title: [Out-of-pocket medical spending for care in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis].
abstract: We examined out-of-pocket medical expenditures (OoP) of 869 patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis (ACR criteria, disease duration <2 years) using data from a prospective observational cohort. Out-of-pocket costs were retrospectively assessed for a period of 6 months by a list of 14 cost domains. Of the patients, 82% had costs due to copayments for prescribed drugs and 56% for over-the-counter drugs. Within six months each patient spent an average of 47 (+/- 67) Euro as co-payment and 45 (+/- 96) Euro for over-the-counter drugs. A comparable sum was spent for complementary and alternative medicine (47+/-250 Euro), which was used by 14% of the patients. The mean total OoP expenditure caused by RA was 628 Euro p.a. (median 306, IQ 66-334 Euro). The median costs accounted for approximately 2% of the average disposable yearly income in Germany. Out-of-pocket spending increased with functional limitations, poor health condition and pain as well as with level of education. A multivariate logistical regression analysis showed that patients with these characteristics spent about twice as much as patients with mild disease or low educational level. The odds ratios for having more than 306 Euro OoP-costs p.a. were OR=2.6 (CI 1.7-4) for patients with severe vs. moderate functional disability (HAQ> or =1.5 vs <1.5), OR=2.4 (CI 1.4-4.4) for patients in poor vs. good health condition (NRS 7-10 vs 0-3), and OR=2.1 for patients with severe vs. mild pain (CI 1.4-3.3). The level of OoP spending also varied by employment status (OR=0.28; CI 0.1-0.6 for jobless vs employed patients). Despite almost universal insurance coverage in Germany, patients with rheumatoid arthritis were exposed to substantial OoP expenditures. As policymakers discuss cost sharing and design of benefit packages to contain health spending, it is important to consider the expenditures that persons with chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis already have.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Forschungsbereich Epidemiologie, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Listing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zink
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012943:Social Security / Q000191:economics