title: Arsenic speciation in bile and urine following oral and intravenous exposure to inorganic and organic arsenics in rats.
abstract: Although inorganic arsenate (iAsV) and arsenite (iAsIII) are metabolized in liver and excreted into bile and urine, the metabolites in the bile after the oral intake of iAs remain unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally (po) or intravenously (iv) exposed to iAs and methylated arsenics, and the arsenic speciation in the urine and bile was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. Arsenic caused induction of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and changes of glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver and bile were also determined. The metabolic speciation studies revealed that arsenic was excreted into bile in the methylarsenic-diglutathione (MADG) and/or dimethylarsenic acid (DMAV) forms in iAsIII- or iAsV-po rats, but that MADG and arsenic-triglutathione (ATG) are the main forms excreted into bile both in iAsIII- and iAsV-iv rats. In MADG-po rats, the MADG was excreted into bile in the MADG and DMAV forms. Monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV)- and DMAV-iv rats did not excrete significant amounts of either MMAV or DMAV into bile and mostly excreted into urine in the unchanged chemical forms. Taken together, the DMAV detected in the bile is mostly supposed to be the dissociation of dimethylarsenic-glutathione (DMAG). Urinary arsenic speciation showed that arsenic metabolized to 43% methylated DMAV, 47% unmethylated iAsIII, and 10% iAsV in iAsIII-iv rats, whereas only 3% methylated DMAV, 87% unmethylated iAsV, and 10% iAsIII were detected in iAsV-iv rats. Arsenic was accumulated dose dependently, and arsenic concentration was significantly higher in the iAsIII-po rat liver than in the iAsV-po rat liver. GSH levels in the bile were decreased by relatively higher doses of iAsV-po, but significantly increased by iAsIII- or iAsV-iv. iAs-exposure increased the expression of MRP2 in the liver. Pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine predominantly inhibited arsenic excretion into bile in iAs-iv rats. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that biliary and urinary arsenic excretion and speciation are affected by the route, dose, and chemical forms of arsenical administration, and GSH plays a key role in arsenic metabolism. We are also first to show that DMAV that probably originated from DMAG is excreted into the bile in iAs-po rats.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. xing.cui@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yayoi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Seishiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008745:Methylation; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic; D001152:Arsenicals; D005978:Glutathione; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger