Spring: a general framework for collaborative, real-time surgical simulation.
We describe the implementation details of a real-time surgical simulation system with soft-tissue modeling and multi-user, multi-instrument, networked haptics. The simulator is cross-platform and runs on various Unix and Windows platforms. It is written in C++ with OpenGL for graphics; GLUT, GLUI, and MUI for user interface; and supports parallel processing. It allows for the relatively easy introduction of patient-specific anatomy and supports many common file formats. It performs soft-tissue modeling, some limited rigid-body dynamics, and suture modeling. The simulator interfaces to many different interaction devices and provides for multi-user, multi-instrument collaboration over the Internet. Many virtual tools have been created and their interactions with tissue have been implemented. In addition, a number of extra features, such as voice input/output, real-time texture-mapped video input, stereo and head-mounted display support, and replicated display facilities are presented.
Montgomery
Kevin
K
National Biocomputation Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Bruyns
Cynthia
C
Brown
Joel
J
Sorkin
Stephen
S
Mazzella
Frederic
F
Thonier
Guillaume
G
Tellier
Arnaud
A
Lerman
Benjamin
B
Menon
Anil
A
D003195:Computer Communication Networks / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000295:instrumentation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface