title: Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early onset bacterial infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants. Various factors that increase the risk of neonatal infection have been identified. It is unclear whether asymptomatic newborn infants born to mothers with one or more of these risk factors should receive antibiotics prophylactically rather than selectively if only clinical or microbiological evidence of sepsis emerges.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of prophylactic versus selective antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic term neonates born to mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched MEDLINE (1966 - May 2004), EMBASE (1980 - May 2004), LILACS (1982 - 2003), SciELO (1997 - 2003), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocols and guidelines on the subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials, or trials using quasi-random methods of allocation, comparing the use of prophylactic versus selective antibiotics in asymptomatic neonates born to mothers with one or more risk factors for infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted the data using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by three reviewers and synthesis of data using relative risk and risk difference. The pre-specified primary outcomes were neonatal mortality, systemic neonatal infection, and need for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified two small trials undertaken in the 1970s. Both trials had methodological weaknesses. There was no evidence of an effect on any of the primary outcomes, but because the trials were underpowered, clinically important effect sizes may have been missed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are insufficient data from randomized controlled trials to guide clinical practice. A large randomized controlled trial is needed in asymptomatic term infants born to mothers with risk factors for infection in their babies, which compares the effect of prophylactic versus selective antibiotics on morbidity, mortality and costs.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Chemin des Frênes 22 Bis, Tannay, Vaud, Switzerland, 1295. ungerer@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: R L S
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ungerer
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lincetto
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saloojee
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gulmezoglu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009035:Mothers; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents