title: Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced molt.
abstract: Feed deprivation is the most common method used to induce molting and stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in laying hens for commercial egg production. Unfortunately, an increased risk of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization may result from the use of this method. Methods to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles without increasing the risk of SE are needed. In each of 3 experiments, hens over 50 wk of age were divided into groups of 12 and placed in individual laying cages. One week before dietary changes, hens were put on an 8L:16D photoperiod that continued for the 9-d experimental period. Hens in all treatments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of SE on the fourth day. Treatments were full fed hens (nonmolted, NM), nonfed hens (molted, M), a zinc acetate diet (ZAC), and a zinc propionate diet (ZPR). The zinc diets contained 10,000 mg of zinc per kilogram of diet. Body weight losses were significantly higher in the M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in the NM treatment. Crop lactic acid decreased more in M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in NM hens in trial 2. Crop pH was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in NM hens than in M, ZAC, and ZPR hens in trial 2. Although cecal individual or total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and lactic acid were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between NM hens and M, ZAC and ZPR hens in trial 1, lactic acid was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in NM hens than in M, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 2), and cecal total VFA were lower in M hens than in NM, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 3). Colonization of SE in the crop and ceca was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2). Liver, spleen, or ovary invasion by SE was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2) than in NM hens. At the zinc concentration used in these studies, the zinc dietary regimens may be effective for reducing the risk of SE during induced molt.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kubena
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McReynolds
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Birkhold
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ricke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003426:Crop, Avian / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D004032:Diet; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005508:Food Deprivation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D018978:Molting / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010053:Ovary / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000382:microbiology; D017440:Photoperiod; D011422:Propionates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000517:prevention & control; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000254:growth & development*; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology; D015431:Weight Loss; D019345:Zinc Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D011422:Propionates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019345:Zinc Acetate; C029658:propionic acid