title: Pontine cholinergic mechanisms and their impact on respiratory regulation.
abstract: Activation of pontomedullary cholinergic neurons may directly and indirectly cause depression of respiratory motoneuronal activity, activation of respiratory premotor neurons and acceleration of the respiratory rate during REM sleep, as well as activation of breathing during active wakefulness. These effects may be mediated by distinct subpopulations of cholinergic neurons. The relative inactivity of cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep also may contribute to the depressant effects of this state on breathing. Cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are expressed in central respiratory neurons and motoneurons, thus allowing cholinergic neurons to act on the respiratory system directly. Additional effects of cholinergic activation are mediated indirectly by noradrenergic, serotonergic and other neurons of the reticular formation. Excitatory and suppressant respiratory effects with features of natural states of REM sleep or active wakefulness can be elicited in urethane-anesthetized rats by pontine microinjections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol. Carbachol models help elucidate the neural basis of respiratory disorders associated with central cholinergic activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology 209E/VET, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6046, USA. lkubin@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubin
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fenik
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011149:Pons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D002217:Carbachol; D000109:Acetylcholine