title: Exploring the association of John Henry active coping and education on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence among Blacks in the USA.
abstract: Although smoking is used as a coping tool in response to stress and Blacks have been found to report smoking more in response to stress than Whites, little research exists that has examined ethno-culturally specific constructs of stress and coping as they relate to smoking behavior and nicotine dependence among Blacks in the USA. This study explored the association between the ethno-culturally interactively defined construct of John Henryism, as well as the individual contributions of John Henry active coping and education on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence in a relatively urban-Midwestern Black population. Self-identified Black patients (n = 146) who had previously received a clinical intervention for nicotine dependence were followed to assess smoking status and John Henry active coping. Results revealed that patients with low levels of education who had low levels of John Henry active coping reported higher nicotine dependence scores than any other education by John Henry active coping group. Furthermore, low levels of John Henry active coping were associated with the use of menthol cigarettes and lower-educational level was associated with smoking greater than 20 cigarettes per day. Further community-based studies examining this construct among Black smokers in various socio-cultural contexts are needed to clarify the association between John Henry active coping and socioeconomic status on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence among Blacks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, 103 College of Medicine Office Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. afern2@uky.edu
authors.forename: Anita F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fernander
authors.forename: Christi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Susanna R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Kay M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eberman
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hurt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population