title: Reliability and validity of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports the reliability and validity of the 13-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS). The SPS differs from similar scales by focusing on knowledge-based and production-based workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from administrative and medical claims databases and from a survey that incorporated the SPS, SF-36, and the Work Limitations Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent (7797) of employees responded. Cronbach's alpha (0.83) indicates adequate reliability. Factor analysis identified two underlying factors, "completing work" and "avoiding distraction." Knowledge-based workers load on "completing work" (alpha = 0.97), whereas production-based workers load on "avoiding distraction" (alpha = 0.98). There were significant and positive relationships between the SPS, SF-36, and Work Limitations Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SPS demonstrates a high degree of reliability and validity and may be ideal for employers who seek a single scale to measure health-related productivity in a diverse employee population.
authors.affiliation: USHH Outcomes Research and Management, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA. robin_turpin@merck.com
authors.forename: Robin S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ozminkowski
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sharda
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Billotti
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baase
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States