title: Polymer gel water equivalence and relative energy response with emphasis on low photon energy dosimetry in brachytherapy.
abstract: The water equivalence and stable relative energy response of polymer gel dosimeters are usually taken for granted in the relatively high x-ray energy range of external beam radiotherapy based on qualitative indices such as mass and electron density and effective atomic number. However, these favourable dosimetric characteristics are questionable in the energy range of interest to brachytherapy especially in the case of lower energy photon sources such as 103Pd and 125I that are currently utilized. In this work, six representative polymer gel formulations as well as the most commonly used experimental set-up of a LiF TLD detector-solid water phantom are discussed on the basis of mass attenuation and energy absorption coefficients calculated in the energy range of 10 keV-10 MeV with regard to their water equivalence as a phantom and detector material. The discussion is also supported by Monte Carlo simulation results. It is found that water equivalence of polymer gel dosimeters is sustained for photon energies down to about 60 keV and no corrections are needed for polymer gel dosimetry of 169Yb or 192Ir sources. For 125I and 103Pd sources, however, a correction that is source-distance dependent is required. Appropriate Monte Carlo results show that at the dosimetric reference distance of 1 cm from a source, these corrections are of the order of 3% for 125I and 2% for 103Pd. These have to be compared with corresponding corrections of up to 35% for 125I and 103Pd and up to 15% even for the 169Yb energies for the experimental set-up of the LiF TLD detector-solid water phantom.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear and Particle Physics Section, Physics Department, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilisia 157 71, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pantelis
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Karlis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozicki
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papagiannis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sakelliou
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rosiak
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water