title: Biologics in combination with nonbiologics: efficacy and safety.
abstract: The mechanisms of action of biologic therapies differ from the currently used systemic therapies by attacking specific steps in the pathogenesis pathway of psoriasis. Preliminary data show that combination therapy using biologics may allow for improved therapeutic efficacy with fewer side effects, including decreased risk of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity commonly associated with the most widely used systemic agents, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. However, some concerns have been raised regarding the increased immunosuppression, increased risk of infection, potential for development of certain types of malignancy, as well as the significant increased cost of therapy. Both potential benefits and toxicities of combination therapy will be reviewed here. Long-term clinical studies are warranted to more accurately quantify the risks and benefits associated with combination therapy. The role of combination therapy will continue to be refined over the next few years to maximize its potential in the treatment of resistant psoriasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lebwohl
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D008727:Methotrexate