title: Interleaved echo-planar imaging for fast multiplanar magnetic resonance temperature imaging of ultrasound thermal ablation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a multiplanar magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTI) technique based on interleaved gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (EPI), verify in phantom, develop software tools to process and display data on a clinical scanner in near real-time, and demonstrate feasibility to monitor ultrasound thermal ablation therapy in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperature estimation used complex phase-difference subtraction of the EPI MRTI data to indirectly measure the temperature-dependent water proton-resonance-frequency shift. Software tools were developed to run on a clinical 1.5-T MR scanner that processed and displayed relevant temperature and thermal dosimetry data during the course of thermal ablation treatments in canine brain and prostate in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPI MRTI provided multi-planar acquisitions and increased temperature sensitivity and lipid suppression. Relative to a single-plane fast gradient-echo MRTI sequence at comparable spatial and temporal resolutions in phantom, EPI MRTI demonstrated a three-fold increase in sensitivity and slice coverage per TR. In vivo monitoring of ultrasound thermal ablation therapy in canine brain and prostate demonstrated the usefulness of the temperature and thermal dose information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-planar MRTI allowed progression of thermal damage to be monitored and treatment parameters adjusted in near real-time (less than five second delay). EPI MRTI is an effective multi-planar monitoring method during ultrasound thermal ablation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: R Jason
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kangasniemi
authors.forename: Lars E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hazle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D013696:Temperature; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy