title: Methoxychlor induces proliferation of the mouse ovarian surface epithelium.
abstract: While the pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) has a variety of adverse effects on the female reproductive system, the effects of MXC on the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) are unknown. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that MXC alters the growth of the OSE. Mouse OSE cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion and cultured with vehicle, 3 microM of MXC, or 3 microM of 2,2-bis[p-hydroxyphenyl]-1,1,1,-trichloroethane (HPTE) for 14 days. After culture, proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by measurement of cell density, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell density was 66% greater for MXC-treated cells and 95% greater for HPTE-treated cells than controls (p < or = 0.05). The estrogen receptor blocker ICI 182,780 abolished MXC- and HPTE-induced increases in cell density. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining was positive in only 22 +/- 2.3% of controls, compared to 35 +/- 2.4% of MXC-treated cells and 40 +/- 2.4% of HPTE-treated cells (p < or = 0.05). The cell cycle regulators, cyclinD2 and cdk4, were significantly increased in MXC- and HPTE-treated cells compared to controls. The ApopTag assay demonstrated apoptotic cells in 4.8 +/- 0.45% of controls, 2.2 +/- 0.56% of MXC-treated cells, and 2.1 +/- 0.33% of HPTE-treated cells (p < or = 0.005). Expression of bcl-2 was significantly increased in MXC- and HPTE-treated cells, while bax was decreased in MXC- and HPTE-treated cells compared to controls. Collectively, these data indicate that MXC and HPTE stimulate OSE cell growth by increasing proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Further, since ICI 182,780 blocked MXC- and HPTE-induced OSE growth, these data suggest that the effects of MXC and HPTE on the OSE are mediated by estrogen receptors.
authors.affiliation: Program in Toxicology and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomic
authors.forename: Kimberly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flaws
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056742:Cyclin D2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008731:Methoxychlor / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C486196:Ccnd2 protein, mouse; D056742:Cyclin D2; D016213:Cyclins; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D007306:Insecticides; D010636:Phenols; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; C495902:Cdk4 protein, mouse; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C404910:2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; D008731:Methoxychlor