title: Aberrant methylation of DPYD promoter, DPYD expression, and cellular sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the initial rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is known to be a principal factor in clinical responses to the anticancer agent 5-FU, and various reports have clearly demonstrated that DPD activity is closely correlated to mRNA levels. However, the regulatory mechanisms of DPD gene (DPYD) expression remain unclear. In this study, the regulatory mechanisms have been intensively studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A subcloned 3.0-kb fragment of the 5' region of DPYD contains a total of 60 CpG sites, suggesting that methylation status may affect the repression of DPYD. The clone showed various promoter activities that were largely correlated with mRNA levels in most cell lines, except HSC3 and HepG2. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that various CpG sites around the transcription start site were abnormally methylated in cells with low DPYD expression: Reversal of hypermethylation by 5-azacytidine treatment significantly increased DPYD expression in HSC3 and HepG2 cells that showed strong promoter activity. In HepG2, in vitro methylation of the DPYD promoter directly decreased promoter activity, and 5-azacytidine treatment restored higher DPYD expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, along with decreased sensitivity to 5-FU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that DPD activity was controlled, at least in part, at the transcription level of DPYD and that aberrant methylation of the DPYD promoter region acted as one of the repressors of DPYD expression and affected sensitivity to 5-FU in cancer cells. Our new results could lead to a more precise understanding of the molecular basis of 5-FU response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Cancer Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Tatsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimokuni
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ukon
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiyama
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D005472:Fluorouracil