title: Acquired distance esotropia associated with myopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Von Graefe (1864)(1) and Bielschowsky (1922)(2) described acquired progressive esotropia, with typically a larger angle for distance than near, associated with moderate myopia. This is unlike the esotropia seen in patients with high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our patient records, finding 26 cases: 14 were female, 12 male. Age range at first presentation was 37-74 with a mean of 55.5. The myopia was from -0.75 to -10.00, with a mean of -5.50 in each eye. Eighteen patients mostly wore glasses, eight mainly wore contact lenses. All complained of horizontal diplopia. Seventeen (65%) had been treated with prisms with a gradual increase in power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients (23%) continued with prisms although surgery has been offered in three cases. Seven patients (27%) had botulinum toxin to one medial rectus muscle. In two cases this proved to be successful maintenance therapy, the remaining five have gone on to have surgery. Seventeen (65%) have undergone surgery (mainly unilateral medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection) with relief of diplopia and discarding of prisms. Three patients required further surgery for a recurrence after 10-12 years and another is using prisms for a recurrence after 11 years. One patient has suffered an early recurrence 6 months following surgery and is having his neurological work-up repeated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This unusual sub-type of strabismus is a benign entity, which responds well to prism correction or surgery in cases who wish to wear contact lenses or whose prisms become inconveniently strong.
authors.affiliation: Orthoptic Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England, UK. hilary.webb@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004172:Diplopia / Q000150:complications; D004948:Esotropia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A