All our troubles seem so far away: temporal pattern to accessible alternatives and retrospective team appraisals.
Three studies tested the hypothesis that thoughts about alternatives become increasingly accessible over time, leading poor outcomes to feel subjectively farther away and less inevitable. This subjective temporal distance bias was obtained even though actual time since poor and good outcomes was identical. In Study 1, participants who recalled distant poor team outcomes thought of alternatives easily and outcomes felt farther away and less inevitable. Thoughts about outcomes were most easily accessible after good outcomes, which felt closer and more inevitable. In Study 2, with measures obtained immediately or at a later time on a negotiation task, changes over time occurred primarily for poor team outcomes. In Study 3, team performance on an investment task indicated it is whether alternatives are thought of easily, not thought content, that produces this effect. Discussion centers on temporal appraisals, other temporal biases, and teams.
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA. sanna@unc.edu.
Lawrence J
LJ
Sanna
Edward C
EC
Chang
Seth E
SE
Carter
D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors