title: Pain intensity and bioavailability of intramuscular asparaginase and a local anesthetic: a double-blinded study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate if dissolution of asparaginase in lidocaine can relieve pain of an intramuscular injection in children without changes in bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed as a double-blinded study, randomizing 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to four different combinations of injections, including two injections where asparaginase was dissolved in a lidocaine solution and two in sterile water. Seventeen treatment courses of asparaginase, each consisting of four injections, were evaluated. Pain intensity (Pain Visual Analog Scale, VAS-score) and pharmacokinetics of the drug was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain scores showed a significant difference between the two solutions of asparaginase (+/-lidocaine) (P value < 0.0001). Lidocaine did not influence the pharmacokinetics of the drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asparaginase with addition of lidocaine significantly decreases the pain as measured by the visual analog scale without changing the bioavailability or the absorption rate of the enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, Denmark. bka@farm.au.dk
authors.forename: Birgitte Klug
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Albertsen
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasle
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schrøder
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001215:Asparaginase / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007945:Leukemia, Lymphoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008012:Lidocaine; D001215:Asparaginase