title: Selective prescribing of atypical antipsychotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate whether the most recent introduced atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone were preferentially prescribed to patients susceptible to develop extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and those not responding adequately to typical antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Dutch PHARMO system that includes complete medication and hospital admission records of 675 000 residents of 14 Dutch cities. A total number of 129 new users of olanzapine and 142 new users of risperidone as well as 507 new users of typical antipsychotic drugs were identified from our database in the period of 1996-1998. The prevalence of markers of EPS, therapy resistance and therapy non-compliance were assessed in the period of 1 year prior to a new start of an antipsychotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New use of olanzapine and risperidone was significantly associated with previous use of other antipsychotics (odds ratio 4.0, 95%CI: 2.5-6.7 and odds ratio 3.0, 95%CI: 2.0-4.7, respectively). New use of olanzapine and risperidone was also associated with previous use of anticholinergic drugs compared to users of typical antipsychotics (over three and two times more, respectively). This effect diminished when adjusted for previous use of antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In particular olanzapine and also risperidone were selectively prescribed to patients formerly treated with other antipsychotics and to those susceptible for EPS. If not recognised or controlled for, observational studies comparing different antipsychotic drugs may produce biased results on efficacy or frequency of side effects for the different types of antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: PHARMO Institute, Institute for Pharmacology and Outcomes Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. PHARMO@PHARMO.NL
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Breekveldt-Postma
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schillevoort
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: Christiaan P W M
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Veraart
authors.forename: Ron M C
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008501:Medical Records, Problem-Oriented / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D018579:Patient Selection; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine