title: Evidence-based practice: examining the risk of toys in the microenvironment of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: Toys placed in the bed or microenvironment of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) demonstrate high rates of colonization (92%). As with other fomites, toys may be one potential source of nosocomial infection (NI). This project critically evaluated the practice of placing toys in the microenvironment of critically ill infants by using the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care. With the model as a guide for decision making, the existing evidence was explored using a systematic review of the literature, case studies, scientific principles, theory, and expert opinion. A comprehensive review of the literature did not clearly identify a causal relationship between toys in the NICU microenvironment and NI. Levels of evidence suggesting an association between toys and NI were determined to be moderately strong and consistent. A plausible relationship between the practice of placing toys in the beds of NICU patients and risk for infection was found. These findings prompted a pilot practice change, eliminating toys in the NICU, to test the potential impact of this intervention. Pre- and postintervention infection rates were compared. NI rates decreased from 4.6 to 1.99 per 1,000 patient days over a 6-month evaluation period. Although this decrease was not statistically significant, it was the lowest rate recorded in 5 years. Ongoing evaluation of NI rates is in progress. Individual NICUs must determine if the evidence warrants a practice change in their setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Kirsten-Hanrahan@uniowa.edu
authors.forename: Kirsten Sueppel
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hanrahan
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lofgren
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012306:Risk