title: TGF-beta induces Foxp3 + T-regulatory cells from CD4 + CD25 - precursors.
abstract: CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent suppressors, playing important roles in autoimmunity and transplantation tolerance. Understanding the signals necessary for the generation and expansion of Tregs is important for clinical cellular therapy, but only limited progress has been made. Recent reports suggest a role for TGF-beta in the generation of Tregs from CD4 + CD25 - precursors, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-beta2 triggers Foxp3 expression in CD4 + CD25 - precursors, and these Foxp3 + cells act like conventional Tregs. The generation of Foxp3 + Tregs requires stimulation of the T-cell receptor, the IL-2R and the TGF-beta receptor. More importantly, strong costimulation through CD28 prevents Foxp3 expression and suppressive function in an IL-4-dependent manner. Furthermore, TGF-beta-driven Tregs inhibit innate inflammatory responses to syngeneic transplanted pancreatic islets and enhance islet transplant survival. Thus, TGF-beta is a key regulator of the signaling pathways that initiate and maintain Foxp3 expression and suppressive function in CD4 + CD25 - precursors. TGF-beta and signaling through TGF-beta receptor, CD28 costimulation and IL-4 may be key components for the manipulation of Treg. The de novo generation of Foxp3 + cells from CD4 + cells has the potential to be used for treatment of autoimmune diseases and induction of transplant tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Carl C. Icahn Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yopp
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Minwei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Haojiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yaozhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bromberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015847:Interleukin-4