title: [The incidence and initial symptoms of diabetes mellitus type 1 in 0-14-year-olds in the Netherlands, 1996-1999].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and characteristics of type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children aged 0-14 years during the period 1996-1999 and to compare this with previous measurements of the incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected via reports from all practicing paediatricians to the Dutch Paediatric Surveillance Unit and a questionnaire among members of the Dutch Diabetes Association. The incidence was calculated by the capture-recapture method, and the characteristics and symptoms of the children were determined from the questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of DM type 1 among 0-14-year-olds increased to 18.6/100,000/year (95% CI: 17.7-19.4) compared to 11.1/100,000/year (10.5-11.7) in 1978-1980. The increase was highest in the youngest age group, 0-4 years. DM type 1 was diagnosed at an average age of 7.6 years (7.4-7.9) and in 1988-1990 at 9.2 years (9.0-9.5). The boy-girl ratio also increased. Children with a mother from Surinam, Turkey or The Netherlands Antilles had lower risk of DM type 1 while a higher risk was calculated for children from Moroccan and Somali mothers. In comparison with 1993-1994, there were less frequent lethargy or dehydration; lower average serum-glucose values, a better blood pH and less frequent ketonuria at the time of diagnosis. Treatment on an outpatient basis had increased. However, over the time span 1993-1999, Moroccan children (n = 108) showed dehydration, ketonuria and low blood-pH values more frequently than children of Dutch parents (n = 1825) and their hospital admission lasted longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of DM type 1 had increased and the disease manifested itself at a younger age. The clinical condition at time of diagnosis, however, was better. The incidence and clinical characteristics differed between children of different ethnic origin.
authors.affiliation: TNO Preventie en Gezondheid/Jeugd, Postbus 2215, 2301 CE Leiden. jp.vanwouwe@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Wouwe
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mattiazzo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: el Mokadem
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reeser
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hirasing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009427:Netherlands Antilles / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D013532:Suriname / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology