title: Downstream divergence of the ethylene signaling pathway for harpin-stimulated Arabidopsis growth and insect defense.
abstract: Ethylene (ET) signal transduction may regulate plant growth and defense, depending on which components are recruited into the pathway in response to different stimuli. We report here that the ET pathway controls both insect resistance (IR) and plant growth enhancement (PGE) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants responding to harpin, a protein produced by a plant pathogenic bacterium. PGE may result from spraying plant tops with harpin or by soaking seeds in harpin solution; the latter especially enhances root growth. Plants treated similarly develop resistance to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). The salicylic acid pathway, although activated by harpin, does not lead to PGE and IR. By contrast, PGE and IR are induced in both wild-type plants and genotypes that have defects in salicylic acid signaling. In response to harpin, levels of jasmonic acid (JA) decrease, and the COI1 gene, which is indispensable for JA signal transduction, is not expressed in wild-type plants. However, PGE and IR are stimulated in the JA-resistant mutant jar1-1. In the wild type, PGE and IR develop coincidently with increases in ET levels and the expression of several genes essential for ET signaling. The ET receptor gene ETR1 is required because both phenotypes are arrested in the etr1-1 mutant. Consistently, inhibition of ET perception nullifies the induction of both PGE and IR. The signal transducer EIN2 is required for IR, and EIN5 is required for PGE because IR and PGE are impaired correspondingly in the ein2-1 and ein5-1 mutants. Therefore, harpin activates ET signaling while conscribing EIN2 and EIN5 to confer IR and PGE, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Jianling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Zhilong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bonasera
authors.forename: Guangyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steven V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Hansong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C075462:harpin protein, Erwinia amylovora; C452082:jasminic acid; C036216:ethylene; D020156:Salicylic Acid