title: In vivo three-dimensional evaluation of leukocyte behavior in retinal microcirculation of mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate new physiologic and three-dimensional methods for monitoring leukocyte behavior in mouse retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) was produced in mice by footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Leukocytes were labeled with acridine orange (AO). Leukocyte rolling in the retinal microcirculation was evaluated in vivo with AO digital fluorography. The number of migrated leukocytes was counted in flatmounted retina. The behavior of leukocyte migration was observed three-dimensionally at the time of peak migration. After leukocytes were labeled with AO, the mice were perfused with rhodamine-labeled concanavalin A lectin to stain the vascular endothelium. Leukocyte migration into the retina was then monitored three-dimensionally with confocal microscopy, and the velocity of the migration was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both leukocyte rolling and migration peaked at 48 hours after LPS injection. Leukocytes were seen to extravasate from the deeper capillary layers and to migrate toward the outer layer of the retina. The traveling velocity of extravasated leukocytes in retinal tissue was 2.0 +/- 0.1 microm/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New methods have been demonstrated for the three-dimensional and quantitative evaluation of leukocyte behavior in mouse retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiryu
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katsuta
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Musashi
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Nagahisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008833:Microcirculation; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D014605:Uveitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000165:Acridine Orange