title: Loaded custom-made zirconia and titanium implants show similar osseointegration: an animal experiment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zirconia might be an alternative material to titanium for dental implant fabrication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the histological behavior (osseointegration) of loaded zirconia implants in an animal model and to compare it with the behavior of titanium implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five months after extraction of the upper anterior teeth, 12 custom-made titanium implants (control group) and 12 custom-made zirconia implants (test group) were inserted in the extraction sites in six monkeys. Before insertion, the titanium implant surfaces were sandblasted with Al2O3 and subsequently acid-etched. The zirconia implants were only sandblasted. Six months following implant insertion, impressions were taken for the fabrication of single crowns. A further 3 months later, nonprecious metal crowns were inserted. Five months after insertion of the crowns, the implants with the surrounding hard and soft tissues were harvested, histologically prepared, and evaluated under the light microscope regarding the peri-implant soft tissue dimensions and mineralized bone-to-implant contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No implant was lost during the investigational period. The mean height of the soft peri-implant tissue cuff was 5 mm around the titanium implants and 4.5 mm around the zirconia implants. No statistically significant differences were found in the extent of the different soft tissue compartments. The mean mineralized bone-to-implant contact after 9 months of healing and 5 months of loading amounted to 72.9% (SD: 14%) for the titanium implants and to 67.4% (SD: 17%) for the zirconia implants. There was no statistically significant difference between the different implant materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this animal experiment, it can be concluded that the custom-made zirconia implants osseointegrated to the same extent as custom-made titanium control implants and show the same peri-implant soft tissue dimensions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany. kohal@zmk2.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Ralf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kohal
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bächle
authors.forename: Jörg R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Strub
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D003442:Crowns; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D004846:Epithelial Attachment / Q000473:pathology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide