title: YC-1 [3-(5'-Hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl Indazole] exhibits a novel antiproliferative effect and arrests the cell cycle in G0-G1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: This study delineates the antiproliferative activities and in vivo efficacy of YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole] in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. YC-1 inhibited the growth of HA22T and Hep3B cells in a concentration-dependent manner without significant cytotoxicity. YC-1 induced G(1) phase arrest in the cell cycle, as detected by an increase in the proportion of cells in the G(1) phase using FAC-Scan flow cytometric analysis. It was further shown that cGMP, p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, or AKT kinase-mediated signaling pathways did not contribute to the YC-1-induced effect. Of note, YC-1 induced a dramatic increase in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitory protein, p21(CIP1/WAP1), and a modest increase in p27(KIP1). The association of p21(CIP1/WAP1) with CDK2 was markedly increased in cells responsive to YC-1. YC-1 did not modify the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, or CDK4. In a corollary in vivo study, YC-1 induced dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in mice inoculated with HA22T cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an inverse relationship between the staining of p21(CIP1/WAF) and the staining of Ki-67, a cell proliferation marker. Based on the results reported herein, we suggest that YC-1 induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo via the up-regulation of p21(CIP1/WAP1) expression in HA22T cells. Because of this, YC-1 is a potential antitumor agent worthy of further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacological Institutes, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Road, Sect. 1, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shiow-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jih-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Guh
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dong-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ya-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sheng-Chu
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Fang-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Che-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Teng
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007191:Indazoles; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; C090937:3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D006152:Cyclic GMP