Reliability and validity of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale.
OBJECTIVE
This study reports the reliability and validity of the 13-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS). The SPS differs from similar scales by focusing on knowledge-based and production-based workers.


METHODS
Data were obtained from administrative and medical claims databases and from a survey that incorporated the SPS, SF-36, and the Work Limitations Questionnaire.


RESULTS
Sixty-three percent (7797) of employees responded. Cronbach's alpha (0.83) indicates adequate reliability. Factor analysis identified two underlying factors, "completing work" and "avoiding distraction." Knowledge-based workers load on "completing work" (alpha = 0.97), whereas production-based workers load on "avoiding distraction" (alpha = 0.98). There were significant and positive relationships between the SPS, SF-36, and Work Limitations Questionnaire.


CONCLUSIONS
The SPS demonstrates a high degree of reliability and validity and may be ideal for employers who seek a single scale to measure health-related productivity in a diverse employee population.
Turpin
Robin S
RS
USHH Outcomes Research and Management, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA. robin_turpin@merck.com
Ozminkowski
Ronald J
RJ
Sharda
Claire E
CE
Collins
James J
JJ
Berger
Marc L
ML
Billotti
Gary M
GM
Baase
Catherine M
CM
Olson
Michael J
MJ
Nicholson
Sean
S
D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States