Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation during oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices.
The major damaging factor during and after the ischemic/hypoxic insult is the generation of free radicals, which leads to apoptosis, necrosis, and ultimately cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC), and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a wide variety of antioxidants and have been in use in the eastern system of medicine for various disorders. Hippocampal slices were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and divided into three groups, control, OGD, and OGD+drug treated. Cytosolic reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide [NO, measured as nitrite (NO2)]. EPR was used to establish the antioxidant effect of RC, FC, and TC with respect to superoxide anion (O*2-), hydroxyl radicals (*OH), nitric oxide (NO) radical, and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) generated from pyrogallol, menadione, DETA-NO, and Sin-1, respectively. RT-PCR was performed for the three herbs to assess their effect on the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLC), iNOS, and GAPDH gene expression. All the three herbs were effective in elevating the GSH levels and expression of the GCLC. The herbs also exhibited strong free radical scavenging properties against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, diminishing the expression of iNOS gene. RC, FC, and TC therefore attenuate oxidative stress mediated cell injury during OGD and exert the above effects at both the cytosolic as well as at gene expression levels and may be effective therapeutic tool against ischemic brain damage.
Rawal
Avinash
A
SMV Center for Biotechnology, Sindhu Mahavidyalaya, Panchpaoli, Nagpur, MS 440017, India.
Muddeshwar
Manohar
M
Biswas
Saibal
S
D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004583:Electrons; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000860:Hypoxia; D007477:Ions; D007511:Ischemia; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045470:Rubia / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D031610:Tinospora / Q000378:metabolism*; D028461:Zygophyllaceae / Q000378:metabolism*
D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D007477:Ions; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D010100:Oxygen