title: Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Fertility awareness-based methods" (FAB) of family planning "involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. FAB methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time" (WHO 2000). Several names have been used to describe this approach to contraception, including "rhythm," "natural family planning" and "periodic abstinence." Fertility awareness-based methods can be used with abstinence from sexual intercourse. Alternatively, they can be used with barrier contraceptives or withdrawal during presumed fertile times.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We retrieved and analyzed all randomized controlled trials that examined any fertility awareness-based methods used for contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the computerized databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, POPLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS (each from its inception to January, 2004) for randomized controlled trials of fertility awareness-based methods. We examined the reference list of each trial as well as that of review articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that compared any fertility awareness-based methods for contraception with a placebo; another method, including an alternative fertility awareness-based method; or fertility awareness-based methods used in conjunction with another contraceptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed all titles and abstracts found for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of the trials for potential biases by qualitatively assessing the study design; randomization method; allocation concealment; blinding; premature discontinuation rates; and loss to follow-up rates. Because of methodological weaknesses, we could not enter the trial results in RevMan, calculate measures of association, or aggregate data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of poor methods and reporting, pregnancy rates could not be determined. A trial in Colombia found similar numbers of pregnancies among women randomized to the ovulation and symptothermal methods. In contrast, a companion trial in Los Angeles observed more pregnancies in the group assigned to the ovulation method. In the two U.S. trials, recruitment of participants was unexpectedly difficult; this aspect was not mentioned in the report from Colombia. Continuation rates were poor. In the two larger trials, most participants discontinued their assigned method before entering the observation phase of the trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comparative efficacy of fertility awareness-based methods of contraception remains unknown. Despite intensive training and ongoing support, most participants in these trials discontinued prematurely. Contraceptive methods should be properly evaluated, preferably in randomized controlled trials, before adoption and dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Family Health International, P. O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. dgrimes@fhi.org
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grigorieva
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012252:Natural Family Planning Methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012746:Sexual Abstinence