title: Acquisition of graphic communication by a young girl without comprehension of spoken language.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a graphic-mode communication intervention involving a girl with intellectual impairment and autism who did not develop comprehension of spoken language. The aim was to teach graphic-mode vocabulary that reflected her interests, preferences, and the activities and routines of her daily life, by providing sufficient cues to the meanings of the graphic representations so that she would not need to comprehend spoken instructions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An individual case study design was selected, including the use of written records, participant observation, and registration of the girl's graphic vocabulary and use of graphic signs and other communicative expressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the girl's comprehension (and hence use) of spoken language remained lacking over a 3-year period, she acquired an active use of over 80 photographs and pictograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The girl was able to cope better with the cognitive and attentional requirements of graphic communication than those of spoken language and manual signs, which had been focused in earlier interventions. Her achievements demonstrate that it is possible for communication-impaired children to learn to use an augmentative and alternative communication system without speech comprehension, provided the intervention utilizes functional strategies and non-language cues to the meaning of the graphic representations that are taught.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1094, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway. s.v.tetzchner@psykologi.uio.no
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Tetzchner
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Øvreeide
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ormhaug
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oxholm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warme
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014705:Verbal Behavior