title: Design and synthesis of a short-chain bitistatin analogue for imaging thrombi and emboli.
abstract: Previously, we showed that labeled bitistatin analogues possessed excellent characteristics for imaging both deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We hypothesized that the N-terminal amino acid sequence of bitistatin, which is different from other disintegrins, likely interacts with the binding site of platelets to confer desirable properties to bitistatin for imaging. In this study, we present the design, synthesis, and initial biological testing of a short-chain analogue of the native 83-amino-acid bitistatin sequence. Our initial molecular modeling of the binding loop of bitistatin showed that the minimal sequence that represented the binding region was a cyclic 10 amino acid sequence cyclo[Cys-Arg-Ile-Ala-Arg-Gly-Asp-Trp-Asn-Cys(S)]. Systematic modeling of a truncated N-terminal sequence of bitistatin fused with the optimized binding region having a thioether sequence through a Gaba spacer ultimately yielded the 24-amino acid peptide, cyclo-[CH(2)CO-Arg-Ile-Ala-Arg-Gly-Asp-Trp-Asn-Cys(S-)]-Gaba-Gly-Asn-Glu-Ile-Leu-Glu-Gln-Gly-Glu-Asp-Ser-Asp-Ser-Lys-OH, 1. The peptide was then coupled to the hydrazino-nicotinic acid bifunctional chelating agent and the purified adduct labeled with (99m)Tc using tricine as a coligand. Binding of the unlabeled and labeled peptide to stimulated human platelets was assayed in vitro. The (99m)Tc labeling yield was > 90%. The in vitro binding assays showed that the IC(50) for inhibition of platelet aggregation was 3694 nM, while the Kd of the (99m)Tc labeled peptide was 185 nM, indicating moderate affinity for the receptor. The (99m)Tc-labeled peptide was able to identify sites of experimental thrombi and emboli in a canine model. The results suggest initial success in attempting to mimic the behavior of bitistatin for imaging thrombi and emboli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 615 North Wolfe Street, Rm. E6632, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Kwamena E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Baidoo
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Kuo-Shyan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jerome L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Romano
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D015195:Drug Design; D004617:Embolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012910:Snake Venoms; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D012910:Snake Venoms; C062186:bitistatin