title: Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between sodium intake and urinary albumin excretion, being an established risk marker for later cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional cohort study using linear regression analysis. Setting. University hospital outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort drawn from the general population, consisting of 7850 subjects 28-75 years of age, all inhabitants of the city of Groningen, the Netherlands. The cohort is enriched for the presence of subjects with elevated urinary albumin concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show a positive relationship between dietary sodium intake and urinary albumin excretion. The association was independent of other cardiovascular risk factors (such as sex, age, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, serum cholesterol, plasma glucose and smoking) and other food constituents (calcium, potassium and protein). The relationship between sodium intake and urinary albumin excretion was steeper in subjects with a higher BMI compared with a lower BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium intake is positively related to urinary albumin excretion. This relation is more pronounced in subjects with a higher BMI. These results suggest that high sodium intake may unfavourably influences cardiovascular prognosis especially in overweight and obese subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University Institute of Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verhave
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hillege
authors.forename: J G M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Burgerhof
authors.forename: W M T
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium