title: Targeting cytokines beyond tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Targeting tumor necrosis factor-a has proven of considerable value in treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, with substantial benefits achieved in a proportion of treated patients. However, a significant number of patients do not achieve sufficient improvement and as a result there remains considerable unmet clinical need. A number of cytokines have recently been described with proinflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis synovitis, including interleukin (IL) -6, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18. We review recent data that support the notion that some or all of these moieties offer therapeutic potential. The possibility that some may be useful in partial responders to tumor necrosis factor blocking agents or in synergy with the latter is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, Scotland. i.b.mcinnes@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Iain B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: J Alastair
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gracie
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069285:Infliximab; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept