title: Interactions of biomedical and environmental risk factors for cognitive development: a preliminary study of sickle cell disease.
abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with a number of biopsychosocial risk factors for cognitive development. Understanding how these risk factors may interact is important for developing interventions for cognitive functioning. The authors assessed the cognitive abilities of children with SCD (n = 50) and related their performance to anemia severity, socioeconomic status (SES), and their interaction. Demographically matched peers without SCD (n = 36) served as a comparison group. Four areas of cognitive weakness were identified among children with SCD: general cognitive ability, crystallized ability, short-term memory, and processing speed. Anemia severity predicted general cognitive ability, crystallized ability, and processing speed. Interactions between anemia severity and SES were found for general cognitive ability and short-term memory. Disease effects in SCD appear to vary depending on the child's level of socioenvironmental risk. Biomedical interventions to benefit cognitive functioning may have different effects depending on whether additional socioenvironmental risk factors are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA. schatz@sc.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finke
authors.forename: Carla W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011594:Psychometrics; D011930:Reaction Time; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012691:Serial Learning; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors