Effects of carvedilol on ventriculo-arterial coupling in patients with heart failure.
BACKGROUND
Ventriculo-arterial coupling, defined as the ratio of the effective afterload (Ea) to contractility (Ees), reflects the mechano-energetic performance of the heart and is increased in chronic heart failure (CHF); the aim of treatment is to reduce its value. We studied the effect of carvedilol on the Ea/Ees ratio in patients with CHF treated with ACE-inhibitors, diuretics, and digoxin.


METHODS
Between November 1999 and October 2001, 36 consecutive ambulatory patients (aged 31 to 76 years) with stable CHF and idiopathic or hypertensive cardiomyopathy, in sinus rhythm and with a left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40%, were started on carvedilol and the dose was increased to the maximum tolerated. Ees was calculated as the left ventricular systolic pressure--taken as the systolic arterial pressure measured using the cuff manometer simultaneously with two-dimensional echocardiographic recordings--divided by the left ventricular end-systolic volume. Ea was measured as the ratio of the left ventricular systolic pressure to the stroke volume. All patients were investigated prospectively after 6 and 12 months of treatment.


RESULTS
Out of 36 patients, 4 did not tolerate the drug and were dropped out. At 6.35 +/- 1 months, the daily dosage of carvedilol was 49.7 +/- 21 mg. The NYHA functional class improved from 1.52 +/- 0.67 to 1.29 +/- 0.53 (p = 0.017), the heart rate markedly diminished from 73.6 +/- 13.3 to 60.8 +/- 10.8 b/min (p < 0.001) and so did Ea (3.35 +/- 0.91 to 2.84 +/- 0.93, p = 0.001). Peripheral resistances and Ees did not change. Therefore, the decrease in the Ea/Ees ratio (2.61 +/- 0.78 vs 2.19 +/- 0.89, p = 0.004) and the related increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (28.8 +/- 5.68 vs 33.3 +/- 7.5%, p < 0.001) were due to the decrease in Ea, while Ees did not vary significantly. Moreover, the Ea reduction was related linearly to the decrease in heart rate (r = 0.46, p = 0.001). There was no change in diuretic or ACE-inhibitor dosing during carvedilol titration. At 14.7 +/- 2 months of follow-up, no further variation occurred, short of a trend toward a slight increase in Ees (1.38 +/- 0.49 to 1.58 +/- 0.65, p = 0.07).


CONCLUSIONS
Carvedilol, added to the conventional therapy of CHF, improves left ventricular performance and reduces the Ea/Ees ratio by decreasing Ea, mainly through a reduction in heart rate. This effect is already evident at 6 months and persists later on, while only after 12 months does Ees tend to increase slightly.
Razzolini
Renato
R
Department of Cardiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. renato.razzolini@unipd. it
Tarantini
Giuseppe
G
Boffa
Giovanni M
GM
Orlando
Silvia
S
Iliceto
Sabino
S
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol