title: cDNA array-CGH profiling identifies genomic alterations specific to stage and MYCN-amplification in neuroblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent non-random genomic alterations are the hallmarks of cancer and the characterization of these imbalances is critical to our understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed array-comparative genomic hybridization (A-CGH) on cDNA microarrays containing 42,000 elements in neuroblastoma (NB). We found that only two chromosomes (2p and 12q) had gene amplifications and all were in the MYCN amplified samples. There were 6 independent non-contiguous amplicons (10.4-69.4 Mb) on chromosome 2, and the largest contiguous region was 1.7 Mb bounded by NAG and an EST (clone: 757451); the smallest region was 27 Kb including an EST (clone: 241343), NCYM, and MYCN. Using a probabilistic approach to identify single copy number changes, we systemically investigated the genomic alterations occurring in Stage 1 and Stage 4 NBs with and without MYCN amplification (stage 1-, 4-, and 4+). We have not found genomic alterations universally present in all (100%) three subgroups of NBs. However we identified both common and unique patterns of genomic imbalance in NB including gain of 7q32, 17q21, 17q23-24 and loss of 3p21 were common to all three categories. Finally we confirm that the most frequent specific changes in Stage 4+ tumors were the loss of 1p36 with gain of 2p24-25 and they had fewer genomic alterations compared to either stage 1 or 4-, indicating that for this subgroup of poor risk NB requires a smaller number of genomic changes are required to develop the malignant phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cDNA A-CGH analysis is an efficient method for the detection and characterization of amplicons. Furthermore we were able to detect single copy number changes using our probabilistic approach and identified genomic alterations specific to stage and MYCN amplification.
authors.affiliation: Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA. chenqi@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Qing-Rong
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilke
authors.forename: Jun S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Craig C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whiteford
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cenacchi
authors.forename: Alexei L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Krasnoselsky
authors.forename: Braden T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: Chang-Gue
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Catchpoole
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C459801:MYCN protein, human; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins