title: Characterization of the heptad repeat regions, HR1 and HR2, and design of a fusion core structure model of the spike protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus.
abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a newly emergent virus responsible for a worldwide epidemic in 2003. The coronavirus spike proteins belong to class I fusion proteins, and are characterized by the existence of two heptad repeat (HR) regions, HR1 and HR2. The HR1 region in coronaviruses is predicted to be considerably longer than that in other type I virus fusion proteins. Therefore the exact binding sequence to HR2 from the HR1 is not clear. In this study, we defined the region of HR1 that binds to HR2 by a series of biochemical and biophysical measures. Subsequently the defined HR1 (902-952) and HR2 (1145-1184) chains, which are different from previously defined binding regions, were linked together by a flexible linker to form a single-chain construct, 2-Helix. This protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and forms a typical six-helix coiled coil bundle. Highly conserved HR regions between mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and SARS-CoV spike proteins suggest a similar three-dimensional structure for the two fusion cores. Here, we constructed a homology model for SARS coronavirus fusion core based on our biochemical analysis and determined the MHV fusion core structure. We also propose an important target site for fusion inhibitor design and several strategies, which have been successfully used in fusion inhibitor design for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for the treatment of SARS infection.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jieqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yiwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yueyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Po
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Zihe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D006517:Murine hepatitis virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020449:Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid / Q000235:genetics; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012995:Solubility; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D040681:Structural Homology, Protein; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; C578557:spike glycoprotein, SARS-CoV