Is amodiaquine failing in Rwanda? Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with artesunate in children with uncomplicated malaria.
We investigated the safety and efficacy of amodiaquine alone (AQ) and combined with artesunate (AQ + AS) in 308 Rwandan children 6-59 months old with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attending three sentinel sites. The two treatment regimes were well tolerated and no serious adverse events were recorded. After excluding new infections, children treated with AQ + AS had fewer clinical failures at day 28 after treatment than those treated with AQ alone: OR = 0.20 [95% CI: 0.06-0.57 (P = 0.001)]. Total (parasitological and clinical) failure was also significantly less frequent in the AQ + AS group: OR = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17-0.67 (P = 0.001)]. When adjusting for study site, the hazard ratio for treatment failure was 0.37 [95% CI: 0.20-0.68 (P = 0.001)]. Combining AQ with AS increases the efficacy of the treatment but the apparent increase of AQ resistance observed in just a 1-year period is worrying and casts doubts on the suitability of implementing AQ + AS as first-line treatment in Rwanda. Alternative treatments should be identified and tested.
Rwagacondo
Claude E
CE
National Malaria Control Program, Kigali, Rwanda. crwagacondo@hotmail.com
Karema
Corine
C
Mugisha
Veronique
V
Erhart
Annette
A
Dujardin
Jean-Claude
JC
Van Overmeir
Chantal
C
Ringwald
Pascal
P
D'Alessandro
Umberto
U
D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012432:Rwanda; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000655:Amodiaquine; D000077332:Artesunate