title: Dialysis water treatment systems and monitoring in Italy: results of a national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risks connected with dialysis fluid contamination are well established. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated just how difficult it is to obtain permanently satisfactory quality standards. Therefore, dialysis centers must have effective and regular quality control programs, particularly with the growing and widespread use of online convective dialysis treatments. Considering this, we conducted a national survey of water treatment systems and monitoring in Italian dialysis centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent questionnaires were prepared and distributed in 1999 and 2001. The questions were designed to acquire information on structural and procedural elements. Responses to similar questions from both questionnaires were analyzed together.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses to questionnaires were received from 148 centers (17% of dialysis centers in Italy). In accordance with the European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG) published recently concerning dialysis fluid purity, in the majority of centers (97%) the water treatment system consisted of at least pre-treatment and reverse osmosis (RO) modules. However, only one stage RO module was implemented (71%), there was a water storage tank (65%) and water pipe distribution loop was made of sanitary polyvinyl chloride (85%). Analysis of procedural elements--the timing and type of disinfection procedures used for the waterline system and monitors, the timing and type of water treatment quality control procedures--revealed a striking variability among centers in terms of the types and frequency of checks performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account the EBPG, this survey revealed both bright and dark spots, calling for a national initiative aimed at defining a standard periodicity of loop disinfection, points in the water pipe line to be tested, and the frequency and type of tests.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, S M Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy. fpizzarelli@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizzarelli
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerrai
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.forename: Moreno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaguti
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bargagna
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000592:standards* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D014867:Water