title: Induction of thyroid cancer cell apoptosis by a novel nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the effects of a novel selective nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), in thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo and to additionally elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of this chemotherapeutic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the in vitro experiments, the induction of apoptosis by DHMEQ in various human thyroid carcinoma cell types was determined by flow cytometry analysis of annexin-V binding and the caspase activation by Western blotting. For the in vivo study, female nu/nu mice were xenografted with s.c. FRO thyroid tumors. DHMEQ solution was injected i.p. at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Tumor dimensions were monitored twice weekly, and apoptosis in tumor specimens was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with DHMEQ substantially inhibited the translocation of p65 and p50 NF-kappaB subunits to the nucleus, the DNA-binding activity of the RelA/p65, NF-kappaB-dependent expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-family proteins, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, and XIAP, and the de novo synthesis of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB alpha. At concentration levels ranging from 0.1 to 5 microg/ml, DHMEQ induced a caspase-mediated apoptotic response that could be abrogated by the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 but not by either mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase or p38 inhibitors. In contrast, normal human thyrocytes were resistant to DHMEQ-induced apoptosis. At higher doses of DHMEQ we observed the necrotic-like killing of both normal and malignant thyrocytes, which was resistant to mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. In nude mice DHMEQ substantially inhibited tumor growth without observable side effects, and increased numbers of apoptotic cells were observed in the histologic sections of tumors treated with DHMEQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the potential usefulness of the novel NF-kappaB inhibitor, DHMEQ, in future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of thyroid cancers that do not respond to conventional approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Dmitriy V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Starenki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saenko
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsuru
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D016328:NF-kappa B; C464444:dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin