title: Global gene expression analysis of estrogen receptor transcription factor cross talk in breast cancer: identification of estrogen-induced/activator protein-1-dependent genes.
abstract: There is a growing body of literature supporting estrogen's ability to affect gene expression through a nonclassical pathway, in which estrogen receptor (ER) modulates the activity of other transcription factors such as activator protein (AP)-1, specificity protein (Sp-1), or nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB). We hypothesized that many estrogen-induced genes are dependent on AP-1 for their expression and that these genes can be identified using genomic strategies. Using cells expressing an inducible cJun dominant negative, we studied the estrogen induction of genes under conditions in which AP-1 was normal or blocked. We show that the expression of AP-1-dependent genes was inhibited by the cJun dominant negative and that AP-1 blockade does not affect mRNA ERalpha expression or estrogen induction of estrogen-responsive element activity. Using a microarray approach, we then identified 20 new estrogen-induced/AP-1-dependent genes. These estrogen-induced/AP-1-dependent genes contain a higher frequency of consensus AP-1 sites in their promoters and have increased sensitivity to the AP-1 stimulant tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate when compared with estrogen-induced genes whose expression was not affected by AP-1 blockade. We also show estrogen and AP-1-dependent recruitment of ER, steroid receptor coactivator-1, and p300 to the promoter of these genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These studies demonstrate that microarrays can be used in a reverse genetics approach to predict the functional promoter structure of large numbers of genes that are regulated by multiple transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Baylor Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: DeNardo
authors.forename: Hee-Tae
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilsenbeck
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cuba
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsimelzon
authors.forename: Powel H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012984:Software; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000737:chemistry; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C439528:TAM67 peptide; D015534:Trans-Activators; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D012313:RNA; D008156:Luciferases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate