title: Pulmonary ultrasonographic abnormalities associated with naturally occurring equine influenza virus infection in standardbred racehorses.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if naturally occurring acute infectious upper respiratory disease (IRD) caused by equine influenza virus is associated with ultrasonographically detectable pleural and pulmonary abnormalities in horses. Standardbred racehorses were evaluated for signs of IRD, defined as acute coughing or mucopurulent nasal discharge. For every horse with IRD (n = 16), 1 or 2 horses with no signs of IRD and the same owner or trainer (n = 30) were included. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed within 5-10 days of the onset of clinical disease in horses with IRD. Horses without IRD were examined at the same time as the horses with IRD with which they were enrolled. The rank of the ultrasound scores of horses with IRD was compared to that of horses without IRD. Equine influenza virus was identified as the primary etiologic agent associated with IRD in this study. Mild lung consolidation and peripheral pulmonary irregularities were found in 11 (69%) of 16 of the horses with IRD and 11 (37%) of 30 of control horses. Lung consolidation (median score = 1) and peripheral irregularities scores (median score = 1) were greater in horses with IRD compared to horses without IRD (median score = 0; P < .05). Pleural effusion was not observed. Equine influenza virus infection can result in abnormalities of the equine lower respiratory tract. Despite the mild nature of IRD observed in this study, lung consolidation and peripheral pulmonary irregularities were more commonly observed in horses with clinical signs of IRD. Further work is needed to determine the clinical significance of these ultrasonographic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. gross.126@osu.edu
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hinchcliff
authors.forename: Jean K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Reichle
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Slemons
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology; D006736:Horses; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C048842:NP protein, Influenza A virus; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D014758:Viral Core Proteins