title: Thermal manikin measurements--exact or not?
abstract: According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
authors.affiliation: Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland. Hannu.Anttonen@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anttonen
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meinander
authors.forename: Volkmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Kalev
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuklane
authors.forename: Randi E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Reinertsen
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varieras
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sołtyński
mesh_terms: D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D005060:Europe; D008348:Manikins; D008422:Materials Testing; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016272:Occupational Health; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013814:Thermal Conductivity