title: Effect of baseline or changes in adrenergic activity on clinical outcomes in the beta-blocker evaluation of survival trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenergic activation is thought to be an important determinant of outcome in subjects with chronic heart failure (CHF), but baseline or serial changes in adrenergic activity have not been previously investigated in a large patient sample treated with a powerful antiadrenergic agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic venous norepinephrine was measured at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months in the beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST), which compared placebo treatment with the beta-blocker/sympatholytic agent bucindolol. Baseline norepinephrine level was associated with a progressive increase in rates of death or death plus CHF hospitalization that was independent of treatment group. On multivariate analysis, baseline norepinephrine was also a highly significant (P<0.001) independent predictor of death. In contrast, the relation of the change in norepinephrine at 3 months to subsequent clinical outcomes was complex and treatment group-dependent. In the placebo-treated group but not in the bucindolol-treated group, marked norepinephrine increase at 3 months was associated with increased subsequent risks of death or death plus CHF hospitalization. In the bucindolol-treated group but not in the placebo-treated group, the 1st quartile of marked norepinephrine reduction was associated with an increased mortality risk. A likelihood-based method indicated that 18% of the bucindolol group but only 1% of the placebo group were at an increased risk for death related to marked reduction in norepinephrine at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In BEST, a subset of patients treated with bucindolol had an increased risk of death as the result of sympatholysis, which compromised the efficacy of this third-generation beta-blocker.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division of Cardiology, Denver, Colo 80262, USA. michael.Bristow@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bristow
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krause-Steinrauf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuzzo
authors.forename: Cheng-Seng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindenfeld
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lowes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hattler
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thaneemit-Chen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Domanski
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zelis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavori
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D015415:Biomarkers; D011412:Propanolamines; C024307:bucindolol; D009638:Norepinephrine