title: An RCT pilot study to test the effects of intravenous midazolam as a conscious sedation technique for anxious children requiring dental treatment--an alternative to general anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To add to the evidence base for acceptable and effective paediatric conscious sedation techniques in dental primary care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare three conscious sedation techniques for primary care as an alternative to dental general anaesthesia (DGA) in children. To assess the feasibility and practicality of running the trial in general dental practice. To form the basis for sample size calculations and assess scales of measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single centre, randomised control trial (RCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Queensway Anxiety Management Clinic (QAMC). A primary care based general and referral dental practice for the management of anxious patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty five children too anxious for management with relative analgesia, requiring invasive dental procedure for which dental general anaesthesia (DGA) will be required if an alternative cannot be found.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 (n = 20) - A combination of inhaled medical air and titrated intravenous midazolam. Group 2 (n = 22) - A combination of inhaled 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen and titrated intravenous midazolam. Group 3 (n = 23) - A combination of an inhaled mixture of 0.3% sevoflurane and 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen with titrated intravenous midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Successful completion of the intended dental treatment with a child who is co-operative and responsive to verbal commands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty per cent (ten children) successfully completed treatment in Group 1, 73% (16 children) in Group 2 and 83% (19 children) in Group 3. This difference was not significant at a 5% level (chi(2) = 5.53, df = 2, P = 0.07) Of the total of 20 failures, eight children in Group 1 and one child in Group 2 were successfully treated with the addition of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Only two children required referral to a hospital setting for DGA and the remaining nine children were managed with an alternative conscious sedation technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot shows that intravenous midazolam especially in combination with the addition of inhaled nitrous oxide or sevoflurane and nitrous oxide were promising safe and effective techniques, sufficient to justify progression to a definitive RCT with appropriate methods.
authors.affiliation: Principal Dentist, Principal Investigator, Queensway Anxiety Management Clinic, 170 Queensway, Billingham. paul@averly.com
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Averley
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Girdler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam