title: Potential relationships among myocardial stiffness, the measured level of myocardial backscatter ("image brightness"), and the magnitude of the systematic variation of backscatter (cyclic variation) over the heart cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a number of recently published studies comparing measurements from patients with those from control subjects, a decreased magnitude of the systematic variation of backscattered energy over the heart cycle (cyclic variation) is accompanied by an increased level of overall myocardial backscatter (calibrated myocardial image brightness) when measured at a specific phase of the heart cycle (eg, end systole or end diastole). The goal of this study was to investigate whether this observation is consistent with predictions based on a model of the mechanisms of cyclic variation incorporating changes in relative intracellular and extracellular acoustic impedance over the heart cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously described 3-component Maxwell-type model of muscle mechanics representing cardiac cell mechanical behavior was utilized to predict the systematic variation in the relative acoustic impedance differences between intracellular and extracellular elastic properties over the heart cycle and hence the observed magnitude of cyclic variation and overall myocardial scattering level. Predictions were obtained for a series of specific values of relative intracellular and extracellular acoustic impedance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that the predicted magnitude of cyclic variation can be directly related to the overall myocardial backscatter level. For example, specific changes in the acoustic impedance (stiffness properties) of the extracellular matrix without any change in the intracellular acoustic impedance result in predicted values of -43.5 dB, -38.5 dB, and -33.5 dB for end-diastolic myocardial backscatter levels with corresponding values of 5.0 dB, 2.5 dB, and 1.3 dB for the predicted magnitude of cyclic variation, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that observed decreases in the magnitude of cyclic variation with concomitant increases in the measured overall myocardial backscatter level are consistent with predictions from a model based on the relative acoustic impedance differences between intracellular and extracellular elastic properties over the heart cycle. These results suggest that ultrasonic backscatter measurements may provide a noninvasive approach for assessing some relationships among myocardial stiffness, degree of fibrosis, and contractile performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. mrh@wuphys.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Kirk D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004452:Echocardiography; D004548:Elasticity; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*