title: Motion segment stiffness measured without physiological levels of axial compressive preload underestimates the in vivo values in all six degrees of freedom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Stafford Hall, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0084, USA.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gardner-Morse
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Badger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014102:Torsion Abnormality; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*