title: [Prevalence of micro and macroangiopatic chronic complications and their risk factors in the care of out patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes (DM2) has been related to the development of macroangiopatic [coronary heart disease (CHD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and stroke] and microangiopatic [retinopathy, nephropathy, and distal sensory neuropathy (DSN)] complications. The aims of this study were to analyze prevalence of complications in DM2 patients and to estimate their associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study, including 927 out patients with DM2 from three medical centers in Rio Grande do Sul: Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (n = 475), Grupo Hospitalar Conceicao (n = 229) and Hospital Sao Vicente de Paula (n = 223). Of the patients 42% were male, mean age was 59 +/- 10 years and the median known duration of DM2 was 11 (5-43) years. Retinopathy was identified by direct fundoscopy; CHD by WHO questionnaire and/or abnormal ECG and/or perfusion abnormalities on myocardial scintigraphy; DSN by compatible symptoms and absent sensation on 10 g monofilament and/or tune fork; PVD by the presence of claudication and absent foot pulses; stroke by presence of sequels and history; and nephropathy by the urinary albumin excretion rate (>20 microg/min). Hypertension was defined by blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) and/or use of antihypertensive drugs. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHD was present in 36% and PVD in 33% of the patients. Among the microvascular, 37% had nephropathy (12% with macroalbuminuria); 48% retinopathy (15% proliferative retinopathy). DSN was present in 36%. Seventy three percent of the patients presented arterial hypertension. Cholesterol levels were >200 mg/dl in 64% and BMI > 30 kg/m2 in 36%. Twenty two percent of patients were smokers and 21% ex-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic complications are frequent among out patients referring to general hospitals. Almost all patients presented at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease, justifying the efforts for identification and adequate control.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS.
authors.forename: Rafael Selbach
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Scheffel
authors.forename: Desirê
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bortolanza
authors.forename: Cristiane Seganfredo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Luciana Abarno da
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Luís Henrique
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Canani
authors.forename: Kátia Gonçalves dos
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crispim
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roisenberg
authors.forename: Hugo Roberto Kurtz
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lisbôa
authors.forename: Glaucia Sarturi
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Tres
authors.forename: Balduíno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tschiedel
authors.forename: Jorge Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio