title: Brain inflammation and Alzheimer's-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution.
abstract: Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases (e.g., ozone), particulate matter, and organic compounds present in outdoor and indoor air. Dogs exposed to severe air pollution exhibit chronic inflammation and acceleration of Alzheimer's-like pathology, suggesting that the brain is adversely affected by pollutants. We investigated whether residency in cities with high levels of air pollution is associated with human brain inflammation. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), an inflammatory mediator, and accumulation of the 42-amino acid form of beta-amyloid (Abeta42), a cause of neuronal dysfunction, were measured in autopsy brain tissues of cognitively and neurologically intact lifelong residents of cities having low (n:9) or high (n:10) levels of air pollution. Genomic DNA apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, nuclear factor-kappaB activation and apolipoprotein E genotype were also evaluated. Residents of cities with severe air pollution had significantly higher COX2 expression in frontal cortex and hippocampus and greater neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of Abeta42 compared to residents in low air pollution cities. Increased COX2 expression and Abeta42 accumulation were also observed in the olfactory bulb. These findings suggest that exposure to severe air pollution is associated with brain inflammation and Abeta42 accumulation, two causes of neuronal dysfunction that precede the appearance of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 14410, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calderón-Garcidueñas
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Maronpot
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henríquez-Roldán
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delgado-Chavez
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calderón-Garcidueñas
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dragustinovis
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franco-Lira
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aragón-Flores
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Solt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altenburg
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Jardón
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Swenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases