title: Highly cytotoxic metabolites from the culture supernatant of the temperate dinoflagellate Protoceratium cf. reticulatum.
abstract: In the course of our search for antitumor compounds in dinoflagellates, the culture broths of two strains of Protoceratium cf. reticulatum showed extremely potent cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines. The four equally active principles, named protoceratins I (1), II (2), III (3), and IV (4), were purified and their structures were studied. The major principle, protoceratin I (1), proved to be identical with 2-homoyessotoxin, a well-known shellfish toxin. Protoceratins II (2), III (3), and IV (4) were determined to be di-, mono-, and triarabinoside of 1, respectively. They are the first examples of glycosides of dinoflagellate polyethers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Xuemin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D035964:Oxocins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D006027:Glycosides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D035964:Oxocins