title: [Surface expression of costimulatory molecules CD28/CTLA-4 on peripheral blood T lymphocytes in the course of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes is mediated by autoreactive - T lymphocytes recognizing pancreatic islet cell antigens. CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory molecules participate in the transduction of the necessary signal in T lymphocytes proliferation and play an important role in the development of autoimmunological process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was: to evaluate whether the expression of CD28, CTLA-4 molecules on peripheral blood T lymphocytes alters in the course of disease -- diabetes lasting less than 5 years and over 5 years; to assess a relationship between the percentage of CD28, CTLA-4 on T cells and the evolution of vascular complications (microalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, diabetic retinopathy).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in three groups of subjects - 60 children (aged 9-20) with diagnosed type 1 diabetes: (a) (20 n) with the disease lasting >5 years, (b) (20 n) with type 1 diabetes lasting >5 years without vascular complications, (c) (20 n) with type 1 diabetes and vascular complications (microalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, diabetic retinopathy). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers (aged 6-17). The expression of adhesion molecules has been evaluated by using three-color flow cytometry (Coulter EPICS XL). HbA1c concentration has been analysed by liquid chromatography technique HPLC-Variant (Bio-Rad).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study, the superficial expression of CTLA-4 receptor on T lymphocytes was enhanced in children with diabetes lasting <5 years (p<0.005) and over 5 years without vascular complications (p<0.01) versus healthy patients and tend to normalize in the presence of developing vascular complications In contrast, the expression of costimulatory molecule CD28 was decreased in children with type 1 diabetes lasting <5 years (p<0.05) as well as in children with developing vascular complications (p<0.01) versus the control group.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Okulistyki Dzieciecej AM w Białymstoku, Białystok, Poland. przem38@wp.pl
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pawłowski
authors.forename: Mirosława
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stasiak-Barmuta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000097:blood*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human