title: Simvastatin induces heme oxygenase-1: a novel mechanism of vessel protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that statins can protect the vessel wall through cholesterol-independent mechanisms. The "pleiotropic" effects include the prevention of inflammation and proliferation of vascular cells. Here, we studied whether heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an important cytoprotective molecule, is induced by simvastatin and the role of HO-1 in the pleiotropic effects of simvastatin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human and rat aortic smooth muscle cells treated with simvastatin showed an elevated level of HO-1 for up to 24 hours. The induction of HO-1 by simvastatin was not found in cultured endothelial cells and macrophages. Injecting C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally with simvastatin increased the level of HO-1 in vascular SMCs (VSMCs) in the tunica media. Treating VSMCs with zinc protoporphyrin, an HO-1 inhibitor, or HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked the antiinflammatory effect of simvastatin, including the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation and nitric oxide production. Blockade of HO-1 also abolished the simvastatin-induced p21(Waf1) and the associated antiproliferative effect. Simvastatin activated p38 and Akt in VSMCs, and the respective inhibitors of p38 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) greatly reduced the level of simvastatin-induced HO-1, which suggests the involvement of p38 and the PI3K-Akt pathway in HO-1 induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simvastatin activates HO-1 in VSMCs in vitro and in vivo. The antiinflammatory and antiproliferative effects of simvastatin occur largely through the induced HO-1.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0121, USA.
authors.forename: Tzong-Shyuan
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: John Y-J
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shyy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D002867:Chromones; D005419:Flavonoids; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019821:Simvastatin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one