title: Sociocultural, environmental, and health challenges facing women and children living near the borders between Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (AIP region).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For hundred of years, people in the region encompassed by the Afghanistan-Iran-Pakistan borders (AIP region) have been challenged by conflict and political and civil instability, mass displacement, human rights abuses, drought, and famine. It not surprising that health and quality of life of vulnerable groups in this region are among the worst in the world. In general, women and children, in particular girls, in the AIP region have had especially limited access to healthcare. Women and children have dramatically high rates of communicable and non-communicable disease, morbidity, and mortality and a general low life expectancy that is rapidly declining. In spite of national and international efforts to improve health status of vulnerable populations in this region, the key underlying sociocultural determinants of health and disparities (ie, gender, language, ethnicity, residential status, and socioeconomic status) have not been systematically studied, nor have their relationships to environmental challenges been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to summarize existing information regarding the sociocultural, environmental, and traditional determinants of health disparities among different population groups in the AIP region; identify gaps in research regarding the communities' needs in the region; and highlight factors that must be considered in the design and implementation of future health intervention studies in the region.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed current health literature, official documents, and other information (eg, reports of UN agencies) related to the social, cultural, and environmental factors that may influence the health outcomes of subpopulations living in the AIP region. We also interviewed individuals who had recently worked in this region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the health problems faced by this underdeveloped region can be categorized into those resulting from lack of essential supplies and services and those stemming from the existing cultural practices in the area. The low health status of the people, particularly women and children, in the AIP region is associated with not only poor hygiene and lack of water but also limited knowledge and lack of access to healthcare services. In addition, cultural, political, and socioenvironmental factors play a role, including gender inequality and differences between languages spoken locally in the region and those most often used in written health education materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future intervention programs designed for this region must use culturally sensitive strategies not only to provide health information and health services but also to address the underlying nonmedical determinants of health related to gender inequalities.
authors.affiliation: Iran University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Iraj M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Poureslami
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Annalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D012922:Social Change; D016387:Women's Health