title: Photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lupus erythematosus is a systemic disease process that may manifest with a variety of internal and cutaneous findings. Photosensitivity is one the most common manifestations of lupus erythematosus. In patients with lupus erythematosus, there is a relationship between exposure to ultraviolet light, autoantibodies, genetics and other factors in the development of photosensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was reviewed on the topics of lupus erythematosus and photosensitivity discussed together and separately. The suggested mechanisms for their relationship were reviewed and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Photosensitivity's relationship to and influence on the systemic manifestations of lupus remain to be defined. Mechanisms for photosensitivity might include: modulation of autoantibody location, cytotoxic effects, apoptosis induction with autoantigens in apoptotic blebs, upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines, induction of nitric oxide synthase expression and ultraviolet-generated antigenic DNA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha also seems to play a role in the development of photosensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basis for photosensitivity in lupus has yet to be fully defined. It is more commonly associated with subacute and tumid lupus erythematosus than with other variants. Anti-Ro antibodies appear to relate to photosensitivity. Tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms appear to be important in some variants of lupus with photosensitivity. There is no sine qua non antibody or mutation of photosensitivity in lupus. In patients with lupus, more work needs to be done to define the mechanisms of photosensitivity.
authors.affiliation: St-Lukes Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, Suite 11D, New York, NY 10025, USA.
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scheinfeld
authors.forename: Vincent A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Deleo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha