title: TGF-beta-induced upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 depends on p38 MAPK, but not ERK signaling in MCF10A human breast epithelial cells.
abstract: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been reported to exert growth inhibitory activity in normal epithelial cells whereas it induces cell proliferation and invasive phenotypes in advanced carcinomas. Our previous study showed that MCF10A, a spontaneously immortalized "normal" breast epithelial cell line, is resistant to TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition, suggesting that conversion of TGF-beta growth inhibitory signaling into an oncogenic pathway may occur at the early stage of tumor development/progression. To address this issue, we investigated the TGF-beta signaling pathway and its role in phenotypic transformation of MCF10A cells. TGF-beta treatment induced changes in the MCF10A cell morphology from cuboidal to an elongated spindle-like shape, accompanied with down-regulation of epithelial cell marker E-cadherin. TGF-beta treatment was sufficient to induce migrative and invasive phenotypes in these cells, an important phenotypic conversion during tumor progression. We also showed that TGF-beta treatment rapidly activated ERK-1/2 and p38 MAPK leading to upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Using chemical inhibitors and dominant negative mutants of MAPKs, we provide evidence that while both p38 MAPK and ERKs are required for TGF-beta-induced MCF10A cell migration and invasion, TGF-beta-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression depends on p38 MAPK signaling, but is independent of ERK activity. This study demonstrates the roles of TGF-beta signaling pathways for induction of oncogenic signaling in preneoplastic human breast epithelial cells and will deepen our understanding of TGF-beta signaling in the progress of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Sung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Aree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002465:Cell Movement; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D018450:Disease Progression; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9