title: Contrast sensitivity through hybrid diffractive, Fresnel, and refractive prisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fresnel and wedge-shaped refractive prisms are used diagnostically and therapeutically in clinical practice. This article extends the study on the effect of prisms on visual acuity to the effect on contrast sensitivity by membrane Fresnel (F), refractive (R), and newly designed hybrid diffractive (C) prisms (ComPrisms), which combine a wedge-shaped refractive prism with a diffractive element.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vistech contrast sensitivity function (CSF) Charts A, B, and C were used to measure the monocular and binocular contrast sensitivity of 21 and 20 subjects, respectively. CSF was measured without prisms (U), through the hybrid diffractive prisms, membrane Fresnel prisms, and acrylic refractive prisms in powers of 20delta, 30delta, and 40delta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance calculations resulted in significant main effects in contrast sensitivity across prism types, prism powers, and between monocular and binocular measurements. Results of the Scheffé test for all possible contrast sensitivity comparisons between spatial frequencies are provided. It was found that as prism power increased from 20delta to 40delta, the rate of reduction in area under the CSF curve of ComPrisms became half that of the refractive and Fresnel prisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all three prism types reduced contrast sensitivity with respect to the unaided condition, the ComPrisms at all powers provided significantly better contrast sensitivity than the refractive or Fresnel prisms of equivalent power. Significant binocular summations in contrast sensitivity were found without prisms and across all prism types and powers.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036, USA. mkatz@sunyopt.edu
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male