title: Harvey W. Cushing and cerebrovascular surgery: Part II, Vascular malformations.
abstract: The surgical treatment of cerebrovascular malformations intrigued early neurosurgeons. Cushing defined vascular malformations as tumors arising from cerebral blood vessels. He successfully resected the first arteriovenous malformation 3 years after it had been irradiated. In the absence of angiography, the pathoanatomy of these lesions remained elusive and early techniques such as cortical vein ligation proved catastrophic. Cushing demonstrated the favorable results of radiation treatments on vascular malformations and advocated decompressive craniectomy followed by radiotherapy. He ligated cortical feeding vessels and external carotid arteries with an improved understanding of the angioarchitecture of vascular malformations. He stressed the importance of preoperative diagnosis because the radical resection of nonirradiated vascular malformations challenged the limitations of the available neurosurgical armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. cohengadol.aaron@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cohen-Gadol
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000266:history*; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States