title: MRI study of human brain exposed to weak direct current stimulation of the frontal cortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is an interesting new tool inducing prolonged cortical excitability shifts in humans, induces brain edema, disturbance of the blood-brain barrier or structural alterations of the brain detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 healthy individuals, tDCS, which is known to alter cortical excitability for about 1 h, was applied over motor and pre-frontal cortices. contrast-enhanced t1-, t2-, and diffusion-weighted mri was performed immediately before, 30 and 60 min after tdcs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI performed 30 and 60 min after tDCS did not show pathological signal alterations in pre- and post-contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  tDCS protocols which are known to result in cortical excitability changes persisting for an hour after stimulation do not induce brain edema or alterations of the blood-brain barrier or cerebral tissue detectable by MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results deliver further evidence for the safety of the currently applied tDCS protocols in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany. mnitsch1@gwdg.de
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niehaus
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hengst
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liebetanz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: B-U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D001834:Body Water / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*