title: Subxiphoid surgical approach for epicardial catheter-based mapping and ablation in patients with prior cardiac surgery or difficult pericardial access.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous epicardial mapping and ablation are successful in some patients with ventricular epicardial reentry circuits but may be impossible when pericardial adhesions are present, such as from prior cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of direct surgical exposure of the pericardial space to allow catheter epicardial mapping and ablation in the electrophysiology laboratory when percutaneous access is not feasible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6 patients with prior cardiac surgery or failed percutaneous pericardial access, a subxiphoid pericardial window was attempted. In all 6 patients, manual lysis of adhesions exposed the epicardial surface of the heart through a small subxiphoid incision and allowed placement of an 8F sheath into the pericardial space under direct vision. Access to the diaphragmatic surface of the heart with ablation catheters was achieved in all patients, and catheter manipulation to the lateral and anterior walls was possible in 4 patients. Three-dimensional electroanatomic voltage maps revealed low-amplitude regions in the inferior or posterior left ventricular epicardium. A total of 16 ventricular tachycardias were induced, and 14 were abolished by radiofrequency ablation. Ablation was limited by intrapericardial defibrillator patches adherent to the likely target region in 2 patients. All patients had chest pain consistent with pericarditis early after the procedure that resolved within a few days. There were no other complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A direct surgical subxiphoid epicardial approach in the electrophysiology laboratory is feasible for patients with difficult pericardial access who require ablation of epicardial arrhythmia foci.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ksoejima@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soejima
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Couper
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: Laurence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000209:etiology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000601:surgery; D014989:Xiphoid Bone