title: Microbiological evaluation of endodontic files after cleaning and steam sterilization procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection control procedures are essential for modern dental practice and they are continually evolving to meet the dental profession's high standards. The present study evaluated the efficacy of two cleaning procedures to reduce bacterial numbers on endodontic files, and evaluated the effect of biological debris on the subsequent sterilization of files.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stainless steel and nickel-titanium (NiTi) files were examined upon removal from the manufacturer's packaging, after instrumentation in root canals of human teeth inoculated with a broth containing two anaerobic species and one facultative anaerobic species of bacteria, and after instrumentation and cleaning with either an ultrasonic bath or a thermal disinfector. For each file, the bacterial numbers were quantified using routine microbiological techniques in an anaerobic chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No bacteria were detected from files direct from their packets. The size, taper and type of file did not affect the ability of either of the cleaning procedures to reduce bacterial numbers. However, an absence of bacteria was more likely when files were cleaned in the thermal disinfector. No bacteria were detected from files that were-subjected to steam sterilization irrespective of the type of prior cleaning procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Steam sterilization eliminated all bacteria from the endodontic files irrespective of the presence of biological debris. The majority of bacteria were eliminated from endodontic files after either ultrasonic cleaning or using a thermal disinfector.
authors.affiliation: Dental School, The University of Adelaide.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Van Eldik
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Zilm
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D019552:Infection Control, Dental; D009532:Nickel; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014025:Titanium; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D013227:Steam; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium