Is eligibility for a chemotherapy protocol a good prognostic factor for invasive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy?
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether eligibility to an adjuvant chemotherapy protocol in itself represents a good prognostic factor after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.


METHODS
Between April 1984 and May 1989, our institution entered 35 patients with invasive bladder cancer into the Swiss Group for Clinical and Epidemiological Cancer Research (SAKK) study 09/84. They were randomly assigned to either observation or three postoperative courses of cisplatin monotherapy after cystectomy. This study had a negative result. The outcome of these 35 patients (protocol group) was compared with an age- and tumor-stage-matched cohort (matched group; n = 35) who also underwent cystectomy during the same period, but were not entered into the SAKK study, as well as the remaining 57 patients treated during the study period for the same indication (remaining group).


RESULTS
Median overall survival decreased from 76.3 months in the protocol group to 52.1 months in the matched group and to 20.3 months in the remaining group. The respective times of median recurrence-free survival were 67.2, 16.0, and 9.4 months. Tumor progression occurred in 46% of the protocol group compared with 69% in the matched group and 65% in the remaining group (P < .05). Cancer-related death was noted in 40% of the protocol group, 57% in the matched group, and 56% in the remaining group.


CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that being willing and fit enough for a chemotherapy protocol is a good prognostic factor for invasive bladder cancer. This eligibility bias emphasizes the need for prospective, randomized trials, and indicates that single-group studies using historical or matched controls have to be interpreted with caution.
FEBU, Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
Stephan
S
Madersbacher
George N
GN
Thalmann
Johannes C
JC
Fritsch
Urs E
UE
Studer
D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin