title: What's the evidence that NICE guidance has been implemented? Results from a national evaluation using time series analysis, audit of patients' notes, and interviews.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent and pattern of implementation of guidance issued by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time series analysis, review of case notes, survey, and interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute and primary care trusts in England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  All primary care prescribing, hospital pharmacies; a random sample of 20 acute trusts, 17 mental health trusts, and 21 primary care trusts; and senior clinicians and managers from five acute trusts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of prescribing and use of procedures and medical devices relative to evidence based guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6308 usable patient audit forms were returned. Implementation of NICE guidance varied by trust and by topic. Prescribing of some taxanes for cancer (P < 0.002) and orlistat for obesity (P < 0.001) significantly increased in line with guidance. Prescribing of drugs for Alzheimer's disease and prophylactic extraction of wisdom teeth showed trends consistent with, but not obviously a consequence of, the guidance. Prescribing practice often did not accord with the details of the guidance. No change was apparent in the use of hearing aids, hip prostheses, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, laparoscopic hernia repair, and laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery after NICE guidance had been issued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of NICE guidance has been variable. Guidance seems more likely to be adopted when there is strong professional support, a stable and convincing evidence base, and no increased or unfunded costs, in organisations that have established good systems for tracking guidance implementation and where the professionals involved are not isolated. Guidance needs to be clear and reflect the clinical context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD. tas5@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cullum
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lankshear
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lowson
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D013222:State Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D006113:United Kingdom