title: Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current recommendations for women who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are to undergo breast surveillance from age 25 years onward with mammography annually and clinical breast examination (CBE) every 6 months; however, many tumors are detected at a relatively advanced stage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound may improve the ability to detect breast cancer at an early stage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the sensitivity and specificity of 4 methods of breast cancer surveillance (mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and CBE) in women with hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer due to a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A surveillance study of 236 Canadian women aged 25 to 65 years with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations who underwent 1 to 3 annual screening examinations, consisting of MRI, mammography, and ultrasound at a single tertiary care teaching hospital between November 3, 1997, and March 31, 2003. On the day of imaging and at 6-month intervals, CBE was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity and specificity of each of the 4 surveillance modalities, and sensitivity of all 4 screening modalities vs mammography and CBE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each imaging modality was read independently by a radiologist and scored on a 5-point Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System scale. All lesions with a score of 4 or 5 (suspicious or highly suspicious for malignancy) were biopsied. There were 22 cancers detected (16 invasive and 6 ductal carcinoma in situ). Of these, 17 (77%) were detected by MRI vs 8 (36%) by mammography, 7 (33%) by ultrasound, and 2 (9.1%) by CBE. The sensitivity and specificity (based on biopsy rates) were 77% and 95.4% for MRI, 36% and 99.8% for mammography, 33% and 96% for ultrasound, and 9.1% and 99.3% for CBE, respectively. There was 1 interval cancer. All 4 screening modalities combined had a sensitivity of 95% vs 45% for mammography and CBE combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, MRI is more sensitive for detecting breast cancers than mammography, ultrasound, or CBE alone. Whether surveillance regimens that include MRI will reduce mortality from breast cancer in high-risk women requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ellen.warner@sw.ca
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Plewes
authors.forename: Kimberley A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Petrina A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Causer
authors.forename: Judit T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zubovits
authors.forename: Roberta A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jong
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cutrara
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DeBoer
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Messner
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Meschino
authors.forename: Cameron A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Piron
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010808:Physical Examination; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary