title: Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-blockers have been shown to decrease cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); however, some components of the metabolic syndrome are worsened by some beta-blockers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of beta-blockers with different pharmacological profiles on glycemic and metabolic control in participants with DM and hypertension receiving renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, in the context of cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (The Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol-Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensives [GEMINI]) conducted between June 1, 2001, and April 6, 2004, at 205 US sites that compared the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate on glycemic control. The 1235 participants were aged 36 to 85 years with hypertension (>130/80 mm Hg) and type 2 DM (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], 6.5%-8.5%) and were receiving RAS blockers. Participants were followed up for 35 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomized to receive a 6.25- to 25-mg dose of carvedilol (n = 498) or 50- to 200-mg dose of metoprolol tartrate (n = 737), each twice daily. Open-label hydrochlorothiazide and a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist were added, if needed, to achieve blood pressure target.
  
  
  METHODS
  Difference between groups in mean change from baseline HbA1c following 5 months of maintenance therapy. Additional prespecified comparisons included change from baseline HbA1c in individual treatment groups, treatment effect on insulin sensitivity, and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2 groups differed in mean change in HbA1c from baseline (0.13%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.22% to -0.04%; P = .004; modified intention-to-treat analysis). The mean (SD) HbA1c increased with metoprolol (0.15% [0.04%]; P<.001) but not carvedilol (0.02% [0.04%]; P = .65). Insulin sensitivity improved with carvedilol (-9.1%; P = .004) but not metoprolol (-2.0%; P = .48); the between-group difference was -7.2% (95% CI, -13.8% to -0.2%; P = .004). Blood pressure was similar between groups. Progression to microalbuminuria was less frequent with carvedilol than with metoprolol (6.4% vs 10.3%; odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-0.97; P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both beta-blockers were well tolerated; use of carvedilol in the presence of RAS blockade did not affect glycemic control and improved some components of the metabolic syndrome relative to metoprolol in participants with DM and hypertension. The effects of the 2 beta-blockers on clinical outcomes need to be compared in long-term clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill, USA.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bakris
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Katholi
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Franz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Messerli
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raskin
authors.forename: Jackson T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: David S H
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002227:Carbazoles; D000077261:Carvedilol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008790:Metoprolol; D011412:Propanolamines