title: Gynecomastia due to hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer: a report of ten surgically treated cases and a review of treatment options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gynecomastia is an abnormal increase in the volume of the male breast that is generally considered to be due to an increased estrogen/androgen ratio. Pathological causes of gynecomastia include organic diseases and therapy, such as the administration of estrogens and antiandrogens, which alter the ratio of circulating hormones. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer is generally well tolerated but often accompanied by the occurrence of gynecomastia and breast pain or tenderness. The increased use of antiandrogens as monotherapy is leading to an increase in the number of patients affected by gynecomastia. Treatments are available to alleviate or prevent the development of gynecomastia, including medical treatment with antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors. Alternatively, mastectomy with excision of the gland, liposuction or an association of the two techniques have proved to be effective. Radiation therapy may provide effective relief from the breast pain associated with gynecomastia. In this paper we show the good results of mastectomy performed with a lower semicircular periareolar incision in men suffering from gynecomastia due to antiandrogen therapy for inoperable prostate cancer. In addition, we present a review of the various techniques used for the treatment of gynecomastia.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period from September 1998 to May 2001, 10 patients receiving hormone treatment for metastatic or inoperable prostatic cancer were selected for the study if they had breast pain and bilateral gynecomastia. Five of these patients had been offered prophylactic radiotherapy before treatment but refused, while the remaining five patients had refused radiotherapy after hormone treatment. These patients were therefore given the option of surgical treatment. Before surgery all patients underwent clinical and ultrasound examination of the breast. All surgical samples were examined histopathologically. During follow-up clinical examinations were carried out one week, one month, six months, one year and two years after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results were satisfactory in all patients especially from an aesthetic point of view. Moreover, breast pain disappeared about one week after surgery. After a follow-up of 6-36 months (average, 22.8 months) no recurrences were observed. Only a few immediate postoperative complications were recorded (hematoma in one case and seroma in another). Histological examination of the excised glands showed fibrosclerotic tissue and a small amount of fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical liposuction can be considered an effective treatment for gynecomastia, in particular in the very early stages because the breast becomes irreversibly fibrous as the disease progresses. This surgical technique is simple and effective and is therefore to be considered favorable, especially because of the very short hospitalization and the absence of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. dprezioso@libero.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prezioso
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galasso
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Altieri
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mirone
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotti
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015187:Lipectomy; D008297:Male; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal