title: Osteonecrosis in six HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report 6 cases of osteonecrosis in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and compare the observed risk factors with those of published cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteonecrosis was diagnosed between 1999 and 2002 in 6 of 417 HIV-infected patients in our department of infectious diseases. At the time of diagnosis, mean patient age was 42 years, and 5 patients had developed AIDS. Mean CD4+ lymphocyte count was 563.5 cells/mm(3) and viral load was undetectable (<50 copies/mL) in 5 patients. The patients' mean body mass index was 22.5 kg/m(2). Four had lipodystrophy. All were receiving HAART, including a protease inhibitor in 4 patients; the remaining 2 patients had a history of protease inhibitor treatment. Median time from the first antiretroviral therapy to osteonecrosis diagnosis was 46.5 months. Established risk factors were the use of corticosteroids in 2 patients and dyslipidemia in all patients. All of the patients developed pain and functional impotence of the hip or ankle joints. Osteonecrosis of the hip was bilateral in 4 cases. Three patients required surgical intervention, all of whom had favorable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected patients are at a higher risk for the development of osteonecrosis and are more likely to be exposed to predisposing factors to its development. The HAART implication as a predisposing factor remains controversial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis in HIV-infected individuals may be multifactorial; the reasonable approach for clinicians consists of treating concomitant predisposing conditions that might further cause osteonecrosis.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacovigilance Regional Center, CHU, 45 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France. pharmacovigilance@chu-reims.fr
authors.forename: Aurélie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Molia
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strady
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouger
authors.forename: Isabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Beguinot
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Thierry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Trenque
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors