Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease.
Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. There is a vast array of medications used to treat diabetes, including insulin and the sulfonylureas, as well as newer classes of drugs such as the thiazolidinediones and biguanides. In patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), it is necessary to decrease the dosage of some of these drugs, while others are best avoided altogether. Accumulation of either the parent compound or its metabolites can result in symptomatic hypoglycemia, or in the case of metformin, significant lactic acidosis. In this article we will review the use of insulin and the various classes of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, focusing on their pharmacokinetic properties and dosing in patients with advanced kidney disease.
Snyder
Richard W
RW
Department of Medicine, Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Berns
Jeffrey S
JS
D000284:Administration, Oral; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin