title: Novel chemical class of pUL97 protein kinase-specific inhibitors with strong anticytomegaloviral activity.
abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen frequently associated with life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients and newborns. The HCMV UL97-encoded protein kinase (pUL97) represents an important determinant of viral replication. Recent studies demonstrated that pUL97-specific kinase inhibitors are powerful tools for the control of HCMV replication. We present evidence that three related quinazoline compounds are potent inhibitors of the pUL97 kinase activity and block in vitro substrate phosphorylation, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) between 30 and 170 nM. Replication of HCMV in primary human fibroblasts was suppressed with a high efficiency. The IC(50)s of these three quinazoline compounds (2.4 +/- 0.4, 3.4 +/- 0.6, and 3.9 +/- 1.1 microM, respectively) were in the range of the IC(50) of ganciclovir (1.2 +/- 0.2 microM), as determined by the HCMV green fluorescent protein-based antiviral assay. Importantly, the quinazolines were demonstrated to have strong inhibitory effects against clinical HCMV isolates, including ganciclovir- and cidofovir-resistant virus variants. Moreover, in contrast to ganciclovir, the formation of resistance to the quinazolines was not observed. The mechanisms of action of these compounds were confirmed by kinetic analyses with infected cells. Quinazolines specifically inhibited viral early-late protein synthesis but had no effects at other stages of the replication cycle, such as viral entry, consistent with a blockage of the pUL97 function. In contrast to epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitors, quinazolines affected HCMV replication even when they were added hours after virus adsorption. Thus, our findings indicate that quinazolines are highly efficient inhibitors of HCMV replication in vitro by targeting pUL97 protein kinase activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany. manfred.marschall@viro.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herget
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morbitzer
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stamminger
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marschall
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000077404:Cidofovir; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011799:Quinazolines; D003596:Cytosine; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C075365:ganciclovir kinase; D000077404:Cidofovir; D015774:Ganciclovir