title: Ischemic preconditioning protects hepatocytes via reactive oxygen species derived from Kupffer cells in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic ischemic preconditioning decreases sinusoidal endothelial cell injury and Kupffer cell activation after cold ischemia/reperfusion, leading to improved survival of liver transplant recipients in rats. Ischemic preconditioning also protects livers against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury, in which hepatocyte injury is remarkable. We aimed to determine whether ischemic preconditioning directly protects hepatocytes and to elucidate its mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were injected with gadolinium chloride to deplete Kupffer cells or with N -acetyl- l -cysteine, superoxide dismutase, or catalase to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Livers were then preconditioned by 10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion. Subsequently, livers were subjected to 40 minutes of warm ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion in vivo or in a liver perfusion system. In other rats, livers were preconditioned by H(2)O(2) perfusion instead of ischemia. In the other experiments, livers were perfused with nitro blue tetrazolium to detect reactive oxygen species formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemic preconditioning decreased injury in hepatocytes, but not in sinusoidal endothelial cells. Kupffer cell depletion itself did not change hepatocyte injury after ischemia/reperfusion, indicating no contribution of Kupffer cells to ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, Kupffer cell depletion reversed hepatoprotection by ischemic preconditioning. Reactive oxygen species formation occurred in Kupffer cells after ischemic preconditioning. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species reversed the effect of ischemic preconditioning, and H(2)O(2) preconditioning mimicked ischemic preconditioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic preconditioning directly protected hepatocytes after warm ischemia/reperfusion, which is not via suppression of changes in sinusoidal cells as in cold ischemia/reperfusion injury. This hepatocyte protection was mediated by reactive oxygen species produced by Kupffer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tejima
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomiya
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanase
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omata
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005682:Gadolinium; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C038958:gadolinium chloride; D000111:Acetylcysteine