What are the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other cytokines in insulin resistance?
Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition to treating hyperglycemia, the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents may also benefit the cardiovascular complications associated with the disease. The two available TZDs, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists that influence gene expression of key proteins involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and adiponectin are believed to be important in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Understanding the role of these cytokines in the inflammatory processes that trigger plaque development might lead to identification of other potential mechanisms that could be exploited to enhance future treatments for patients with diabetes and atherosclerosis.
University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. pboyle@salud.unm.edu
Patrick J
PJ
Boyle
D052242:Adiponectin; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
D052242:Adiponectin; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005947:Glucose