title: Transesophageal echocardiography for detecting extrapulmonary thrombi during pulmonary embolectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary embolectomy is an evolving surgical procedure for the treatment of severe pulmonary embolism. In addition to removing pulmonary thromboemboli, the achievement of optimal results also requires identification and extraction of intrathoracic, extrapulmonary thromboemboli from the right atrium, right ventricle, and the superior or inferior vena cava. Otherwise, these thromboemboli may become the source of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is frequently used during pulmonary embolectomy as a guide for the surgeon and a monitor of cardiac performance. However, its utility for detecting concurrent intrathoracic, extrapulmonary thromboemboli has not been thoroughly investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 50 consecutive patients undergoing emergent pulmonary embolectomy. Results from preoperative diagnostic studies including transthoracic echocardiography; ventilation/perfusion scan, pulmonary angiography, and computed tomography were reviewed, along with the intraoperative echocardiographic reports for the presence of intrathoracic extrapulmonary thromboemboli. In addition, the surgical operative notes were consulted to determine the impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography on surgical decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extrapulmonary intrathoracic thromboemboli were identified preoperatively in 8 patients (16%). Intraoperatively, thromboemboli were identified in 5 additional patients by transesophageal echocardiography, adding to a total of 13 patients with extrapulmonary thrombi (26%). Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography provided the sole source of evidence that directed surgical management in 10% (5 of 50) of all patients undergoing pulmonary emboletcomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography identified intrathoracic, extrapulmonary thomboemboli in 26% of patients undergoing pulmonary embolectomy, resulting in an alteration of surgical management in 10% of patients. These findings support the critical role of intraoperative echocardiography during pulmonary embolectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosenberger
authors.forename: Stanton K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shernan
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mihaljevic
authors.forename: Holger K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Eltzschig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D017128:Embolectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*