title: Adrenergic agents modify cerebral edema and microvessel ultrastructure in porcine sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of adrenergic agents on the cerebral response to sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled, experimental animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical school research laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight middle white pigs (25-30 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: cecal peritonitis (n = 5), cecal peritonitis with dopexamine (n = 5), cecal peritonitis with dopexamine and the beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118,551 (n = 4), cecal peritonitis with methoxamine (n = 5), cecal peritonitis with dopexamine and methoxamine (n = 4), and sham-operated (n = 5). Sham-operated pigs were killed after laparotomy, and pigs with cecal peritonitis were killed 8 hrs after its induction. Samples of frontal cerebral cortex were taken immediately after death, processed for light and electron microscopy, and then subjected to morphometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significantly more (p <.0005) cerebral perimicrovessel edema in pigs with cecal peritonitis (80.2 microm2 +/- 5.3 sem) than in sham-operated pigs (26.2 microm2 +/- 2.7 sem) and significantly less (p <.0005) perimicrovessel edema in dopexamine-treated pigs with cecal peritonitis (39.8 microm2 +/- 5.5 sem) than in pigs with cecal peritonitis alone (80.2 microm2 +/- 5.3 sem). There was no significant difference between the amount of perimicrovessel edema in pigs with cecal peritonitis treated with dopexamine plus ICI118,551 and pigs with cecal peritonitis alone. The mean cerebral microvessel endothelial cell cross-sectional area in methoxamine-treated pigs with cecal peritonitis (26.3 microm2 +/- 2.6 sem) was significantly greater than that in pigs with cecal peritonitis alone (16.3 microm2 +/- 2.1 sem, p =.008) or in sham-operated pigs (12.3 microm2 +/- 1.3 sem, p =.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dopexamine protects against cerebral edema formation in sepsis by stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors, whereas the alpha1 adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine induces cerebral microvessel endothelial cell swelling.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Unit, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Nandita K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: D Ceri
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008729:Methoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; C046318:dopexamine; D008729:Methoxamine; D004298:Dopamine