title: Lingual flap retraction for third molar removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lingual nerve damage following lower third molar surgery remains a clinical problem. The traditional approach in the United States has been a buccal approach avoiding exposure or surgery on the lingual side of the crest of the ridge. An alternative technique is to deliberately expose the lingual tissues and retract the lingual nerve lingually before tooth removal. This study reports a trial of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients had removal of their lower third molars carried out using a technique that raises a lingual flap in addition to a buccal flap and places a specially designed lingual retractor to ensure that the lingual nerve is held out of the surgical field. This technique was used in cases where the crown of the tooth had to be sectioned or when distal bone needed to be removed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty patients were treated by this method. There were 4 cases of transient lingual paresthesia, presumably caused by traction pressure from the retractor. Three of these cases were mild and resolved within 3 weeks. The fourth case had more profound paresthesia, but still resolved within 2 months. There were no cases of permanent nerve damage, and in many cases removal of the third molar was simplified by the superior access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lingual retraction for third molar removal improves access to the surgical site and can simplify third molar removal. In this prospective study there were no cases of permanent lingual nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0440, USA.
authors.forename: M Anthony
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pogrel
authors.forename: Kim E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000541:Alveolectomy; D006801:Humans; D008036:Lingual Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D061222:Lingual Nerve Injuries; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000601:surgery; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery; D014143:Traction / Q000295:instrumentation