title: Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of coexisting conditions has a substantial effect on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction. Renal failure is associated with one of the highest risks, but the influence of milder degrees of renal impairment is less well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT), we identified 14,527 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by clinical or radiologic signs of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both, and a documented serum creatinine measurement. Patients were randomly assigned to receive captopril, valsartan, or both. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by means of the four-component Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation, and the patients were grouped according to their estimated GFR. We used a 70-candidate variable model to adjust and compare overall mortality and composite cardiovascular events among four GFR groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of estimated GFR was wide and normally shaped, with a mean (+/-SD) value of 70+/-21 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area. The prevalence of coexisting risk factors, prior cardiovascular disease, and a Killip class of more than I was greatest among patients with a reduced estimated GFR (less than 45.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), and the use of aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, or coronary-revascularization procedures was lowest in this group. The risk of death or the composite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, reinfarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, or resuscitation after cardiac arrest increased with declining estimated GFRs. Although the rate of renal events increased with declining estimated GFRs, the adverse outcomes were predominantly cardiovascular. Below 81.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, each reduction of the estimated GFR by 10 units was associated with a hazard ratio for death and nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes of 1.10 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.12), which was independent of the treatment assignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even mild renal disease, as assessed by the estimated GFR, should be considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications after a myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Nagesh S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Anavekar
authors.forename: John J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: Jean-Lucien
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: Harvey D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nordlander
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zelenkofske
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Leimberger
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002216:Captopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068756:Valsartan
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000068756:Valsartan; D002216:Captopril; D003404:Creatinine; D014633:Valine