title: Resolved and unresolved controversies in the surgical management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Highlight unresolved controversies in the management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have resolved some of the previous controversies including the surgical cure rate in patients with and without Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-type1 (MEN1), the biological behavior of duodenal and pancreatic gastrinomas, role of imaging studies to localize tumor, and gastrectomy to manage acid output.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature based on computer searches in Index Medicus, Pubmed and Ovid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current controversies as identified in the literature include the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), surgery in ZES patients with MEN1, pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), lymph node primary gastrinoma, parietal cell vagotomy, reoperation and surgery for metastatic tumor, and the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques to localize and remove gastrinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that future studies will focus on these issues to improve the surgical management of ZES patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5641, USA. janorton@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D004379:Duodenal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D019160:Endosonography; D005743:Gastrectomy; D015408:Gastrinoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D018761:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014629:Vagotomy, Proximal Gastric; D015043:Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*