title: Caesarean section and gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation during the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of caesarean section on gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation to nutritional allergens in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 865 healthy full term neonates with parental history of allergy participating in the prospective German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI) were exclusively breast fed during the first four months of life and had a one year follow up. Data were obtained by follow up visits at age 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, weekly diaries for the first six months, and measurement of total and specific IgE at birth and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants born by caesarean section (147/865, 17%) had a greater risk of diarrhoea (OR(adj) 1.46, 95% CI 1.022 to 2.10) and sensitisation to food allergens, both in adjusted (OR(adj) 2.06, 95% CI 1.123 to 3.80) and stratified analyses (by cord blood IgE). Caesarean delivery was not associated with colicky pain and atopic dermatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caesarean delivery might be a risk factor for diarrhoea and sensitisation in infants with family history of allergy. Further research in this area seems warranted as choosing caesarean section becomes increasingly popular.
authors.affiliation: GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laubereau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Filipiak-Pittroff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grübl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000209:etiology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E