title: Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continued exposure to prolonged periods of intense exercise may unfavourably alter neuroendocrine, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between quantifiable levels of exertion (TRIMPS) and resting heart rate (HR) and resting supine heart rate variability (HRV) in professional cyclists during a three week stage race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight professional male cyclists (mean (SEM) age 27 (1) years, body mass 65.5 (2.3) kg, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO(2)max) 75.6 (2.2) ml/kg/min) riding in the 2001 Vuelta a España were examined for resting HR and HRV on the mornings of day 0 (baseline), day 10 (first rest day), and day 17 (second rest day). The rest days followed stages 1-9 and 10-15 respectively. HR was recorded during each race stage, and total HR time was categorised into a modified, three phase TRIMPS schema. These phases were based on standardised physiological laboratory values obtained during previous VO(2)max testing, where HR time in each phase (phase I = light intensity and less than ventilatory threshold (VT; approximately 70% VO(2)max); phase II = moderate intensity between VT and respiratory compensation point (RCP; approximately 90% VO(2)max); phase III = high intensity (>RCP)) was multiplied by exertional factors of 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis of variance showed that total TRIMPS for race stages 1-9 (2466 (90)) were greater than for stages 10-15 (2055 (65)) (p<0.0002). However, TRIMPS/day were less for stages 1-9 (274 (10)) than for stages 10-15 (343 (11)) (p<0.01). Despite a trend to decline, no difference in supine resting HR was found between day 0 (53.2 (1.8) beats/min), day 10 (49.0 (2.8) beats/min), and day 17 (48.0 (2.6) beats/min) (p = 0.21). Whereas no significant group mean changes in HR or HRV indices were noted during the course of the race, significant inverse Pearson product-moment correlations were observed between all HRV indices relative to total TRIMPS and TRIMPS/day accumulated in race stages 10-15. Total TRIMPS correlated with square root of mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (r = -0.93; p<0.001), standard deviation of the RR intervals (r = -0.94; p<0.001), log normalised total power (r = -0.97; p<0.001), log normalised low frequency power (r = -0.79; p<0.02), and log normalised high frequency power (r = -0.94; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRV may be strongly affected by chronic exposure to heavy exertion. Training volume and intensity are necessary to delineate the degree of these alterations.
authors.affiliation: The Cooper Institute Center for Human Performance and Nutrition Research, 12330 Preston Road, Dallas, TX 75244, USA. cearnest@cooperinst.org
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Earnest
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jurca
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chicharro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors