title: Epithelial mesenchymal transition is a characteristic of hyperplasias and tumors in mammary gland from MMTV-Cripto-1 transgenic mice.
abstract: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitates migration and invasion of epithelial tumor cells. Cripto-1 (CR-1), a member of the epidermal growth factor-CFC protein family increases migration of cells in vitro. Here the expression of molecular markers and signaling molecules characteristic of EMT were assessed in mammary gland hyperplasias and tumors from mice expressing the human CR-1 transgene by the MMTV promoter (MMTV-CR-1) and in mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC-11 overexpressing CR-1 (HC-11/CR-1). Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of E-cadherin in MMTV-CR-1 tumors and in HC-11/CR-1 cells. The expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, cyclin-D1, and of the zinc-finger transcription factor, snail, was increased in MMTV-CR-1 tumors. Increased snail mRNA was also found in HC-11/CR-1 cells. Expression of phosphorylated (P)-c-Src, P-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), P-Akt, P-glycogen synthease kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), dephosphorylated (DP)-beta-catenin, and various integrins such as, alpha 3, alpha v, beta 1, beta 3, and beta 4 was also increased in MMTV-CR-1 tumors. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for vimentin, N-cadherin, cyclin-D1, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, snail, and beta-catenin in MMTV-CR-1 tumor sections. HC-11/CR-1 cells treated with the c-Src inhibitor PP2 reduced the expression of P-c-Src and of P-FAK, P-Akt, P-GSK-3beta, DP-beta-catenin all known to be activated by c-Src. Migration of HC-11/CR-1 cells was also reduced by PP2 treatment. These results suggest that CR-1 may play a significant role in promoting the increased expression of markers and signaling molecules associated with EMT.
authors.affiliation: Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strizzi
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Normanno
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seno
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wechselberger
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wallace-Jones
authors.forename: Nadia I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Morihisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Youping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanicola
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Salomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019076:Transgenes; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C111417:Fam89b protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D019061:src-Family Kinases; C000631346:CSK protein, human