title: Assessment of softball bat safety performance using mid-compression polyurethane softballs.
abstract: There is currently much debate about the safety of the sport of softball. Batted-ball speed and average pitcher reaction time are factors often used to determine safe performance. Batted-ball speed is shown to be the most important factor to consider when determining safe play. Average pitcher reaction time is explained and directly correlated to batted-ball speed. Eleven aluminum multi-wall, three aluminum single-wall and two composite softball bats were tested with mid-compression polyurethane softballs averaging 1721+/-62 N/6.4 mm to represent the relative bat-ball performance for the sport of slowpitch softball. Nine men and six women were chosen for this study out of a test group of over three hundred slowpitch softball players. On average, aluminum bat performance results were within the recommended safety limits established by the national softball associations. However, when composite bats were used, their performance results exceeded the recommended safety limits which can pose a significant safety risk. Using aluminum softball bats, batted-ball speeds ranged from 80 to 145km x h(-1) Using composite softball bats, batted-ball speeds ranged from 146 to 161 km x h(-1). The scientific relevance of this study is to provide performance information that can lead to injury prevention in the sport of softball.
authors.affiliation: B&N Softball, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio 44181, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012449:Safety; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes