title: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with diabetic macular edema in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene polymorphisms to assess its possible association with diabetic retinopathy and macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 226 patients with type 2 diabetes and 186 healthy subjects were studied. Type 2 diabetic patients consisted of 110 patients without retinopathy, 46 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 71 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic macular edema was present in 48 patients. Three polymorphisms of the eNOS gene were determined: T-786C in the promoter region, 27-bp repeat in intron 4, and Glu298Asp in exon 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Close linkage disequilibrium was observed between the T-786C polymorphism and the 27-bp repeat, as has been previously reported, but Glu298Asp was not in linkage disequilibrium with the other two polymorphisms. The eNOS gene polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the presence of retinopathy or with retinopathy severity or type 2 diabetes itself. However, by both association study and multiple logistic regression analysis, the T-786C and 27-bp repeat polymorphisms were significantly associated with a risk of developing macular edema with the -786C allele and the "a" allele increasing the risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the eNOS gene is a novel genetic risk factor for diabetic macular edema. The eNOS gene polymorphisms may contribute to the development of macular edema by impairing basal eNOS expression and resulting in the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier.
authors.affiliation: The Fourth Department of Medicine, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan. awata@saitama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Awata
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neda
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Nobuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Youhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inukai
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoneya
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katayama
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III