title: Puberty and the onset of substance use and abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substance abuse remains one of the major threats to adolescent health in Western cultures. The study aim was to ascertain the extent of association between pubertal development and early adolescent substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a cross-sectional survey of 10- to 15-year-old subjects in the states of Washington, United States, and Victoria, Australia. Participants were 5769 students in grades 5, 7, and 9, drawn as a 2-stage cluster sample in each state, and the questionnaire was completed in the school classrooms. The main outcomes of the study were lifetime substance use (tobacco use, having been drunk, or cannabis use), recent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, or cannabis use in the previous month), and substance abuse (daily smoking, any binge drinking, drinking at least weekly, or cannabis use at least weekly).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of lifetime substance use were almost twofold higher (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-2.1) in midpuberty (Tanner stage III) and were threefold higher (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 2.4-4.2) in late puberty (Tanner stage IV/V), after adjustment for age and school grade level. Recent substance use was moderately higher (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-1.9) in midpuberty and more than twofold higher (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.7-3.3) in late puberty. The odds of substance abuse were twofold higher (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2) in midpuberty and more than threefold higher (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.2-5.4) in late puberty. Reporting most friends as substance users was more likely in the later stages of pubertal development, a relationship that accounted in part for the association found between later pubertal stage and substance abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pubertal stage was associated with higher rates of substance use and abuse independent of age and school grade level. Early maturers had higher levels of substance use because they entered the risk period at an earlier point than did late maturers. The study findings support prevention strategies and policies that decrease recreational substance use within the peer social group in the early teens.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. george.patton@rch.org.au
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McMorris
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Toumbourou
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hemphill
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donath
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Catalano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010379:Peer Group; D011627:Puberty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology