title: Temperature threshold for burn injury: an oximeter safety study.
abstract: Pulse oximeters have become essential devices for evaluating and monitoring patient oxygenation. The probe emits a small amount of heat into the skin in the process of signal detection. Regulations set by the Food and Drug Administration currently limit the maximum allowable temperature of an oximeter probe to 41 degrees C. As a result of the prolonged exposure of extremities to these devices, we sought to determine the actual temperature threshold for burn injury in patients. Eighteen patients undergoing surgery for removal of redundant skin (abdominoplasty, breast reduction) consented to the application of a temperature-controlled custom probe with four light-emitting diodes that had temperatures set randomly at the expected threshold for burn injury (42.5 degrees C, 43 degrees C, 43.5 degrees C, and 44 degrees C). The probe was left in place for 8 hours (or less if significant pain was noted). The sites covered by the probes were then checked for signs of injury. On the next day, the redundant skin was removed as a scheduled procedure, and histopathology was performed to detect the extent of burn injury. The study was approved by the local institutional research board. Two patients were excluded because of technical problems with the probe, one of whom had the probe turned off because of pain. The only observed sign of injury was either erythema or a superficial blister that was usually unobservable or slightly red at operation. These subtle signs of a burn were noted in one patient at 43 degrees C, four at 43.5 degrees C, and nine at 44 degrees C. No burns were noted in two patients. Minimal or no signs of injury frequently were noted by histopathology. Pulse oximeter probes are safe up to a temperature of 43 degrees C for at least 8 hours in well-perfused skin. Above that temperature, there is a risk of burn injury. Performing temperature threshold tests in redundant skin that is planned for excision is a potential method for testing the safety of devices or materials.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.forename: Bradford B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Palmieri
mesh_terms: D001768:Blister / Q000209:etiology; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D010092:Oximetry / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D012684:Sensory Thresholds