title: Pediatric cardiac transplantation in children with high panel reactive antibody.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated panel reactive antibody (PRA) may be considered a risk factor precluding pediatric orthotopic heart transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed our management strategy and outcome data for children undergoing heart transplantation with high PRA (> 10%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty consecutive children (median age = 130.5 days) underwent heart transplantation. Diagnoses included hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) (30 patients), cardiomyopathy (18 patients), and postoperative complex congenital heart disease (CCHD) (12 patients). Standard induction immunosuppressive therapy included pulse steroids, gamma globulin, and polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Initial immunosuppression is a calcinurin inhibitor and an antiproliferative agent. Eight children exhibited elevated PRA (group P). Fifty-two exhibited nonelevated PRA (group N). Immunosuppression was modified in group P as follows: preoperative intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) and/or cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil and preoperative and postoperative exchange transfusions or plasmapheresis. In group P, cyclophosphamide was the initial antiproliferative agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group P = 4 HLHS patients (all status post [s/p] prior cardiac surgery) and 4 postoperative CCHD patients. Group N = 26 HLHS patients (4 patients s/p prior cardiac surgery), 18 cardiomyopathy patients, and 8 postoperative CCHD patients. Group P patients were older and weighed more than group N patients. Waiting time for donor heart, cardiac ischemic time, and length of hospital stay were similar in both groups. Thirty-day mortality for group P was 25% and for group N it was 7.9% (p = 0.178). Overall mortality for group P was 50% and for group N it was 15.4% (p = 0.043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although heart transplantation can offer children with end-stage heart failure and elevated PRA their only chance of survival, these patients remain high risk despite aggressive immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, All Children's Hospital, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. jeffjacobs@msn.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quintessenza
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boucek
authors.forename: Victor O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Morell
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botero
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Badhwar
authors.forename: Hugh M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Gelder
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asante-Korang
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Daicoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005078:Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007518:Isoantibodies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid