title: Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to assess the incidence, clinical predictors, and outcome of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Contrast-induced nephropathy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after PCI. Patients undergoing primary PCI may be at higher risk of CIN because of hemodynamic instability and unfeasibility of adequate prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 208 consecutive AMI patients undergoing primary PCI, we measured serum creatinine concentration (Cr) at baseline and each day for the following three days. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as a rise in Cr >0.5 mg/dl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, CIN occurred in 40 (19%) patients. Of the 160 patients with baseline Cr clearance >/=60 ml/min, only 21 (13%) developed CIN, whereas it occurred in 19 (40%) of those with Cr clearance <60 ml/min (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, age >75 years (odds ratio [OR] 5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98 to 14.05; p = 0.0009), anterior infarction (OR 2.17, 95% CI 0.88 to 5.34; p = 0.09), time-to-reperfusion >6 h (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.01 to 6.16; p = 0.04), contrast agent volume >300 ml (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.17 to 6.68; p = 0.02) and use of intraaortic balloon (OR 15.51, 95% CI 4.65 to 51.64; p < 0.0001) were independent correlates of CIN. Patients developing CIN had longer hospital stay (13 +/- 7 days vs. 8 +/- 3 days; p < 0.001), more complicated clinical course, and significantly higher mortality rate (31% vs. 0.6%; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-induced nephropathy frequently complicates primary PCI, even in patients with normal renal function. It is associated with higher in-hospital complication rate and mortality. Thus, preventive strategies are needed, particularly in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., Institute of Cardiology of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy. giancarlo.marenzi@ccfm.it
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marenzi
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lauri
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Assanelli
authors.forename: Jeness
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campodonico
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Metrio
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marana
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grazi
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veglia
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bartorelli
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine