title: Twins and odd-ones-out: a twin study of genetic contributions to variability in personal colour space.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals differ in the biological substrate of vision, often as a result of genetic differences. There are also subtle variations within the normal population in aspects of colour behaviour (for example, colour naming and unique-hue judgements) but it is surprisingly hard to connect these to the genetic variation. Perceptions of inter-colour similarities (and variations in the structure of colour space, reconstructed from them) may show a closer link to the biological basis of vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantify the spectrum of variation, each subject used caps from the D-15 panel test to make 70 odd-one-out triad judgements. Analysis yielded the parameters of individual observers' colour structure: specifically, the weights they placed on the axes of a standard colour space. Similarities between 19 pairs of monozygotic twins and between 16 pairs of dizygotic twins were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monozygotic pairs were significantly more concordant than dizygotic or unrelated pairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedure provides sufficiently precise measurements to replicate earlier findings from more complex, time-consuming methods. By extension to other family relationships, the triadic procedure can clarify the genetic contribution. Weighting of colour axes is an important form of variation among normal individuals, with a contribution to these weights from genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Health and Human Development, Massey University, Palmerson North, New Zealand
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bimler
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014310:Triplets / Q000502:physiology; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*