title: The interrater reliability among physical therapists newly trained in a classification system for acute low back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective methodological interrater reliability study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the interrater reliability among clinicians newly trained in a classification system for acute low back pain and to determine the level of agreement at key junctures within the classification algorithm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The utility of a classification system for patients with low back pain depends on its reliability and generalizability. To be practical, clinicians must be able to apply the system after a reasonable amount of training. Identifying key points in the classification algorithm where disagreement occurs can lead to better operational definitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four physical therapists read an article and attended a 1-day training session in the classification system. Randomly paired therapists classified patients referred for treatment of acute low back pain and noted decisions at key junctures in the system algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were classified. Repeated examinations did not increase the patient's pain (P>.05). For 3 out of the 4 therapists, the interrater reliability showed a kappa value of 0.45. The fourth therapist, excluded from the overall analysis, exhibited a bias towards the immobilization classification. Among the 3 therapists, major disagreement occurred with the determination of symmetry with trunk side bending and the effects of repeated movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three out of 4 clinicians newly trained in the system showed moderate reliability. The reliability was slight when the fourth therapist was included. Refinement of the operational definitions and criteria for determining lumbar capsular patterns are needed. One day of training is probably not adequate for all therapists, especially for those biased towards specific low back pain syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Division, School of Allied Medical Professions, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. heiss.8@osu.edu
authors.forename: Deborah Givens
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Kay E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000592:standards*; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000193:education; D015203:Reproducibility of Results