title: Behavioural endocrine immune-conditioned response is induced by taste and superantigen pairing.
abstract: Administration of bacterial superantigen, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), induces in vivo stimulation of T cell proliferation and cytokine production such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). It has been previously reported that SEB administration induces fever, c-Fos expression in the brain, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, demonstrating that the brain is able to sense and respond to SEB. Previously it had been shown that immune functions can be behaviourally conditioned pairing a novel gustatory stimulus together with an immunomodulatory drug or an antigen. We designed an experimental protocol using Dark Agouti rats in which saccharin taste, as conditioned stimulus, was paired with an i.p. injection of SEB (2 mg/kg), as unconditioned stimulus. Six days later, when conditioned animals were re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus they displayed strong conditioned taste avoidance to the saccharin. More importantly, re-exposure to the conditioned stimulus significantly increased IL-2, interferon-gamma and corticosterone plasma levels, in comparison with conditioned animals which had not been re-exposed to saccharin taste. These results demonstrate a behavioural-immune-endocrine conditioned response using a superantigen as unconditioned stimulus. In addition, they illustrate the brain abilities to mimic the unconditioned effects of a superantigen by yet unknown mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, IG-1, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. gustavo-pacheco@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacheco-López
authors.forename: M-B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Härting
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Rey
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Besedovsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D012439:Saccharin; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D012439:Saccharin; D003345:Corticosterone