title: Vertical infraclavicular brachial plexus block in children: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brachial plexus blockade is a well-established technique in upper limb surgery. Among the infraclavicular approaches, the vertical infraclavicular brachial plexus (VIP) block is easy to perform and has a large spectrum of nerve blockade. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the ease, effectiveness, safety, and duration of the VIP block in pediatric trauma surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients (ASA physical status I and II, age range 5-17 years old) scheduled for upper limb trauma surgery received a VIP block under light general anesthesia, using 0.5 ml x kg(-1) of ropivacaine 0.5%. The number of attempts and time to perform the block, the occurrence of a surgical response, the visual analogue score (VAS) scores, the incidence of complications and the duration of the block were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brachial plexus was found easily at the first or second attempt in 85% (47 of 55) of the cases, in 15% (eight of 55) of the cases it was localized after three to four attempts. The mean time to perform the block was 3.35 +/- 3.37 min. Ninety-eight percentage (54 of 55) of the blockades were effective for surgery and in just one case was ineffective. The VAS scores at the end of the procedure in 100% (55 of 55) of the cases were <3. There were no cases with clinical signs of pneumothorax nor inadvertent puncture of major vessels. Two patients developed a Horner's syndrome and in one a mild superficial hematoma at the puncture site occurred. The mean sensory block duration was 8.45 +/- 1.71 h and the mean motor block duration was 6.52 +/- 2.50 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary study, the VIP block was easy to perform, effective and free of major complications for pediatric trauma surgery. With the doses of ropivacaine we used it was useful for intra- and postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University Hospital UB, Barcelona, Spain. bdejosemaria@hsjdbcn.org
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Jose Maria
authors.forename: Luc K P
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Tielens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine