title: Violence is not necessary to produce subdural and retinal haemorrhage: a reply to Punt et al.
abstract: In this article we reply to the recent critique by Punt et al. in Pediatric Rehabilitation. Our hypothesis about the pathogenesis of intracranial bleeding in infants has three important implications. First, in the case of an infant with a swollen brain, subdural and retinal haemorrhage but no objective evidence of trauma, the findings by themselves are not certain evidence of abuse; second, violence is not necessary to produce subdural and retinal haemorrhage; and lastly, non-traumatic events producing apnoea with a catastrophic rise in intracranial pressure could produce a clinical picture identical to that seen in trauma.
authors.affiliation: j.f.geddes@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: G G W
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Whitwell
mesh_terms: D020201:Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D002649:Child Abuse; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D014754:Violence