Role of viral regulatory and accessory proteins in HIV-1 replication.
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease characterized by CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion. HIV-1 replicates actively in a variety of cells by encoding several regulatory (Tat and Rev) and accessory (Vpr, Vif, Vpu, and Nef) proteins. Accessory proteins, thought initially to be dispensable for infection, have now been shown to be important for efficient infection in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that certain viral proteins, like Vif, have evolved to overcome the antiviral mechanisms of the host, while proteins like Nef, which are markers for disease pathogenesis in vivo, help to increase pathogenesis by targeting bystander cells. Thus, these proteins control many aspects of the virus life cycle as well as host cell function, namely gene regulation and apoptosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which the virus is able to successfully replicate in host cells and subsequently cause gradual destruction of the immune system may yield new approaches for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we attempt to integrate information on the role of these regulatory and accessory proteins, emphasizing their interactions with other viral and cellular components, and the subsequent effect on viral replication.
Seelamgari
Anila
A
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
Maddukuri
Anil
A
Berro
Reem
R
de la Fuente
Cynthia
C
Kehn
Kylene
K
Deng
Longwen
L
Dadgar
Shabnam
S
Bottazzi
Maria Elena
ME
Ghedin
Elodie
E
Pumfery
Anne
A
Kashanchi
Fatah
F
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000378:metabolism; D015694:Gene Products, rev / Q000378:metabolism; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000378:metabolism; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
D002843:Chromatin; D015693:Gene Products, nef; D015694:Gene Products, rev; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins