title: Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down's syndrome: a record linkage study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk of cancers and selected immune related diseases in people with Down's syndrome, relative to risk in other people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort analysis of a linked dataset of abstracts of hospital and death records; results expressed as the ratios of rates of disease in people with and without Down's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The former Oxford health region, England, 1963-1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort of 1453 people with Down's syndrome and cohort of 460,000 people with other conditions for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, the rate ratio for leukaemia was substantially elevated in people with Down's syndrome: it was 19-fold higher (95% confidence intervals 10.4 to 31.5) than the rate in the comparison cohort. For other cancers combined, excluding leukaemia, the rate ratio was not significantly elevated (1.2; 0.6 to 2.2). The risk of testicular cancer was increased (12.0; 2.5 to 35.6), although this was based on only three cases in the cohort of subjects with Down's syndrome. Significantly elevated risks were found for coeliac disease (4.7; 1.3 to 12.2), acquired hypothyroidism (9.4; 3.4, 20.5), other thyroid disorders, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (2.8; 1.0 to 6.1). A decreased risk was found for asthma (0.4; 0.2 to 0.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data add to the body of information on the risks of co-morbidity in people with Down's syndrome. The finding on asthma needs to be confirmed or refuted by other studies.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Department of Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. michael.goldacre@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldacre
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wotton
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seagroatt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology