title: Large-scale collection and characterization of promoters of human and mouse genes.
abstract: We report the generation and initial characterization of a large-scale collection of sequences of putative promoter regions (PPRs) of human and mouse genes. Based on our unique collection of 400,225 and 580,209 human and mouse full-length cDNAs, we determined exact transcriptional start sites (TSSs). Using positional information of the TSSs, we could retrieve adjacent sequences as PPRs for 8,793 and 6,875 human and mouse genes, respectively. The positions of the PPRs were 4 kb upstream to previously reported 5'-ends of cDNAs on average, demonstrating that full-length cDNA information is indispensable for this purpose. Among those PPRs supported by experimentally validated TSSs, 3,324 could be paired as mutually homologous genes between human and mouse and were used for the comprehensive comparative studies. The sequence identities in the proximal regions of the TSSs were 45% on average, and 22,794 putative transcription factor binding sites that are conserved between human and mouse were identified. The data resource created in the present work and the results of the sequences' initial characterization should lay the firm foundation for deciphering the transcriptional modulations of human genes. All the data were deposited and made available through a database for comparative studies, DBTSS.
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo: 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. ysuzuki@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Riu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Matsuyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirota
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mizushima-Sugano
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kel
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carninci
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashizaki
authors.forename: Toshihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D015723:Gene Library; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary