title: Metabolic syndrome disorders in urban black Zimbabweans with type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome disorders and their interrelations in black Zimbabwean type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient diabetic clinics at Harare and Parirenyatwa tertiary hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 109 adult diabetic subjects attending a tertiary hospital Diabetic Clinic. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were measured by standard methods. Eighty percent of the patients were hypertensive, 32% dyslipidaemic, 32% obese, 50% hyperinsulinaemic, 61% had poor glycaemic control and 43% of the participants had the metabolic syndrome. The means of BMI and triglycerides were significantly different in hyperinsulinaemic versus non-hyperinsulinaemic patients (p < 0.001 and 0.041 respectively), and diastolic blood pressure was significantly raised in the obese group (p = 0.043). The following significant associations were observed, hyperinsulinaemia with the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio = 3.9, p < 0.001) as well with obesity (odds ratio = 4.8, p < 0.001), however, only a weak association was observed between hypertension and hyperinsulinaemia (odds ratio = 2.5, p = 0.064). Patients exhibiting three metabolic disorders (dyslipidaemia, hypertension and obesity) were five times more likely to be hyperinsulinaemic (p = 0.025) and hypertensive patients were almost three times more likely to be hyperinsulinaemic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to their counterparts from certain ethnic groups, this urban diabetic population is also burdened with a variety of metabolic disorders which are risk factors for coronary artery disease. In this population, hyperinsulinaemia has a relatively weak association with hypertension and the relationship between obesity versus diastolic blood pressure as well as hypertriglyceridaemia versus serum insulin levels requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Medical School, PO Box A 178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Makuyana
authors.forename: Zar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gomo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munyombwe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Matenga
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology