Cobalt chloride-induced apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 activation in rat C6 glioma cells.
Brain ischemia brings about hypoxic insults. Hypoxia is one of the major pathological factors inducing neuronal injury and central nervous system infection. We studied the involvement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in hypoxia-induced apoptosis using cobalt chloride in C6 glioma cells. In vitro cytotoxicity of cobalt chloride was tested by MTT assay. Its IC(50) value was 400 microM. The DNA fragment became evident after incubation of the cells with 300 microM cobalt chloride for 24 h. We also evidenced nuclear cleavage with morphological changes of the cells undergoing apoptosis with electron microscopy. Next, we examined the signal pathway of cobalt chloride-induced apoptosis in C6 cells. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) started to increase at 1 h and was activated further at 6 h after treatment of 400 M cobalt chloride. In addition, pretreatment of PD98059 inhibited cobalt chloride-induced apoptotic cell morphology in Electron Microscopy. These results suggest that cobalt chloride is able to induce the apoptotic activity in C6 glioma cells, and its apoptotic mechanism may be associated with signal transduction via MAP kinase (ERK 1/2).
Yang
Seung-Ju
SJ
Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea.
Pyen
JhinSoo
J
Lee
InSoo
I
Lee
Hyeyoung
H
Kim
YoungKwon
Y
Kim
TaeUe
T
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048429:Cell Size; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003035:Cobalt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C018021:cobaltous chloride; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one