title: Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 in the heart improves functional recovery from ischemia in vitro and protects against myocardial infarction in vivo.
abstract: The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been the subject of many studies to identify signaling pathways that promote cell survival or death. In cultured cardiac myocytes, p38 MAPK promotes cell survival or death depending on whether it is activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6) or MKK3, respectively. The objectives of the current study were to examine the effects of MKK6-mediated p38 activation in the heart in vivo. Accordingly, we generated transgenic (TG) mice that overexpress wild type MKK6 in a cardiac-restricted manner. Although p38 was about 17-fold more active in TG than non-transgenic (NTG) mouse hearts, TG mouse hearts were morphologically and functionally similar to those of NTG littermates. However, upon transient ischemia followed by reperfusion, the MKK6 TG mouse hearts exhibited significantly better functional recovery and less injury than NTG mouse hearts. Because MKK6 increases levels of the protective small heat shock protein, alpha B-crystallin (alpha BC), in cultured cardiac myocytes, we examined alpha BC levels in the mouse hearts. The level of alpha BC was 2-fold higher in MKK6 TG than NTG mouse hearts. Moreover, ischemia followed by reperfusion induced a 6.4-fold increase in alpha BC levels in the mitochondrial fractions of TG mouse hearts but no increase in alpha BC levels in any of the other fractions analyzed. These alterations in alpha BC expression and localization suggest possible mechanisms of cardioprotection in MKK6 TG mouse hearts.
authors.affiliation: The San Diego State University Heart Institute and The Department of Biology, San Diego State University, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Longoria
authors.forename: Prafulla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aryal
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rockman
authors.forename: Yiru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolli
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Glembotski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D020127:Recovery of Function; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; C482530:MAP2K3 protein, human; C482566:MAP2K6 protein, human