title: Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 hinders skeletal muscle differentiation in vitro by perturbing the activation/deactivation balance of Rho GTPases.
abstract: The current knowledge assigns a crucial role to the Rho GTPases family (Rho, Rac, Cdc42) in the complex transductive pathway leading to skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Their exact function in myogenesis, however, remains largely undefined. The protein toxin CNF1 was herein employed as a tool to activate Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in the myogenic cell line C2C12. We demonstrated that CNF1 impaired myogenesis by affecting the muscle regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin and the structural protein MHC expressions. This was principally driven by Rac/Cdc42 activation whereas Rho apparently controlled only the fusion process. More importantly, we proved that a controlled balance between Rho and Rac/Cdc42 activation/deactivation state was crucial for the correct execution of the differentiation program, thus providing a novel view for the role of Rho GTPases in muscle cell differentiation. Also, the use of Rho hijacking toxins can represent a new strategy to pharmacologically influence the differentiative process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Travaglione
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Falzano
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Giammarioli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rufini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000187:drug effects; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003603:Cytotoxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C060296:cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein