title: Cholecystokinin- and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder.
abstract: Panic disorder like other neuropsychiatric disorders is believed to be caused by multiple psychosocial and biological factors. Several lines of evidence point to a role for the peptide neurotransmitter cholecystokinin in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. We therefore determined the allele and genotype frequencies of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the CCK gene (-36C>T) and one CT repeat polymorphism in the CCK-B-receptor gene in a German panic disorder sample (n = 115 for CCK gene polymorphism, n = 111 for CCK-B-receptor polymorphism) and compared them with gender and age matched controls. The length of the polymorphic CT repeat alleles varies between 146 bp and 180 bp. We first analysed the results by a permutation test which provided evidence for heterogeneity between patients and controls (p=0.002). We then analysed the data as a di-allelic polymorphism with a short (146-162bp) and a long (164-180bp) allele and as a tetra-allelic polymorphism with 4 alleles (146-154bp, 156-162bp, 164-170bp, 172-180bp). In the di-allelic analysis as well as in the tetra-allelic analysis there was an excess of the longer allele (p = 0.001) or the two longer alleles (p = 0.041) respectively in patients with panic disorder. No difference between groups was observed for the -36C > T polymorphism. Our findings are consistent with the notion that genetic variation in the CCK neurotransmitter system contributes to the pathogenesis of panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Belgium.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Hösing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuhlenbäumer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlesiger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fritze
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garritsen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nöthen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fimmers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stögbauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deckert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; D002766:Cholecystokinin