title: Current status of prospective drug utilization review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 offered the promise that prospective drug utilization review (pDUR) systems would improve the quality of drug prescribing and patient drug use. There is little evidence that this promise has been fulfilled. To the contrary, there is growing evidence that suboptimal use of drugs (in terms of preventable drug-related morbidity) is at least as costly as the prescription drugs themselves. Online computerized pDUR has been the subject of numerous critical examinations in the pharmacy and medical literature. Recent publications have sought to illustrate perceived shortcomings in the DUR systems currently in use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We focus on the state of the art with regard to pDUR, what is known about its effectiveness, and how emerging technologies may change pDUR and consider the work that may be needed to establish its effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A growing body of literature documents numerous problems and concerns with respect to the quality of DUR criteria, DUR alerts, and the response of health care professionals to these alerts. Problems with the current pDUR "system" can be grouped into those involving technical aspects (e.g., duplicate messaging from in-store and online systems, or message text limitations) and into those involving human aspects, specifically how pharmacists and other health care providers interpret and respond to potential drug therapy problem alerts generated by the electronic systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DUR is a quality assurance system that holds promise as a tool that, if implemented effectively, could enhance appropriate drug use. We believe a more systematic approach to DUR is needed. Evaluation and management of public and private pDUR systems must link documentation of processes of care, such as pharmacists. cognitive services, patient interventions, etc. To address technical aspects, we strongly recommend (a) a national effort to validate DUR screen criteria relying upon evidence-based studies and (b) adoption of a minimal set of.critical. pDUR screen criteria by pharmacy service providers and third-party intermediaries, including pharmacy benefit managers. To address the human component of pDUR systems, we advocate (a) adoption of performance standards for pharmacists and (b) explicit remuneration for time spent identifying and responding to drug therapy problems.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety U.S. Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA. tmfulda@comcast.net
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fulda
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Dale B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D006801:Humans; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States