title: Normal flora: living vehicles for non-invasive protein drug delivery.
abstract: Feasibility to use probiotic bacteria as a living protein delivery system through oral route was assessed in vitro. Lactococcus lactis transformed with a plasmid to express and secret beta-lactamase was used to deliver beta-lactamase through Caco-2 monolayer, an intestine epithelium. Transport of beta-lactamase through Caco-2 monolayer was carried out in the transwells. The viability and integrity of the cell monolayers co-cultured with L. lactis was examined by trypan blue exclusion method and by measuring the transport of mannitol and propranolol as well as the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Results show that it is feasible to use cell culture technique to evaluate the drug delivery by normal flora. The transport rate of beta-lactamase when delivered by L. lactis was 2.0 +/- 0.1 x 10(-2)h(-1) (n = 9) and through free solution form was 1.0 +/- 0.1 x 10(-2)h-1. When co-cultured with L. lactis, Caco-2 cell viability decreased to 98, 96, and 94% at 6, 8, and 10h, respectively. Transport of mannitol through Caco-2 cell monolayer was significantly increased and the transport of propranolol through Caco-2 cell monolayer was significantly decreased in the presence of L. lactis. Increase in the amount of protein delivered is probably due to the concentrate of the protein by L. lactis on the monolayer (absorption surface) and the opening of the tight junction of Caco-2 monolayer by L. lactis.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA. shaoj@stjohns.edu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Gagan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaushal
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018920:Coculture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011433:Propranolol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014316:Tritium; D014343:Trypan Blue; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D014316:Tritium; D008353:Mannitol; D011433:Propranolol; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D014343:Trypan Blue