title: Effects of a 2-year randomized soy intervention on sex hormone levels in premenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several epidemiologic studies have described protective effects of soy consumption against breast cancer. The goal of this trial among premenopausal women was to examine the effect of soy foods on menstrual cycle length and circulating sex hormone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 2-year dietary intervention randomized 220 healthy premenopausal women. The intervention group consumed two daily servings of soy foods containing approximately 50 mg of isoflavones; the control group maintained their regular diet. Five blood samples (obtained in months 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24) were taken 5 days after ovulation as determined by an ovulation kit. The serum samples were analyzed for estrone, estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin, androstenedione, and progesterone by immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, both groups had similar demographic, anthropometric, and nutritional characteristics. The dropout rates of 15.6% (17 of 109) in the intervention group and 12.6% (14 of 111) in the control group did not differ significantly. According to soy intake logs, 24-hour recalls, and urinary isoflavone excretion, the women closely adhered to the study regimen. Menstrual cycles became slightly shorter in both groups but did not differ by group. Mixed general linear models indicated no significant intervention effect on any of the serum hormones. However, androstenedione and progesterone decreased significantly over time in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that the preventive effects of soy on breast cancer risk in premenopausal women may not be mediated by circulating sex hormone levels. Different mechanisms of actions or effects of exposure earlier in life are alternate hypotheses that require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. gertraud@crch.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maskarinec
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hebshi
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Frank Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins