title: Off-pump awake coronary revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new technique has been developed that permits complete arterial revascularization of the lateral and/or inferior wall of the heart using in situ bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts in awake patients. This technique, without cardiopulmonary bypass and mechanical ventilation, creates the least invasive revascularization method for the lateral and/or posterior wall of the heart yet described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 7 patients double or triple vessel coronary artery bypass grafting was performed without general anesthesia. A high thoracic epidural anesthesia was started one hour before surgery. Bilateral internal thoracic arteries were harvested and all anastomoses were performed with the off-pump technique by standard median sternotomy. Circumflex, or the right coronary artery, were anastomosed with bilateral internal thoracic arteries using a heart positioner. Six patients received double bypass grafting and one patient received triple bypass grafts (bilateral internal thoracic arteries and one radial artery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients remained awake throughout the whole procedure. There was no perioperative myocardial infarction or mortality. Pneumothorax was observed in three patients, but it was repaired in two. Only one patient completed the procedure with unilateral pneumothorax. There were no hemodynamic and pulmonary problems during lateral or posterior wall revascularization. Two patients required unexpected coronary endarterectomy during circumflex and right coronary artery anastomoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete arterial revascularization by median sternotomy using in situ bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts without general anesthesia is a feasible and safe procedure for multivessel disease. This approach gives a chance for awake revascularization of the right and/or circumflex coronary artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kosuyolu Heart and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. imkkirali@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirali
authors.forename: Tuncer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koçak
authors.forename: Füsun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Güzelmeriç
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Göksedef
authors.forename: Nihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kayalar
authors.forename: Cevat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yakut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness