title: Rafael Joseph Czerwiakowski - the father of Polish surgery.
abstract: Rafael Joseph Czerwiakowski was the first professor of Surgery in Poland. He studied in Padua and Bologna and visited France and Germany before his appointment in 1779. He taught anatomy and surgery and collected many surgical instruments. He is also remembered for writings on surgery. This article briefly reviews his life and work.
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University Medical College, UI Kopernika 7, 31-034 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gryglewski
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D011044:Poland