title: Left atrial tachycardia after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: electroanatomic characterization and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the electroanatomic characteristics of left atrial tachycardia (AT) in a series of patients who underwent circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) and to describe the ablation strategy and clinical outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation. A potential midterm complication is the development of left AT. There are only isolated reports describing mapping and ablation of such arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients (age 57.4 +/- 8.9 years, five female) underwent mapping and ablation of 14 left ATs via an electroanatomic mapping system a mean of 2.6 +/- 1.6 months after CPVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients were characterized as having focal AT (cycle length: 266 +/- 35.9 ms). Of 11 macro-re-entrant tachycardias studied in the remaining 10 patients (cycle length: 275 +/- 75 ms), 5 showed single-loop and 6 dual-loop circuits. Re-entrant circuits used the mitral isthmus, the posterior wall, or gaps on previous encircling lines. Such gaps and all three foci occurred anterior to the left superior pulmonary vein or at the septal aspect of the right pulmonary veins. Thirteen of 14 tachycardias (93%) were successfully ablated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left AT after CPVA can be due to a macro-re-entrant or focal mechanism. Re-entry occurs most commonly across the mitral isthmus, the posterior wall, or gaps on previous ablation lines. Such gaps and foci occur most commonly at the anterior aspect of the left superior pulmonary vein and at the septal aspect of the right pulmonary veins. These arrhythmias can be successfully mapped and ablated with an electroanatomic mapping system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmology Section, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cézar E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mesas
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pappone
authors.forename: Christopher C E
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gugliotta
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicedomini
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paglino
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulletta
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santinelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*