Statistical model for assessing the portion of fine particulate matter transported regionally and long range to urban air.
OBJECTIVE
This study attempted to develop a simple statistical model for assessing the contribution of aerosols transported regionally and those transported long range to the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in urban air in Helsinki.


METHODS
The construction and testing of the linear regression model was based on PM2.5 measurement data from two locations in the City of Helsinki (Vallila & Kallio) and on ion concentration data obtained from the three nearest monitoring stations of The Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluating of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP). The "ion sum" was calculated on the basis of the following daily measured EMEP parameters in 1998--2000: (i) sulfate (SO4(2-)), (ii) the sum of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrogen acid (HNO3), and (iii) the sum of ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3). The ion sum was compared with sulfate as the proxy variable for PM2.5 transported long range.


RESULTS
The correlation of the daily average PM2.5 concentration with the ion sum (R2=0.59-0.61) was higher than that with sulfate (R2 = 0.48-0.50). The regression estimates showed relatively small year-to-year variation. The contribution of long-range transport to the measured PM2.5 concentration in urban air in Helsinki was estimated to be 64-76%.


CONCLUSIONS
The results showed a strong association between the ion sum interpolated from the EMEP data and the PM2.5 concentration measured at urban sites in Helsinki. This association can be utilized in local dispersion modeling of the PM2.5 concentration in urban air.
Karppinen
Ari
A
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. ari.karppinen@fmi.fi
Härkönen
Jari
J
Kukkonen
Jaakko
J
Aarnio
Päivi
P
Koskentalo
Tarja
T
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D014186:Transportation; D014504:Urban Health / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D009566:Nitrates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen