title: [Psychosocial distress and stressful life antecedents associated with smoking. A survey of subjects consulting a preventive health center].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between smoking and various socio-demographic or socio-economic factors, as well as the interactions between depressive mood and smoking are already known. However, the respective contribution of psychological factors and stressful life antecedents during childhood and adolescence warrants further specification.
  
  
  METHODS
  2315 consecutive subjects, aged 16 to 59, consulting for a free work-up in a preventive health centre, supported by the National French Health insurance system, were invited to fill out a series of questionnaires: the GHQ-28 and the LOT, respectively measuring psychosocial distress and dispositional optimism, as well as a questionnaire on socio-demographic, socio-economic and biographical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  78.1% complete records could be analysed: the "smokers" group (n = 870, 48.1%) declared a current tobacco consumption of at least one cigarette/day. This group was characterized by a predominance of male subjects, older age, modest educational level, low income level and responded to socio-economic criteria of precariousness more frequently (p < 0.001, except for age: p = 0.006). Smoking was also associated with higher levels of psychosocial distress, as assessed by GHQ-28, especially for the depressive mood and anxiety items of the questionnaire (p < 0.001), and with lower levels of dispositional optimism (p < 0.01). As regards biographical data, smokers were characterized by a way of life marked by financial problems, reduced social contacts, and a higher frequency, before the age of 18, of divorce or separation of the parents (p = 0.002), frequent parental quarrels (p < 0.001) or separation from the parents (p < 0.001). The presence of a depressive mood at GHQ-28 as well as frequent parental quarrels remained independent risk factors for smoking in multiple logistic regression (odds ratio respectively equal to 1.61 and 1.34), after adjustment on gender, educational level and the notion of socio-economic precariousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the complementary role of socio-economic, psychological factors and certain stressful life antecedents among the determinants of smoking and should be taken into account for tailoring smoking cessation programs.
authors.affiliation: Centre de prévention sanitaire et sociale de la Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie de la Seine-Saint-Denis. emilio.larosa@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: Silla M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Consoli
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Le Clésiau
authors.forename: Karema
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soufi
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lagrue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D004243:Divorce; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological