title: Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite advances in treatment, outlook for the majority of patients remains grim and most face a pessimistic outlook accompanied by sometimes devastating effects on emotional and psychological health. Although chemotherapy is accepted as an effective treatment for advanced lung cancer, the high prevalence of treatment-related side effects as well the symptoms of disease progression highlight the need for high quality palliative and supportive care to minimise symptom distress and to promote quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions delivered by healthcare professionals in improving symptoms, psychological functioning and quality of life in patients with lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (1966-March 2003), EMBASE (1974-March 2003), CINAHL (1982-September 2002), CancerLit (1975-October 2002), PsycINFO (1873-March 2003), reference lists of relevant articles and contact with authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials assessing the effects of non-invasive interventions in improving well-being and quality of life in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed relevant studies for inclusion. Data extraction and quality assessment of relevant studies was performed by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine trials were included and categorised into six groups. Two trials of a nursing intervention to manage breathlessness showed benefit on symptom experience, performance status and emotional functioning. Three trials assessed structured nursing programmes and found positive effects on delay in clinical deterioration, dependency and symptom distress, and improvements in emotional functioning and satisfaction with care. One trial assessing counselling showed benefit on some emotional components of the illness but findings were not conclusive. One trial assessing an exercise programme, found a beneficial effect on self-empowerment. One trial of nutritional interventions found positive effects for increasing energy intake, but no improvement in quality of life. One trial of reflexology showed some positive, but short-lasting effects on anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse follow-up programmes and a nurse intervention to manage breathlessness may produce beneficial effects. Psychotherapeutic study indicates that counselling may help patients cope more effectively with emotional symptoms, but the evidence is not conclusive. Findings from the included studies reinforce the necessity for increased training and education of healthcare professionals giving in these interventions. More research, of higher methodological quality is needed in this area to explore possible underlying explanatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 171, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain, 08041. isola@santpau.es
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subirana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D008405:Massage; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000451:nursing* / Q000534:rehabilitation