title: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) to identify Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
abstract: This study describes the development of a TaqMan real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) technique using the heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) and 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences to identify Myxobolus cerebralis and attempt to quantify infection severity within rainbow trout fry Oncorhynchus mykiss. Rainbow trout for this study were exposed to M. cerebralis under natural river conditions and examined for infection by histology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and QPCR analysis at 900 Celsius temperature units (CTUs) following exposure. Detection sensitivity by QPCR was shown to be equal to traditional PCR but greater than histopathology. Primer/probe combinations developed for this study were capable of specifically detecting M. cerebralis DNA in infected fish tissue and single triactinomyxon (TAM) spores with a sensitivity of 12.5 and 6.3 pg microl(-1) of DNA for the Hsp 70 and 18S rDNA sequences, respectively. A strong relationship between QPCR and infection severity was found for the Hsp 70 probe when parasite copy number and histology scores of 0-4 were compared (R2 = 0.96, p = 0.003). However, a reduction in copy number was observed at higher histology scores for the 18S probe (scores of 4 and 5) and the Hsp 70 probe (score of 5). The results of this study demonstrate that QPCR analysis is an effective tool for detecting M. cerebralis in fish tissue and may provide a relative indication of infection severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, 6th and Line Street, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1136, USA.
authors.forename: Wade P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Cavender
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Madison S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overturf
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017931:DNA Primers; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D033761:Spores, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S