title: Physician speciality and adherence to guidelines for the treatment of unsubstantiated uncomplicated urinary tract infection among women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the variance in rates of physician adherence to guidelines for the empiric treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in women recommending either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or nitrofurantoin, in all relevant physician subspecialities practising in a managed care community setting in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the computerised medical records of Maccabi Healthcare Services, a health maintenance organisation (HMO) in Israel providing care to more than 1.6 million members nation-wide. The study population included women aged 18-75 years without risk factors for complicated UTI who were treated empirically with antibiotics for a diagnosis of acute cystitis or UTI. The data set consisted of 64,236 initial physician-patient encounters from July 2000 to June 2002. Physician adherence to guidelines was calculated by comparing the proportion of cases treated with each individual drug. A binary regression model was used to evaluate factors associated with suboptimal adherence to the guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrofurantoin was the most frequently prescribed drug (18.51%), followed by TMP-SMX (17.04%) for a crude rate of adherence of 35.6%. Adherence was observed to be highest in cases treated by urologists (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 2.4, 3.3), followed by gynaecologists (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 1.7, 2.31), with family practice as the referent speciality. The medical school attended was also found to be significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician speciality was found to be significantly associated with rate of adherence to guidelines, with higher rates being observed amongst specialities such as urologists who presumably have greater familiarity with the subject matter.
authors.affiliation: Hadassah Medical Organization School of Public Health, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. datankan@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Natan R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kahan
authors.forename: Nurit L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lomnicky
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hemo
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Heymann
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D009582:Nitrofurantoin