title: Radiation exposure during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the radiation exposure during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) using the pulmonary vein (PV) approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 15 patients with AF and 5 patients each with atrial flutter and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) who underwent fluoroscopically guided procedures on a biplane x-ray system operated at a low-frame pulsed fluoroscopy (7.5 frames per second). Radiation exposure was measured directly with 50 to 60 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Peak skin doses (PSDs), effective radiation doses, and risk of fatal malignancies were all computed. Mean fluoroscopy durations for AF procedures were 67.8+/-21 minutes in the right anterior oblique (RAO) and 61.9+/-16.6 minutes in the left anterior oblique (LAO) projection, significantly different from that required for atrial flutter and AVNRT. The mean PSDs measured with the TLDs were 1.0+/-0.5 Gy in the RAO and 1.5+/-0.4 Gy in the LAO projection. The lifetime risk of excess fatal malignancies normalized to 60 minutes of fluoroscopy was 0.07% for women and 0.1% for men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively small amounts of the patient's radiation exposure in this study, despite the prolonged fluoroscopy durations, can be attributed to the use of very-low-frame pulsed fluoroscopy, the avoidance of magnification, and optimal adjustments of the fluoroscopy exposure rates. The resulting lifetime risk of fatal malignancy is within the range previously reported for standard supraventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lickfett
authors.forename: Mahadevappa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahesh
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasamreddy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayam
authors.forename: Zayd
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eldadah
authors.forename: Timm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dickfeld
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Darshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalal
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012306:Risk; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000601:surgery*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry