title: Influences of income, education, age, and ethnicity on physical abuse before and during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of socioeconomic status, education, ethnicity, and age on the prevalence of intimate partner abuse before and during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective correlational analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at six postpartum maternity settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,004 women from six ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of intimate partner violence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15.9% of study participants reported physical abuse by their current partner and 5.2% reported abuse during pregnancy. Decreased income, not having a high school education, and ethnicity were significantly related to current abuse and abuse during pregnancy in bivariate analyses. Having less than a high school education emerged as the most significant predictor of both abuse variables in multivariate analyses. African American and Puerto Rican women had the highest incidence of abuse in their current relationship. No significant differences were found in rates of abuse during pregnancy among women from different ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this analysis support the notion that abuse is most prevalent among the most disadvantaged women. However, it is not income per se, but rather the highly related variables of education and ethnicity that have the largest effect. Abuse occurs frequently among all women, warranting universal screening during health care encounters. Further research is needed to evaluate relationships between education, ethnicity, income, and abuse.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis 55455-0342, USA. bohnx002@umn.edu
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: Julie G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tebben
authors.forename: Jacquelyn C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires