title: Structure and content of chronic kidney disease information on the World Wide Web: barriers to public understanding of a pandemic.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pandemic and the need to inform those at risk has never been more important. The World Wide Web (WWW) is no w considered a key source of health information, but the quality and utility of this information has been challenged. In this article, we assess structural, content, and linguistic barriers to accessed CKD information and discuss the implications of limited Internet access to communicating health. Technical (number of hyperlinks), content (number of six core CKD and risk factor information domains included), and linguistic (readability and variation in readability) barriers were assessed for websites offered by 12 kidney disease associations. The Flesch Reading Ease Index method was used to estimate readability scores, and variation in the readability of information was assessed. Eleven websites met inclusion criteria. Six of 11 websites provided information in all 6 domains of CKD information. A mean of 4 hyperlinks (range 3-5) was clicked before CKD information was available and a mean of 6 hyperlinks (range 4-12) was clicked to access all available CKD information. Mean readability scores for all six domains of CKD information exceeded national average literacy skills and far exceeded the 5th grade level readability desired for informing vulnerable populations. Information about CKD and diabetes consistently had higher readability scores. The WWW currently has little utility for informing populations at greatest risk for CKD. Barriers to accessing CKD information on the WWW are socioeconomic, technical, and linguistic. Having lower socioeconomic status, less access to computers and the WWW, multiple website hyperlinks, incomplete information, difficult readability, and significant variation in readability of CKD information on the WWW are social, structural, and content barriers to communicating CKD information. This may contribute to the growing epidemics of diminished public understanding about CKD, and disparities in CKD health status experienced by racial/ethnic minority populations globally.
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine & Science, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calderón
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zadshir
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D003197:Computer Literacy; D004522:Educational Status; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019146:Hypermedia / Q000592:standards; D015994:Incidence; D007255:Information Services / Q000592:standards*; D020407:Internet / Q000592:standards*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology