title: The neural correlates of mate competition in dominant male rhesus macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male sexual jealousy provoked by threatened exclusive access to a female mate is a frequently reported motive in cases involving spousal abuse. Dominant male rhesus macaques also respond aggressively to threats to mating exclusivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine dominant male monkeys were injected with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]-FDG) and then exposed to one of two conditions: a "challenge" condition in which they witnessed a potential sexual interaction between their female consort and a rival male, and a control condition in which the consort was present without the rival male. After the brain uptake period for [(18)F]-FDG, dominant males were sedated, blood samples were drawn, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism was measured with positron emission tomographic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males that showed larger increases in plasma testosterone in the challenge condition showed more aggression and greater activation in the central gray matter of the midbrain, a brain area rich in androgen receptors. The challenge condition was associated with activation in both right superior temporal sulcus and right amygdala, which might relate to increased social vigilance and anxiety, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sexual jealousy in male humans is also often accompanied by vigilance behavior and anxiety and might recruit a similar neural network to that described here.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. jrillin@emory.edu
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rilling
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: Clinton D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kilts
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012930:Social Dominance; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone