title: Burden of influenza in healthy children and their households.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective, multicentre study was conducted to evaluate the burden of laboratory confirmed influenza in healthy children and their household contacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were enrolled in four emergency departments (EDs) and by five primary care paediatricians (PCPs) in different Italian municipalities 2 days a week between November 1, 2001 and April 30, 2002. The study involved 3771 children less than 14 years of age with no chronic medical conditions who presented with a respiratory tract infection in EDs or PCP outpatient clinics during the study period. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for the isolation of influenza viruses and RNA detection. Information was also collected concerning respiratory illnesses and related morbidities among the study children and their household contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Influenza virus was demonstrated in 352 cases (9.3%). In comparison with the influenza negative children, those who were influenza positive had an older mean age, were more often attending day care centres or schools, more frequently experienced fever and croup, received more antipyretics, and had a longer duration of fever and school absence. Furthermore, their parents and siblings had more respiratory illnesses, received more antipyretics and antibiotics, needed more medical visits, missed more work or school days, and needed help at home to care for the ill children for a longer period of time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Influenza has a significant clinical and socioeconomic impact on healthy children and their families. Prevention strategies should also focus on healthy children regardless of their age because of their role in disease transmission.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Paediatrics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Nicola.Principi@unimi.it
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Principi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchisio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crovari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors