A human health assessment of hazardous air pollutants in Portland, OR.
Ambient air samples collected from five monitoring sites in Portland, OR during July 1999 to August 2000 were analyzed for 43 hazardous air pollutants (HAP). HAP concentrations were compared to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic benchmark levels. Carcinogenic benchmark concentrations were set at a risk level of one-in-one-million (1x10(-6)). Hazard ratios of 1.0 were used when comparing HAP concentrations to non-carcinogenic benchmarks. Emission sources (point, area, and mobile) were identified and a cumulative cancer risk and total hazard index were calculated for HAPs exceeding these health benchmark levels. Seventeen HAPs exceeded a cancer risk level of 1x10(-6) at all five monitoring sites. Nineteen HAPs exceeded this level at one or more site. Carbon tetrachloride, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane contributed more than 50% to the upper-bound lifetime cumulative cancer risk of 2.47x10(-4). Acrolein was the only non-carcinogenic HAP with hazard ratios that exceeded 1.0 at all five sites. Mobile sources contributed the greatest percentage (68%) of HAP emissions. Additional monitoring and health assessments for HAPs in Portland, OR are warranted, including addressing issues that may have overestimated or underestimated risks in this study. Abatement strategies for HAPs that exceeded health benchmarks should be implemented to reduce potential adverse health risks.
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Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6406, USA.
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D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D019985:Benchmarking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009922:Oregon; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment
D000393:Air Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances