title: Diminishing the risk of nonrelapse mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Prediction of exposure to the cyclophosphamide metabolite carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were (1) to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, and carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard (a reporter for nonrelapse mortality) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients and (2) to validate a Bayesian approach to dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study 147 patients received intravenous infusions of 60 mg. kg -1. d -1 cyclophosphamide for 2 days, followed by 12 to 14.4 Gy total body irradiation. A population model was developed to fit concentration-time data of cyclophosphamide and metabolites. Bayesian prediction of the area under the curve (AUC) was validated by dividing the data set into an index set (98 patients) and validation set (49 patients). Parameters from the index data set were used as priors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclophosphamide elimination was best described by noninducible and inducible routes producing 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. Induction was described by a zero-order maximum fold of induction-type increase in enzyme level. The prediction of the AUC of carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard was clinically accurate and precise (mean prediction error = -3.5% and root mean squared prediction error = 12.2%) with data limited to 5 to 6 points obtained in the first 16 hours. However, the AUC of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide was overestimated (mean prediction error = 16.9%-23.6%). Several alternative models did not improve the result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integrated mechanism-based model describes the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard. Accurate modeling of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide is limited by its chemical instability. Exposure to carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard could be accurately and precisely predicted with minimal data obtained over a 16-hour period after the first dose, offering the potential of pharmacokinetically guided dosing to reduce the nonrelapse mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Ruolun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Ami L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Batchelder
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bouvier
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Slattery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards; C445000:carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard; D003520:Cyclophosphamide