title: Formulation of an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to formulate a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing the transdermal delivery of nicorandil so as to develop and fabricate a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). The in vitro permeation of nicorandil was determined across rat abdominal skin from a solvent system consisting of ethanol or various proportions of ethanol and water. The ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) solvent system that provided an optimal transdermal permeation was used in formulating an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with selected concentrations (0% w/w, 4% w/w, 6% w/w, 8% w/w or 10% w/w) of limonene as a penetration enhancer for further enhancement of transdermal permeation of nicorandil. The amount of nicorandil permeated in 24 h was found increased with an increase in the concentration of limonene in the drug reservoir system up to a concentration of 6% w/w, but beyond this concentration there was no further increase in the amount of drug permeated. The flux of nicorandil was 370.9 +/- 4.2 microg/cm2 x h from the drug reservoir system with 6% w/w of limonene, which is about 2.6 times the required flux to be obtained across rat abdominal skin for producing the desired plasma concentration for the predetermined period in humans. The results of a Fourier Transform Infrared study indicated that limonene enhanced the percutaneous permeation of nicorandil by partially extracting the stratum corneum lipids. It is concluded that the HPMC gel drug reservoir system prepared with a 70:30 v/v ethanol-water solvent system containing 6% w/w of limonene is useful in designing and fabricating a membrane-moderated TTS of nicorandil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Saidan
authors.forename: Y S R
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Chandrasekhar
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lalla
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rama
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jayaram
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D000077222:Limonene; D008297:Male; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D020108:Nicorandil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D012997:Solvents; D013729:Terpenes; D020108:Nicorandil; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D008747:Methylcellulose; D000077222:Limonene