Identification of some new clemastine metabolites in dog, horse, and human urine with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
The metabolism of clemastine was studied in dogs, horses, and humans after a single dose of Tavegyl. The urine collected was extracted by solid-phase extraction or hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase and then extracted by liquid-liquid extraction, prior to analysis for unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The metabolites were identified by their molecular mass and interpretation of the product ion spectra, since no standard substances were available. Unchanged drug was recovered in urine samples from dogs and humans, but not from horses. In dogs and humans, the phase I metabolite, norclemastine, was identified, and clemastine metabolites with one and two additional oxygens were found in all three species. In horses and dogs monohydroxylation on one of the aromatic rings or the adjacent methyl group was favored while, in humans, the additional oxygen was positioned on either the aromatic or the aliphatic part of the structure, and the aliphatic reaction seemed to result in at least three isomers. In the metabolites with two additional oxygens, both the oxygens were found on the aliphatic fragment in humans and dogs, whereas they were situated on the aromatic part of the structure in horses. In human patients, glucuronidated monohydroxyclemastine was recovered, and in urine from horses both mono- and dihydroxyclemastine glucuronides were identified, while phase II metabolites could not be recovered from the dog urine. Clemastine metabolism in dogs and horses has, to our knowledge, not been studied before, and new metabolites from humans are presented in this article. Thus, the metabolites described in the present work have not been previously reported in the literature.
Tevell
Annica
A
Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
Bondesson
Ulf
U
Törneke
Karolina
K
Hedeland
Mikael
M
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D002974:Clemastine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000145:classification / Q000652:urine*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D002974:Clemastine