title: Protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on learning and memory function in D-galactose-lesioned mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the learning and memory function in D-galactose (D-gal)-lesioned mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were injected (s.c.) 2% D-gal for 40 days (100 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Normal saline, TMP, and Huperzine A were respectively given by intragastric administration in different groups from the third week. Learning and memory ability was tested with Morris water maze for 5 days at the sixth week. After completion of behavioral test, the mice were sacrificed by decapitation. The brain was rapidly removed, and the cortex and hippocampus were separated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the cortex were determined. At the same time, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the binding sites (Bmax) and the affinity (KD) of M-cholinergic receptor in the cortex, and Bmax and KD of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the hippocampus were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this model group, (1) The deficit of learning and memory ability, (2) elevated MDA content and lowered SOD activity, (3) decreased AChE activity and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex, and (4) lowered NMDA receptor binding sites were observed in the hippocampus, as compared with the normal control. TMP could markedly (1) attenuate cognitive dysfunction, (2) lower MDA content and elevate SOD activity, (3) increase the activity of ChAT and AChE, and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex in the mice treated with D-gal. NMDA receptor binding sites were also increased in the hippocampus in the treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMP can significantly strengthen antioxidative function, improve central cholinergic system function, protect NMDA receptor activity, and thus enhance the learning and memory ability in D-gal-lesioned mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shi-zhen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ping-ping
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D005690:Galactose; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011719:Pyrazines; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; C017953:tetramethylpyrazine; D005690:Galactose