title: Prevalence of Clostridium species and behaviour of Clostridium botulinum in gnocchi, a REPFED of italian origin.
abstract: Sales and consumption of refrigerated processed foods of extended durability (REPFEDs) have increased many-fold in Europe over the last 10 years. The safety and quality of these convenient ready-to-eat foods relies on a combination of mild heat treatment and refrigerated storage, sometimes in combination with other hurdles such as mild preservative factors. The major hazard to the microbiological safety of these foods is Clostridium botulinum. This paper reports on the prevalence and behaviour of proteolytic C. botulinum and non-proteolytic C. botulinum in gnocchi, a potato-based REPFED of Italian origin. Attempts to isolate proteolytic C. botulinum and non-proteolytic C. botulinum from gnocchi and its ingredients were unsuccessful. Based on assessment of the adequacy of the methods used, it was estimated that for proteolytic C. botulinum there was < 25 spores/kg of gnocchi and < 70 spores/kg of ingredients. The total anaerobic microbial load of gnocchi and its ingredients was low, with an estimated 1 MPN/g in processed gnocchi. Most of the anaerobic flora was facultatively anaerobic. A few obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated from gnocchi and its ingredients and belonged to different Clostridium species. The protection factor, number of decimal reductions in the probability of toxigenesis from a single spore, was determined for eight different gnocchi formulations by challenge test studies. For all gnocchi stored at 8 degrees C (as recommended by the manufacturer) or 12 degrees C (mild temperature abuse), growth and toxin production were not detected in 75 days. The protection factor was >4.2 for proteolytic C. botulinum, and >6.2 for non-proteolytic C. botulinum. When inoculated packs were stored at 20 degrees C (severe temperature abuse), toxin production in 75 days was prevented by the inclusion of 0.09% (w/w) sorbic acid (protection factors as above), however in the absence of sorbic acid the packs became toxic before the end of the intended shelf-life and the protection factors were lower. Providing sorbic acid (0.09% w/w) is included in the gnocchi, the safety margin would seem to be very large with respect to the foodborne botulism hazard.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK. manueldelatorre@yahoo.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Torre
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stecchini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braconnier
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Peck
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001906:Botulism / Q000517:prevention & control; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D001205:Ascorbic Acid