title: Effects of varied dimensions of surgical guides on implant angulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fabrication of a proper surgical guide is critical for success of implant restorations. The effects of the dimensional factors of the surgical guide on implant placement have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of varied dimensions (diameter, length, and distance between the underside of the surgical guide and the implant recipient site) of a surgical guide on the accuracy of implant angulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this in vitro study, 240 implant recipient sites were randomly prepared using varied dimensions of a surgical guide. The varied dimensions of the surgical guide's channel and distance were: channel diameter (2, 3, 4, or 5 mm), channel length (6 or 9 mm), and distance between the underside of the surgical guide and the simulated implant recipient site (2 or 4 mm). From these varying dimensions and distances, 16 combinations of dimensions and distances were tested. For each combination, 15 simulated implant recipient site (SIRS) specimens were prepared. The deviated angulation (DA) from the midpoint of the top surface of the 1- x 1-inch simulated implant recipient site (each simulated implant recipient acrylic block contained 5 SIRS of 1 x 1 inch), in the right-to-left (DA(RL)) and front-to-back (DA(FB)) directions, were measured in degrees using a protractor. The data was analyzed using factorial analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD test (alpha=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DA(RL) , in degrees, at a channel length of 9.0 mm (2.33 +/- 1.27) was significantly smaller than at a channel length of 6.0 mm (3.0 +/- 1.42, P =.0001). The DA(RL) , in degrees, at a distance of 4.0 mm (2.13 +/- 1.16) was significantly smaller than at a distance of 2.0 mm (3.16 +/- 1.39, P =.0001). Also, a significant interaction for DA(RL) was found between diameter and distance ( P <.05). For DA(FB) , the varying diameters ( P <.05), lengths ( P =.0001), and distances ( P =.0001) showed significant differences. The DA(FB) at a channel length of 9.0 mm (2.56 degrees +/- 1.51) was significantly smaller than that at 6.0 mm (3.82 degrees +/- 1.87). Significant interactions found for DA(FB) were: diameter by length ( P =.0001), diameter by distance (F=4.547, P =.004), and length by distance (F=11.512, P =.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest channel length as the primary controlling factor in minimizing deviated angulations.
authors.affiliation: Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mchoidds@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mijin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romberg
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Driscoll
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D003765:Models, Dental; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D015921:Dental Implants