title: Long-term incidence of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term incidence of postirradiation hypothyroidism (HT) in patients with head-and-neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of overt HT was assessed prospectively in 391 patients with nonthyroid head-and-neck cancer admitted for radiotherapy (RT) consecutively between 1990 and 1996. Eighty-three patients were excluded from the analysis because of known thyroid disease before treatment (n = 27), no RT was given (n = 15), or inadequate follow-up (n = 41). Overt HT was defined as increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in combination with decreased fT4/T4 or in combination with initiation of thyroxine replacement therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median follow-up of 4.2 years (range, 3 months to 10.9 years) for 308 evaluable patients, the 5- and 10-year Kaplan-Meier actuarial risks of HT were 20% and 27%, respectively. The median time until development of HT was 1.8 years (3 months to 8.1 years). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with bilateral RT to the neck had a higher risk of HT in comparison with unilateral neck RT (relative hazard, 0.37; p = 0.02). The addition of surgery to RT increased the overall risk of HT (p < 0.001); and if surgery involved the thyroid gland, the relative hazard was 4.74 (p < 0.001). For an elevated pre-RT TSH value, the relative hazard was 1.58 (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of overt HT after locoregional RT for nonthyroid head-and-neck cancer continues to increase with time, even after long-term follow-up. We recommend life-long TSH testing in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. roger.tell@ks.se
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lundell
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: Freddi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewensohn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects