title: Informed consent and choice in cholecystectomy.
abstract: As patients and parents seek more information and the threat of litigation increases, the process of informed consent has assumed greater importance. Data from large adult experiences indicate that the risk of bile duct injury, although small, is greater with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than open cholecystectomy. This complication has not yet been documented in pediatric practice, where cholecystectomy is relatively uncommon. What method do parents and patients choose if consent is truly informed? Of 57 consecutive children undergoing cholecystectomy, an open procedure was specifically indicated in 20 (previous major gastrointestinal surgery in 11, concomitant major abdominal operation in four, and complex biliary tract disease in five) and LC in two (cystic fibrosis, severe autism). The remaining 35 patients were counseled in a standard manner about the relative merits of LC versus mini-cholecystectomy (MC) and allowed to choose. Specifically, they were informed that LC offers better cosmesis, less postoperative discomfort, and a shorter hospital stay, but in adults is associated with a slightly increased rate of bile duct injury (0.3-0.5% vs. 0.2%). All MCs were performed through a 4-cm incision. Parents chose LC in 23 cases and MC in 12. The median age of both groups was similar. No surgical complications occurred, and there were no conversions in the LC group. No patient had retained stones. LC patients were discharged home after a mean of 1.7 days and MC patients after 2.3 days (0.1 > p > 0.05). If an open or laparoscopic technique is not specifically indicated and if parents/patients are fully informed, a significant minority may opt for mini-cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Liver Unit, Gledhow Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. mdstringer@dial.pipex.com
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D033282:Parental Consent