Modulation of reflex and sleep related apnea by pedunculopontine tegmental and intertrigeminal neurons.
We describe and summarize here our recent findings about the role in respiration of two pontine structures that are not classically included in the pontine respiratory group: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the intertrigeminal region (ITR). We also discuss significant contributions of other workers in the field, especially, S. Datta [Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 17: 341-365, 1997], R. Lydic and H. Baghdoyan [Sleep, 25: 617-622, 2002], and N. Chamberlin and C. Saper [J. Neurosci. 18: 6048-6056, 1998], who postulated a role for the ITR in modulating reflex apnea. In anesthetized and freely moving rats we have consistently documented that PPT and ITR have a role in respiration. Neurochemical manipulations of each area affected the brainstem respiratory pattern generator and respiratory pattern variability,observed as spontaneous disturbances during sleep or as induced reflex apnea. Although the exact central mechanisms of apnea cannot be determined from our studies to date, we postulate that reflex and sleep-related apneas in rats share some common brainstem pathways, which may include PPT and ITR.
Radulovacki
Miodrag
M
Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 868, 901 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Pavlovic
Sasha
S
Saponjic
Jasna
J
Carley
David W
DW
D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007736:Kynurenic Acid