title: Bitter receptor gene (TAS2R38), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and alcohol intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), chemically related compounds, are probes for genetic variation in bitter taste, although PROP is safer with less sulfurous odor. Threshold for PROP distinguishes nontasters (increased threshold) from tasters (lower threshold); perceived intensity subdivides tasters into medium tasters (PROP is bitter) and supertasters (PROP is very bitter). Compared with supertasters, nontasters have fewer taste papillae on the anterior tongue (fungiform papillae) and experience less negative (e.g., bitterness) and more positive (eg, sweetness) sensations from alcohol. We determined whether the TAS2R38 gene at 7q36 predicted PROP bitterness, alcohol sensation and use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adults (53 women, 31 men; mean age 36 years)--primarily light and moderate drinkers--reported the bitterness of five PROP concentrations (0.032-3.2 mM) and intensity of 50% ethanol on the general Labeled Magnitude Scale. PROP threshold and density of fungiform papillae were also measured. Subjects had common TAS2R38 gene haplotypes [alanine-valine-isoleucine (AVI) and proline-alanine-valine (PAV)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  PROP bitterness varied significantly across genotypes with repeated measures ANOVA: 26 AVI/AVI homozygotes tasted less bitterness than either 37 PAV/AVI heterozygotes or 21 PAV/PAV homozygotes. The PAV/PAV group exceeded the PAV/AVI group for bitterness only for the top PROP concentrations. The elevated bitterness was musch less than if we defined the groups using psychophysical criteria. With multiple regression analyses, greater bitterness from 3.2 mM PROP was a significant predictor of greater ethanol intensity and less alcohol intake--effects separate from age and sex. Genotype was a significant predictor of alcohol intake, but not ethanol intensity. With ANOVA, AVI/AVI homozygotes reported higher alcohol use than either PAV/AVI heterozygotes or PAV/PAV homozygotes. When age effects were minimized, PROP bitterness explained more variance in alcohol intake than did the TAS2R38 genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support taste genetic effects on alcohol intake. PROP bitterness serves as a marker of these effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Box U-101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA. valerie.duffy@uconn.edu
authors.forename: Valerie B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Speed
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pakstis
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bartoshuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2; C056698:6-n-propyluracil; D014498:Uracil