title: Evidence for unexpected weaknesses in learning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without reading disabilities.
abstract: This study examined the mechanisms underlying verbal learning in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), none of whom had reading disabilities. Children with ADHD were compared to typically developing children on both process and product scores from the California Verbal Learning Test for Children. The findings indicated that children with ADHD initially learned the same number of words as controls but showed weaknesses recalling the words after delays, suggesting that children with ADHD are less efficient learners. Regardless of ADHD status, boys and girls performed differently. Boys used semantic clustering less frequently and recalled fewer words from the middle region of the list than girls; girls also outperformed boys in terms of overall performance, despite lower verbal IQ scores. These findings show that children with ADHD can exhibit unexpected weaknesses in learning even without a formal learning disability. Gender differences in verbal learning are also illustrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Cognitive Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. cutting@kennedykrieger.org
authors.forename: Laurie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cutting
authors.forename: Christine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Koth
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mahone
authors.forename: Martha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Denckla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D014706:Verbal Learning