title: Weaknesses of goodness-of-fit tests for evaluating propensity score models: the case of the omitted confounder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Propensity scores are used in observational studies to adjust for confounding, although they do not provide control for confounders omitted from the propensity score model. We sought to determine if tests used to evaluate logistic model fit and discrimination would be helpful in detecting the omission of an important confounder in the propensity score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using simulated data, we estimated propensity scores under two scenarios: (1) including all confounders and (2) omitting the binary confounder. We compared the propensity score model fit and discrimination under each scenario, using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit (GOF) test and the c-statistic. We measured residual confounding in treatment effect estimates adjusted by the propensity score omitting the confounder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GOF statistic and discrimination of propensity score models were the same for models excluding an important predictor of treatment compared to the full propensity score model. The GOF test failed to detect poor model fit for the propensity score model omitting the confounder. C-statistics under both scenarios were similar. Residual confounding was observed from using the propensity score excluding the confounder (range: 1-30%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omission of important confounders from the propensity score leads to residual confounding in estimates of treatment effect. However, tests of GOF and discrimination do not provide information to detect missing confounders in propensity score models. Our findings suggest that it may not be necessary to compute GOF statistics or model discrimination when developing propensity score models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Sweitzen@wihri.org
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weitzen
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lapane
authors.forename: Alicia Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis