title: Effects of cholinergic drugs on ureteral function in anesthetized dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effects of the nonselective muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol (CCh) and its antagonist atropine on ureteral function in anesthetized dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug effects were evaluated on elevated pressure in a completely obstructed ureter and peristalsis in its partially obstructed fellow ureters as well as on intravesical isovolumetric pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCh (0.1 to 1.0 microg/kg intravenously) dose dependently decreased elevated pressure and peristalsis in completely and partially obstructed ureters, respectively, and increased intravesical isovolumetric pressure. On the other hand, atropine (0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg intravenously) had no significant effects on these 3 variables. Prior administration of atropine (1.0 mg/kg intravenously) completely inhibited the described CCh induced effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that in anesthetized dogs cholinergic receptor stimulation has a suppressive effect on ureteral pressure and peristalsis in obstructed ureters, in contrast to its activation of bladder smooth muscle.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Research and Development, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan. yoshitakatomiyama@pharm.kissei.co.jp
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomiyama
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wanajo
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008297:Male; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014513:Ureter / Q000187:drug effects*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D001285:Atropine; D002217:Carbachol