title: Complications of clean intermittent catheterization in boys and young males with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate the risk for urethral lesions and epididymitis in boys with neurogenic bladder dysfunction treated by clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for a minimum of 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 28 males with neurogenic bladder dysfunction followed from the start of CIC until the age of 15 to 20 years were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIC had been performed for a median of 16 years (range 10 to 21). Overall CIC was used for 438 years (265 before and 173 after puberty). During 76% of the years a noncoated polyvinyl chloride catheter with lubrication was used and in 24% of years a hydrophilic coated polyvinyl chloride catheter was used. The catheter size was 12C or greater in 43% of the cases. Independence from self-catheterization occurred during 37% of the CIC years. Of the patients 19 experienced at least 1 episode of difficulty inserting the catheter and/or had macroscopic hematuria on a total of 42 occasions. Major urethral lesions were seen on cystoscopy in 7 patients on 9 occasions (5 false passages, 1 superficial recess, 2 meatal stenoses, 1 urethral stricture). Major urethral lesions were not associated with puberty and did not occur during self-catheterization or with use of catheters 12C or greater. Epididymitis was seen in only a 12 year-old boy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall rate of complications was low. The incidence of major urethral lesions did not increase during puberty. Self-catheterization and 12C catheter or greater seemed to be protective against major lesions.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Center for Children and Adolescents, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindehall
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hjälmås
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jodal
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillén
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*