title: Toll-like receptors and other links between innate and acquired alloimmunity.
abstract: Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens and noxious stimuli. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential innate immune receptors that alert the immune system to the presence of invading microbes. Emerging evidence shows that TLR signaling is important in allograft rejection. In a murine model, the rejection of minor mismatched allografts cannot occur in the absence of MyD88, an important TLR signal adaptor protein, owing to a defect in dendritic cell maturation, which leads to diminished T-helper cell type 1 immune responses. A recent clinical study also suggests that recipients with a mutant TLR4 genotype manifest reduced lung allograft rejection. Thus, innate immune signaling via TLRs is important for alloimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 3 FMP, PO Box 208017, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8018, USA. daniel.goldstein@yale.edu
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors