title: Induction and inhibition of diapause by the same photoperiod: experimental evidence for a "double circadian oscillator clock".
abstract: On the southern Iberian Peninsula, the seasonal life history of the large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, comprises 2 different photoperiodically induced developmental arrests: a hibernation diapause at photophases < 11 h and an estivation diapause at photophases > 14 h. At intermediate photophases (12 h to 13 h), the butterfly responds with a nondiapause. Combined with the experimental setup to determine photosensitivity in insects, the different photoperiodic responses at long-, intermediate-, and short-night conditions were examined to gain more insight into the time measurement mechanism in P. brassicae. The study reveals evidence for a "double circadian oscillator clock" mechanism that is based on 2 submechanisms, a "short-night determining system" and a separate "long-night determining system." This conclusion was drawn from the facts that an LD 9:15 long-night induces a hibernation diapause but inhibits an estivation diapause and, conversely, that an LD 16:8 short-night inhibits a hibernation diapause but induces an estivation diapause. This opposite effect of the same photoperiod supports the argument for the existence of 2 independent targets for light-dark cycles, interpreted as 2 antagonistic time measurement systems. The existence and independence of 2 systems was further shown by differences in long-night versus short-night responses regarding photosensitivity, temperature dependence, and heritable factors. The long-night measurement system is most effective in the 5th larval stage, is highly affected by temperature, and is easy to manipulate by selective inbreeding. The short-night measurement system is most effective in the 4th larval stage, is largely temperature compensated, and is not affected by experimental manipulation of the longnight measurement system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Morgenbreede 45, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany. hubert.spieth@uni-bielefeld.de
authors.forename: Hubert R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Spieth
authors.forename: Fangsen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004956:Estivation; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D017440:Photoperiod; D011174:Portugal; D013696:Temperature