title: Activity of the yeast Tat2p tryptophan permease is sensitive to the anti-tumor agent 4-phenylbutyrate.
abstract: 4-Phenylbutyrate (PB) induces differentiation and is being intensively studied as a treatment for brain, prostate, breast, and hematopoietic cancer. While many different primary targets for PB have been proposed, the mechanism by which it causes cellular differentiation remains unknown. To identify the primary cellular target, we investigated its effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and showed that it inhibits tryptophan transport. We show here that PB and sorbic acid induce an ubiquitin-dependent turnover of the tryptophan permease Tat2p. However, the inhibition of transport is not a consequence of the loss of Tat2p, since it also occurs when turnover is prevented by deleting the Tat2p ubiquitination sites. When we tested the effects of PB and other growth inhibitory agents on the growth of amino acid auxotrophs, we found that several auxotrophs are hypersensitive to a number of chemically unrelated agents, including PB and some, but not all, weak acids; and this sensitivity is due to the inhibition of amino acid transport. For the inhibitory weak acids, inhibition is not confined to aromatic amino acid auxotrophs, nor is it a general weak acid stress response, since the degree of inhibition is independent of weak acid hydrophobicity and p Ka. Our results show that diverse agents affect the activity of the Tat2p permease rather than its stability and suggest the hypothesis that the anti-neoplastic action of PB is due to a decrease in the activity of surface receptors or other membrane proteins needed to maintain the transformed state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: William S A
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Brusilow
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Needleman
mesh_terms: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000235:genetics*; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C429825:TAT2 protein, S cerevisiae; D025801:Ubiquitin; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; C075773:4-phenylbutyric acid; D014364:Tryptophan