title: Mouse corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2alpha gene: isolation, distribution, pharmacological characterization and regulation by stress and glucocorticoids.
abstract: Effects of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides are mediated through activation of two receptors, CRF receptor (CRFR) 1 and CRFR2. Based on the homology between known mammalian CRFR genes, we have isolated a cDNA encoding the mouse CRFR2alpha (mCRFR2alpha) ortholog from brain. The isolated cDNA encodes a 411-amino acid protein with high identity to the rat (approximately 97%) and human (approximately 93%) receptors. Central and peripheral expression of mCRFR2alpha, determined by RT-PCR followed by Southern hybridization, revealed that mCRFR2alpha is restricted mainly to brain structures, with highest levels in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb. In situ hybridization showed mCRFR2alpha localization in discrete brain regions, including the lateral septum and the ventromedial hypothalamus, whereas mCRFR2beta is found only in the choroid plexus. Binding and signaling of CRF-related ligands was studied using COS-M6 or HEK293T cells transiently transfected with mCRFR2alpha. Urocortins (Ucns) show different affinities for binding to mCRFR2alpha: Ucn 3 binds mCRFR2alpha with approximately 11-fold lower affinity than Ucn 2, which displays an affinity similar to Ucn 1 (approximately 1 nm). Cyclase activation, determined by intracellular cAMP accumulation and cAMP response element-luciferase activity, showed no differences between CRFR2alpha and CRFR2beta in response to stimulation by Ucn 1, Ucn 2, and Ucn 3. Interestingly, Ucn 3 was less efficacious than Ucn 1 or Ucn 2 in activating MAPK (ERK1/2-p44/p42) via CRFR2alpha, but all three Ucns showed equivalent efficacy for activating MAPK through mCRFR2beta. We found a significant reduction in hypothalamic mCRFR2alpha mRNA levels after acute and chronic restraint stress in mice. Hypothalamic mCRFR2alpha gene transcription in mice was inhibited by glucocorticoid administration and elevated by adrenalectomy. In addition, we demonstrated that the mCRFR2alpha gene is increased in the hypothalamus of the CRFR1-null compared with wild type mice. The predicted mCRFR2alpha promoter region was isolated and fused to a luciferase reporter gene and found to be decreased by glucocorticoids in a dose and time-dependent manner when transfected into CATH.a cells. Computer analysis revealed the presence of 23 putative half-palindromic glucocorticoid response element sequences within 2.4 kb of the mCRFR2alpha 5' flanking region. Elucidation of the structure and processing of the mCRFR2 gene and examination of the mCRFR2alpha gene regulation in various conditions will enable better understanding of the involvement of this receptor in the central response to stress in normal and transgenic mice models.
authors.affiliation: Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Bhawanjit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: Chien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Digruccio
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Wylie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005091:Exons; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007438:Introns; D008024:Ligands; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012984:Software; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; C101531:CRF receptor type 2; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008024:Ligands; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D012313:RNA; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D008156:Luciferases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D003345:Corticosterone