title: Secretion of incretin hormones (GIP and GLP-1) and incretin effect after oral glucose in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since insulin secretion in response to exogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is diminished not only in patients with type 2 diabetes, but also in their normal glucose-tolerant first-degree relatives, it was the aim to investigate the integrity of the entero-insular axis in such subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes (4 male, 12 female, age 50+/-12 years, BMI 26.1+/-3.8 kg/m(2)) and 10 matched healthy controls (negative family history, 6 male, 4 female, 45+/-13 years, 26.1+/-4.2 kg/m(2)) were examined with an oral glucose load (75 g) and an "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose infusion. Blood was drawn over 240 min for plasma glucose (glucose oxidase), insulin, C-peptide, GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1; specific immunoassays).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of glucose concentrations could precisely be copied by the intravenous glucose infusion (p=0.99). Insulin secretion was stimulated significantly more by oral as compared to intravenous glucose in both groups (p<0.0001). The percent contribution of the incretin effect was similar in both groups (C-peptide: 61.9+/-5.4 vs. 64.4+/-5.8%; p=0.77; insulin: 74.2+/-3.3 vs. 75.8+/-4.9; p=0.97; in first-degree relatives and controls, respectively). The individual responses of GIP and GLP-1 secretion were significantly correlated with each other (p=0.0003). The individual secretion of both GIP and GLP-1 was identified as a strong predictor of the integrated incremental insulin secretory responses as well as of the incretin effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a lower insulin secretory response to exogenous GIP, incretin effects are similar in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects. This may be the result of a B cell secretory defect that affects stimulation by oral and intravenous glucose to a similar degree. Nevertheless, endogenous secretion of GIP and GLP-1 is a major determinant of insulin secretion after oral glucose.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik 1, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum D-44791, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Ouaghlidi
authors.forename: Bartholomäus
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gabrys
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hücking
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Baptist
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallwitz
authors.forename: Wolfgang E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Juris J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose