title: In-use efficacy of a chlorhexidine in alcohol surgical rub: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although full surgical scrubs are performed prior to each case on an operating list, optimum regimens for hand cleaning have yet to be determined, and in-use efficacy evaluations are very limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover study was undertaken comparing a chlorhexidine in detergent/alcohol regimen with povidine-iodine detergent scrub, within an orthopaedic operating environment. Depending on the skin asepsis regimen used, five surgical team members scrubbed or rubbed prior to each case for a complete operating list. Bactericidal efficacy was measured using the 'glove-juice' technique before and after hand asepsis, and at the completion of each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The chlorhexidine regimen caused substantial and sustained reductions in hand bacterial counts (>50-fold prior to case 1) during surgical cases. Application of alcoholic chlorhexidine prior to each subsequent case reduced bacterial counts to the same level as the original scrub. In contrast, the povidine-iodine scrub reduced counts <3-fold prior to the first case and <2-fold in subsequent cases. The chlorhexidine regimen also resulted in persistent bactericidal effects between cases, as counts prior to application of cases 2 and higher were significantly lower than prior to case 1 (>7-fold for case 2 vs case 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chlorhexidine regimen demonstrated excellent bactericidal efficacy throughout an operating list, and was superior to povidine-iodine scrubbing in all aspects. The alcoholic chlorhexidine regimen is simpler and should have wide surgical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Elizabeth.Grabsch@austin.org.au
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grabsch
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Turnidge
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D012997:Solvents; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012997:Solvents; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D019840:2-Propanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine