title: Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research in humans suggests a relationship between drug abuse and impulsivity as shown by selection of a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed reward. However, it is not clear whether impulsivity precedes drug abuse or drug abuse influences impulsivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The hypothesis of the present experiment was that rats selected for choosing smaller, immediate over larger, delayed food would acquire IV cocaine self-administration faster than those choosing larger, delayed food rewards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were screened for locomotor activity and trained on a delay discounting procedure that allowed them access to two response levers and a food pellet dispenser. Under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule, responding on one lever resulted in immediate delivery of one 45 mg pellet, while responding on the other lever resulted in delivery of three 45 mg pellets after a variable delay that increased after responses on the delay lever and decreased after responses on the immediate lever. For each rat, a mean adjusted delay (MAD) was calculated for each daily session, and stability was defined as MADs varying less than 5 s across 5 days. Based on their average MADs, rats were separated into low impulsive (LoI) and high impulsive (HiI) groups, implanted with an indwelling IV catheter, and trained to lever press for cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) under an FR1 schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in locomotor activity between the LoI and HiI groups; however, a greater percentage of the HiI group acquired cocaine self-administration, and they did so at a significantly faster rate than the LoI rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance on the delay discounting model of impulsivity predicted vulnerability to subsequent acquisition of cocaine self-administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. perry050@umn.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine