Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among Connecticut women.
Several recent studies have suggested a potential role of menstrual and reproductive factors in the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. To further examine the relation, the authors analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Connecticut women between 1996 and 2000. A total of 601 histologically confirmed cases and 717 randomly selected population-based controls were included in this study. An in-person interview was conducted using a standardized and structured questionnaire to collect information on menstrual and reproductive factors and potential confounding factors. Compared with nulliparous women, women who had four or more pregnancies during their lifetime were found to have a significantly reduced risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (odds ratio (OR) = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.9). Risk appeared to decrease with increasing number of pregnancies (p(trend) = 0.03). The authors also observed an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma overall (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.2) and of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7) for women who started their first menstrual period at age 15 or more years compared with those who started their first menstrual period before age 12 years. These findings support a reduced risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with multiple pregnancies and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with later age at menarche.
Zhang
Yawei
Y
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Holford
Theodore R
TR
Leaderer
Brian
B
Boyle
Peter
P
Zahm
Shelia Hoar
SH
Zhang
Bing
B
Zou
Kaiyong
K
Morton
Lindsay M
LM
Owens
Patricia H
PH
Flynn
Stuart
S
Tallini
Giovanni
G
Zheng
Tongzhang
T
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008572:Menarche; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires