title: Periodontal infections and atherosclerosis: mere associations?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several lines of evidence from the last few decades suggest that periodontitis is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In this review we discuss the recent findings on the systemic effects of periodontitis, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with a special emphasis on lipoproteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the epidemiological studies exploring the direct or indirect relationship between clinical periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, studies utilizing serology, animal models, cell cultures, and biochemistry of lipoproteins have been published. Local infection in the periodontal pockets triggers a systemic inflammatory response releasing inflammatory mediators and awakens a strong immune response against periodontal pathogens. Elevated systemic antibody levels especially to Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis. Periodontitis is also accompanied by proatherogenic changes in both low and high density lipoproteins, which lead to enhanced cholesteryl ester uptake by and reduced cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Vesicles and lipopolysaccharide isolated from P. gingivalis activate macrophages to convert into foam cells. Moreover, animal studies have demonstrated that infection by P. gingivalis enhances progression of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent studies have clarified the mechanisms by which periodontitis may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Serological, animal, and cell culture studies provide evidence that infection by P. gingivalis may promote atherosclerosis. The influence of periodontitis on lipoprotein metabolism has emerged as a new, important factor. Recent studies provide experimental proof that periodontitis may predispose to atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. pirkko.pussinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Pirkko J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pussinen
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mattila
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D005487:Foam Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins