title: NO reductase from Bacillus azotoformans is a bifunctional enzyme accepting electrons from menaquinol and a specific endogenous membrane-bound cytochrome c551.
abstract: Bacillus azotoformans is a Gram-positive denitrifying soil bacterium, which is capable of respiring nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide under anaerobic conditions. It contains a unique menaquinol-dependent nitric oxide reductase (qCu(A)NOR) with a Cu(A) center in its small subunit. The qCu(A)NOR exhibits menaquinol-dependent NO reductase activity, whereas reduced horse heart cytochrome c was inactive. Here we describe the purification of three membrane-bound c cytochromes from B. azotoformans. Their apparent molecular masses on SDS-PAGE are approximately 11 kDa. At neutral pH, these c cytochromes are negatively charged and the E(m) for all is close to 150 mV. Only one of these c cytochromes, which exhibits an alpha-band maximum at 551 nm, acts as a direct electron donor to qCu(A)NOR. Further investigation demonstrated that this cytochrome c(551) possesses two lipoyl moieties, which presumably function to anchor it to the membrane. Steady-state kinetic studies reveal that cytochrome c(551) is a noncompetitive inhibitor of NO reduction when menaquinol is used as an electron donor. This finding points to the presence of two different electron donation pathways in qCu(A)NOR. The ability of qCu(A)NOR to accept electrons from both menaquinol and cytochrome c(551) might be related to the regulation of the rate of NO reduction especially as a defense mechanism of B. azotoformans against the toxicity of NO. Growth experiments in batch culture indeed show that B. azotoformans is highly NO tolerant, in contrast to, for example, Paracoccus denitrificans that has a monofunctional cytochrome c-dependent NOR. We propose that the menaquinol pathway, which has a 4-fold greater maximal activity than the pathway via cytochrome c(551), is used for NO detoxification, whereas electron donation via the endogenous cytochrome c involves the cytochrome b(6)f complex serving the bioenergetic needs of the organism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.lastname: Suharti
authors.forename: Hendrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Heering
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001407:Bacillus / Q000201:enzymology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004579:Electron Transport; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000201:enzymology; D007700:Kinetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D021122:Protein Subunits; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C017167:cytochrome C(551); C008252:lapachol; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C034747:nitric-oxide reductase; C005134:juglone; C014758:plumbagin