title: Cocaine use in Europe - a multi-centre study: patterns of use in different groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigates patterns of cocaine powder and crack cocaine use of different groups in nine European cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-centre cross-sectional study conducted in Barcelona, Budapest, Dublin, Hamburg, London, Paris, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The sample comprises 1,855 cocaine users out of three subgroups: 632 cocaine users in addiction treatment, mainly maintenance treatment; 615 socially marginalized cocaine users not in treatment, and 608 socially integrated cocaine users not in treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of cocaine powder, crack cocaine and other substances in the last 30 days, routes of administration, and lifetime use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The marginalized group showed the highest intensity of cocaine use, the highest intensity of heroin use and of multiple substance use. 95% of the integrated group snorted cocaine powder, while in the two other groups, injecting was quite prevalent, but with huge differences between the cities. 96% of all participants had used at least one other substance in addition to cocaine in the last 30 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine varies widely between different groups and between cities. Nonetheless, multiple substance use is the predominating pattern of cocaine use, and the different routes of administration have to be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung der Universität Hamburg, Germany. prinzleve@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prinzleve
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haasen
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zurhold
authors.forename: Josep Lluis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Matali
authors.forename: Eugeni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruguera
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerevich
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bácskai
authors.forename: Niamh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gossop
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pezous
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verster
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camposeragna
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Andjela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Primorac
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Güttinger
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krausz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015897:Comorbidity; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012933:Social Identification; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D013287:Illicit Drugs