title: Aquatic microcosm assessment of the effects of tylosin on Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum spicatum.
abstract: Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic commonly used for therapeutic treatment and prophylaxis in livestock. As part of a larger ecotoxicological study, the potential phytotoxic effects of tylosin on the rooted macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum and the floating macrophyte Lemna gibba were assessed under semi-field conditions using 15 12 000-L microcosms. Concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 300 microg/L (n = 3), and 600, 1000, and 3000 microg/L (n = 1) were evaluated as part of separate ANOVA and regression analyses over an exposure period of 35 days. Fate of tylosin was monitored over time in the highest three treatments, where dissipation followed pseudo-first order kinetics with associated half-lives ranging from 9 to 10 days. For both M. spicatum and L. gibba, tylosin was found to cause no biologically significant changes to any endpoint assessed compared to controls at a Type I error rate of 0.1. However, subsequent power analyses revealed that there was generally insufficient power to declare that there were no significant differences at a Type II error rate of 0.2. Conclusions concerning biologically significant impacts were therefore further assessed based on other statistical criteria including comparisons of percent differences between replicated treatments and controls, minimum significant and minimum detectable differences, and coefficients of variation. Based on these criteria, at an ecological effect size of >20% change, tylosin was concluded to elicit no biologically or ecologically significant toxicity to M. spicatum or L. gibba. A hazard quotient assessment indicated that tylosin poses little risk to either species of macrophyte, with an HQ value calculated to be nearly three orders of magnitude below 1 (0.002).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.forename: Ketut Jim
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bestari
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sibley
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature; D015645:Tylosin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015645:Tylosin