title: Assessment of encrustations on polyurethane ureteral stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the composition and the extent of crystalline (and other) encrustation on ureteral catheters inserted under sterile conditions in stone formers, in comparison with catheters of the same type inserted in nonstone formers for the same time but for different clinical reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty consecutive self-retained polyurethane pigtail ureteral catheters removed by cystoscopy between November 2000 and February 2002 were studied, 30 from stone formers and 10 from patients without stone histories. The mean dwelling time was 55 days for the stone formers and 79 days for the other patients. The encrustations were collected and analyzed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, or both. The stones from nine of the patients were also subjected to the same spectroscopic analysis. Representative sections of the catheters were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common encrustation in stone formers was calcium oxalate monohydrate. In patients without stones, deposits of organic compounds were found consistently. The mean mass of encrustation of stone formers was larger (71.05 mg) than that of patients without stones (1 mg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium oxalate is the predominant type of encrustation on ureteral catheters in stone formers. Prevention of heavy encrustation should be directed to therapeutic measures concerning calcium oxalate lithiasis and development of new materials by the medical industry that are less prone to encrustation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical School University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bithelis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouropoulos
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perimenis
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Koutsoukos
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barbalias
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D011140:Polyurethanes; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes