title: Bone speed of sound in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone strength in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (IGDM) was reported to be either decreased or unaltered. However, no report using quantitative ultrasound measurement of speed of sound (QUS-SOS) for bone strength assessment has been published. The aim of the present study was to assess bone strength by QUS-SOS measurements in IGDM in comparison to healthy matched full-term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen IGDM and 18 healthy controls participated in the study. Postnatal tibial bone SOS was measured by Sunlight Omnisense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean birth weight (BW) of IGDM (3,587.6+/-148.6 g) was higher compared to the control infants (3,311.1+/-74.5 g), but this difference was not statistically significant. Mean bone SOS was significantly lower in IGDM (2,976.7+/-27.2 m/sec) compared to the control infants (3,093.3+/-23.6 m/sec; p <0.003). There was a significant negative correlation between bone SOS and BW in all the study participants (r = -0.32, p <0.025). No significant difference in BW and bone SOS was noted between infants with postnatal hypoglycemia and normoglycemia. There was no correlation between maternal HbA1c during pregnancy and neonatal bone SOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone strength was significantly decreased in IGDM compared to healthy controls. Neonates with higher BW had lower bone SOS. Since mechanical strain is a potent stimulation for bone formation and strength, it is suggested that the reduced bone strength in IGDM may also be the result of reduced intrauterine fetal mobility due to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Department, Meir Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. regevdr@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Rivka H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Regev
authors.forename: Tzipora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dolfin
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eliakim
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnon
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nemet
authors.forename: Ita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Litmanovitz
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015519:Bone Density; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D002118:Calcium