Zoonotic protozoa: from land to sea.
Attention to worldwide pollution of the coastal marine environment has focused primarily on toxic algal blooms and pathogenic bacteria that multiply in nutrient-rich waters. However, massive but unseen amounts of feces from humans, their pets, and their domesticated animals are discharged, dumped, or carried in runoff, bringing encysted zoonotic protozoan parasites to estuaries and coastal waters. Here, they contaminate bathing beaches, are filtered and concentrated by shellfish eaten by humans and marine mammals, and infect a wide range of marine animal hosts, resulting in morbidity and mortality to some populations. This review addresses the extent of contamination and the animals affected by three genera of important zoonotic protozoa: Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma.
Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. rfayer@anri.barc.usda.gov <rfayer@anri.barc.usda.gov>
Ronald
R
Fayer
Jitender P
JP
Dubey
David S
DS
Lindsay
D000818:Animals; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D016266:Food Parasitology; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012623:Seawater / Q000469:parasitology*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000469:parasitology; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D015047:Zoonoses