title: Bispectral EEG index monitoring of high-dose nitrous oxide and low-dose sevoflurane sedation.
abstract: This single-blind controlled clinical study characterized the effects of 30-70% nitrous oxide (N2O) and 0.2-0.8% sevoflurane conscious sedation on quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) readings of 22 healthy dental students as measured by the bispectral index (BIS). The study verified the 2 previously published BIS/N2O investigations showing no correlation between N2O dosage up to 70% and BIS. Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scores (OAA/S), however, correlated well with increasing doses of N2O from approximately 35 to 70%. A near linear dose-response relationship was established between OAA/S and end tidal (ET) sevoflurane concentrations of 0.4-0.7%. Only at the highest level of end tidal sevoflurane recorded, 0.7%, was statistically significant BIS depression seen. Subjects evaluated the acceptability of the sedative effect of the 2 gases, showing a slight preference for N2O. Comparable partial anterograde amnesia and sedation (OAA/S) were produced by both agents in administered concentrations of 40-70% N2O and 0.6-0.8% sevoflurane. Female subjects exhibited better memory and significantly less amnesia than males. No statistically significant changes occurred in any of the monitored vital signs. EMG readings demonstrated a statistically significant difference from control values only at the highest, 0.7%, ET concentration of sevoflurane. BIS does not appear useful for evaluating the level of nitrous oxide sedation in the dental setting but may have some value in assessing depth of sedation at deeper levels of sevoflurane sedation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Primary Care, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio 43218-2357, USA. hall.611@osu.edu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganzberg
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide