title: Successful performance of Cox-Maze procedure on beating heart using bipolar radiofrequency ablation: a feasibility study in animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Cox-Maze procedure is the gold standard for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation with proven long-term efficacy. However, its application has been limited by its complexity and significant morbidity. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and safety of performing the Cox-Maze procedure using bipolar radiofrequency ablation on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  After median sternotomy, 6 Hanford mini-pigs underwent a modified Cox-Maze procedure using bipolar radiofrequency energy. The animals survived for 30 days. Atrial function, coronary artery, pulmonary vein anatomy, and valve function were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. At reoperation, pacing documented electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins. Induction of atrial fibrillation was attempted by burst pacing with cholinergic stimulation. Histologic assessment was performed after sacrifice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no perioperative mortalities or neurologic events. At 30 days, atrial fibrillation was unable to be induced, and pulmonary vein isolation was confirmed by pacing. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment revealed no coronary artery or pulmonary vein stenoses. Although atrial ejection fraction decreased slightly from 0.344 +/- 0.0114 to 0.300 +/- 0.055 (p = 0.18), atrial contractility was preserved in every animal. Histologic assessment showed all lesions to be transmural, and there were no significant stenoses of the coronary vessels or injuries to the valves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtually all of the lesions of the Cox-Maze procedure can be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass using bipolar radiofrequency energy. There were no late stenoses of the pulmonary veins. Clinical trials of this new technology on the beating heart are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Sydney L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Diodato
authors.forename: Sunil M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Kara M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wickline
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014654:Vascular Patency