title: Validity and reliability of acoustic analysis of respiratory sounds in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the validity and reliability of computerised acoustic analysis in the detection of abnormal respiratory noises in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, prospective comparison of acoustic analysis with stethoscope examination. Validity and reliability of acoustic analysis were assessed by calculating the degree of observer agreement using the kappa statistic with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  102 infants under 18 months were recruited. Convergent validity for agreement between stethoscope examination and acoustic analysis was poor for wheeze (kappa = 0.07 (95% CI, -0.13 to 0.26)) and rattles (kappa = 0.11 (-0.05 to 0.27)) and fair for crackles (kappa = 0.36 (0.18 to 0.54)). Both the stethoscope and acoustic analysis distinguished well between sounds (discriminant validity). Agreement between observers for the presence of wheeze was poor for both stethoscope examination and acoustic analysis. Agreement for rattles was moderate for the stethoscope but poor for acoustic analysis. Agreement for crackles was moderate using both techniques. Within-observer reliability for all sounds using acoustic analysis was moderate to good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stethoscope is unreliable for assessing respiratory sounds in infants. This has important implications for its use as a diagnostic tool for lung disorders in infants, and confirms that it cannot be used as a gold standard. Because of the unreliability of the stethoscope, the validity of acoustic analysis could not be demonstrated, although it could discriminate between sounds well and showed good within-observer reliability. For acoustic analysis, targeted training and the development of computerised pattern recognition systems may improve reliability so that it can be used in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. helphick@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Elphick
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001314:Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019023:Stethoscopes