title: Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in the liver: efficient protection against T-cell lymphoma and colon carcinoma metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical for metastasis of tumor cells. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), a natural MMP inhibitor, was shown to reduce metastasis in different models. Here, we investigated whether increased TIMP-1 levels in the liver achieved by adenoviral gene transfer will effectively inhibit liver metastasis of two independent tumor cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIMP-1 was transferred with adenoviral vectors into the livers of DBA/2 and Balb/c mice, which were subsequently challenged by hematogenous experimental metastases of the T-cell lymphoma cell line L-CI.5s or the colorectal carcinoma cell line CT-26, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-9 expression in the liver was induced upon metastasis in both tumor types. Adenoviral gene transfer led to high transduction efficacy as indicated by lacZ expression in 60% of hepatocytes. TIMP-1, a key inhibitor of MMP-9, was expressed at 10(5)-fold higher levels by adenoviral gene transfer as compared with levels achieved in TIMP-1 transgenic mice, previously shown to be inefficient to reduce T-cell lymphoma metastasis. High local and systemic (serum) levels of TIMP-1 led to substantial (94%) reduction of T-cell lymphoma and colorectal carcinoma (73%) experimental liver metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenoviral gene transfer led to systemic and local TIMP-1 levels sufficient to inhibit metastasis of a highly aggressive T-cell lymphoma, pointing at the requirement of threshold levels for effective anti-metastatic efficacy. This approach was also efficient in a colon carcinoma solid tumor model. We propose that viral gene transfer of TIMP-1 can provide a suitable defense strategy to prevent metastatic spread to the liver.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sefer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elezkurtaj
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kopitz
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Cantó
authors.forename: Matthias J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khokha
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gansbacher
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D016399:Lymphoma, T-Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9