Antimicrobial use and the influence of inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy on the outcomes of nosocomial bloodstream infections in a neonatal intensive care unit.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate antimicrobial use and the influence of inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy on the outcomes of nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs).


METHODS
Prospective cohort study with nested case-control analysis.


METHODS
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).


METHODS
All patients weighing 2,000 g or less were enrolled. Data collection included risk factors for nosocomial BSI, admission severity of illness, microbiology, antimicrobial therapy, and outcomes. Inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy was defined as the use of antibiotics for more than 48 hours after the day that blood cultures were performed that did not cover the microorganisms causing the bacteremia or administration of antibiotics that failed to cover resistant microorganisms.


RESULTS
Two hundred twenty-nine patients were enrolled. Forty-five developed nosocomial BSIs. The BSI rates were 11.2, 2.8, and 0 per 1,000 catheter-days for patients weighing 1,000 g or less, between 1,001 and 1,500 g, and between 1,501 and 2,000 g, respectively. After adjustment for severity of illness, the mortality in patients with nosocomial BSI receiving inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy was higher than in those receiving adequate therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.2-23.2). By multivariate analysis, nosocomial BSI attributed to Candida species (AOR, 6.3; CI95, 1.4-28.0) and invasive procedure prior to onset of BSI (AOR, 6.4; CI95, 1.0-39.0) were associated with administration of inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
Administration of inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy among NICU patients with nosocomial BSI was associated with higher mortality. Additional studies on the role of inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy and the outcomes of BSIs among NICU patients are needed.
Apisarnthanarak
Anucha
A
Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasart University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
Holzmann-Pazgal
Galit
G
Hamvas
Aaron
A
Olsen
Margaret A
MA
Fraser
Victoria J
VJ
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents