title: 3H-Noradrenaline release from mouse iris-ciliary body: role of presynaptic muscarinic heteroreceptors.
abstract: Sympathetic neurotransmitter release and its modulation by presynaptic muscarinic heteroreceptors were studied in mouse iris-ciliary bodies. Tissue preparations were preincubated with (3)H-noradrenaline and then superfused and stimulated electrically. Firstly, experimental conditions were defined, allowing study of presynaptic sympathetic inhibition in mouse iris-ciliary body. If tissue was stimulated four times with 36 pulses/3 Hz, tritium overflow peaks were reliably and reproducibly measured. As expected, these stimulation conditions led to marked alpha(2)-autoinhibition as indicated by the release-enhancing effect of the alpha(2)-antagonists phentolamine and rauwolscine. To ensure autoinhibition-free (3)H-noradrenaline release, which is optimal for studying presynaptic sympathetic inhibition, alpha(2)-receptors were blocked in all subsequent experiments. Under these conditions, evoked tritium overflow was almost completely abolished in the presence of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin, indicating a neuronal origin of (3)H-noradrenaline release. Secondly, muscarinic inhibition of (3)H-noradrenaline release was characterized using the conditions described above (36 pulses/3 Hz; phentolamine 1 muM and rauwolscine 1 muM throughout). The muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine M decreased evoked tritium overflow in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 0.33 muM and maximal inhibition of 51%. The concentration-response curve of oxotremorine M was shifted to the right by the muscarinic antagonists ipratropium and methoctramine, whereas pirenzepine was ineffective. The observed rank order of antagonist potencies, ipratropium > methoctramine > pirenzepine, which is typical for the M(2) subtype, indicates that presynaptic muscarinic receptors on sympathetic axons of mouse iris-ciliary bodies are predominantly M(2). Finally, inhibition of (3)H-noradrenaline release by endogenously secreted acetylcholine was investigated. Longer pulse trains, 120 pulses/3 Hz and 600 pulses/5 Hz, were used and the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine was added to the superfusion medium to increase synaptic levels of endogenous acetylcholine. Under these conditions, ipratropium approximately doubled the evoked overflow of tritium, indicating that endogenously released acetylcholine can activate presynaptic muscarinic heteroreceptors. In conclusion, the present experiments establish measurement of the electrically induced release of (3)H-noradrenaline from mouse iris-ciliary bodies. As in other species, noradrenaline release in this preparation was subject to presynaptic muscarinic inhibition. Our results also indicate that the presynaptic muscarinic receptors on sympathetic axons in mouse iris-ciliary body are predominantly M(2). Moreover, these receptors can be activated by both exogenous agonists and endogenously released acetylcholine and, hence, may operate physiologically in the interplay between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
authors.affiliation: DA Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, PO Box WSJ-386.746, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haslebacher
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Lambrou
authors.forename: Anne-Ulrike
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Trendelenburg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007498:Iris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000502:physiology*; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic / Q000502:physiology*; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic; D014316:Tritium; D009638:Norepinephrine