title: Atrial ionic remodeling induced by atrial tachycardia in the presence of congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) and congestive heart failure (CHF) produce discrete forms of atrial ionic remodeling. The in vivo effects of atrial tachycardia (AT) remodeling are altered by CHF. This study evaluated underlying mechanisms at the level of ionic remodeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 4 groups of dogs: (1) unpaced controls (CTLs); (2) CHF caused by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (VTP, 240 bpm); (3) AT (400 bpm x 7 days); and (4) CHF+AT (2-week VTP with AT for the last 7 days). CHF and CHF+AT groups equally increased left atrial pressure. AF duration was increased in all paced groups. Effective refractory period (ERP) was decreased by 42% in AT versus CTL but by only 24% in AT+CHF versus CHF. CHF reduced L-type Ca2+ (I(Ca)), transient-outward (I(to)), and the slow delayed-rectifier (I(Ks)) currents while increasing the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (I(NCX)) and not affecting the inward-rectifier (I(K1)) current. AT reduced I(to) and I(Ca) while increasing I(K1) and leaving I(Ks) unaltered. The addition of AT to CHF failed to alter I(to), I(Ks), or I(NCX) beyond the effect of CHF alone, decreased I(Ca) slightly compared with CHF alone, but had smaller effects on I(Ca) and I(K1) compared with AT alone. Thus, CHF+AT, as would occur in a CHF patient who develops AF, produced an ionic remodeling pattern different from that of CHF or AT alone and from what would have been predicted from additive effects of CHF and AT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of CHF alters AT-induced ionic remodeling. Thus, the ionic remodeling caused by cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of cardiac pathology is not necessarily predictable from the effects of either alone, with important potential implications for understanding the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in the diseased heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Tae-Joon
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Joachim R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nattel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004285:Dogs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D017136:Ion Transport; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium