title: Effectiveness of intermediate care in nursing-led in-patient units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Nursing led inpatient Unit (NLU) is one of a range of services that have been considered in order to manage more successfully the transition between hospital and home for patients with extended recovery times.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether nursing-led inpatient units are effective in preparing patients for discharge from hospital compared to usual inpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Library, the Specialized Register of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, BNI and HMIC databases. Citation searches were undertaken on the science and social science citation indices. Authors were contacted to identify additional data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trials and interrupted time series designs that compared the NLU to usual inpatient care managed by doctors. Patients over 18 years of age following an acute hospital admission for a physical health condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten random or quasi-random controlled trials reported on a total of 1896 patients. There was no statistically significant effect on inpatient mortality ( OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.56 to 2.16) or mortality to longest follow up (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.29) but higher qaulity studies showed a larger non-significant increase in inpatient mortality (OR 1.52, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.68). Discharge to institutional care was reduced for the NLU (OR 0.44 95% CI 0.22 to 0.89) and functional status at discharge increased (SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.54) but there was a near significant increase in inpatient stay (WMD 5.13 days 95% CI -0.5 days to 10.76 days). Early readmissions were reduced (OR 0.52 95% CI 0.34 to 0.80). One study compared a NLU for the chronically critically ill with ICU care. Mortality (OR 0.62 95% CI 0.35 to 1.10) and length of inpatient stay differ did not differ (WMD 2 days, 95% CI 10.96 to -6.96 days). Early readmissions were reduced (OR 0.33 95% CI 0.12 to 0.94). Costs of care on the NLU were higher for UK studies but lower for US based studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence that patients discharged from a NLU are better prepared for discharge but it is unclear if this is simply a product of an increased length of inpatient stay. No statistically significant adverse effects were noted but the possibility of increased early mortality cannot be discounted. More research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, Waterloo Road, London, UK, SE1 8WA. peter.griffiths@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D017048:Health Care Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007380:Intermediate Care Facilities / Q000191:economics; D007902:Length of Stay; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010359:Patient Readmission; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012866:Skilled Nursing Facilities / Q000191:economics