title: Cranial cruciate ligament pathophysiology in dogs with cruciate disease: a review.
abstract: Cruciate disease is a common cause of chronic lameness in dogs. Midsubstance rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) arises from progressive pathological failure, often under conditions of normal loading in adult dogs with CCL instability. A high risk of rupture is associated with inflammation of the synovium and adaptive or degenerative changes in the cells and matrix of the CCL. In contrast, CCL rupture in puppies is usually associated with traumatic injury and avulsion of the CCL from its sites of attachment.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture / Q000662:veterinary; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000662:veterinary