title: PHCCC, a specific enhancer of type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptors, reduces proliferation and promotes differentiation of cerebellar granule cell neuroprecursors.
abstract: Exposure of immature rat cerebellar granule cell cultures to the type 4 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu4) receptor enhancer N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide (PHCCC) reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation. Its action was sensitive to the growth conditions and was attenuated by two mGlu4 receptor antagonists. An antiproliferative action of PHCCC was also seen in cultures from wild-type, but not mGlu4, knock-out mice. At least in rat cultures, PHCCC was not neurotoxic and enhanced neuritogenesis. Although PHCCC reduced the increase in cAMP formation and phospho-AKT levels induced by forskolin, none of these transduction pathways significantly contributed to the reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Interestingly, PHCCC reduced the expression of Gli-1, a transcription factor that mediates the mitogenic action of Sonic hedgehog. Finally, we treated newborn rats with PHCCC either intracerebrally (infusion of 5 nmol/2 microl in the cerebellar region once every other day) or systemically (5 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) from postnatal days 3-9. Local infusion of PHCCC induced substantial changes in the morphology of the developing cerebellum. In contrast, systemic injection of PHCCC induced only morphological abnormalities of the cerebellar lobule V, which became visible 11 d after the end of the treatment. These data suggest that mGlu4 receptors are involved in the regulation of cerebellar development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Canudas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Giorgi-Gerevini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iacovelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arcella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giangaspero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busceti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ricci-Vitiani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melchiorri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; C442478:N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa(b)chromen-1a-carboxamide; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D013936:Thymidine; C108823:metabotropic glutamate receptor 4