title: Sonically assisted electroanalytical detection of ultratrace arsenic.
abstract: A simple portable handheld electrochemical sensor with an integrated sound source for the detection of ultratrace quantities of arsenic using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry is described. The sensor uses low-frequency sound (250 Hz) during the arsenic deposition step to enhance the sensitivity of the arsenic stripping response. It is found that under quiescent (silent) conditions a detection limit of 2.1 x 10(-7) M with a sensitivity of 0.51 M(-1) A is achievable using a 120-s accumulation period, while applying low-frequency sound using a "sonotrode" reduced this detection limit to 3.7 x 10(-9) M with an increased sensitivity of 27.2 M(-1) A. Thus, the low-frequency sonotrode is shown to increase the sensitivity by ca. 50 times while reducing the limit of detection by 2 orders of magnitude. A study of the effect of copper contamination is carried out as well as analysis in real samples; it is found that although as expected copper detrimentally effects the arsenic limit of detection, it does not rise significantly above 10(-8) M levels.
authors.affiliation: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Simm
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Compton