title: Neurotoxic effects of MDMA ("ecstasy") administration to neonatal rats.
abstract: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be less susceptible to this effect, possibly due to a lack of drug-induced hyperthermia. We tested this hypothesis by producing hyperthermia in neonatal rats for 2h after each of twice-daily MDMA (10 mg/kg s.c.) or saline injections administered from postnatal days 1-4. Other drug-treated and control litters were maintained at normothermic temperatures following injection. Changes in forebrain serotonergic innervation were assessed at postnatal day 25 (serotonin transporter binding and serotonin levels), postnatal day 60 (serotonin transporter binding), and 9 months of age (serotonin transporter immunohistochemistry). We also determined the influence of MDMA treatment on apoptotic activity by means of immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 at postnatal day 5. The hippocampus showed significant MDMA-related reductions in serotonergic markers at postnatal day 25 and postnatal day 60. At 9 months, there was no effect of prior MDMA exposure on serotonin transporter-immunoreactive fiber density in the hippocampus; however, significant reductions in fiber density were observed in two neocortical areas and a hyperinnervation was found in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens shell. MDMA treatment also produced a two-fold increase in the number of cleaved caspase-3-immunoreactive cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. All of these effects were completely independent of pup body temperature. These findings demonstrate that neonatal MDMA administration exposure stimulates apoptotic cell death in various forebrain areas and also leads to a long-term reorganization of the forebrain serotonergic innervation. Consequently, offspring of MDMA-using women may be at heightened risk for abnormal neural and behavioral development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. jmeyer@psych.umass.edu
authors.forename: Jerrold S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Syed F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat; D012701:Serotonin; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine