title: Policy integration as a success factor for emissions trading.
abstract: Emissions trading will not be able to become the single instrument of a national climate policy because of costs for monitoring of greenhouse gases and transfers of allowances. Thus, it is important to assess optimal ways of integrating emissions trading into national climate policy mixes, thus leading to a more efficient policy, especially by allowing the use of transboundary transactions. The implemented trading systems of the UK and Denmark, the agreed EU one, and the planned ones of Norway are used as case studies. In the UK, the introduction of an energy tax on industry was the catalyst that led to the development of emissions trading, voluntary agreements, and two subsidy programs. However, in Denmark trading was limited in scope and not integrated with the successful emission tax. The EU and Norwegian trading schemes both have a large scope and integrate international transfers; the former is integrated with other instruments to avoid free riding. Policy integration will thus enhance the efficiency improvements that emissions trading can introduce.
authors.affiliation: Programme International Climate Policy, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 20347, Hamburg, Germany. a-michaelowa@hwwa.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michaelowa
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004777:Environment; D005060:Europe; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D007221:Industry; D017008:Negotiating; D011050:Policy Making; D013660:Taxes