title: Glaciecola polaris sp. nov., a novel budding and prosthecate bacterium from the Arctic Ocean, and emended description of the genus Glaciecola.
abstract: Four strains of cold-adapted, strictly aerobic and facultative oligotrophic bacteria were isolated from polar seas and investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Two strains (LMG 21857T and LMG 21854) derive from Arctic sea water whereas the other two strains (LMG 21855 and LMG 21858) were isolated from Antarctic sea water. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains belong to the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria and are related to the genus Glaciecola, with 98.0-99.7 % sequence similarity to Glaciecola mesophila and 94.2-95.3 % sequence similarity to Glaciecola punicea, their nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Two strains (LMG 21855 and LMG 21858) were identified as G. mesophila, whereas DNA-DNA hybridization results and differences in phenotypic characteristics showed that the other two strains (LMG 21857T and LMG 21854) constitute a novel species within the genus Glaciecola, with a DNA G + C content of 44.0 mol%. The isolates are Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, motile, rod-shaped cells that are psychrotolerant and moderately halophilic. Buds can be produced on mother cells and on prosthecae. Branch formation of prosthecae occurs. Whole-cell fatty acid profiles of the isolates are very similar and include C(16 : 0) and C(16 : 1)omega7c as the major fatty acid components. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic properties, a novel species of the genus Glaciecola is described, for which the name Glaciecola polaris sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate LMG 21857T (= CIP 108324T = ARK 150T) as the type strain. An emended description of the genus Glaciecola is presented.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Vakgroep Biochemie, Fysiologie en Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Trappen
authors.affiliation: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Tjhing-Lok
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China.|Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Jifang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Vakgroep Biochemie, Fysiologie en Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mergaert
authors.affiliation: BCCM/LMG Culture Collection, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.|Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Vakgroep Biochemie, Fysiologie en Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swings
mesh_terms: D034241:Alteromonadaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001110:Arctic Regions; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S