title: Electrodynamic smooth muscle sphincter: development and biomechanical evaluation of a novel porcine artificial smooth muscle sphincter in a new in vitro stoma simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many authors have suggested that the activity of the enteric inhibitory nerves is important in regulating normal gastrointestinal motility and inducing smooth muscle relaxation. Hitherto, no experimental or clinical models exist that transfer these physiological aspects to creating an autologous artificial sphincter for the treatment of major incontinence. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the contractile and relaxant capacity of gastrointestinal muscle types and to investigate the efficiency of a novel smooth muscle sphincter, based on the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) receptive relaxation under electrical field stimulation (EFS).
  
  
  METHODS
  For the first step, the isometric tension from isolated circular porcine fundus and colon muscle strips was recorded during pharmacological stimulation (TTX, L-NNA and atropine) and EFS. As a result, a continent electrodynamic smooth muscle sphincter (ESMS) was created by wrapping a fundus muscle flap around an isolated segment of porcine distal colon. The EFS of the free nerve fibers of the flap was realized using a circular platinum wire electrode. Parameters such as threshold of continence, intra/preluminal pressure and fluid passage were analyzed in a newly designed in vitro stoma simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical field stimulation produced a maximal and voltage-dependent fundus relaxation to --12.4 mN/mm(2) (frequency of 40 Hz, pulse duration, train duration and voltage of 5 ms, 1 s and 60 mA respectively), which were abolished by N-nitro-L -arginine (L-NNA; 10(-4) M) in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that relaxant responses were mediated by NANC nerves. The results of eight ESMS showed that circular electrical stimulation of the muscle flap caused muscle relaxation with a concomitant and effective reduction in the occlusion pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NANC-induced relaxation mechanism of porcine fundus preparations could be transferred to an efficient smooth muscle sphincter with a high threshold of continence and electrically controlled defecation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. h.j.schrag@t-online.de
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karwath
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grub
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fragoza Padilla
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noack
authors.forename: U T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Hopt
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001187:Artificial Organs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology; D003125:Colostomy / Q000379:methods; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology; D005748:Gastric Fundus; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine