Anthracotic index and DNA methylation status of sputum contents can be used for identifying the population at risk of lung carcinoma.
BACKGROUND
Sputum cytology for the mass screening of lung carcinoma is a noninvasive, repeatable, and useful examination, but the detection rate is usually < 0.05% and the reliability is not high.


METHODS
The anthracotic index (AI) and methylation status of the promoter regions of the p16, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and retinoic acid receptor-beta (RARbeta) genes were examined in 356 sputum specimens after routine cytologic examination.


RESULTS
The mean AI of specimens from males was significantly higher than that from females. AI increased with increasing age and smoking index. The mean AI of patients with lung carcinoma was significantly higher than that of the nonaffected population. Furthermore, the mean AI of the specimens with or without cancer cells from patients with cancer was significantly higher than that of the nonaffected population. Abnormal methylation of the p16, APC, and RARbeta genes was detected in 21.7%, 28.2%, and 26.9% of specimens from patients with cancer, respectively. These ratios were significantly higher than those of the nonaffected populations (0%, 3.9%, and 7.6%, respectively). The incidences of abnormal methylation of the three genes were not associated with histologic classification, smoking index, gender, age, or occupation.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the AI and abnormal methylation status were useful for identifying a population at risk of lung carcinoma using mass screening of cytology specimens.
Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Sato
S
Konno
Yukio
Y
Morishita
Masakatsu
M
Fukasawa
Yujian
Y
Shu
Daye
D
Wang
Ryota
R
Tanaka
Yuko
Y
Minami
Tatsuo
T
Iijima
Masayuki
M
Noguchi
D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D017491:Genes, APC; D019942:Genes, p16; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology
D015415:Biomarkers; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta