title: Aversive stimulation of the inferior colliculus changes dopamine and serotonin extracellular levels in the frontal cortex: modulation by the basolateral nucleus of amygdala.
abstract: We have shown that stimulation of the neural substrates in the inferior colliculus (IC) causes a significant increase in the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in frontal cortex (FC). Also, it has been reported that the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) serves as a filter for unconditioned and conditioned aversive information that ascend to higher structures from the brainstem. Linking these two kinds of information, this work examines whether inactivation of BLA interferes with the activation of cortical dopaminergic outputs produced by aversive stimulation of the IC. To this end, rats were implanted with an electrode in the IC for the determination of the threshold of escape responses. Each rat also bore a cannula implanted in the BLA for injections of lidocaine (10 microg/0.5 microL), muscimol (0.5 microg/0.5 microL), or its vehicle and a microdialysis probe in the FC for determination of the amount of DA and serotonin (5-HT). The data obtained show that IC electrical stimulation caused an increase in the DA release while it reduced the 5-HT release in the FC. BLA inactivation with both lidocaine or muscimol enhanced the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation of the IC and attenuated the increase in DA, while the reduction in 5-HT release in the FC remained unaffected. These findings suggest that ascending aversive information from IC on their way up to higher structures in the SNC courses with opposite modulation by DA/5-HT mechanisms in the FC. These processes are regulated by filters located in the BLA. It is proposed that the loss of these BLA regulatory mechanisms prevents the expression of these modulatory mechanisms in the FC that are adaptive responses in order to cope with unconditioned aversive stimulus triggered at the brainstem level.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brasil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cuadra
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Marcus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003956:Dialysis; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism*; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018755:GABA Agonists; D009118:Muscimol; D012701:Serotonin; D008012:Lidocaine; D004298:Dopamine