title: Characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with potency to recognize PSA bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have been used to differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Detecting PSA bound to endogenous inhibitors such as alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) is often difficult because of epitope masking or sensitivity problems. Here we report the characterization of four novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) obtained by immunization with PSA-alpha(2)M complexes. Their ability to detect free PSA and PSA-inhibitor complexes was shown, and their epitopes were analyzed by phage display technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The properties of the mabs were studied by competition and sandwich assays and by Western blotting. Epitope mapping was performed by screening of a phage display peptide library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four mabs recognized free PSA, PSA-ACT, and PSA-alpha(2)M complexes, but to various degrees. With different combinations of mabs in competition experiments, antibodies were identified that enhance binding of other mabs to PSA, forming the molecular basis of a very sensitive assay for the detection of PSA and PSA-ACT complexes. Mabs with highest reactivity for PSA-alpha(2)M were selected to establish an immunoassay for that complex. Western blot analysis revealed that all mabs recognized conformational epitopes of PSA. These findings were supported by phage display results demonstrating mimotopes in the PSA molecule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here could aid in the further development of clinically relevant assays for PSA and PSA-alpha(2)M complexes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 16, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Usbeck
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cott
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schott
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tornack
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: Andualem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mossie
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birkenmeier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000939:Epitopes; D005260:Female; D007118:Immunoassay; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008958:Models, Molecular; D019151:Peptide Library; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000939:Epitopes; D019151:Peptide Library; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen