The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression.
BACKGROUND
There is a high prevalence of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. Depression has been shown to be associated with poor self-management (adherence to diet, exercise, checking blood glucose levels) and high hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether enhancing quality of care for depression improves both depression and diabetes outcomes in patients with depression and diabetes.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trial with recruitment from March 1, 2001, to May 31, 2002.


METHODS
Nine primary care clinics from a large health maintenance organization.


METHODS
A total of 329 patients with diabetes mellitus and comorbid major depression and/or dysthymia. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to the Pathways case management intervention (n = 164) or usual care (n = 165). The intervention provided enhanced education and support of antidepressant medication treatment prescribed by the primary care physician or problem-solving therapy delivered in primary care.


METHODS
Independent blinded assessments at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months of depression (Hopkins Symptom Checklist 90), global improvement, and satisfaction with care. Automated clinical data were used to evaluate adherence to antidepressant regimens, percentage receiving specialty mental health visits, and HbA1c levels.


RESULTS
When compared with usual care patients, intervention patients showed greater improvement in adequacy of dosage of antidepressant medication treatment in the first 6-month period (odds ratio [OR], 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28-7.55) and the second 6-month period (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.69-4.98), less depression severity over time (z = 2.84, P = .004), a higher rating of patient-rated global improvement at 6 months (intervention 69.4% vs usual care 39.3%; OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 2.16-5.68) and 12 months (intervention 71.9% vs usual care 42.3%; OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 2.14-5.72), and higher satisfaction with care at 6 months (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.18-3.43) and 12 months (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.67-4.97). Although depressive outcomes were improved, no differences in HbA1c outcomes were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
The Pathways collaborative care model improved depression care and outcomes in patients with comorbid major depression and/or dysthymia and diabetes mellitus, but improved depression care alone did not result in improved glycemic control.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195-6560, USA. wkaton@u.washington.edu
Wayne J
WJ
Katon
Michael
M
Von Korff
Elizabeth H B
EH
Lin
Greg
G
Simon
Evette
E
Ludman
Joan
J
Russo
Paul
P
Ciechanowski
Edward
E
Walker
Terry
T
Bush
D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019090:Case Management; D015897:Comorbidity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin