title: The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at -420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3.
abstract: Insulin resistance is a major cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Resistin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, antagonizes insulin. Transgenic mice that overexpress the resistin gene (Retn) in adipose tissue are insulin-resistant, whereas Retn (-/-) mice show lower fasting blood glucose, suggesting that the altered Retn promoter function could cause diabetes. To determine the role of RETN in human T2DM, we analyzed polymorphisms in its 5' flanking region. We found that the -420G/G genotype was associated with T2DM (397 cases and 406 controls) (P=.008; adjusted odds ratio = 1.97 [by logistic regression analysis]) and could accelerate the onset of disease by 4.9 years (P=.006 [by multiple regression analysis]). Meta-analysis of 1,888 cases and 1,648 controls confirmed this association (P=.013). Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that the -420G/G genotype itself was a primary variant determining T2DM susceptibility. Functionally, Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors bound specifically to the susceptible DNA element that included -420G. Overexpression of Sp1 or Sp3 enhanced RETN promoter activity with -420G in Drosophila Schneider line 2 cells that lacked endogenous Sp family members. Consistent with these findings, fasting serum resistin levels were higher in subjects with T2DM who carried the -420G/G genotype. Therefore, the specific recognition of -420G by Sp1/3 increases RETN promoter activity, leading to enhanced serum resistin levels, thereby inducing human T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onuma
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimiya
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.forename: Ikki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashiramoto
authors.forename: Azuma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanatsuka
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Hideichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006729:Hormones, Ectopic / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D052243:Resistin; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006729:Hormones, Ectopic; C499624:RETN protein, human; D052243:Resistin; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor