title: Effects of artificial obstruction on the function of the upper urinary tract of Guinea pigs, rats and pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Four different experiments in animals were performed to evaluate the influence of pyelo-ureteral surgery on the function of the upper urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiment I: In 17 female guinea pigs pyelo-ureteral anastomosis was performed microsurgically. Three months later, the ureteral peristalsis was investigated by measuring the intraureteral pressure and the in vitro activity of the renal pelvic and ureteric wall was analysed. Experiment II: 10 rats were used for microsurgical uretero-ureteral anastomosis. One month after surgery the pyelo-ureteral peristalsis was examined by videomicroscopy while simultaneously measuring the renal pelvic and intravesical pressure. Subsequently the kidneys were removed for histological examination. Experiment III: In 2 pigs unilateral pyeloplasty was performed. Using an implanted transmitter the intravesical and the renal pelvic pressures were recorded continuously over a time interval of 3 months. Five months after surgery the pyelo-ureteral peristalsis was investigated by pyelography. The kidneys were then removed for histological and biomechanical examinations. Experiment IV: A partial artificial obstruction was performed in 16 guinea pigs by implanting the ureter into the psoas muscle. Two to six months following surgery their upper urinary tracts were removed for analysis of in vitro activity as well as histological and immunohistochemical investigations of the ureter and renal pelvis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiment I: Ultrasound investigation showed in all cases a significant dilation of the renal pelvis. The ureteral contraction frequency distally was decreased in vivo as well as in vitro (p <0.05) compared with the controls. Experiment II: Videomicroscopic imaging showed in eight out of nine cases an interruption of the peristaltic wave below the anastomosis; the ureteral peristalsis was restored distally by ureteral contractions with a decreased frequency. Retroperistalsis was seen in the lower part of the ureter. The frequency of renal pelvic and ureteral contractions were decreased (p <0.05). Renal pelvic baseline pressure as well as contraction amplitude were irregularly changed. Histological examinations showed increased connective tissue within the renal pelvic wall in all cases. Experiment III: In both pigs an intermittent change in contraction frequency of the renal pelvis was found, associated with a changing contraction amplitude. Five months after surgery an interruption of the peristaltic wave was detected in both pigs. Histological examinations showed increased connective tissue within the renal pelvic wall. The stiffness of caliceal and pelvic tissue was lower following the pyeloplasty compared to the controls. Experiment IV: Following artificial partial ureteral obstruction in all guinea pigs the in vitro investigations showed an increased spontaneous activity of the upper urinary tract except in the proximal part of the ureter. Ureteral obstruction produced a change in contraction pattern of the proximal ureter and a decrease in contraction frequency of the distal ureter. Immunohistochemical investigations revealed rarefication and disorientation of nerve fibres within the proximal ureteric wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical interruption of the ureteral continuity and re-anastomosis cause a temporary disruption of the peristaltic wave at the anastomosis site. Ureteral peristalsis is restored by ureteral contractions associated with retroperistalsis as well as a decreased contraction frequency. Uretero-ureteral anastomosis in rats, pyelo-ureteral anastomosis in guinea pigs and pyeloplasty in pigs seem to influence the upper urinary tract similarly to a chronical functional obstruction, causing changes in pyelo-ureteral motility and spontaneous muscular activity of the renal pelvic and ureteral wall as well as biomechanical and histological characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany. bernd.tillig@vivantes.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tillig
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mutschke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rolle
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gaunitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asmussen
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Constantinou
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D010528:Peristalsis; D051381:Rats; D013552:Swine; D014513:Ureter / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*