title: Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine.
abstract: The identity of the enzyme responsible for the S-oxidation of the mucolytic S-substituted L-cysteine drug, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (SCMC), has been actively investigated for the last 10 years. A genetic polymorphism exists in the oxidation of the thioether moiety that has been identified as a disease susceptibility factor in a number of degenerative diseases. This polymorphism has also been implicated in the wide variation in clinical response to SCMC therapy in man. To date little is known about the molecular enzymology of this reaction but a previous investigation revealed that rat activated phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase (PAH) could S-oxidise both Met- and S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMC) to their S-oxide metabolites. We have investigated the hypothesis that SCMC was also a substrate for activated PAH in the cytosolic faction of the Wistar rat. 1. Substrate and inhibitor investigation revealed that SCMC was a substrate for activated PAH activity in vitro. 2. The large aromatic amino acid hydroxylase monoclonal antibody and the Fe3+ chelator, deferoxamine, completely inhibited both Phe and SCMC oxidation to their respective metabolites. 3. Analysis of the Dixon plots revealed that both Phe and SCMC competitively inhibited each other's oxidation. 4. Correlation studies showed that the rate of production of Tyr was positively correlated to the production of both SCMC and SMC S-oxides in 20 female Wistar rat hepatic cytosolic fractions. These results strongly support the hypothesis that PAH is the enzyme responsible for SCMC S-oxidation in the rat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Abir H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goreish
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bednar
authors.forename: Hefin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Glyn B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Steventon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002233:Carbocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003067:Coenzymes; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; C018243:S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine; D014443:Tyrosine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D002233:Carbocysteine; D008715:Methionine; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase; D003676:Deferoxamine