title: Crystal structures of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-aminofluorene in complex with T7 DNA polymerase reveal mechanisms of mutagenesis.
abstract: The carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene forms two major DNA adducts: N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene (dG-AAF) and its deacetylated derivative, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene (dG-AF). Although the dG-AAF and dG-AF adducts are distinguished only by the presence or absence of an acetyl group, they have profoundly different effects on DNA replication. dG-AAF poses a strong block to DNA synthesis and primarily induces frameshift mutations in bacteria, resulting in the loss of one or two nucleotides during replication past the lesion. dG-AF is less toxic and more easily bypassed by DNA polymerases, albeit with an increased frequency of misincorporation opposite the lesion, primarily resulting in G --> T transversions. We present three crystal structures of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase replication complexes, one with dG-AAF in the templating position and two others with dG-AF in the templating position. Our crystallographic data suggest why a dG-AAF adduct blocks replication more strongly than does a dG-AF adduct and provide a possible explanation for frameshift mutagenesis during replication bypass of a dG-AAF adduct. The dG-AAF nucleoside adopts a syn conformation that facilitates the intercalation of its fluorene ring into a hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the fingers subdomain and locks the fingers in an open, inactive conformation. In contrast, the dG-AF base at the templating position is not well defined by the electron density, consistent with weak binding to the polymerase and a possible interchange of this adduct between the syn and anti conformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Shuchismita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dzantiev
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellenberger
mesh_terms: D015073:2-Acetylaminofluorene / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D001483:Base Sequence; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004261:DNA Replication; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000737:chemistry*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D016296:Mutagenesis
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005449:Fluorenes; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; C012177:2-aminofluorene; D004247:DNA; D015073:2-Acetylaminofluorene; C034970:bacteriophage T7 induced DNA polymerase; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase