title: Bladder cancer in Sri Lanka: experience from a tertiary referral center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies occurring worldwide. No published data exists on bladder cancer in Sri Lanka. The objective of the study was to determine the clinicopathological characteristics of histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and one patients were diagnosed with primary bladder cancer during a 7.5-year period from 1993 to 2000. Two hundred and eighty-one patients (239 men and 42 women; mean age, 66 years; range, 26-88) with TCC of the bladder were evaluated with regard to clinical presentation, cystoscopic findings and histopathological data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transitional cell carcinoma accounted for 93.4% of primary bladder cancer. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 6:1. The majority of patients (63.7%) were in the 7th and 8th decades of life. Painless hematuria was the most common presenting symptom (52.7%), followed by painful hematuria (39.2%). The median duration of hematuria for all TCC patients, as well as for muscle-invasive TCC patients, was 3 months. Papillary configuration at cystoscopy, was found in 89.7% of non-invasive urothelial tumors. In contrast, 77.8% of invasive TCC patients had a solid/mixed tumor configuration. One hundred and forty-five patients (51.6% of TCC) had non-invasive urothelial tumor and 136 patients (48.4%) had muscle-invasive disease. In the non-invasive urothelial tumor category, 61 patients (42.0%) had pTa tumors and 84 patients (58.0%) had pT1 tumors. Of newly diagnosed TCC cases, 5.3% were found to be T1G3 urothelial carcinomas. Fifty-six patients (38.6%) with non-invasive urothelial tumor had a tumor greater than 5 cm in size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 90% of primary bladder tumors in Sri Lanka are TCC, with nearly half the patients having muscle-invasive diseases on initial presentation. Even in non-invasive urothelial tumors, the majority (58.0%) have lamina propria invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka. collsurg@systec.lk
authors.forename: S A S
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Goonewardena
authors.forename: W A S
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.forename: M V C
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: De Silva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology