title: Restrictive filling pattern is associated with increased humoral activation and impaired exercise capacity in dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although heart failure (HF) is characterized by increased proinflammatory cytokines, natriuretic peptide levels and impaired exercise capacity, the effect of concomitant diastolic dysfunction on those parameters has not been adequately studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed circulating levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors, sTNFRI and sTNFRII, Nt-ANP and Nt-BNP natriuretic peptides in 81 patients, aged 56+/-12 years, with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC), LVEF 29.7+/-7.75% and functional NYHA class II-III. An echocardiographic study and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPE) were performed in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were divided into restrictive (24 patients, group I) and non-restrictive (57 patients, group II) groups, according to their transmitral-filling pattern. No differences in LV dimensions or LVEF were found between the two groups. Group I showed increased levels of IL-6 (P=0.006), TNF-alpha (P=0.05), sTNFRII (P=0.02), Nt-ANP (P<0.001) and Nt-BNP (P<0.001) and decreased exercise duration (P<0.001) and PVO(2) (P<0.001) compared to group II. The strongest independent predictors for restrictive filling pattern were Nt-ANP and IL-6 levels, while Nt-BNP levels were the strongest PVO(2) predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restrictive filling pattern implying greater diastolic dysfunction may contribute to increased cytokine production in the heart failure syndrome, as well as greater increases in natriuretic peptides and decreased exercise tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, P.O. Box 1352 Stavrakia, Heraklion Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Patrianakos
authors.forename: Frangiskos I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Parthenakis
authors.forename: Evangelos A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Diakakis
authors.forename: Panagiotis G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Tzerakis
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikitovic
authors.forename: Panos E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vardas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D012372:ROC Curve; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain