title: Adjunctive stimulant use in patients with bipolar disorder: treatment of residual depression and sedation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Residual depression and medication-induced sedation remain significant problems for many patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Some evidence indicates that bipolar depression may be more responsive to dopaminergic agents, suggesting that adjunctive stimulant medication may be an effective treatment for bipolar depression as well as for medication-induced sedation. However, there are few data regarding the use of these medications in BD, likely due in part to concerns regarding potential stimulant-induced switching and stimulant abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of psychostimulants in BD, we retrospectively reviewed the cases of eight consecutive individuals from our clinic (five with bipolar I and three with bipolar II) who received adjunctive stimulants (either methylphenidate or amphetamine) within the last 2 years. Primary target symptoms of stimulant therapy included residual depression and medication-induced sedation. The degree of clinical change in target symptoms was estimated, and the Clinical Global Impression-BP Version scale (CGI-BP) was used to evaluate the overall severity of illness at baseline, 6 months after stimulant initiation, and at last visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eight patients generally showed moderate clinical improvement in their target symptoms and substantial improvement of overall bipolar illness (mean change in CGI-BP overall score 2.9). There was no evidence of stimulant-induced switching or abuse. The stimulants were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present case series suggests that adjunctive stimulants may be a reasonable therapeutic option for treating residual depression and medication-induced sedation in some patients. Controlled trials are needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of stimulant augmentation in BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9121, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Megan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Merlock
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suppes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000661:Amphetamine; D003024:Clozapine