title: Diltiazem inhibits hKv1.5 and Kv4.3 currents at therapeutic concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study we examined the effects of diltiazem, an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker widely used for the control of the ventricular rate in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias, on hKv1.5 and Kv4.3 channels that generate the cardiac ultrarapid delayed rectifier (I(Kur)) and the 4-aminopyridine sensitive transient outward (I(to)) K(+) currents, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  hKv1.5 and Kv4.3 channels were stably and transiently expressed in mouse fibroblast and Chinese hamster ovary cells, respectively. Currents were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diltiazem (0.01 nM-500 muM) blocked hKv1.5 channels, in a frequency-dependent manner exhibiting a biphasic dose-response curve (IC(50)=4.8+/-1.5 nM and 42.3+/-3.6 muM). Diltiazem delayed the initial phase of the tail current decline and shifted the midpoint of the activation (Vh=-16.5+/-2.1 mV vs -20.4+/-2.6 mV, P<0.001) and inactivation (Vh=-22.4+/-0.7 mV vs. -28.2+/-1.9 mV, P<0.001) curves to more negative potentials. The analysis of the development of the diltiazem-induced block yielded apparent association (k) and dissociation (P) rate constants of (1.6+/-0.2) x 10(6) M(-1)s(-1) and 46.8+/-4.8 s(-1), respectively. Diltiazem (0.1 nM-100 muM) also blocked Kv4.3 channels in a frequency-dependent manner exhibiting a biphasic dose-response curve (IC(50)=62.6+/-11.1 nM and 109.9+/-12.8 muM). Diltiazem decreased the peak current and, at concentrations > or =0.1 microM, accelerated the inactivation time course. The apparent association and dissociation rate constants resulted (1.7+/-0.2) x 10(6) M(-1)s(-1) and 258.6+/-38.1 s(-1), respectively. Diltiazem, 10 nM, shifted to more negative potentials the voltage-dependence of Kv4.3 channel inactivation (Vh=-33.1+/-2.3 mV vs -38.2+/-3.5 mV, n=6, Plt;0.05) the blockade increasing at potentials at which the amount of inactivated channels increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated for the first time that diltiazem, at therapeutic concentrations, decreased hKv1.5 and Kv4.3 currents by binding to the open and the inactivated state of the channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. rcaballero@ift.csic.es
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamargo
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delpón
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D051379:Mice; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; C496982:Kcna5 protein, mouse; C497022:Kcnd3 protein, mouse; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; D004110:Diltiazem