title: Protective effects of 17beta-estradiol and trivalent chromium on interleukin-6 secretion, oxidative stress, and adhesion of monocytes: relevance to heart disease in postmenopausal women.
abstract: Postmenopausal diabetic women are at greater risk for heart disease compared with men of similar age and with other risk factors. We examined the hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol and trivalent chromium inhibit secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and oxidative stress in monocytes exposed to high glucose (HG). U937 human monocytes were cultured with HG (30 mM) with and without 17beta-estradiol (0-1000 nM) and chromium chloride (Cr(3+), 0-10 muM) at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Results show that 17beta-estradiol inhibits IL-6 and adhesion to endothelial cells (p <. 05) by HG-treated monocytes. Treatment with 17beta-estradiol+Cr(3+) required a significantly lower dose of estradiol-17beta compared with 17beta-estradiol alone for IL-6 inhibition. 17beta-Estradiol+Cr(3+) also inhibited lipid peroxidation and the adhesivity to human endothelial cells in HG-treated monocytes. Thus, 17beta-estradiol+Cr(3+) inhibits oxidative stress, IL-6 secretion, and monocytic adhesion to endothelial cells, risk factors in the development of heart disease. The female body requires E but studies on some patients indicate side effects with increased amounts of 17beta-estradiol-supplementation. The potential benefit of a lower estrogen dose in combination with chromium is novel and needs to be explored in postmenopausal diabetic women.
authors.affiliation: Caddo Magnet High School, 1601 Viking Drive, Shreveport, LA 71101, USA.
authors.forename: Sumati K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rogier
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prouty
authors.forename: Sushil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017698:Postmenopause; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002712:Chlorides; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D015850:Interleukin-6; D004958:Estradiol; C017133:chromous chloride; D005947:Glucose