title: Antiproliferative effect of liver X receptor agonists on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Liver X receptors function as central transcriptional regulators for lipid homeostasis, for which agonists have been developed as potential drugs for treatment of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndromes. Because dysregulation of lipid metabolism has been implicated in sex hormone-dependent cancers, we investigated the effect of liver X receptor agonists on prostate and breast cancer cell proliferation. Treatment of human prostate cancer LNCaP cell lines with the synthetic liver X receptor agonist T0901317 decreased the percentage of S-phase cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip-1) (p27). Knockdown of p27 by RNA interference blocks T0901317-induced growth inhibition, suggesting that p27 expression plays a crucial role in this signaling. Liver X receptor agonists also inhibited the proliferation of other prostate and breast cancer cell lines. The level of liver X receptor alpha expression correlated directly with sensitivity to growth inhibition by liver X receptor agonists. Retroviral expression of liver X receptor alpha in human breast cancer MDA-MB435S cells, which express low levels of endogenous liver X receptors and are insensitive to T0901317, sensitized these cells to T0901317. Consistent with our observations in LNCaP cells, T0901317 induces dramatic up-regulation of p27 in liver X receptor alpha-overexpressing MDA-MB435S cells. Furthermore, oral administration of T0901317 inhibited the growth of LNCaP tumors in athymic nude mice. Based on these results, modulation of the liver X receptor signaling pathway is a new target for controlling tumor cell proliferation; therefore, liver X receptor agonists may have utility as antitumorigenic agents.
authors.affiliation: The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kokontis
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hiipakka
authors.forename: Chih-Pin
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chuu
authors.forename: Shutsung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists* / Q000502:physiology; D013449:Sulfonamides; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013449:Sulfonamides; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C000605214:Nr1h3 protein, mouse; C423915:T0901317; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides