title: Cancers of the bladder.
abstract: Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in Europe and the fourth most common malignancy in the United States. It affects one in 4000 people and accounts for 5% of all diagnosed cancers. The peak incidence is in the fifth and seventh decade. There is a strong association between smoking and bladder cancer. Smokers have a fourfold higher incidence of developing bladder cancer than the general population. The disease has a spectrum of clinical severity varying from superficial bladder cancer to muscle invasive or metastatic disease which carries a poor prognosis. Currently the superficial form of the disease is managed by endoscopic resection of the tumour, often followed by the instillation into the bladder of cytotoxic agents. Due to the tendency of bladder cancer to recur repeated cystoscopies and resections are often required. Because of this, one of the main thrusts of research is to find a way of preventing the progression from superficial disease to muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chase Farm Hospital, The Ridgeway, Enfield EN2 8JL, England.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Faiz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents