title: How do paediatricians communicate with children and parents?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The outpatient clinic visit is the major focus of the hospital medical process for most paediatricians, children and parents. The importance of children as active participants in this interaction has been recognized. Our study aims are to describe and assess the components of doctor-parent-child communication in the outpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one medical paediatric clinic consultations were recorded on audio cassette, and communication was analysed according to quantitative methods. Questionnaires assessed parents' and children's perceptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doctors contributed most to the conversation (61%), children only 4%. Behaviour: Doctors' communication was 84% instrumental (e.g. asking questions, giving information or instructions), 13% affective behaviour (expressing concerns and worries) and 3% social (small talk). Parents' communication included giving information (83%), seeking information (13%) and social (4%). The child asked less information (3%) and had more social conversation (19%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Doctors dominated in turn taking (52%). Children took 9% of all turns. Perception: There was no correlation between parents' and children's perception and the informative or affective behaviour of the doctor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Communication is mainly instrumental. Doctors tend to direct the interview. Children's contribution is small. The participation of children needs to be encouraged as part of a patient-centred approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Medicine, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. e.wassmer@totalise.co.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wassmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minnaar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdel Aal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rylance
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010372:Pediatrics; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations