title: Trends in Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in adults in England and Wales: surveillance study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections in individuals aged 15 years or older in England and Wales between 1991 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, laboratory based surveillance of invasive Hib infections and cross sectional seroprevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were confirmed by isolation of H influenzae from a normally sterile site, or from a non-sterile site in cases with a diagnosis of epiglottitis. Excess serum samples collected from English 30-39 year olds as part of a national serosurvey were identified for the years 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of invasive Hib infections from 1991 to 2003. Population immunity to H influenzae type b in English adults was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After routine infant immunisation was introduced in October 1992, adult Hib infections decreased initially but then rose from a low in 1998 to reach prevaccine levels in 2003. An associated fall in median Hib antibody concentrations occurred, from 1.29 microg/ml (95% confidence interval 0.90 to 1.64) in 1991 to 0.70 microg/ml (0.57 to 0.89) in 1994 (P = 0.006), with no significant change observed thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although immunisation of infants resulted in an initial decline in Hib infections in adults, a resurgence in reported cases occurred in 2002-3. This rise was associated with an increase in cases in children and evidence of reduced immunity in older unimmunised cohorts. Childhood immunisation programmes may have unanticipated effects on the epidemiology of disease in older age groups, and surveillance strategies must be targeted at entire populations.
authors.affiliation: Immunisation Department, Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London NW9 5EQ.
authors.forename: Jodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McVernon
authors.forename: Caroline L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.forename: Mary P E
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004826:Epiglottitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology