title: Can we define patients with no chance of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether subgroups of patients with no chance of survival can be defined among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in the Swedish cardiac arrest registry who fulfilled the following criteria were surveyed: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted; the arrest was not crew witnessed; and patients were found in a non-shockable rhythm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various ambulance organisations in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 16,712 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the following factors were independently associated with a lower chance of survival one month after cardiac arrest: no bystander CPR; non-witnessed cardiac arrest; cardiac arrest occurring at home; increasing interval between call for and arrival of the ambulance; and increasing age. When these factors were considered simultaneously two groups with no survivors were defined. In both groups patients were found in a non-shockable rhythm, no bystander CPR was attempted, the arrest was non-witnessed, the arrest took place at home. In one group the interval between call for and arrival of ambulance exceeded 12 minutes. In the other group patients were older than 80 years and the interval between call for and arrival of the ambulance exceeded eight minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and were found in a non-shockable rhythm the following factors were associated with a low chance of survival: no bystander CPR, non-witnessed cardiac arrest, the arrest took place at home, increasing interval between call for and arrival of ambulance, and increasing age. When these factors were considered simultaneously, groups with no survivors could be defined. In such groups the ambulance crew may refrain from starting CPR.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg Sweden. johan.herlitz@hjl.gu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herlitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engdahl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: K-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Angquist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors