title: Contemporary diagnostic and management techniques for extraesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of extraesophageal reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most patients, the diagnosis of extraesophageal reflux relies on history and laryngoscopic exam. The reliability and reproducibility of reporting these measures may be improved with validated symptom questionnaires and standardized scoring of physical exam findings. Though dual probe pH monitoring has been the gold standard for diagnosis, it does not measure non-acid reflux events. Intraluminal impedance monitoring has the capability of measuring all esophageal reflux events (liquid, solid, gas) and may be useful in the diagnosis of non-acid reflux. Proton pump inhibitors have replaced histamine receptor antagonists as the mainstay of treatment for extraesophageal reflux. Histamine receptor antagonists are used predominantly for nocturnal acid breakthrough, or step-down therapy. Promotility and cytoprotective agents are used less commonly. Baclofen is currently being evaluated for its ability to decrease the incidence of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reduce post-prandial acid and non-acid reflux events. For individuals refractory to medical therapy, laparoscopic fundoplication techniques have proven efficacy in relieving some symptoms; the long-term benefit is not yet known. There is yet no established data on the effects of endoluminal therapies on extraesophageal reflux symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of extraesophageal reflux for most patients relies on history and laryngoscopic exam. The diagnosis can be further verified by dual probe pH and impedance monitoring. Proton pump inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment. Laparoscopic fundoplication is proven to relieve symptoms, but there is yet no data on the effects of endoluminal therapies on extraesophageal reflux symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Tanya K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merati
mesh_terms: D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D001418:Baclofen