title: Downregulation of lysyl oxidase and upregulation of cellular thiols in rat fetal lung fibroblasts treated with cigarette smoke condensate.
abstract: Lysyl oxidase (LO), a copper-dependent enzyme, plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by catalyzing the crosslinking of elastin and collagen. To better understand mechanisms of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema, we examined changes in LO and its substrates, i.e., elastin and collagen type I, the major components of cellular thiols, i.e., metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH), and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), a key enzyme for GSH biosynthesis, in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-treated rat fetal lung fibroblasts (RFL6). Exposure of RFL6 cells to CSC decreased levels of LO catalytic activity, mRNA, and protein, i.e., the 46 kDa preproenzyme, the 50 kDa proenzyme and the 32 kDa mature enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, CSC also inhibited the expression of collagen type I and elastin, substrates of LO and important components of the lung ECM. Meanwhile, cellular thiols including MT and GSH as well as gamma-GCS were markedly upregulated in CSC-treated cells. To evaluate modulation of LO expression by cellular thiols, we further examined the effect of increased levels of GSH on LO expression at protein and catalytic levels. Interestingly, exposure of cells to glutathione monoethyl ester, a GSH delivery system, effectively elevated cellular GSH levels and induced a dose-dependent decrease in levels of the protein species and catalytic activity of LO. These results suggest that upregulation by CSC of cellular thiols may play an important role in the downregulation of LO and subsequently destabilization of the lung ECM in CS-induced emphysema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yinzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Iih-Nan
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toselli
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Wande
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D019881:Aminoacyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D005333:Fetus; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012906:Smoke; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C042431:S-ethyl glutathione; D004549:Elastin; D008668:Metallothionein; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; D019881:Aminoacyltransferases; C093784:glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase; D005978:Glutathione