title: Congenital midureteral stricture in children diagnosed with antenatal hydronephrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antenatal hydronephrosis is the most common genitourinary pathologic finding during gestational ultrasonography. Congenital midureteral strictures are an unusual cause of prenatal hydronephrosis, with 13 total previously reported and only 1 diagnosed as a result of antenatal ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present 4 cases of midureteral strictures as the cause of antenatal hydronephrosis and review the published data on congenital midureteral obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All midureteral strictures in our series and in the published reports were treated surgically after varying periods of observation. Retrograde pyelography was diagnostic in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This atypical cause of antenatal hydronephrosis may provide additional insight into the controversy regarding preoperative retrograde pyelography before surgical intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Given the typical misdiagnosis of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the setting of midureteral stricture disease, we believe that the threshold for retrograde pyelography should be very low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Metwalli
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Earl Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kropp
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D007223:Infant; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery