title: In vitro evaluation of orthopedic composite cytotoxicity: assessing the potential for postsurgical production of hydroxyl radicals.
abstract: Hydroxyl radical (*OH)-induced inflammation is a primary mode for in vivo cytotoxicity. A legitimate concern is whether particulate wear debris from orthopedic composites can stimulate inflammation via ferrous ion (Fe2+)-mediated production of *OH. The purpose of this research was to utilize electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping in investigating and comparing the potential for postsurgical cytotoxicity induced specifically by *OH in the presence of two composites: Simplex P and the novel, hybrid, CORTOSS. Cytotoxicity is evaluated based on the composites competitively chelating catalytic Fe2+ or readily reducing ferric ions (Fe3+), in facilitating the Fenton reaction (FR). *OH that are produced were then validated by a radical scavenger to confirm a genuine radical signal and mechanism. Spin adduct peak areas decreased in the presence of CORTOSS as opposed to increasing in the presence of Simplex P, evaluated against their respective controls. A plausible theory elucidating this finding is that CORTOSS may sequester the Fe form, by virtue of its monomers. Principally, direct comparison of composites indicated that Simplex P had greater tendency to produce *OH, yielding 25.6 and 48.7% greater spin adduct peak areas when chelated and non-chelated Fe2+ are used, respectively. Moreover, the rate of FR accelerated when chelated Fe2+ was used, leading to the formation of a ternary complex with the composites. This was more prominent in Simplex P, as coordination of chelated Fe2+ occurs on its surface via an electrostatic attraction to allow a seventh coordination site for ligand exchange in the ternary complex, stabilized by Ba2+. Conversely, the silica found in CORTOSS possesses radical quenching abilities that deactivate generated *OH in impeding the efficiency of FR. Neither composite demonstrated a capacity to readily reduce Fe3+ to the relevant Fe2+, as validated by a non-radical pathway. Instead, the artificial spin adduct signal attained when employing chelated Fe3+ was due to the nucleophilic addition of water onto DMPO. Simplex P may also serve as a template for surface catalysis of the nucleophilic addition of water onto DMPO involving chelated Fe3+. CORTOSS is thought not to induce cytotoxicity, whereas the propensity of Simplex P in promoting Fenton chemistry is a serious issue that must be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry: Analytical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Beury Hall, Room 201, 13th and Norris Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA. mikedicicco2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiCicco
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jansen-Varnum
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical