title: Enhancement of laser cancer treatment by a chitosan-derived immunoadjuvant.
abstract: A chitosan derivative, glycated chitosan (GC), has been used as an immunostimulant for cancer treatment in laser immunotherapy. The function of GC is to enhance the host immune response after direct cancer cell destruction by a selective laser photothermal interaction. To further test its effects, laser immunotherapy was extended to include several different adjuvants for immunological stimulation and to include photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a different tumor-destruction mechanism. Complete Freund (CF) adjuvant, incomplete Freund (IF) adjuvant and Corynebacterium parvum (CP) were selected for treatment of metastatic mammary tumors in rats, in combination with a selective photothermal interaction. The solution of the immunoadjuvants admixed with indocyanine green (ICG), a light-absorbing dye, was injected directly into the tumors, followed by noninvasive irradiation of an 805 nm laser. Combined with PDT, in the treatment of tumors in mice, GC was administered peritumorally immediately after laser irradiation. The survivals of treated animals were compared with untreated control animals. In the treatment of rat tumors, CF, IF and CP raised the cure rates from 0% to 18%, 7% and 9%, respectively. In comparison, GC resulted in a 29% long-term survival. In the treatment of EMT6 mammary sarcoma in mice, GC of 0.5% and 1.5% concentrations increased the cure rates of Photofrin-based PDT treatment from 38% to 63% and 75%, respectively. In the treatment of Line 1 lung adenocarcinoma in mice, a 1.67% GC solution enabled a noncurative meso-substituted tetra(meta-hydroxy-phenyl)chlorin-based PDT to cure 37% of the tumor-bearing mice. The experimental results of this study confirmed our previous studies, showing that immunoadjuvants played an active role in laser-related cancer treatment and that GC significantly enhanced the efficacy of laser cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Engineering, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA. wchen@ucok.edu
authors.forename: Wei R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mladen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korbelik
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jinghai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nordquist
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D007834:Lasers; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D048271:Chitosan