title: Adrenomedullin (AM) and AM receptor type 2 expression is up-regulated in prostate carcinomas (PC), and AM stimulates in vitro growth of a PC-derived cell line by enhancing proliferation and decreasing apoptosis rates.
abstract: Adrenomedullin (AM) is a hypotensive peptide, that acts via the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), whose interaction with the subtypes 2 and 3 of a family of receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) gives rise to two distinct AM receptors, named AM1 and AM2 receptors. AM derives from the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of pro(p)AM, the last step of which involves the conversion of the inactive AM to active AM by the peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxigenase (PAM). Compelling evidence suggests that AM, in addition to exerting its well-known regulatory action on blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance, also possesses a growth promoting effect in several normal and neoplastic tissues, including human prostate. Conventional reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated the expression of pAM, PAM, CRLR and RAMP(1-3) mRNAs in both prostate hyperplasias (PH) and carcinomas (PC), and semiquantitative PCR showed that pAM, PAM and RAMP3 mRNA expression was higher in PCs than PHs. Radioimmunoassay measured higher concentrations of immunoreactive AM in PCs than PHs. The expression of pAM, CRLR and RAMP1,2 mRNAs was also detected in the PC-derived cell lines PC-3 and DU-145, RAMP3 expression being restricted to the latter line. AM did not affect the growth rate (duplication time) of PC-3 cells, but it did significantly increase that of DU-145 cells. The growth promoting effect of AM was found to ensue from both the rise in the proliferation rate and the lowering in the apoptosis rate of DU-145 cells. These effects of AM were counteracted by the AM receptor antagonists CGRP(8-37) and AM(22-52), the former antagonist, which is more selective for AM2 than AM1 receptors, being more effective than the latter one. Both antagonists were per se able to induce a slow, but significant decrease in the basal growth rate of DU-145 cells by inhibiting proliferation and enhancing apoptosis, again CGRP(8-37) being more effective than AM(22-52). Taken together, our findings allow us to suggest that: i) endogenous AM system plays an important autocrine-paracrine growth promoting action in the human prostate, being possibly involved in the development of the malignant phenotype of epithelial cells; and ii) the tumor promoting effect of AM in the human prostate is mainly mediated by the AM2 receptor (CRLR/RAMP3) subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Section of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Padua, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzocchi
authors.forename: Ludwik K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Malendowicz
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziolkowska
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spinazzi
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rebuffat
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aragona
authors.forename: Eros
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrazzi
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Parnigotto
authors.forename: Gastone G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Nussdorfer
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D058265:Receptors, Adrenomedullin; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D058265:Receptors, Adrenomedullin; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D053607:Adrenomedullin