title: Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.
abstract: A variety of stress signals stimulate cardiac myocytes to undergo hypertrophy. Persistent cardiac hypertrophy is associated with elevated risk for the development of heart failure. Recently, we showed that class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) suppress cardiac hypertrophy and that stress signals neutralize this repressive function by triggering phosphorylation- and CRM1-dependent nuclear export of these chromatin-modifying enzymes. However, the identities of cardiac HDAC kinases have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that signaling by protein kinase C (PKC) is sufficient and, in some cases, necessary to drive nuclear export of class II HDAC5 in cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of PKC prevents nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HDAC5 in response to a subset of hypertrophic agonists. Moreover, a nonphosphorylatable HDAC5 mutant is refractory to PKC signaling and blocks cardiomyocyte hypertrophy mediated by pharmacological activators of PKC. We also demonstrate that protein kinase D (PKD), a downstream effector of PKC, directly phosphorylates HDAC5 and stimulates its nuclear export. These findings reveal a novel function for the PKC/PKD axis in coupling extracellular cues to chromatin modifications that control cellular growth, and they suggest potential utility for small-molecule inhibitors of this pathway in the treatment of pathological cardiac gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
authors.forename: Rick B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Brooke C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Papst
authors.forename: Eric N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McKinsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C089212:protein kinase D; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C498619:Hdac5 protein, rat; D006655:Histone Deacetylases