title: Palliative treatment by high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to analyze the results of palliative HDR brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients with unresectable, advanced esophageal cancer were treated palliatively by HDR brachytherapy. All patients received a total dose of 22.5 Gy in three fractions per week. Remissions of dysphagia and other clinical and radiological factors were assessed in the first month posttreatment, and then in the third, sixth, and twelfth months. The survival rate was compared with some chosen clinical factors using a log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival time among all patients was 8.2 months. The median survival time according to the obtained remission was 14.6, 7.2, and 3.8 months (log-rank p = 00001, F Cox p = 0.00001) for complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), and lack of remission (NR), respectively. A longer median survival time was observed when tumor size was less then 5 cm (12.1 months), than between 5 and 10 cm (7.8 months), or longer than 10 cm (6.4 months) (log-rank p = 0.002). Longer median survival times were observed in clinical stage II (14.1 months), compared with clinical stage III (7.7 months) and IV (7.2 months) (log-rank p = 0.01). Significant correlations were found between survival and the Karnofsky Performance Status, grade of dysphagia, and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDR brachytherapy for advanced esophageal cancer allowed for improvement of dysphagia in most patients. The complete or partial remission, the older age of patients, and the lower grade of dysphagia observed in first month posttreatment were the most important prognostic factors allowing for prolonged survival (confirmed by a multivariate analysis). In the univariate analysis, important prognostic factors for prolonged survival were: a higher Karnofsky Performance Status, a lower clinical stage and a small tumor size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brachytherapy, Great Poland Cancer Centre, Ulica Garbary 15 61-866, Poznań, Poland. janusko@priv6.onset.pl
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skowronek
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zwierzchowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D004937:Esophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate