title: RETRACTED: Prostaglandin E2 enhances pancreatic cancer invasiveness through an Ets-1-dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2.
abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the pathogenesis of a wide range of malignancies. Here we tested the hypothesis that the COX-2 product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) increases cellular invasive potential by inducing matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and activity through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Ets-1-dependent mechanism in pancreatic cancer. PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells were treated with PGE(2) or rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. MMP-2 expression and activity were assayed using Western blot analysis and zymography, respectively. MMP-2 promoter activity was analyzed with a luciferase-based assay. Ets-1 activity was analyzed using gel shift assay. Ets-1 expression was specifically silenced using RNA interference. Cellular invasive and migratory potentials were determined using a Boyden chamber assay with or without Matrigel, respectively. Exogenous PGE(2) induced MMP-2 expression and activity and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Ets-1 binding activity, and MMP-2 promoter activity. PGE(2) also increased cellular migratory and invasive potentials. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 and Ets-1 silencing each abolished PGE(2)-induced increases in MMP-2 expression. PD98059 and Ets-1 silencing each abrogated the effect of PGE(2) on cellular invasive potential but not on cellular migratory potential. Rofecoxib suppressed MMP-2 expression and activity, Ets-1 binding activity, MMP-2 promoter activity, and cellular migratory and invasive potentials. These results suggest that PGE(2) mediates pancreatic cancer cellular invasiveness through an ERK/Ets-1-dependent induction of MMP-2 expression and activity. They also suggest that COX-2 inhibition may represent a strategy to inhibit invasive potential in pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duxbury
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinner
authors.forename: Stanley W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Whang
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D013450:Sulfones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C494041:ETS1 protein, human; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D013450:Sulfones; D014157:Transcription Factors; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone