title: Effects of gender on neurologic and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess gender differences in neurologic and functional outcome measures in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems (MSCIS) throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  People (N=14,433) admitted to an MSCIS within 30 days of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Improvement in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor index score, ASIA Impairment Scale, level of injury, and FIM instrument scores after SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When examining subjects grouped by severity of injury, changes in ASIA motor index total scores, from system admission to 1-year anniversary, were significantly greater for women than men with either complete ( P =.035) or incomplete ( P =.031) injuries. Functional comparison of men and women, using the FIM motor subscale, revealed that men had higher FIM motor scores at rehabilitation discharge among those with motor-complete injuries, except for those with C1-4 and C6 neurologic levels. Women with motor-incomplete high tetraplegia (C1-4 levels) had higher discharge FIM motor scores than did similarly afflicted men. There were no significant differences in FIM motor scores among men and women with other levels of motor incomplete SCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in SCI were seen in several areas. Women may have more natural neurologic recovery than men; however, for a given level and degree of neurologic injury, men tend to do better functionally than women at time of discharge from rehabilitation. Future prospective study of the effects of estrogen on neurologic recovery and the effects of gender on functional potential are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Functional Recovery in Chronic SCI, Veterans Administration Rehabilitation Research and Development, Miami, FL, USA. m.sipski@miami.edu
authors.forename: Marca L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sipski
authors.forename: Amie B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gómez-Marín
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estores
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens