A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.
OBJECTIVE
The main genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the shared epitope (SE) of HLA-DR, while smoking is an important environmental risk factor. We studied a potential gene-environment interaction between SE genes and smoking in the etiology of the 2 major subgroups of RA: rheumatoid factor (RF)-seropositive and RF-seronegative disease.


METHODS
A population-based case-control study involving incident cases of RF-seropositive and RF-seronegative RA (858 cases and 1,048 controls) was performed in Sweden. Cases and controls were classified according to their cigarette smoking status and HLA-DRB1 genotypes. The relative risk of developing RA was calculated for different gene/smoking combinations and was compared with the relative risk in never smokers without SE genes.


RESULTS
The relative risk of RF-seropositive RA was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6-4.8) in never smokers with SE genes, 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.6) in current smokers without SE genes, and 7.5 (95% CI 4.2-13.1) in current smokers with SE genes. Smokers carrying double SE genes displayed a relative risk of RF-seropositive RA of 15.7 (95% CI 7.2-34.2). The interaction between smoking and SE genes was significant, as measured by the attributable proportion due to interaction, which was 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.7) for smoking and any SE, and 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.9) for smoking and a double SE. Neither smoking nor SE genes nor the combination of these factors increased the risk of developing RF-seronegative RA.


CONCLUSIONS
The disease risk of RF-seropositive RA associated with one of the classic genetic risk factors for immune-mediated diseases (the SE of HLA-DR) is strongly influenced by the presence of an environmental factor (smoking) in the population at risk.
Padyukov
Leonid
L
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Mechnikov Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. leonid.padyukov@cmm.ki.se
Silva
Camilla
C
Stolt
Patrik
P
Alfredsson
Lars
L
Klareskog
Lars
L
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000939:Epitopes / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D000939:Epitopes; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor