title: Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Increasing importance of radiotherapy as a part of the therapy approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) has changed dramatically during the last decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a review article, prospective randomized and retrospective studies of different treatment options of DCIS are evaluated to define the new role of radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Until a few years ago, total mastectomy was the standard treatment of DCIS achieving a 95-98% cure rate. Three randomized studies show that adjuvant radiotherapy following local excision significantly reduces the rate of invasive and noninvasive recurrences by 40-60%, thus making breast conservation possible. Retrospective studies evaluated prognostic factors (tumor size; age; margin width, presence of necrosis; grading) in order to define subgroups of patients whom adjuvant radiotherapy can be safely spared. Adequately excised tumors with favorable grading and not associated with necrosis are potential candidates. Further evaluation in prospective randomized studies is, however, required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy is an essential part of breast-conserving treatment of DCIS to achieve sufficient local control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. rainer.fietkau@med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fietkau
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D044584:Carcinoma, Ductal / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome