title: Desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic cancer: role of pancreatic stellate cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis, largely due to its propensity for early local and distant spread. Histopathologically, most pancreatic cancers are characterized by a prominent stromal/fibrous reaction in and around tumor tissue. The aims of this study were to determine whether (1) the cells responsible for the formation of the stromal reaction in human pancreatic cancers are activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and (2) an interaction exists between pancreatic cancer cells and PSCs that may facilitate local and distant invasion of tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial sections of human pancreatic cancer tissue were stained for desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (stellate cell selective markers) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), a marker of activated PSC activation, by immunohistochemistry, and for collagen using Sirius Red. Correlation between the extent of positive staining for collagen and alphaSMA was assessed by morphometry. The cellular source of collagen in stromal areas was identified using dual staining methodology, ie, immunostaining for alphaSMA and in situ hybridization for procollagen alpha1I mRNA. The possible interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and PSCs was assessed in vitro by exposing cultured rat PSCs to control medium or conditioned medium from 2 pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2) for 24 hours. PSC activation was assessed by cell proliferation and alphaSMA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stromal areas of human pancreatic cancer stained strongly positive for the stellate cell selective markers desmin and GFAP (indicating the presence of PSCs), for alphaSMA (suggesting that the PSCs were in their activated state) and for collagen. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a close correlation (r = 0.77; P < 0.04; 8 paired sections) between the extent of PSC activation and collagen deposition. Procollagen mRNA expression was localized to alphaSMA-positive cells in stromal areas indicating that activated PSCs were the predominant source of collagen in stromal areas. Exposure of PSCs to pancreatic cancer cell secretions in vitro resulted in PSC activation as indicated by significantly increased cell proliferation and alphaSMA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activated PSCs are present in the stromal reaction in pancreatic cancers and are responsible for the production of stromal collagen. PSC function is influenced by pancreatic cancer cells. Interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells (PSCs) may play an important role in the pathobiology of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology, Bankstown-Lidcombe and Liverpool Hospitals, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santucci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ramm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCarroll
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Merrett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirola
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D003893:Desmin / Q000032:analysis; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003094:Collagen; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003893:Desmin; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C498862:Acta2 protein, rat