title: [Prevalence of depression in multiple sclerosis: a review and meta-analysis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this paper was to review and summarize the data about the frequency of depression during multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a metaanalysis to combine the results of the studies which compared the frequency of depression in MS patients with the prevalence in patients with other chronic diseases. Eight controlled studies were identified via manual and computerized search of the Medline and PsychInfo databases. Given the various ways these studies reported their results, we used statistical procedures based on the combination of significance levels (the method of adding Zs and the method of adding ts). An additional statistical procedure, Cohen's d, was performed to estimate the effect of size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two statistical methods yielded highly significant summary statistics: z=4.15 and z=3.98, respectively (p<0.0001). The effect of size (Cohen's d), which ranged from 0.02 to 0.70 with an average of 0.29 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.09-0.49), can be considered as medium and hence clinically meaningful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the association between MS and depression is specific, that is not just casual nor due to the nonspecific factors inherent in every chronic disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris. even@chsa.broca.inserm.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Even
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dardennes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.forename: J-D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Guelfi
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*