title: Sequence family variant loss from the AZFc interval of the human Y chromosome, but not gene copy loss, is strongly associated with male infertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete deletion of the complete AZFc interval of the Y chromosome is the most common known genetic cause of human male infertility. Two partial AZFc deletions (gr/gr and b1/b3) that remove some copies of all AZFc genes have recently been identified in infertile and fertile populations, and an association study indicates that the resulting gene dose reduction represents a risk factor for spermatogenic failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the incidence of various partial AZFc deletions and their effect on fertility, we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses of the AZFc interval at the DAZ and CDY1 loci in 300 infertile men and 399 control men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 34 partial AZFc deletions (32 gr/gr deletions), arising from at least 19 independent deletion events, and found gr/gr deletion in 6% of infertile and 3.5% of control men (p>0.05). Our data provide evidence for two large AZFc inversion polymorphisms, and for relative hot and cold spots of unequal crossing over within the blocks of homology that mediate gr/gr deletion. Using SFVs (sequence family variants), we discriminate DAZ1/2, DAZ3/4, CDY1a (proximal), and CDY1b (distal) and define four types of DAZ-CDY1 gr/gr deletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The only deletion type to show an association with infertility was DAZ3/4-CDY1a (p = 0.042), suggesting that most gr/gr deletions are neutral variants. We see a stronger association, however, between loss of the CDY1a SFV and infertility (p = 0.002). Thus, loss of this SFV through deletion or gene conversion could be a major risk factor for male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U.491, Faculté de médecine, 13385 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machev
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saut
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Longepied
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terriou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guichaoua
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metzler-Guillemain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collignon
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Frances
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belougne
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiaroni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chevillard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ducourneau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pech
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McElreavey
authors.forename: M-G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D005785:Gene Conversion; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: C118459:CDY1 protein, human; C095668:DAZ1 protein, human; C459440:DAZ2 protein, human; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins