title: Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between type 2 diabetes and fiber, glycemic load (GL), dietary glycemic index (GI), and fiber-rich foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of 36,787 men and women aged 40-69 years without diabetes. For all self-reported cases of diabetes at 4-year follow-up, confirmation of diagnosis was sought from medical practitioners. Case subjects were those who reported diabetes at follow-up and for whom there was no evidence that they did not have type 2 diabetes. Data were analyzed with logistic regression, adjusting for country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol and energy intake, education, 5-year weight change, sex, and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was completed by 31,641 (86%) participants, and 365 cases were identified. The odds ratio (OR) for the highest quartile of white bread intake compared with the lowest was 1.37 (95% CI 1.04-1.81; P for trend = 0.001). Intakes of carbohydrate (OR per 200 g/day 0.58, 0.36-0.95), sugars (OR per 100 g/day 0.61, 0.47-0.79), and magnesium (OR per 500 mg/day 0.62, 0.43-0.90) were inversely associated with incidence of diabetes, whereas intake of starch (OR per 100 g/day 1.47, 1.06-2.05) and dietary GI (OR per 10 units 1.32, 1.05-1.66) were positively associated with diabetes. These relationships were attenuated after adjustment for BMI and waist-to-hip ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing dietary GI while maintaining a high carbohydrate intake may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. One way to achieve this would be to substitute white bread with low-GI breads.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. allison.hodge@cancervic.org.au <allison.hodge@cancervic.org.au>
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Dallas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Kerin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Dea
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001939:Bread; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013213:Starch; D008274:Magnesium