title: [Perspectives in the treatments of poisonings by organophosphorus insecticides and warfare nerve agents].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organophosphorus compounds are worldwide employed as insecticides and are yearly responsible of several millions of poisonings. The chemical structure of most of the warfare nerve agents also corresponds with an organophosphorus compound. Organophosphorus insecticides and warfare nerve agents exert their main toxicological effects through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Current treatments of patients poisoned with organophosphorus compounds include atropine (in order to protect muscarinic receptors), oximes (in order to accelerate the reactivation of the inhibited acetylcholinesterase) and benzodiazepines (in order to avoid convulsions). The administration of phosphotriesterases (enzymes involved in the detoxication of organophosphorus compounds through hydrolysis) is a very effective treatment against poisonings by organophosphorus insecticides and warfare nerve agents. There are experimental preventive treatments based on the simultaneous administration of carbamates and certain antimuscarinic drugs, different from atropine, which notably improve the efficacy of the classical treatments applied after poisonings by warfare nerve agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatments based in the administration of phosphotriesterases might be the response to the call of the World Health Organization for searching new treatments with capability to reduce the high mortality recorded in the cases of poisonings by organophosphorus compounds. These treatments can be applied in a preventive way without the intrinsic neurotoxicity associated to the preventive treatments based on carbamates and antimuscarinic drugs. Therefore, these treatments are specially interesting for people susceptible to suffer severe exposures, i.e. sprayers in the farms.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain. msogorb@umh.es
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sogorb-Sánchez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vilanova-Gisbert
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carrera-González
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes; D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002618:Chemical Warfare; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning*; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D010091:Oximes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044345:Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D001285:Atropine; D044345:Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases