title: Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroleptic-induced akathisia is a common, distressing early-onset adverse effect of neuroleptic drugs. It has been associated with poor treatment compliance and an increased risk of relapse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of central action beta-blockers compared with placebo for people with neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We updated previous searches of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Register (May 1999), Biological Abstracts (January 1982-March 1999), The Cochrane Library (issue 3 1999), EMBASE (January 1980-March 1999), LILACS (January 1982-March 1999), MEDLINE (January 1964-March 1999), PsycLIT (January 1974-March 1999), and SCISEARCH by searching the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Register (November 2003). We sought further references from published trials and their authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomised controlled clinical trials of central action beta-blockers versus placebo for people with neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Working independently, we selected and critically appraised studies, extracted data and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Where possible and appropriate we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) with the number needed to treat (NNT). For continuous data we calculated Weighted Mean Differences (WMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified three randomised controlled trials (total n=51, maximum duration 72 hours). We were not able to draw any firm conclusions from such a small data set. In the two 48 hour studies no-one experienced full remission of akathisia, and only one person in each group experienced a 50% remission (n=11, 1 RCT, RR 1.04 CI 0.59 -1.83). One trial stated that no adverse effects occurred in the two groups (n=20, 1 RCT, RR not estimable). The 72 hour study did not show any statistical difference between the central acting beta-blocker (ICI 118,551) and placebo for the outcome 'no change/worse' (n=10, RR 0.22 CI 0.0 to 1.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are insufficient data to recommend beta-blocking drugs for akathisia. These drugs are experimental for this problem, and this review highlights the need for more evaluative studies.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacalcthuk
authors.forename: T R E
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soares-Weiser
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D010919:Placebos; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos