title: FRG2, an FSHD candidate gene, is transcriptionally upregulated in differentiating primary myoblast cultures of FSHD patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with partial deletion of the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4qter. This chromosomal rearrangement may result in regional chromatin relaxation and transcriptional deregulation of genes nearby.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of FRG2, a member of a chromosomally dispersed gene family, mapping only 37 kb proximal to the D4Z4 repeat array. Homology and motif searches yielded no clues to the function of the predicted protein. FRG2 expression is undetectable in all tissues tested except for differentiating myoblasts of FSHD patients, which display low, yet distinct levels of FRG2 expression, partly from chromosome 4 but predominantly originating from its homologue on chromosome 10. However, in non-FSHD myopathy patients only distantly related FRG2 homologues are transcribed, while differentiating myoblasts from healthy controls fail to express any member of this gene family. Moreover, fibroblasts of FSHD patients and control individuals undergoing forced Ad5-MyoD mediated myogenesis show expression of FRG2 mainly originating from chromosome 10. Luciferase reporter assays show that the FRG2 promoter region can direct high levels of expression but is inhibited by increasing numbers of D4Z4 repeat units. Transient transfection experiments with FRG2 fusion-protein constructs reveal nuclear localisation and apparently FRG2 overexpression causes a wide range of morphological changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The localisation of FRG2 genes close to the D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4 and 10, their transcriptional upregulation specifically in FSHD myoblast cultures, potential involvement in myogenesis, and promoter properties qualify FRG2 as an attractive candidate for FSHD pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rijkers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deidda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Koningsbruggen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Geel
authors.forename: R J L F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lemmers
authors.forename: J C T
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Deutekom
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Figlewicz
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Padberg
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Frants
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: van der Maarel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002879:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 / Q000235:genetics; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D024510:Muscle Development; D020391:Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral / Q000235:genetics*; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C499414:FRG2 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins