title: Effect of toothpaste with natural calcium carbonate/perlite on extrinsic tooth stain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study was designed to determine the effect of natural calcium carbonate toothpaste containing Perlite and microgranules (Whitening toothpaste) on extrinsic tooth stain compared to a standard commercial toothpaste formulation with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as abrasive and a commercial toothpaste with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) as abrasive.
  
  
  METHODS
  The toothpastes were evaluated in a double blind, three-cell, stratified (tobacco use; baseline tooth stain level), parallel group design study involving 600 subjects with extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects brushed twice daily with their allocated toothpaste for four weeks. Extrinsic tooth stain was measured using the Macpherson modification of the Lobene stain index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANCOVA showed significant differences between toothpastes (p=0.037). Subsequent multiple comparisons using pairwise t-tests, showed the Whitening toothpaste to be superior to the DCPD toothpaste (p=0.014) and the PCC toothpaste (p=0.067). When a Box-Cox transformation was made to the data (y0.6) to improve normality, these two differences were more accurately estimated at p=0.004 and p=0.03 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Whitening toothpaste has been shown to be significantly more effective in tooth stain removal than the two standard commercial toothpaste formulations.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Bebington, Wirral, UK. Jane.Matheson@Unilever.com
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karad
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ketkar
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bijlani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D014100:Toothpastes; C003076:Perlite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous; D000537:Aluminum Oxide