title: Effects of non-nutritive sucking on nutritive sucking, breathing, and behavior during bottle feedings of preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prefeeding non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on breathing, nutritive sucking (NS), and behavioral characteristics of bottle feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The convenience sample was composed of 10 preterm infants who were 33 to 40 weeks postconceptual age (PCA) at the time of the observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, crossover; each infant was observed twice during the first 48 hours of bottle feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten preterm infants received NNS before 1 bottle feeding and served as their own control at a second bottle feeding. Sucking was measured using a chin strain gauge and breathing was measured with a nasal thermistor. Behavioral characteristics included behavior state, measured using the Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) behavior state scale, and feeding efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characteristics of NS (number of suck bursts, sucks/burst, suck burst length) and breathing (number of breath bursts, breaths/burst, breath burst length), as well as behavior state during bottle feedings and feeding efficiency (percent of prescribed formula consumed, formula consumed/minute of feeding).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NS waves were smoother and more regular than NNS waves. Time to onset and duration of the first non-nutritive suck burst were positively correlated with time to onset for the first nutritive suck burst. Prefeeding NNS had no statistically significant effect on characteristics of breathing or on any other characteristics of NS. Behavioral state during feedings and feeding efficiency were not affected by prefeeding NNS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, the use of prefeeding NNS did not affect NS, breathing during feeding, or select behavioral characteristics of feeding.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0567, USA. rpickler@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Rita H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pickler
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reyna
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology