Smoking and systemic disease.
Cigarette smoking is associated with a number of adverse health effects, including well-established links to cardiopulmonary disease and several cancers. Some of the other important systemic diseases associated with smoking are the subjects of this article, such as diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance and thyroid diseases. Also reviewed here is the negative impact of smoking on male and female infertility, on selected dermatologic conditions, and on gastrointestinal diseases including peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. antara@bcm.tmc.edu
Antara
A
Mallampalli
Kalpalatha K
KK
Guntupalli
D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*