title: Long-term outcomes of galantamine treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated the long-term safety, efficacy, and tolerability of galantamine 24 mg/day in the treatment of Alzheimer disease by means of a 12-month, open-label extension of an earlier 5-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-week withdrawal phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completing two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (N=699) were escalated to a 24-mg dose (12 mg bid) of galantamine during a period of 2 weeks and treated for 12 months beyond the initial 6.5-month, double-blind period (total treatment duration: 18.5 months). The primary efficacy measure was the change from baseline in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog/11) score at 18.5 months; secondary endpoints included total scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study of Activities of Daily Living and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Standard safety evaluations, including adverse-event monitoring, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients taking galantamine continuously throughout the double-blind and open-label studies (N=288) showed sustained cognitive benefits on ADAS-Cog/11 scores at 18.5 months. Patients were maintained close to baseline cognitive ability for 12 months, and safety was as expected and documented in other large studies of galantamine. Analysis of the subgroup of patients (N=113) who completed the entire 18.5 months of galantamine treatment showed that cognitive function was maintained up to 14 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this open-label extension support the findings from previous galantamine studies and demonstrate the safety and tolerability of galantamine for up to 18.5 months.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Osler 320, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. kostas@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Constantine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Reichman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kershaw
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005702:Galantamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005702:Galantamine