title: Raf kinase activation of adenylyl cyclases: isoform-selective regulation.
abstract: Adenylyl cyclases (AC), a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of cyclic AMP, are critical regulators of cellular functions. The activity of adenylyl cyclase is stimulated by a range of hormone receptors, primarily via interactions with G-proteins; however, recently we identified an alternate mechanism by which growth factors sensitize adenylyl cyclase activation. We suggested that this mechanism might involve a Raf kinase-mediated serine phosphorylation of adenylyl cyclase. However, the direct involvement of a specific form of Raf kinase is yet to be demonstrated. Furthermore, whether this mechanism is generalized to other isoforms of adenylyl cyclase is unknown. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells, we now demonstrate that in reconstitution studies, c-Raf kinase can mediate phosphorylation of AC VI. Furthermore, AC VI coimmunoprecipitates with c-Raf. Raf kinase-dependent regulation of adenylyl cyclase VI is dependent on the integrity of Ser750 in the fourth intracellular loop of the enzyme and Ser603/Ser608 in the C1b region of the molecule. To examine how generalized this effect is, we studied representative isoforms of the major subfamilies of adenylyl cyclase viz., AC I, AC II, and AC V. Raf kinase-dependent sensitization/ phosphorylation of adenylyl cyclases is common to AC VI, AC V, and AC II isoforms but not AC I. In aggregate, these studies indicate that Raf kinase associates with adenylyl cyclases. Furthermore, Raf kinase regulation of adenylyl cyclase is isoform-selective. These functional interactions (as well as the physical association) between adenylyl cyclases and Raf kinases suggest an important but previously unrecognized interaction between these two key regulatory enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Dr., London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8.
authors.forename: Qingming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taussig
authors.forename: Stephen S G
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases