title: Pain during injection of propofol: the effect of prior administration of ephedrine.
abstract: Propofol causes pain on intravenous injection in 28 to 90% of patients. A number of techniques have been tried to minimize propofol-induced pain, with variable results. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we compared the efficacy of ephedrine 30 microg/kg pretreatment to lignocaine 40 mg for prevention of propofol-induced pain. Ninety-three adult patients, ASA 1 and 2, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to three groups of 31 each. Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received lignocaine 2% (40 mg) and group 3 received 30 microg/kg ephedrine. All pretreatment drugs were made up to 2 ml. Pain at the time of propofol injection was assessed on a four-point scale: 0=no pain, 1 =mild pain, 2=moderate pain, and 3=severe pain. Twenty-seven patients (87%) of ephedrine pretreatment patients had pain during intravenous injection of propofol as compared to 24 (77%) in the normal saline group. In the lignocaine group, propofol-induced pain was observed in only 13 (42%) when compared with other study groups (P<0.05). Pretreatment with ephedrine 30 microg/kg did not attenuate pain associated with intravenous injection of propofol, nor did it improve haemodynamic stability during induction. However, pretreatment with 2% lignocaine (40 mg) was effective in attenuating propofol-associated pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhiraaj
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011336:Probability; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004809:Ephedrine; D015742:Propofol