title: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the factorial validity of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Thomas et al., 1999) among adolescent athletes using confirmatory factor analysis. The TOPS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used in competition (i.e. activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk,) and eight used in practice (the same strategies except negative thinking is replaced by attentional control). National-level athletes (n = 584) completed the 64-item TOPS during training camps. Fit indices provided partial support for the overall measurement model for the competition items (robust comparative fit index = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.88, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05) but minimal support for the training items (robust comparative fit index = 0.86, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.81, root mean square error of approximation = 0.06). For the competition items, the automaticity, goal-setting, relaxation and self-talk scales showed good fit, whereas the activation, emotional control, imagery and negative thinking scales did not. For the practice items, the attentional control, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery and self-talk scales showed good fit, whereas the activation, automaticity and relaxation scales did not. Overall, it appears that the factorial validity of the TOPS for use with adolescents is questionable at present and further development is required.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Gorway Road, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK. a.m.lane2@wlv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Costas I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Karageorghis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom