Assisted reproductive techniques in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a critical review.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the existing experience with the use and success rate of assisted reproductive techniques (ART), in particular testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), in Klinefelter patients.


METHODS
A systematic review of the literature, including all published case reports to date.


METHODS
Thirty-nine reported successful pregnancies fathered by nonmosaic Klinefelter patients.


METHODS
The overall risk of transmitting a chromosomal abnormality to the offspring of Klinefelter patients.


RESULTS
In nonmosaic and mosaic Klinefelter patients, chromosomally normal sperm cells can be extracted from testicular tissue and used for ICSI.


CONCLUSIONS
The application of ART to Klinefelter patients can be recommended as a method to achieve reproduction in this selected infertility patient cohort.
Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. ddensch@frk.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
Dominik
D
Denschlag
Clemens
C
Tempfer
Myriam
M
Kunze
Gerhard
G
Wolff
Christoph
C
Keck
D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000628:therapy*; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009030:Mosaicism; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards