title: Changes in water quality after addition of sea salts to fresh water: implications during toxicity testing.
abstract: Sea salts (seven brands from six commercially-available sources) were dissolved in water to develop 30 g/l solutions, and selected water quality characteristics were then monitored for 96 h. One or more water quality characteristics changed significantly during the 96 h period in six of the reconstituted sea salts. Measured characteristics of sea water diluted to 30 g/l demonstrated no changes during the observation period. The sea salts from different sources also demonstrated differences in absolute concentrations of some characteristics measured. Application of the Biotic Ligand Model to predict copper toxicity to the bivalve Mytilus edulis in solutions of the salts tested yielded 96-h median-lethal concentrations that ranged from 2 to 13 microg/l. Since water quality affects toxicity of many environmental pollutants, the source of the sea salt and equilibration time should be considered when planning toxicity tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Bielmyer
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Klaine
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tomasso
authors.forename: W Raymon
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003300:Copper