title: Cooperative 4Pi excitation and detection yields sevenfold sharper optical sections in live-cell microscopy.
abstract: Although the addition of just the excitation light field at the focus, or of just the fluorescence field at the detector is sufficient for a three- to fivefold resolution increase in 4Pi-fluorescence microscopy, substantial improvements of its optical properties are achieved by exploiting both effects simultaneously. They encompass not only an additional expansion of the optical bandwidth, but also an amplified transfer of the newly gained spatial frequencies to the image. Here we report on the realization and the imaging properties of this 4Pi microscopy mode of type C that also is the far-field microscope with the hitherto largest aperture. We show that in conjunction with two-photon excitation, the resulting optical transfer function displays a sevenfold improvement of axial three-dimensional resolution over confocal microscopy in aqueous samples, and more importantly, a marked transfer of all frequencies within its inner region of support. The latter is present also without the confocal pinhole. Thus, linear image deconvolution is possible both for confocalized and nonconfocalized live-cell 4Pi imaging. Realized in a state-of-the-art scanning microscope, this approach enables robust three-dimensional imaging of fixed and live cells at approximately 80 nm axial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Leica Microsystems Heidelberg GmbH, 68165 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gugel
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bewersdorf
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jakobs
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Storz
authors.forename: Stefan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hell
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008857:Microscopy, Interference / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity