title: Insurance policies and perceived quality of primary care among privately insured patients: do features of managed care widen the racial, ethnic, and language-based gaps?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about whether some features of managed care widen disparities in patients' evaluations of primary care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the magnitudes of racial and ethnic/language-based differences in patients' evaluations of the quality of primary care vary by capitation and gatekeeping.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a telephone survey of a representative sample of the US noninstitutionalized population, Community Tracking Study Household Survey 1998-1999, and Followback Survey of respondents' insurance administrators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample was privately insured adults who saw a physician at least once during the year preceding the interview and whose last visit was to a primary care physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured patients' evaluations of (1) how well the physician listened, (2) how well the physician explained, and (3) how thorough and careful the physician was during the last visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant white-minority differences emerge more often in plans using capitation or gatekeeping than in other plans. The gaps in patients' evaluations of their primary care providers' (PCP) explanations and thoroughness between whites and Hispanics interviewed in English are larger when the PCP is capitated than when the PCP is not capitated. The gap in the evaluations of their PCP's explanations by whites and Hispanics interviewed in English is larger in plans that require referrals for specialist visits than in other plans. The magnitude of racial and ethnic/language-based gaps for Hispanics interviewed in Spanish, blacks, and Native American/Asian/Pacific Islanders do not differ by capitation and gatekeeping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  English-speaking Hispanics' perceptions of the quality of primary care may be more dissimilar from whites' when capitation or gatekeeping are used than when these policies are not used.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ika@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stepanikova
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian; D044383:Black People; D002204:Capitation Fee; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D020793:Gatekeeping; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D044382:Population Groups; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013689:Telephone