title: Impulsivity, risk taking and recreational 'ecstasy' (MDMA) use.
abstract: The present study investigated characteristics of recreational drug users, especially 'ecstasy' (MDMA) users, in 254 undergraduates. All participants completed a drug history questionnaire (DHQ), the impulsiveness venturesomeness and empathy questionnaire, a novel risk-taking task (Bets16), and 59 also completed the tri-dimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). DHQ responses allocated participants to five groups: non-drug controls, cannabis users, polydrug (no ecstasy) users, low (<20 occasions) ecstasy users and high (>20 occasions) ecstasy users. Eighteen percent of the sample had used ecstasy and of the ecstasy users, only one had not used other substances. A larger proportion of high ecstasy users had also used amphetamines, cocaine and LSD in comparison to the low ecstasy and non-ecstasy polydrug users. High ecstasy users typically took significantly more ecstasy tablets compared with low ecstasy users. Impulsiveness, venturesomeness and novelty seeking behaviour increased from the non-drug users to high ecstasy users. Ecstasy users (low and high) and polydrug (non-ecstasy) users had higher levels of impulsivity, venturesomeness and novelty seeking behaviour compared with non-drug users. Furthermore, high ecstasy users scored higher on the Bets16 risk-taking measure than non-drug users, cannabis users and low ecstasy users. The findings are discussed in relation to: (i) the possibility that increased impulsivity pre-dated drug use; and (ii) the possible link between impulsivity and the putative serotonergic neurotoxicity of ecstasy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Greenwich, Eltham, London SE9 2UG, UK. gk.butler@kingston.ac.uk
authors.forename: G K L
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: A M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D012309:Risk-Taking; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine