title: Association of residential magnetic fields with contact voltage.
abstract: The US National Electrical Code's (NEC) requirement to ground a home's electrical service to the residential water line results in a voltage between the water line and earth, V W-E. The voltage may result from ground return current that flows into the earth via the water line or from inductive effects from other sources of magnetic fields, such as transmission lines. This voltage can, in turn, serve as a source for Vbath, the voltage between the water fixtures and conductive drain pipes sunk into the earth beneath a residence. Vbath can be a source of contact current exposure to a child touching a water fixture while bathing. Previous research has suggested that exposure to these currents could be the basis for the association between power-frequency magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. In this study, we assessed the association between measured Vbath and VW-E with the average spot-measured magnetic field, Bavg, in a sample of 191 single-family residences in the Denver metropolitan area. This area was the source of cases and controls for previous studies of electric and magnetic field (EMF) and childhood cancer. The association of both Vbath and VW-E with Bavg had upward trends across magnetic field strata (<0.1 microT (reference); 0.1-<0.3 microT; and > or = 0.3 microT). In addition, VW-E was associated with Vbath. Without further study, these results cannot be applied to multi-dwelling residences or to electrical systems prevalent in other nations. Nonetheless, when combined with the finding that contact current is a far more plausible candidate than the residential magnetic field for mediating biological effects on the basis of comparative dose to bone marrow, these associations indicate that contact current exposure deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA. rkavet@epri.com
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kavet
authors.forename: Luciano E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Zaffanella
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallapiazza
mesh_terms: D001494:Baths; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003120:Colorado; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004559:Electric Wiring; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D008280:Magnetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D014881:Water Supply