title: Developmental toxicity evaluation of ibuprofen and tolmetin administered in triple daily doses to Wistar CRL:(WI)WUBR rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ibuprofen and tolmetin are popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Previous animal studies taken with single daily doses showed their good prenatal tolerability. However, since both cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have a short half-life, the current report presents drug developmental effects after triple daily doses administration, as they are used in human.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drugs were separately, orally dosed to pregnant rats triple daily 8 hr apart from day 8 to 21 (GD=1-plug day). The total daily doses were set at 25.5, 255.0, and 600.0 mg/kg for ibuprofen and 25.5, 255.0, and 2550.0 mg/kg for tolmetin. Fetuses were delivered on GD 21 and routinely examined. Comprehensive clinical and developmental measurements were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal toxicity and intrauterine growth retardation were found in groups exposed to the highest doses of both drugs. An increase of external variations was reported in groups exposed to the middle and highest dose of ibuprofen and to the highest dose of tolmetin. Skeletal variations were significantly different only in litters treated with the highest doses of the drugs. Pooled statistical analysis showed a higher incidence of midline and ventricular septal (VSD) defect in rat fetuses exposed to COX inhibitors when compared with historical control data. For ibuprofen, the influence on VSD was similar to aspirin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both COX inhibitors were toxic to dams in the highest doses evaluated, which caused a significantly greater incidence of intrauterine growth retardation and developmental variations.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Teratology Unit of the Human Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. fb3@wp.pl
authors.forename: Franciszek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burdan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000633:toxicity; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000139:chemically induced; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D014046:Tolmetin; D001241:Aspirin; D007052:Ibuprofen