title: Sumoylation of MITF and its related family members TFE3 and TFEB.
abstract: MITF and its related family members TFE3 and TFEB heterodimerize with each other, recognize the same DNA sequences, and are subject to many of the same post-translational modifications. We show that lysine residues within conserved small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) consensus sites in these family members are subject to SUMO modification. Mutation of these sites significantly affects the transcriptional activity of MITF but does not alter dimerization, DNA binding, stability, or nuclear localization. Mutagenesis reducing the number of MITF binding sites in the promoter of TRPM1 from three to one eliminated the difference in transcriptional activity between the MITF mutants. Among other MITF target gene promoter constructs, differences in transcriptional activity between wild type and non-sumoylatable MITF were only seen in promoters with multiple MITF binding sites. These data support a synergy control model in which the functional consequences of MITF sumoylation depend on promoter context. Sumoylation, thus, provides a possible mechanism for altering the effects of MITF by affecting the target genes that it activates.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Arlo J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Carmit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Razin
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D001665:Binding Sites; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497234:MITF protein, human; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein; C069203:TFE3 protein, human; C064972:TFEB protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D008239:Lysine