title: A novel pectenotoxin, PTX-12, in Dinophysis spp. and shellfish from Norway.
abstract: Two novel pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected by LC-MS in solid phase extracts of net hauls taken at Flødevigen, Norway, in June 2002 that were dominated by Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis norvegica. The new compounds were isolated as minor components from a large collection of a Dinophysis acuta-dominated bloom obtained from Skjer, Sognefjorden, Norway, in October 2002. LC-MS and NMR analyses revealed that the new components, 36S-PTX-12 and 36R-PTX-12, occurred as a pair of equilibrating diastereoisomers differing from PTX-2 in that they contained an exocylic olefinic methylene rather than a methyl group at C-38. Analyses of shellfish extracts revealed that PTX-12 accumulated in Norwegian blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule), along with PTX-12 seco acids occurring as a complex mixture of diastereoisomers. LC-MS analysis of algal cells picked from the net haul from Flødevigen revealed that PTX-12 predominated in D. acuta and D. norvegica, whereas PTX-2 was the predominant pectenotoxin in D. acuminata. Preliminary observations indicate that the relative contents of PTX-2 and PTX-12 vary between sites and years in Norway, even within a single species of Dinophysis. Our data also suggest that heterotrophic dinoflagellates may accumulate toxins from their prey.
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, PB 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. chris.miles@vetinst.no
authors.forename: Christopher O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Alistair L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Ingunn A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Samdal
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quilliam
authors.forename: Lars J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Naustvoll
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundberget
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torgersen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hovgaard
authors.forename: Dwayne J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Janine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; C499513:PTX-12; D011714:Pyrans; D013141:Spiro Compounds