Metabolism and mineralization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine inside poplar tissues (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-34).
Poplar tissue cultures and leaf crude extracts (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-34) were exposed to [U-14C]hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and incubated under light and in the dark. Poplar tissue cultures were able to partially reduce RDX to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), regardless of the presence or absence of light. However, further transformation of RDX, MNX, and DNX required exposure to light and resulted in the formation of formaldehyde (CH2O), methanol (CH3OH), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Similarly, transformation of RDX by poplar leaf crude extracts required exposure to light. Neither reduction of RDX to MNX and DNX nor mineralization into CO2 were recorded in crude extracts, even when exposed to light, suggesting that both processes were light-independent and required intact plant cells. Control experiments without plant material showed that RDX was partially transformed abiotically, by the sole action of light, but to a lesser extent than in the presence of plant crude extracts, suggesting the intervention of plant subcellular structures through a light-mediated mechanism. Poplar tissue cultures were also shown to mineralize 14CH2O and 14CH3OH, regardless of the presence or absence of light. These results suggest that transformation of [U-14C]RDX by plant tissue cultures may occur through a three-step process, involving (i) a light-independent reduction of RDX to MNX and DNX by intact plant cells; (ii) a plant/light-mediated breakdown of the heterocyclic ring of RDX, MNX, or DNX into C1-labeled metabolites (CH2O and CH3OH); and (iii) a further light-independent mineralization of C1-labeled metabolites by intact plant cells. This is the first time that a significant mineralization of RDX into CO2 by light-exposed plant tissue cultures is reported.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. bvanaken@engineering.uiowa.edu
Benoit
B
Van Aken
Jong M
JM
Yoon
Craig L
CL
Just
Jerald L
JL
Schnoor
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010777:Photochemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D032107:Populus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012378:Rodenticides; D014227:Triazines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C009160:cyclonite