title: Novalis Shaped Beam Radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors studied outcomes and complications in patients who harbored arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and underwent stereotactic radiosurgery involving the Novalis shaped beam unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1998 and January 2002, 83 patients were treated with radiosurgery at University of California, Los Angeles. The mean patient age was 37.8 years. Forty-four patients completed follow up. There were 24 women. Sixteen patients underwent repeated radiosurgery. Embolization was performed in 13 patients and radiosurgery alone in 31. The mean follow-up period after embolization was 54.4+/-21.9 months and 37.4+/-14.6 months for radiosurgery alone. The mean peripheral dose was 15 Gy (range 12-18 Gy). The mean preradiosurgery lesion volume was 9.7+/-11.9 ml for radiosurgery alone and 16.2+/-11.3 ml for embolization. The AVMs in 13 patients (29.8%) were Spetzler-Martin Grade II, 12 (27.5%) were Grade III, eight (18.2%) Grade IV, and five (11.3%) were Grade V and VI each. Spetzler-Martin grade, volume, and peripheral dose were analyzed in consideration to outcome. A positive trend (p = 0.086) was observed between Spetzler-Martin grade and obliteration rate. Volume per se did not predict obliteration (p = 0.48). A peripheral dose of 18 Gy was shown to be the most important predictor for occlusion (p = 0.007). The overall obliteration rate was 52.5%. A transient complication was noticed in one case (2.3%) and but no permanent deficits due to radiosurgery have been detected so far. Three patients (6.8%) bled after radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The range of the prescribed peripheral dose was narrow. An association between the mean peripheral dose of 15 Gy, high conformality, and homogeneous dose distribution permitted no permanent complications. Volume per se did not correlate with outcome. The next step will be to increase the peripheral dose shaping the beam and to achieve higher obliteration rates without increasing complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandra G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pedroso
authors.forename: Antonio A F
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Salles
authors.forename: Katayoun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tajik
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Golish
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frighetto
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabatan-Awang
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Selch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome