Acid-induced structural modifications of unsaturated Fatty acids and phenolic olive oil constituents by nitrite ions: a chemical assessment.
The structural modifications of the unsaturated fatty acid components of triglycerides in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) following exposure to nitrite ions in acidic media were determined by two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy, aided by (15)N labeling and GC analysis, allowing investigation of the matrix without fractionation steps. In the presence of excess nitrite ions in a 1% sulfuric acid/oil biphasic system, extensive double bond isomerization of the oleic/linoleic acid components of triglycerides was observed associated with nitration/oxidation processes. Structurally modified species were identified as E/Z-nitroalkene, 1,2-nitrohydroxy, and 3-nitro-1-alkene(1,5-diene) derivatives based on (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N 2D NMR analysis in comparison with model compounds. Minor constituents of EVOO, including phenolic compounds and tocopherols, were also substantially modified by nitrite-derived nitrating species, even under milder reaction conditions relevant to those occurring in the gastric compartments. Novel nitrated derivatives of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein (6-8) were identified by LC/MS analysis of the polar fraction of EVOO and by comparison with synthetic samples. Overall, these results provide the first systematic description at the chemical level of the consequences of exposing EVOO to nitrite ions at acidic pH and offer an improved basis for further investigations in the field of toxic nitrosation/nitration reactions and dietary antinitrosating agents.
Napolitano
Alessandra
A
Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy. alesnapo@unina.it
Panzella
Lucia
L
Savarese
Maria
M
Sacchi
Raffaele
R
Giudicianni
Italo
I
Paolillo
Livio
L
d'Ischia
Marco
M
D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D007536:Isomerism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015538:Nitrosation / Q000187:drug effects; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis
D000143:Acids; D000475:Alkenes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D007477:Ions; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D009573:Nitrites; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils; D011714:Pyrans; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; C002769:oleuropein; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol