title: Glutamate receptor blockade attenuates glucose hypermetabolism in perihematomal brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracerebral hemorrhage has no effective treatment. The delayed appearance of edema, apoptosis, and inflammation in perihematomal brain suggests that these events may be targets for therapeutic intervention. To develop successful treatments, we must learn more about the effects of hemorrhage on brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the acute metabolic effects of intrastriatal hemorrhage in rat brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lysed blood or saline (50 microL each) was injected into the striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats recovered for 1 to 72 hours before injection of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (intraperitoneally) 30 minutes before decapitation. Animals were pretreated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonists dizolcilpine maleate (MK-801; 1 mg/kg) or 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX; 30 mg/kg), or saline vehicle. Additional animals received intrastriatal injections of glutamate (1.0 mmol/L), NMDA (1.0 mmol/L), or AMPA (0.1 mmol/L) in the place of blood. Semiquantitative autoradiographs from the brains were analyzed to determine the effects of hemorrhage on relative glucose metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an acute phase of increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in the perihematomal region that peaks 3 hours after lysed blood injection. Saline injections had no effect on striatal glucose utilization. The increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake produced by the hemorrhages was blocked by pretreatment with MK-801 and NBQX. Glutamate injections alone had no effect on striatal metabolism, whereas NMDA and AMPA injections increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data imply that glutamate activation of NMDA or AMPA receptors increases glucose metabolism in perihematomal brain at early times after intracerebral hemorrhage. This may provide a possible target for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ardizzone
authors.forename: Aigang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ruiqiong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006406:Hematoma; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
chemical_list: D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005947:Glucose