title: Abrogation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth by epidermal growth factor receptor ligand fused to pseudomonas exotoxin transforming growth factor alpha-PE38.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine whether low intratumoral doses of the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand-transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin (TGF-alpha-PE38)-abrogated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro cytotoxicity assays were carried out to determine the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to TGF-alpha-PE38. TGF-alpha-PE38-treated HNSCC cells were examined by immunoblotting for cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to evaluate apoptosis. Nude mice bearing established HNSCC xenografts were treated with several doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 to evaluate the antitumor efficacy in vivo. Tumor sections were stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling for apoptosis. To determine the effect of oral administration of TGF-alpha-PE38, gavage injections of TGF-alpha-PE38 were administered, and the esophagus and surrounding soft tissue were then stained for apoptotic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HNSCC cell lines examined were sensitive to low doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 (EC(50) in the range of 1.6 to 10 ng/mL). HNSCC cells treated with TGF-alpha-PE38 undergo apoptosis. Antitumor effects were observed using 0.1 and 0.03 microg of TGF-alpha-PE38 administered intratumorally. At these doses, the treatment was well tolerated. Tumors treated with the toxin had a higher number of apoptotic cells compared with the control tumors. No apoptotic cells were observed in the pharyngoesophageal tissues of the mice after gavage administration of the toxin suggesting that the toxin could be orally administered without toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that topical or intratumoral administration of low doses of TGF-alpha-PE38 may demonstrate antitumor effects in HNSCC without associated systemic toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Sufi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Epperly
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pastan
authors.forename: Qing Cheng
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenberger
authors.forename: Jennifer Rubin
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grandis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005098:Exotoxins; D008024:Ligands; D066246:ErbB Receptors