measure, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOHFLA). Based on the STOFHLA, patients were classified as having either inadequate, marginal, or adequate health literacy. Each of the 16 screening questions was evaluated and compared to two comparison standards: (1) inadequate health literacy and (2) inadequate or marginal health literacy on the STOHFLA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen participants (4.5%) had inadequate health literacy and 25 (7.5%) had marginal health literacy on the STOHFLA. Three of the screening questions, "How often do you have someone help you read hospital materials?" "How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?" and "How often do you have problems learning about your medical condition because of difficulty understanding written information?" were effective in detecting inadequate health literacy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87, 0.80, and 0.76, respectively). These questions were weaker for identifying patients with marginal health literacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three questions were each effective screening tests for inadequate health literacy in this population.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. lchew@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Katharine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology