title: A common aberration with water-immersion objective lenses.
abstract: We describe here an aberration that is frequently encountered with water-immersion but not oil-immersion objectives. The aberration is shown to be induced by tilt of the coverslip out of the plane normal to the optical axis. Model calculations taking into account the path-length distortions introduced by a tilted coverslip satisfactorily reproduce the observed effect on the images of small subresolution fluorescent beads.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arimoto
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007101:Immersion; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water