title: Amniotic air insufflation during minimally invasive fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions is safe for the fetal brain in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amniotic air insufflation during experimental fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions greatly improves the visualization of intra-amniotic contents. The purpose of this study was to assess any histologically discernible effects from this approach on the fetal brain after short-term studies and long-term survival in sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty pregnant ewes between 80 and 110 days of gestation underwent amniotic air insufflation during various fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions. After 18 short-term and 12 long-term studies, the brains of the operated fetuses and-if available-their unoperated siblings were examined for hemorrhage, embolism, infarctions, inflammatory changes, and abnormal cortical maturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amniotic air insufflation during minimally invasive fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions did not result in any histologically discernible damage to the brain in short-term and long-term studies in any but 2 sibling sheep. In the 2 affected siblings, a small area of chronic cortical frontal lobe infarction was observed after long-term survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amniotic air insufflation during minimally invasive percutaneous fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions is safe for the fetal brain and does not compromise maternal hemodynamics in sheep. These findings encourage further investigation of the role this technique might play during fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics & Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. thokohl@t-online.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reckers
authors.forename: Danja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strümper
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosse Hartlage
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gogarten
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rickert
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion; D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005332:Fetoscopy; D007327:Insufflation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors