title: A new prognostic staging system for rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the appropriateness of tumor "budding," a quantifiable histologic variable, as 1 parameter in the construction of a new prognostic grading system for rectal cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patient division according to an accurate prognostic prediction could enhance the effectiveness of postoperative adjuvant therapy and follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor budding was defined as an isolated cancer cell or a cluster composed of fewer than 5 cells in the invasive frontal region, and was divided into 2 grades based on its number within a microscopic field of x250. We analyzed 2 discrete cohorts comprising 638 and 476 patients undergoing potentially curative surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first cohort, high-grade budding (10 or more foci in a field) was observed in 30% of patients and was significantly associated with a lower 5-year survival rate (41%) than low-grade budding (84%). Similarly, in the second cohort, the 5-year survival rate was 43% in high-grade budding patients and 83% in low-grade budding patients. In both cohorts, multivariate analyses verified budding to be an independent prognosticator, together with nodal involvement and extramural spread. These 3 variables were given weighted scores, and the score range was divided to provide 5 prognostic groups (97%; 86%; 61%; 39%; 17% 5-year survival). The model was tested on the second cohort, and similar prognostic results were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that because of its relevance to prognosis and its reproducibility, budding is an excellent parameter for use in a grading system to provide a confident prediction of clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, Japan. ueno@me.ndmc.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Ashley B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Kay H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jass
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015996:Survival Rate