title: Prevalence of comorbid psychiatric illness and substance misuse in primary care in England and Wales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the annual period prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric illness and substance misuse among patients in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the general practice research database.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales, 1993-1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Registered patients at 230 general practices representing 3.1% of the population. A comorbid case was defined as one with both a psychiatric diagnosis and substance misuse diagnosis (not including alcohol or tobacco) within a calendar year. A potentially chronic comorbid case was one that met this definition and, in addition, was treated in subsequent years for either a psychiatric condition or substance misuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual period prevalence of comorbidity increased from 50/100 000 patient years of exposure (PYE) to 80/100 000 PYE, an increase of 62% during the study period. Rates of comorbid psychoses, comorbid schizophrenia, and comorbid paranoia increased by 147%, 128%, and 144%. The average age of comorbid cases decreased from 38 years to 34 years. Over 80% of comorbid cases were newly diagnosed in each study year, although many are treated in subsequent years for either psychiatric illness or substance misuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides data on the nature and extent of comorbidity in primary care in England and Wales. As the comorbidity rate is increasing by about 10% each year, and as comorbid cases are becoming younger, it is probable that the comorbidity rate will have increased beyond the study end point.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicines Management, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. m.frisher@keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frisher
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Millson
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crome
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology