title: Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide psychometric data on a self-report measure of major depressive disorder (MDD) and to determine whether somatic symptoms are nonspecific or count toward the diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center representing 16 Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred forty-nine people with spinal cord injury who completed a standardized follow-up evaluation 1 year after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a measure of MDD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition . We computed descriptive statistics on rates of depressive symptoms and probable MDD, evaluated internal consistency and construct validity, and analyzed the accuracy of individual items as predictors of MDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exactly 11.4% of participants met criteria for probable MDD. Probable MDD was associated with poorer subjective health, lower satisfaction with life, and more difficulty in daily role functioning. Probable MDD was not related to most demographic or injury-related variables. Both somatic and psychologic symptoms predicted probable MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHQ-9 has promise as a tool with which to identify probable MDD in people with SCI. Somatic symptoms should be counted toward the diagnosis and should alert health care providers to the likelihood of MDD. More efficient screening is only one of the quality improvement efforts needed to enhance management of MDD.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA. chb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tulsky
authors.forename: Denise G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tate
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology