Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
BACKGROUND
Diagnosing and monitoring depression in primary care remains an issue of significant public health concern. Clinicians and researchers need to know if any one screening instrument is superior to the others in diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes. This study aimed to examine the criterion validity for diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) in comparison with 2 well-established instruments, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the WHO Well-Being Index 5 (WBI-5).


METHODS
Five hundred and one medical outpatients completed the questionnaires and had a clinical interview. The presence of a depressive episode was determined with the International Diagnostic Checklists (IDCL) for ICD-10 as the criterion standard. Coefficient kappa (kappa), sensitivities and specificities were calculated and a statistical comparison of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves was performed.


RESULTS
Diagnostic agreement between the questionnaires and the IDCL was moderate (kappa=0.34-0.56), with the highest values for the PHQ. While all 3 questionnaires had reasonable sensitivity and specificity, the operating characteristics for the PHQ were significantly superior to both the HADS and the WBI-5 (p=0.02).


CONCLUSIONS
Any of the 3 screening instruments can be recommended for clinical use. However, this is the first comparative study to demonstrate the diagnostic advantage of a particular depression-screening instrument using the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The superior criterion validity of the PHQ is likely attributable to its closer representation of the current concept of depressive disorders.
Löwe
Bernd
B
Regenstrief Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. bernd.loewe@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Gräfe
Kerstin
K
Zipfel
Stephan
S
Witte
Steffen
S
Loerch
Bernd
B
Herzog
Wolfgang
W
D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires