title: Microwave coagulation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical resection is not always feasible for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. We used microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) as an alternative to resection and evaluated its efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma underwent microwave coagulation therapy by laparotomy (n=18), laparoscopy (n=4), or thoracoscopy (n=2) because of advanced liver cirrhosis and/or intrahepatic metastases. One nodule was treated in 11 patients, 2 nodules were treated in 7, 3 nodules were treated in 3, 6 nodules were treated in 1, and 7 nodules were treated in 2. Tumor size ranged from 10 to 50 mm. Liver function was analyzed at the time of initial MCT and at treatment for recurrence. Patient outcomes were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients died postoperatively after initial MCT. Other patients showed rapid recovery without hepatic dysfunction. Liver function just before MCT was equivalent to that measured just before treatment for recurrence. One patient developed local recurrence at the margin of the treated tumor. Recurrent nodules in different segments were detected in 15 patients. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed in 13 recurrences, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy was performed in 1 recurrence, and MCT was performed in 1 recurrence. The 3-year cancer-free survival rate was 9.9%, and the 3-year cumulative survival rate was 83.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because MCT is indicated for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with advanced liver cirrhosis, intrahepatic recurrences are frequent. Since, liver function is preserved after MCT, however, locoregional therapy can be selected when intrahepatic recurrence is detected, thus improving patient survival rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, Oita Medical University, Hasama, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aramaki
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahara
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwashita
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019452:Terminally Ill; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome