title: The use of microbial tracers to monitor seasonal variations in effluent retention in a constructed wetland.
abstract: Effluent retention in a constructed wetland was determined using both microbial and chemical tracers. Seasonal variation in effluent retention was the main focus of the study. The biotracers used in the study were the coliphage MS2, a bacteriophage of Enterobacter cloacae and antibiotic resistant endospores of Bacillus globigii. Two separate tracer runs were conducted, Winter high flow (January 2002) and Summer low flow (June 2002). The three biotracers were evaluated simultaneously on both occasions, with the commonly used chemical tracer, rhodamine WT, a bright red fluorescent dye, being evaluated during the final experiment. The Winter tracer run was conducted during a typical Winter storm, with a mean effluent discharge of 4.1 ls(-1). Tracer recovery was 98% MS2, 91% Ent. cloacae phage and 2% endospore. Effluent retention was estimated at between 2 and 4 h at 90% phage tracer recovery. The Summer tracer run was conducted at a typical site operating discharge rate of 0.8 ls(-1). Tracer recovery was 23% MS2, 36% Ent. cloacae phage, 8% rhodamine and 14% for the endospores. Effluent retention was estimated at between 11 and 18 h at 90% of phage tracer recovery. Initial results are encouraging and indicate bacteriophage to have further potential as tracing agents in wetlands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Labadz
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D017753:Ecosystem; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012621:Seasons; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers