title: Small-dose intrathecal clonidine and isobaric bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery: a dose-response study.
abstract: We examined the dose-response relationship of intrathecal clonidine at small doses (<or=150 microg) with respect to prolonging bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. We aimed for establishing doses of intrathecal clonidine that would produce clinically relevant prolongation of spinal anesthesia and pain relief without significant side effects. Eighty orthopedic patients were randomly assigned to intrathecally receive isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine, 18 mg, plus saline (Group 1), clonidine 37.5 microg (Group 2), clonidine 75 microg (Group 3), and clonidine 150 microg (Group 4). Duration of the sensory block (regression below level L1) was increased in patients receiving intrathecal clonidine: 288 +/- 62 min (Group 1, control), 311 +/- 101 min in Group 2 (+8%), 325 +/- 69 min in Group 3 (+13%), and 337 +/- 78 min in Group 4 (+17%) (estimated parameter for dose 0.23 [95% confidence interval -0.05-0.50]). Duration of pain relief from intrathecal clonidine administration until the first request for supplemental analgesia was significantly prolonged: 295 +/- 80 min (Group 1, control), 343 +/- 75 min in Group 2 (+16%), 381 +/- 117 min in Group 3 (+29%), and 445 +/- 136 min in Group 4 (+51%) (estimated parameter for dose 1.02 [95% confidence interval 0.59-1.45]). Relative hemodynamic stability was maintained and there were no between-group differences in the sedation score. We conclude that small doses of intrathecal clonidine (<or=150 microg) significantly prolong the anesthetic and analgesic effects of bupivacaine in a dose-dependent manner and that 150 microg of clonidine seems to be the preferred dose, in terms of effect versus unwarranted side effects, when prolongation of spinal anesthesia is desired.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesia, University Clinics, Kantonsspital, Basel; and †Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strebel
authors.forename: Jürg A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gurzeler
authors.forename: Markus C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aeschbach
authors.forename: Christoph H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kindler
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004809:Ephedrine; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009020:Morphine; D004809:Ephedrine; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine