title: Mechanism of enzymatic degradation of the azo dye Orange II determined by ex situ 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry.
abstract: Removal of azo dye effluents generated by textile photography industries is a main issue in wastewater treatment. Enzymatic treatment of dyes appears to be one of the most efficient processes for their degradation. The elucidation of degradation pathways is of special interest considering health and environmental priorities. Ex situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionization (ESI)-ion trap mass spectrometry performed directly on incubation medium have been used for the first time to follow kinetics of sulfonated azo dye Orange II enzymatic degradation. Nine transformation products were identified using these complementary analyses performed ex situ without any prior treatment. Three types of cleavage are proposed for the degradation pathway: (i) a symmetrical splitting of the azo linkage that leads to the formation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (and 1-amino-2-naphthol, not detected); (ii) an asymmetrical cleavage on the naphthalene side that generates 1,2-naphthoquinone and 4-diazoniumbenzenesulfonate as products, with the latter one being transformed into 4-hydroxybenzensulfonate; and (iii) a third degradation pathway that leads to 2-naphthol and 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate. Moreover, three other intermediates have been identified. This study, which constitutes the first concomitant use of (1)H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-ion trap mass spectrometry in this field, illustrates the indubitable interest of the ex situ approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Anne-Gaëlle
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Valade
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Combourieu
authors.forename: Iñaki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mielgo
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouchon
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lema
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000201:enzymology; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000032:analysis*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D010544:Peroxidases; C051129:manganese peroxidase; C014722:2-naphthol orange