title: Aire: an update.
abstract: Aire (autoimmune regulator), the gene responsible for the clinical disorder autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I, has recently been identified as an important mediator of central tolerance. Aire upregulates the transcription of certain organ-specific self-antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells, and has a role in the negative selection of organ-specific thymocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Aire functions in these processes are still not well understood. Structural characteristics and biochemical data suggest that Aire might have a direct role in nuclear transcription and that it can function as an ubiquitin ligase. Although these molecular details await further characterization, the association of Aire with the prevention of autoimmunity highlights the importance of thymic mechanisms in the maintenance of tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0540, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D000096927:AIRE Protein
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D001324:Autoantigens; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000096927:AIRE Protein; C066642:SP100 protein, human