title: From mouse to whale: a universal scaling relation for the PR Interval of the electrocardiogram of mammals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On the ECG, the PR interval measures the time taken by an electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node to propagate from atria to ventricles. From mouse to whale, the PR interval increases approximately 10(1), whereas body mass (BM) augments approximately 10(6). Scaling of many biological processes (eg, metabolic rate, life span, aortic diameter) is described by the allometric equation Y=Y(0) x BM(b), where Y is the biological process and b is the scaling exponent that is an integer multiple of 1/4. Hierarchical branching networks have been proposed to be the underlying mechanism for the 1/4 power allometric law.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first derived analytically the allometric equation for the PR interval. We assumed that the heart behaves as a set of "fractal-like" networks that tend to minimize propagation time across the conducting system while ensuring a hemodynamically optimal atrioventricular activation sequence. Our derivation yielded the relationship PR proportional, variant BM1/4. We subsequently obtained previously published values of PR interval, heart rate, and BM of 541 mammals representing 33 species. Double-logarithmic analysis demonstrates that PR interval increases as heart rate decreases, and both variables relate to BM following the 1/4 power law. Most important, the best fit for PR versus BM is described by the equation PR=53 x BM0.24. Hence, the empirically determined exponent (0.24) is close to 1/4, as predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that the PR interval of mammals scales as the 1/4 power of the BM, following the universal law for allometric scaling to ensure an optimal atrioventricular activation sequence.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Sami F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Noujaim
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lucca
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Dharmendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Persaud
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berenfeld
authors.forename: Frits L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Meijler
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalife
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D004562:Electrocardiography; D017709:Fractals; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009929:Organ Size; D010802:Phylogeny; D010828:Physiology, Comparative; D013045:Species Specificity