title: The incidence of inclusion of the sigmoid colon and small bowel in the planning target volume in radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In radiotherapy for prostate cancer, the rectum is considered the dose-limiting organ. The incidence of overlap between the sigmoid colon and/or small bowel and the planning target volume (PTV) as well as the dose to sigmoid colon and small bowel were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CT data of 75 prostate cancer patients were analyzed. The clinical target volume (CTV) consisted of prostate and seminal vesicles. The PTV was defined as a three-dimensional expansion of the CTV with a 10-mm margin in craniocaudal and a 7-mm margin in the other directions. All patients were planned to a mean CTV dose of at least 76 Gy. Minimum CTV dose was set at 70 Gy. Dose inhomogeneity within the CTV was kept between 12% and 17%. Sigmoid colon was defined upward from the level where the rectum turned in a transverse plane. Contrast-filled small bowel was contoured on all slices where it was visible. The presence of sigmoid colon and/or small bowel in close vicinity to or overlapping with the PTV was recorded. For each case, the dose to the sigmoid colon and small bowel was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTV was found to overlap with the sigmoid colon in 60% and with the small bowel in 19% of the cases. In these patients, mean maximum dose to the sigmoid colon was 76.2 Gy (5th-95th percentile: 70.0-80.7 Gy). Mean maximum dose to the small bowel was 74.9 Gy (5th-95th percentile: 68.0-80.0 Gy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When systematically investigating the anatomic position of sigmoid colon and small bowel in patients accepted for prostate irradiation, parts of both organs were often observed in close vicinity to the PTV. Apart from the rectum, these organs may be dose-limiting in prostate radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. gert@krtkg1.rug.ac.be
authors.forename: Gert O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: De Meerleer
authors.forename: Geert M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Villeirs
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vakaet
authors.forename: Louke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Delrue
authors.forename: Wilfried J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: De Neve
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001822:Body Burden; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity