title: Photochemical transformation and phototoxicity of 1-aminopyrene.
abstract: 1-Aminopyrene (1-AP) is an environmental mutagen and a metabolite of 1-nitropyrene (1-NO2P). On light irradiation, 1-AP transforms into oxidation products with a half-life of 7.1 min in 10% methanolic buffer. The presence of DNA or free-radical/ singlet oxygen scavengers 1,4-dithiothreitol, histidine, or NaN3 slows down 1-AP photochemical reaction. The photoproducts identified include 1-hydroxyaminopyrene, 1-nitrosopyrene, 1-NO2P, 1-amino-x-hydroxypyrene, and three covalent dimers. Since it is known that 1-NO2P and 1-nitrosopyrene are genotoxic and 1-hydroxyaminopyrnene can react with DNA to form covalent adducts, we used the Mutatox test to assess the toxicity of 1-AP and its photoproducts. It was found that the lowest-observed-effect concentrations for 1-AP, 1-AP photoproducts, and 1-NO2P are 1.25 microM, 10 microM, and NA (no mutagenic response was seen at this concentration range) in direct medium (no S-9) and NA, 5 microM, and 0.625 microM in S-9 medium, respectively. Therefore, 1-AP photoproducts are more genotoxic than 1-AP itself in the S-9 medium and more mutagenic than 1-NO2P in the direct medium. Thus, 1-NO2P alone cannot account for all the mutagenicity of the photoproducts. Irradiation of 1-AP together with DNA leads to covalent DNA adduct formation possibly via the 1-hydroxyaminopyrene intermediate. In this study, ultraviolet-A (UVA) was used at approximately the same magnitude as the outdoor UVA irradiance. Considering the half-life of 1-AP in the test solutions in this study, the aquatic biota (including humans) near the surface layer of a static water body are most likely subjected to the photoinduced toxicity of the study compound. The biota at the lower depths will also be affected if turbulence becomes a significant factor in enhancing the exposure risk for aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Huey-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Shiming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Kaneytta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jacinta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D004249:DNA Damage; D006207:Half-Life; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010777:Photochemistry; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014733:Vibrio / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D011721:Pyrenes; C004482:1-aminopyrene