title: Cocaine medications, cocaine consumption and societal costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the benefits of reduced cocaine consumption in terms of reduced societal costs resulting from the introduction of a medication for cocaine dependence with a small incremental treatment effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-benefit analysis is applied to study the implications of reduced cocaine consumption. A modelling approach extrapolates the magnitude of treatment effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological data on cocaine use and consumption as well as economic methods of cost-benefit analysis are utilised. Estimates of societal costs associated with heavy users of cocaine, who are most likely addicted and in need of immediate treatment, are developed using 1995 data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first analysis, a postulated 1% reduction in consumption of cocaine among heavy users is examined to approximate a small treatment effect, resulting in a minimal consumption benefit. It is estimated that such a reduction would be valued at $US259 million. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that a cocaine medication with a small treatment effect (10 percentage point increase in abstinence rates) would result in a benefit to cost ratio in the range of 1.58 to 5.79, depending on prescribing behaviour and type of patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such estimates of the benefits of these small treatment effects are conservative, and they may be biased downwards since the willingness to pay for such a cocaine medication could far exceed the benefit to cost estimation used in this paper. Nevertheless, the substantial benefits found in this paper indicate how important investment in cocaine medication is for public health policy; costs may be reduced with efficient prescribing behaviour. Market and governmental barriers to the utilisation of a cocaine medication could reduce the benefits and increase costs. Clinical trials, cost-effectiveness studies, and cost-benefit studies must be conducted to establish the actual pattern of benefits and costs that could be obtained for an efficacious and effective cocaine medication.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. wc34b@nih.gov
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine