title: Which patients are most challenging for second-year medical students?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fostering appropriate attitudes toward patients begins with recognition of the physician's personal biases and preferences about patients. We sought to assist second-year medical students to identify those patient attributes that may influence their clinical behavior, especially in difficult patient encounters. This study's objectives were (1) to identify the principal patient characteristics reported by students to evoke negative or positive affective reactions sufficient to compromise the quality of patient care and (2) to examine differences between male and female students on these patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous survey was made of all second-year medical students attending a seminar on medical errors. Students recorded the three principal patient characteristics that might evoke in them a negative personal reaction sufficient to compromise the quality of clinical care. Students then recorded three principal patient characteristics that might evoke a positive reaction sufficient to compromise the quality of clinical care. The data were analyzed to identify the primary concerns of the entire group of students and any significant differences between male and female students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information on negative attitudes was provided by 67 of 71 (94%) students and on positive attitudes by 70 of 71 (99%). Content analysis identified four general categories of patient characteristics associated with negative attitudes (patients who are rude, contributed to medical problem, are abusive to others, and other attributes). Five general categories (patients with whom students have personal connection or patients who have physical and/or social attractiveness, vulnerability, power/influence, and other) were associated with positive attitudes by the students. The leading patient attributes reported as likely to influence clinical behavior were the positive attributes of "personal connection" and "attractiveness." These were reported by 60% and 53% of the class, respectively, compared to the leading negative attributes of "rudeness" and "contributed to own condition," each reported by 51% of students. Significant differences between male and female students only occurred in the categories of "rude" and "attractive."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students are willing to disclose specific, personal attitudes toward patients that they perceive as sufficiently serious to influence the quality of clinical care. More than half of the students anticipated difficulty in providing optimal care to patients who exhibit certain characteristics. More students reported concerns about positive affective reactions to patients than about negative reactions. Medical education should address these issues in strategies to adequately prepare students for practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas, Wichita 67214, USA. awalling@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walling
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montello
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Jerry A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Menikoff
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brink
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002982:Clinical Clerkship / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors