title: Positive and negative affect after diagnosis of advanced cancer.
abstract: Anxiety and depression are studied thoroughly in patients with advanced cancer. However, little is known about the nature of mood disorders in this stage of the disease. We studied positive and negative affect in patients who have had a diagnosis of advanced cancer, and examined how these are related to anxiety and depression, and to other patient and care factors. One hundred and five patients filled out a written questionnaire and were interviewed personally. The PANAS positive affect scores were lower than those in the general population, but the negative affect scores were fairly similar. We found a rather low prevalence of depression (13%) and anxiety (8%) as measured by the HADS. The emotional problems patients mentioned most frequently were anxiety about metastases (26%), the unpredictability of the future (18%) and anxiety about physical suffering (15%). Both positive and negative affect were most strongly related to patient's sense of meaning and peace. We conclude that distinguishing positive and negative affect enhances the understanding of psychological distress of patients with advanced cancer, that seems to be mainly caused by low levels of positive affect. Several theories are discussed to explain this finding, that may contribute to efforts to improve care for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. e.voogt@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Voogt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: M P H D
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cleiren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van der Maas
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D012803:Sick Role; D013223:Statistics as Topic