title: Activation of NFkappaB represents the central event in the neoplastic progression associated with Barrett's esophagus: a possible link to the inflammation and overexpression of COX-2, PPARgamma and growth factors.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms responsible for the progression of malignant transformation in Barrett's esophagus (BE) are still poorly understood. This study was undertaken (1) to investigate the gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), interleukin-8 (IL-8), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), gastrin, and its receptor (CCK-2) in the Barrett's epithelium; (2) to analyze the activity of NFkappaB in Barrett's esophagus with low-grade dysplasia; and (3) to assess the effects of PPARgamma ligand (ciglitazone) and gastrin on cell proliferation in the cell line derived from esophageal adenocarcinoma (OE-33). COX-2, PPARgamma, IL-8, HGF, gastrin, and CCK-2 expression levels relative to the control gene encoding GAPDH were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot in specimens of BE with low-grade dysplasia (n = 20) and compared with that in the normal squamous esophageal mucosa from the middle portion of the esophagus (n = 20). In vitro experiments included the incubation of cell line OE-33 with ciglitazone (1-15 microM) and gastrin (100 nM). NFkappaB activity in biopsies specimens was measured by highly sensitive ELISA. COX-2, PPARgamma, IL-8, HGF, gastrin, and CCK-2 expressions were significantly increased in BE compared with normal squamous esophageal mucosa. NFkappaB activity was significantly upregulated in BE. Ciglitazone inhibited cell proliferation of OE-33 cells as assessed by BrdU and this effect was attenuated partly by gastrin. (1) COX-2, PPARgamma, HGF, gastrin, and its receptor are significantly upregulated in BE, suggesting a possible role for these factors in Barrett's carcinogenesis; (2) the increased NFkappaB activity is probably linked to increased IL-8 and COX-2 expression; and (3) PPARgamma ligands might be useful as a new therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of Barrett's carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuermberg, Erlangen, Germany. peter.konturek@med1.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Konturek
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikiforuk
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kania
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raithel
authors.forename: Eckhart Georg
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mühldorfer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000378:metabolism; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005755:Gastrins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; C039671:ciglitazone