Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training. Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities.
BACKGROUND
While the fear of falling is a common psychological consequence of falling, older adults who have not fallen also frequently report this fear. Fear of falling can lead to activity restriction that is self-imposed rather than due to actual physical impairments. Evidence suggests that exercise can significantly improve balance confidence, as measured by falls-related self-efficacy scales. However, there are no prospective reports that correlate change in balance confidence with changes in fall risk and physical abilities as induced by participating in a group-based exercise program.


OBJECTIVE
The primary purpose of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between the change in balance confidence and the changes in fall risk and physical abilities in older women with confirmed low bone mass after 13 weeks of exercise participation. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the change in balance confidence and the change in physical activity level.


METHODS
The sample comprised 98 women aged 75-85 years with low bone mass. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: resistance training (n = 32), agility training (n = 34), and stretching (sham) exercises (n = 32). The 50-min exercise classes for each study arm were held twice weekly at a local YMCA community centre.


RESULTS
Both resistance training and agility training significantly improved balance confidence by 6% from baseline after 13 weeks. However, the change in balance confidence was only weakly correlated with improved general physical function and not significantly correlated with the changes in fall risk score, postural stability, gait speed, or physical activity level. As well, we observed balance confidence enhancement in the presence of increased fall risk or deterioration in physical abilities.


CONCLUSIONS
Two different types of exercise training improved balance confidence in older women with low bone mass. This change in balance confidence was significantly correlated with change in general physical function. Because of the observation of discordance between balance confidence change and changes in fall risk and physical abilities, those who design group-based exercise programs for community-dwelling older adults may wish to consider including an education component on factors that influence fear of falling. Objective changes in fall risk factors cannot be assumed to mirror change in fear of falling and physical abilities in older adults in the short-term.
School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
T
T
Liu-Ambrose
K M
KM
Khan
J J
JJ
Eng
S R
SR
Lord
H A
HA
McKay
D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010809:Physical Fitness; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome