Light fields for minimal invasive surgery using an endoscope positioning robot.
OBJECTIVE
To generate a fast and robust 3-D visualization of the operation site during minimal invasive surgery.


METHODS
Light fields are used to model and visualize the 3-D operation site during minimal invasive surgery. An endoscope positioning robot provides the position and orientation of the endoscope. The a priori un-known transformation from the endoscope plug to the endoscope tip (hand-eye transformation) can either be determined by a three-step algorithm, which includes measuring the endoscope length by hand or by using an automatic hand-eye calibration algorithm. Both methods are described in this paper and their respective computation times and accuracies are compared.


RESULTS
Light fields were generated during real operations and in the laboratory. The comparison of the two methods to determine the unknown hand-eye transformation was done in the laboratory. The results which are being presented in this paper are: rendered images from the generated light fields, the calculated extrinsic camera parameters and their accuracies with respect to the applied hand-eye calibration method, and computation times.


CONCLUSIONS
Using an endoscope positioning robot and knowing the hand-eye transformation, the fast and robust generation of light fields for minimal invasive surgery is possible.
Vogt
F
F
Chair for Pattern Recognition, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. vogt@informatik.uni-erlangen.de
Krüger
S
S
Schmidt
J
J
Paulus
D
D
Niemann
H
H
Hohenberger
W
W
Schick
C H
CH
D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D019723:Endoscopes; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D008491:Medical Informatics Applications; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D013997:Time Factors; D014794:Visual Fields