title: Graft facilitating cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and functionally require CD3, but are distinct from T lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated that CD8(+)/TCR(-) bone marrow cells facilitate engraftment of HSC in allogeneic recipients without causing graft-vs-host disease. Whether facilitating cells (FC) develop from T cells or represent a distinct lineage has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present studies, we characterized the lineage derivation of FC, defined the role for the CD3 complex in allogeneic facilitation, and demonstrated syngeneic facilitation by FC but not T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate for the first time that FC development and function is independent of T cells and cannot be replaced by them. Purified GFP(+) HSC transplanted in syngeneic recipients produce GFP(+) FC, which facilitate in secondary transplants, confirming that FC are derived from HSC. In addition, FC, but not T cells, potently facilitate the engraftment of suboptimal numbers of HSC in syngeneic recipients. Notably, FC contain the transcripts for CD3 epsilon and CD3 delta, but not TCR alpha or TCR beta, excluding the possibility of T-cell contamination. Genetic mutations that generate a functional deficiency in CD3 signaling significantly impair FC function in allogeneic facilitation (p=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data clearly distinguish FC from T cells. Moreover, they indicate that FC require the CD3 epsilon gene to facilitate allogeneic HSC engraftment. The unique function(s) of FC make them an attractive focus for new cell-based therapeutic approaches to enhance HSC engraftment while reducing toxicity, especially when limiting numbers of HSC are available.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cellular Therapeutics University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: H Leighton
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Schanie
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rezzoug
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fugier-Vivier
authors.forename: Suzanne T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ildstad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D006085:Graft Survival; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D012333:RNA, Messenger