Is premenstrual dysphoria a variant of panic disorder? A review.
Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and patients with panic disorder (PD) both experience high rates of panic attacks in laboratory panic provocation studies. Recently, this shared elevated rate of challenge-induced panic has received increasing attention. Researchers have suggested that PMDD and panic disorder may share a pathophysiological or psychobiological link. The purpose of this paper is to review the findings from PMDD challenge studies and the theories advanced to connect PMDD to panic disorder. Taken together, the results of the PMDD challenge studies confirm that agents that incite panic in PD patients do so as well in PMDD women. This shared elevated challenge-induced panic cannot be accounted for by explanations such as a history of PD in PMDD women. None of the physiological theories as currently expressed--suffocation false alarm, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholecystokinin--yet provides a compelling candidate to account for shared elevated challenge-induced panic in PD and PMDD patients. Psychological perspectives on panic emphasize that bodily sensations themselves can cause fear. Researchers have yet to apply several influential psychological approaches--conditioning, catastrophic misinterpretation, and anxiety sensitivity--to PMDD patients. Because psychological factors influence anxious responding in challenge studies, the search for the biological abnormality best accounting for PMDD panic might benefit from a reframing of the question to one that considers the psychological perspective as well.
Vickers
Kristin
K
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge MA 02138, USA. kristin@wjh.harvard.edu
McNally
Richard J
RJ
D000328:Adult; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
D002766:Cholecystokinin