title: Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests a continuous relationship between blood glucose concentrations and cardiovascular risk, even below diagnostic threshold levels for diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between hemoglobin A1c, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norfolk, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  4662 men and 5570 women who were 45 to 79 years of age and were residents of Norfolk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemoglobin A1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed from 1995 to 1997, and cardiovascular disease events and mortality were assessed during the follow-up period to 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men and women, the relationship between hemoglobin A1c and cardiovascular disease (806 events) and between hemoglobin A1c and all-cause mortality (521 deaths) was continuous and significant throughout the whole distribution. The relationship was apparent in persons without known diabetes. Persons with hemoglobin A1c concentrations less than 5% had the lowest rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality. An increase in hemoglobin A1c of 1 percentage point was associated with a relative risk for death from any cause of 1.24 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.34; P < 0.001) in men and with a relative risk of 1.28 (CI, 1.06 to 1.32; P < 0.001) in women. These relative risks were independent of age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, cigarette smoking, and history of cardiovascular disease. When persons with known diabetes, hemoglobin A(1c) concentrations of 7% or greater, or a history of cardiovascular disease were excluded, the result was similar (adjusted relative risk, 1.26 [CI, 1.04 to 1.52]; P = 0.02). Fifteen percent (68 of 521) of the deaths in the sample occurred in persons with diabetes (4% of the sample), but 72% (375 of 521) occurred in persons with HbA1c concentrations between 5% and 6.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether HbA1c concentrations and cardiovascular disease are causally related cannot be concluded from an observational study; intervention studies are needed to determine whether decreasing HbA1c concentrations would reduce cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for cardiovascular disease and total mortality associated with hemoglobin A1c concentrations increased continuously through the sample distribution. Most of the events in the sample occurred in persons with moderately elevated HbA1c concentrations. These findings support the need for randomized trials of interventions to reduce hemoglobin A1c concentrations in persons without diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. kk101@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin