title: Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: a review.
abstract: The current state-of-the-art of passive sampling and/or extraction methods for long-term monitoring of pollutants in different environmental compartments is discussed in this review. Passive dosimeters that have been successfully used to monitor organic and inorganic contaminants in air, water, sediments, and soil are presented. The application of new approaches to the determination of pollutants at the sampling stage is discussed. The main milestones in the development of passive techniques for sampling and/or extraction of analytes, and in biomonitors used in environmental analysis, are summarized in this review. Passive samplers and biomonitors are compared.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-952 Gdansk, Poland. chemanal@pg.gda.pl
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Namieśnik
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zabiegała
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kot-Wasik
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Partyka
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wasik