title: Removal of hormones and pharmaceuticals in the Advanced Water Recycling Demonstration Plant in Queensland, Australia.
abstract: An advanced water recycling demonstration plant was employed to investigate the effectiveness of a number of treatment technologies in the removal of some residuals of commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals as well as natural and synthetic hormones found in sewage. Analysis of targeted compounds was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initial tests were undertaken to determine the background concentrations of the analytes during various stages of treatment. Subsequent tests, undertaken by spiking with standard solutions of the target compounds provided further information on the removal efficiencies of some selected treatment modules. The results of the study indicate that while ozonation, microfiltration and nanofiltration were partially effective, treatment by reverse osmosis was the most universally successful in the removal of the target residuals. While significantly more data is required for a full evaluation, this initial investigation suggests that reverse osmosis may be an effective means of removing a wider range of pharmaceutically active residuals and hormones from treated sewage.
authors.affiliation: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia. skhan@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wintgens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zaricky
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005374:Filtration; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006728:Hormones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009995:Osmosis; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010126:Ozone