title: Chronic daily headache in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterize chronic daily headache in those less than 20 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, and sequential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private practice Pediatric Neurology Clinic in a Canadian city (Winnipeg). Patients and data collection: Data on those referred with headache between September 1998 and December 2001 were entered on data sheets. Patients were followed up for one month to four years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and forty-three (31%) of 463 referred with headache had chronic daily headache with duration of one month to five years (median: eight months). The age range was 5.5 years to 20 years (median: 13 years). There were significantly more females (N=93) than males (N=50). The main groups were: (1) transformed migraine: 6 (4%), (2) transformed tension-type headache: 80 (56%) and (3) transformed comorbid migraine and tension-type headache: 39 (27%). Tension-type features dominated in 94%. Analgesia overuse occurred in two. Stressors were recognized in 60 (42%); anxiety disorder was diagnosed in 8 (6%), and depression in 13 (9%). Computed tomography scans were done in 31 (22%), and MRI/MR angiography in 8 (6%) and were normal or showed nonspecific incidental findings. Twenty-two (15%) were lost to follow-up; 115 of the remaining 121 (95%) were headache free or greatly improved, 63 (55%) without specific treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic daily headache is a common headache disorder in children and adolescents, especially in teenage girls. A prospective neuropsychiatric approach is necessary for evidenced-based management, since the condition has mental health, social and economic ramifications.
authors.affiliation: Manitoba Clinic, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Shashi S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Seshia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed