title: The effects of restricting publicly subsidised temazepam capsules on benzodiazepine use among injecting drug users in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of a restriction on publicly subsidised temazepam 10 mg capsules upon the injection of benzodiazepines by injecting drug users (IDUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of regular IDUs targeting periods before and after the policy change. Analysis of prescription data, including time-series analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug services in the capital cities of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland and the Northern Territory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in prescriptions and patterns of benzodiazepine use; harms associated with benzodiazepine use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a decrease in temazepam 10 mg capsule prescriptions and a corresponding increase in temazepam 10 mg tablet prescriptions after the policy change. IDU survey data suggested that IDUs continued to inject benzodiazepines and temazepam capsules. The frequency of the injection of capsules after the restriction appeared similar to that before the policy change. There was no change in the frequency of injection of tablets. Most IDUs reported obtaining their benzodiazepines from doctors, with substantial proportions obtaining capsules even after the restriction. About half the IDUs reported purchasing benzodiazepines on the street. Most IDUs who injected benzodiazepines reported injection-related problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limiting the prescribing of temazepam capsules may have reduced their injection by some IDUs, but additional strategies are needed to reduce the misuse among this group. These may include further restriction of capsule preparations, continued education of doctors and IDUs, and the examination of prescribing practices of individual doctors.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Courtney.breen@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Louisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Raimondo B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Amanda D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Roxburgh
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002214:Capsules; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008483:Medical Assistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013693:Temazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D013693:Temazepam