title: Low protein diet causes a decrease in serum concentrations of leptin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with conservatively treated chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic renal failure (CRF) provokes derangement in various hormonal regulations of food intake and energy expenditure. In the present study, we have examined the effect of a low protein, low phosphorus diet on circulating levels of leptin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and insulin in patients with CRF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen male, non-diabetic subjects with conservatively treated CRF (estimated creatinine clearance 39.5 +/- 11.1 mL/min), and proteinuria below 2 g/day were prospectively studied. Measurements of hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric parameters were performed before and after 16 weeks of dietary treatment (protein 0.6 g/kg of ideal body mass, 30% of calories derived from fat, 62% of calories derived from carbohydrates and 10 mg/kg of phosphorus). Actual dietary intake in patients was measured by using 3-day food records and was supervised by the dietician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index and body fat mass remained unchanged during the 4 months of dietary treatment. Urea, leptin, and TNF-alpha serum concentrations decreased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low protein, low phosphorus diet reduces TNF-alpha and leptin levels in plasma. The effect on leptin appears not to be mediated by an insulin-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Functional Foods, Warsaw Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kozłowska
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosołowska-Huszcz
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydzewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha