Haemodynamic effects of remifentanil in children with and without intravenous atropine. An echocardiographic study.
BACKGROUND
Remifentanil is known to cause bradycardia and hypotension. We aimed to characterize the haemodynamic profile of remifentanil during sevoflurane anaesthesia in children with or without atropine.


METHODS
Forty children who required elective surgery received inhalational induction of anaesthesia using 8% sevoflurane. They were allocated randomly to receive either atropine, 20 microg kg(-1) (atropine group) or Ringer's lactate (control group) after 10 min of steady-state 1 MAC sevoflurane anaesthesia (baseline). Three minutes later (T0), all children received remifentanil 1 microg kg(-1) injected over a 60 s period, followed by an infusion of 0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1) for 10 min then 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1) for 10 min. Haemodynamic variables and echocardiographic data were determined at baseline, T0, T5, T10, T15 and T20 min.


RESULTS
Remifentanil caused a significant decrease in heart rate compared with the T0 value, which was greater at T20 than T10 in the two groups: however, the values at T10 and T20 were not significantly different from baseline in the atropine group. In comparison with T0, there was a significant fall in blood pressure in the two groups. Remifentanil caused a significant decrease in the cardiac index with or without atropine. Remifentanil did not cause variation in stroke volume (SV). In both groups, a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance occurred after administration of remifentanil. Contractility decreased significantly in the two groups, but this decrease remained moderate (between -2 and +2 sd).


CONCLUSIONS
Remifentanil produced a fall in blood pressure and cardiac index, mainly as a result of a fall in heart rate. Although atropine was able to reduce the fall in heart rate, it did not completely prevent the reduction in cardiac index.
Chanavaz
C
C
Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Pediatric and Physiology Hôpital Pontchaillou, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
Tirel
O
O
Wodey
E
E
Bansard
J Y
JY
Senhadji
L
L
Robert
J C
JC
Ecoffey
C
C
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000293:Adolescent; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010880:Piperidines; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D001285:Atropine; D000077208:Remifentanil