title: Sodium reduction for hypertension prevention in overweight adults: further results from the Trials of Hypertension Prevention Phase II.
abstract: Sodium reduction is efficacious for primary prevention of hypertension, but the feasibility of achieving this effect is unclear. The objective of the paper is detailed analyses of adherence to and effects of the sodium reduction intervention among overweight adults in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase II. Sodium reduction (comprehensive education and counselling about how to reduce sodium intake) was tested vs no dietary intervention (usual care) for 36-48 months. A total of 956 white and 203 black adults, ages 30-54 years, with diastolic blood pressure 83-89 mmHg, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <140 mmHg, and body weight 110-165% of gender-specific standard weight were included in the study. At 36 months, urinary sodium excretion was 40.4 mmol/24 h (24.4%) lower in sodium reduction compared to usual care participants (P<0.0001), but only 21% of sodium reduction participants achieved the targeted level of sodium excretion below 80 mmol/24 h. Adherence was positively related to attendance at face-to-face contacts. Net decreases in SBP at 6, 18, and 36 months of 2.9 (P<0.001), 2.0 (P<0.001), and 1.3 (P=0.02) mmHg in sodium reduction vs usual care were associated with an overall 18% lower incidence of hypertension (P=0.048); were relatively unchanged by adjustment for ethnicity, gender, age, and baseline blood pressure, BMI, and sodium excretion; and were observed in both black and white men and women. From these beneficial but modest results with highly motivated and extensively counselled individuals, sodium reduction sufficient to favourably influence the population blood pressure distribution will be difficult to achieve without food supply changes.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. skumanyi@cceb.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumanyika
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belden
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Lasser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raines
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raczynski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shepek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000809:Angiotensins / Q000235:genetics; D044383:Black People; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D037001:Directive Counseling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000809:Angiotensins