Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress in diseases: the contribution of redox proteomics.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of several human diseases. Proteins are important molecular signposts of oxidative/nitrosative damage. However, it is generally unresolved whether the presence of oxidatively/nitrosatively modified proteins has a causal role or simply reflects secondary epiphenomena. Only direct identification and characterization of the modified protein(s) in a given pathophysiological condition can decipher the potential roles played by ROS/RNS-induced protein modifications. During the last few years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies have contributed in a significant way to foster a better understanding of disease processes. The study of oxidative/nitrosative modifications, investigated by redox proteomics, is contributing to establish a relationship between pathological hallmarks of disease and protein structural and functional abnormalities. MS-based technologies promise a contribution in a new era of molecular medicine, especially in the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, enabling early detection of diseases. Indeed, identification and characterization of oxidatively/nitrosatively modified proteins in human diseases has just begun.
Dalle-Donne
Isabella
I
Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy. quack@unimi.it
Scaloni
Andrea
A
Giustarini
Daniela
D
Cavarra
Eleonora
E
Tell
Gianluca
G
Lungarella
Giuseppe
G
Colombo
Roberto
R
Rossi
Ranieri
R
Milzani
Aldo
A
D004194:Disease; D006801:Humans; D015538:Nitrosation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics
D011506:Proteins