title: Gastroesophageal reflux disease beyond infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children beyond infancy (>12 months of age) rarely have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Underlying diseases may contribute to the persistence of GERD from infancy to childhood. This study compares the clinical course of children with GERD with and without underlying diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied the role of underlying diseases responsible for GERD in children beyond infancy by a retrospective analysis. From 1985 to 2000, GERD was confirmed in 34 children beyond infancy in the National Taiwan University (median age 2.5 years, range 1.1-9.7 years), according to the inclusion criteria of reflux symptoms and the fraction of pH < 4 above 5% in the 24-h esophageal pH study. The patients were divided into two groups: those without underlying diseases (n=10) and those with underlying diseases (n=24). The follow-up duration was 0.5-17.1 years (median 4.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The underlying diseases responsible for GERD in 24 children included neurological impairment (n=14), repaired esophageal atresia (n=2), hiatal hernia (n=3), repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n=2), and congenital heart disease (n=3). At the end of the study, 9 of 10 children with GERD beyond infancy and without underlying diseases were free of symptoms without any need for further medical treatment. In contrast, 10 of 14 children with neurological disorders had persisting reflux symptoms (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P=0.02, log-rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurological impairment and esophageal or diaphragmatic anatomic abnormalities were frequently associated with GERD beyond infancy. Children with underlying diseases, especially with neurological impairment, ran a refractory course, while those without underlying diseases enjoyed a longer symptom-free life.
authors.affiliation: Department of paediagastroesophagealtrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yen-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Mei-Hwei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors