title: Endovascular strategies for carotid cavernous and intracerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas.
abstract: Interventional neuroradiology is a less invasive modality than open neurosurgery for the treatment of a wide range of neurovascular disorders. Refinements in technique and improvements in the design of microcatheters, guide wires, and embolic materials have yielded superior clinical outcomes and provided an impetus to treat more of these lesions endovascularly rather than surgically. Endovascular therapy is the standard of care for direct and indirect carotid artery cavernous sinus fistulas and may also be curative for dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in other locations. The authors provide review of the clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of intracranial AVFs focusing on contemporary endovascular treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0628, USA.
authors.forename: Perry P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Randall T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Van V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Halbach
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dowd
mesh_terms: D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology