title: [Menopause in 2004: "hormone replacement therapy" is not what it used to be anymore].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The data concerning post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were recently completely modified. The aim of this review is to present the last studies about post-menopausal HRT and to describe new alternatives to this treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In May 2002, the women's health initiative (WHI) trial of post-menopausal HRT was interrupted earlier than expected. The studied hormonal formulation in this arm of the WHI trial was the association of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone. The reason for termination was an increased risk of breast cancer and myocardial infarction in the hormone-therapy group. Later, reports confirmed that this type of HRT could not be used any more for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease even if the absolute risk remained low. There is an increased risk for venous thromboembolism with post-menopausal estroprogestative replacement. This risk does not seem to exist with transdermal estrogens. The other WHI findings concerned the lack of protection against dementia and cognitive decline. On the contrary, osteoporotic hip fractures and colorectal cancers were reduced in the treated group. In April 2004, the estrogen only arm of the same WHI study was also prematurely interrupted because of an increase in the incidence of stroke. The risk of breast cancer was on the contrary not increased after 6.8 years, raising the question of the eventual role of progestins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of the WHI trial on clinical practice was very important since then. The "Agence Francaise de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé" (AFSSAPS) edited in May 2004 a public recommendation limiting indication for HRT to patients with severe climacteric symptoms. The treatment must now be prescribed for the shortest time and at the minimal dose. The patient has to be precisely informed about the risks with HRT and the practitioner has to re-evaluate his prescription annually. Hormonal or non-hormonal alternatives have also to be considered as phytoestrogens and tibolone for hot flashes, and raloxifene and diphosphonates for osteoporosis prevention. In any case, a healthy diet, exercise and smoking cessation should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie, hôpital intercommunal, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94010 Créteil cedex, France. catherine.azoulay@chicreteil.fr <catherine.azoulay@chicreteil.fr>
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azoulay
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004857:Equilin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008593:Menopause; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D048789:Phytoestrogens; D004857:Equilin; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone