title: Treatment of nocturnal disturbances and excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Nocturnal disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, with almost 70% of these patients reporting nocturnal disturbances. The etiology of sleep disturbances in patients with PD is still controversial. They might be dependent on dopaminergic drugs, on disease progression, or on a combination of these two factors. Nocturnal disturbances can be categorized in four groups: 1) PD-related motor symptoms, including nocturnal akinesia, early-morning dystonia, painful cramps, tremor, and difficulty turning in bed; 2) treatment-related nocturnal disturbances; 3) psychiatric symptoms, including hallucinations, vivid dreams, depression, dementia, insomnia, psychosis, and panic attacks; 4) other sleep disorders, including insomnia, REM behavioral disorder (RBD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), periodic leg movements (PLMS), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Specific treatment options are supplied for every group. A global evaluation of nocturnal disturbances would provide clinicians with a valuable tool to establish an optimal regimen that could positively influence all nocturnal disturbance categories and thus improve PD management on. However, it is important to consider that management of some nocturnal disturbances in a group may worsen nocturnal symptoms of another group or may increase EDS. PD-related symptoms can be treated with long-acting DA agonists to obtain continuous DA receptor stimulation during the night. Both treatment-related nocturnal disturbances and psychiatric symptoms may be related to drug treatment, and therefore, in both cases, drug reduction or discontinuance should be considered. Some sleep disorders, such as RLS and PLMS, may be controlled by DA agents, and others, such as insomnia and EDS, may be improved by reducing dopaminergic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amboni
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonavita
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009120:Muscle Cramp / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020919:Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D009294:Narcotics; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors