title: Interactions among unit-price, fixed-ratio value, and dosing regimen in determining effects of repeated cocaine administration.
abstract: Previous research has shown tolerance to cocaine that was dependent on fixed-ratio (FR) parameter size in the context of a multiple FR schedule of food reinforcement. Completion of the FR requirement in these studies resulted in the same magnitude of reinforcement, regardless of ratio size. The cost-to-benefits ratio (unit-price) was therefore not equated across the different FR components. The current study examined the effects of repeated administration of cocaine to pigeons when unit-price under FR schedules was either the same or different. Additionally, the role of a chronic variable-dosing versus chronic fixed-dosing procedure was examined when unit-price was equated across different ratio values. Pigeons were trained to key peck in daily sessions under a three-component multiple FR schedule of food presentation, according to which either 10, 30, or 100 pecks were required for each delivery of food. In Experiment 1, completion of the FR 10, FR 30, and FR 100 resulted in 1.5, 4.5, and 15.0 s access to food, respectively. That is, the response requirement was correlated with access to food time so that unit-price (pecks per second of access to food) was equated across components. After assessing acute effects of a range of doses of cocaine, drug administration occurred daily before each session, with the dose varying from day to day. Tolerance, the magnitude of which was unrelated to the peck requirement, developed under the repeated-dosing regimen. In order to assess whether having equal unit-price was responsible for producing similar levels of tolerance across components, daily drug administration continued in Experiment 2 using the variable-dose regimen, but the amount of food presented each time was fixed at 4.5 s access to food, yielding different unit-prices under the three pecking requirements. Subsequently, the conditions of Experiment 1 were reinstated, i.e., unit-price was equated. Making unit-price different or the same had little influence on effects of cocaine. In Experiment 3, a fixed dose of cocaine was administered before each session while programmed unit-price remained the same across components. Under these conditions, tolerance became peck-requirement related. Specifically, tolerance was most prevalent under the smaller requirements and less robust or absent when the largest requirement was in effect. Differences in unit-price, therefore, were not related to degree of tolerance, but work requirement was. Differences in effects of cocaine across responses requirements, however, were observed only when each session was preceded by the same dose, not when dose varied from session to session.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. jhyoon@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Branch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010856:Columbidae; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010507:Periodicity; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine