title: Evaluation of an outbreak of West Nile virus infection in horses: 569 cases (2002).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in horses in North Dakota in 2002, evaluate vaccine effectiveness, and determine horse characteristics and clinical signs associated with infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  569 horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from veterinary laboratory records, and a questionnaire was mailed to veterinarians of affected horses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Affected horses were defined as horses with typical clinical signs and seroconversion or positive results of virus isolation; affected horses were detected in 52 of the 53 counties and concentrated in the eastern and northeastern regions of the state. Among affected horses, 27% (n = 152) were vaccinated against WNV, 54% (309) were not, and 19% (108) had unknown vaccination status; 61 % (345) recovered, 22% (126) died, and 17% (98) had unknown outcome. The odds of death among nonvaccinated horses were 3 and 16 times the odds among horses that received only 1 or 2 doses of vaccine and horses that were vaccinated according to manufacturer's recommendations, respectively. Horses with recumbency, caudal paresis, and age > 5 years had higher odds of death, whereas horses with incoordination had lower odds of death, compared with affected horses without these characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination appears to have beneficial effects regarding infection and death caused by WNV.
authors.affiliation: North Dakota State Board of Animal Health, 600 E Boulevard Ave, Dept 602, Bismarck, ND 58505-0020, USA.
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Khaitsa
authors.forename: Neil W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stoltenow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009658:North Dakota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines