title: Abusive head trauma in young children: characteristics and medical charges in a hospitalized population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the presenting characteristics, hospital course, and hospital charges associated with hospital admissions for head trauma in young children at a regional pediatric trauma center, and to examine whether these factors differ among abused and non-abused subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative case series study involving a retrospective medical record review of children less than 3 years of age admitted to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1999. Subjects (n=377) were identified on the basis of ICD-9-CM codes for head injury. Subjects were classified as abused or non-abused based on standard criteria using information about the type of injuries, the history provided by the caretaker, and physical and radiographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty nine (23.6%) subjects were classified as abused and 288 (76.4%) were classified as non-abused. Abused subjects were more likely then non-abused subjects to be <1 year of age (vs. >1 year of age) (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 5.0, 19.2), covered by Medicaid (vs. commercial insurance) (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.7, 4.8), and admitted to the ICU (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.1, 5.8; p<.001). The caretakers of abused subjects were more likely to give a history of no trauma or minor trauma compared to the caretakers of non-abused subjects (97% vs. 54%, p<.001). Length of stay was significantly greater for abused subjects versus non-abused subjects (mean: 9.25 days vs. 3.03 days, p<.001). Hospital charges (1999 dollars) were significantly higher for abused (mean+/-SD: 40,082 dollars +/- 58,004 dollars) versus non-abused (mean +/- SD: 15,671 dollars +/- 41,777 dollars) subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the differences in the demographics, presenting characteristics and economic impact of abusive head injuries compared to non-abusive head injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ettaro
authors.forename: Rachel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Songer
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology