title: An intronic mutation causes long QT syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to determine whether an intronic variant (T1945+6C) in KCNH2 is a disease-causing mutation, and if expanded phenotyping criteria produce improved identification of long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Long QT syndrome is usually caused by mutations in conserved coding regions or invariant splice sites, yet no mutation is found in 30% to 50% of families. In one such family, we identified an intronic variant in KCNH2. Long QT syndrome diagnosis is hindered by reduced penetrance, as the long QT phenotype is absent on baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) in about 30%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two family members were phenotyped by baseline QTc, QTc maximum on serial ECGs (Ser QTc-max), and on exercise ECGs (Ex QTc-max) and by T-wave patterns. Linkage analysis tested association of the intronic change with phenotype. The consequences of T1945+6C on splicing was studied using a minigene system and on function by heterologous expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expanded phenotype/pedigree criteria identified 23 affected and 29 unaffected. Affected versus unaffected had baseline QTc 484 +/- 48 ms versus 422 +/- 20 ms, Ser QTc-max 508 +/- 48 ms versus 448 +/- 10 ms, Ex QTc-max 513 +/- 54 ms versus 444 +/- 11 ms, and LQT2 T waves in 87% versus 0%. Linkage analysis demonstrated a logarithm of odds score of 10.22. Splicing assay showed T1945+6C caused downstream intron retention. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid with retained intron 7 failed to produce functional channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1945+6C is a disease-causing mutation. It alters KCNH2 splicing and cosegregates with the LQT2 phenotype. Expanded ECG criteria plus pedigree analysis provided accurate clinical diagnosis of all carriers including those with reduced penetrance. Intronic mutations may be responsible for LQTS in some families with otherwise negative mutation screening.
authors.affiliation: LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G Michael
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baralle
authors.forename: Francisco E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Baralle
authors.forename: Blake D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.forename: D Woodrow
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Bryant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Timothy
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlquist
authors.forename: Craig T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: January
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Splawski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D004562:Electrocardiography; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D005192:Family Health; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D018075:RNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; C000606913:KCNH2 protein, human; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger