title: Distinct molecular forms of beta-catenin are targeted to adhesive or transcriptional complexes.
abstract: Beta-catenin plays essential roles in both cell-cell adhesion and Wnt signal transduction, but what precisely controls beta-catenin targeting to cadherin adhesive complexes, or T-cell factor (TCF)-transcriptional complexes is less well understood. We show that during Wnt signaling, a form of beta-catenin is generated that binds TCF but not the cadherin cytoplasmic domain. The Wnt-stimulated, TCF-selective form is monomeric and is regulated by the COOH terminus of beta-catenin, which selectively competes cadherin binding through an intramolecular fold-back mechanism. Phosphorylation of the cadherin reverses the TCF binding selectivity, suggesting another potential layer of regulation. In contrast, the main cadherin-binding form of beta-catenin is a beta-catenin-alpha-catenin dimer, indicating that there is a distinct molecular form of beta-catenin that can interact with both the cadherin and alpha-catenin. We propose that participation of beta-catenin in adhesion or Wnt signaling is dictated by the regulation of distinct molecular forms of beta-catenin with different binding properties, rather than simple competition between cadherins and TCFs for a single constitutive form. This model explains how cells can control whether beta-catenin is used independently in cell adhesion and nuclear signaling, or competitively so that the two processes are coordinated and interrelated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. c-gottardi@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Cara J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gottardi
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gumbiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019281:Dimerization; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D051178:alpha Catenin; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495273:CTNNA1 protein, human; C495266:CTNNB1 protein, Xenopus; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; C495268:Ctnnb1 protein, rat; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003902:Detergents; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D051178:alpha Catenin; D051176:beta Catenin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase