title: Tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory compounds in Amaranthus tricolor.
abstract: Amaranthus tricolor is consumed as a vegetable in Asia. Bioassay-directed isolation of leaves and stems of A. tricolor yielded three galactosyl diacylglycerols (1-3) with potent cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory activities. The purified compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. In addition, the fatty acid moieties in diacyl galactosyl glyerols were characterized by GC-MS analyses. The galactosyl diacylglycerols 1-3 inhibited the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme by 78, 63, and 93% and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme by 87, 74, and 95%, respectively. These compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity using human AGS (gastric), CNS (central nervous system; SF-268), HCT-116 (colon), NCI-H460 (lung), and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines. Compound 1 inhibited the growth of AGS, SF-268, HCT-116, NCI-H460, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines with IC50 values of 49.1, 71.8, 42.8, 62.5, and 39.2 mug/mL, respectively. For AGS, HCT-116, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines, the IC50 values of compounds 2 and 3 were 74.3, 71.3, and 58.7 microg/mL and 83.4, 73.1, and 85.4, respectively. This is the first report of the COX enzyme inhibitory activity for galactosyl glycerols and antiproliferative activities against human colon, breast, lung, stomach, and CNS tumor cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Bolleddula
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jayaprakasam
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Muraleedharan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D038983:Galactolipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D038983:Galactolipids; C475298:diacylgalactosylglycerol