Receptors for steroid hormones: membrane-associated and nuclear forms.
Steroid hormones are now recognized to act through both nuclear and membrane-associated receptors. In this review we focus on receptors for estrogen and the vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). While the nuclear receptors are part of a 'superfamily' with common structural elements, membrane receptors are more diverse, ranging from variants of the nuclear forms to unrelated proteins. We conclude that both rapid (membrane-initiated) actions, as well as regulation of gene transcription, are necessary to explain the complex actions of steroid hormones on target cells.
Walters
M R
MR
Department of Physiology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
Nemere
I
I
D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
D004967:Estrogens; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014807:Vitamin D