title: A multi-phase telepsychiatry programme in Michigan: organizational factors affecting utilization and user perceptions.
abstract: Over the last few years, telepsychiatry services in Michigan have been developed by LifeWays, a Medicaid-managed behavioural health-care organization. The project had four phases, involving the introduction of telepsychiatry services between a rural and an urban clinic, to a crisis intervention centre, to a youth detention centre and to patients' homes. The role of organizational issues in the success of the programme was examined through patient interviews, provider interviews, patient and provider pre- and post-project focus groups, and service documents. Utilization data were obtained from activity logs and patient charts. During the study, 297 clients received 578 teleconsultations. Almost 97% of the telepsychiatry visits were scheduled. Telemedicine usage varied between the four project phases. The reasons for its variation in use included provider roles, existing organizational strategic goals and resources, the inherent organizational culture and quirks, and leadership and managerial factors. The major difficulties stemmed from the providers and the organization itself. There is tremendous potential for telepsychiatry and the ways in which organizational variables can be managed to influence the success of telepsychiatry programmes deserve further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Telecommunications, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1212, USA. pwhitten@msu.edu
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000458:organization & administration*