title: Hydrogel microspheres: influence of chemical composition on surface morphology, local elastic properties, and bulk mechanical characteristics.
abstract: Hydrogel microspheres, beads, and capsules of uniform size, differing in their chemical composition, have been prepared by electrostatic complex formation of sodium alginate with divalent cations and polycations. These have served as model spheres to study the influence of the chemical composition on both surface characteristics and bulk mechanical properties. Resistance to compression experiments yielding the compression work clearly identified differences as a function of the composition, with forces at maximal compression in the range of 34-455 mN. The suitability and informative value of atomic force microscopy have been confirmed for the case where surface characterization is performed in a liquid environment equivalent to physiological conditions. Surface imaging and mechanical response to indentation revealed different average surface roughness and Young's moduli for all hydrogel types ranging from 0.9 to 14.4 nm and from 0.4 to 440 kPa, respectively. The hydrogels exhibited pure elastic behavior. Despite a relatively high standard deviation, resulting from both surface and batch heterogeneity, nonoverlapping ranges of Young's moduli were reproducibly identified for the selected model spheres. The findings indicate the reliability of contact mode atomic force microscopy to quantify local surface properties, which may have an impact on the biocompatibility of alginate-based hydrogel materials of different composition and conditions of preparation. Moreover, it seems that local elastic properties and bulk mechanical characteristics are subject to analogous composition influences.
authors.affiliation: The Henryk Niewodniczanki Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lekka
authors.forename: Dianelys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sainz-Serp
authors.forename: Andrzej J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kulik
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wandrey