title: Phospholipase A2 activating protein (PLAA) is required for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 signaling in growth plate chondrocytes.
abstract: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is pivotal in the rapid membrane-mediated actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3]. Microarray analysis indicated that PLA2 activating protein (PLAA) mRNA is upregulated 6-fold before rat growth plate cells exhibit 1alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) increases, suggesting that it plays an important role in 1alpha,25(OH)2D3's mechanism of action. PLAA mRNA was confirmed in 1alpha,25(OH)2D3-responsive growth zone (prehypertrophic and upper hypertrophic cell zones) chondrocytes by RT-PCR and Northern blot in vitro and by in situ hybridization in vivo. PLAA protein was shown by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. PLAAs role in 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 signaling was evaluated in growth zone cell cultures using PLAA peptide. Arachidonic acid release was increased as was PLA2-specific activity in plasma membranes and matrix vesicles. PKCalpha, but not PKCbeta, PKCepsilon, or PKCzeta, was increased. PLAAs effect was comparable to that of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and was additive with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. PLA2 inhibitors quinacrine and AACOCF3, and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin blocked the effect of PLAA peptide on PKC, indicating arachidonic acid and its metabolites were involved. This was confirmed using exogenous arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin acted via EP1 based on inhibition by SC19220 and not via EP2 since AH6809 had no effect. Like 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, PLAA peptide also increased activity of phospholipase C-specific activity via beta-1 and beta-3 isoforms, but not delta-1 or gamma-1; the effect of PLAA was via lysophospholipid but not via arachidonic acid. PLAA peptide decreased [3H]-thymidine incorporation to 50% of the decrease caused by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, PLAA peptide increased alkaline phosphatase-specific activity and proteoglycan production in a manner similar to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. This indicates that PLAA is a specific activator of PLA2 in growth plate chondrocytes, and suggests that it mediates the membrane effect of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, thereby modulating physiological response.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lossdörfer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Johnson-Pais
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carnes
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sylvia
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C116441:2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C055324:phospholipase A2-activating protein; D014807:Vitamin D; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D010739:Phospholipase D