title: SD-208, a novel transforming growth factor beta receptor I kinase inhibitor, inhibits growth and invasiveness and enhances immunogenicity of murine and human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, by virtue of its immunosuppressive and promigratory properties, has become a major target for the experimental treatment of human malignant gliomas. Here we characterize the effects of a novel TGF-beta receptor (TGF-betaR) I kinase inhibitor, SD-208, on the growth and immunogenicity of murine SMA-560 and human LN-308 glioma cells in vitro and the growth of and immune response to intracranial SMA-560 gliomas in syngeneic VM/Dk mice in vivo. SD-208 inhibits the growth inhibition of TGF-beta-sensitive CCL64 cells mediated by recombinant TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta2 or of TGF-beta-containing glioma cell supernatant at an EC(50) of 0.1 mumol/L. SD-208 blocks autocrine and paracrine TGF-beta signaling in glioma cells as detected by the phosphorylation of Smad2 or TGF-beta reporter assays and strongly inhibits constitutive and TGF-beta-evoked migration and invasion, but not viability or proliferation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes or purified T cells, cocultured with TGF-beta-releasing LN-308 glioma cells in the presence of SD-208, exhibit enhanced lytic activity against LN-308 targets. The release of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha by these immune effector cells is enhanced by SD-208, whereas the release of interleukin 10 is reduced. SD-208 restores the lytic activity of polyclonal natural killer cells against glioma cells in the presence of recombinant TGF-beta or of TGF-beta-containing glioma cell supernatant. The oral bioavailability of SD-208 was verified by demonstrating the inhibition of TGF-beta-induced Smad phosphorylation in spleen and brain. Systemic SD-208 treatment initiated 3 days after the implantation of SMA-560 cells into the brains of syngeneic VM/Dk mice prolongs their median survival from 18.6 to 25.1 days. Histologic analysis revealed no difference in blood vessel formation, proliferation, or apoptosis. However, animals responding to SD-208 showed an increased tumor infiltration by natural killer cells, CD8 T cells, and macrophages. These data define TGF-beta receptor I kinase inhibitors such as SD-208 as promising novel agents for the treatment of human malignant glioma and other conditions associated with pathological TGF-beta activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, School of Medicine, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aulwurm
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wischhusen
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: Jing Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almirez
authors.forename: Ruban
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mangadu
authors.forename: Yu-Wang
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Platten
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Herrlinger
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Darren H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I