title: Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic Filipino and white women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) detects coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker of atherosclerotic plaque. Few studies have described EBCT-defined CHD among ethnic minorities with elevated T2DM prevalence. The objective of this study was to compare EBCT-defined CAC in Filipino and white women without known cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were participants aged 55 to 78 years in the Rancho Bernardo Study (n=196) and the University of California at San Diego's Filipino Women's Health Study (n=181). Glucose, blood pressure, lipids, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle factors were measured from 1995 to 1999. EBCT-defined CAC scores, visceral and subcutaneous fat, and statin use were assessed in 2001 to 2002. Compared with whites, Filipinas had a significantly higher prevalence of T2DM (32.6% versus 6.1%, P<0.001) and the metabolic syndrome (32.6% versus 13.8, P<0.001). Filipinas were younger (64.4 versus 66.7 years), had higher triglyceride levels (155 versus 135 mg/dL), had a higher ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (4.3 versus 3.5), more frequently used statins (31% versus 19%), and had more visceral fat (69.4 versus 62.1 cm3) and lower HDL cholesterol levels (54 versus 66 mg/dL) than whites. Exercise frequency, body mass index, and waist girth did not differ by ethnicity. Nevertheless, extensive (CAC score > or =400; 9% versus 9%) and moderate (CAC score 150 to 399; 13% versus 11%) atherosclerotic plaque did not differ by ethnicity, even after adjustment for age, T2DM, hypertension, estrogen use, statin use, smoking, lipids, and visceral fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filipinas had no excess of subclinical atherosclerosis despite their significantly higher prevalence of T2DM, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and visceral adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, 0607, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. haraneta@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Maria Rosario G
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Araneta
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001213:Asian; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000208:ethnology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000208:ethnology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors