title: Evidence for a probable causal relationship between tretinoin, acitretin, and etretinate and intracranial hypertension.
abstract: With the recognition that vitamin A and isotretinoin may cause intracranial hypertension, the authors reviewed 331 case reports of ocular side effects associated with the three other marketed retinoids: tretinoin, acitretin, and etretinate. The reports were drawn from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Drug Administration, and medical journals between 1979 and 2003. There were 21 cases of intracranial hypertension associated with these three retinoids, leading to an inference that they are probably causally related to intracranial hypertension by WHO criteria. The lack of positive rechallenge data precludes the inference of a definite causal relationship to intracranial hypertension by WHO criteria. The inference of an independent causal role of these retinoids is further cautioned by the fact that six patients were concurrently using tetracycline or minocycline. Even so, the data suggest that all retinoids may, in rare instances, cause intracranial hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3375 SW Terwilliger Boulevard, Portland, OR 97201, USA. eyedrug@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
authors.forename: Frederick T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
mesh_terms: D017255:Acitretin; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005050:Etretinate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D014212:Tretinoin; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D014212:Tretinoin; D005050:Etretinate; D017255:Acitretin