title: Noradrenaline use in the human donor and relationship with load-independent right ventricular contractility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and clinical studies suggest that brain death (BD)-associated cardiac dysfunction is related to the neurohormonal storm and subsequent exposure to intravenous catecholamines. We aimed to describe the relationship between empirical noradrenaline treatment and donor heart function, described for the first time with load-independent indices of right ventricular contractility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven BD patients were divided in three groups based on noradrenaline at time of offer, started by the donor hospital: group 1=no noradrenaline (n=11); group 2=low dose (n=8); group 3=high dose (n=8). After protocol-guided optimization by our retrieval team using a Swan-Ganz catheter, pressure-volume data were obtained from the right ventricle. Ten patients undergoing coronary revascularization served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty hearts were transplanted, seven of them as heart and lung blocks. Right ventricular end-systolic elastance (E(es)) was lower in BD donors compared with controls (mean 0.28 vs. 0.46 mm Hg/mL, P< or =0.01). There was no difference in terms of Swan-Ganz derived data between the BD subgroups, but E(es) was lower in groups 2 and 3 (P=0.04). Eight patients died within a year (four from graft failure), and they had a donor heart E(es) significantly lower than that of survivors (mean 0.20 vs. 0.33 mm Hg/mL, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hearts from BD donors have subclinical right ventricular impairment in contractility. E(es), a load-independent measure of contractile function, seems to be inversely correlated with empirical use of noradrenaline in the donor and with recipient survival at 1 year. This has implications for refining donor selection and management.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge CB3 8RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Serban C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stoica
authors.forename: Duwarakan K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Satchithananda
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jayan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parameshwar
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Redington
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Large
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001926:Brain Death; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine