Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
BACKGROUND
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography that is aimed at residual obstructive intracranial blood flow may help expose thrombi to tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Our objective was to determine whether ultrasonography can safely enhance the thrombolytic activity of t-PA.


METHODS
We treated all patients who had acute ischemic stroke due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with intravenous t-PA within three hours after the onset of symptoms. The patients were randomly assigned to receive continuous 2-MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (the target group) or placebo (the control group). The primary combined end point was complete recanalization as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography or dramatic clinical recovery. Secondary end points included recovery at 24 hours, a favorable outcome at three months, and death at three months.


RESULTS
A total of 126 patients were randomly assigned to receive continuous ultrasonography (63 patients) or placebo (63 patients). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in three patients in the target group and in three in the control group. Complete recanalization or dramatic clinical recovery within two hours after the administration of a t-PA bolus occurred in 31 patients in the target group (49 percent), as compared with 19 patients in the control group (30 percent; P=0.03). Twenty-four hours after treatment of the patients eligible for follow-up, 24 in the target group (44 percent) and 21 in the control group (40 percent) had dramatic clinical recovery (P=0.7). At three months, 22 of 53 patients in the target group who were eligible for follow-up analysis (42 percent) and 14 of 49 in the control group (29 percent) had favorable outcomes (as indicated by a score of 0 to 1 on the modified Rankin scale) (P=0.20).


CONCLUSIONS
In patients with acute ischemic stroke, continuous transcranial Doppler augments t-PA-induced arterial recanalization, with a nonsignificant trend toward an increased rate of recovery from stroke, as compared with placebo.
Alexandrov
Andrei V
AV
Stroke Treatment Team, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston 77030, USA. avalexandrov@att.net
Molina
Carlos A
CA
Grotta
James C
JC
Garami
Zsolt
Z
Ford
Shiela R
SR
Alvarez-Sabin
Jose
J
Montaner
Joan
J
Saqqur
Maher
M
Demchuk
Andrew M
AM
Moyé
Lemuel A
LA
Hill
Michael D
MD
Wojner
Anne W
AW
D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator