title: Suppression of distant pulmonary metastasis of MDA-MB 435 human breast carcinoma established in mammary fat pads of nude mice by retroviral-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that TIMP-2 overexpression is a useful therapeutic tool for inhibiting tumor growth and invasion in animals. However, it has not been reported whether genetic manipulation for TIMP-2 overexpression can induce an inhibitory effect on spontaneous metastasis from the primary tumor site to other organs such as lungs or lymph nodes in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present studies describe the effects of retrovirus-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer into human breast cancer cell lines on the in vitro invasion of the tumor cells or the in vivo growth in nude mouse. Here we also used retroviral-mediated TIMP-2 overexpression by intratumoral injection for suppression of metastasis in human breast carcinoma established in the mammary fat pad of nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, overexpression of TIMP-2 inhibited matrix metalloprotenase (MMP) activity and invasion of the tumor cells. Also, the growth rate of tumors grafted with the breast cancer cells transduced with the retrovirus vector encoding TIMP-2 cDNA was significantly slower than the growth rate of tumors grafted with the breast cancer cells transduced with a control retrovirus vector. Furthermore, single intratumoral injection of the TIMP-2 retrovirus-producing cells into human breast tumor tissue established in mammary fat pads of nude mice showed a dramatic decrease in size and number of lung metastatic tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrovirus-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer into human breast cancer cells is able to down-regulate invasion and show that tumor-derived angiogenesis is reduced. In this model, retroviral-mediated transduction of TIMP-2 cDNA into a limited population of human tumor cells inhibits tumor growth and prevents distant pulmonary metastasis. These results indicate that it may not be necessary to deliver and express these genes in every single tumor cell as long as the level of expression in a limited number of transduced cells is sufficient to prevent the excessive breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Retroviruses and Gene Therapy, Indang Institute of Molecular Biology, Inje University, Seoul 100-032, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Kwan
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: In-Seob
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Sang-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang-Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Whan-Mook
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seung-Taik
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Do-Youn
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Deug-Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Chung-Ung
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yeon-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006922:Hylobates; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D012190:Retroviridae; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases