Inflammatory markers and heart rate variability in women with coronary heart disease.
OBJECTIVE
Both heart rate variability (HRV) and inflammatory markers are carrying prognostic information in coronary heart disease (CHD), however, we know of no studies examining their relation in CHD. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the association between HRV and inflammatory activity, as reflected by the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and C-reactive protein (CRP).


METHODS
Consecutive women patients who survived hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, and/or underwent a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or a coronary artery bypass grafting were included and evaluated in a stable condition 1 year after the index events. An ambulatory 24-h ECG was recorded during normal activities. SDNN index (mean of the standard deviations of all normal to normal intervals for all 5-min segments of the entire recording) and the following frequency domain parameters were assessed: total power, high frequency (HF) power, low frequency (LF) power and very low frequency (VLF) power. Levels of high-sensitivity CRP were measured by nephelometry, IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay.


RESULTS
Levels of IL-6 showed an inverse relation with HRV measures even after controlling for potential confounding factors. The P-values were 0.02, 0.04, 0.01, 0.03, 0.18 for the multivariate association with SDDN index, total power, VLF power, LF power and HF power respectively. In contrast, the inverse relationship between HRV measures and CRP or IL-1ra levels were weak and nonsignificant. Correlation coefficients for the relationship between IL-6 and HRV measures were both uni- and multivariately higher than for the relationship between HRV measures and any other factors evaluated in this study.


CONCLUSIONS
Concentration of IL-6 showed a negative, independent association with HRV in women with CHD. Thus, increased inflammatory activity, as reflected by IL-6 levels, may represent a new auxiliary mechanism linking decreased HRV to poor prognosis in CHD.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
I
I
Janszky
M
M
Ericson
M
M
Lekander
M
M
Blom
K
K
Buhlin
A
A
Georgiades
S
S
Ahnve
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein