title: Attitudes of schizophrenia outpatients toward psychiatric medications: relationship to clinical variables and insight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attitude toward medications is important for medication adherence. A patient's drug attitude probably reflects a weighing of benefits against experienced or anticipated side effects or risks associated with the medication. We predicted (1) that drug attitudes would be more positive among schizophrenia patients taking second-generation compared to first-generation antipsychotics because of their greater tolerability and efficacy; and (2) that greater insight into illness, fewer extrapyramidal symptoms, and better social functioning would be associated with better attitudes toward psychiatric medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study of 81 DSM-IV-diagnosed schizophrenia outpatients, we used multivariate analysis to determine clinical and demographic predictors of drug attitude. Drug attitude was assessed with the 10-item Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI). The relationship between the DAI and psychopathology, insight, extrapyramidal symptoms, level of functioning, and type of antipsychotic (first-generation versus second-generation versus clozapine) was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less awareness of current symptoms, presence of deficit symptoms, and employment predicted a negative attitude toward psychiatric medications. Extrapyramidal symptoms did not predict drug attitude. Drug attitudes were no different between patients taking first- or second-generation antipsychotics or clozapine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients may not favor second-generation over first-generation antipsychotics, and extrapyramidal symptoms may not be a primary factor determining attitudes. While attitudes may be more positive in patients who recognize therapeutic drug effects, patients who work may view medications particularly negatively, possibly due to a sense of stigma. Because drug attitudes may reflect compliance and are difficult to predict, clinicians should inquire directly.
authors.affiliation: MGH Schizophrenia Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA. ofreud@massmed.org
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freudenreich
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cather
authors.forename: A Eden
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evins
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001364:Awareness; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013240:Stereotyping
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine