title: Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture.
abstract: The spread of culture and language in human populations is explained by two alternative models: the demic diffusion model, which involves mass movement of people; and the cultural diffusion model, which refers to cultural impact between populations and involves limited genetic exchange between them. The mechanism of the peopling of Europe has long been debated, a key issue being whether the diffusion of agriculture and language from the Near East was concomitant with a large movement of farmers. Here we show, by systematically analysing Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Han populations, that the pattern of the southward expansion of Han culture is consistent with the demic diffusion model, and that males played a larger role than females in this expansion. The Han people, who all share the same culture and language, exceed 1.16 billion (2000 census), and are by far the largest ethnic group in the world. The expansion process of Han culture is thus of great interest to researchers in many fields.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Center for Anthropological Studies, School of Life Sciences and Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Daru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiufeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yungang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xianyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Jingze
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ranjan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ranajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D003469:Culture; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial