title: Combined hormone therapy in postmenopausal women with features of metabolic syndrome. Results from a population-based study of Swedish women: Women's Health in the Lund Area study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate the influence of hormone therapy (HT) on features of metabolic syndrome with special reference to the composition and mode of administration of three specific HT regimens, all containing estradiol (E2) + norethisterone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's Health in the Lund Area project screened all women (n = 10,766), born between 1935 and 1945. Complete data were obtained from 6,917 women. Those at or above defined cutoff limits were considered positively screened (n = 3,593) for metabolic syndrome. All of them were invited to undergo an oral glucose tolerance test; 2,923 women accepted. After excluding 200 women with impaired fasting glucose, 2,723 women were included in the present analysis. Serum lipids were determined by conventional standard methods at the department of clinical chemistry of Lund University Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to World Health Organization criteria, 2,123 women had normal glucose tolerance and 600 women had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IGT was less common (P = 0.001) among users of a transdermal patch [CYC-TRANS; E2 50 microg + norethisterone acetate (NETA) 250microg] compared with the two-combined oral regimen [CON-O (continuous oral E2 2 mg + NETA 1 mg) + CYC-O (sequential oral E2 2 mg + NETA 1 mg)]. Furthermore, IGT was more common among CON-O users when compared with either the CYC-O + CYC-TRANS group (P = 0.002) or the CYC-TRANS only group (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences between CYC-O versus CYC-TRANS or CON-O. Serum levels of total cholesterol were higher in the CYC-TRANS group than in the combined CON-O + CYC-O group (P < 0.05); they also were higher (P = 0.05) when comparing the CYC-O + CYC-TRANS versus CON-O as well as higher in CYC-TRANS versus CON-O (P < 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the CYC-O (P = 0.001), CYC-TRANS (P < 0.05), and the CYC-O + CYC-TRANS (P = 0.001) groups when compared with the CON-O users. There were no differences in the mean age, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), body mass index, waste-hip ratio, or the rate of cigarette and alcohol consumption between the different hormone regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of having a pathological glucose load was lower in transdermal versus oral users of HT. Transdermal HT could be regarded as first-line treatment in women at risk of developing diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yasameen A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Shakir
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nerbrand
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lidfeldt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006306:Health Surveys; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden; D014505:Urban Population; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004958:Estradiol; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone