title: Protein profiling of microdissected prostate tissue links growth differentiation factor 15 to prostate carcinogenesis.
abstract: Identification of proteomic alterations associated with early stages in the development of prostate cancer may facilitate understanding of progression of this highly variable disease. Matched normal, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (hPIN) and prostate cancer cells of predominantly Gleason grade 3 were procured by laser capture microdissection from serial sections obtained from snap-frozen samples dissected from 22 radical prostatectomy specimens. From these cells, protein profiles were generated by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. A 24-kDa peak was observed at low or high intensity in profiles of prostate cancer cells in 19 of 27 lesions and at low intensity in 3 of 8 hPIN lesions but was not detectable in matched normal cells. SDS-PAGE analysis of prostate cancer and matched normal epithelium confirmed expression of a prostate cancer-specific 24-kDa protein. Mass spectrometry and protein data-based analysis identified the protein as the dimeric form of mature growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). The increased expression of mature GDF15 protein in prostate cancer cells cannot be explained on the basis of up-regulation of GDF15 mRNA because reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed similar amounts of transcript in normal, hPIN, and prostate cancer cells that were obtained by laser capture microdissection in the same set of serial sections from which the protein profiles were obtained. Our findings suggest that early prostate carcinogenesis is associated with expression of mature GDF15 protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Endocrinology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woolcock
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adomat
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bainbridge
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinahan
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadar
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gleave
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vielkind
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger