Urinary schistosomiasis in Zimbabwean school children: predictors of morbidity.
BACKGROUND
The morbid effects of urinary bilharziasis are becoming more evident with the advent of sophisticated diagnostics such as ultrasound. However, such diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium morbidity is often hampered by lack of funds, proper equipment, or training.


OBJECTIVE
We performed a cross-sectional investigation of schoolchildren in a highly endemic area of east central Zimbabwe in order to assess the utility of a number of simple clinical indicators to predict Schistosoma haematobium morbidity.


METHODS
Prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection was determined in 551 schoolchildren, with ultrasound examination of the kidneys and bladder performed on 222. The association of a number of demographic, parasitological, and clinical parameters with clinical outcome was evaluated.


RESULTS
Overall, 60% of the children were infected with S. haematobium . Although lacking specificity, proteinuria and parasite eggs count best predicted bladder pathology. Presence of kidney dilation was associated with fatigue and pain upon urination, but these variables were not very sensitive.


CONCLUSIONS
None of the variables assessed were ideal predictors of morbidity. However, the results suggest that a combination of inexpensive, simple indicators may allow for improved targeting of S. haematobium treatment to those with severe morbidity and better monitoring of the progress of control campaigns when more expensive diagnostic methods are not available.
The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Kimberly C
KC
Brouwer
Anderson
A
Munatsi
Patricia D
PD
Ndhlovu
Yukiko
Y
Wagatsuma
Clive J
CJ
Shiff
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D015995:Prevalence; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology