title: Pallidal deep brain stimulation in cervical dystonia: clinical outcome in four cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Report on the clinical results following bilateral globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation in four patients (one female and three males) with severe cervical dystonia, mean age 48 years (range 37-67).
  
  
  METHODS
  All four patients had failed extensive medical and botulinum toxin treatment. The mean duration of the disease was nine years (range 4-15 years). Patients were assessed pre and postoperatively using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS). Pre-operatively, the mean TWSTRS total score was 43.2 (range 28-60.5). Posteroventral pallidal deep brain stimulators were inserted using MRI and microelectrode recording guidance. Last follow-up was 15 months for the four patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean reduction in the TWSTRS total scores at last follow- up was 73% (range 61- 85%). Improvement in pain occurred soon after deep brain stimulation surgery. Motor improvement was delayed and prolonged over several months. Frequent adjustment in the stimulation parameters was necessary in the first three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilateral pallidal stimulation is effective in management of selected cases of intractable cervical dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Eltahawy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saint-Cyr
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014103:Torticollis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome