title: Economic evaluation of therapeutic interventions to prevent Type 2 diabetes in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the health and economic outcomes of using acarbose, an intensive lifestyle modification programme, metformin or no intervention to prevent progression to diabetes in Canadian individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was developed to simulate the course of individuals with IGT under each treatment strategy. Patients remain in the IGT state or transition from IGT to diabetes, to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or to death. Effectiveness and resource use data were derived from published intervention trials. A comprehensive health-care payer perspective incorporating all major direct costs, reported in 2000 Canadian dollars, was adopted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a decade, 70 of the 1000 untreated patients are expected to die and 542 develop diabetes. Intensive lifestyle modification is estimated to prevent 117 cases of diabetes, while metformin would prevent 52 and acarbose 74 cases. The proportion of those who return to NGT also increases with any treatment. While lifestyle modification is more effective, it can increase overall costs depending on how it is implemented, whereas acarbose and metformin reduce costs by nearly $1000 per patient. Lifestyle modification was cost effective, varying from CAD $10 000/LYG vs. acarbose. Acarbose costs somewhat more than metformin, but is more effective: CAD $1798/LYG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this model suggest that the treatment of IGT in Canada is a cost-effective way to prevent diabetes and may generate savings. While pharmacological treatments tended to be less costly, intensive lifestyle modification, if maintained, led to the greatest health benefits at reasonable incremental costs.
authors.affiliation: Caro Research Institute, 336 Baker Avenue, Concord, MA 01742, USA. jcaro@caroresearch.com
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Getsios
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Klittich
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D020909:Acarbose / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D020909:Acarbose