title: The recommended role of exposure biomarkers for the surveillance of environmental and occupational chemical exposures in military deployments: policy considerations.
abstract: A lack of individual exposure information limited the evaluation of exposure-outcome relationships after the Gulf War. Exposure concerns during Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom deployments have increased interest in individual environmental and occupational chemical exposure assessment. Currently, deployment assessments are conducted using intermittent ambient air monitoring, occasional focused evaluations based on these results, and postdeployment questionnaire documentation of exposure and/or health concerns. Although this strategy is an improvement over previous practice, it has limitations, including a reliance on evidence of an acute problem, to initiate in-depth health evaluation. Exposure biomarkers may have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of current environmental and occupational exposure assessment tools. This article examines current exposure assessment methods, reviews emerging technologies, and recommends a phased approach to introducing exposure biomarkers into a comprehensive occupational and environmental health surveillance program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Room A1044, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Coleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weese
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: Curtis M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bowling
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers