title: Prehatch entrainment of circadian rhythms in the domestic chick using different light regimes.
abstract: The onset of circadian rhythms in many animals occurs during prenatal development. We conducted four experiments, using the domestic chick as a model, to assess when these rhythms can first be entrained and the type of light zeitgeber necessary. In Experiment 1, the presence of circadian rhythms was assessed using tonic immobility, an antipredator behavior, whereas in Experiments 2 to 4 body temperature was studied. We demonstrate that (a) circadian rhythms can be entrained during the late stage of the chick's 21-day incubation period (prehatch Days 13-18), (b) only 1 day of light cues [12:12 hr light:dark (12L:12D)] on prehatch Day 13 is necessary for entrainment, and (c) short bouts of light, which simulate the light cues embryos typically experience during natural incubation, can act as zeitgebers although they are not as effective as 12L:12D. The onset of entrainment is earlier than predicted and suggests that the brain structures mediating circadian rhythms mature sooner than proposed by previous research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA. hillw@lafayette.edu
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Kimberly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Leean
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonaventura
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sacus
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D017440:Photoperiod