title: Rapid communication: water disinfection by-products enhanced apoptotic activity in human lymphocytes.
abstract: The apoptosis-inducing activity of concentrated sediments of disinfected and non-disinfected water samples from the waterworks in Budapest, Hungary, was investigated using cultures of human peripherial blood lymphocytes. Chlorine-treated water and untreated (raw) water sediments were concentrated with the use of Amberlite XAD-2 resin columns. The concentrates were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and added to cultures of human peripherial blood lymphocytes. Apoptotic index was determined in lymphocytes after treatment with the raw or disinfected concentrates by flow cytometry. Disinfected water concentrates of 100 microl/ml increased the apoptotic ratio of lymphocyte culture. The same amount of raw water concentrate also enhanced apoptosis. Both raw water and disinfected water contain substances that induced a significant rate of apoptosis in lymphocyte cultures.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research and Research Group of Molecular Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gergely
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Racz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sujbert
authors.forename: Jozsef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bocsi
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Szende
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014504:Urban Health; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D011137:Polystyrenes; D002713:Chlorine; C003771:Amberlite XAD-2 resin; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide