title: Acceptable, manageable, and tolerable days: patient daily goals for medication management of persistent pain.
abstract: Although the construct of "a symptom-free day" has been widely applied in asthma and gastric reflux disease, there is no analogous concept in the field of pain management. This study represents the initial development of a "day of acceptable or manageable pain control," a construct which reflects patients' daily strategic use of pain medication in order to allow the accomplishment of desired activities while minimizing side effects. Focus group methodology was used to extract patient-generated themes of "an acceptable day of pain control." Fifty-three outpatients with persistent moderate to severe average pain intensity due to osteoarthritis (n=18), metastatic cancer (n=15), and low back pain (n=20) participated. Participants preferred the term "manageable" or "tolerable" to "acceptable." Thematic analysis revealed components of a manageable/tolerable day of pain control as including: 1) taking the edge off the pain, 2) performing valued activities; 3) relief from dysphoria and irritability; 4) reduced medication side effects; 5) feeling well enough to socialize. Additional cancer-specific themes included relief from fatigue and ability to have a positive day when one's future days were perceived as being limited. The set of themes is presented and their relevance for developing a measure of "a manageable day of pain control" discussed. Study findings identify a novel construct that can inform development of an outcome for evaluating the effectiveness of different pharmacotherapies for pain management.
authors.affiliation: California School of Professional Psychology-Alliant International University, San Francisco, California 94133-1221, USA.
authors.forename: Diane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zelman
authors.forename: Meredith Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Rafaat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siefeldin
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dukes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D010358:Patient Participation; D011788:Quality of Life