title: Recovery of the precision grip in children after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify quantitative parameters that are sensitive enough to detect impairments and improvements of grasping in children after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by analyzing the isometric fingertip forces of a precision grip-lift task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up and case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric trauma rehabilitation center in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen children (age range, 5-14 y) with moderate or severe TBI. Trauma severity was assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale (score range, 3-9) and the Injury Severity Score (range, 16-66 points). Control data were obtained from 13 age- and gender-matched healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were examined 3 times (t0, t1, t2). The first date of examination (t0) was defined by the Barthel Index (part B, >20 points). Reexaminations followed after 1 (t1) and 5 (t2) months of inpatient rehabilitation. Quantitative measures included 3 grip-force parameters, 2 load force parameters, 1 parameter of the coordination between grip force and load force, and 3 timing parameters in a precision grip-lift task. Clinical improvements and recovery of activities of daily living were described with the Barthel Index (qualitative measure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak grip force, maximum negative load force, grip force in the static phase and its standard deviation, and grip-force/load-force ratio at maximum grip force showed significant improvements during the observation period (5 mo). Also, the preparation phase and preload duration, but not the load duration, changed significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairments and the recovery of grasping in children after TBI can be objectified with quantitative analyses of the precision grip. Several grip-force and timing parameters were sensitive for the description of restitution processes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany. m.goelge@physiologie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Mukaddes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gölge
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dreesmann
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wenzelburger
authors.forename: Johann P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kuhtz-Buschbeck
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing