title: Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of isolation measures in reducing the incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation and infection in hospital inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of published articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE), and citation lists (1966-2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles reporting MRSA related outcomes and describing an isolation policy were selected. No quality restrictions were imposed on studies using isolation wards or nurse cohorting. Other studies were included if they were prospective or employed planned comparisons of retrospective data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46 studies were accepted; 18 used isolation wards, nine used nurse cohorting, and 19 used other isolation policies. Most were interrupted time series, with few planned formal prospective studies. All but one reported multiple interventions. Consideration of potential confounders, measures to prevent bias, and appropriate statistical analysis were mostly lacking. No conclusions could be drawn in a third of studies. Most others provided evidence consistent with a reduction of MRSA acquisition. Six long interrupted time series provided the strongest evidence. Four of these provided evidence that intensive control measures including patient isolation were effective in controlling MRSA. In two others, isolation wards failed to prevent endemic MRSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major methodological weaknesses and inadequate reporting in published research mean that many plausible alternative explanations for reductions in MRSA acquisition associated with interventions cannot be excluded. No well designed studies exist that allow the role of isolation measures alone to be assessed. None the less, there is evidence that concerted efforts that include isolation can reduce MRSA even in endemic settings. Current isolation measures recommended in national guidelines should continue to be applied until further research establishes otherwise.
authors.affiliation: University Department Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University London, UK.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kibbler
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Medley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duckworth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D010356:Patient Isolation; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus