title: Functional independence after major abdominal surgery in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elders undergo approximately 40% of more than 1 million major abdominal operations annually. Yet evidence about recovery to preoperative levels of functional independence is limited. This study details course and predictors of functional recovery after elective major abdominal operations in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort of 372 consecutive patients, 60 years old or more, enrolled from surgeons in private practice and two university-affiliated hospitals, assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 3, and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, using self-report and performance-based measures (Activities of Daily Living [ADL], Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [IADL], Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Physical Component and Mental Component Scales [PCS, MCS], Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS], Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE], timed walk, functional reach, hand grip strength).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 69 +/- 6 years with 56% men, 47% nonHispanic Caucasian, and 42% Mexican American; hospital distribution was 49% private, 51% university-affiliated. Maximum functional declines (95% CI) occurred 1 week postoperatively: ADL, 2.8 points (2.4 to 3.2); IADL, 7.6 points (7 to 8.3); SF-36 PCS, 6.5 points (5.4 to 7.6); Mini-Mental State Exam, 0.5 points (0.2 to 0.7); timed walk, 6.8 seconds (5.2 to 8.4); functional reach, 1.7 inches (1.2 to 2.2); grip strength, 2 kilograms (1.3 to 2.7) (p < 0.001 for all). SF-36 mental component scale and Geriatric Depression Scale scores did not worsen. Mean recovery times were: Mini-Mental State Exam, 3 weeks; timed walk, 6 weeks; ADL, SF-36 PCS, and functional reach, 3 months; and IADL, 6 months. Mean grip strength did not return to preoperative status by 6 months. The incidence of persistent disability at 6 months, compared with preoperative status, was: ADL, 9%; IADL, 19%; PCS, 16%; mental component scale, 17%; timed walk, 39%; functional reach, 58%; and grip strength, 52%. Potentially modifiable independent predictors of ADL and IADL recovery were preoperative physical conditioning and depression plus serious postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical course of functional recovery varied across different measures. Protracted disability at 6 months after operation was substantial. Several potentially modifiable factors consistently predicted recovery.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Evidence-based Research Dissemination and Implementation Center, a Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Helen P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hazuda
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pederson
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Cynthia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: Carey P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000534:rehabilitation*