title: DAT1, DRD4, and DRD5 polymorphisms are not associated with ADHD in Dutch families.
abstract: Recent meta-analyses have indicated that the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and the dopamine receptor genes D4 (DRD4) and D5 (DRD5) are associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although single studies frequently failed to show significant association. In a family-based sample of 236 Dutch children with ADHD, we have investigated the previously described variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms and two additional microsatellites at the DAT1 and DRD4 loci. DRD5 was investigated using the microsatellite that was previously found to be associated. Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs) did not show preferential transmission of alleles or two-marker haplotypes to affected offspring. These data suggest that DAT1, DRD4, and DRD5 do not contribute substantially to ADHD in the Dutch population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, A 00.241, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.c.baker@med.uu.nl
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oteman
authors.forename: Hedi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schelleman
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sinke
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009426:Netherlands; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; C493605:DRD5 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5