title: Evidence for false-positive results for boldenone testing of veal urine due to faecal cross-contamination during sampling.
abstract: European Directive 96/22/EC, which controls veterinary residues in animals, does not permit the presence of synthetic growth promoters in products of animal origin or in livestock. Boldenone is categorized in class A3 (growth promoters -- steroids) and is thus a banned substance. Testing of veal urine for banned substances is part of the European Union statutory programme for animals going into the food chain. In relation to this monitoring, three studies were conducted to investigate the apparent presence of the banned growth promoter boldenone in veal urine, which was suspected as being caused by interference from faecal contamination of the sample. In the first study, urine samples were collected at different times (time 0 and after 30 min) using (1) a conventional zoonotechnical apron and (2) a technique designed specifically to avoid faecal contamination ('kettle'). This resulted in samples that were, respectively, positive and negative for the presence of alpha-boldenone (alpha-BOL). In a second study, urine samples negative to alpha-BOL were collected from eight veal calves, but became positive after deliberate faecal contamination. In a third study, data obtained from the Italian RNP (Residual National Program) indicated that 18.1% of 3295 urine samples collected using the zootechnical apron were positive for alpha-BOL and 2.1% for beta-boldenone (beta-BOL), whilst of 902 samples collected using the kettle, beta-BOL was not detected in any samples and only 0.2% were positive to alpha-BOL, in concentrations lower than 2 ng ml(-1). These results further support the supposition that faecal contamination of the urine during sample collection can lead to false-positive results during boldenone analysis.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, I-20133 Milan, Italy. carlo.sgoifo@unimi.it
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sgoifo Rossi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arioli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bassini
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dell'Orto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pompa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D002417:Cattle; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D013739:Testosterone; C013915:boldenone