title: Assessing health literacy in African American and Caucasian adults: disparities in rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM) scores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of literacy on health and health care is an important area of investigation. Studies with a literacy focus are most valuable when literacy is assessed with psychometrically sound instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a prospective cohort sample of 1,610 primary care patients. Patients provided sociodemographics and took the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), a 66-item word pronunciation literacy test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was 65% African American; 66% were men; 51% had a high school education or less. REALM scores were significantly related to education, age, and race but not gender. When stratified by education, differences between African Americans and Caucasians remained significant. Using 19 different strategies to shorten the 66-item instrument, reliability coefficients above.80 were maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The REALM is a robust assessment of health literacy. However, the discordance in scores between African Americans and Caucasians with similar educational attainment needs to be further addressed. A much shorter instrument would still have internally consistent scores and potentially be more useful in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (CHERP), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA 19104-6021, USA. sheaja@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: Vanessa J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: D Alex
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Quistberg
authors.forename: Karima L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ravenell
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Asch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*