title: Socioeconomic status and breast cancer survival in Pakistani women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No data is available from developing countries correlating socioeconomic status (SES) with survival in female breast cancer patients. We decided to test the hypotheses whether SES is an independent determinant for disease stage, access to minimal expected treatment (MET) and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred eighty six patients diagnosed with breast cancer were recruited between April 1996 to May 1998. Patients were divided into three groups according to their SES. Prognostic factors analyzed were age, tumor size, nodal status; stage at presentation, estrogen receptor status, time elapsed before diagnosis and access to MET. Disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined according to the SES of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were categorized into three socioeconomic groups, high (21%), middle (44%) and low (35%). Mean age of all patients was 46 years, in patients from lower SES mean age was 43 years compared to 50 years in high SES. Mean time elapsed before diagnosis for women from high-income group was 4.3 months versus 10.6 months in low-income group. Early breast cancer was more common in affluent strata, 70% versus 41% in the lower strata. Eighty-nine percent patients received MET from the affluent group compared to only 43% patients in the lower strata. Literacy rate of patients from high SES was 73.7% compared to 15% in the low SES. Five year DFS and OS are 79% and 86% for high income group, 48% and 68% for middle income group and 31%,49% for lower strata which were statistically significant (P=.0001 and P<.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cohort of patients strong association was noted between low SES and advanced disease, delay in diagnosis, limited access to MET and inferior DFS and OS. The outcome of these patients may be improved by patient education and availability of better health care facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010154:Pakistan; D011336:Probability; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis