Thymalfasin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a serious problem because of its worldwide distribution and possible adverse chronic sequelae, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic hepatitis B infection is a dynamic state of interactions between the virus, hepatocyte and host immune response. Interferon-alpha and direct antiviral agents, such as lamivudine (Epivir, GlaxoSmithKline), are effective in the therapy of chronic HBV infection but the efficacy is far from satisfactory. Thymalfasin (thymosin alpha1; Talpha1, Zadaxintrade mark, SciClone Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) is a 28-amino acid polypeptide produced synthetically but originally isolated from thymosin fraction 5, a bovine thymus extract containing a number of immunologically active peptides. In vitro studies have shown that Talpha1 can influence T-cell production and maturation, stimulate production of Th1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-2, and activate natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Seven randomized controlled studies on Talpha1 monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B showed that 6 months treatment with Talpha1 (1.6 mg twice-weekly) resulted in a significantly higher sustained response rate than untreated controls. The benefits of Talpha1 therapy is usually not immediately apparent during therapy. There is a trend for complete virological response to increase or accumulate gradually after the end of thymosin therapy. The results of Talpha1 and interferon combination therapy in two open-label trials were also promising. In terms of the mechanisms of action, a combination of Talpha1 and nucleoside or nucleotide analogs is a logical approach in the control of chronic HBV infection and a randomized control study is ongoing.
Chien
Rong-Nan
RN
Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Liaw
Yun-Fan
YF
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000077596:Thymalfasin; D013947:Thymosin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013947:Thymosin; D000077596:Thymalfasin