title: Plasma-source mass spectrometry for speciation analysis: state-of-the-art.
abstract: Current and emerging capabilities of plasma-source mass spectrometry (PS-MS) as it is employed for elemental speciation analysis are reviewed. Fundamental concepts and their advantageous aspects, experimental conditions, and analytical performance are described and illustrated by recent examples from the literature. Novel instrumentation, techniques, and strategies for inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), microwave-induced plasma (MIP) mass spectrometry, glow-discharge (GD) mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization (ESI), among others, are described. The use of ionization sources that provide tunable ionization, others that can be modulated between different sets of operating conditions, and others used in parallel is also examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gamez
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McClenathan
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hieftje
mesh_terms: D007834:Lasers; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends*; D008872:Microwaves; D036103:Nanotechnology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization