title: Hypocotyl growth orientation in blue light is determined by phytochrome A inhibition of gravitropism and phototropin promotion of phototropism.
abstract: How developing seedlings integrate gravitropic and phototropic stimuli to determine their direction of growth is poorly understood. In this study we tested whether blue light influences hypocotyl gravitropism in Arabidopsis. Phototropin1 (phot1) triggers phototropism under low fluence rates of blue light but, at least in the dark, has no effect on gravitropism. By analyzing the growth orientation of phototropism-deficient seedlings in response to gravitropic and phototropic stimulations we show that blue light not only triggers phototropism but also represses hypocotyl gravitropism. At low fluence rates of blue light phot1 mutants were agravitropic. In contrast, phyAphot1 double mutants grew exclusively according to gravity demonstrating that phytochrome A (phyA) is necessary to inhibit gravitropism. Analyses of phot1cry1cry2 triple mutants indicate that cryptochromes play a minor role in this response. Thus the optimal growth orientation of hypocotyls is determined by the action of phyA-suppressing gravitropism and the phototropin-triggering phototropism. It has long been known that phytochromes promote phototropism but the mechanism involved is still unknown. Our data show that by inhibiting gravitropism phyA acts as a positive regulator of phototropism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lariguet
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fankhauser
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000254:growth & development; D008027:Light; D009154:Mutation; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018524:Phototropism / Q000502:physiology*; D010834:Phytochrome / Q000502:physiology*; D051942:Phytochrome A; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C538962:CRY1 protein, Arabidopsis; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins; C497973:PHYA protein, Arabidopsis; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D051942:Phytochrome A; D010834:Phytochrome; C103646:NPH1 protein, Arabidopsis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases