title: Socioeconomic status and outcome from intensive care in England and Wales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to estimate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and outcome for admissions to intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 51,572 admissions to 99 intensive-care units in England and Wales between 1995 and 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SES of admissions was measured using Carstairs deprivation scores. Outcome was hospital mortality after adjustment for case mix using the APACHE II method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Admissions of lower SES were, on average, younger and less likely to be following surgery. There was evidence of a SES gradient for hospital mortality in admissions after elective surgery after adjusting for case mix (test for trend P <0.001), with higher SES associated with lower mortality. In the least-deprived quintile of SES, the odds ratio for hospital mortality was 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.84) compared with the most deprived quintile. There was no evidence of a SES gradient for hospital mortality in nonsurgical or emergency surgical admissions, and the decision to withdraw active treatment did not differ by SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a SES gradient for hospital mortality in elective surgical admissions that is not explained by differences in case mix or the withdrawal of active treatment. Further research is required to establish if this finding can be explained by unmeasured differences in health status at admission to an intensive-care unit or differences in care and to establish the potential impact these results may have on interpreting comparative surgical performance data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. andrew.hutchings@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rowan
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004630:Emergencies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012106:Research; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014852:Wales; D028761:Withholding Treatment