title: Bank filtration: a suitable process for the removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media?
abstract: After bank filtration, effluent influenced surface waters are often used as raw drinking water. It is known that high concentrations of iodinated X-ray contrast media are detectable in such surface waters and thus, more knowledge about the behaviour of the contrast media during bank filtration is necessary and the subject of investigations in this study. The adsorbable organic iodine (AOI), four widely used iodinated X-ray contrast media and four possible transformation products were quantified in an influenced lake, five groundwater wells and a drinking water well. Under anoxic conditions the AOI as well as the concentration of the contrast media are decreased by bank filtration, whereby the AOI is decreased by 64% and the contrast media concentration can be reduced up to 95%, depending on the compound. In the raw drinking water the following average concentrations were determined: lopromid < 20 ng/L, Diatrizote 166 ng/L, lopamidol 166 ng/L and lohexol 34 ng/L. Instationary conditions during the sampling period indicate that, at least under anoxic conditions, a large part of the contrast media and transformation products, which are still iodinated, may be associated to colloids and/or humic material.
authors.affiliation: Technical University Berlin, Institute for Environmental Engineering, Department of Water Quality Control, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schittko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Putschew
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jekel
mesh_terms: D003102:Colloids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005374:Filtration; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005858:Germany; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D007455:Iodine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008506:Medical Waste; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D003287:Contrast Media; D006812:Humic Substances; D008506:Medical Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003973:Diatrizoate; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D007455:Iodine