title: Review: the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group systems.
abstract: After the discovery (over 50 years ago) that the IAT could be applied to the detection of antibodies to blood group antigens, there was a rapid increase in the identification of alloantibodies that caused transfusion reactions or HDN. After Rh, antibodies in the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group systems were the next in clinically significant antibodies to be revealed. Much of what has been learned about these blood groups since the journal Immunohematology issued its first edition has to do with the proteins, the genes, and the molecular basis for the antigens. What has not changed is that, after ABO and Rh, antibodies to antigens in these three systems are still the most clinically significant. They will form the basis of this review.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for molecular red cell antigen typing, American Red Cross, Penn-Jersey Region, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004375:Duffy Blood-Group System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D004899:Erythroblastosis, Fetal / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007667:Kidd Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000096982:Urea Transporters
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004375:Duffy Blood-Group System; D007518:Isoantibodies; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D007667:Kidd Blood-Group System; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000096982:Urea Transporters; C473745:ACKR1 protein, human; C041106:kell-active proteins