Significance of beta-catenin and pRB pathway components in malignant ovarian germ cell tumours: INK4A promoter CpG island methylation is associated with cell proliferation.
To clarify the mechanisms underlying cell cycle promotion in malignant germ cell tumours of the ovary (MGCTOs), beta-catenin and components of the pRB pathway, cyclin D1 and p16, were analysed in relation to cell proliferation. Immunohistochemically, p16 protein was not expressed in a number of MGCTOs (9 of 42 tumours: 21.4%) and was associated with p16 gene (INK4A) promoter 5'-CpG islands methylation. Amplification of the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) was detected in a small number of MGCTOs (5 of 42 tumours: 13.5%). Reduced expression of p16 due to promoter methylation correlated significantly with increased cell proliferation as evidenced by Ki-67 labelling index (p < 0.001) and mitotic index (p < 0.01). In some tumour types, nuclear localization of beta-catenin has been reported to be associated with beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) mutation, cyclin D1 overexpression, and increased cell proliferation. Nuclear localization of beta-catenin, which was observed in MGCTOs other than dysgerminoma, was not associated with cyclin D1 expression and increased cell proliferation, but appeared to be related to tumour differentiation. Furthermore, CTNNB1 mutations were not detected in any of the MGCTOs examined. Our results suggest that reduced expression of p16 due to INK4A promoter methylation is one of the principal factors that promote cell proliferation in MGCTOs. Thus, p16 may be a novel target for gene therapies to treat MGCTOs.
Kawauchi
Shigeto
S
Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Minamikogushi, Ube, Japan. shig@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
Liu
Xiu Ping
XP
Kawasaki
Keiko
K
Hirakawa
Toshio
T
Amada
Satoshi
S
Furuya
Tomoko
T
Oga
Atsunori
A
Sasaki
Kohsuke
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019942:Genes, p16 / Q000502:physiology; D018237:Germinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008745:Methylation; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*; D051176:beta Catenin
C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D019938:Cyclin D1