title: Assessment and management of children aged 1-59 months presenting with wheeze, fast breathing, and/or lower chest indrawing; results of a multicentre descriptive study in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using current WHO guidelines, children with wheezing are being over prescribed antibiotics and bronchodilators are underutilised. To improve the WHO case management guidelines, more data is needed about the clinical outcome in children with wheezing/pneumonia overlap.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicentre prospective study, children aged 1-59 months with auscultatory/audible wheeze and fast breathing and/or lower chest indrawing were screened. Response to up to three cycles of inhaled salbutamol was recorded. The responders were enrolled and sent home on inhaled bronchodilators, and followed up on days 3 and 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1622 children with wheeze were screened from May 2001 to April 2002, of which 1004 (61.8%) had WHO defined non-severe and 618 (38.2%) severe pneumonia. Wheeze was audible in only 595 (36.7%) of children. Of 1004 non-severe pneumonia children, 621 (61.8%) responded to up to three cycles of bronchodilator. Of 618 severe pneumonia children, only 166 (26.8%) responded. Among responders, 93 (14.9%) in the non-severe and 63 (37.9%) children in the severe pneumonia group showed subsequent deterioration on follow ups. No family history of wheeze, temperature >100 degrees F, and lower chest indrawing were identified as predictors of subsequent deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two third of children with wheeze are not identified by current WHO ARI (acute respiratory infections) guidelines. Antibiotics are over prescribed and bronchodilators under utilised in children with wheeze. Children with wheeze constitute a special ARI group requiring a separate management algorithm. In countries where wheeze is common it would be worthwhile to train health workers in use of the stethoscope to identify wheeze.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. arichi99@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hazir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kundi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aslam
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D018450:Disease Progression; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents