title: Psychological follow-up study of 5-year-old ICSI children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The developmental outcomes of children born after ICSI are still a matter of concern. The purpose of the present study was to investigate psychological outcomes for 5-year-old children born after ICSI and compare these with outcomes for children born after spontaneous conception (SC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred singleton children born after ICSI in Belgium, Sweden and the USA were matched by maternal age, child age and gender. Outcome measures included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary scales of intelligence (WPPSI-R), Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Parenting Stress Index and Child Behaviour Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding cognitive development, no significant differences were found on WPPSI-R verbal and performance scales between ICSI and SC children. However, some differences were noted on subtests of the Performance Scale. ICSI children more often obtained a score below 1 SD of the mean on the subtests: Object Assembly, Block Design and Mazes (all P<0.05). Significant differences by site (i.e. Belgium, Sweden and New York) were found on subtests related to parenting stress, child behaviour problems and motor development (all P<0.05). These findings can probably be explained by variables other than conception mode, such as cultural differences and selection bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the finding that a higher proportion of ICSI children obtained scores below the cut-off on some of the visual-spatial subscales of the WPPSI-R warrants further investigation, ICSI does not appear to affect the psychological well-being or cognitive development at age 5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental- and Lifespanpsychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. ikristof@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ponjaert-Kristoffersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tjus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nekkebroeck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verté
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonduelle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: U-B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Wennerholm
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers; D009043:Motor Activity; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012016:Reference Values; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013315:Stress, Psychological