title: Prognosis of patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy: long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the prognostic factors that affect recurrence and survival in patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1972 and 1999, 1,936 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically organ confined prostate cancer. A total of 235 patients (12.1%) were found to have disease metastatic to the lymph nodes (stage D1). Of the patients 69% received no adjuvant treatment. We reviewed the tumor stage (TNM), Gleason score, number and percent of involved lymph nodes (lymph node density), preoperative prostate specific antigen when available and adjuvant treatment. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Followup was 1 to 24 years (median 11.4). Overall median survival was 15 years. Overall clinical recurrence-free survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 80%, 65% and 58%, respectively. Patients who had 1 or 2 positive lymph nodes had a clinical recurrence-free survival of 70% and 73% at 10 years, respectively, vs 49% in those who had 5 or more involved lymph nodes (p = 0.0031). When stratified by lymph node density, patients with a lymph node density of 20% or greater were at higher risk for clinical recurrence compared to those with a density of less than 20% (relative risk = 2.32, p <0.0001). On stratified log rank test only prostate cancer T stage, and the number and percent of positive lymph nodes correlated with recurrence-free and overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local tumor bulk and the number/percent of involved lymph nodes significantly affect disease progression and the survival rate. Radical prostatectomy may offer long-term survival in patients who have limited tumor bulk and nodal involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
authors.forename: Marcus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lieskovsky
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinski
authors.forename: Eila C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors