title: A soft systems approach to watershed management: a road salt case study.
abstract: Watershed management requires integration of social and ecological understanding. Participatory approaches to planning and management incorporate stakeholder knowledge and understanding. An action research strategy using focus groups with Michigan State University operations units helped generate a soft systems model of watershed impacts of organizational decision-making regarding road de-icing. The results reveal tensions and inconsistencies between the mission and operation of the institution. These tensions are exacerbated by inadequate communication among various elements of the campus watershed management system. The action research approach facilitated the researchers' understanding of the complex institutional system and helped identify possible areas for making improvements. Specifically, the researchers were able to facilitate improvement in some linkages between scientists developing campus watershed models and the operations staff responsible for handling many of the inputs being modeled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, USA. habrong@msu.edu
authors.forename: Geoffrey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Habron
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kaplowitz
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003657:Decision Making; D004777:Environment; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011050:Policy Making; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014186:Transportation; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride