title: Primary closure versus T-tube drainage after laparoscopic choledochotomy for common bile duct stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the safety and feasibility of primary closure of the common bile duct (CBD) after laparoscopic choledochotomy in patients with CBD stones. Traditionally, the CBD is closed with T-tube drainage after choledochotomy and removal of CBD stones. However, the insertion of a T-tube is not without complication and the patients have to carry it for several weeks before removal. In the laparoscopic era, surgery is performed with minimally invasive techniques in order to reduce the trauma inflicted on patients, hasten their recovery and hence reduce the hospital stay. T-tube insertion seems to negate these benefits and we believe that primary closure can be as safe as closure with T-tube drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent primary closure of the CBD after successful laparoscopic choledochotomy for ductal stones between January 2000 and December 2003. A concurrent control group of patients who underwent T-tube drainage was used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 64 patients that underwent laparoscopic exploration of the CBD, 24 (37%) underwent transcystic duct approach and 40 (63%) underwent choledochotomy. There were three open conversions (5%). Stone clearance was achieved in all patients with successful laparoscopic choledochotomy (100%). Of the 38 successful laparoscopic choledochotomies, 12 had primary closure of the CBD and 26 had closure with T-tube drainage. There was no mortality in both groups. One patient in the primary closure group suffered from paralytic ileus and small subhepatic collection which was treated conservatively. The median operative time (90 vs. 120 minutes, p=0.002) and postoperative stay (5 vs. 8.5 days, p=0.003) were shorter in the primary closure group when compared with the T-tube group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary closure of the CBD is feasible and as safe as T-tube insertion after laparoscopic choledochotomy for stone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Pamela Youde Eastern Nethersole Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China. hapy@netvigator.com
authors.forename: J P Y
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: M K W
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome