title: Skeletal morbidity in men with prostate cancer: quality-of-life considerations throughout the continuum of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With current treatments, men usually survive many years after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, without supportive care, the systemic effects of prostate cancer and therapies such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can undermine skeletal integrity, resulting in skeletal complications that may erode quality of life (QOL). Prostate cancer patients are at risk for fractures from cancer treatment-induced bone loss. In addition, they are also at risk for pathologic fractures, severe bone pain, and other sequelae from bone metastases, which almost invariably occur during the progression of prostate cancer. This review investigates the incidence and pathophysiology of bone loss and skeletal morbidity in prostate cancer patients and reviews available treatment options for maintaining skeletal health throughout the continuum of care for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified through MEDLINE searches, review of bibliographies of relevant articles, and review of abstracts from national meetings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several supportive care options are available to prevent generalized and localized bone loss, including calcium and vitamin D supplements and bisphosphonates. Oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation alone, however, appears to be insufficient to prevent bone loss during ADT. Zoledronic acid administered every 3 months during ADT or every 3 to 4 weeks for patients with bone metastases can reverse bone loss and reduce skeletal morbidity, respectively, in patients with prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal complications contribute to the erosion of QOL in prostate cancer patients. Palliative care can provide important benefits to these patients. Some agents, such as zoledronic acid, may provide skeletal health benefits throughout the course of prostate cancer progression. Further investigations of the QOL impact of these benefits are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, 1560 Rue Sherbrooke East, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1. fred.saad@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Claude C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schulman
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011788:Quality of Life