title: Seroprevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild and captive born Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Sykes' monkey and related forms (Cercopithecus mitis) make up an abundant, widespread and morphologically diverse species complex in eastern Africa that naturally harbors a distinct simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsyk). We carried out a retrospective serological survey of SIV infection from both wild and captive Sykes' monkeys from Kenya. We compared two commercially available, cross-reactive ELISA tests using HIV antigens with a novel SIVsyk antigen-specific Western blot assay and analyzed the data by origin, subspecies, age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SIVsyk antigen-specific Western blot assay detected more serum samples as positive than either of the cross-reactive ELISA assays. Using this assay, we found that seroprevalence is higher than previously reported, but extremely variable in wild populations (from 0.0 to 90.9%). Females were infected more often than males in both wild and captive populations. Seropositive infants were common. However, no seropositive juveniles were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a specific and sensitive Western blot assay for anti-SIVsyk antibody detection. Sykes' monkeys are commonly infected with SIVsyk, but with extremely variable prevalence in the wild. Higher infection prevalence in females suggests predominantly sexual transmission. High infection prevalence in infants, but none in juveniles, suggests maternal antibodies, but little or no vertical transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. bellis1@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Brett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Elephas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Munene
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Moses G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Otsyula
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Michael
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002521:Cercopithecus; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral