title: Negative regulation of Smad2 by PIASy is required for proper Xenopus mesoderm formation.
abstract: Mesoderm induction and patterning are primarily regulated by the concentration of locally expressed morphogens such as members of the TGFbetasuperfamily. Smad2 functions as a transcription factor to regulate expression of mesodermal genes downstream of such morphogens. We have identified Xenopus PIASy (XPIASy), a member of the PIAS family, by yeast two-hybrid screening using Xenopus Smad2 (XSmad2) as a bait. During mesoderm induction, XPIASy is expressed in the animal half of embryos with a ventral high-dorsal low gradient at the marginal zone. XPIASy expression is positively and negatively regulated by activities of the XSmad2 and Wnt pathways, respectively. Interestingly, inhibition of XPIASy by morpholinos induces elongation of animal caps with induction of mesoderm genes even in the absence of their morphogen-mediated activation. In addition, their introduction into the ventral marginal zone results in a secondary axis formation. Gain-of-function analysis revealed that XPIASy inhibits mesoderm induction by specific and direct downregulation of XSmad2 transcriptional activity. These observations indicate that XPIASy functions as an essential negative regulator of the XSmad2 pathway to ensure proper mesoderm induction at the appropriate time and in the appropriate region, and suggest that both the initial step of morphogen-mediated activation of the XSmad2 pathway and regulation of the final downstream transcription step have crucial roles in mesoderm induction and patterning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D011485:Protein Binding; D050828:Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C495202:PIAS4 protein, Xenopus; D050828:Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497785:Smad2 protein, Xenopus; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins