title: Hospitalization for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus among Indian-born persons: a small area analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We set out to describe the risk of hospitalization from heart disease, stroke, and diabetes among persons born in India, all foreign-born persons, and U.S.-born persons residing in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined billing records of 1,083,817 persons hospitalized in New York City during the year 2000. The zip code of each patient's residence was linked to corresponding data from the 2000 U.S. Census to obtain covariates not present in the billing records. Using logistic models, we evaluated the risk of hospitalization for heart disease, stroke and diabetes by country of origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for covariates, Indian-born persons are at similar risk of hospitalization for heart disease (RR = 1.02, 95% confidence interval 1.02, 1.03), stroke (RR = 1.00, 95% confidence interval, 0.99, 1.01), and diabetes mellitus (RR = 0.96 95% confidence interval 0.94, 0.97) as native-born persons. However, Indian-born persons are more likely to be hospitalized for these diseases than other foreign-born persons. For instance, the risk of hospitalization for heart disease among foreign-born persons is 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.67, 0.72) and the risk of hospitalization for diabetes is 0.39 (95% confidence interval 0.37, 0.42) relative to native-born persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  South Asians have considerably lower rates of hospitalization in New York than reported in countries with national health systems. Access may play a role. Clinicians working in immigrant settings should nonetheless maintain a higher vigilance for these conditions among Indian-born persons than among other foreign-born populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10003, USA. pm124@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muennig
authors.forename: Haomiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology*