title: Antidepressant efficacy and cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in vascular depression: an open trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were demonstrated by many controlled studies in major depression. Moreover, this promising and non invasive therapeutic tool seems to be better tolerated than electroconvulsive therapy.Vascular depression is a subtype of late-life depression, associated with cerebrovascular disease and means a poorer response to antidepressant treatment. We employed rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex in 11 patients with late-onset resistant vascular depression. The primary purpose of this two-week open study was to examine antidepressant efficacy of rTMS in vascular depression. The secondary aim was to evaluate cognitive effects of rTMS in our sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical status, as measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and cognitive effects, as evaluated by neuropsychological tests, were assessed at baseline and after two weeks of rTMS. Brain measurements to obtain an index of prefrontal atrophy were performed at both the motor cortex and prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five out of 11 resistant patients with late-onset vascular depression were responders. They showed a clinically meaningful improvement in HDRS scores, with a decrease of 11, 4 points (p<0.01). Antidepressant response is correlated to the relative degree of prefrontal atrophy (p = 0.05). After two weeks, verbal fluency and visuospatial memory improved. No cognitive performance deteriorated except for verbal memory, as the delayed recall decreased significantly in the responders' group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary observations prompt to perform a subsequent controlled study to examine if rTMS may constitute an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Sainte-Anne Hospital, University Department of Psychiatry, Paris, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galinowski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oppenheim
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gallarda
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Montigny
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Olié
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome