Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide.
BACKGROUND
For approximately 24 years the AIDS pandemic has claimed approximately 30 million lives, causing approximately 14,000 new HIV-1 infections daily worldwide in 2003. About 80% of infections occur by heterosexual transmission. In the absence of vaccines, topical microbicides, expected to block virus transmission, offer hope for controlling the pandemic. Antiretroviral chemotherapeutics have decreased AIDS mortality in industrialized countries, but only minimally in developing countries. To prevent an analogous dichotomy, microbicides should be: acceptable; accessible; affordable; and accelerative in transition from development to marketing. Already marketed pharmaceutical excipients or foods, with established safety records and adequate anti-HIV-1 activity, may provide this option.


METHODS
Fruit juices were screened for inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IIIB using CD4 and CXCR4 as cell receptors. The best juice was tested for inhibition of: (1) infection by HIV-1 BaL, utilizing CCR5 as the cellular coreceptor; and (2) binding of gp120 IIIB and gp120 BaL, respectively, to CXCR4 and CCR5. To remove most colored juice components, the adsorption of the effective ingredient(s) to dispersible excipients and other foods was investigated. A selected complex was assayed for inhibition of infection by primary HIV-1 isolates.


RESULTS
HIV-1 entry inhibitors from pomegranate juice adsorb onto corn starch. The resulting complex blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 and inhibits infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest the possibility of producing an anti-HIV-1 microbicide from inexpensive, widely available sources, whose safety has been established throughout centuries, provided that its quality is adequately standardized and monitored.
Biochemical Virology Laboratory, Lindsley F, Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA. arneurath@att.net
A Robert
AR
Neurath
Nathan
N
Strick
Yun-Yao
YY
Li
Asim K
AK
Debnath
D000327:Adsorption; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D013488:Suppositories; D013607:Tablets
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D013488:Suppositories; D013607:Tablets; D013213:Starch