title: Expression patterns of a novel AtCHX gene family highlight potential roles in osmotic adjustment and K+ homeostasis in pollen development.
abstract: A combined bioinformatic and experimental approach is being used to uncover the functions of a novel family of cation/H(+) exchanger (CHX) genes in plants using Arabidopsis as a model. The predicted protein (85-95 kD) of 28 AtCHX genes after revision consists of an amino-terminal domain with 10 to 12 transmembrane spans (approximately 440 residues) and a hydrophilic domain of approximately 360 residues at the carboxyl end, which is proposed to have regulatory roles. The hydrophobic, but not the hydrophilic, domain of plant CHX is remarkably similar to monovalent cation/proton antiporter-2 (CPA2) proteins, especially yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) KHA1 and Synechocystis NhaS4. Reports of characterized fungal and prokaryotic CPA2 indicate that they have various transport modes, including K(+)/H(+) (KHA1), Na(+)/H(+)-K(+) (GerN) antiport, and ligand-gated ion channel (KefC). The expression pattern of AtCHX genes was determined by reverse transcription PCR, promoter-driven beta-glucuronidase expression in transgenic plants, and Affymetrix ATH1 genome arrays. Results show that 18 genes are specifically or preferentially expressed in the male gametophyte, and six genes are highly expressed in sporophytic tissues. Microarray data revealed that several AtCHX genes were developmentally regulated during microgametogenesis. An exciting idea is that CHX proteins allow osmotic adjustment and K(+) homeostasis as mature pollen desiccates and then rehydrates at germination. The multiplicity of CHX-like genes is conserved in higher plants but is not found in animals. Only 17 genes, OsCHX01 to OsCHX17, were identified in rice (Oryza sativa) subsp. japonica, suggesting diversification of CHX in Arabidopsis. These results reveal a novel CHX gene family in flowering plants with potential functions in pollen development, germination, and tube growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA. hsze@umd.edu
authors.forename: Heven
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Senthilkumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padmanaban
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cellier
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Honys
authors.forename: Ning-Hui
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conéjéro
authors.forename: Xiyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Twell
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Kendal D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hirschi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017920:Antiporters / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant; D006706:Homeostasis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011058:Pollen / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D017920:Antiporters; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C521945:CHX20 protein, Arabidopsis; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant; D011188:Potassium