title: Effects of a novel immune modulation therapy in patients with advanced chronic heart failure: results of a randomized, controlled, phase II trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether a novel, non-pharmacological form of immune modulation therapy (IMT), shown experimentally to reduce inflammatory and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines, improved outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure (HF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Immune activation contributes to the progression of HF, but treatments directed against inflammation have been largely unsuccessful.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five HF patients (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III to IV) were randomized to receive either IMT (n = 38) or placebo (n = 37) in a double-blind trial for six months, with continuation of standard HF therapy. Patients were evaluated using the 6-min walk test, changes in NYHA functional class, cardiac function, and quality of life assessments, as well as occurrence of death and hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no between-group difference in 6-min walk test, but 15 IMT patients (compared with 9 placebo) improved NYHA functional classification by at least one class (p = 0.140). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that IMT significantly reduced the risk of death (p = 0.022) and hospitalization (p = 0.008). Analysis of a clinical composite score demonstrated a significant between-group difference (p = 0.006). There was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction, but there was a trend toward improved quality of life (p = 0.110).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that immune activation is important in the pathogenesis of HF and establish the basis for a phase III trial to define the benefit of IMT in chronic HF.
authors.affiliation: Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. gtorre@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torre-Amione
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sestier
authors.forename: Branislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radovancevic
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers