title: Effect of single and repeated in vitro exposure of ovarian follicles to o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT and their metabolites.
abstract: The aim of the presented study was to compare the effect of o,p'-DDT [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p,p'-chlorophenyl)-ethylene] and p,p'-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane] and their metabolites DDE and DDD on estradiol secretion by ovarian follicles, the target organs of environmental estrogens. Theca interna (Tc) and granulosa cells (Gc) were collected from medium size porcine follicles and cultured as a monolayer. The cells were initially cultured for 24 h to allow attachment to the plates and then media were changed for the new ones and o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT and their metabolites: o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDD were added at doses of 4, 40, 400 ng and 4 microg/ml medium to investigate dose-dependent effects. Media were collected after 24 h and frozen for estradiol content determination. When the effect of single and repeated exposure was investigated, the lowest dose of 4 ng/ml and the highest one of 4 microg/ml were chosen on the basis of the results of Experiment 1. o,p'-DDT exerted antiestrogenic action at all doses used while its metabolites and p,p'-DDT and its metabolites decreased estradiol secretion only when present in the medium at a dose of 4 ng/ml. The highest doses caused the increase in estradiol secretion. Parent o,p'-DDT and its metabolites showed antiestrogenic action after single exposure to 4 ng/ml while parent p,p'-DDT and its metabolites caused estrogenic action. All investigated compounds, except o,p'-DDT, increased estradiol secretion after single exposure to the dose of 4 microg/ml. Repeated exposure resulted in a massive antiestrogenic action of all investigated chemicals. In conclusion, our study points to time-dependent effect of DDT and its metabolites on ovarian follicles with the strongest estrogenic properties observed after single exposure and antiestrogenic action caused by repeated exposure. Given the duration of folliculogenesis, one can imagine many different potential mechanisms by which DDT could influence steroidogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL 30-060 Kraków, Poland. wojtow@zuk.iz.uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wójtowicz
authors.forename: Ewa L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gregoraszczuk
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ptak
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falandysz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003634:DDT / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008939:Mitotane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D004958:Estradiol; D008939:Mitotane; D003634:DDT; C016340:o,p'-DDT; C054919:2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene