Experimental demonstration of the existence of highly permeable localized transport regions in low-frequency sonophoresis.
Recent advances in low-frequency sonophoresis have focused on the existence of hypothesized localized transport regions (LTRs). However, there has been no actual experimental demonstration that the hypothesized LTRs are, in fact, localized regions of high permeability. Through a series of low-frequency sonophoresis experiments conducted with full-thickness pig skin, in the presence of the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), in which we have separately measured the transport of calcein through the LTRs, which have areas ranging from 10 to 40 mm(2), and the surrounding regions of the skin (the non-LTRs) by means of a novel masking technique, we demonstrate that the calcein permeability through the LTRs is approximately 80-fold higher than the calcein permeability through the non-LTRs, suggesting that the LTRs are structurally perturbed to a greater extent than the non-LTRs from the exposure to the ultrasound/SLS system. In addition, we propose basic models to predict the total skin transdermal permeability from the transdermal permeabilities of the LTRs and the non-LTRs, and then compare the predictions to the experimental data obtained from the masking experiments. We also demonstrate that both the LTRs and the non-LTRs exhibit significant decreases in skin electrical resistivity relative to untreated skin ( approximately 5000-fold and approximately 170-fold, respectively), suggesting the existence of two levels of significant skin structural perturbation due to ultrasound exposure in the presence of SLS. Finally, an analysis of the porosity/tortuosity ratio (epsilon/tau) values suggests that trans-cellular transdermal transport pathways are present within the highly permeable, and highly structurally perturbed, LTRs.
Kushner
Joseph
J
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Blankschtein
Daniel
D
Langer
Robert
R
D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013552:Swine
D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate