Evolving guidelines for intravitreous injections.
Intravitreous (i.v.t.) injection is increasingly being incorporated into the management of ocular diseases. While only fomivirsen sodium (Vitravene) is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an i.v.t. injection, the number of approved i.v.t. injections indications is anticipated to grow on the basis of promising results from ongoing clinical studies. Despite the potential benefits that may be derived from intraocular injections of different agents, no guidelines have been published previously for i.v.t. injection. The purpose of this document is to identify specific strategies for the delivery of i.v.t. injection that may reduce risks and improve outcomes. Consensus was sought among a panel of investigators, surgeons experienced with this technique, and industry representatives. Objective evidence was sought for all guidelines, but consensus was accepted where evidence remains incomplete. In the absence of either evidence or consensus, the current manuscript identifies outstanding issues in need of further investigation. It is anticipated that more complete guidelines will evolve over time, potentially altering some of the guidelines included here, based on new applications of i.v.t. injection, additional clinical experience, and results of clinical trials.
Beetham Eye Institute & Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Lloyd P
LP
Aiello
Alexander J
AJ
Brucker
Stanley
S
Chang
Emmett T
ET
Cunningham
Donald J
DJ
D'Amico
Harry W
HW
Flynn
Lisa R
LR
Grillone
Steve
S
Hutcherson
Jeffrey M
JM
Liebmann
Terrence P
TP
O'Brien
Ingrid U
IU
Scott
Richard F
RF
Spaide
Christopher
C
Ta
Michael T
MT
Trese
D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014822:Vitreous Body