title: Correlates of depression among heavy drinkers in Polish primary care clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression and co-morbid substance abuse disorders are a major public health problem. Information is limited for patients attending Polish primary care clinics. This article addresses 30-day and lifetime prevalence of major depression in a heavy drinking population from 12 Polish primary care clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  277 heavy drinkers were interviewed by a researcher in each clinic. Heavy drinking was defined as more than 20 drinks per week for males, or more than 13 drinks per week for females, or consumption of more than four drinks five or more times in the previous 30 days, or two or more positive replies to the CAGE questions. Criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual were used to assess lifetime and past 30-day depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  35% of women and men met criteria for depression in the 30 days prior to the interview. Lifetime rates were 45% for women and 52% for men. Men and women with a CAGE score of 4 were at higher risk for both 30-day (67%, OR = 3.85 [1.47, 10.08]) and lifetime (78%, OR = 3.28 [1.12, 9.66]) depression. Recreational drug users and patients reporting symptoms of anti-social personality disorders were at increased risk for lifetime depression. Subjects reporting symptoms of a childhood conduct disorder were at higher risk for 30-day depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression among patients with substance abuse problems is a common problem. The rates are higher than for other countries and highlight the need for Polish primary care clinicians to routinely screen for depression in patients with substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, WI 53705, USA. lmanwell@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Linda Baier
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Manwell
authors.forename: Jan Czeslaw
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Czabala
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ignaczak
authors.forename: Marlon P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mundt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003376:Counseling; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014922:Wisconsin