title: The preferential site of adult Wuchereria bancrofti: an ultrasound study of male asymptomatic microfilaria carriers in Pondicherry, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional method of detection of microfilaria in night blood specimens for the diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection is being replaced with circulating filarial antigen in day blood specimens, which has a high sensitivity. However, both methods are indirect tests to detect the presence of adult worms in vivo. Localization of adult worms in vivo in their natural habitat may help in understanding better the end-point of drug treatment, the adulticidal action of antifilarial drugs, and in locating the site of lymphatic pathology. We used ultrasound examination to assess the preferential location of adult worms in an area endemic for lymphatic filariasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound examination was done in 36 asymptomatic male carriers of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria to detect the location of adult worms. Both sides of the scrotum (root of the scrotum, epididymis, spermatic cord, testis and the adjoining area), lymphatic vessels and inguinal, popliteal, axillary and epitrochlear lymph nodes were examined using a 7.5 MHz probe in real-time B mode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 'filaria dance sign (FDS)' suggesting the presence of adult worms was observed in 22 carriers (61%). The preferential site of location of the adult worms was the intrascrotal juxtatesticular lymphatic vessels in 'nests' along the lymphatic vessels of the epididymis, spermatic cord and paratesticular region. The number of nests varied between 1 and 4 with a mean size of 0.3 cm2. In 95% of cases, localization of the worms was unilateral. The mean microfilaria (SD) count-positive cases for those with the filarial dance sign (264 [199]) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for the negative cases (171 [196]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound visualization of adult worms of Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo is possible and confirms the concept that the worms have their own territory and reside in 'nests'. The preferential site of localization of the adult worms in men is the intrascrotal juxtatesticular lymphatic vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Government General Hospital, Pondicherry 605001. India.
authors.forename: G Subramanyam
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State; D002648:Child; D005368:Filariasis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008842:Microfilariae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000469:parasitology*; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000469:parasitology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000302:isolation & purification*