title: Oviduct prostacyclin functions as a paracrine factor to augment the development of embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently we discovered that human oviducts produce a significant amount of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) and that PGI2 enhances the potentials of live birth of mouse embryos. However, the eicosanoid profile of mouse oviducts remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolites of [14C]arachidonic acid by mouse oviducts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and PGI2 synthase (PGIS) was analysed by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The PGI2 synthetic capacities and the COX transcripts during the preimplantation period were compared. The effects of COX-2 inhibitor on PGI2 production were ascertained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouse oviducts produced, in order of abundance, PGI2, PGD2 and PGE2. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of COX-1, -2 and PGIS which were expressed by luminal epithelia and smooth muscle cells. Day 2-3 post-coitus (p.c.) oviducts produced PGI2 10-fold higher than day 4 p.c. oviducts (P = 0.0087); day 1 p.c. oviducts expressed COX-2 transcript 5-fold higher than day 3 p.c. oviducts (P = 0.0004). The PGI2 production was markedly reduced by a selective COX-2 inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mouse oviducts synthesized maximal PGI2 during day 2-3 p.c., coinciding with the transformation of 2-cell embryos to morulae. The results suggest that oviduct-derived PGI2 may enhance embryo development in a paracrine fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jaou-chen.huang@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jaou-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goldsby
authors.forename: Farinaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arbab
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: Nena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015777:Eicosanoids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D011464:Epoprostenol; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022461:prostacyclin synthetase