title: A general automatic method for the analysis of NREM sleep microstructure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define a unified method for the automatic recognition and quantitative description of EEG phasic events of sleep microstructure occurring during NREM sleep, particularly arousals, phase A subtypes of cyclic alternating pattern and spindles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NREM sleep EEG of 10 normal young subjects was examined in order to recognize formal phasic events of sleep microstructure. The following 'formal' events (i.e. events defined exclusively on the basis of automatic analysis criteria) were classified: arousals, A1-phases (A-phases not including arousals) and A2- and A3-phases (A-phases including arousals). Spindle bursts, corresponding to visually recognized spindles, were also formally defined. The identification of these events was carried out following a three-step procedure: (1) computation of band-related descriptors derived from the EEG signal, (2) introduction of suitable thresholds and (3) application of simple logical principles, i.e. an exclusion principle and an overlapping principle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formal A-phases, arousals and spindle bursts showed spectral characteristics which were consistent with visual inspection. The value of the parameter Correctness for the recognition of the A-phases was 83.5%. In particular, the different physiological distribution of the A-phases in Stage 2 preceding slow wave sleep with respect to Stage 2 preceding REM sleep was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method provides a unified quantitative approach to the study of sleep microstructure. Visually defined events can be reliably identified by means of automatic recognition.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione, C.N.R., Area della Ricerca, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Barcaro
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonanni
authors.forename: Michelangelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murri
authors.forename: Liborio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrino
authors.forename: Mario Giovanni
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Terzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception