title: [Smoking--a proven risk factor for periodontal disease?].
abstract: While bacterial dental plaque is widely considered as the etiological risk factor for the development of periodontal diseases, numerous publications from recent years pointed out the role of environmental factors like smoking as aggravating the severity of disease expression. The present paper reviews the updated literature linking epidemiologically between the presence of smoking habit and disease prevalence in the same population, as well as studies reporting on cell toxicity of nicotine and its by-products on gingival cells, negative effect on humoral and cell-mediated immune system, enhancement of bacterial plaque pathogeneity, and disruption of the wound healing processes. Finally, a negative effect is apparent on the supportive stage of the periodontal treatment, indicating lasting effect of smoking for years to come following the termination of active periodontal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klinger
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine