title: Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mercury has been suggested to have negative effects on cardiovascular health. We investigated the effects of high mercury content in hair on the risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men from eastern Finland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population-based prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) cohort of 1871 Finnish men aged 42 to 60 years and free of previous coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke at baseline was used. During an average follow-up time of 13.9 years, 282 acute coronary events and 132 cardiovascular disease (CVD), 91 CHD, and 525 all-cause deaths occurred. Men in the highest third of hair mercury content (>2.03 microg/g) had an adjusted 1.60-fold (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.06) risk of acute coronary event, 1.68-fold (95% CI, 1.15 to 2.44) risk of CVD, 1.56-fold (95% CI, 0.99 to 2.46) risk of CHD, and 1.38-fold (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.66) risk of any death compared with men in the lower two thirds. High mercury content in hair also attenuated the protective effects of high-serum docosahexaenoic acid plus docosapentaenoic acid concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High content of mercury in hair may be a risk factor for acute coronary events and CVD, CHD, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged eastern Finnish men. Mercury may also attenuate the protective effects of fish on cardiovascular health.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. jyrki.virtanen@uku.fi
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.forename: Tiina H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mursu
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.forename: Maarit J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Veli-Pekka
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Valkonen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: Jari A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005387:Finland; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D008628:Mercury; C026219:docosapentaenoic acid