title: The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.
abstract: Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Here we review emerging key properties of different forms of macrophage activation and polarization (M1, M2a, M2b, M2c), which represent extremes of a continuum. In particular, recent evidence suggests that differential modulation of the chemokine system integrates polarized macrophages in pathways of resistance to, or promotion of, microbial pathogens and tumors, or immunoregulation, tissue repair and remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Eccellenza per l'Innovazione Diagnostica e Terapeutica (IDET), Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, I-20157 Milan, Italy. mantovani@narionegri.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sozzani
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allavena
authors.forename: Annunciata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vecchi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locati
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine