title: Management of the neurological manifestations of APS--what do the trials tell us?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review evidence from clinical trials about the management of neurological manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles reporting case-control, cohort and prospective studies and treatment trials of primary or secondary stroke prevention in patients with aPL were identified in an OVID literature search from 1966 to 2004, using the keywords: APS, aPL and cerebrovascular disease. Articles were evaluated according to the standard system for assessing medical evidence to answer the following questions: (1) What is the role of aPL and recurrent stroke risk in both primary and secondary APS populations? (2) What is the evidence to support specific treatment strategies for secondary prevention of aPL-associated stroke? (3) What is the evidence to support specific treatment strategies for primary prevention of aPL-associated stroke?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) aPL are a risk factor for incident stroke (Grade A, established as useful for the given condition in the specified population). (2) The evidence to support the role of aPL in recurrent stroke is conflicting and, therefore, inconclusive. (3) Warfarin at moderate-intensity doses is equally effective in preventing a recurrent thrombotic event as warfarin at high-intensity doses in patients with APS (Grade A evidence, established as useful for the given condition in the specified population). (4) Warfarin, at moderate-intensity doses is as effective as aspirin (at a dose of 325 mg/day) in preventing recurrent thrombotic events in patients who are aPL-positive at the time of an initial stroke (Grade B evidence, probably useful for the given condition in the given population). (5) Currently there are no data to support the use of any prophylactic therapy in patients with aPL and no clinical manifestations for the purposes of preventing an incident stroke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicine/Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive #7883, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. brey@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000737:chemistry; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013927:Thrombosis; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D014859:Warfarin