title: Unmasking the osteoinductive effects of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase (GRK) inhibitor by treatment with PTH(1-34).
abstract: The effects of GPCR systems in bone are regulated by a family of enzymes termed GRKs. We found that (1) GRK inhibition in osteoblasts has age-dependent effects on bone mass, and (2) the anabolic actions of GRK inhibition are revealed by treatment with PTH(1-34).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The effects of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems in bone are modulated by a family of enzymes termed GPCR kinases (GRKs). These enzymes directly phosphorylate GPCR substrate and desensitize receptor signaling. We previously found that expression of a GRK inhibitor in osteoblasts using transgenic (TG) technologies enhanced bone remodeling, and in turn, increased BMD in 6-week-old TG mice compared with non-TG littermate controls, presumably because of enhanced GPCR function. The aim of this study was to determine the age-dependent effects of the transgene.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMD was monitored in TG mice and in controls at 6-week, 3-month, and 6-month time-points. To determine if the transgene enhanced responsiveness of bone to parathyroid hormone (PTH), we measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation by mouse calvaria ex vivo as well as the effects of treatment with PTH(1-34) on BMD, bone histomorphometry, and expression of the PTH-responsive gene RANKL in both TG mice and non-TG controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with our previous findings, we found that BMD was increased in TG mice compared with controls at 6 weeks of age. The increase in BMD was most prominent in trabecular-rich lumbar spine and was not observed in cortical bone of the femoral shaft. In contrast to younger animals, however, BMD in older TG mice was not statistically different compared with non-TG mice at 3 months of age and was similar to non-TG animals at 6 months of age. The GRK inhibitor seemed to promote GPCR activation in older mice, however, because (1) PTH-induced cAMP generation by mouse calvaria ex vivo was enhanced in TG mice compared with controls, (2) GRK inhibition increased responsiveness of lumbar spine to the osteoinductive actions of PTH(1-34), and (3) the enhanced anabolic effect of PTH(1-34) was associated with increased expression of the PTH-responsive gene RANKL in calvaria of the TG animals. Bone histomorphometry confirmed that PTH(1-34) increased trabecular bone volume in TG mice and found that this increase in bone mass was caused by enhanced bone formation, predominantly as a result of an increase in the mineral apposition rate (MAR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the anabolic effects of GRK inhibition are age dependent. The osteoinductive actions of the GRK inhibitor are, however, unmasked by treatment with PTH(1-34).
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L Darryl
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Quarles
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spurney
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053245:RANK Ligand; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D051552:beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D053245:RANK Ligand; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C506031:Tnfrsf11b protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; C036020:deoxypyridinoline; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051552:beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases