title: Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in environmental water.
abstract: The continuous contamination of surface waters by pharmaceuticals is of most environmental concern. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs currently prescribed for the treatment of depressions and other psychiatric disorders and then, they are among the pharmaceuticals that can occur in environmental waters. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been applied to the extraction of five SSRIs--venlafaxine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, citalopram and sertraline--from water samples. Some of the analytes were not efficiently extracted as underivatized compounds and so, an in situ acetylation step was introduced in the sample preparation procedure. Different parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction mode, fiber coating and temperature were studied. A mixed-level fractional factorial design was also performed to simultaneously study the influence of other five experimental factors. Finally, a method based on direct SPME at 100 degrees C using polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fibers is proposed. The performance of the method was evaluated, showing good linearity and precision. The detection limits were in the sub-ng/mL level. Practical applicability was demonstrated through the analysis of real samples. Recoveries obtained for river water and wastewater samples were satisfactory in all cases. An important aspect of the proposed method is that no matrix effects were observed. Two of the target compounds, venlafaxine and citalopram, were detected and quantified in a sewage water sample.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Campus Sur Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: J Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salgado-Petinal
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Jares
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llompart
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cela
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical