Episiotomy versus fetal manipulation in managing severe shoulder dystocia: a comparison of outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
In severe shoulder dystocia, when initial maneuvers fail, either episiotomy or fetal manipulation (Rubin, Woods' screw, or posterior arm release) is recommended. We sought to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes between severe shoulder dystocia deliveries managed with episiotomy versus fetal manipulation.


METHODS
We identified severe shoulder dystocia deliveries from three databases: all shoulder dystocia deliveries (1993-2003 and 1994-1997) from two teaching institutions and litigated cases of shoulder dystocia-associated permanent brachial plexus palsy from multiple U.S. institutions. Pair-wise comparisons were made among three groups of deliveries: those managed by fetal manipulation without episiotomy (fetal manipulation-only), those managed by episiotomy without fetal manipulation (episiotomy-only), and those managed with both (episiotomy + fetal manipulation). Rates of brachial plexus palsy, neonatal depression, and anal sphincter trauma were compared among groups using chi 2 , with significance at P < .05.


RESULTS
Among episiotomy-only, 13 of 22 (59.1%) sustained brachial plexus palsy, compared with 20 of 57 (35.1%) among fetal manipulation-only (P = .05). Twenty-eight of 48 (58.3%) in episiotomy + fetal manipulation had brachial plexus palsy, which did not differ from episiotomy-only (P = .95) but was higher than fetal manipulation-only (P = .02), suggesting that the addition of episiotomy conferred no benefit in averting neonatal injury. Anal sphincter trauma was significantly more common among episiotomy-only and episiotomy + fetal manipulation, compared with fetal manipulation-only.


CONCLUSIONS
In severe shoulder dystocia, if fetal manipulation can be performed without episiotomy, severe perineal trauma can be averted without incurring greater risk of brachial plexus palsy.
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21287, USA. egurewi@jhmi.edu
Edith D
ED
Gurewitsch
Michele
M
Donithan
Shawn P
SP
Stallings
Patricia L
PL
Moore
Shefali
S
Agarwal
Leora M
LM
Allen
Robert H
RH
Allen
D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004420:Dystocia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012782:Shoulder; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014710:Version, Fetal