title: En bloc stapling of renal hilum during laparoscopic nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and advisability of en bloc mass stapling of the renal pedicle during difficult laparoscopic nephrectomy to avoid conversion to an open procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed of 433 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic simple or radical nephrectomy or laparoscopic nephroureterectomy between August 1998 and July 2003 by two surgeons. In all cases of en bloc hilar ligation, a stapler was deployed across the renal hilum without individual dissection of the renal artery and vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of en bloc ligation was 6.0% (26 of 433 patients). The reasons for en bloc ligation were a difficult hilar dissection and/or the appearance of the renal hilum in 21 cases and urgent ligation secondary to bleeding in 5 cases. No correlation was found between surgeon experience and the frequency of en bloc ligation. No immediate or short-term complications related to this method of hilar division were observed with a mean follow-up of 26 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, no cases of arteriovenous fistula development occurred after en bloc stapling of the renal pedicle. Long-term follow-up is needed, because arteriovenous fistula development may be a late complication of nephrectomy. Although we do not advocate the generalized use of en bloc division of the renal pedicle, early data suggest that en bloc stapling can be performed to avoid conversion to an open procedure with no related short-term complications.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orvieto
authors.forename: Glenn S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017792:Surgical Stapling; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*