title: Wireless virtual instrument measurement of surgeons' physical and mental workloads for robotic versus manual minimally invasive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819-6019, USA.
authors.forename: Warren D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berguer
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosser
mesh_terms: D006804:Ergonomics; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload