title: Failed adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific T cells: reversal with low-dose interleukin 15 but not low-dose interleukin 2.
abstract: Adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific T cells has emerged as a valid approach for prevention or treatment of diseases, such as melanoma and EBV-associated lymphoma. As interleukin (IL) 15 promotes survival of CD8(+) memory CTLs, we hypothesized that it could be used to enhance antitumor immunity in vivo through the maintenance of adoptively transferred memory CTL. To test this, we treated mice bearing P1A(+) tumors with adoptively transferred T cells possessing a transgenic Valpha8(+) T-cell receptor specific for the P1A tumor antigen (called P1CTL). Mice were then randomized to receive daily low-dose IL-15 (0.5 microg/day) or PBS. Mice receiving the transgenic P1CTL and IL-15 experienced a significantly delayed tumor relapse or complete tumor regression (P < 0.002 compared with PBS), with a striking persistence of the CD8(+) Valpha8(+) P1CTL compared with mice receiving the CD8(+) Valpha8(+) P1CTL and PBS vehicle (26.3 versus 5.1% P < 10(-5)). Animals exhibiting complete tumor regression had a significant population of CD8(+) Valpha8(+) P1CTL (46%) that persisted with IL-15 treatment until 140 days after adoptive transfer and successfully defended them against tumor rechallenge without IL-15. Low-dose IL-2 afforded no protection over vehicle and resulted in lower percentages of T cells with an activated memory phenotype, lower Bcl-2 expression, and lower ex vivo antitumor cytotoxicity compared with mice treated with IL-15. Collectively, the data support the notion that exogenous low-dose IL-15 therapy can enhance and even reverse the limited efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T-cell therapy and may do so in a fashion that is superior and distinct from exogenous IL-2 therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Sameek
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roychowdhury
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tzou
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Darshna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Aharon G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Freud
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guimond
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ferketich
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019409:Interleukin-15; D007376:Interleukin-2; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2