title: Clinical and familial correlates of tardive dyskinesia in India and Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic drugs are widely used for the treatment of psychosis, especially schizophrenia. Their long-term use can result at times in serious side-effects such as Tardive Dyskinesia (TD). Since over 80% of schizophrenia sufferers (lifetime prevalence 1%) receive long-term antipsychotic drug treatment, the extent of the problem is potentially large. Increasing age is the most consistently demonstrated risk factor for TD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess effect of different clinical factors and demographic variables in India and Israel and sib pair concordance of Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted simultaneously among Indian and Israeli subjects: ascertainment was family-based in India and hospital-based in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  In India the instruments used were: Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Simpson Angus Scale (SAS). The last three instruments were also used in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression analysis and Pearson's correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TD symptoms were present in 40.4% of 151 Israeli subjects and 28.7% of 334 Indian subjects. While age at onset and total scores on PANSS were significant predictors of TD in both the samples, lower scores on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), diagnostic sub-group and male gender were significant predictors among Indians. There was no concordance of TD symptoms among 33 affected sib-pairs from India.
authors.affiliation: Indo US Project on Schizophrenia Genetics, Molecular Genetics of Tardive Dyskinesia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sabeeha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shriharsh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Segman
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Uriel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strous
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents