title: Dioxygenases without requirement for cofactors and their chemical model reaction: compulsory order ternary complex mechanism of 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase involving general base catalysis by histidine 251 and single-electron oxidation of the substrate dianion.
abstract: 1H-3-Hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase (Hod) is a cofactor-less dioxygenase belonging to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family, catalyzing the cleavage of 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine (I) and 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline (II) to N-acetyl- and N-formylanthranilate, respectively, and carbon monoxide. Bisubstrate steady-state kinetics and product inhibition patterns of HodC, the C69A protein variant of Hod, suggested a compulsory-order ternary-complex mechanism, in which binding of the organic substrate precedes dioxygen binding, and carbon monoxide is released first. The specificity constants, k(cat)/K(m,A) and k(cat)/K(m,O)()2, were 1.4 x 10(8) and 3.0 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) with I and 1.2 x 10(5) and 0.41 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) with II, respectively. Whereas HodC catalyzes formation of the dianion of its organic substrate prior to dioxygen binding, HodC-H251A does not, suggesting that H251, which aligns with the histidine of the catalytic triad of the alpha/beta hydrolases, acts as general base in catalysis. Investigation of base-catalyzed dioxygenolysis of I by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed formation of a resonance-stabilized radical upon exposure to dioxygen. Since in D(2)O spectral properties are not affected, exchangeable protons are not involved, confirming that the dianion is the reactive intermediate that undergoes single-electron oxidation. We suggest that in the ternary complex of the enzyme, direct single-electron transfer from the substrate dianion to dioxygen may occur, resulting in a radical pair. Based on the estimated spin distribution within the radical anion (observed in the model reaction of I), radical recombination may produce a C4- or C2-hydroperoxy(di)anion. Subsequent intramolecular attack would result in the 2,4-endoperoxy (di)anion that may collapse to the reaction products.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frerichs-Deeken
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranguelova
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kappl
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hüttermann
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fetzner
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000235:genetics; D000693:Anaerobiosis / Q000235:genetics; D001173:Arthrobacter / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004583:Electrons; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D011798:Quinaldines / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D011798:Quinaldines; D006639:Histidine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C101932:1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase (decyclizing, CO-forming); D049308:Dioxygenases; D000409:Alanine; D010100:Oxygen