Possible interaction between activator protein-1 and proto-oncogene B-cell lymphoma gene 6 in breast cancer patients resistant to tamoxifen.
About 75% of breast tumors are positive for the estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PgR) or both, and estrogen is the main stimulant in the development and growth of these tumors. Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist has been endocrine treatment for hormone-sensitive breast cancer for more than 20 years. However, the underlying cause of treatment failure in many breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen is resistance to tamoxifen. The mechanisms of tamoxifen and the molecular events responsible for resistance to tamoxifen are not fully understood. Two ER subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, activate the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) response elements, and through interactions between ERs and the AP-1 transcription factors c-fos and c-jun, these transcription factors regulate the genes involved in many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and apoptosis. Thus, the interaction between ERs and AP-1 could be important clinically and could have bearing on the response to tamoxifen. Tamoxifen acts as an agonist on genes under the control of an AP-1 response elements when ERalpha or ERbeta is expressed. AP-1 blockade suppresses mitogenic signals from multiple different peptide growth factors as well as estrogen, and inhibits the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Tamoxifen actually activate the AP-1 transcription factor. Increased AP-1 activity in breast cancer cells can lead to tamoxifen resistance. The proto-oncogene B-cell lymphoma gene 6 (BCL-6) has been characterized as a regulator of B-lymphocyte growth and development. BCL-6 is also expressed in the mammary epithelium in nonpregnant animals and during early pregnancy and is expressed in 68% of histologically high-grade ductal breast carcinomas, which are clinically the most aggressive. BCL-6 is a potent repressor of transcriptional activity mediated by AP-1 factors. We hypothesize that increased BCL-6 in breast cancer cells might block tamoxifen resistance by repressing AP-1, eventually resulting in apoptosis. We also suggest that BCL-6 expression must be analyzed in ER-positive breast cancer patients and the results must be correlated with predictive and prognostic factors and survival.
Altundag
Kadri
K
Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Institute of Oncology, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. drkadri@usa.net
Altundag
Ozden
O
Gunduz
Mehmet
M
Arun
Banu
B
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051560:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C084103:BCL6 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051560:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D013629:Tamoxifen