title: Polymorphisms in the 5'-upstream region of the PKCbeta gene in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase C (PKC), a serine/threonine kinase, is known to be activated in various tissues under hyperglycaemic conditions. Notably, PKCbeta, a member of the conventional PKC group, is the predominant isoform detected in vascular tissues and could be involved in the development of diabetic vascular complications. In the present study, we investigated genetic variations in the 5'-upstream region of the PKCbeta gene to assess their possible relation to vascular complications in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variations upstream from the PKCbeta gene (-1066/+256) were examined in 60 Type 2 diabetic patients using a cycle sequencing method. Screening of detected variations was performed in 204 Type 2 diabetic patients and 160 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five single nucleotide polymorphisms; C(-238)G, C(-287)T, A(-348)G, C(-546)G, and C(-853)T, were identified in the upstream region. The C(-287)T and A(-348)G polymorphisms were in perfect linkage disequilibrium. There were no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of the five polymorphisms among the diabetic patients and healthy subjects. However, both -238GG and -287CC (-348GG) homozygotes showed significantly higher frequencies of macrovascular disease compared with patients with other genotypes. Further, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the -238G fragment had a five-fold higher affinity for transcription factor Sp1 when compared with -238C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C(-238)G and C(-287)T-A(-348)G polymorphisms in the 5'-upstream region of the PKCbeta gene may have an effect on the susceptibility of diabetic vascular complications through an alteration of tissue PKCbeta density or function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Japan. ikeday@kochi-ms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suehiro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuzura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt