title: Functional imaging of parotid glands: diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI before and after stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of diffusion-weighted (DW) echo-planar imaging (EPI) for measuring different functional conditions of the parotid gland and to compare different measurement approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parotid glands of 27 healthy volunteers were examined with a DW EPI sequence (TR 1,500 msec, TE 77 msec, field-of-view 250 x 250 mm, pixel size 2.10 x 1.95 mm, section thickness 5 mm) before and after oral stimulation with commercially available lemon juice. The b factors used were 0, 500, and 1,000 sec/mm (2). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were digitally transferred to MRIcro (Chris Rorden, University of Nottingham, Great Britain) and evaluated with a manually placed circular region of interest (ROI) containing 100 - 200 pixel. Additional ROIs including the entire parotid gland were placed on either side. The results of both measurements were compared, using the Student's t test based on the median ADC values for each person. A two-tailed p-value of less than.05 was determined to indicate statistical significance. To compare both measurement approaches, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging successfully visualized the parotid glands of all volunteers. In a first step, the median ADC value per person was computed. Using ROIs of 100 - 200 pixels, the mean was calculated to be 1.08 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec +/- 0.12 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec for both parotid glands prior to stimulation. After stimulation, the mean ADC was measured at 1.15 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec +/- 0.11 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec for both parotid glands. Evaluating the entire parotid gland, the ADC was 1.12 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec +/- 0.08 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec prior to stimulation, whereas the ADC increased to 1.18 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec +/- 0.09 x 10 (- 3) mm (2)/sec after stimulation with lemon juice. For both types of measurements, the increase in ADC after stimulation proved to be significant (p < 0.001). High correlations between both measurement types were found (r >.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging allows non-invasive quantification of functional changes in the parotid glands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. c.habermann@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graessner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gossrau
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reitmeier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiehler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schoder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaehne
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages; D002957:Citrus; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors