title: Omphalocele and gastroschisis: Black-White disparity in infant survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial/ethnic variations in the occurrence of abdominal wall defects have been previously noted but it remains poorly understood whether race/ethnicity is a determinant of survival among affected infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study was conducted on cases of gastroschisis and omphalocele recorded for the years 1983-1999 at the New York Congenital Malformation Registry. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios were generated from a Proportional Hazards Regression model to compare survival among affected Blacks, Hispanics and Whites. The major end point of analysis was differences in all cause mortality among infants with abdominal wall birth defects across different racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the three racial/ethnic groups, 1481 infants were diagnosed with either omphalocele (978 or 66%) or gastroschisis (503 or 34%). Overall infant mortality rate (IMR) was 182 per 1000, with 74% of the deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life. Omphalocele infants had significantly higher infant mortality (IMR = 215 per 1000) than infants with gastroschisis (IMR = 118 per 1000)[p < 0.0001]. Overall, Black infants with abdominal wall defects had lower mortality indices than Whites and Hispanics. However, when considered as separate disease entities, Black infants were twice as likely to survive as compared to Whites if they had omphalocele [Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) = 0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.37-0.74], and twice as likely to die as Whites if they had gastroschisis instead (AHR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.16-4.28). For both defect subtypes, Hispanics have risks for infant mortality comparable to Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The natural history of omphalocele and gastroschisis co-varies with race. Black infants with gastroschisis have worse survival outcomes while those with omphalocele have better chances of survival than their White or Hispanic counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. hsalihu@uab.edu
authors.forename: Hamisu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Salihu
authors.forename: Zakari Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Aliyu
authors.forename: Bosny J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pierre-Louis
authors.forename: Francis A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Obuseh
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012042:Registries; D015996:Survival Rate; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American