Turbulent waiting: rural families experiencing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
OBJECTIVE
To explore how rural families understand and manage the chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) experience.


METHODS
Qualitative, inductive approach using family interviews.


METHODS
Family homes in a rural community in the midwestern United States.


METHODS
A convenience sample (7 families [21 people] who had a family member experiencing CIN) recruited from a regional cancer treatment center.


METHODS
Semistructured family interviews that were recorded on audiotape occurred along with constant, comparative analysis over 12 months. An interdisciplinary research team analyzed the transcribed data using grounded theory methodology.


METHODS
The family experience of CIN.


RESULTS
An overall family process of turbulent waiting with intensified connections was revealed. Families in the study experienced a sense of vulnerability in response to the diagnosis of CIN. Intensified connections existed within and beyond the families to nurses, physicians, and community members, emphasizing the value of relationships for rural families and highlighting trust in their care providers. Waiting for chemotherapy to resume created a sense of turbulence, an unsettling time described by families as "being on a roller coaster" or "dangling." To manage the period of waiting and protect the neutropenic patient, families developed family caring strategies, including inquiry, vigilance, and balancing. The process of turbulent waiting with intensified connections led families to a reframed family integrity that included an expanded capacity for caring and protecting.


CONCLUSIONS
Rural families understand and manage CIN in a context of vulnerability. The threat posed by cancer is heightened by CIN. Family waiting is a rich, interactive process by which families reemphasize relationships to manage neutropenia and is a process that healthcare professionals should acknowledge.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest the need for further investigation of family caring strategies and for the development of family-level assessment measures in the instance of CIN. Findings contribute to theory development regarding family cancer care and suggest a need to develop an intervention protocol constructed from the perspective of a family-professional partnership.
Krunwiede
Norma K
NK
School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, USA. norma.krumwiede@mnsu.edu
Meiers
Sonja J
SJ
Eggenberger
Sandra
S
Murray
Shirley
S
Bliesmer
Mary
M
Earle
Patricia
P
Andros
Dave
D
Harman
Glenn
G
Rydholm
Karl
K
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012424:Rural Population
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents