title: Prospectively packaged lymph node dissections with radical cystectomy: evaluation of node count variability and node mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence supports the relationship between an increased number of lymph nodes (LNs) reported following radical cystectomy (RC) and overall outcome. We prospectively evaluated RC cases with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to determine which factors may contribute to the variability in the number of reported LNs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective evaluation in which 144 patients undergoing RC and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) between June 2001 and April 2003 were included. Lymph nodes were processed as individual packets. A standard method of evaluating nodal submissions was used. A mixed statistical model was used with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, node status, pathological stage, bacillus Calmette-Guerin exposure, age and number of days from transurethral resection as the fixed effects. Surgeon and pathologist were treated as random effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extended PLND group had a significantly greater lymph node yield (median 22.5 nodes) compared to standard PLND (median 8), however, no staging advantage was observed in the extended dissection group. Only the type of PLND performed was associated with node yield (p <0.001). Subset analysis of patients with unexpected microscopic nodal involvement revealed that 33% had involvement of the common iliac nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series only the extent of the lymph node dissection was found to influence node yield significantly after radical cystectomy. Additionally, the observed risk of involvement of the common iliac chain in microscopically node positive cases suggests a need to include this region as part of the PLND for bladder cancer for cases without grossly involved LNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. bochnerb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Harry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Machele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donat
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalbagni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001500:BCG Vaccine