title: Costs of lower-extremity ulcers among patients with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to characterize health care costs associated with diabetic lower-extremity ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with diabetes who had a lower-extremity ulcer episode during 2000 and 2001 were identified using claims data. Ulcer-related direct health care costs were computed for each episode. Episodes were stratified according to severity level based on the Wagner classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,253 patients were identified. The mean age was 68.9 years, and 59% of the patients were male. The average episode duration was 87.3 +/- 82.8 days. Total ulcer-related costs averaged 13,179 dollars per episode and increased with severity level, ranging from 1,892 dollars (level 1) to 27,721 dollars (level 4/5). Inpatient hospital charges accounted for 77% (10,188 dollars) of the overall cost, indicating that hospitalization was a major cost driver. Total ulcer-related costs were significantly higher for patients <65 years of age compared with those of older patients (16,390 dollars vs. 11,925 dollars, P = 0.02) and for patients with inadequate vascular status compared with patients with adequate vascular status (23,372 dollars vs. 5,218 dollars, P < 0.0001). Patients who progressed to a higher severity level also had significantly higher ulcer-related costs compared with patients who did not progress (20,136 dollars vs. 3,063 dollars, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high costs of treating diabetic lower-extremity ulcers emphasize the value of intensive outpatient interventions designed to prevent ulcer progression.
authors.affiliation: Prescription Solutions, 3515 Harbor Blvd., M/S LC07-264, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA. information@rxsolutions.com
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stockl
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderplas
authors.forename: Eskinder
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tafesse
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003237:Connecticut; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000191:economics; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies