title: Rhabdomyosarcoma: value of myogenin expression analysis and molecular testing in diagnosing the alveolar subtype: an analysis of 109 paraffin-embedded specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of the alveolar subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is important, because the poor prognosis associated with this subtype necessitates a modified therapeutic regimen. At present, ARMS diagnoses are made on the basis of histologic findings and the extent of myogenin immunopositivity. Nonetheless, the absence of an alveolar pattern in the solid variant, the low degree of differentiation in certain embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMS), and the increasing use of microbiopsy samples make the diagnosis of ARMS somewhat difficult. Two specific translocations have been found in ARMS, and fusion transcripts can be detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the value of myogenin staining and molecular testing in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, the authors examined 109 rhabdomyosarcoma samples (45 ARMS samples and 64 ERMS samples). Real-time RT-PCR analysis of PET was performed in all 109 rhabdomyosarcomas, and RT-PCR analysis of frozen material was performed in 24 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAX fusion transcripts were present in 44 cases (39 ARMS and 5 ERMS) and absent in 52 cases (2 ARMS and 50 ERMS). In 13 cases (4 ARMS and 9 ERMS), the results were not interpretable. Results were concordant between paired frozen and fixed tumor samples. All 35 interpretable ERMS samples that contained < 50% myogenin-positive cells failed to yield detectable PAX fusion transcripts. Of the 61 interpretable tumor samples (41 ARMS and 20 ERMS) that contained > 50% myogenin-positive cells, 44 (39 ARMS and 5 ERMS) yielded detectable PAX fusion transcripts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study demonstrates that molecular detection of PAX fusion transcripts via real-time RT-PCR analysis of PET is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of ARMS and that immunohistochemical analysis of myogenin expression can be used to select cases for such molecular testing. Although RT-PCR analysis appears not to possess diagnostic value in tumors with < 50% tumor cell immunopositivity, it is strongly recommended for the diagnosis of tumors containing > 50% myogenin-positive cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hostein
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andraud-Fregeville
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guillou
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Terrier-Lacombe
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deminière
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ranchère
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lussan
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Longavenne
authors.forename: Nguyen Binh
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Delattre
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coindre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000378:metabolism; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018232:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018233:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal / Q000175:diagnosis; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C503799:MYOG protein, human; D018008:Myogenin; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; C489409:PAX3 protein, human; C471563:PAX3-FOXO1A fusion protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors