Accounting for depressive symptoms in women: a twin study of associations with interpersonal relationships.
BACKGROUND
This study examined how interpersonal relationships, specifically marital quality and adequacy of social support, are associated with depressive symptoms among women.


METHODS
A sample of 326 female monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and their spouses was drawn from the Swedish Twin Registry. Associations among the three variables were evaluated by comparing similarities among monozygotic and dizygotic female twin pairs.


RESULTS
Interpersonal relationships contributed between 18% and 31% of the variance for depressive symptoms in women. Associations among the three variables were accounted for by genetic influences when women's reports were used. Non-shared environmental influences were important for the association between marital quality and depressive symptoms when a combination of husband and wife reports of marital quality were used.


CONCLUSIONS
The data is cross-sectional and the generalizability of these findings to depressive symptoms in men or to individuals with major depression is not clear.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate important associations among marital quality, social support and depressive symptoms in women, which should be taken into consideration for prevention and intervention strategies targeting depression.
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, S-171-77 Stockholm, Sweden. Erica.Spotts@mep.ki.se <Erica.Spotts@mep.ki.se>
Erica L
EL
Spotts
Jenae M
JM
Neiderhiser
Jody
J
Ganiban
David
D
Reiss
Paul
P
Lichtenstein
Kjell
K
Hansson
Marianne
M
Cederblad
Nancy L
NL
Pedersen
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D013548:Sweden