title: Sequential combination of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and intra-arterial urokinase in acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) thrombolytic therapy may be faster and easier to initiate than monotherapy, and its recanalization rate may be better as well. The sequential combination of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) and urokinase (UK) has synergistic and complementary effects on clot lysis. We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness and safety of sequential combination of IV rTPA and IA UK in acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV rTPA was administered to patients with acute stroke within 3 hours of onset. Those whose condition had not improved at the end of rTPA infusion were further treated with selective IA UK. We evaluated baseline and 30-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and 90-day modified Rankin Scale scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients were initially treated with IV rTPA; 24 were further treated with IA UK. Four patients who had rapid reocclusion following initial successful IA therapy received IV abciximab. Fourteen of 24 patients who underwent angiography had an effective perfusion state of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow. Median baseline and 30-day NIHSS scores were 18 and 2, respectively. Eighteen patients improved to a modified Rankin scale score of 0 or 1 after 90 days. Symptomatic hemorrhage developed in two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strategy of using conventional-dose IV rTPA and the sequential combination of IA UK in patients without an early clinical response to IV treatment was safe and feasible. This strategy achieved high complete arterial recanalization rates and good functional outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, BK21 Projects for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Yul
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Ik
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seo Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung Ik
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hae Woong
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yong Woon
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji Hoe
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000077284:Abciximab; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D000077284:Abciximab