title: Hormonal control of the orange coloration of diapause pupae in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).
abstract: Diapause pupae of Papilio xuthus show color polymorphism, represented by diapause-green, orange, and brownish-orange types that are each associated with specific pupation sites. We investigated the role of the site of pupation on the induction of the development of orange types (or brownish-orange types), and the endocrine mechanism underlying the control of color polymorphism in short-day pupae. All short-day larvae of the wandering stage developed into orange or brownish-orange type pupae when they were placed in rough-surfaced containers after gut-purge. Utilizing a pharate pupal ligation between the thorax and abdomen, the endocrine mechanism underlying the control of color polymorphism was shown to involve a head-thorax factor (Orange-Pupa-Inducing Factor: OPIF) that induced orange types in short-day pupae. OPIF was bioassayed using the ligated abdomens of short-day pharate pupae. OPIF was extractable with 2% NaCl solution from 5th-instar larval ganglia complexes following the mesothoracic complex (TG(2,3)-AG(1-7)), but it could not be extracted with either acetone or 80% ethanol solution. OPIF may not exist in the brains of day-0 pupae or in brain-subesophageal ganglion and prothoracic ganglion complexes of 5th-instar larvae. The short-day pharate pupae responded to OPIF in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Biology and Informatics, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan. yamanaka@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Mitsunobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: A T M Fayezul
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000378:metabolism; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007564:Japan; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011679:Pupa / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D007301:Insect Hormones