title: Chronic lower extremity ischemia: a human model of ischemic tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been found in animals to have a protective effect against future ischemic injury to muscle tissue. Such injury is unavoidable during some surgical procedures. To determine whether chronic ischemia in the lower extremities would imitate IPC and reduce ischemic injury during vascular surgery, we designed a controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of patients at a university-affiliated medical centre with chronic lower-extremity ischemia served as models of IPC: 6 patients awaiting femoral distal bypass (FDB) and 4 scheduled for aortobifemoral (ABF) bypass grafting for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Seven patients undergoing elective open repair of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) were chosen as non-IPC controls. Three hematologic indicators of skeletal-muscle injury, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin, were measured before placement of the proximal clamp, during surgical ischemia, immediately upon reperfusion, 15 minutes after and 1 hour after reperfusion, and during the first, second and third postoperative days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline markers of skeletal-muscle injury were similar in all groups. In postreperfusion samples, concentrations of muscle-injury markers were significantly lower in the 2 PC groups than in the control group. For example, at day 2, LDH levels were increased by about 30% over baseline measures in the elective AAA (control) group, whereas levels in the FDB and ABF groups remained statistically unchanged from baseline. Myoglobin in controls had increased by 977%, but only by 160% in the FDB and 528% in the ABF groups. CK levels, in a similar trend, were 1432% higher in the control group and only 111% (FDB) and 1029% (ABF) in the study groups. Taken together, these data represent a significant level of protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic lower-extremity ischemia suffered less severe ischemic injury after a period of acute ischemia than those with acute ischemia alone. Ischemic preconditioning is one proposed mechanism to help explain this protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badhwar
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Marge B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dungey
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DeRose
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003250:Constriction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome