title: Thermal reactive hazards of HMX with contaminants.
abstract: In the past, many unexpected runaway accidents occurred in manufacturing processes, involving volatile chemical and explosive storage and transportation. Incompatible product reactions of high explosives must be carefully considered using loss prevention strategies for thermal hazards risk analysis. High explosive reactions vary via environmental changes, contact materials, or process situations, such as onset temperature and shifts in reaction type when high explosives are in contact with contaminants. Therefore, the manufacture and handling of high explosives require the utmost in safety and loss prevention. HMX (cyclotetramethyene tetranitramine) is one kind of high explosive widely used around the world which is stable with high detonation strength properties. In this study, the influences of contaminants on HMX are investigated. The studied contaminants include ferrous chloride tetrahydrate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, acetone solution, acetic acid, and nitric acid. DSC thermal curves and incompatible reaction kinetic evaluations were preformed using iron, chlorine and acid. Organic acetone solution has lesser effects on HMX. Hopefully, this study will lead to improved thermal hazards risk analysis and reduce accidents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Safety, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, No. 99, Lane 407, Hengke Road, Shijr City, Taipei 221, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Deng-Jr
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Cheng-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Miin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001392:Azocines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D005107:Explosions; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; C007950:octogen