title: Toxicity and residual activity of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
abstract: A series of studies were conducted to examine the residual activity and toxicity of the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in North Carolina apple systems. Methoxyfenozide exhibited greater activity than tebufenozide against codling moth eggs in dose-response bioassays, with a 4.5- and 5.3-fold lower LC50 value to eggs laid on fruit treated before or after oviposition, respectively. Oriental fruit moth eggs were 57- and 12-fold less sensitive to methoxyfenozide than were codling moth eggs on fruit treated before and after oviposition, respectively. Methoxyfenozide was effective in reducing larval entries of both codling moth and oriental fruit moth in field residual activity bioassays, exhibiting activity for at least 28 d after application. Residue breakdown on fruit was approximately 80% at 28 d after treatment for both methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, with the most rapid residue decline (60%) occurring during the first 14 d after application. Two applications of methoxyfenozide applied at 14-d intervals provided better canopy coverage and higher residue levels than one application. Spray volume (683 versus 2,057 liters/ha) did not affect the efficacy of methoxyfenozide. Leaf and fruit expansion during the season was measured to determine potential plant-growth dilution effects on residual activity. There was very little increase in leaf area after mid May, but increase in fruit surface area over the season was described by a second order polynomial regression. Implications for codling moth and oriental fruit moth management programs are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Borchert
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Walgenbach
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D027845:Malus / Q000254:growth & development*; D009036:Moths; D010058:Oviposition; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D006834:Hydrazines; D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C406712:methoxyfenozide; C082026:tebufenozide