title: EGF-receptor related protein causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EGF Receptor Related Protein (ERRP), a recently identified negative regulator of EGF-receptor (EGFR), has been shown to inhibit growth of colon cancer xenograft tumors in SCID mice. However, the mechanisms by which ERRP exerts its anti-tumor properties are poorly understood The current investigation was undertaken to delineate the inhibitory mechanisms that are triggered by ERRP.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vivo experiments, recombinant ERRP (20 microg/mouse) or an equivalent volume of vehicle was injected (away from the tumor site) every other day for 10 days to SCID mice xenotransplanted with the colon cancer cell line HCT-116 Tumor explants were obtained for further immunohistochemical analysis. For in vitro studies, the HCT-116 cell line was incubated with recombinant ERRP and apoptosis markers and cell cycle changes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant ERRP caused marked inhibition of tumor growth. This was accompanied by increased apoptosis and attenuation of ERK1/2 and Akt activities. Exposure of HCT-116 cells to recombinant ERRP for 24 hours caused apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/1-phase. Induction of apoptosis was evidenced by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, PARP proteins and acridine orange staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reveal a pro-apoptotic property of ERRP both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that ERRP functions by inhibiting the activation of the EGF-receptor signaling and its downstream effectors such as ERK and Akt kinases, underscoring the potential of ERRP for the treatment of colorectal cancer where the EGF pathway is known to be activated.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Edi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Udayini
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kodali
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marciniak
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Amro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aboukameel
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kucuk
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rishi
authors.forename: Adhip P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Majumdar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011897:Random Allocation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C483803:Egfr protein, rat; D066246:ErbB Receptors