title: Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heel lance has been the conventional method of blood sampling in neonates for screening tests. Neonates undergoing this procedure experience pain. Despite various studies evaluating the role of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to date, there are no effective and practical methods to alleviate pain from heel lance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether venepuncture or heel lance is less painful and more effective for blood sampling in term neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search in accordance with the Cochrane Neonatal Collaborative Review Group. All randomized controlled trials which compared pain response to venepuncture vs. heel lance were identified using MEDLINE (1966-June 2004), EMBASE (1980-June 2004), CINAHL (1982-June 2004, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004), reference lists of identified trials and personal files. No language restrictions were applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials which compared pain response to venepuncture vs. heel lance were selected for this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding the primary outcome of pain response to venepuncture vs. heel lance as assessed by validated pain measures were abstracted. Secondary outcomes including the need of repeat blood sampling, bruising/hematoma at local site, and parental perception of their own anxiety and infant's pain were abstracted. All data were analysed using RevMan 4.2. When possible, meta-analysis was done using relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD), along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). If RD was significant, number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was used for continuous data. When present, statistically significant between study heterogeneity was reported including the I(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials were eligible for inclusion in the review. Pain assessments were made using validated pain measures including Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), Neonatal Facial Action Coding System (NFCS), Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) score and cry characteristics. Two trials did not report on outcomes for all enrolled infants (not intention to treat analyses). Despite the heterogeneity in the pain measures used, all studies showed statistically significantly lower pain scores for venepuncture as compared to heel lance. A meta-analysis of the NIPS scores during the first minute of the procedure (reported in two studies) was statistically significantly decreased in the VP group compared to the HL group [WMD -1.84 (95% CI -2.61, -1.06)]. There was no statistically significant heterogeneity for this outcome (p = 0.22; I(2) 33.3%). The RR for requiring more than one skin puncture for venepuncture vs. heel lance (reported in 3 studies) was 0.30 (95% CI 0.18, 0.49. The risk difference was -39% (95% CI -50%, -28%). For this outcome there was statistically significant between study heterogeneity (for RR, p=0.02, I(2 )74.3%; for RD, p=0.0001, I(2) 88.9%). The number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid one repeat skin puncture was 3 (95% CI 2, 4). In one study, maternal anxiety was noted to be higher in the venepuncture group as compared to heel lance group prior to the procedure; however, after observing the procedure, mothers rated their infant's pain to be lower in the venepuncture group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venepuncture, when performed by a skilled phlebotomist, appears to be the method of choice for blood sampling in term neonates. For each three venepunctures instead of heel lance, the need for one additional skin puncture can be avoided. Further well designed randomized controlled trials need to be conducted. The interventions should be compared in settings where several individuals perform the venepuncture and/or the heel lance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Room 775A, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018962:Phlebotomy; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic