title: Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after traumatic spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the annual incidence and risk factors for subsequent injury among subjects with preexisting spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, mailed survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A specialty hospital in the southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N=1328) with SCI participated in this study (response rate, 72%), each of whom met the following inclusion criteria: (1) traumatic SCI with residual impairment American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grades A through D, (2) nonsurgical onset, (3) age 18 years or older at the time of the study, and (4) a minimum of 12 months post-SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general health assessment survey was used that required participants to report the number of injuries that were severe enough to require treatment in a clinic, emergency department, or hospital in the past year, as well as whether any injury resulted in hospitalization. Risk measures included the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CAGE, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, and prescription medication usage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen percent of participants reported at least 1 injury within the past year, with an annual incidence of.33 when considering those with multiple injuries. Twenty-seven percent of those with at least 1 injury reported 1 or more injury-related hospitalizations in the past year. Being younger; having an ASIA grade D injury; higher sensation-seeking scores; heavy drinking; and prescription medication use for pain, spasticity, depression, and sleep were associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subsequent injuries impact nearly 20% of people with SCI annually; yet, this problem has received little attention in the literature. Further study is needed to identify the costs, severity, and circumstances surrounding injury to design prevention programs that target risk behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA. krause@musc.edu
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D007389:Internal-External Control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D010551:Personality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology