title: Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A potential therapeutic effect of sex steroids on premature infants has been proposed from animal data and observational studies in humans. Purported benefits include reduction in chronic lung disease, improved bone density and improved neurodevelopmental outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if estrogens or progestins, either alone or in combination, when compared to placebo or no treatment, reduce morbidity and/or mortality in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group as outlined in the Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2004) was used. This included searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004), MEDLINE 1966 to July 2004 inclusive, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences and symposia proceedings (Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 1998-2004 and Pediatric Academic Societies meetings 1998-2004).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing the use of estrogens and/or progestins with placebo or no treatment in preterm infants born less than 30 weeks gestation were included in this review. The primary outcome measures were neonatal mortality and medium-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Other outcomes included length of hospital stay, incidence of chronic lung disease, osteopaenia causing fractures and adverse effects of sex steroid administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected, assessed the quality of and extracted data from the included studies. Meta-analyses were performed using relative risk and risk difference for dichotomous data, and weighted mean difference for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two randomised controlled trials were identified by the search strategy and one was included in this review, comprising 30 preterm infants. There was no significant effect of replacement of estradiol and progesterone on the outcomes of mortality or neurodevelopmental disability in survivors followed. No adverse effects of sex steroid replacement on short or longer term outcomes were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The one small randomised controlled trial demonstrated neither evidence of benefit or harm related to the replacement of estradiol and progesterone in preterm infants less than 30 weeks gestation. A properly powered randomised controlled trial is required to determine whether or not administration of estradiol or progesterone, either alone or in combination, and at varying doses, confers any clinically significant benefits, or poses any risk, to the preterm infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Medicine, Royal Children's Hospitals, Melbourne, Level 2, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3052. rod.hunt@rch.org.au
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inder
mesh_terms: D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone