title: Family characteristics and smoking among urban and rural adolescents living in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescent smoking is a public health concern in China. Although the family is an important social influence in China, few associations among family characteristics and adolescent smoking have been examined using Chinese samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data on psychosocial variables and smoking were collected from a sample of 3629 7th grade adolescents (46% female; 54% male; mean age 12.7 years) in Wuhan, China. For adolescents, past 30-day smoking, family relationships, parents' negative sanctioning of smoking, parents' agreement with smoking, and parents' smoking behaviors are assessed. To account for the clustered data structure, hierarchical logistic regression analyses controlling for demographics (urbanization, age) examined the independent and multivariate effects of family characteristics for each gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls are less likely than boys to report smoking and are more likely to report positive family relationships, and having parents with negative attitudes toward them smoking. Positive family relationships and age were strongly associated with smoking for both genders. No significant differences exist by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the quality of family relationships are important for adolescent female and male smoking in China.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USA. shakib@usc.edu
authors.forename: Sohaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakib
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Xinguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jie
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population