title: Nuclear factor-kappaB is an important modulator of the altered gene expression profile and malignant phenotype in squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: We reported previously that transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is constitutively activated in human and murine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The role of NF-kappaB in the cumulative changes in gene expression with transformation and progression of the murine SCC Pam 212 and after switching off NF-kappaB by a dominant negative inhibitor kappaB mutant (IkappaBalphaM) was explored by profiling with a 15,000-element cDNA micoarrray. Remarkably, NF-kappaB modulated the expression of >60% of the 308 genes differentially expressed between normal keratinocytes and metastatic SCCs. NF-kappaB directly or indirectly modulated expression of programs of genes functionally linked to proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and angiogenesis. Among these, changes in expression of cyclin D1, inhibitor of apoptosis-1, mutant Trp53, and beta-catenin detected with modulation of NF-kappaB by microarray were confirmed by Western and Northern blot. NF-kappaB DNA binding motifs were detected in the promoter of approximately 63% of genes showing increased expression and 33% of the genes showing decreased expression. The ACTACAG motif implicated in the NF-kappaB-dependent down-regulation of mRNA expression of MyoD and Sox9 was detected in the coding portion of about 15% of genes showing increased or decreased expression. Inactivation of NF-kappaB inhibited malignant phenotypic features including proliferation, cell survival, migration, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. These results provide evidence that NF-kappaB is an important modulator of gene expression programs that contribute to the malignant phenotype of SCC.
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Rockville, Maryland 20832-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loercher
authors.forename: Tin Lap
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ricker
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geoghegen
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sunwoo
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sitcheran
authors.forename: Eric Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Albert S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Waes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495267:CTNNB1 protein, mouse; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051176:beta Catenin; D019938:Cyclin D1; D004318:Doxycycline