title: Menopause in Australia and Japan: effects of country of residence on menopausal status and menopausal symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to explore the effects of country of residence on menopausal status and menopausal symptoms in Australian and Japanese women. The study objectives included exploring the impact of country of residence (Australia and Japan) and menopausal status on menopausal symptoms, and identifying whether country of residence (Australia and Japan) moderates the relationship between menopausal status and menopausal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses are based on 1743 women aged between 40 and 60 years who participated in the multi-race, multi-site, cross-sectional study of mid-aged women called the Australian and Japanese Midlife Women's Health Study (AJMWHS) in 2001--2002. Study participants completed a mailed questionnaire that contained questions on a variety of health-related topics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both cultures there was a similar increase in prevalence of depression (p < 0.001), somatic symptoms (p < 0.001) and vasomotor symptoms (p < 0.001) at perimenopause. Australian women experienced more night sweats than Japanese women but the prevalence of hot flashes was not statistically different. Postmenopausal Japanese women had more somatic, psychological and sexual symptoms. The main effect for menopausal status and the interaction effect of country of residence was significant in the somatic symptoms (p < 0.001), but not in any of the other areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasomotor, psychological and somatic symptoms decrease after menopause in Australian women, with only sexual symptoms continuing. In Japanese women, somatic, psychological and sexual symptoms remain high after menopause. It is possible that westernization may be having a significant impact on the aging of women in Japan and it is, therefore important to capture through research just what this impact may be.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gollschewski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atogami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Courtney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008593:Menopause / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires