title: Secondary end-to-end repair of extensive facial nerve defects: surgical technique and postoperative functional results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repair of the transected facial nerve is imperative for restoration of muscle function, including the ability to produce appropriate facial expressions. Injury might involve the main trunk and its several branches. Restoration of function presupposes meticulous repair of all injured nerve branches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we report three cases of secondary tension-free end-to-end coaptation of a transected trunk and branches of the facial nerve by removal of the superficial part of the parotid gland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facial tone and symmetry at rest and motion were achieved. In two patients, a slight residual synkinesis is observed under stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct end-to-end coaptation of the facial nerve and its branches by the technique described should be considered before deciding on grafts or rerouting procedures to deal with gaps of up to 15 mm. This technique is not recommended in the presence of infection and nerve defects. Intensive postoperative physiotherapy is required for optimal results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck University Hospital, Austria.
authors.forename: Hildegunde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piza-Katzer
authors.forename: Brigitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balogh
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muzika-Herczeg
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardetto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000601:surgery; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome