title: Metallothionein I and II mitigate age-dependent secondary brain injury.
abstract: Both the immediate insult and delayed apoptosis contribute to functional deficits after brain injury. Secondary, delayed apoptotic death is more rapid in immature than in adult CNS neurons, suggesting the presence of age-dependent protective factors. To understand the molecular pathobiology of secondary injury in the context of brain development, we identified changes in expression of oxidative stress response genes during postnatal development and target deprivation-induced neurodegeneration. The antioxidants metallothionein I and II (MT I/II) were increased markedly in the thalamus of adult C57BL/6 mice compared to mice <15 days old. Target deprivation generates reactive oxygen species that mediate neuronal apoptosis in the central nervous system; thus the more rapid apoptosis observed in the immature brain might be due to lower levels of MT I/II. We tested this hypothesis by documenting neuronal loss after target-deprivation injury. MT I/II-deficient adult mice experienced greater thalamic neuron loss at 96 hr after cortical injury compared to that in controls (80 +/- 2% vs. 57 +/- 4%, P < 0.01), but not greater overall neuronal loss (84 +/- 4% vs. 79 +/- 3%, MT I/II-deficient vs. controls). Ten-day-old MT I/II-deficient mice, however, experienced both faster onset of secondary neuronal death (30 vs. 48 hr) and greater overall neuronal loss (88 +/- 2% vs. 69 +/- 4%, P = 0.02). MT I/II are thus inhibitors of age-dependent secondary brain injury, and the low levels of MT I/II in immature brains explains, in part, the enhanced susceptibility of the young brain to neuronal loss after injury. These findings have implications for the development of age-specific therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. jnatale@cnmcresearch.org
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Jay Brandon
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Justin E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D003655:Decerebrate State / Q000150:complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015151:Immunoblotting / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013788:Thalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008668:Metallothionein