title: Measures of accuracy for active shoulder movements at 3 different speeds with kinesthetic and visual feedback.
abstract: METHODS
  Repeated-measures experiment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare measures of end point accuracy (EPA) for 2 feedback conditions: (1) visual and kinesthetic feedback and (2) kinesthetic feedback alone, during shoulder movements, at 3 different speeds.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Shoulder joint kinesthesia is typically reported with EPA measures, such as constant error. Reporting multiple measures of EPA, such as variable error and absolute error, could provide a more detailed description of performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were seated with the shoulder abducted 90 degrees in the scapular plane and externally rotated 75 degrees, with the forearm placed in a custom shoulder wheel. Subjects internally rotated the shoulder 27 degrees to a target position at 48 degrees of shoulder external rotation for both conditions. Motion analysis was used to determine peak angular velocity and 3 EPA measures for shoulder movements. Each EPA measure was compared between the 2 feedback conditions and among the 3 speeds with a separate 2-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movements performed with kinesthetic feedback alone, measured by constant error (P<.01), variable error (P<.01), and absolute error (P<.01), were less accurate than movements performed with visual and kinesthetic feedback. Faster movements were less accurate when measured by constant error (P = .01) and absolute error (P<.01) than slower movements. Subjects tended to overshoot the target in the absence of visual feedback; however, movement speed played minimal role in the overshooting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple measures of EPA, such as constant, variable, and absolute error during simple restricted shoulder movements may provide additional information regarding the evaluation of a motor performance or identify different central nervous system control mechanisms for joint kinesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Postdoctoral Research Physical Therapist, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Physical Disabilities Branch, Building 10 Room 65235, 10 Center Drive MCS 1604, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA. Tbrindle@nih.gov
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nitz
authors.forename: Tim L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kifer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception