title: Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and impact on intestinal microflora, in comparison to those of ceftriaxone, after multiple dosing in male and female volunteers.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of ertapenem and ceftriaxone were investigated in an open, randomized, two-period crossover study after single- and multiple-dose administration in 10 healthy volunteers (five women and five men). Both antibiotics were administered intravenously once daily for 7 days at dosages of 1 g (ertapenem) and 2 g (ceftriaxone). The concentrations of the antibiotics in serum and urine were quantified by the agar well diffusion method bioassay and, in addition, for ertapenem only, by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For ertapenem the maximum concentration of the drug in plasma (C(max)) was 256 mg/liter, the half-life was 20.7 h, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 830 mg. h/liter. The concentrations in fecal samples were (mean value) 37.2 and 32.7 mg/kg on day 4 and day 8, respectively. Ceftriaxone exhibited a mean C(max) of 315 mg/liter, a half-life of 7.6 h, and an AUC of 1,556 mg. h/liter. The mean concentrations in fecal samples were 153 and 258 mg/kg on day 4 and day 8, respectively. No accumulation of ertapenem or ceftriaxone was detected at steady state. A slightly but significantly decreased AUC for ertapenem was detected for the female volunteers. No serious adverse event was observed. Both antibiotics induced a marked decrease in the anaerobic microflora (4-log-unit decreases in lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, clostridia, and bacteroides) and Escherichia coli, whereas the number of enterococci increased (4 log units). A slight overgrowth of yeasts was observed with both regimens. In all cases the microflora returned to normal levels on days 21 to 35.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mpletz@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: Mathias W R
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pletz
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bulitta
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Roux
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurowski
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lode
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000077727:Ertapenem; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D007769:Lactams / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D047090:beta-Lactams
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D007769:Lactams; D047090:beta-Lactams; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D000077727:Ertapenem