title: Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic axillary brachial plexus block: a randomized, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We compared the effects of clonidine added to levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on axillary brachial plexus block as well as the effectiveness of levobupivacaine alone compared with bupivacaine alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, four groups of 20 patients each were investigated, using (i) 40 ml of levobupivacaine 0.5% plus 0.150 mg of clonidine, (ii) 40 ml of levobupivacaine 0.5% plus 1 ml of NaCl 0.9%, (iii) 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 0.150 mg of clonidine, and (iv) 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 1 ml of NaCl 0.9%, respectively. The onset of motor and sensory block and duration of sensory block were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in duration between groups, but a significantly higher variance (P<0.001) was found in the two groups with clonidine than in the two groups without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest responder and non-responder behaviour is a result of the addition of clonidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20/9i, 1090 Vienna, Austria. andreas.duma@schmerzlos.info
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urbanek
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sitzwohl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kreiger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimpfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapral
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001365:Axilla; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D003000:Clonidine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine