title: Gender differences in height: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) exhibits growth characteristics not observed in other mammals, including other primates. Both male and female H. sapiens experience pubertal growth spurts and are not sexually dimorphic in adult stature. These unique growth characteristics must have evolved to benefit the reproductive success and survival of the species. The H. sapiens childhood is relatively protracted, and the pubertal growth spurt may be a compensatory measure to attain adult size in a relatively short time. Because reproductive patterns of H. sapiens have evolved away from a male-dominated social structure, large male size no longer confers a reproductive advantage. The relatively large female size of H. sapiens might have evolved to support the birth of offspring with ever-increasing cranial characteristics. Growth in H. sapiens depends largely on GH-dependent STAT5b regulation of IGF-I expression. STAT5b in other mammals contributes to growth in males only. Although speculative, the loss of sexual dimorphism in H. sapiens may reflect a progressive dependence on STAT5b to control growth.
authors.affiliation: Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health Palo Alto, CA 94022, USA. ron.rosenfeld@lpfch.org
authors.forename: Ron G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; C494095:STAT5B protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I