title: Promoting advance directives among elderly primary care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine efficient ways of promoting advance directives among heterogeneous populations of elderly ambulatory patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year quasi-experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five suburban and urban health centers in one region of a large managed care organization. One additional suburban center served as a control site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals ages 65 and older (N= 2,120) who were continuously enrolled and had a health maintenance visit with their primary care provider during the study year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician education (oral and written) and physician and patient prompts to discuss advance directives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six (7.8%) of patients at the intervention centers completed new advance directives, versus 9 of 1,277 (<1%) at the comparison center (P <.001). Patients 75 and older were twice as likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence limits [CL], 1.2 to 3.3) as those 65 to 74 to file a new advance directive, and the odds were twice as great (OR, 2.6; 95% CL, 1.4 to 4.6) at centers serving communities with median household income over the state median. Gender, recent hospitalization, emergency room visits, and number of chronic conditions were not related to making new directives nor was predominant ethnicity of the center community (African-American versus white). Adjusted for these factors, the intervention resulted in a 20-fold increase (95% CL, 10.4 to 47.8) in the odds of creating a new advance directive. Doctors reported barriers of time and unwillingness to press discussions with patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A replicable intervention largely targeting doctors achieved a modest increase in advance directives among elderly ambulatory patients. Future interventions may need to target lower-income patients, "younger" elderly, and more specifically address doctors' attitudes and comfort discussing advance directives.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md., USA. Lwissow@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wissow
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belote
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Compton-Phillips
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kritzler
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010819:Physician's Role; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012923:Social Class