title: Effect of several additives and their admixtures on the physico-chemical properties of a calcium phosphate cement.
abstract: Combinations of citrate (C6H5O(7)3-), pyrophosphate (P2O(7)4-) and sulfate (SO(4)2-) ions were used to modify the physico-chemical properties of a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) composed of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) and phosphoric acid (PA) solution. The results obtained with only one additive at a time are similar to those previously published. New facts are: the positive effect of C6H5O(7)3- ions on cement failure strain and their negative effect on cement pH. The position of the setting time maximum measured at an SO(4)2- concentration of 0.09 M was not displaced by the addition of C6H5O(7)3- and P2O(7)4- ions. However, the effect of SO(4)2- ions on the setting time was depressed by C6H5O(7)3- ions. Moreover, no increase in tensile strength was observed when increasing amounts of SO(4)2- were added into a C6H5O(7)3--containing cement. The latter results suggest a competitive effect of C6H5O(7)3- and SO(4)2- on setting time and tensile strength. Anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (DCP; CaHPO4) appeared in cement samples dried just after setting, but not in cement samples incubated for 24 h in deionized water before the drying step. It is believed that the setting reaction is stopped by the drying step, leaving a low internal pH in the sample, hence providing favorable conditions for the transformation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) into DCP. Interestingly, even though C6H5O(7)3- ions dramatically lowered the equilibrium pH of the cement with 5 ml of deionized water, they still prevented the occurrence of the transformation of DCPD into DCP.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich (ETHZ), Pharmacy Department, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohner
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Landuyt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trophardy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemaitre