Child and adolescent clinical features as forerunners of adult-onset major depressive disorder: retrospective evidence from an epidemiological sample.
BACKGROUND
Adult-onset cases of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD) often have had a history of mood disturbances and allied clinical features during childhood or adolescence. This study seeks to illuminate these early-life disturbances, as recalled and reported by adult-onset MDD cases (i.e. those whose first episode of MDD occurred after age 18) and non-cases.


METHODS
Our research group has re-assessed survivors in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) community sample roughly 13.5 years after first diagnostic assessments in 1981. Of the 1920 participants, 150 were found to have a history of adult-onset MDD; 1755 were sub-threshold with respect to DSM criteria or reported few or no depression-related problems. Survival analysis was used to plot and study the cumulative occurrence of each clinical feature of depression from age 6 through 18 years for cases of adult-onset MDD versus non-cases.


RESULTS
The earliest and most frequently occurring forerunners of adult-onset MDD were persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide, with persistent anhedonia and worthlessness having a special prognostic value. One-third of adult-onset cases of MDD reported at least one clinical feature before age 19 versus only 7.3% of non-cases.


CONCLUSIONS
The study's estimates are based on retrospective recall, although a life chart methodology sought to reduce recall inaccuracies.


CONCLUSIONS
The ECA follow-up sample data, though based on retrospection, provide new details about early forerunners of adult-onset depression from a sample of survivors. When they appear in children or adolescents, persistent anhedonia and persistent feelings of worthlessness merit special attention. These two clinical features, in particular, may help predict later risk of adult-onset major depression.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Family Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA. hwilcox@jhsph.edu <hwilcox@jhsph.edu>
Holly C
HC
Wilcox
James C
JC
Anthony
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders; D012189:Retrospective Studies