title: n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and -2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway.
abstract: n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit the development of microvessels in mammary tumors growing in mice. Human colorectal tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) whose expression is up-regulated in tumor cells by both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2) and directly correlated to neoangiogenesis and clinical outcome. The goal of this study was to examine the capability of n-3 PUFAs to regulate VEGF expression in HT-29 human colorectal cells in vitro and in vivo. Constitutive VEGF expression was augmented in cultured HT-29 cells by serum starvation and the effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on VEGF, COX-2, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and -2 and hypoxia-inducible-factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression and PGE(2) levels were assessed. Tumor growth, VEGF, COX and PGE(2) analysis were carried out in tumors derived from HT-29 cells transplanted in nude mice fed with either EPA or DHA. Both EPA and DHA reduced VEGF and COX-2 expression and PGE(2) levels in HT-29 cells cultured in vitro. Moreover, they inhibited ERK-1 and -2 phosphorylation and HIF-1alpha protein over-expression, critical steps in the PGE(2)-induced signaling pathway leading to the augmented expression of VEGF in colon cancer cells. EPA always showed higher efficacy than DHA in vitro. Both fatty acids decreased the growth of the tumors obtained by inoculating HT-29 cells in nude mice, microvessel formation and the levels of VEGF, COX-2 and PGE(2) in tumors. The data provide evidence that these n-3 PUFAs are able to inhibit VEGF expression in colon cancer cells and suggest that one possible mechanism involved may be the negative regulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. Their potential clinical application as anti-angiogenic compounds in colon cancer therapy is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. g.calviello@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calviello
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Nicuolo
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gragnoli
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piccioni
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serini
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maggiano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tringali
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarra
authors.forename: Franco O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Ranelletti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palozza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015232:Dinoprostone