title: Role of insulin in the anti-apoptotic effect of glucose-insulin-potassium in rabbits with acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) cocktail on cardiac myocyte apoptosis and cardiac functional recovery following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R), and to further determine the role of insulin in the GIK-induced cardioprotective effect in vivo .
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight male rabbits were subjected to 40 min MI followed by R for 3 h and were randomly received one of the following treatments: saline, GIK (glucose: 150 g/L, insulin: 60 U/L and KCl: 80 mmol/L), or insulin (n = 16 in each group) at 1 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1), beginning 30 min before MI and continuing throughout the 3 h-reperfusion. Blood glucose, electrolytes, arterial blood pressure and left ventricular pressure (LVP) were monitored throughout the experiment. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured spectrophotometrically. Myocardial infarction and myocardial apoptosis (both DNA laddering and TUNEL analysis) were determined in a blinded manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MI/R caused significant cardiac dysfunction and myocardial apoptosis (both strong DNA ladder formation and TUNEL-positive staining). Compared with vehicle, GIK-treated rabbits showed protection against MI/R as evidenced by reduced myocardial infarction (19.7% +/- 2.6% vs . 26.8% +/- 3.3% of vehicle, n = 10, P < 0.05), marked decrease in DNA fragmentation and apoptotic index (11.0% +/- 2.1% vs . 20.1% +/- 3.1% of vehicle, n = 6, P < 0.01), significant decrease of plasma CK and LDH and improved recovery of cardiac systolic/diastolic function at the end of R. Treatment with insulin alone decreased blood glucose significantly but still exerted cardioprotective effects comparable with that of GIK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GIK exerts cardioprotective effects against postischemic myocardial injury and improves cardiac functional recovery in vivo . Insulin, mainly through the anti-apoptotic effect, plays a key role in the GIK-elicited myocardial protection in MI/R.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium