title: The transcriptional program of terminal granulocytic differentiation.
abstract: To characterize the transcriptional program that governs terminal granulocytic differentiation in vivo, we performed comprehensive microarray analyses of human bone marrow populations highly enriched in promyelocytes (PMs), myelocytes/metamyelocytes (MYs), and neutrophils (bm-PMNs). These analyses identified 11 310 genes involved in differentiation, of which 6700 were differentially regulated, including previously unidentified effector proteins and surface receptors of neutrophils. Differentiation of PMs toward MYs was accompanied by a marked decline of proliferative and general cellular activity as defined by down-regulation of E2 promoter binding factor (E2F) target genes; cyclin dependent kinases 2, 4, and 6; and various metabolic, proteasomal, and mitochondrial genes. Expression patterns of apoptosis genes indicated death control by the p53 pathway in PMs and by death receptor pathways in bm-PMNs. Effector proteins critical for host defense were expressed successively throughout granulocytic differentiation, whereas receptors and receptor ligands essential for the activation of the host defense program were terminally up-regulated in bm-PMNs. The up-regulation of ligand-receptor pairs, which are defined inducers as well as target genes of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), suggests a constitutive activation of NF-kappa B in bm-PMNs by autocrine loops. Overall, these results define a granulocytic differentiation model governed by a highly coordinated fail-safe program, which promotes completion of differentiation before cells gain responsiveness toward activating stimuli that accompany infections.
authors.affiliation: The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. kimthei@rh.dk
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theilgaard-Mönch
authors.forename: Lars Christian
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Rehannah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borup
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Malene Digmann
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard
authors.forename: Finn Cilius
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Jack Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cowland
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borregaard
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D042381:Granulocyte Precursor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor