title: The mentally ill and social exclusion: a critical examination of the use of seclusion from the patient's perspective.
abstract: Nurses in psychiatric settings have an important role to play in the application of seclusion, a measure that continues to be a frequently used intervention for the management of disturbing patient behaviours. Albeit a controversial measure, isolating patients remains a common institutional practice that has received widespread attention from a political, ethical, legal, and clinical standpoint. Although there is an abundance of scientific work on the subject, few studies have examined the experience of patients being confined. In order to improve the quality of nursing care surrounding this measure it appeared essential to obtain data on patients' perspectives, information deemed valuable in orienting nursing interventions. This qualitative study, guided by a phenomenological research design, aimed at describing and gaining a better understanding of patients with a severe and persistent psychiatric disorder who were placed in a seclusion room while hospitalized on a closed psychiatric unit. Using a semi-structured, non-directive interview format, a total of six patients participated in this study. Content analysis of participants' narratives yielded three main themes that appeared to be central to their experience of seclusion: their experience of seclusion on an emotional level, their perception of this intervention, and how they coped during their stay in the seclusion room. Major findings emerging from this nursing study centred on the following dimensions: patients' perceptions of seclusion as a punitive measure and a modality for social control and, the experience of seclusion serving as an intensification of already existing feelings of exclusion, rejection, abandonment, and isolation. In addition the findings also suggest that it is not seclusion per se that impacts on their negative perception and negative emotional experience but rather the lack of nurse-patient contact during the seclusion experience. Furthermore, whether patients coped by regressing, acting out, or taking on a more compliant stance, they appeared to be motivated by a need to connect with staff. This points to the importance of the relational aspects of nursing care when applying this restrictive measure. A need for modifying the institutional culture surrounding seclusion and transforming nursing practices are discussed as are future research endeavours.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. dholmes@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perron
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002170:Canada; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D033262:Narration; D020380:Needs Assessment; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012934:Social Isolation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires