title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates purinergic-enhanced nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
abstract: In 1999, we reported new observations that several compounds, including ATP, enhance neurite expression in PC12 cells when coapplied with nerve growth factor (NGF). Because purinergic and NGF signaling have several potential interfaces in PC12 cells, a series of experiments was conducted to elucidate the signal mediators contributing to the enhancement. Activities of selected kinases were measured and Western blots evaluated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) active and nonactive isoforms in lysates of the treated PC12 cells. In terms of purinergic potency, ATP and beta,gamma-methylene ATP elicited the greatest neurite-enhancing effect, whereas adenosine and alpha,beta-methylene ATP elicited the smallest. The effectiveness of a nonhydrolyzable analog such as beta,gamma-methylene ATP indicates that a nonmetabolic process is responsible. In response to ATP, NGF, or NGF + ATP, MAPK activity (measured by 32P incorporation) was maximal within 2 hr and remained statistically elevated over control levels throughout the 24 hr monitored. At maximal 32P incorporation, MAPK activity in response to ATP, NGF, and NGF + ATP was two-, four-, and sixfold higher, respectively, than control values; the observed increase was qualitatively confirmed using Western blots. Short-term inhibition experiments with protein kinase C and MAPK indicated that MAPK transduces the enhancing signal. We conclude from these experiments that ATP coapplied with NGF increases PC12 neurite expression by elevation of MAPK activity, likely by P2 receptor activation, and suggest that combination therapies with NGF and its enhancing adjunct compounds may be plausible for certain degenerative neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. holger.behrsing@sri.com
authors.forename: Holger Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Behrsing
authors.forename: P Richard
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vulliet
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases