title: Evaluation of mechanisms of azinphos-methyl resistance in the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.).
abstract: Resistance of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) to azinphos-methyl is not based on enhanced detoxifying enzymes like oxidation mediated by mixed function oxidases or by glutathione S-transferases. Synergism by S,S,S-tributylphosphoro-trithioate was evident, but the overall activity of general esterases using p-nitrophenyl acetate as the substrate was similar in resistant and susceptible insects. In comparison to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from susceptible adult codling moth, the enzyme of insects resistant to azinphos-methyl has low affinities (higher K(m) values) to the substrates acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and propionylthiocholine. This difference indicates a possible amino acid alteration at the catalytic or anionic binding sites of the resistant enzyme. Inhibition studies revealed no apparent differences in sensitivity of AChE enzymes from resistant and susceptible moths to organophosphorus compounds (OPs), carbamate insecticides and quaternary ammonium ligands. MEPQ (7-Methylethoxyphosphinyloxy)-1-methylquinolinium) is the most powerful OP inhibitor acting at a nM range, while chlopyrifos oxon, azinphos-methyl oxon and paraoxon are less inhibitory by 22.9, 82.3 and 475 fold, respectively. The codling moth AChE is a typical enzyme that displays substrate inhibition by ATCh, negligible hydrolysis of butyrylthiocholine, very high sensitivity to the bisquaternary ammonium compound BW284c51 and it is not inhibited by the powerful butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor iso-OMPA. Of the three carbamates examined, only carbaryl was inhibitory at the mM range while pirimicarb and aldicarb were inactive. Of the quaternary ammonium ligands (except for the powerful BW284c51), edrophonium and decamethonium displayed appreciable inhibition rates, while d-tubocuraine was practically inactive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reuveny
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000122:Acetylthiocholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001387:Azinphosmethyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D002093:Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide; D002219:Carbamates / Q000378:metabolism; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism; D009036:Moths / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D013770:Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide; D013860:Thiocholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D063086:Organothiophosphates; C009063:propionylthiocholine; D001387:Azinphosmethyl; D002093:Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide; D000122:Acetylthiocholine; D013770:Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide; C006863:butyl phosphorotrithioate; D013860:Thiocholine; D004950:Esterases; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase