title: Microchip atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source for mass spectrometry.
abstract: A novel microchip heated nebulizer for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry is presented. Anisotropic wet etching is used to fabricate the flow channels, inlet, and nozzle on a silicon wafer. An integrated heater of aluminum is sputtered on a glass wafer. The two wafers are jointed by anodic bonding, creating a two-dimensional version of an APCI source with a sample channel in the middle and gas channels symmetrically on both sides. The ionization is initiated with an external corona-discharge needle positioned 2 mm in front of the microchip heated nebulizer. The microchip APCI source provides flow rates down to 50 nL/min, stable long-term analysis with chip lifetime of weeks, good quantitative repeatability (RSD < 10%) and linearity (r(2) > 0.995) with linear dynamic rage of at least 4 orders of magnitude, and cost-efficient manufacturing. The limit of detection (LOD) for acridine measured with microchip APCI at flow rate of 6.2 muL/min was 5 nM, corresponding to a mass flow of 0.52 fmol/s. The LOD with commercial macro-APCI at a flow rate of 1 mL/min for acridine was the same, 5 nM, corresponding to a significantly worse mass flow sensitivity (83 fmol/s) than measured with microchip APCI. The advantages of microchip APCI makes it a very attractive new microfluidic detector.
authors.affiliation: Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostman
authors.forename: Seppo J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Marttila
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotiaho
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franssila
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostiainen
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity