title: Superiority of early relative to late ischemic preconditioning in spinal cord protection after descending thoracic aortic occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously showed that ischemic preconditioning significantly reduced spinal cord injury caused by 35-minute aortic occlusion. In this study we investigated the effect of ischemic preconditioning on spinal cord injury after 45-minute aortic occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two pigs were divided as follows: group 1 (n = 6) underwent sham operation, group 2 (n = 6) underwent 20 minutes of aortic occlusion, group 3 (n = 6) underwent 45 minutes of occlusion, group 4 (n = 6) underwent 20 minutes of occlusion and 48 hours later underwent an additional 45 minutes, and group 5 (n = 8) underwent 20 minutes of occlusion and 80 minutes later underwent an additional 45 minutes. Aortic occlusion was accomplished with two balloon occlusion catheters placed fluoroscopically after the origin of the left subclavian artery and at the aortic bifurcation. Neurologic evaluation was by Tarlov score. The lower thoracic and lumbar spinal cords were harvested at 120 hours and examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The number of neurons was counted, and the inflammation was scored (0-4). Statistical analysis was by Kruskal-Wallis and 1-way analysis of variance tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 5 (early ischemic preconditioning) had better Tarlov scores than group 3 ( P < .001) and group 4 (late ischemic preconditioning, P < .001). The histologic changes were proportional to the Tarlov scores, with the least histologic damage in the animals of group 5 relative to group 3 (number of neurons P < .001, inflammation P = .004) and group 4 (number of neurons P < .001, inflammation P = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early ischemic preconditioning is superior to late ischemic preconditioning in reducing spinal cord injury caused by the extreme ischemia of 45 minutes of descending thoracic aortic occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Toumpoulis
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Papakostas
authors.forename: Miltiadis I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Matsagas
authors.forename: Vassiliki D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Malamou-Mitsi
authors.forename: Lina S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Drossos
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Derose
authors.forename: Constantine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*