Imatinib (STI571)-mediated changes in glucose metabolism in human leukemia BCR-ABL-positive cells.
The therapeutic efficacy of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is based on its specific inhibition of the BCR-ABL oncogene protein, a widely expressed tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. The goal of this study was to evaluate glucose metabolism in BCR-ABL-positive cells that are sensitive to imatinib exposure. Two human BCR-ABL-positive cell lines (CML-T1 and K562) and one BCR-ABL-negative cell line (HC-1) were incubated with different imatinib concentrations for 96 hours. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy on cell acid extracts was performed to evaluate [1-13C]glucose metabolism, energy state, and changes in endogenous metabolites after incubation with imatinib. Imatinib induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in CML-T1 (IC50, 0.69 +/- 0.06 micromol/L) and K562 cells (IC50, 0.47 +/- 0.04 micromol/L), but not in HC-1 cells. There were no metabolic changes in imatinib-treated HC-1 cells. In BCR-ABL-positive cells, the relevant therapeutic concentrations of imatinib (0.1-1.0 micromol/L) decreased glucose uptake from the media by suppressing glycolytic cell activity (C3-lactate at 0.25 mmol/L, 65% for K562 and 77% for CML-T1 versus control). Additionally, the activity of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle was increased (C4-glutamate at 0.25 micromol/L, 147% for K562 and 170% for CML-T1). The improvement in mitochondrial glucose metabolism resulted in an increased energy state (nucleoside triphosphate/nucleoside diphosphate at 0.25 micromol/L, 130% for K562 and 125% for CML-T1). Apoptosis was observed at higher concentrations. Unlike standard chemotherapeutics, imatinib, without cytocidal activity, reverses the Warburg effect in BCR-ABL-positive cells by switching from glycolysis to mitochondrial glucose metabolism, resulting in decreased glucose uptake and higher energy state.
Gottschalk
Sven
S
Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Anderson
Nora
N
Hainz
Carsten
C
Eckhardt
S Gail
SG
Serkova
Natalie J
NJ
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020014:K562 Cells; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005971:Glutamates; D007773:Lactates; D009711:Nucleotides; D010743:Phospholipids; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D005947:Glucose