PTEN gene targeting reveals a radiation-induced size checkpoint in human cancer cells.
Following DNA damage, human cells arrest primarily in the G(1) and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Here, we show that after irradiation, human cancer cells with targeted deletion of PTEN or naturally occurring PTEN mutations can exert G(1) and G(2) arrests but are unable to arrest in size. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase or mTOR in PTEN(-/-) cells restored the size arrest, whereas siRNA-mediated depletion of TSC2 in PTEN(+/+) cells attenuated the size arrest. Radiation treatment potentiated Akt activation in PTEN(-/-) but not PTEN(+/+) cells. Finally, abrogation of the size arrest via PTEN deletion conferred radiosensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. These results identify a new tumor suppressor gene-regulated, DNA damage-inducible arrest that occurs simultaneously with the G(1) and G(2) arrests but is genetically separable from them. We suggest that aberrant regulation of cell size during cell cycle arrest may be important in human cancer pathogenesis.
Lee
Carolyn
C
Department of Oncology and Tumor Biology Training Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
Kim
Jung-Sik
JS
Waldman
Todd
T
D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000528:radiation effects; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; C000624654:Tsc2 protein, mouse; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494929:PTEN protein, human