title: Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Report overall long-term results of stage 0 rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and compare long-term results between operative and nonoperative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred sixty-five patients with distal rectal adenocarcinoma considered resectable were treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) with 5-FU, Leucovorin and 5040 cGy. Patients with incomplete clinical response were referred to radical surgical resection. Patients with incomplete clinical response treated by surgery resulting in stage p0 were compared to patients with complete clinical response treated by nonoperative treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using chi2, Student t test and Kaplan-Meier curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall and disease-free 10-year survival rates were 97.7% and 84%. In 71 patients (26.8%) complete clinical response was observed following CRT (Observation group). Twenty-two patients (8.3%) showed incomplete clinical response and pT0N0M0 resected specimens (Resection group). There were no differences between patient's demographics and tumor's characteristics between groups. In the Resection group, 9 definitive colostomies and 7 diverting temporary ileostomies were performed. Mean follow-up was 57.3 months in Observation Group and 48 months in Resection Group. There were 3 systemic recurrences in each group and 2 endorectal recurrences in Observation Group. Two patients in the Resection group died of the disease. Five-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 88% and 83%, respectively, in Resection Group and 100% and 92% in Observation Group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stage 0 rectal cancer disease is associated with excellent long-term results irrespective of treatment strategy. Surgical resection may not lead to improved outcome in this situation and may be associated with high rates of temporary or definitive stoma construction and unnecessary morbidity and mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Colorectal Surgery Division, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. gamange@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Angelita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habr-Gama
authors.forename: Rodrigo Oliva
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Wladimir
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nadalin
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabbaga
authors.forename: Ulysses
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Afonso Henrique
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Silva e Sousa
authors.forename: Fábio Guilherme
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Desidério Roberto
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gama-Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003125:Colostomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil