title: Early deaths and treatment-related mortality in children undergoing therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the multicenter clinical trials AML-BFM 93 and AML-BFM 98.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rates of early death (ED) and treatment-related mortality (TRM) are unacceptably high in children undergoing intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Better strategies of supportive care might help to improve overall survival in these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, we analyzed incidence, clinical features, and risk factors for lethal complications of 901 children enrolled onto the multicenter trials Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (AML-BFM) 93 and AML-BFM 98.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred four patients (11.5%) enrolled onto the clinical trials AML-BFM 93 and AML-BFM 98 died shortly after diagnosis or as a result of treatment-related complications. Thirty-two patients (3.5%) died before (six patients) or during (26 patients) the first 14 days of treatment, mainly as a result of bleeding or leukostasis. Low performance status, hyperleukocytosis, and French-American-British type M5 were the main risk factors for a lethal event before day 15. After day 15, the predominant causes of death were complications caused by infections, particularly bacterial and fungal infections. The incidence of lethal infections was highest during induction therapy and decreased thereafter. When comparing both clinical trials, significantly fewer patients died within the first 6 weeks in AML-BFM 98 than in AML-BFM 93 (14 [3.5%] of 430 patients v 35 [7.4%] of 471 patients; P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To reduce the high incidence of ED and TRM in children with AML, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of complications are needed. Children with AML should be treated in specialized pediatric cancer centers only. Prophylactic and therapeutic regimens for better treatment management of bleeding disorders and infectious complications have to be assessed in future trials to ultimately improve overall survival in children with AML.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str 33, D-48129 Muenster, Germany. ursula@creutzig.de
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Creutzig
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dworzak
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stary
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehrnbecher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000633:toxicity*; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D015255:Idarubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D005047:Etoposide; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D015255:Idarubicin