title: The science of shrinking human heads: tribal warfare and revenge among the South American Jivaro-Shuar.
abstract: THE PRACTICE OF "head-shrinking" has been the proper domain not of Africa but rather of the denizens of South America. Specifically, in the post-Columbian period, it has been most famously the practice of a tribe of indigenous people commonly called the Jivaro or Jivaro-Shuar. The evidence suggests that the Jivaro-Shuar are merely the last group to retain a custom widespread in northwestern South America. In both ceramic and textile art of the pre-Columbian residents of Peru, the motif of trophy heads smaller than normal life-size heads commonly recurs; the motif is seen even in surviving carvings in stone and shell. Moreover, although not true shrunken heads, trophy heads found in late pre-Columbian and even post-Columbian graves of the region demonstrate techniques of display very similar to those used by the Jivaro-Shuar, at least some of which are best understood in the context of head-shrinking. Regardless, the Jivaro-Shuar and their practices provide an illustrative counterexample to popular myth regarding the culture and science of the shrinking of human heads.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jandial
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Henry E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Aryan
authors.forename: Lawrence F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D004484:Ecuador / Q000208:ethnology; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods*; D005006:Ethnicity; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000208:ethnology; D014857:Warfare