title: Lower extremity joint coupling during running: a current update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between lower extremity mechanics and injury is not well understood. However, joint coupling studies are beginning to emerge, which may lend further insight into running biomechanics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a current review of the research examining lower extremity joint coupling in running.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are various techniques utilized to measure joint coupling, including joint timing, rearfoot eversion/tibial internal rotation ratios, continuous relative phase calculations, and vector coding. The study of joint coupling is of particular interest as it may pertain to running injuries. There is some evidence that joint coupling may be altered with orthotics and/or with footwear. Most studies have included a relatively small sample size and larger scale studies are needed to quantify normal ranges for many of the coupling measures. In addition, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship to injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that this update will serve as a review of the current state of thought regarding lower extremity joint coupling during running. As greater insight into the role of joint coupling in injuries is gained, more optimal intervention and prevention strategies can be developed to minimize injury risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 305 McKinly Laboratory, Newark, DE 19176-2591, USA.
authors.forename: Alison T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: DeLeo
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Dierks
authors.forename: Reed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferber
authors.forename: Irene S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*