title: Silent cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Effects of antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine whether diabetic nephropathy is a risk factor for silent cerebral infarction and whether antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride decreases the occurrence of silent cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred four type 2 diabetes patients (124 men, 80 women; age, median 56 years, range 42-74 years) and 60 healthy age-matched subjects (no diabetes, normal renal function) were recruited for brain magnetic resonance imaging. The diabetes patients included 40 without nephropathy (group A), 42 with microalbuminuria (20-200 microg/min) (group B), 44 with macroalbuminuria (>200 microg/min) and normal renal function (blood creatinine <132.7 micromol/L) (group C), 33 with chronic renal failure but not undergoing haemodialysis (blood creatinine >132.7 micromol/L; mean creatinine 335.9 micromol/L) (group D) and 45 undergoing haemodialysis (duration; median 4 years, range 3-6 years) (group E).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silent cerebral infarction was found in 20, 29, 34, 45, 53 and 8% of group A, B, C, D, E and control patients respectively. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was increased with diabetic nephropathy. Thirty group B patients with no silent cerebral infarction were divided into two groups: (B1) 15 treated with dilazep dihydrochloride and (B2) 15 not treated with dilazep dihydrochloride. Treatment continued for 24 months. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was significantly lower in the dilazep-treated patients (6.7%) than in the untreated patients (33.3%) (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that diabetic renal dysfunction increases the risk of silent cerebral infarction and that dilazep dihydrochloride prevents its onset in early type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawagoe
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ebihara
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koide
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications*; D004109:Dilazep / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004109:Dilazep