Ventilatory behavior during sleep among A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains.
The pattern of breathing during sleep could be a heritable trait. Our intent was to test this genetic hypothesis in inbred mouse strains known to vary in breathing patterns during wakefulness (Han F, Subramanian S, Dick TE, Dreshaj IA, and Strohl KP. J Appl Physiol 91: 1962-1970, 2001; Han F, Subramanian S, Price ER, Nadeau J, and Strohl KP, J Appl Physiol 92: 1133-1140, 2002) to determine whether such differences persisted into non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Measures assessed in C57BL/6J (B6; Jackson Laboratory) and two A/J strains (A/J Jackson and A/J Harlan) included ventilatory behavior [respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow, and duty cycle (inspiratory time/total breath time)], and metabolism, as performed by the plethsmography method with animals instrumented to record EEG, electromyogram, and heart rate. In all strains, there were reductions in minute ventilation and CO2 production in NREM compared with wakefulness (P < 0.001) and a further reduction in REM compared with NREM (P < 0.001), but no state-by-stain interactions. Frequency showed strain (P < 0.0001) and state-by-strain interactions (P < 0.0001). The A/J Jackson did not change frequency in REM vs. NREM [141 +/- 15 (SD) vs. 139 +/- 14 breaths/min; P = 0.92], whereas, in the A/J Harlan, it was lower in REM vs. NREM (168 +/- 14 vs. 179 +/- 12 breaths/min; P = 0.0005), and, in the B6, it was higher in REM vs. NREM (209 +/- 12 vs. 188 +/- 13 breaths/min; P < 0.0001). Heart rate exhibited strain (P = 0.003), state (P < 0.0001), and state-by-strain interaction (P = 0.017) and was lower in NREM sleep in the A/J Harlan (P = 0.035) and B6 (P < 0.0001). We conclude that genetic background affects features of breathing during NREM and REM sleep, despite broad changes in state, metabolism, and heart rate.
Friedman
Lee
L
The MIND Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA.
Haines
Abby
A
Klann
Ken
K
Gallaugher
Laura
L
Salibra
Lawrence
L
Han
Fang
F
Strohl
Kingman P
KP
D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A / Q000502:physiology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL / Q000502:physiology*; D010991:Plethysmography; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity