title: Psychosocial functioning during the treatment of major depressive disorder with fluoxetine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with significant disability, having a profound impact on psychosocial functioning. Therefore, studying the impact of treatment on psychosocial functioning in MDD could help further improve the standard of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty-two MDD outpatients were treated openly with 20 mg fluoxetine for 8 weeks. The self-report version of the Social Adjustment Scale was administered at baseline and during the final visit. We then tested for the relationships between (1) self-report version of the Social Adjustment Scale scores at baseline and clinical response, (2) nonresponse, response and remission status and overall psychosocial adjustment at end point, (3) the number/severity of residual depressive symptoms and overall psychosocial adjustment at end point in responders, and (4) the time to onset of response and overall psychosocial adjustment at end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An earlier onset of clinical response predicted better overall psychosocial functioning at end point (P = 0.0440). Responders (n = 128) demonstrated better overall psychosocial adjustment at end point than nonresponders (P = 0.0003), while remitters (n = 64) demonstrated better overall psychosocial adjustment at end point than nonremitted responders (P = 0.0031). In fact, a greater number/severity of residual symptoms predicted poorer overall psychosocial adjustment at end point in responders (P = 0.0011). Psychosocial functioning at baseline did not predict response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While MDD patients appear equally likely to respond to treatment with fluoxetine, regardless of their level of functioning immediately before treatment, the above results stress the importance of achieving early symptom improvement then followed by full remission of depressive symptoms with respect to restoring psychosocial functioning in MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. gpapakostas@partners.org
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Papakostas
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Denninger
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tossani
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pava
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003891:Desipramine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004358:Drug Therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012917:Social Adjustment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D005473:Fluoxetine; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D003891:Desipramine