title: The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia after a nine month naturalistic randomized trial comparing olanzapine with conventional treatment for schizophrenia and related disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of olanzapine versus conventional neuroleptic therapy among subjects with schizophrenia on ratings of tardive dyskinesia (TD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The naturalistic study was conducted in three psychiatric hospitals in Brazil. Patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders (DSMIV) and with a BPRS score>24. Patients were evaluated by means of the PANSS scale for symptomatology (Kay et al. 1986), the Clinical Global Impression, The UKU side effect rating scale (Lingjaerde et al. 1987), and the Tardive Dyskinesia AIMS scale (Guy et al. 1976). Patients were seen by the treating physician routinely while hospitalized and then monthly on an out-patient basis. All scale assessments were repeated after 9 months of discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was comprised of 190 patients (99 in the olanzapine and 91 in the standard treatment), with a completion rate of 88.2% for olanzapine and 84.9% for the conventional treatment (p=0.385, n. s.). The mean change from baseline in the PANSS total score favored olanzapine regarding negative symptoms (2.3, 95% C. I. 0.6-4.1, p<0.001); and general psychopathology (4.0, 95% C.I. 0.8-7.2, p<0.02) factors. TD was defined by applying Morgenstern & Glazer (1993) and Schooler & Kane (1982) criteria, on the basis of the AIMS scale. Both results favored olanzapine at the end of the follow-up (Morgenstern & Glazer: 25.6% versus 56.3%; Schooler & Kane: 16.3% versus 45.2%). At the end of the follow-up, by using the overall rating of the AIMS scale, the presence of TD was 2.3% for olanzapine (2/87), and 16.7% (12/72) for the conventional treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this open label naturalistic trial showed that olanzapine had an impact on negative symptoms, decreased general psychopathology and reduced the risk of tardive dyskinesia.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Rua Botucatu, 740, CEP 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil. mari@psiquiatria.epm.br
authors.forename: Jair
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jesus Mari
authors.forename: Mauricio S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Anna Niccolai
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Neusa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alexandrino
authors.forename: Salomao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Filho
authors.forename: Irismar Reis
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Tollefson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003710:Demography; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D000077152:Olanzapine; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077152:Olanzapine