title: Indications and limitations of intraoperative navigation in maxillofacial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although primarily developed for neurosurgical application, intraoperative navigation has gained acceptance even in maxillofacial surgery with an increasing field of indications. We want to demonstrate our clinical experiences, focusing on the indications and limitations of intraoperative navigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our department, the navigation system VectorVision (BrainLAB, Heimstetten, Germany) is used. The accuracy of this referencing method, consisting of a cortical fixed reference system and surface scanning, was checked by anatomic landmarks. Surgical treatment of 20 patients was performed with the help of the navigation system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VectorVision system proved to be a useful supplement during the surgical exploration of complex anatomic regions. However, resolution of imaging data sets, errors of image fusion, and discrepancies during referencing increased the inaccuracy before surgery. The main problem was the topographic changes caused by surgery, resulting in discrepancies between the preoperative image data and the surgical site. In one case suffering from a meningioma extending to the neck, topography was changed by surgery making navigation inaccurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, a promising field for intraoperative navigation systems were small surgical approaches allowing only limited exposure. From our point of view, additional promising indications include vast tumors or recurrent tumors because of altered anatomy with lost landmarks during surgery. The same was the case of patients suffering from plexiform neurofibroma caused by neurofibromatosis type I. Further, intraoperative navigation was helpful to determine the position of foreign bodies during imaging, making the intraoperative location easier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacail Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. heiland@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmelzle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000601:surgery; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface