title: Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea.
abstract: Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) are important pests of vegetable crops in Indonesia and are likely to spread to neighboring countries. Three pesticides (dimehypo, abamectin, and cyromazine) are currently used to control these pests, but there is little information on their effectiveness against field populations and on their impact on parasitoids controlling Liriomyza species. The toxicity of these chemicals to L. huidobrensis and three common parasitoids (Hemiptarsenus varicornis Gerault, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha Perkins) was therefore evaluated in Indonesia with mortality laboratory assays. All three chemicals were effective against larvae of three populations of L. huidobrensis with different histories of chemical exposure. Dimehypo caused mortality in adult Opius sp., G. micromorpha, and H. varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations substantially higher than the field rate. Cyromazine did not influence survival of the parasitoids. A commonly used fungicide, mancozeb, had no impact on parasitoid mortality. Trials were repeated with a strain of H. varicornis from Australia and a different parasitoid (Diglyphus isaea) recently found in Australia. Neither parasitoid was influenced by mancozeb or cyromazine. Abamectin applied at field rates caused some mortality among the adults of both species, but was less toxic than chlorpyrifos. Abamectin produced lower LC50s against Australian H. varicornis than against Indonesian H. varicornis. These results suggest that cyromazine can be incorporated into Liriomyza control programs in Indonesia that conserve parasitoids, whereas dimehypo and abamectin need to be used cautiously. Local Australian parasitoids should help control L. huidobrensis as long as only cyromazine and nontoxic fungicides are applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Djoko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prijono
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Aunu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauf
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjorksten
authors.forename: Ary A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D004175:Diptera; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007214:Indonesia; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva; D008344:Maneb / Q000633:toxicity; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity; D014675:Vegetables; D015038:Zineb / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D014227:Triazines; D008344:Maneb; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; C028704:cyromazine; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb