Identification of MEF2-regulated genes during muscle differentiation.
Although a great deal has been elucidated concerning the mechanisms regulating muscle differentiation, little is known about transcription factor-specific gene regulation. Our understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating cell differentiation is quite limited. Much of what has been defined centers on regulatory signaling cascades and transcription factors. Surprisingly few studies have investigated the association of genes with specific transcription factors. To address these issues, we have utilized a method coupling chromatin immunoprecipitation and CpG microarrays to characterize the genes associated with MEF2 in differentiating C(2)C(12) cells. Results demonstrated a defined binding pattern over the course of differentiation. Filtered data demonstrated 9 clones to be elevated at 0 h, 792 at 6 h, 163 by 1 day, and 316 at 3 days. Using unbiased selection parameters, we selected a subset of 291 prospective candidates. Clones were sequenced and filtered for removal of redundancy between clones and for the presence of repetitive elements. We were able to place 50 of these on the mouse genome, and 20 were found to be located near well-annotated genes. From this list, previously undefined associations with MEF2 were discovered. Many of these genes represent proteins involved in neurogenesis, neuromuscular junctions, signaling and metabolism. The remaining clones include many full-length cDNA and represent novel gene targets. The results of this study provides for the first time, a unique look at gene regulation at the level of transcription factor binding in differentiating muscle.
Paris
James
J
Microarray Centre, Clinical Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Virtanen
Carl
C
Lu
Zhibin
Z
Takahashi
Mark
M
D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018899:CpG Islands; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
D000199:Actins; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C578036:Mef2a protein, mouse; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D004247:DNA