title: Interaction between norepinephrine, oxytocin, and nitric oxide in the stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from proestrous rat basal hypothalamus explants.
abstract: In the proestrous female rat, norepinephrine, oxytocin and nitric oxide (NO) all participate in the regulation of the preovulatory gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that oxytocin induces dose-dependent release of GnRH from proestrous basal hypothalamus explants. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether norepinephrine could also stimulate GnRH release from similar explants, to identify the receptors responsible for this effect and to investigate interactions between norepinephrine, oxytocin and NO. Norepinephrine significantly stimulated GnRH release from proestrous basal hypothalamus explants, and coadministration of the alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist prazosin blocked this effect. Combined administration of oxytocin and norepinephrine stimulated significantly more GnRH release than either drug alone, and this stimulation was blocked by inhibition of NO synthase, or by an oxytocin receptor antagonist. NO production was measured from the same samples using a modified Griess reaction. Oxytocin, but not norepinephrine, significantly increased NO production, as did norepinephrine and oxytocin in combination. Oxytocin receptor antagonist administration attenuated the stimulation of NO production by norepinephrine/oxytocin. These results demonstrate for the first time that oxytocin and norepinephrine dramatically stimulate GnRH release from basal hypothalamus explants harvested on the afternoon of proestrus, and indicate that this involves oxytocin receptor and NO-dependent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. selvage@salk.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Selvage
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011359:Proestrus / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D010121:Oxytocin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009638:Norepinephrine; D011224:Prazosin