title: EP2/EP4 signalling inhibits monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production induced by interleukin 1beta in synovial fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides its proinflammatory properties, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) acts as a regulator of the expression of inducible genes. Inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis might thus result in a paradoxical deleterious effect on inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of PGE(2) on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in cultured synovial fibroblasts (SF) stimulated with interleukin (IL)1beta.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCP-1 expression was assessed in SF stimulated with IL1beta in the presence of PGE(2) or different NSAIDs by RT-PCR or northern blot and immunocytochemistry. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) isoforms was studied by western blot techniques. The role of PGE(2) receptors (EP) in PGE(2) action was assessed employing EP receptor subtype-specific agonists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PGE(2) significantly inhibited IL1beta induced MCP-1 expression in SF in a dose dependent manner. IL1beta increased COX-2 and did not alter COX-1 synthesis in SF. 11-Deoxy-PGE(1), an EP(2)/EP(4) agonist, reproduced PGE(2) action on MCP-1 expression. Butaprost, a selective EP(2) agonist, was less potent than PGE(2). Sulprostone, an EP(1)/EP(3) agonist, had no effect on IL1beta induced MCP-1 expression. Inhibition of endogenous PGE(2) synthesis by NSAIDs further enhanced MCP-1 mRNA expression in IL1beta stimulated SF, an effect prevented by addition of exogenous PGE(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of EP(2)/EP(4) receptors down regulates the expression of MCP-1 in IL1beta stimulated SF, while PGE(2) pharmacological inhibition cuts off this signalling pathway and results in a superinduction of MCP-1 expression. The data suggest that NSAIDs may intercept a natural regulatory circuit controlling the magnitude of inflammation, which questions their continuous administration in inflammatory joint diseases.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Largo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Díez-Ortego
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Pernaute
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: López-Armada
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Soria
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herrero-Beaumont
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; C545644:PTGER2 protein, human; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015232:Dinoprostone