title: Who reports insomnia? Relationships with age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic deprivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of self-reported insomnia symptoms among Mâori (indigenous people) and non-Mâori adults in the general population of New Zealand. To explore the possible links between insomnia symptoms and ethnicity, gender, age, employment status and socio-economic deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mail-out survey to a stratified random sample of 4,000 people aged 20 to 59 years, selected from the electoral roll.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide survey of New Zealand adults (72.5% response rate).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample design aimed for equal numbers of Mâori and non-Mâori participants, men and women, and participants in each decade of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Population prevalence estimates indicated that self-reported insomnia symptoms and sleeping problems were higher among Mâori than non-Mâori. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified unemployment and socioeconomic deprivation as being strongly associated to all insomnia symptoms and to reporting a sleeping problem lasting more than 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic factors and ethnicity are significant independent predictors of reported insomnia symptoms. This finding has important implications for the provision of treatment services to those most in need.
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Research School of Public Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. s.j.paine@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Sarah-Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Philippa H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gander
authors.forename: Ricci
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Papaarangi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires