title: Management strategies for patients with nipple discharge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess management strategies for patients with nipple discharge (ND).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 13,443 women with breast-related complaints who were examined by the same surgeon between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 2000 were retrospectively assessed. Patients with ND were grouped according to whether they had had a spontaneous or provoked discharge. The parameters investigated in each group were age, physical findings, number of pregnancies, duration of lactation, duration of discharge, colour of discharge, and histopathological features. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ND was the presenting symptom in 603 (4.5%) of the cases. Two hundred and eighty-seven (48%) of the 603 patients showed spontaneous nipple discharge (SND group) and the other 316 (52%) showed provoked nipple discharge (PND group). In the SND group, 124 (43%) tissue specimens were obtained by either biopsy or sub-areolar exploration. Histopathological examination revealed that the most frequent causes of ND in these cases were intraductal papilloma (49 patients; 40%), intraductal carcinoma (35 patients; 28%), and cystic disease (15 patients; 12%). Twenty tissue specimens were obtained from the group with PND. In these cases, the most frequently identified causes of ND were cystic disease (seven patients; 35%), intraductal papilloma (six patients; 30%), ductal ectasia (two patients; 10%), and carcinoma (one patient; 5%). The SND and PND groups differed significantly with respect to age (P = 0.001) and duration of ND (P = 0.008). The incidence of cancer was higher in the SND specimens than in the PND specimens (28% vs 5%, respectively; P = 0.01). The number of pregnancies was significantly higher and the duration of lactation was significantly longer in the SND group (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms previous reports that patients with SND have a higher incidence of carcinoma than those with PND. The results suggest that older age, higher number of pregnancies, and longer duration of lactation may predispose to cancer development in patients with SND. The possibility of breast cancer should also be kept in mind when one is assessing patients with PND. Careful physical examination and close follow-up is the optimal management strategy for patients with any type of ND.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, 06490, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Husnu A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Goksel
authors.forename: Mahmut C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yagmurdur
authors.forename: Beyhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Iclal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Isiklar
authors.forename: Hamdi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karakayali
authors.forename: Nevzat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors