title: Cysteine starvation activates the redox-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in protection against oxidative stress. L-cysteine is thought to be rate-limiting for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and therefore may be a critical component in protection against oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of L-cysteine in GSH metabolism and oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify the role of cysteine in GSH metabolism in hRPE cells, a strategy of cysteine starvation was used to determine (1) GSH levels and oxidative stress by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, (2) mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) and mitochondrial ultrastructure by using conventional electron microscopy (EM), and (3) indices of cell viability and apoptosis including analysis of cells containing hypodiploid amounts of DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cysteine starvation resulted in approximately a 95% decrease in GSH concentrations over 24 hours. The GSH Nernst redox potential (Eh) increased approximately 70 mV (Eh=-248 +/- 2.9 mV in control cells compared with Eh=-179 +/- 2.0 mV in cysteine-starved cells) indicating significant intracellular oxidation. Cysteine starvation increased the production of ROS by mitochondrial respiratory complex III (cytochrome bc1), determined using a pharmacological strategy that resulted in the loss of Deltapsim and cell death. The loss of Deltapsim and cell death was prevented with bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of the adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor, suggesting activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). This conclusion was further supported by electron microscopic studies that showed significant mitochondrial swelling, a hallmark of MPT activation. Cell death was not prevented with either the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVADfmk or the caspase 3-specific inhibitor DEVD-CHO, indicating that cytochrome bc1-mediated ROS production results in the MPT and necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that cysteine is a required component for normal GSH metabolism and protection against oxidative stress in hRPE cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: Hongyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dean P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sternberg
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003545:Cysteine / Q000502:physiology*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010539:Permeability; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine