Smokeless tobacco: an emerging addiction.
Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is an important health issue in the United States, and chronic use leads to significant morbidity. ST users are exposed to levels of nicotine comparable with smokers and experience symptoms of nicotine withdrawal when attempting to stop. Clinical treatment of ST users requires an understanding of the unique characteristics of ST. This article reviews ST products, epidemiology, pharmacology, health risks, and treatment approaches.
Ebbert
Jon O
JO
Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ebbert.jon@mayo.edu
Carr
Alan B
AB
Dale
Lowell C
LC
D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States