title: Season of birth is related to child retention rates, achievement, and rate of diagnosis of specific LD.
abstract: A sizable literature has demonstrated that the achievement of children in early elementary school is related to their season of birth: Those born in summer typically perform less well than those born in the fall. A small literature indicates that more children diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD) are born in the summer. We have begun to explore the possibility that the same processes may account for both outcomes. In order to better understand these processes, the standardized achievement levels and rates of diagnosis of SLD for children born during each season were studied in one geographical area of the State of Georgia served by 28 school districts. Standardized achievement scores in reading, mathematics, and science were reliably lower for those born in the summer. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship between season of birth and the rate at which children received a diagnosis of SLD. Summer-born children were diagnosed with SLD at a higher rate than their peers. Four hypotheses for both the lower performance in the general school population and the greater rate of SLD diagnosis among these children are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Roy P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foels
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clanton
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D036801:Parturition; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons