title: Interpretations of voices in patients with hallucinations and non-patient controls: a comparison and predictors of distress in patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study tested the hypotheses that interpretations of voices will be associated with distress linked to auditory hallucinations, and that patients experiencing hallucinations will exhibit higher levels of negative interpretations in comparison with non-patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Interpretation of Voices Inventory (British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41 (2002) 259) was administered to patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with auditory hallucinations and non-patients. Patients were also assessed using a semi-structured interview to asses clinical dimensions of their voices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that people with psychosis who experience auditory hallucinations did exhibit higher levels of positive and negative interpretations of voices, in comparison to non-patients. Correlational analyses revealed that interpretations of voices were significantly associated with emotional, physical and cognitive characteristics of voices. Regression analyses demonstrated that physical characteristics of voices and metaphysical beliefs were significant predictors of emotional characteristics of voices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Services, Mental Health Services of Salford, Bury New Road, Manchester M25 3BL, UK. tony.morrison@psy.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nothard
authors.forename: Samantha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bowe
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology