title: Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula.
abstract: Congenital esophageal atresia (EA) and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are common congenital anomalies. Respiratory and GI complications occur frequently, and may persist lifelong. Late complications of EA/TEF include tracheomalacia, a recurrence of the TEF, esophageal stricture, and gastroesophageal reflux. These complications may lead to a brassy or honking-type cough, dysphagia, recurrent pneumonia, obstructive and restrictive ventilatory defects, and airway hyperreactivity. Aspiration should be excluded in children and adults with a history of EA/TEF who present with respiratory symptoms and/or recurrent lower respiratory infections, to prevent chronic pulmonary disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada. kovesi@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kovesi
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital*