title: Complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy: initial experience with 33 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated our initial experience with complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy in 33 children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1998 and 2001, 33 children with classic bladder exstrophy were treated with 1-stage primary repair for the first time in all except 4, who had undergone previous failed initial bladder closure. Our series included 26 boys and 7 girls with a mean age of 2 months (range 3 weeks to 14 months). The bladder was closed in continuity with the urethra and complete penile disassembly was used for epispadias repair. Anterior transverse innominate osteotomy was performed in all cases. Combined general and caudal anaesthesia were applied in all cases with an indwelling epidural caudal catheter in 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median followup was 42 months (range 24 to 62). Enterocystoplasty was needed in 3 cases during primary repair of a small bladder plate. Wound dehiscence was not recorded. Bladder neck fistula was reported in 2 children, while urethral fistula was recorded in 1 boy. Abdominal ultrasound detected no hydronephrosis in all except 3 patients. Voiding cystourethrogram showed vesicoureteral reflux in 6 patients. No loss of renal function or febrile urinary tract infection was recorded. A dry interval of 3 hours or greater was reported in 24 children (72.7%), while 9 who were incontinent of urine after failed toilet training needed other procedures to achieve continence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete primary repair with penile disassembly provides a good approach to achieve this purpose without the need for bladder neck reconstruction in some cases. Selection of the proper surgical technique together with adjunctive procedures such as osteotomy and a pain-free early postoperative period can maximize the chance of successful exstrophy repair.
authors.affiliation: Urology (Pediatric Urology Division) Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hisham M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hammouda
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kotb
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010413:Penis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed