title: Use of intraoperative dynamic infrared imaging with detection wavelength of 7-14 microm in the surgical obliteration of spinal arteriovenous fistula: case report and technical considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although improvements of spatial and temporal resolution in infrared (IR) imaging have enabled intraoperative real-time acquisition of physiological and pathological information on living organs, the imaging qualities of anatomical delineation of blood vessels and functional delineation of blood flow were insufficient to serve as visual monitoring. The main reason was partly due to the lack of an appropriate IR detection IR band (formerly 3 - 5 micro m), and the broad dynamic range in previous modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  To make a good contrast between blood vessels and surrounding tissues, the detection wavelength was shifted to the long-wave (7 - 14 micro m) part of IR spectrum, which includes the peak IR wave from living tissue (9 - 10 micro m), and the dynamic range was confined to +/- 10 degrees C around 35 degrees C. The novel camera system (IRIS IV infrared imaging system) was used for the visual monitoring of blood flow during the obliteration of a spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula at Th 7 in 71-year-old male patient. The temperature resolution of camera was 0.15 degrees C, with its intensity resolution of 16 bit (320 x 240 pixels), and data were stored at a rate of 30 frames/second. High-quality delineation of blood vessels and blood flow was obtained all through the procedure without use of cold saline, which was an inevitable procedure to make contrast in the previously used thermography. However, the occasional use of an air blower was helpful to achieve adequate images in the deep and narrow area of the surgical field. The amount of shunt flow reduction was visualized by the intensity in the acquired imaging, which was also confirmed later by digital subtraction angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the present experience, it is considered that this type of imaging may be able to substitute intraoperative blood vessel and blood flow monitoring in spinal and other neurosurgical disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. nakg@nsg.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uenohara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shirane
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply*