Lower extremity joint coupling during running: a current update.
BACKGROUND
The relationship between lower extremity mechanics and injury is not well understood. However, joint coupling studies are beginning to emerge, which may lend further insight into running biomechanics.


OBJECTIVE
To provide a current review of the research examining lower extremity joint coupling in running.


CONCLUSIONS
There are various techniques utilized to measure joint coupling, including joint timing, rearfoot eversion/tibial internal rotation ratios, continuous relative phase calculations, and vector coding. The study of joint coupling is of particular interest as it may pertain to running injuries. There is some evidence that joint coupling may be altered with orthotics and/or with footwear. Most studies have included a relatively small sample size and larger scale studies are needed to quantify normal ranges for many of the coupling measures. In addition, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship to injury.


CONCLUSIONS
It is hoped that this update will serve as a review of the current state of thought regarding lower extremity joint coupling during running. As greater insight into the role of joint coupling in injuries is gained, more optimal intervention and prevention strategies can be developed to minimize injury risk.
DeLeo
Alison T
AT
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 305 McKinly Laboratory, Newark, DE 19176-2591, USA.
Dierks
Tracy A
TA
Ferber
Reed
R
Davis
Irene S
IS
D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*