title: Enhanced sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor JTE-522.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key inducible enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins and its inhibitors have been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. Several anticancer agents also mediate apoptosis and may share the common intracellular pathways leading to apoptosis with COX-2 inhibitors. We reasoned that combination treatment of bladder cancer cells with COX-2 inhibitors and anticancer agents may result in synergistic apoptosis. We examined whether the selective COX-2 inhibitor JTE-522 (4-(4-cyclohexyl-2-methyloxazol-5-yl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide) synergizes with anticancer agents in cytotoxicity and apoptosis against bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity was determined by the microculture tetrazolium dye assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combination treatment of T24 bladder cancer cells with JTE-522 and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Synergy achieved in cytotoxicity with JTE-522 and CDDP was shown to be due to apoptosis. Treatment of T24 cells with JTE-522 decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. The in vivo significant growth inhibitory effect of JTE-522 and CDDP against the T24 line heterotransplanted in SCID mice was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that combination treatment of bladder cancer cells with the selective COX-2 inhibitor JTE-522 and CDDP results in synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These findings support the potential clinical application of a combination of JTE-522 and CDDP for the treatment of bladder cancer as a new form of therapy with more selective cytotoxicity and fewer collateral side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. ymizutan@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yong Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nodoka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: Tsuneharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002945:Cisplatin; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D010080:Oxazoles; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C110453:4-(4-cyclohexyl-2-methyloxazol-5-yl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides