title: Higher frequency of dementia in older HIV-1 individuals: the Hawaii Aging with HIV-1 Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral therapy has improved survival for HIV-1-infected individuals. The neuroepidemiologic implications of HIV-1 in an aging population are not well known, particularly the prevalence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors report a baseline cross-sectional analysis of 202 HIV-1-seropositive individuals enrolled into one of two groups of the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort: older (50 or more years old, n = 106) and younger (20 to 39 years old, n = 96). Neuropsychological, neurologic, medical, and laboratory data were obtained at enrollment. Participant cognitive status was classified (research case definitions) using American Academy of Neurology (1991) criteria in a consensus conference of physicians and neuropsychologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAD was more frequent in older (25.2%) compared to younger (13.7%) individuals (p = 0.041) corresponding to an OR of 2.13 (95% CI: 1.02 to 4.44) for the older compared to the younger group. After adjusting for education, race, substance dependence, antiretroviral medication status, viral load, CD4 lymphocyte count, and Beck Depression Inventory score, the odds of having HAD among individuals in the older group was 3.26 (1.32 to 8.07) times that of the younger group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age is associated with increased HAD in this HIV-1 cohort. Underlying mechanisms are unclear but do not appear related to duration of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii NeuroAIDS Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA. Vvalcour@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valcour
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shikuma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shiramizu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watters
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poff
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Selnes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sacktor
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents