title: Effects of cyclodextrins, humic substances, and rhamnolipids on the washing of a historically contaminated soil and on the aerobic bioremediation of the resulting effluents.
abstract: Nontoxic and biodegradable pollutant-mobilizing agents, instead of chemical surfactants, were tested in the washing of an actual-site chloroaromatic-contaminated soil. A soil historically contaminated by chlorinated anilines and benzenes, thiophenes and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was subjected to washing by suspending it (15% w/v) in water or in water with 1.0% (w/v) beta-clodextrin (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), rhamnolipid (RL), dissolved humic substances (HS), or Triton X-100 (TX) in shaken batch reactors for 24 hr. The resulting wastewaters were amended with nutrients and treated aerobically in shaken reactors for 65 days. The biogenic agents markedly enhanced (by 237%, beta-CD; 265%, HP-beta-CD; 400%, RL; 566%, HS) the capability of water of eluting organic pollutants from the soil. TX enhanced the overall pollutant removal by about 660%; however, a lower depletion of the initial soil ecotoxicity, along with a more extensive impact on the soil organic matter, was observed. Furthermore, TX adversely affected the bioremediation of the resulting effluent by apparently inducing a premature decrease of specialized bacterial biomass. By contrast, the biogenic agents, and in particular HS and RL, sustained the biodegradation and dechlorination of pollutants by apparently enhancing the availability of specialized bacteria in the reactors. Thus, the biogenic agents proposed here seem to be promising nontoxic and nonaggressive soil washing agents for the integrated physicochemical (washing) and biological (aerobic posttreatment) restoration of poorly bioremediable (chloro) organics-contaminated soils.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berselli
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milone
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Canepa
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Gioia
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fava
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D006017:Glycolipids; D006812:Humic Substances; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D003505:Cyclodextrins; D006017:Glycolipids; D006812:Humic Substances; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C418382:rhamnolipid