title: Differential immune cell chemotaxis responses to acute psychological stress in Alzheimer caregivers compared to non-caregiver controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caregiving for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease is associated with alterations in various immune cell responses. Chemotaxis of immune cells to chemokines is an important factor involved in lymphocyte migration, which plays an essential role in inflammatory responses to infection and may also be involved in atherogenesis. However, the effects of chronic stress on chemotaxis have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine lymphocyte chemotaxis to chemokines, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), and a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproteronol (ISO), in response to an acute stressor in Alzheimer's caregivers. Correlations between immune cell chemotaxis and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregivers (n = 18) and noncaregiver controls (n = 9) completed a public speaking task. Blood was drawn before and immediately after the task for changes in chemotaxis to FMLP, SDF-1, and ISO, and for epinephrine and norepinephrine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers had reduced chemotaxis to FMLP, SDF-1, and ISO in response to the speech task, compared with non-caregivers. Also, the direction of the correlations between chemotaxis to FMLP, SDF-1, and ISO and epinephrine levels differed between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that immune cells released into circulation in response to acute stress are altered in caregivers. Group differences in immune responses may be due to sympathetically mediated alterations, which may have implications for caregivers' ability to successfully mount viable immune responses, as well as, atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA. lredwine@vapop.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Redwine
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Merna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sada
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimsdale
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000276:immunology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000276:immunology; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; C042932:formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester; D007545:Isoproterenol; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine