title: Evaluation of patellar chondromalacia with MR: comparison between T2-weighted FSE SPIR and GE MTC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare two different MR sequences to tissue signal suppression in the study of patellar cartilage abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 26 patients with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging: sequences included spectral presaturation with inversion recovery (SPIR), with fat suppression and T2-weighted images, magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) sequences, T1-weighted and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences. All patients underwent conventional knee arthroscopy and in all patients a hyaline cartilage lesion was assessed in three articular zones: the patellar medial facet, the lateral facet and the patellar crista. Was assessed 78 articular facets. The lesions were classified using a standard arthroscopic grading system adapted to MR imaging: normal cartilage that corresponds to the grade 0 according to the Noyes grading system, low grade lesions that correspond to the grade I e IIa and high grade lesions that correspond to grades IIb and III. The arthroscopic results were compared with MR images. We assessed the MR diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and MR positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the two sequences taking into consideration total lesions, and high-grade and low grade lesions separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four low grade lesions (16 grade I e 8 grade IIa) and 18 high grade lesions (10 grade IIb e 8 grade III) were diagnosed by arthroscopy. Regarding low grade and high-grade lesions together, the accuracy was 77% for MTC sequences and 90% for SPIR sequences. In identifying low-grade lesions, the sensitivity was 88% for SPIR sequence and 42% for MTC sequences. Specificity for the detection of all lesions was 89% for the SPIR sequences and 94% for the MTC sequences. The SPIR sequence visualised water content abnormalities in degenerating cartilage, which are representative of low-grade lesions. The sensitivity of the sequence enabled us to obtain improved contrast for detecting cartilage surface irregularities. The MTC sequences allowed us to grade high-grade lesions susceptible to surgery and small cartilage defects in the presence of joint fluid. The MTC sequences were insufficient in the diagnosis of early stages of chondromalacia because the suppression of the signal of bonded water reduced the contrast among areas of articular cartilage with different water content. For this reason cartilage oedema and early superficial fibrillation were not identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience the SPIR sequence proved superior to the MTC sequence in the identification of low grade lesions of the patellar cartilage. The overall value of such sequences in the study of articular pathology also needs to be assessed in the others sites where the articular cartilage is thinner and surfaces more curvilinear.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Pubblica, Sezione di Diagnostica per Immagini, Università degli Studi, Bari. l.macarini@radiologia.uniba.it
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macarini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murrone
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy; D046789:Chondromalacia Patellae / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity