title: The association of coronary calcium score and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2 diabetic subjects asymptomatic for coronary heart disease (The PREDICT Study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between coronary calcification score (CACS) obtained by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2 diabetic subjects entered into a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic subjects attending routine hospital diabetic clinics without known coronary heart disease (CHD) underwent EBCT to measure CACS. Demographic data were obtained and conventional cardiovascular risk factors were measured at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and ninety-five subjects were assessed of whom 67.7% were male. They had a mean (SD) age of 62.9 (7.1) years, with median (inter-quartile range) duration of diabetes of 8 (4-13) years. None had a history of coronary artery disease. Forty-five per cent were receiving lipid-lowering agents (including 36% statins). In a univariate analysis, there were significant associations between increased CACS and age, duration of diabetes, male gender, waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure, and the use of statins. In a multivariate model adjusting for the possible interaction of these and other factors, the significant association between CACS and WHR, systolic blood pressure, male gender and statin use remained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The close association between CACS and WHR and the association with systolic blood pressure suggest that coronary calcification may be particularly linked to the metabolic syndrome in Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK. robert.elkeles@st-marys.nhs.uk
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Elkeles
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Feher
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Flather
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nugara
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rubens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio