title: An observational study of social exclusion under varied conditions: gender and developmental differences.
abstract: To investigate social exclusion, 146 dyads of close friends (N = 292, ages 10, 12, and 14) were observed as they played a board game with a same-gender confederate actor, trained to be a difficult play partner. Verbalizations and gestures were coded for verbal and nonverbal social exclusion, verbal aggression, and verbal assertion. The results indicated few developmental differences. For verbal responses in the presence of the actor, boys were more socially exclusive and verbally aggressive than were girls. Girls engaged in more nonverbal social exclusion in the presence of the actor than did boys. Girls' socially exclusive behaviors were unrelated to other negative behaviors and more strongly related between friends in the actor's absence.
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083, USA. undrwd@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: Marion K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Bertrina L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Mikal B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Galperin
authors.forename: Gretchen J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bjornstad
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sexton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D019370:Observation; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014705:Verbal Behavior