title: Effect of retinoic acid on leptin, glycerol, and glucose levels in mature rat adipocytes in vitro.
abstract: To elucidate the effects of retinoic acids (RAs) on adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, we treated mature adipocytes with two different kinds of RA, 9-cis-RA and all-trans-RA. Both 9-cis- and all-trans-RA inhibited the secretion of leptin. However, the inhibition was significantly decreased at a higher dose of each RA. The inhibitory effect of 9-cis-RA was synergistically enhanced by the addition of rosiglitazone, a synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. 9-cis-RA also leads to adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. On the contrary, all-trans-RA does not increase adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. To clarify the antidiabetic effects of RA, glucose uptake was assessed by estimating glucose concentrations in the medium. 9-cis-RA reduced glucose levels in the culture media, but all-trans-RA did not. In conclusion, all-trans-RA does not alter adipogenesis and glucose uptake but does inhibit leptin secretion. 9-cis-RA, however, seems to increase both adipogenesis and glucose uptake through activation of the retinoid X receptor/PPARgamma heterodimer.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Eui
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: In-Sook
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Hun-Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: D Vernon
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Myoung-Sool
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism*; D007536:Isomerism; D020738:Leptin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D005990:Glycerol