title: Sterol-derived hormone(s) controls entry into diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans by consecutive activation of DAF-12 and DAF-16.
abstract: Upon starvation or overcrowding, Caenorhabditis elegans interrupts its reproductive cycle and forms a specialised larva called dauer (enduring). This process is regulated by TGF-beta and insulin-signalling pathways and is connected with the control of life span through the insulin pathway components DAF-2 and DAF-16. We found that replacing cholesterol with its methylated metabolite lophenol induced worms to form dauer larvae in the presence of food and low population density. Our data indicate that methylated sterols do not actively induce the dauer formation but rather that the reproductive growth requires a cholesterol-derived hormone that cannot be produced from methylated sterols. Using the effect of lophenol on growth, we have partially purified activity, named gamravali, which promotes the reproduction. In addition, the effect of lophenol allowed us to determine the role of sterols during dauer larva formation and longevity. In the absence of gamravali, the nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12 is activated and thereby initiates the dauer formation program. Active DAF-12 triggers in neurons the nuclear import of DAF-16, a forkhead domain transcription factor that contributes to dauer differentiation. This hormonal control of DAF-16 activation is, however, independent of insulin signalling and has no influence on life span.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Vitali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matyash
authors.forename: Eugeni V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Entchev
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mende
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilsch-Bräuninger
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Arndt W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Knölker
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Teymuras V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Kurzchalia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008136:Longevity; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009154:Mutation; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; C410905:DAF-12 protein, C elegans; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010648:Phenylacetates; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013261:Sterols; D014157:Transcription Factors; C108831:daf-16 protein, C elegans; C113657:lophenal; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol