title: Feasibility of synchronization of real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy from viewpoint of excessive dose from fluoroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Synchronization of the techniques in real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy (RTRT) and intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) is expected to be useful for the treatment of tumors in motion. Our goal was to estimate the feasibility of the synchronization from the viewpoint of excessive dose resulting from the use of fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an ionization chamber for diagnostic X-rays, we measured the air kerma rate, surface dose with backscatter, and dose distribution in depth in a solid phantom from a fluoroscopic RTRT system. A nominal 50-120 kilovoltage peak (kVp) of X-ray energy and a nominal 1-4 ms of pulse width were used in the measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD air kerma rate from one fluoroscope was 238.8 +/- 0.54 mGy/h for a nominal pulse width of 2.0 ms and nominal 100 kVp of X-ray energy at the isocenter of the linear accelerator. The air kerma rate increased steeply with the increase in the X-ray beam energy. The surface dose was 28-980 mGy/h. The absorbed dose at a 5.0-cm depth in the phantom was 37-58% of the peak dose. The estimated skin surface dose from one fluoroscope in RTRT was 29-1182 mGy/h and was strongly dependent on the kilovoltage peak and pulse width of the fluoroscope and slightly dependent on the distance between the skin and isocenter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The skin surface dose and absorbed depth dose resulting from fluoroscopy during RTRT can be significant if RTRT is synchronized with IMRT using a multileaf collimator. Precise estimation of the absorbed dose from fluoroscopy during RT and approaches to reduce the amount of exposure are mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North-15 West-7, Sapporo 006-8638, Japan. hshirato@radi.med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oita
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage