title: Intracellular signaling specificity in response to uniaxial vs. multiaxial stretch: implications for mechanotransduction.
abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest that muscle cells can distinguish between specific mechanical stimuli. To test this concept, we subjected C(2)C(12) myotubes to cyclic uniaxial or multiaxial stretch. Both types of stretch induced an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) phosphorylation, but only multiaxial stretch induced ribosomal S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) phosphorylation. Further results demonstrated that the signaling events specific to multiaxial stretch (p70(S6k) phosphorylation) were elicited by forces delivered through the elastic culture membrane and were not due to greater surface area deformations or localized regions of large tensile strain. Experiments performed using medium that was conditioned by multiaxial stretched myotubes indicated that a release of paracrine factors was not sufficient for the induction of signaling to p70(S6k). Furthermore, incubation with gadolinium(III) chloride (500 microM), genistein (250 microM), PD-98059 (250 microM), bisindolylmaleimide I (20 microM), or LY-294002 (100 microM ) did not block the multiaxial stretch-induced signaling to p70(S6k). However, disrupting the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D did block the multiaxial signaling to p70(S6k), with no effect on signaling to PKB/Akt. These results demonstrate that specific types of mechanical stretch activate distinct signaling pathways, and we propose that this occurs through direct mechanosensory-mechanotransduction mechanisms and not through previously defined growth factor/receptor binding pathways.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Kinesiology, USA.
authors.forename: Troy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.forename: Dustin D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Burkholder
authors.forename: Karyn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Esser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008465:Mechanoreceptors; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D009025:Morpholines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D005682:Gadolinium; D019833:Genistein; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one