title: Correspondence between three olfactory tests and suprathreshold odor intensity ratings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The capability of three olfactory tests (European Test of Olfactory Capabilities, Sniffin' Sticks and Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test) to similarly classify subjects as normosmics, hyposmics and anosmics as well as the relation between test performance and suprathreshold ortho- and retronasal odor intensity ratings were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 subjects (age range 15-84 years; mean age 49.5 years) completed the 3 olfactory tests, rated aqueous solutions of vanilla (0-0.31%) and lemon aroma (0-0.17%) for odor and flavor intensity and filled in a background questionnaire. Ten subjects had case histories indicating anosmia, with the remainder having subjectively normal olfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test results were highly correlated and differentiated anosmic, hyposmic and normosmic subjects. At an individual level, some discrepancy was seen in the olfactory diagnoses given by the three tests. In principal component analysis, olfactory measurements were loaded on three components: (i) odor detection, discrimination and identification; (ii) suprathreshold intensity ratings; and (iii) threshold for n-butanol. Advanced age was related to impaired olfactory performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the three olfactory tests diagnosed the individuals slightly differently, all were considered to be valid for clinical evaluation of olfactory capabilities. The tests separated anosmics and normosmics highly significantly, and permitted an assessment of hyposmia. The suprathreshold odor intensity ratings reflected a different dimension of olfaction than the three olfactory tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland. sari.ml.koskinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vento
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Hely
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tuorila
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric