Glutamine-dependent changes in gene expression and protein activity.
The functions of glutamine are many and include, substrate for protein synthesis, anabolic precursor for muscle growth, acid-base balance in the kidney, substrate for ureogenesis in the liver, substrate for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, an oxidative fuel for intestine and cells of the immune system, inter-organ nitrogen transport, precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis and precursor for glutathione production. In the present review information on the mechanism of glutamine action is presented. This amino acid has been shown to regulate the expression of several genes (such as p47phox, p22phox, gp91phox, alpha-actin and fibronectin) and activate several proteins (such as ASK1, c-myc, c-jun and p70s6k).
Curi
R
R
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ruicuri@fisio.icb.usp.br
Lagranha
C J
CJ
Doi
S Q
SQ
Sellitti
D F
DF
Procopio
J
J
Pithon-Curi
T C
TC
D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005973:Glutamine