title: The role of three-dimensional ultrasound in visualizing the fetal cranial sutures and fontanels during the second half of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in visualizing fetal cranial sutures and fontanels and to determine factors that could influence visualization and image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial 3D ultrasound examinations were evaluated for visibility of fetal cranial sutures and fontanels, image quality and possible influencing parameters in the second half of pregnancy. Thirty fetuses were scanned at four different gestational ages providing a data set of 120 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most (82-100%) cranial sutures and fontanels could be visualized with 3D ultrasound. However, the sagittal suture and posterior fontanel were visualized in only 47% and 42%, respectively. Gestational age significantly influenced the visibility of the sutures and fontanels, image quality decreasing with advancing gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D ultrasound can be a reliable technique for visualizing most fetal cranial sutures and fontanels. By performing a sagittal and a transverse scan, most of the sutures and fontanels can be made visible during the second half of pregnancy. Visualization depends on gestational age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dikkeboom
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Roelfsema
authors.forename: L N A
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Van Adrichem
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wladimiroff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D014463:Ultrasonography