title: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in immunomodulatory responses: advances in the development of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
abstract: The activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is associated with a wide variety of diseases and an intense effort toward the development of specific PDEs inhibitors has been generated for the last years. They are the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of intracellular cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate, and their complexity, as well as their different functional role, makes these enzymes a very attractive therapeutic target. This review is focused on the role of PDEs played on immunomodulatory processes and the advance on the development of specific inhibitors, covering PDEs mainly related to the regulation of autoimmune processes, PDE4 and PDE7. The review also highlights the novel structural classes of PDE4 and PDE7 inhibitors, and the therapeutic potential that combined PDE4/PDE7 inhibitors offer as immunomodulatory agents.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química Médica, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain. ana.castro@iqm.csic.es
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jerez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D054708:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007249:Inflammation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry; D020889:Rolipram / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D054708:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7; D020889:Rolipram