title: Bone mineral acquisition in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To track bone mineral acquisition in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were adolescents, ages 12 to 18 years, with DM (n=42) and a healthy regional reference (n=199). Measurements of tibia bone characteristics by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and spine and whole body (WB) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), anthropometrics, and lifestyle questionnaires were obtained during a 12-month period. Disease duration, insulin dose, renal function, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values for the previous 12 months were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body size and maturation were similar between groups. DM had lower tibia, spine, and WB bone characteristics but greater muscle mass (LBM) and lower bone mineral content (BMC)/LBM at baseline and 12 months. Annual gains for tibia cortical bone and WB BMC/LBM were lower and inversely related to HbA1c levels (R=-0.36 to -0.51), whereas spine area and density and WBLBM were greater and were predicted by pubertal-driven growth. Overall, the DM cohort had 8.5% less WB BMC/LBM, suggesting that bone mineral deposition was not adequately adapted to muscle gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with type 1 diabetes continue to have smaller bone mass and bone size despite normal growth and maturation. Poor metabolic control appears to negatively influence bone mineral acquisition.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Pediatric Nutrition Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA. laurie.moyer-mileur@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Laurie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Moyer-Mileur
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Jody L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: E Wayne
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D049628:Body Size; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin