title: Acute on chronic subdural hematoma in a female boxer: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the sport of female boxing has a long history, the activity's current popularity is unprecedented. As more women participate, we can expect them to experience many of the serious neurologic injuries observed in their male counterparts. We present the first reported subdural hematoma in a female secondary to boxing and critique management decisions made by the athlete's trainer/coach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-yr-old right-handed female boxer developed headaches of increasing intensity, nausea, and emesis after being knocked down while sparring. She was allowed to continue training despite persistent symptoms and participated in a match 2 wk after the incident that was stopped due to intolerable headache. Computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a large heterogeneous subdural fluid collection over the left cerebral hemisphere, causing effacement of the adjacent sulci and a large left-to-right midline shift, consistent with an acute on chronic subdural hematoma. After surgical evacuation, the patient reported persistent memory, concentration, and language problems. Neuropsychological evaluation was performed and revealed deficits in confrontational naming, information retrieval, and concentration difficulty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several factors may increase the female participants' risk for acute neurological injury. The activity's current popularity and high demand with fans results in rapid advancement of inexperienced fighters, which leads to dangerous mismatches. Intergender sparring is common, and return to competition guidelines utilized for male participants are often not adhered to. This report is timely in that female athletes are more often crossing into previously male dominated sports and should serve as a reminder that these participants are vulnerable to similar injuries. Previous safety guidelines should be utilized in this new population of participants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. lesvin@adelphia.net
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Miele
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Julian E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bailes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003399:Craniotomy; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications*; D020199:Hematoma, Subdural, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome