title: The ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor and likely tumor suppressor proteins, sprouty 1 and sprouty 2 are deregulated in breast cancer.
abstract: Sprouty (Spry) proteins were found to be endogenous inhibitors of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that play an important role in the remodeling of branching tissues. We investigated Spry expression levels in various cancers and found that Spry1 and Spry2 were down-regulated consistently in breast cancers. Such prevalent patterns of down-regulation may herald the later application of these isoforms as tumor markers that are breast cancer specific and more profound than currently characterized markers. Spry1 and 2 were expressed specifically in the luminal epithelial cells of breast ducts, with higher expression during stages of tissue remodeling when the epithelial ducts are forming and branching. These findings suggest that Sprys might be involved as a modeling counterbalance and surveillance against inappropriate epithelial expansion. The abrogation of endogenous Spry activity in MCF-7 cells by the overexpression of a previously characterized dominant-negative mutant of Spry, hSpry2Y55F resulted in enhanced cell proliferation in vitro. The hSpry2Y55F stably expressing cells also formed larger and greater number of colonies in the soft-agar assay. An in vivo nude mice assay showed a dramatic increase in the tumorigenic potential of hSpry2Y55F stable cells. The consistent down-regulation of Spry1 and 2 in breast cancer and the experimental evidence using a dominant-negative hSpry2Y55F indicate that Spry proteins may actively maintain tissue integrity that runs amok when their expression is decreased below normal threshold levels. This alludes to a previously unrecognized role for Sprys in cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ting Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Permeen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.forename: Chee Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McCaw
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Esther Sook Miin
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Hwei Fen
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Thomas Choudary
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Putti
authors.forename: Graeme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Guy
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; C486055:SPRY1 protein, human; C485561:SPRY2 protein, human; C425468:Spry1 protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C118389:Spry2 protein, mouse