title: Assessing the influence of wheelchair technology on perception of participation in spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors related to the wheelchair, impairment, and environment that affect perception of participation of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in activities performed in 3 settings: in the home, in the community, and during transportation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research centers and a specialized assistive technology (AT) clinic in Pittsburgh (Pitt). Research centers and community-based rehabilitation technology suppliers in Saint Louis (SL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy wheelchair users with SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects from Pitt and SL completed a written survey of AT usage in daily activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were asked 5 questions within each setting (home, community, transportation) related to their perceived reason for functional limitations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The wheelchair was the most commonly cited factor limiting participation, followed by physical impairment and physical environment. Twenty-one percent of subjects with paraplegia reported pain as a limiting factor for their transportation use, significantly more (P=.047) than subjects with tetraplegia (3%). A trend (P=.099) was seen toward a higher percentage of subjects with tetraplegia (tetraplegia, 7%; paraplegia, 3%) reporting lack of equipment as a limiting factor for use of transportation. Differences were also seen across sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wheelchair was the most commonly cited limiting factor, followed by physical impairment and physical environment. The wheelchair is the most important mobility device used by persons with SCI and the one that users most associate with barriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Eliana S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Shirley G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004779:Environment Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D020380:Needs Assessment; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011788:Quality of Life; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000592:standards*