title: Vasopressor and inotropic support in septic shock: an evidence-based review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2003, critical care and infectious disease experts representing 11 international organizations developed management guidelines for vasopressor and inotropic support in septic shock that would be of practical use for the bedside clinician, under the auspices of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, an international effort to increase awareness and to improve outcome in severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The process included a modified Delphi method, a consensus conference, several subsequent smaller meetings of subgroups and key individuals, teleconferences, and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee.
  
  
  METHODS
  The modified Delphi methodology used for grading recommendations built on a 2001 publication sponsored by the International Sepsis Forum. We undertook a systematic review of the literature graded along five levels to create recommendation grades from A to E, with A being the highest grade. Pediatric considerations to contrast adult and pediatric management are in the article by Parker et al. on p. S591.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An arterial catheter should be placed as soon as possible in patients with septic shock. Vasopressors are indicated to maintain mean arterial pressure of <65 mm Hg, both during and following adequate fluid resuscitation. Norepinephrine or dopamine are the vasopressors of choice in the treatment of septic shock. Norepinephrine may be combined with dobutamine when cardiac output is being measured. Epinephrine, phenylephrine, and vasopressin are not recommended as first-line agents in the treatment of septic shock. Vasopressin may be considered for salvage therapy. Low-dose dopamine is not recommended for the purpose of renal protection. Dobutamine is recommended as the agent of choice to increase cardiac output but should not be used for the purpose of increasing cardiac output above physiologic levels.
authors.affiliation: Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Parrillo
mesh_terms: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002404:Catheterization; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000628:therapy*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine