title: The clinical necessity for assessing Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD).
abstract: Although the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) exclude Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), some clinicians find that the two disorders can be comorbid and, in fact, make a dual diagnosis. Nevertheless, few empirical studies have investigated the clinical necessity for this practice. In the first of our two studies, children with high-functioning PDD were selected from among 520 outpatients. Of these, children also meeting the DSM-IV criteria for AD/HD were identified through a psychologist's observation, the completion of the ADHD-Rating Scale by parents and/or teachers, and a child psychiatrist's examination. We then examined the impact of PDD subtype and age on the co-occurrence rate. Study 2 analyzed comorbidity in two cases taken from Study 1. Of the 53 subjects in Study 1, 36 children also met the DSM-IV criteria for AD/HD. The co-occurrence rate for Asperger's Disorder (AS)/Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) (85%) was significantly higher than for Autistic Disorder (57.6 %), and AD/HD symptoms were more common in younger children. Study 2 demonstrated the existence of comorbidity of PDD and AD/HD as separate disorders. We conclude not only that AD/HD symptoms occur frequently in children with PDD, but also that in some cases a dual diagnosis is essential to the implementation of effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Yokohama Psycho-Developmental Clinic, 7-7 Chigasaki Chyuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-0032, Japan. yuko-ysd@nifty.com
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Tokio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales