title: Use of microsatellite marker loss of heterozygosity in accurate diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancy from brush cytology samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brush cytology of biliary strictures to diagnose pancreaticobiliary malignancy suffers from poor sensitivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve the diagnostic yield of pancreaticobiliary brush cytology through analysis of tumour suppressor gene linked microsatellite marker loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and k-ras codon 12 mutation detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty six patients with biliary strictures underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with brush cytology. A panel of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers linked to six tumour suppressor genes was developed. Genomic DNA from cell clusters acquired from brush cytology specimens and microdissected surgical malignant and normal tissue underwent polymerase chain amplification reaction (PCR). PCR products were compared for LOH and k-ras codon 12 mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients were confirmed to have pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma. Nine patients had benign strictures (eight proven surgically, one by follow up). Cytomorphological interpretation was positive for malignancy (n = 8), indeterminate (n = 10), and negative for malignancy (n = 8). Selected malignant appearing cytological cell clusters and microdissected histological samples from cancer showed abundant LOH characteristic of malignancy while brushings from nine cases without cancer carried no LOH (p<0.001). LOH and k-ras mutations profile of the cytological specimens was almost always concordant with the tissue samples. Presence of k-ras mutation predicted malignancy of pancreatic origin (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOH and k-ras codon 12 mutation analysis of PCR amplified DNA from biliary brush cytology discriminates reactive from malignant cells, with 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Minor variations in LOH in brushings and in different sites within the same tumour likely reflect intratumoral mutational heterogeneity during clonal expansion of pre- and neoplastic lineages.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, M2 c-wing PUH, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. khalid2@pitt.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sasatomi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swalsky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitcomb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D011905:Genes, ras; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery