title: Single-item graphic representational scales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-item measures of constructs are parsimonious alternatives to multiple-item measures in many types of research. Before selecting a particular instrument, researchers must first determine whether to use a multi-item or single-item instrument to measure the concept to be evaluated. Currently, single-item measures are widely used for both pain and job satisfaction research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review theoretical and empirical studies of single-item measures, with an emphasis on graphic representational (faces) scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, theoretical considerations, reliability, validity issues, and comparisons between single- and multiple-item measures are discussed. Faces scales are emphasized as an economical method for assessing such affective responses as pain and job satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-item measures in general, and faces scales in particular, can be valid and reliable measures for global concepts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their ease of administration, lessened respondent burden, and global concept representation, single-item measures have great potential for various types of research. Nurse researchers should seriously consider single-item measures as part of their methodological research "toolkit."
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Nurse Corps, Nursing Research Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. patricia.patrician@na.aedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Patrician
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results