title: Ultrafiltration in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluid removal remains a fundamental goal in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). Vacuum ultrafiltration, hemodialysis, or a combination of both was used in patients with severe CHF (NYHA class IV), severe edema, and insensitivity to pharmacological treatment with diuretics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the study was to remove the overload fluid in eighteen patients, 13 men and 5 women, aged 38 to 83, with a man age of 66 years with intractable congestive heart failure. All patients were hospitalized because of severe congestive heart failure and did not respond to treatment with intravenous administration of a high dose of diuretics and positive inotropic agents. They thus underwent vacuum ultrafiltration (1 to 27 sessions) while in 4 of them hemodialysis was also performed because of high serum creatinine levels (over 4 mg/dl). Subclavian catheters were used in all patients and arteriovenous fistula was later performed in 2, because of the need for long term treatment. The average fluid removed was 2 L per session and the total fluid removed ranged from 4 to 29 L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of the 18 patients (78%) showed significant improvement in their clinical status. Ten patients (56%) had a short term improvement but expired after 7 to 107 days of hospitalization. Four patients (22%) died after only one session of dialysis and 4 patients (22%) recovered after 8 to 23 dialysis sessions and were discharged from hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients with severe chronic CHF which is intractable to conventional therapy including intravenous diuretics and inotropes improve by the use of ultrafiltration. However, a limited proportion of them survive to be discharged from the hospital.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grapsa
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Zafeiria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Margari
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Terrovitis
authors.forename: Dimitrios A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kontoyannis
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nanas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D017583:Hemodiafiltration; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate