title: Normal computerized tomography of brain in children with shaken baby syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the clinical presentation and clinical course of shaken baby syndrome (SBS) with normal cranial computerized tomography (CT) on admission and to suggest further diagnostic procedures in such circumstances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a worldwide listserv designed to facilitate discussion in the field of child abuse and neglect, we solicited case information for children hospitalized in different medical centers, who were diagnosed with SBS and had a normal CT scan on admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine cases were identified. While all children had an abnormal neurologic examination on admission, eight had a normal CT, and one had "widening of cranial sutures." In four cases, subdural hemorrhage was diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3 to 7 days after admission. Five children had bone fractures. The neurological outcome was normal in four of nine cases. Five children had long-term neurologic damage. The diagnosis of SBS was supported by either perpetrator confession, characteristic evolution of brain abnormalities on CT or MRI, inconsistent or absent explanatory history, and/or other social risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of SBS can be established even when brain CT is normal on admission. The documentation of retinal hemorrhages is of primary importance in establishing the diagnosis of SBS in these cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Zrifin, Israel.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morad
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Avni
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: Rachel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Byerley
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Greeley
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Gustavson
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenane
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Topley
authors.forename: Alex V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis*; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed