Resilience and vulnerability of northern regions to social and environmental change.
The arctic tundra and boreal forest were once considered the last frontiers on earth because of their vast expanses remote from agricultural land-use change and industrial development. These regions are now, however, experiencing environmental and social changes that are as rapid as those occurring anywhere on earth. This paper summarizes the role of northern regions in the global system and provides a blueprint for assessing the factors that govern their sensitivity to social and environmental change.
Chapin
F S
FS
Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. terry.chapin@uaf.edu
Peterson
G
G
Berkes
F
F
Callaghan
T V
TV
Angelstam
P
P
Apps
M
M
Beier
C
C
Bergeron
Y
Y
Crépin
A-S
AS
Danell
K
K
Elmqvist
T
T
Folke
C
C
Forbes
B
B
Fresco
N
N
Juday
G
G
Niemelä
J
J
Shvidenko
A
A
Whiteman
G
G
D001110:Arctic Regions; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000506:poisoning; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D012924:Social Conditions; D014197:Trees
D004785:Environmental Pollutants