title: Ocular manifestations of dengue fever.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate ocular manifestations associated with dengue fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series and literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of patients with dengue fever who subsequently had ocular symptoms and signs develop were reviewed. The clinical presentation and ocular complications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients, 5 females and 1 male, were seen with a sudden decrease in vision 6 to 7 days after the initial manifestations of dengue fever were identified. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of dengue-specific IgM antibodies (IgM enzyme-linked immunoassay). The presenting best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to counting fingers, and ocular involvement was bilateral but asymmetric in 5 cases and unilateral in 1 case. Fundus findings included small, intraretinal, whitish lesions, with localized retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disturbance, small dot hemorrhages, and vascular sheathing around the macula and the papillomacular bundle. Fluorescein angiography showed arteriolar focal knobby hyperfluorescence at the macula with mild staining of the vascular walls and leakage at the level of the RPE. All 5 cases that had indocyanine green angiography done showed early diffuse choroidal hyperfluorescence with late silhouetting of the larger choroidal vessels. Five patients received steroid therapy: 1 topical, 2 periocular, and 2 oral. Over 2 to 4 months, RPE discoloration was observed over the affected areas. After the acute episode, 3 patients showed partial recovery of vision, and in the remaining patients, the visual acuity remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular complications associated with dengue fever are rare but may result in permanent visual impairment.
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wee-Kiak
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ranjana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Soon-Phaik
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D003715:Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007208:Indocyanine Green