title: Two-year clinical and immune outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children who reconstitute CD4 T cells without control of viral replication after combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate 96-week clinical and immune outcomes to protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted of 40 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who displayed viral suppression (VS) with successful immune reconstitution (IS), failure to suppress virus (VF) or develop immune reconstitution (IF), or discordant immune and viral responses (VF/IS) at 24 weeks posttherapy. All children enrolled had viral RNA >4.0 log10 copies per mL and were Centers for Disease Control ad Prevention immune stage 2 or 3. Clinical, viral, and immune outcomes were assessed during the subsequent 72 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VS/IS and VF/IS groups displayed similar sustained increases in CD4 T cells, although viral levels rebounded by 48 and 96 weeks posttherapy to pretherapy levels in the discordant group. The VF/IS outcome group had significant increases in height and weight z scores compared with entry and were similar to the VS/IS group. After treatment, antigen-specific responses after tetanus immunization were similar in the VF/IS and VS/IS groups. Prevalence of HIV-associated illnesses decreased in both VS/IS and VF/IS but not in VF/IF response groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that viral replication under the selective pressure of protease inhibitors fails to exhibit the same deleterious impact on T-cell immunity as pretherapy viruses. CD4 T-cell counts may be a better predictor of disease progression and improvement in growth than viral burden in HIV-infected children who receive a protease inhibitor as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL 33701-4899, USA.
authors.forename: Guity
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.forename: Dominick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Passalacqua
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Caicedo
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodenow
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sleasman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral