title: Monitoring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environments with passive low-density polyethylene membrane devices.
abstract: Low-density polyethylene membranes, typically filled with triolein, have been previously deployed as passive environmental samplers designed to accumulate nonpolar hydrophobic chemicals from water, sediments, and air. Hydrocarbons in such samplers, known as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), diffuse through pores in the membranes and are trapped in the central hydrocarbon matrix, mimicking uptake by living organisms. Here, we describe laboratory and field verification that low-density polyethylene membrane devices (PEMDs) without triolein provide reliable, relatively inexpensive, time-integrated hydrocarbon sampling from water. For comparison, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake in SPMDs and pink salmon eggs also was studied. Total concentrations of PAH accumulated by PEMDs were highly correlated with concentrations in water (r2 > or = 0.99) and linear over the range tested (0-17 microg/L). Higher-molecular-mass PAH preferentially accumulated in PEMDs and in pink salmon eggs, but the source of oil in PEMDs remained identifiable. Accumulations of PAH were highly similar to those in SPMDs. The PEMDs retained approximately 78% of accumulated total PAH for 40 d in clean water. Thus, a simple plastic membrane can be conveniently used for environmental monitoring, particularly during situations in which contaminant concentrations are low (in the parts-per-billion range), variable, and intermittent.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA. mark.carls@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carls
authors.forename: Larry G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Ron A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heintz
authors.forename: Stanley D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D020959:Polyethylene; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D020959:Polyethylene