title: Chemical modification of cysteine residues is a misleading indicator of their status as active site residues in the vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylation reaction.
abstract: The enzymatic activity of the vitamin K-dependent proteins requires the post-translational conversion of specific glutamic acids to gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid by the integral membrane enzyme, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Whether or not cysteine residues are important for carboxylase activity has been the subject of a number of studies. In the present study we used carboxylase with point mutations at cysteines, chemical modification, and mass spectrometry to examine this question. Mutation of any of the free cysteine residues to alanine or serine had little effect on carboxylase activity, although C343A mutant carboxylase had only 38% activity compared with that of wild type. In contrast, treatment with either thiol-reactive reagent 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, disodium salt, or sodium tetrathionate, caused complete loss of activity. We identified the residues modified, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, as Cys(323) and Cys(343). According to our results, these residues are on the cytoplasmic side of the microsomal membrane, whereas catalytic residues are expected to be on the lumenal side of the membrane. Carboxylase was partially protected from chemical modification by factor IXs propeptide. Although all mutant carboxylases bound propeptide with normal affinity, chemical modification caused a >100-fold decrease in carboxylase affinity for the consensus propeptide. We conclude that cysteine residues are not directly involved in carboxylase catalysis, but chemical modification of Cys(323) and Cys(343) may disrupt the three-dimensional structure, resulting in inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Jian-Ke
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tie
authors.forename: Da-Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Loiselle
authors.forename: R Marshall
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Straight
authors.forename: Darrel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Stafford
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017354:Point Mutation; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013431:Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008301:Maleimides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D013267:Stilbenes; D013431:Sulfates; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C012036:sodium sulfate; C079532:4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid; D014812:Vitamin K; C043592:maleimide; D014357:Trypsin; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases; C020660:glutamyl carboxylase; D003545:Cysteine