title: Brain metastases from breast cancer: identification of a high-risk group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain metastases from breast cancer are an uncommon initial presentation of metastatic breast cancer, but brain metastases commonly occur later in women's metastatic illness. The aims of this study were to document the type, frequency, and temporal occurrence of brain metastases from breast cancer as well as the survival of women with such metastases, and to attempt to identify a subgroup of women at high risk of brain metastases who may benefit from pre-emptive medical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radiological reports of all women presenting with metastases aged under 70 years who had subsequently died were examined. The type, frequency, temporal occurrence and survival with brain metastases were documented. Correlations were sought between the frequency of brain metastases and age at metastatic presentation, tumour grade, histological type and oestrogen receptor (ER) status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 219 patients who had died with metastatic disease and who were under 70 years of age at metastatic presentation, 49 (22%) developed brain metastases. The development of brain metastases was related to young age (P = 0.0002), with 43% of women under 40 years developing brain metastases. Brain metastases were more common in women whose tumours were ER negative (38%) compared with women with ER-positive disease (14%) (P = 0.0003). By combining age and ER status, it is possible to identify a group of women (age under 50 years and ER negative) with a 53% risk of developing brain metastases. This group included many women who had chemotherapy for visceral metastases, and 68% had either stable disease or disease response at other sites at the time of brain metastases presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to identify a subgroup of women with metastatic breast cancer at high risk of brain metastases who may benefit from pre-emptive medical intervention, such as screening or prophylactic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Breast Institute, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK. aevans@ncht.trent.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cornford
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pinder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gutteridge
authors.forename: J F R
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornbuckle
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D043823:Taxoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D043823:Taxoids; D015251:Epirubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil