title: Differentiation and transcription factor gene therapy in experimental parkinson's disease: sonic hedgehog and Gli-1, but not Nurr-1, protect nigrostriatal cell bodies from 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration.
abstract: We tested the activity of the dopaminergic neuron differentiation factor sonic hedgehog, its downstream transcription factor target Gli-1, and an orphan nuclear receptor, Nurr-1, necessary for the induction of the dopaminergic phenotype of nigrostriatal neurons, in an in vivo model of nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Our preliminary experiments demonstrated that all three constructs expressed the proper molecules and that these had the predicted biological activities in vitro. We expressed the N-terminal of sonic hedgehog (ShhN) and the Gli-1 and Nurr-1 entire coding regions from highly purified, and quality controlled, replication-defective adenoviral vectors injected into the brains of rats and used the dopaminergic growth factor GDNF as a positive control. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine was used to lesion the nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation; RAd-ShhN and RAd-Gli-1 protected dopaminergic neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra, but not axonal terminals in the striatum, from 6-OHDA-induced cell death, while RAd-Nurr-1 was ineffective in protecting either cell bodies or axons. RAd-GDNF was able to protect both the dopaminergic cell bodies and the striatal axon terminals. Our results establish for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that gene transfer of ShhN and one of its target transcription factors can selectively protect dopaminergic nigrostriatal neuronal cell bodies from a specific neurotoxic insult. Selective protection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell bodies by the differentiation factor ShhN and the transcription factor Gli-1 was achieved in a neurotoxic model that eliminates more than 70% of the nigral neurons under consideration. Differentiation and transcription factors can thus be used for the treatment of neurodegeneration by gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurtado-Lorenzo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Millan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Nicolini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suwelack
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D016627:Oxidopamine; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C539882:NR4A2 protein, human; C539884:Nr4a2 protein, rat; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; C509239:SHH protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D016627:Oxidopamine; D004298:Dopamine