title: The health of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: factor analysis of self-reported symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent report showed that Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War displayed a greater prevalence of a multitude of self-reported symptoms than a randomly sampled comparison group of military personnel who were eligible for deployment but were not deployed to the Gulf.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the pattern, rather than frequency, of symptom reporting in these Australian Gulf War veterans differed from that of the comparison group personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factor analysis was used to determine whether the co-occurrence of 62 symptoms in 1322 male Gulf War veterans can be explained by a number of underlying dimensions, called factors. The methodology was also applied to 1459 male comparison group subjects and the factor solutions of the two groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the Gulf War veterans, a three factor solution displayed replicability and construct validity. The three factors were labelled as psycho-physiological distress, somatic distress, and arthro-neuromuscular distress, and were broadly similar to those described in previous studies of Gulf War veterans. A concordant three factor solution was also found for the comparison group subjects, with strong convergence of the factor loadings and factor scores across the two groups being displayed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results did not display evidence of a unique pattern of self-reported symptoms among Gulf War veterans. Results also indicated that the differences between the groups lie in the degrees of expression of the three underlying factors, consistent with the well documented evidence of increased self-reported symptom prevalence in Gulf War veterans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. andrew.forbes@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kelsall
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ikin
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D047830:Gulf War; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D018923:Persian Gulf Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare