title: A model for cardiopulmonary bypass redesign.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A portion of patients undergoing cardiac surgery may develop focal and/or subtle brain injuries secondary to cardiac surgery. There is evidence that, in some cases, these injuries may be related to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Embolism and hypoperfusion are the dominant mechanisms for focal neurologic injuries among coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients. Recent studies suggest that these mechanisms may also produce the more prevalent subtle neurological deficits. The aim of our current work is to obtain a thorough understanding of the processes of care associated with the production of embolic activity, cerebral hypoperfusion, and hemodynamic aberrations that often occur during CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a system for simultaneous recording of physiologic parameters, embolic activity in the CPB circuit and in the cerebral arteries, and near infrared regional cerebral oxyhemoglobin saturation (NIRS) during cardiac surgery. All data were synchronized with a video recording of the surgical procedure. Periods of embolic activity and NIRS were subsequently related to surgical and CPB processes of care through a systematic review of the patient's surgical case video.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, we have enrolled 47 patients undergoing coronary and/or valvular procedures. We have observed wide variation across patients in detected cerebral embolic counts, NIRS and physiologic parameters. We have identified increased embolic counts in the CPB circuit related to specific processes and events such as the method of venous drainage, the entrainment of air in the venous line, the injection of medications into the CPB circuit and blood sampling from the CPB circuit. A portion of detected changes in NIRS were related to periods of hypotension and positioning of the heart during the construction of distal coronary artery grafts on the posterior coronary artery vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of this model provides the surgical team with detailed information regarding the contribution of CPB to the creation of precursors of neurological injury. This system provides meaningful data to guide the surgical team in the redesign of the CPB system and associated techniques.
authors.affiliation: Maine Medical Center, Cardiac Surgery Division, Portland, ME 04102, USA. groomr@mmc.org
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Groom
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Likosky
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*