title: Morphological and biochemical characterization of macrophages activated by carrageenan and lipopolysaccharide in vivo.
abstract: Macrophages are able to recognize, internalize and destroy a large number of pathogens, thus restricting the infection until adaptive immunity is initiated. In this work our aim was to analyze the surface charge of cells activated by carrageenan (CAR) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through light and electron microscopy approaches as well as the release of inflammatory mediators in vitro. The ultrastuctural analysis and the light microscopy data showed that in vivo administration of CAR represents a potent inflammatory stimulation for macrophages leading to a high degree of spreading, an increase in their size, in the number of the intracellular vacuoles and membrane projections as compared to the macrophages collected from untreated animals as well as mice submitted to LPS. Our data demonstrated that CAR stimulated-macrophages displayed a remarkable increase in nitric oxide production and PGE2 release as compared to the cells collected from non-stimulated and stimulated mice with LPS in vivo. On the other hand, non-stimulated macrophages as well as macrophages stimulated by LPS produce almost the same quantities of TNF-alpha, while in vivo stimulation by CAR leads to a 30-40% increase of cytokine release in vitro compared to the other groups. In conclusion, our morphological and biochemical data clearly showed that in vivo stimulation with CAR induces a potent inflammatory response in macrophages representing an interesting model to analyze inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. vnacife@ioc.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Valéria Pereira
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Nacife
authors.forename: Maria de Nazaré Correia
authors.initials: Mde N
authors.lastname: Soeiro
authors.forename: Rachel Novaes
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Heloísa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: D'Avila
authors.forename: Hugo Caire
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Castro-Faria Neto
authors.forename: Maria de Nazareth Leal
authors.initials: Mde N
authors.lastname: Meirelles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005293:Ferritins / Q000737:chemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C010297:polycationic ferritin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002351:Carrageenan; D005293:Ferritins; D015232:Dinoprostone