title: Racial discrepancies in the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a marked variation in the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to race and ethnicity. Rates among African American and Hispanic individuals are elevated as compared with those among white individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of a prospective database. Demographic information, clinical staging, and other defining factors, including the absence or presence of hepatitis, cirrhosis, and alcohol abuse, were analyzed by patient interviews and review of the medical record.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban tertiary referral teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed as having hepatocellular carcinoma between July 1997 and June 2003 (N = 264). Main Outcome Measure Overall survival rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on multivariate analysis, race was identified as an independent predictor of survival. While there was no difference in the distribution of patient or tumor characteristics between the 2 groups, African American/Hispanic patients had a 5-year survival rate of 12%, which was significantly lower than that of white patients (50%; P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a significant discrepancy in overall survival of African American/Hispanic patients as compared with that of white patients. The reason for this difference cannot be explained by patient or tumor characteristics or completely by treatment allocation. These data suggest that there may be socioeconomic, biological, and/or cultural determinants contributing to this observed difference in outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA. l.harrison@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichman
authors.forename: Baburao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koneru
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Dorian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dela Torre
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korogodsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate