title: Threshold current for an insulated epidural needle in pediatric patients.
abstract: We designed this study to determine the threshold current for nerve stimulation of an insulated needle in the epidural space. The intended dermatome was identified using the bony landmarks of the spine. An 18-gauge insulated Tuohy needle was inserted perpendicularly to the skin and advanced until "loss of resistance" was felt. A nerve stimulator was then connected to the insulated needle. Twenty patients were studied using an insulated Tuohy needle and one patient was studied using a noninsulated Tuohy needle. Muscle twitch was elicited with a current of 11.1 +/- 3.1 mA (mean +/- sd) in all patients in which an insulated needle was used. Muscle twitches were within 2 myotomes of the intended level (based on bony landmarks). Muscle twitch was not elicited with a noninsulated needle. After catheter threading, positive stimulation tests were elicited via epidural catheters in all patients (4.9 +/- 2.3 mA). Postoperative radiograph confirmed all catheter placements within 2 myotomes of the muscle twitches. Electrical stimulation may be a useful adjuvant tool to loss of resistance for confirming proper thoracic epidural needle placement. The threshold current criteria for an insulated needle (6-17 mA) would be higher than the original Tsui test criteria described for an epidural catheter (1-10 mA) in the epidural space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Ban C H
authors.initials: BCH
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Alese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009339:Needles