title: Red wine polyphenolic compounds strongly inhibit pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and its activation in response to thrombin via direct inhibition of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regular consumption of moderate amounts of red wine is associated with a reduced risk of coronary disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that participate in extracellular matrix degradation have been involved in atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability. The present study examined whether red wine polyphenolic compounds (RWPCs) inhibit activation of MMP-2, a major gelatinase, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of pro-MMP-2 was assessed by Western and Northern blot analyses; MMP-2 activity was assessed by zymography and cell invasion by a modified Boyden's chamber assay. High levels of pro-MMP-2 and low levels of MMP-2 activity were found in conditioned medium from unstimulated VSMCs. Thrombin induced cell-associated pro-MMP-2 protein expression and MMP-2 activity in conditioned medium of VSMCs. The stimulatory effect of thrombin on MMP-2 activation was prevented by RWPCs in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner. Thrombin markedly increased cell-associated membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP activity, the physiological activator of pro-MMP-2, and this response was not affected by RWPCs. However, addition of RWPCs directly to MT1-MMP abolished its metalloproteinase activity in a reversible manner. Finally, matrix invasion of VSMCs was stimulated by thrombin, and this response was prevented by RWPCs as efficiently as a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrate that RWPCs effectively inhibit thrombin-induced matrix invasion of VSMCs, most likely by preventing the expression and activation of MMP-2 via direct inhibition of MT1-MMP activity. The inhibitory effect of RWPCs on the activation of pro-MMP-2 and matrix degradation might contribute to their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacologie et Physico-Chimie des Interactions Cellulaires et Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 7034, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oak
authors.forename: Jasser
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El Bedoui
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anglard
authors.forename: Valérie B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Schini-Kerth
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects*; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013917:Thrombin; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2