title: Impact of stereotactic hematoma evacuation on activities of daily living during the chronic period following spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage: a randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereotactic evacuation of hematoma has been reported to reduce the incidence of mortality and to improve functional outcome in patients with spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage. Stereotactic evacuation of hematoma has not been widely accepted as a standard therapy, however, because its effect on functional outcome has been regarded as marginal and there have been no randomized trials with sufficient statistical power to quantify the benefits of this procedure. The authors reassessed the value of stereotactic evacuation of hematoma by analyzing its impact on activities of living during the chronic period following spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage in a randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred ninety patients were entered into the study. The severity of their hemorrhages was graded neurologically on admission (neurological grades: 1, eyes are open; 2, eyes are closed but open to weak stimuli; 3, eyes are closed but open to strong stimuli; 4, eyes do not open but extremities move to stimuli; and 5, eyes do not open and extremities do not move to stimuli). Patients with Grade 2 and those with Grade 3 were randomized into two groups with different treatment protocols (Group I, stereotactic evacuation of the hematoma; and Group II, conservative treatment). Patients assigned neurological Grade 4 or 5 were excluded from the study because a large-scale retrospective study in Japan revealed that surgical treatment in patients assigned to these neurological grades does not improve functional outcome. Among the 490 patients, 242 were randomized strictly. This patient population comprised 148 men and 94 women ranging in age from 38 to 80 years (mean 60.5 years). Compared with Group II, Group I treatment resulted in a lower mortality rate and better recovery to functional independence in patients with neurological Grade 3. In patients with Grade 2, Group I treatment contributed to a better recovery of functional outcome and a lower mortality rate, but the difference was not significant. Multivariate analysis confirmed that stereotactic evacuation of the hematoma was contributory to a better recovery in functional outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stereotactic evacuation of hematoma is clearly of value in selected patients with spontaneous putuminal hemorrhage, whose eyes are closed but will open in response to strong stimuli (neurological Grade 3) on admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maya
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatherer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020146:Putaminal Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed