title: Epidermal powder immunization against influenza.
abstract: Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) can efficiently deliver powdered protein vaccines to the epidermis. A phase I clinical trial was conducted to evaluate powdered trivalent influenza vaccine delivered using the PowderJect ND5.2 delivery system. Subjects received either Fluvirin IM injection (15 microg of each influenza strain), a single EPI vaccination (15 microg of each influenza strain) or two adjacent EPI (total of 30 microg of each influenza strain). Systemic reactogenicity was similar between control and EPI vaccines. Site reactions following EPI were primarily mild and self-limiting. Seroconversions, titer increases and geometric mean titers to all strains were equivalent or higher in EPI-immunized groups than in controls. Powdered influenza vaccine delivered by EPI is safe and elicits humoral immune responses in humans.
authors.affiliation: PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA. hansidean@aol.com
authors.forename: Hansi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Dexiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011208:Powders / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011208:Powders; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D014764:Viral Proteins