title: Reduced levels of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein are associated with ceramide-induced apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and p53 genes are commonly found in colorectal cancers. We therefore analyzed the relative roles of APC and p53 in the induction of apoptosis of colon cancer cells by comparing the effects of the natural chemopreventive agent, C(2)-ceramide, on different human colon cancer cell lines with and without wild-type p53 and APC genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effect of C(2)-ceramide and C(2)-dihydroceramide on proliferation and/or apoptosis of colon cancer cell lines in vitro and determined the role of p53 and APC proteins in these processes. The protein and mRNA levels in colon cancer cell lines with and without treatments were determined by Western and Northern blot analysis, respectively. The cell cycle and apoptosis profiles were determined by FACS analysis and PARP-1 cleavage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings indicate that C(2)-ceramide can induce apoptosis independently of the p53/p21(Waf-1/Cip-1) pathway. In addition, the C(2)-ceramide induction of apoptosis showed a correlation with a reduction in the levels of the APC protein and mRNA. Moreover, the C(2)-ceramide-induced apoptosis was blocked by pre-treatment with ZnCl(2), which stabilizes APC protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that C(2)-ceramide treatment reduces the levels of APC protein and that the reduction in the levels of this protein plays a key role in the ability of C(2)-ceramide to induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Academic Research Building, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Aruna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D002518:Ceramides; D002712:Chlorides; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C109343:dihydroceramide; C016837:zinc chloride; D013110:Sphingosine