title: Antipsychotic medication versus placebo for people with both schizophrenia and learning disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic medication is the standard treatment for people with learning disability and schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of any antipsychotic medication compared with placebo for treating people with a dual diagnosis of learning disability and schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this update we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of trials (July 2004), relevant reference lists and sought unpublished data from pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomised clinical trials of longer than one month's duration, involving people with both schizophrenia and learning disability (a measured IQ of 70 or less) that evaluated antipsychotic medication versus placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reliably selected and assessed studies for methodological quality. Two reviewers, working independently, extracted data. We would have analysed dichotomous data on an intention-to-treat basis and presented continuous data with 65% completion rate. For dichotomous outcomes, our intention was to estimate a fixed effect relative risk (RR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) together with the number needed to treat/harm (NNT/H).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found only one relevant randomised trial using our search method and this had to be excluded. This study included four people with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and learning disability, but results were only available for two of the participants. It was unclear as to which groups the other two people were allocated. In order to display the data, we would have had to have made too many assumptions about these two people and any results would be uninformative and potentially misleading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the methods described we found no randomised controlled trial evidence to guide the use of antipsychotic medication for people with both learning disability and schizophrenia. Until the urgent need for randomised controlled trials is met, clinical practice will continue to be guided by extrapolation of evidence from randomised controlled trials involving people with schizophrenia, but without learning disability, and non-randomised trials of those with learning disability and schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Smyth Division, St Andrew's Hospital, Billing Rd, Northampton, Northamptonshire, UK, NN1 5DG.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brylewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents