title: 193-nm excimer laser-induced fluorescence detection of fluoroquinolones in rabbit corneas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the 193-nm excimer laser-induced fluorescence of fluoroquinolone-treated cadaver rabbit corneas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to ablation with a commercially available ophthalmic excimer laser (Nidek EC-5000; Nidek Technologies, Pasadena, Calif), 35 cadaver rabbit corneas were treated with topical sterile balanced salt solution, 0.3% tobramycin sulfate, or the fluoroquinolones-0.3% ofloxacin, 0.5% levofloxacin, 0.3% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, or 0.3% gatifloxacin. The fluorescence generated from each ablated corneal layer was measured and used to identify the presence of antibiotic. This was achieved by training a partial least-squares model to discriminate between the fluorescence spectra of antibiotic-treated and antibiotic-free (healthy) cornea. Antibiotic concentrations down to 0.06 microg/mL were detected with high accuracy. Assuming a constant ablation rate of 0.3 microm per laser pulse, the number of corneal layers ablated to reach antibiotic-free cornea is used to calculate the penetration depth of the antibiotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD penetration to a detectable depth was as follows: 0.3% ofloxacin, 7.1 +/- 3.0 microm; 0.5% levofloxacin, 6.7 +/- 1.4 microm; 0.3% ciprofloxacin, 1.2 +/- 0.6 microm; and 0.3% gatifloxacin, 7.0 +/- 1.9 microm. The penetration depth of 0.3% tobramycin could not be determined because its fluorescence spectrum overlapped with that of the native cornea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical administration of fluoroquinolone-containing solutions results in measurable differences in laser-induced corneal fluorescence. Under these experimental conditions, 0.3% ofloxacin, 0.5% levofloxacin, and 0.3% gatifloxacin all appear to penetrate the epithelium significantly more than 0.3% ciprofloxacin (P<.02). Clinical Relevance Monitoring of laser-induced fluorescence may be helpful in determining the penetration depths and concentrations of topically applied fluoroquinolones within the cornea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, USA. rchuck1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Roy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chuck
authors.forename: Ramez E N
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shehada
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taban
authors.forename: Tulaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tungsiripat
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Hebah N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Warren S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Grundfest
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McDonnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003315:Cornea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007834:Lasers; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones