title: Presence of dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes and glandular tissue in the human fetal larynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The laryngeal mucosa starts to be exposed to infectious agents immediately after birth. The course of laryngeal infections in young children differs significantly from that in adults. The first line of defense encountered by an inhaled infectious agent is the mucosa-associated immune system, which includes immunocompetent cells and secretory components. The cellular elements are partially organized in a typical morphological pattern known as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Differences in the ability of young children and adults to react to a laryngeal infection raise the questions of whether and to what extent immunocompetent cells are already present in the larynx at birth. These questions were investigated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages and glands were examined and detected in an (immuno-)histological study of 8 fetal larynges (14th-22nd week of gestation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunocompetent cells and glands were present mainly in the epi- and subglottic regions and ventricular folds, whereas the glottis was largely spared. The pattern of distribution was scattered and no organized MALT was seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Essential cell populations of a mucosa-associated immune system for the initiation of an immune response may exist in the human larynx at birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Mainz Medical School, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jecker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tschernig
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007830:Larynx / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule