title: The impact of orbital prefrontal cortex damage on emotional activation to unanticipated and anticipated acoustic startle stimuli.
abstract: Damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex has been implicated in selectively diminishing electrodermal autonomic nervous system responses to anticipated punishing stimuli (e.g., losing money; Bechara, Damasio, & Damasio, 2000), but not to unanticipated punishing stimuli (e.g., loud noises; Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1990). We extended this research by examining the effects of orbitofrontal damage on emotional responses to unanticipated and anticipated acoustic startles and collecting a more extensive set of physiological measures, emotional facial behavior, and self-reported emotional experience. Consistent with previous research, patients showed intact physiology to an unanticipated startle but failed to show appropriate anticipatory cardiovascular responses (patients' heart rates decreased, controls' increased). In addition, patients displayed more surprise facial behavior and reported marginally more fear than did controls in response to the unanticipated startle. Thus, orbitofrontal damage may compromise the ability to anticipate physiologically the onset of aversive stimuli, despite intact or enhanced emotional responses when such stimuli occur unexpectedly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. nroberts@uwm.edu
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Kelly H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scabini
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levens
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Levenson
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*