title: Oligo kernels for datamining on biological sequences: a case study on prokaryotic translation initiation sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kernel-based learning algorithms are among the most advanced machine learning methods and have been successfully applied to a variety of sequence classification tasks within the field of bioinformatics. Conventional kernels utilized so far do not provide an easy interpretation of the learnt representations in terms of positional and compositional variability of the underlying biological signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We propose a kernel-based approach to datamining on biological sequences. With our method it is possible to model and analyze positional variability of oligomers of any length in a natural way. On one hand this is achieved by mapping the sequences to an intuitive but high-dimensional feature space, well-suited for interpretation of the learnt models. On the other hand, by means of the kernel trick we can provide a general learning algorithm for that high-dimensional representation because all required statistics can be computed without performing an explicit feature space mapping of the sequences. By introducing a kernel parameter that controls the degree of position-dependency, our feature space representation can be tailored to the characteristics of the biological problem at hand. A regularized learning scheme enables application even to biological problems for which only small sets of example sequences are available. Our approach includes a visualization method for transparent representation of characteristic sequence features. Thereby importance of features can be measured in terms of discriminative strength with respect to classification of the underlying sequences. To demonstrate and validate our concept on a biochemically well-defined case, we analyze E. coli translation initiation sites in order to show that we can find biologically relevant signals. For that case, our results clearly show that the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is the most important signal upstream a start codon. The variability in position and composition we found for that signal is in accordance with previous biological knowledge. We also find evidence for signals downstream of the start codon, previously introduced as transcriptional enhancers. These signals are mainly characterized by occurrences of adenine in a region of about 4 nucleotides next to the start codon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that the oligo kernel can provide a valuable tool for the analysis of relevant signals in biological sequences. In the case of translation initiation sites we could clearly deduce the most discriminative motifs and their positional variation from example sequences. Attractive features of our approach are its flexibility with respect to oligomer length and position conservation. By means of these two parameters oligo kernels can easily be adapted to different biological problems.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Bioinformatik, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr, 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. pmeinic@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meinicke
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tech
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merkl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D018387:Codon, Initiator / Q000235:genetics*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D003196:Computer Graphics; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D039662:Prokaryotic Initiation Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018387:Codon, Initiator; D039662:Prokaryotic Initiation Factors