title: Effects of helium-oxygen mixtures on endotracheal tubes: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine flow pattern and critical Reynolds numbers in endotracheal tubes submitted to different helium-oxygen mixtures under laboratory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow-pressure relationships were performed for seven endotracheal tubes (rectilinear position, entry length applied) with distal end open to atmosphere (predicted internal diameters: 6-9 mm). Nine helium-oxygen mixtures were tested, with FIHe varying from zero to 0.78 (increment: 10%). Nine flows were tested, with rates varying from 0.25 to 1.60 l s(-1) (increment: 0.15 l s(-1)). Gas flow resistance was calculated, and for each endotracheal tube, a Moody diagram was realised. Flow regime and critical Reynolds numbers were then determined (fully established laminar, nonestablished laminar, smooth turbulent, or rough).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even low concentration of helium in inspiratory mixture reduces endotracheal tubes resistance. Effect is maximal for high flows, small tube and high FIHe. Critical Reynolds numbers are inversely correlated to tube diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under laboratory conditions, flow pattern in endotracheal tubes varies from fully established laminar to rough. Knowledge of the critical Reynolds numbers allows correct application of fluid mechanic formula when studying tube or gaseous mixture effects on respiratory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hôpital Conception, 147 Bd Baille, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerbeaux
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gainnier
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arnal
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papazian
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sainty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000399:Air Pressure; D006371:Helium; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010100:Oxygen; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D006371:Helium; C038949:heliox; D010100:Oxygen