title: In vivo measurement and imaging of tumor oxygenation using coembedded paramagnetic particulates.
abstract: Tumor tissue oxygenation is an important parameter that is positively correlated to the chemo- or radiation treatment outcome of certain tumors. Hence, methods to accurately and noninvasively determine the concentration of oxygen (pO2) in tumors will be valuable. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, utilizing microcrystalline particulates of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc), was used to perform repeated measurements of pO2 as a function of tumor growth. We permanently embedded the particulates in the tumor by coimplanting them with RIF-1 tumor cells during inoculation in mice. This procedure enabled repeated measurements of oxygen concentration in the tumor to be obtained for >2 weeks during its growth phase. The particulates were stable and nontoxic to the tumor cells. Both an in vitro clonogenic assay and an in vivo tumor growth rate examination in C3H mice showed no apparent effect on cell proliferation or tumor growth rate. The measurements indicated that the pO2 of the tumor decreased exponentially with tumor growth and reached hypoxic levels ( approximately 4 mmHg) within 4 days after inoculation of the tumor cells. Spatial EPR imaging revealed a nonuniform distribution of the embedded particulates, which were localized mainly in the middle of the tumor volume. Oxygen mapping of the tumor, obtained by spectroscopic EPR imaging, showed significant variation of pO2 within the tumor. In summary, EPR spectroscopy and imaging with an embedded oximetry probe enabled accurate and repeated measurements of pO2 to be obtained in growing tumors under nonperturbing conditions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ilangovan
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bratasz
authors.forename: Haiquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmalbrock
authors.forename: Jay L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zweier
authors.forename: Periannan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007211:Indoles; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C081756:lithium phthalocyanine; D010100:Oxygen