title: Human hepatic and renal microsomes, cytochromes P450 1A1/2, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase and prostaglandin H synthase mediate the formation of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts found in patients with urothelial cancer.
abstract: Aristolochic acid (AA), a naturally occurring nephrotoxin and carcinogen, has been associated with the development of urothelial cancer in humans. Understanding which human enzymes are involved in AA activation and/or detoxication is important in the assessment of an individual's susceptibility to this plant carcinogen. Using the (32)P postlabeling assay, we examined the ability of microsomal samples from 8 human livers and from 1 human kidney to activate AAI, the major component of the plant extract AA, to metabolites forming adducts in DNA. Microsomes of both organs generated DNA adduct patterns reproducing those found in renal tissues from humans exposed to AA. 7-(deoxyadenosin-N(6)-yl)aristolactam I, 7-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)aristolactam I and 7-(deoxyadenosin-N(6)-yl)aristolactam II were identified as AA-DNA adducts formed from AAI by all human hepatic and renal microsomes. To define the role of human microsomal enzymes in the activation of AAI, we investigated the modulation of AAI-DNA adduct formation by cofactors and selective inhibitors of microsomal reductases, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, NADPH:CYP reductase and NADH:cytochrome b(5) reductase. We also determined whether the activities of CYP and NADPH:CYP reductase in different human hepatic microsomal samples correlated with the levels of AAI-DNA adducts formed by the same microsomal samples. On the basis of these studies, we attribute most of the activation of AAI in human hepatic microsomes to CYP1A2. In contrast to human hepatic microsomes, in human renal microsomes NADPH:CYP reductase is more effective in AAI activation. In addition, prostaglandin H synthase is another enzyme activating AAI in renal microsomes. The results demonstrate for the first time the potential of microsomal enzymes in human liver and kidney to activate AAI by nitroreduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic. stiborov@natur.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiborová
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hodek
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiessler
authors.forename: Heinz H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmeiser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018736:DNA Adducts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D018736:DNA Adducts; C092652:aristolochic acid C; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase