Influence of handling or aversive stimulation during rats' neonatal or adolescence periods on oral cocaine self-administration and cocaine withdrawal.
Adverse early life events may influence vulnerability for drug intake. The influence of handling or aversive stimulation during neonatal or adolescent periods on adult cocaine oral self-administration and withdrawal were investigated. Neonatal or adolescent rats were exposed to a modified unpredictable stress paradigm or handling for 10 days. When adults, oral cocaine was offered through the two-bottle choice paradigm for 30 days. Rats were submitted to the forced swimming test after cocaine withdrawal. Overall, there was a significant increase of cocaine choice throughout the days of cocaine consumption and an interaction between interventions and cocaine daily choice. Control rats started cocaine intake at a lower level and increased cocaine choice over time, while animals submitted to neonatal interventions started cocaine intake at higher levels of choice, with less increase in cocaine intake during the period of cocaine exposure. Rats receiving aversive stimulation during adolescence also started taking cocaine solution at higher levels. Significantly higher immobility duration and shorter latency to immobility during the forced swimming were detected in these same adolescents that received unpredictable stress, when compared to the control or handled rats, while there was no difference for rats stimulated neonatally. Therefore, early life events increase initial preference for cocaine and promote changes in its abuse pattern, according to the intensity of the event and the age of the individual at the time of the event. Moreover, adverse experiences during adolescence, but not in neonatal phases, increase the vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors during cocaine withdrawal of adult rats.
Marquardt
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Division of Pharmacology, Federal Faculty of Medical Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
Ortiz-Lemos
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Lucion
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D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine