title: Impact of a pushrim-activated power-assisted wheelchair on the metabolic demands, stroke frequency, and range of motion among subjects with tetraplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine differences in metabolic demands, stroke frequency, and upper-extremity joint range of motion (ROM) during pushrim-activated power-assisted wheelchair (PAPAW) propulsion and traditional manual wheelchair propulsion among subjects with tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biomechanics laboratory within a Veterans Affairs medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen full-time manual wheelchair users who had sustained cervical-level spinal cord injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants propelled both their own manual wheelchairs and a PAPAW through 3 different resistances (slight, 10W; moderate, 12W; high, 14W) on a wheelchair dynamometer. Each propulsion trial was 3 minutes long.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary variables that were compared between the 2 wheelchairs were participants mean steady-state oxygen consumption, ventilation, heart rate, mean stroke frequency, and maximum upper-extremity joint ROM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When using the PAPAW, participants showed a significant ( P <.05) decrease in mean oxygen consumption and ventilation throughout all trials. Mean heart rate was significantly lower when using the PAPAW for the high resistance trial. Stroke frequency was significantly lower when using the PAPAW for the slight and moderate resistances. Overall joint ROM was significantly lower when using the PAPAW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For subjects with tetraplegia, PAPAWs reduce the energy demands, stroke frequency, and overall joint ROM when compared with traditional manual wheelchair propulsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S David
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Algood
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Shirley G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D011211:Electric Power Supplies / Q000592:standards*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D018579:Patient Selection; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000592:standards*