title: The aqueous outflow system as a mechanical pump: evidence from examination of tissue and aqueous movement in human and non-human primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new aqueous outflow model involving a mechanical pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory materials include human and monkey eyes; methods include the dissecting microscope, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tracer studies. Clinical methods involve human subject slit lamp, gonioscopy, and operating microscope examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory evidence demonstrates that aqueous outflow tissues are responsive to intraocular pressure induced deformation. Deformation occurs in response to small pressure gradients. Laboratory evidence also demonstrates the presence of valves discharging aqueous to Schlemm's canal. The laboratory model predicts pulsatile aqueous discharge in vivo. Clinical in vivo evidence demonstrates pulsatile aqueous flow from the anterior chamber into Schlemm's canal, from Schlemm's canal into collector channels, and from Schlemm's canal into aqueous and episcleral veins, all synchronous with the ocular pulse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous outflow tissue deformation caused by normal intraocular pressure transients induces pulsatile one-way discharge of aqueous to the vascular system. The model identifies biomechanical coupling of intraocular pressure with aqueous outflow tissue deformation and also sites of high flow capable of inducing shear stress. These mechanotransduction mechanisms, well characterized as a means of controlling pressure and flow in the vascular system, also provide a means of regulatory feedback to control intraocular pressure and aqueous flow.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Consultants Northwest, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA. murray_johnstone@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D011323:Primates; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012590:Sclera / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000502:physiology