title: Antenatal syphilis control: people, programmes, policies and politics.
abstract: Antenatal syphilis control is an integral component of reproductive health policies in most countries. In many of these countries, however, the existence of a health policy does not automatically translate into an effective health programme. We argue that neglecting to take into account the perspectives of all stakeholders when planning programmes may be the reason that functional and sustained interventions for antenatal syphilis are lacking. Stakeholders may include health policy decision-makers, programme managers, service delivery personnel (on whom implementation depends), as well as the pregnant women, families, and communities who will most benefit from the intervention. We describe how to undertake a multilevel assessment in order to identify stakeholders, identify interlinked perspectives, and analyse these perspectives within the socioeconomic, cultural and political environment within which an intervention is designed to be delivered. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we propose that the barriers to, and opportunities for, turning health policy into effective practice will be identified, and the result will be the formulation of a broad programme response to ensure implementation of the policy. Undertaking a multilevel assessment is but the first step in identifying barriers to successful programmes. Currently there is a lack of strong political support for this intervention at national and international levels. Devising strategies to address these potential barriers requires a broad range of skills and approaches some of which are outlined in this paper.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. sarah.hawkes@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.forename: Suellen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nayyar
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buses
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011050:Policy Making; D011057:Politics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016730:Program Development; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000517:prevention & control*