title: Normalization of two-channel microarray experiments: a semiparametric approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important underlying assumption of any experiment is that the experimental subjects are similar across levels of the treatment variable, so that changes in the response variable can be attributed to exposure to the treatment under study. This assumption is often not valid in the analysis of a microarray experiment due to systematic biases in the measured expression levels related to experimental factors such as spot location (often referred to as a print-tip effect), arrays, dyes, and various interactions of these effects. Thus, normalization is a critical initial step in the analysis of a microarray experiment, where the objective is to balance the individual signal intensity levels across the experimental factors, while maintaining the effect due to the treatment under investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various normalization strategies have been developed including log-median centering, analysis of variance modeling, and local regression smoothing methods for removing linear and/or intensity-dependent systematic effects in two-channel microarray experiments. We describe a method that incorporates many of these into a single strategy, referred to as two-channel fastlo, and is derived from a normalization procedure that was developed for single-channel arrays. The proposed normalization procedure is applied to a two-channel dose-response experiment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA. eckel@mayo.edu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennings
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Therneau
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Burgoon
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boverhof
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Zacharewski
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol