title: The effectiveness of extrication collars tested during the execution of spine-board transfer techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the prehospital stages of emergency care, cervical collars are (supposedly) used to aid rescuers in maintaining in-line stabilization of the spinal column as patients with potential or actual injuries are shifted onto a spine board to achieve full spinal immobilization. Unfortunately, not a single study has examined the effectiveness of cervical collars to control motion during the execution of spine-board transfer techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the controlling effect of three cervical collars during the execution of spine-board transfer techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a repeated measures investigation in which a cadaveric model was used to test the effectiveness of the Ambu (Ambu, Inc., Linthicum, MD), Aspen (Aspen Medical Products, Inc., Long Beach, CA) and Miami J (Jerome Medical, Moorestown, NJ) collars during the execution of the log-roll (LR) maneuver and the lift-and-slide (LS) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six medical professionals executed the LR and the LS on five cadavers. An electromagnetic tracking device was used to capture angular movements generated at the C5-C6 vertebral segment during the execution of both transfer techniques. The types of motion that were analyzed in this study were flexion-extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation motion. To test the three cervical collars, an experimental lesion (ie, a complete segmental instability) was created at the aforementioned spinal level of the cadavers and sensors from the electromagnetic tracking device were affixed to the specified vertebrae to record the motion generated at the site of the lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical tests did not reveal a significant interaction between the independent variables of this study (ie, transfer technique and collar type), lending no support to the notion that there may be a combination of collar and transfer technique that could theoretically offer added protection to the patient. Although there was a decrease in the amount of motion generated in every one of the planes of motion as a result of wearing each of the three collars, none of the changes that emerged proved to be significantly different. A significant difference was noted between the LR and LS techniques when the amount of lateral flexion and axial rotation motion generated with each of the procedures were compared. In both cases, execution of the LR maneuver resulted in significantly more motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented here suggest that the collars tested in this study are functionally similar. It is recommended that this study be repeated with a larger sample size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Education, 312E Merrick Building, PO Box 248065, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-2040, USA. delrossi@miami.edu
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rossi
authors.forename: Tim P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: Marybeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horodyski
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rechtine
mesh_terms: D001915:Braces; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000379:methods