title: Posture, head stability, and orientation recovery during vestibular regeneration in pigeons.
abstract: Compensatory behavior such as oculomotor, gaze, and postural responses that occur during movement largely depend upon a functioning vestibular system. In the present study, the initial loss and subsequent recovery of postural and head stability in pigeons undergoing vestibular regeneration were examined. Adult pigeons were trained to manipulate a straight run chamber to peck an illuminated key for fluid reward. Six behavioral measures assessing performance, posture, and head stability were quantified. These included run latency, steps (walking), path negotiation (lane changes), gaze saccades, head bobs, and head shakes. Once normative values were obtained for four birds, complete lesion of all receptor cells and denervation of the epithelia in the vestibular endorgans were produced using a single intralabyrinthine application of streptomycin sulfate. Each bird was then tested at specific times during regeneration and the same behavioral measures examined. At 7 days post-streptomycin treatment (PST), all birds exhibited severe postural and head instability, with tremors, head shakes, staggering, and circling predominating. No normal trial runs, walking, gaze saccades, or head bobs were present. Many of these dysfunctions persisted through 3-4 weeks PST. Gradually, tremor and head shakes diminished and were replaced with an increasing number of normal head bobs during steps and gaze saccades. Beginning at 4 weeks PST, but largely inaccurate, was the observed initiation of directed steps, less staggering, and some successful path negotiation. As regeneration progressed, spatial orientation and navigation ability increased and, by 49 days PST, most trials were successful. By 70 days PST, all birds had recovered to pretreatment levels. Thus, it was observed that ataxia must subside, coincident with normalized head and postural stability prior to the recovery of spatial orientation and path navigation recovery. Parallels in recovery were drawn to hair cell regeneration and afferent responsiveness, as inferred from present results and those in other investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ddickman@wustl.edu
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: Insook
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D010856:Columbidae; D003714:Denervation; D018069:Hair Cells, Vestibular / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013307:Streptomycin