title: Potential mechanisms by which Peceol increases the gastrointestinal absorption of amphotericin B.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to ascertain how the incorporation of AmpB into a glyceride-rich excipient Peceol significantly increased Amphotericin B's (AmpB) gastrointestinal absorption in white male Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on preliminary studies, our working hypothesis was that incorporation of AmpB into mixed micelles composed of Peceol would significantly enhance gastro-intestinal (GI) tract absorption by increasing lymphatic drug transport and decreasing P-glycoprotein (PGP)-mediated drug efflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  I. Lymphatic Transport
  
  
  METHODS
  Following an overnight fast (12-16 hr) and 48 hr postsurgery, rats were divided into two treatment groups and received a single-dose oral gavage (1 mL total volume) at 0700 h of either desoxycholate (DOC)-AmpB (5 mg AmpB/kg; n = 6 at each time point) or AmpB incorporated into 100% Peceol (Peceol-AmpB; 5 mg AmpB/kg; n = 6 at each time point). Mesenteric lymph samples were obtained prior to and at 0-4-hr, 4-6-hr, and 6-8-hr intervals post oral gavage. An equal volume of normal saline (1 mL) was administered intravenously to the animal following each blood draw to prevent fluid depletion throughout the duration of the study. Lymph was immediately harvested by centrifugation and analyzed for drug by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). II. Multidrug Resistance 1 (mdr-1) STUDIES: Caco-2 cells were seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 in T-75 flasks. When the cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated for 1 day and 7 days with 0.1% to 1.0% (v/v) Peceol or media alone (control). Following treatment, total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent, followed by reverse transcription into single-stranded cDNA. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed with specific primers for mdr-1. The PGP protein was determined by Western Blot Analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean weight of rats was not significantly different prior to and following drug administration. Similarly, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and heart weights were not different between DOC-AmpB and Peceol-AmpB treatment group. A significantly greater amount of AmpB was transported through the mesenteric lymph duct for all the time intervals used following the administration of Peceol-AmpB treatment group compared to the administration of DOC-AmpB (suspension). A significant lower mdr-1 mRNA and PGP protein expression within Caco-2 cells was observed following 1 and 7 days treatment with Peceol 0.1% to 1.0% (v/v) compared to nontreated controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these findings suggest that Peceol increases the gastrointestinal absorption of AmpB by increasing the amount of drug that is transported through the mesenteric lymph duct and by decreasing mdr-1 mRNA and PGP protein expression, resulting in lower PGP-mediated AmpB efflux.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Verica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Risovic
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sachs-Barrable
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Kishor M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wasan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009829:Oleic Acids; C482692:Peceol; D000666:Amphotericin B