title: Effects of fluoride on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis in human embryo hepatocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of fluoride on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis in human embryo hepatocyte L-02 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid peroxide (LPO) level, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis were measured after in vitro cultured L-02 cells were exposed to sodium fluoride at different doses (40 microg/mL, 80 microg/mL, and 160 microg/mL) for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoride caused an increase of LPO levels and a decrease of GSH content in L-02 cells. There appeared to be an obvious dose-effect relationship between the fluoride concentration and the observed changes. Fluoride also caused DNA damage and apoptosis and increased the cell number in S phase of cell cycle in the cells tested. There was a statistically significant difference in DNA damage and apoptosis when comparing the high dose of fluoride treated cells with the low dose of fluoride treated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and apoptosis in the L-02 cell experimental model and there is a significant positive correlation between fluoride concentration and these pathological changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China. wangaiguo@mails.tjmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Ai-Guo
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Qi-Long
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xue-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ke-Di
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D011506:Proteins; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D004247:DNA; D005978:Glutathione