title: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors induce the expression of the tumor suppressor gene EGR-1, which results in the up-regulation of NAG-1, an antitumorigenic protein.
abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to have chemopreventive activity, but the mechanisms involved are not clearly understood. Although NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, they also increase the expression of a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, termed NSAID-activated gene 1 (NAG-1), a protein with an antitumorigenic and proapoptotic activity that could in part be linked to the chemoprevention activity of NSAIDs. NAG-1 is induced by some NSAIDs, but the mechanisms responsible are not clear. In this report, we have identified a cis-acting element responsive to NSAIDs located within the -73 to -51 region of the NAG-1 promoter. This region contains overlapping EGR-1 and Sp1 binding sites, and mutations in this region suggest that the transcription factors have an important role in NSAID-induced NAG-1 expression. EGR-1 was found to play a critical role in the induction of NAG-1 by sulindac sulfide and other NSAIDs. NSAIDs increase EGR-1 protein expression that occurs before the induction of NAG-1 expression, supporting the hypothesis that EGR-1 is necessary for NSAID-induced NAG-1 expression. Thus, NSAIDs induce the expression of EGR-1, a tumor suppressor gene, providing a novel mechanism to explain, in part, the antitumorigenic properties of some NSAIDs. NAG-1 seems to be an important downstream target protein of this transcription factor, EGR-1, and may mediate the chemopreventive activity of some NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Seung Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Jong-Sik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Seong-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeanelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Eling
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors