title: Long-term skeletal stability after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distraction device in cleft maxillary deformities.
abstract: Rigid external distraction is a highly effective technique for correction of maxillary hypoplasia in patients with orofacial clefts. The clinical results after correction of sagittal maxillary deformities in both the adult and pediatric age groups have been stable. The purpose of this retrospective longitudinal cephalometric study was to review the long-term stability of the repositioned maxilla in cleft patients who underwent maxillary advancement with rigid external distraction. Between April 1, 1995, and April 1, 1999, 17 consecutive patients with cleft maxillary hypoplasia underwent maxillary advancement using rigid external distraction. There were 13 male patients and four female patients, with ages ranging from 5.2 to 23.6 years (mean, 12.6 years). After a modified complete high Le Fort I osteotomy and a latency period of 3 to 5 days, patients underwent maxillary advancement with rigid external distraction until proper facial convexity and dental overjet and overbite were obtained. After active distraction, a 3- to 4-week period of rigid retention was undertaken; this was followed by removable elastic retention for 6 to 8 weeks using, during sleep time, an orthodontic protraction face mask. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained preoperatively, after distraction, at 1 year after distraction, and 2 or more years after distraction. The mean follow-up was 3.3 years (minimum, 2.1 years; maximum, 5.3 years). The following measurements were obtained in each cephalogram: three linear horizontal and two linear vertical maxillary measurements, two angular craniomaxillary measurements, and one craniomandibular measurement. Differences between the preoperative and postoperative cephalometric values were analyzed by paired t tests (p < 0.05). The cephalometric analysis demonstrated postoperatively significant advancement of the maxilla. In addition, the mandibular plane angle opened 1.2 degrees after surgery. After the 1- to 3-year follow-up period, the maxilla was stable in the sagittal plane. Minimal anteroposterior growth was observed in the maxilla compared with that exhibited in the anterior cranial base. However, there was significant vertical maxillary growth over the 3-year observation period. The mandibular plane angle tended to decrease during the follow-up period. The cephalometric data from this study support the clinical impression of maxillary stability after maxillary advancement with rigid external distraction in cleft patients. This effective and stable technique is now considered for all pediatric patients with severe cleft maxillary hypoplasia and for adolescent and adult patients with moderate to severe deformities.
authors.affiliation: Rush Craniofacial Center and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill 60612, USA. alvaro_figueroa@rush.edu
authors.forename: Alvaro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Polley
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friede
authors.forename: Ellen W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development; D016896:Treatment Outcome