title: Movement patterns and muscular demands during posterior transfers toward an elevated surface in individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Three-dimensional kinematic analysis and surface electromyography (EMG) of 10 male adults with complete spinal cord injury (C7 to L2).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine movement patterns and muscular demands in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) during posterior transfers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathokinesiology Laboratory at a Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematic variables that described the positions and angular displacements of the head, trunk, shoulder and elbow were obtained by videotaping markers placed on the subject segments. EMG data were recorded for the biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles of the dominant upper extremity during posterior transfers using surface electrodes. To quantify the muscular demand, the EMG data recorded during the transfers were normalized to values obtained during maximal static contractions (EMGmax). The mean muscular demand was calculated for every muscle during the lift phase of the transfers. The lift phase was determined by pressure-sensitive contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects were able to execute the posterior transfers on an even surface, whereas nine subjects completed at least one of the transfers to the elevated surface. A forward-flexion pattern at the head and trunk was observed when either one or two hands remained on the lower surface, whereas a lift strategy was seen when both hands were placed on the elevated surface. Transferring to the elevated surface with hands on the lower surface required inferior electromyographic muscular utilization ratio (EMUR) than the transfer on the even surface for all muscles. The lowest EMUR were calculated for the transfer to the elevated surface with hands on the lower surface (triceps (18%), pectoralis major (53.8%), trapezius (66%) and latissimus dorsi (24.5%)) while performing the same transfer with hands on the elevated surface generated the highest EMUR (triceps (40.2%), anterior deltoid (73.2%), trapezius (83.6%) and latissimus dorsi (55.3%)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects presented different movement characteristics and muscular demands during the posterior transfers. It is suggested that the forward-flexion pattern improves the dynamic trunk stability and reduces the muscular demand required to transfer. High muscular demand developed when hands were positioned on the elevated surface might be due to increased postural control demands on the upper limb and reduced angular momentum.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de pathokinésiologie, Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noreau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larivière
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McFadyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D003710:Demography; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*