Managing noncardiac pain in heart failure patients.
Both acute and chronic pain are common coexisting problems in patients with heart failure. Because nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids are contraindicated in heart failure, traditional pain management algorithms require modification. This article reviews pertinent pain management principles, including pain vocabulary, barriers to pain management, and general pain assessment and treatment measures. Issues unique to the heart failure patient are discussed and specific interventions for the heart failure patient with acute or chronic pain are then delineated.
Wheeler
Mary
M
Capital Hospice, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Wingate
Sue
S
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000700:Analgesics / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000075202:Contraindications; D003663:Decision Trees; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D018579:Patient Selection; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012648:Self Care; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal