title: Pattern of collaterals, type of infarcts, and haemodynamic impairment in carotid artery occlusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) indicates inadequate collateral blood flow distal to the occlusion, which may be caused by poor function of collateral pathways. In ICA occlusion, the circle of Willis may be the major collateral pathway, while the collaterals through the ophthalmic artery and leptomeningeal vessels may be recruited when collateral flow through the circle of Willis is inadequate. Conversely, ischaemic lesions may affect the adequacy of collateral blood flow by reducing the metabolic demand of the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the pattern of collateral pathways and the type of infarcts are independent predictors of OEF in ICA occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 42 patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion. The presence of Willisian, ophthalmic, or leptomeningeal collaterals was evaluated by conventional four vessel angiography. The infarcts on magnetic resonance imaging were categorised as territorial, border zone (external or internal), striatocapsular, lacunar, and other white matter infarcts. The value of OEF in the affected hemisphere was measured with positron emission tomography as an index of haemodynamic impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using multivariate analysis, the presence of any ophthalmic or leptomeningeal collaterals and the absence of striatocapsular infarcts were significant and independent predictors of increased OEF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion, the supply of collateral flow, which is affected by the pattern of collateral pathways, and the metabolic demand of the brain, which is affected by the type of infarct, may be important factors determining the severity of haemodynamic impairment.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, Shiga Medical Center, Moriyama City, Shiga, Japan. yamauchi@shigamed.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishibe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okazawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012720:Severity of Illness Index