title: Assessment for chronic kidney disease service in high-risk patients at community health clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses significant public health concerns. Early identification and interventions can help prevent or slow progression to end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize CKD in high-risk indigent patients in a primary care setting and evaluate opportunities for pharmacists to work collaboratively with physicians to improve medication use and CKD patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 200 patients with diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension were reviewed by the clinical pharmacist. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance [Cl(cr)]) and urinalysis were used to identify and stage CKD according to published guidelines. Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations and blood pressures were recorded. The pharmacist evaluated medications for possible drug-related problems (DRPs), made therapeutic recommendations, and evaluated the acceptance rate by physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred nineteen patients met inclusion criteria, and a total of 68.9% met CKD criteria: stage 1, 16.0%; stage 2, 20.2%; stage 3, 25.2%; stage 4, 1.7%; stage 5, 0.8%; and not stageable, 5.0%. A total of 381 DRPs were identified, averaging 3.2 (1.7) per patient (range 0-11). The number of DRPs correlated with Cl(cr) (r = -0.25; p = 0.007). Therapeutic recommendations included change of drug, dose and/or interval adjustment of the current drug, discontinuation of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, additional laboratory monitoring, meeting goal blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin, adding renoprotective drug and/or low-dose aspirin, and nephrologist referral. Fewer than half (40.9%) of the recommendations were accepted or accepted with modifications, and an approximately equal percentage were not accepted by the physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD prevalence was high among the patients evaluated here. New guidelines are available to assist in managing CKD ambulatory patients. Pharmacist collaboration with physicians may optimize CKD screening in high-risk patients and improve medication usage.
authors.affiliation: Shands Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209-6511, USA. Harita_patel@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Harita R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pruchnicki
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008489:Medical Indigency; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical; D012307:Risk Factors