Long-term survival after vascular surgery: specific influence of cardiac factors and implications for preoperative evaluation.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to identify specific determinants of long-term cardiac events and survival in patients undergoing major arterial operations after preoperative cardiac risk stratification by American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. A secondary goal was to define the potential long-term protective effect of previous coronary revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] or percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) in patients with vascular disease.


METHODS
Four hundred fifty-nine patients underwent risk stratification (high, intermediate, low) before 534 consecutive elective or urgent (<24 hours after presentation) open cerebrovascular, aortic, or lower limb reconstruction procedures between August 1996 and January 2000. Long-term follow-up (mean, 56 +/- 14 months) was possible in 97% of patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival data. Long-term prognostic variables were identified with the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and contingency table analysis censoring early (<30 days) perioperative deaths.


RESULTS
While 5-year survival was 72% for the overall cohort, cardiac causes accounted for only 24% of all deaths, and new cardiac events (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, unstable angina, new coronary angiography, new CABG or PCI, cardiac death) affected only 4.6% of patients per year during follow-up. High cardiac risk stratification level (hazards ratio [HR], 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.4), adverse perioperative cardiac events (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia; HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1), and age (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6) were independently prognostic for latemortality. Preoperative cardiac risk levels also correlated with new cardiac event rates ( P < .01) and late cardiac mortality ( P = .02). Modestly improved survival in patients who had undergone CABG or PCI less than 5 years before vascular operations compared with those who had undergone revascularization 5 or more years previously and those at high risk without previous coronary intervention (73% vs 58% vs 62% 5-year survival; P = .02) could be demonstrated with univariate testing, but not with multivariate analysis. Type of operation, urgency, noncardiac complications, and presence of diabetes did not affect long-term survival.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite cardiac events being a less common cause of late mortality after vascular surgery, perioperative cardiac factors (age, preoperative risk level, early cardiac complications) are the primary determinants of patient longevity. Patients undergoing more recent (<5 years) CABG or PCI before vascular surgery do not have an obvious survival advantage compared with patients at high cardiac risk without previous coronary interventions.
Back
Martin R
MR
Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, the Surgical Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA. mback@hsc.usf.edu
Leo
Fabian
F
Cuthbertson
David
D
Johnson
Brad L
BL
Shamesmd
Murray L
ML
Bandyk
Dennis F
DF
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000401:mortality; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*