title: Carbon dioxide inhibits the growth rate of Staphylococcus aureus at body temperature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the 1930s, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been combined with cold storage for the preservation of food. However, its use for the prevention of surgical wound infection was long considered to be impractical. Now CO(2) is widely used during laparoscopic procedures, and a method has been developed to create a CO(2) atmosphere in an open wound. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CO(2) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at body temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, S. aureus inoculated on blood agar were exposed to pure CO(2) (100%), standard anaerobic gas (5% CO(2), 10% hydrogen, 85% nitrogen), or air at 37 degrees C for a period of 24 h; then a viable count of the bacteria was made. Second, S. aureus inoculated in brain-heart infusion broth and kept at 37 degrees C were exposed to CO(2) or air for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h; then the optical density of the bacteria was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24 h, the number of S. aureus on blood agar was about 100 times lower in CO(2) than in anaerobic gas (p = 0.001) and about 1,000 times lower than in air (p = 0.001). Also, in broth, there were fewer bacteria with CO(2) than with air (p < 0.01). After 2 h, the number of bacteria was increased with air (p < 0.001) but not with CO(2) (p = 0.13). After 8 h, the optical density had increased from zero to 1.2 with air but it had increased only to 0.01 with CO(2) (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pure CO(2) significantly decreased the growth rate of S. aureus at body temperature. The inhibitory effect of CO(2) increased exponentially with time. Its bacteriostatic effect may help to explain the low infection rates in patients who undergo laparoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Engineering, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svenarud
authors.forename: J-I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Flock
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Linden
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide