title: 2H2O turnover method as a means to detect bias in estimations of intake of nonbreast milk liquids in breast-fed infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Firstly, to compare food, and macronutrient intake as obtained from a single 24-h recall and a frequency questionnaire (FQ) covering a 14-day period in breast-fed infants aged 4 months of age. Secondly, nonbreast milk water intake (NB-WI, ml/day) was used as an estimation of energy and macronutrient intake, and NB-WI as calculated from FQ (NB-WIFQ) was compared with NB-WI as measured using the dose-to-the-mother 2H2O turnover method (NB-WIDO) covering the same 14-day period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based study in urban Pelotas, Southern Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 67 breast-fed infants aged 4 months of age recruited at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Bias in estimations of food and macronutrient intake of the 24-h recall relative to FQ; (2) Bias in NB-WIFQ relative to NB-WIDO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In infants with an energy intakeFQ from complementary foods above the 50th percentile (1.03 kcal/day), estimations of water, tea, juice, and milk intake were not different between 24-h recall and FQ (n=34). Nor were estimations of energy and macronutrient intake (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) different between the two methods, and bias was nonsignificant. NB-WIDO was divided into quintiles and compared with NB-WI(FQ). The first two quintiles included negative values for NB-WIDO as a result of random errors of the 2H2O turnover method. Subsequently, bias of NB-WIFQ relative to NB-WIDO was positive in the 1st (P=0.001) and 2nd quintile (P=0.638), respectively. Bias was negative for the three highest quintiles, and within this group, underestimation by FQ was significant for the 3rd and 4th quintile (-57.4%, P=0.019; -43.7%, P=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Firstly, at the age of 4 months FQ covering a 14-day period provides similar results on food and macronutrient intake as compared to a single 24-h recall for estimations of complementary liquid foods. Secondly, NB-WIFQ appeared to be a good proxy for macronutrient and energy intake in breast-fed infants receiving other liquids. In infants with NB-WIDO>0, the method provides a useful tool for the detection of bias from FQ, and results indicate an underestimation from FQ relative to the 2H2O turnover method. This exercise could be applied wherever the 2H2O turnover method is used in combination with conventional food consumption techniques for measuring intake of nonbreast milk liquids of breast-fed infants in whom solid foods have not yet been introduced. It would help interpreting estimations of macronutrient intake, and could be relevant to studies of dietary intake of infants and its relationship with growth and health.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. h.haisma@biol.rug.nl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haisma
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albernaz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003903:Deuterium; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008895:Milk, Human; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D003903:Deuterium