title: Investigations of the reactions of monochloramine and dichloramine with selected phenols: examination of humic acid models and water contaminants.
abstract: Our paper reports on the reactivities and orientations of two common phenols, phenol (2) and m-cresol (3), and some of their chlorinated intermediates with aqueous monochloramine, NH2Cl, and dichloramine, NHCl2. We also examined the further reactivity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (4) with the chloramines. The phenols are an important area of investigation because they are substituents in the humic acids and are common contaminants in water. m-Cresol (3) was found to be more reactive than phenol (2)with both chlorinating agents. Both NH2Cl and NHCl2were sufficiently reactive to chlorinate all positions ortho and para to the hydroxyl groups. Mono- and dichloramine showed the same orientation with 2 but different orientations in their reactions with the substituent phenols. Indophenol (as its salt) was formed to a minor extent at high pH but not at pH 9. Both NH2Cl and NHCl2 rapidly replaced the parachlorine in 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (4) to give a mixture of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone-4-(N-chloro) imine (5) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (18). Similar reactions occurwith 2,4,6-trichloro-m-cresol (17) and 2,4,6-trichloro-3-methoxyphenol (29). The products for 17 were confirmed by mass spectrometry (El and Cl), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR; the products for 29 were confirmed by mass spectrometry (El and Cl) and IR. An ion radical mechanism is suggested to account for the chlorine replacement by the chloramines. [No side chain oxidation of the methyl group in 17 in H20 or ether occurred, with or without ultraviolet radiation.] Both 5 and 18 underwent further chlorination with NH2Cl or NHCl2. Imine 5 did not function as a chlorinated agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California 92106, USA. vheasley@ptloma.edu
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Heasley
authors.forename: Audra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Erica E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Faith E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Evan W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Josh M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whisenand
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zoetewey
authors.forename: Dale F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shellhamer
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry*; D003408:Cresols / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D003408:Cresols; D004202:Disinfectants; D006812:Humic Substances; D014873:Water Pollutants; D019800:Phenol; C077977:cresol