title: Prevalence of patients subjected to constraint in Norwegian nursing homes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent questionnaire showed that different kinds of constraint such as physical restraint, electronic surveillance, use of force or pressure in medical treatment and in activities of daily living (ADL) are frequently used in Norwegian nursing homes. The study did not include information at patient level, and except for studies about physical restraints, we have not found any studies reporting the prevalence of various forms of constraint.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of various types of constraint in Norwegian nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured interview was carried out with the primary carers of a random sample of 1501 patients from 222 nursing-home wards in 54 municipalities representing all five health regions in Norway. Data were collected from regular units (RUs) and special care units (SCUs) for persons with dementia. Episodes of constraint during 1 week were recorded. Five main groups of constraint were aggregated, mechanical restraint, nonmechanical restraint, electronic surveillance, force or pressure in medical examination or treatment and force or pressure in ADL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (36.7%) in RUs and 45.0% of the patients in SCUs were subjected to any constraint. Most frequent was use of mechanical restraint (23.3% in RUs; 12.8% in SCUs) and use of force or pressure in ADL (20.9% in SCUs; 16.6% in RUs). Use of force or pressure in medical examination or treatment was more frequent used in SCUs (19.1%) compared with RUs (13.5%). Nonmechanical restraint was less frequently used (8.3% in SCUs; 3.0% in RUs) and electronic surveillance was seldom used (7.2% in RUs; 0.9% in SCUs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of constraint is a problem in Norwegian nursing homes. Studies are needed to learn more about why constraint is used, and if there is patient or ward characteristics that can explain the use of constraint.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research, Vestfold Mental Health Care Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. oyvind.kirkevold@nordemens.no
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Kirkevold
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009664:Norway; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires