title: Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: We completed a multicenter study of the effects of pomegranate cold-pressed (Oil) or supercritical CO(2)-extracted (S) seed oil, fermented juice polyphenols (W), and pericarp polyphenols (P) on human prostate cancer cell xenograft growth in vivo, and/or proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, gene expression, and invasion across Matrigel, in vitro. Oil, W, and P each acutely inhibited in vitro proliferation of LNCaP, PC-3, and DU 145 human cancer cell lines. The dose of P required to inhibit cell proliferation of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP by 50% (ED(50)) was 70 microg/mL, whereas normal prostate epithelial cells (hPrEC) were significantly less affected (ED(50) = 250 g/mL). These effects were mediated by changes in both cell cycle distribution and induction of apoptosis. For example, the androgen-independent cell line DU 145 showed a significant increase from 11% to 22% in G(2)/M cells (P <.05) by treatment with Oil (35 microg/mL) with a modest induction of apoptosis. In other cell lines/treatments, the apoptotic response predominated, for example, in PC-3 cells treated with P, at least partially through a caspase 3-mediated pathway. These cellular effects coincided with rapid changes in mRNA levels of gene targets. Thus, 4-hour treatment of DU 145 cells with Oil (35 microg/mL) resulted in significant 2.3 +/- 0.001-fold (mean +/- SEM) up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21((waf1/cip1)) (P <.01) and 0.6 +/- 0.14-fold down-regulation of c-myc (P <.05). In parallel, all agents potently suppressed PC-3 invasion through Matrigel, and furthermore P and S demonstrated potent inhibition of PC-3 xenograft growth in athymic mice. Overall, this study demonstrates significant antitumor activity of pomegranate-derived materials against human prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Wenguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumi-Diaka
authors.forename: Ephraim P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Lansky
authors.forename: Lyndon M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gommersall
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mansel
authors.forename: Ishak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Neeman
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Geldof
authors.forename: Moray J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018890:Chemoprevention; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils