title: Different patterns of evolution for duplicated DNA repair genes in bacteria of the Xanthomonadales group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA repair genes encode proteins that protect organisms against genetic damage generated by environmental agents and by-products of cell metabolism. The importance of these genes in life maintenance is supported by their high conservation, and the presence of duplications of such genes may be easily traced, especially in prokaryotic genomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genome sequences of two Xanthomonas species were used as the basis for phylogenetic analyses of genes related to DNA repair that were found duplicated. Although 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses confirm their classification at the basis of the gamma proteobacteria subdivision, differences were found in the origin of the various genes investigated. Except for lexA, detected as a recent duplication, most of the genes in more than one copy are represented by two highly divergent orthologs. Basically, one of such duplications is frequently positioned close to other gamma proteobacteria, but the second is often positioned close to unrelated bacteria. These orthologs may have occurred from old duplication events, followed by extensive gene loss, or were originated from lateral gene transfer (LGT), as is the case of the uvrD homolog.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duplications of DNA repair related genes may result in redundancy and also improve the organisms' responses to environmental challenges. Most of such duplications, in Xanthomonas, seem to have arisen from old events and possibly enlarge both functional and evolutionary genome potentiality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil. marimart@usp.br
authors.forename: Marinalva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martins-Pinheiro
authors.forename: Rodrigo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Galhardo
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lage
authors.forename: Keronninn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lima-Bessa
authors.forename: Karina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Aires
authors.forename: Carlos F M
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Menck
mesh_terms: D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D010802:Phylogeny; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes