title: Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: a twin-family study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antisocial behavior and substance dependence disorders exact a heavy financial and human cost on society. A better understanding of the mechanisms of familial transmission for these "externalizing" disorders is necessary to better understand their etiology and to help develop intervention strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which the family transmission of externalizing disorders is due to a general vs a disorder-specific vulnerability and, owing to the genetically informative nature of our data, to estimate the heritable vs environmental nature of these transmission effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate the general and specific transmission effects of 4 externalizing disorders: conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from the community and were interviewed in a university laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 542 families participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study. All families included 17-year-old twins and their biological mother and father.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom counts of conduct disorder, the adult criteria for antisocial personality disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transmission of a general vulnerability to all the externalizing disorders accounted for most familial resemblance. This general vulnerability was highly heritable (h2 = 0.80). Disorder-specific vulnerabilities were also detected for conduct disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism underlying the familial transmission of externalizing disorders is primarily a highly heritable general vulnerability. This general vulnerability or common risk factor should be the focus of research regarding the etiology and treatment of externalizing disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. hicks013@umn.edu
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGue
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Patrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics