title: Intraoperative local anesthesia decreases postoperative parenteral opioid requirements for transperitoneal laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if local anesthesia decreases discomfort following laparoscopic upper retroperitoneal surgery, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in which the port sites and hand assist incision were infiltrated with bupivacaine or placebo prior to surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 patients undergoing transperitoneal laparoscopic renal or adrenal surgery were randomly assigned to the treatment (0.5% bupivacaine) or placebo (0.9% normal saline) arm. Port and hand assist port sites were infiltrated at the outset of the procedure. Postoperative pain and opioid use were measured at consistent intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 37 individuals were treated with placebo (standard laparoscopy [SL] in 15 and hand assisted laparoscopy [HALS] in 22) and 35 were treated with bupivacaine (SL in 16 and HALS in 19). Mean parenteral morphine equivalents use for the placebo vs bupivacaine groups were 29.6 vs 20.0 mg at 12 hours, 50.2 vs 34.5 mg at 24 hours and 57.1 vs 36.6 mg for the total hospital stay (all p <0.05). Parenteral opioid use was decreased in the bupivacaine group in the SL and HALS subgroups with a significant effect at 12 hours in the latter subgroup. On multivariate ANOVA bupivacaine use but not SL vs HALS was associated with decreased parenteral opioid use at all time points (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the outset of transperitoneal laparoscopic urological surgery in the upper retroperitoneum, port site and other incision infiltration with long acting local anesthesia decreases postoperative parenteral opioid requirements compared with placebo controls. The effect was seen with SL and HALS and it was greater than any effect of SL vs HALS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0330, USA.
authors.forename: Herkanwal S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Khaira
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002045:Bupivacaine