title: Role of mast cells and their mediators in failing myocardium under mechanical ventricular support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mast cells have been implicated in tissue remodeling and fibroblast stimulation. We explored the effect of mechanical support by left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in failing myocardium and looked into grade and distribution of interstitial fibrosis, mast cell density, mast cell phenotypes and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression pre- and post-LVAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial tissue was obtained from 20 patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy at the time of LVAD implantation and LVAD removal and from 7 donor hearts not used for transplantation. Tissue sections were stained for mast cells using tryptase as a marker and the myocardial fibrosis was measured. Double staining for tryptase and chymase was performed for detection of chymase-positive mast cells. Fluorescent microscopy showed the relationship of mast cells to bFGF, and bFGF expression was quantified by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in mast cells in heart failure vs normal myocardium. A secondary increase in mast cells occurred after long-term (>40 days) support compared with matched pre-LVAD samples (mean +/- SEM; 57.4 +/- 8.6 cells/10 fields vs 45.1 +/- 7.6 SEM cells/10 fields, p < 0.01). The secondary increase in mast cells was associated specifically with an increase in chymase-negative mast cells (p < 0.01). These findings are statistically significant with concurrent decreased expression of bFGF and decreased fibrosis in the same patient tissues (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that, under long-term support, there is a change in phenotypic expression in mast cells, which can alter fibroblast functions. The decreased myocardial bFGF levels might be the result of these phenotypically altered mast cells.
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akgul
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Skrabal
authors.forename: Larry O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loebe
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lafuente
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Noon
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Youker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D005110:Extracellular Space; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005355:Fibrosis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2