title: Three-dimensional facial imaging: accuracy and considerations for clinical applications in orthodontics.
abstract: This study determined the accuracy of a camera system capable of recording three-dimensional facial images. A Rainbow 3D Camera Model 250 system (Genex Technologies Inc, Kensington, Md) was used to capture images of specific models: (1) a precalibrated precision model and (2) a mannequin model that served to simulate the human condition. To assess the accuracy of the camera system, repeated images of both models were recorded at two time points, one week apart. Repeated measurements of specific distances were recorded directly on the models and from each image. Means and standard deviations were calculated for all the repeated measurements at each time point. A two-tailed t-test was used to test for significant differences between (1) each distance measured directly on the precision model and the same distance measured on the images of the precision model, (2) each distance measured directly on the mannequin and the same distance measured on the images of the mannequin, and (3) the mean differences between the same distances measured at the two times. The findings showed that substantial image distortion occurred when images of sharp angles (90 degrees) were captured. Also, those images captured from the frontal perspective +/- 15 degrees were the most accurate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jang Yeol
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Carroll-Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trotman
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008348:Manikins; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data