title: Green vegetables, red meat and colon cancer: chlorophyll prevents the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of haem in rat colon.
abstract: Diets high in red meat and low in green vegetables are associated with increased colon cancer risk. This association might be partly due to the haem content of red meat. In rats, dietary haem is metabolized in the gut to a cytotoxic factor that increases colonic cytotoxicity and epithelial proliferation. Green vegetables contain chlorophyll, a magnesium porphyrin structurally analogous to haem. We studied whether green vegetables inhibit the unfavourable colonic effects of haem. First, rats were fed a purified control diet or purified diets supplemented with 0.5 mmol haem/kg, spinach (chlorophyll concentration 1.2 mmol/kg) or haem plus spinach (n = 8/group) for 14 days. In a second experiment we also studied a group that received haem plus purified chlorophyll (1.2 mmol/kg). Cytotoxicity of faecal water was determined with a bioassay and colonic epithelial cell proliferation was quantified in vivo by [methyl-(3)H]thymidine incorporation into newly synthesized DNA. Exfoliation of colonocytes was measured as the amount of rat DNA in faeces. In both studies haem increased cytotoxicity of the colonic contents approximately 8-fold and proliferation of the colonocytes almost 2-fold. Spinach or an equimolar amount of chlorophyll supplement in the haem diet inhibited these haem effects completely. Haem clearly inhibited exfoliation of colonocytes, an effect counteracted by spinach and chlorophyll. Finally, size exclusion chromatography showed that chlorophyll prevented formation of the cytotoxic haem metabolite. We conclude that green vegetables may decrease colon cancer risk because chlorophyll prevents the detrimental, cytotoxic and hyperproliferative colonic effects of dietary haem.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Health Programme, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vogel
authors.forename: Denise S M L
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jonker-Termont
authors.forename: Esther M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: Martijn B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Katan
authors.forename: Roelof
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Meer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D006418:Heme