Growth and pathogenicity of isolates of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against the parasitic mite, Psoroptes ovis: effects of temperature and formulation.
Psoroptes mites (Acari: Psoroptidae) are important ectoparasites of mammals, and are of particular economic significance as the agents of mange in sheep. To be effective against mites, putative fungal biocontrol agents must be able to operate at the relatively high temperatures and humidities found at the sheep skin surface. To consider this, the growth rates of different isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) were compared and the pathogenicity of these isolates against Psoroptes derived from rabbits (Psoroptes ovis Hering, syn P cuniculi) were evaluated at temperatures between 28 degrees C and 40 degrees C, and when formulated in either Tween 80 or silicone oil. For this study four multi-conidia, arthropod-derived, isolates of M anisopliae were used: from the USA, France, Denmark and Brazil. One single-conidia culture derived from the US isolate was also included in the investigation. Fungal growth was higher at the lower temperatures and none of the isolates grew at 40 degrees C. The growth of the US and single-conidia isolate declined markedly with temperature. In contrast, the Danish, French and Brazilian isolates grew almost as well at 32 degrees C and 35 degrees C as at 28 degrees C and 30 degrees C. The French and Brazilian isolates showed some growth at 37.5 degrees C but the Danish and US isolates did not. The number of fatal infections which resulted from exposure of mites to the fungal isolates was also strongly influenced by temperature. At 30 degrees C all isolates gave between 70 and 90% infection. The number of infections declined with increasing temperature and no infections were seen at 40 degrees C. However, the French and Danish isolates of M anisopliae gave higher numbers of infections than the other isolates at elevated temperatures. When formulated in silicone oil, significantly higher levels of infection were obtained than when formulated in Tween 80, even at the relatively high temperature of 37.5 degrees C. It is suggested that high-temperature adapted isolates of M anisopliae formulated in silicone oil offer good candidates as control agents under the conditions found at the sheep skin surface.
Brooks
Alexandra J
AJ
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1 UG, UK. Alexandra.Brooks@bristol.ac.uk
de Muro
M Aquino
MA
Burree
E
E
Moore
D
D
Taylor
M A
MA
Wall
R
R
D000818:Animals; D006813:Humidity; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D008924:Mite Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D040042:Psoroptidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D011817:Rabbits; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012827:Silicone Oils; D013696:Temperature
D012827:Silicone Oils