title: Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type left anterolateral impacts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volunteer studies of the cervical muscular response and head-neck kinematics in response to frontal impacts are uncommon. Moreover, the effect of a frontal impact offset to the left on the resultant muscle responses is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity frontal impacts offset by 45 degrees to the left and to compare the quantitative effects of expected and unexpected impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy volunteers were subjected to frontal impacts, offset by 45 degrees to the subject's left, of 5.0, 8.7, 11.3, and 15.6 m/s2 of acceleration at two levels of expectation: expected and unexpected. Bilateral electromyograms (EMGs) of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were recorded. Triaxial accelerometers recorded the acceleration of the chair, torso at the shoulder level, and head of the participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects tended to exhibit lower percentages of their maximal voluntary contraction EMG when the impact was expected. When the impact was unexpected, and at an acceleration of 15.6 m/s2, the splenius capitis muscle contralateral to the impact (ie, right splenius in a left anterolateral impact) generated 95% of its maximal voluntary contraction EMG, whereas the left splenius (ipsilateral to the left anterolateral impact) generated only 43% of this variable. Under these same conditions, the trapezii responded symmetrically, generating approximately 80% of their maximal voluntary contraction EMG. At an acceleration of 15.6 m/s2, the sternocleidomastoids generated approximately 37% of their maximal voluntary contraction EMG in both the expected and the unexpected impact conditions. EMG (such as time to peak EMG) and kinematic variables were significantly affected by the levels of acceleration (P < 0.001) and expectation status (P < 0.05). The time to onset of the EMG for the splenii capitis and trapezii progressively decreased with increasing levels of acceleration. In response to left anterolateral impacts, muscle responses were greater with higher levels of acceleration and greatest for the splenius capitis muscle contralateral to the side of impact. The head acceleration response was greater in the unexpected than in the expected condition (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the muscular component of the head-neck complex plays a central role in the abatement of higher acceleration levels, this is likely a primary site of injury in the whiplash phenomenon in frontal collisions. More specifically, when a frontal impact is offset to the subject's left, it not only results in increased EMG generation in both trapezii, but the splenius capitis contralateral to the direction of impact also bears part of the force of the neck perturbation. Expecting or being aware of imminent impact may play a role in reducing muscle responses in low-velocity anterolateral impacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. shrawan.kumar@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Shrawan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology