title: Recruiting pregnant smokers for a placebo-randomised controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking in pregnancy is a public health problem and effective methods for reducing this are required. Although nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for smoking cessation in non-pregnant people, there is no direct evidence concerning its effectiveness in pregnancy. Despite this, clinical guidelines recommend the cautious use of NRT during pregnancy. Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of NRT when used by pregnant women for smoking cessation, but the feasibility of recruiting women to such trials is unknown. Consequently, in this study we aimed to determine i) the feasibility of recruiting women to a RCT of NRT in pregnancy as they attend hospital antenatal ultrasound examinations, ii) the proportion of such women who are eligible for and interested in trial enrollment and iii) research staff perceptions of how one method of trial recruitment could be improved.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a one month period, all women attending for antenatal ultrasound examination in an English teaching hospital were asked to complete a questionnaire which determined their eligibility to enroll in a proposed placebo controlled randomised trial investigating the effectiveness of NRT in pregnancy. Women who were eligible to participate were asked whether they would do so and those who accepted enrollment were offered an appointment with a smoking cessation advisor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 99% (851/858) of women agreed to complete a questionnaire about smoking habits whilst waiting for ultrasound examinations. 10.3% (88/851) of women attending for antenatal ultrasound fitted eligibility criteria for a proposed RCT of NRT in pregnancy, but only 3.6% [(31/851), 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.9%] indicated on the questionnaire that they would like to take part in a study involving randomisation to placebo or active patches. Researchers offered trial enrollment to 26 of these 31 women and 96% (25) accepted. Staff recruiting women believed that trial recruitment would be maximised if women attending the ultrasound department knew about trial recruitment before attending and greater staff resources were made available for this. It was also perceived that women generally under-reported the amount they smoked on questionnaires completed whilst waiting in ultrasound department areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to recruit women for a trial of NRT in pregnancy as they wait for antenatal ultrasound examinations. Using similar recruitment methods, researchers can expect to recruit between 24 and 49 women per 1000 approached.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's University Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH England. tim.coleman@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antoniak
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D004608:Eligibility Determination; D004739:England; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D010919:Placebos; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D009538:Nicotine