title: Anthranoid compounds with antiprotozoal activity from Vismia orientalis.
abstract: A phytochemical investigation of the 80% ethanolic extract of stem bark of Vismia orientalis Engl. (Guttiferae or Clusiaceae), a plant used in traditional medicine in Tanzania, resulted in the isolation and spectroscopic characterisation of 3-geranyloxy-6-methyl-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, emodin, vismione D and bianthrone A1. Vismione D exhibited a broad range of antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. cruzi (IC50 < 10 micrograms/mL), Leishmania donovani (IC50 0.37 micrograms/mL) and Plasmodium falciparum strain K1 (IC50 1.0 microgram/mL). However, it was also slightly cytotoxic against human L6 cells (IC50 4.1 micrograms/mL). Emodin showed antileishmanial activity (IC50 2.0 micrograms/mL), while its IC50 against L6 cells was 20.3 micrograms/mL. Other antiprotozoal activities observed for emodin against both Trypanosoma species and P. falciparum, for bianthrone A1 against T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum, and for 3-geranyloxy-6-methyl-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone against T. b. rhodesiense, L. donovani and P. falciparum were in the range of 10 to 50 micrograms/mL. None of the compounds showed antibacterial or antiviral (including also HIV) activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. zmbwambo@muchs.ac.tz
authors.forename: Zakaria H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Mbwambo
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apers
authors.forename: Mainen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moshi
authors.forename: Modest C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kapingu
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Miert
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Claeys
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cos
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D028084:Clusiaceae; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018547:Plant Stems; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts