title: Gene expression profiling of inflamed human endothelial cells and influence of activated protein C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During systemic inflammation, activation of vascular endothelium by proinflammatory cytokines leads to hypotension, microvascular thrombosis, and organ damage. Recent data suggest a link between coagulation and inflammation through the activated protein C (APC) pathway. We studied gene expression profiles in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) exposed to proinflammatory stimuli and the influence of APC on expression of candidate genes regulated by these stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCAECs were stimulated with interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In gene expression profiling, 400 of 8400 genes were regulated >2-fold. Verification of selected candidate genes was achieved by measuring expression of mRNA species by real-time polymerase chain reaction, cytokine secretion by ELISA, and metabolites of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis by high-performance liquid chromatography. BH4 synthesis, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were downregulated by APC at the transcriptional and protein level. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelial adhesion molecule, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were not affected by APC. Activities of transcription factors c-Fos, FosB, and c-Rel were inhibited by APC in inflamed HCAECs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study revealed a novel antiinflammatory mechanism of APC-dependent gene regulation in HCAECs since c-Fos-dependent induction of MCP-1 and ICAM-1 was suppressed. APC downregulates expression and activity of genes related to inflammation, most pronounced under intermediate or mild inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic B Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franscini
authors.forename: Esther B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bachli
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: Maria-Sybille
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leikauf
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoedon
mesh_terms: D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011486:Protein C / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011486:Protein C; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C091963:activated protein C receptor; C105295:protease-activated receptor 3; D001708:Biopterins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C003402:sapropterin