title: Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hyperglycemia increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetic patients, the risk associated with blood glucose levels in the nondiabetic range remains unsettled.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 38 reports in which CVD incidence or mortality was an end point, blood glucose levels were measured prospectively, and the relative risk (RR) and information necessary to calculate the variance were reported comparing groups of nondiabetic people. These reports were prospective studies, published in English-language journals. First author, publication year, participant age and sex, study duration, CVD end points, glucose assessment methods, control for confounding, range of blood glucose levels, RR, and confidence intervals (CIs) or P values were extracted. Using a random effects model, we calculated pooled RRs and 95% CIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group with the highest postchallenge blood glucose level (midpoint range, 150-194 mg/dL [8.3-10.8 mmol/L]) had a 27% greater risk for CVD compared with the group with the lowest level (midpoint range, 69-107 mg/dL [3.8-5.9 mmol/L]) (RR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.09-1.48]). The results were similar when combining studies regardless of type of blood glucose assessment (RR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.23-1.52]) and when using strict criteria for exclusion of diabetic subjects (RR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.11-1.43]). Adjustment for CVD risk factors attenuated but did not abolish this relationship (RR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.07-1.32]). The RR was greater in cohorts including women than in cohorts of men (RR, 1.56 vs 1.24 [P = .03]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood glucose level is a risk marker for CVD among apparently healthy individuals without diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors