title: Anthraquinones sensitize tumor cells to arsenic cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo via reactive oxygen species-mediated dual regulation of apoptosis.
abstract: Cellular oxidation/reduction state affects the cytotoxicity of a number of chemotherapeutic agents, including arsenic trioxide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the major intracellular oxidants, may be a determinant of cellular susceptibility to arsenic. Our previous studies showed that a naphthoquinone and an anthraquinone (emodin) displayed the capability of producing ROS and facilitating arsenic cytotoxicity in both leukemia and solid tumor cell lines. We therefore attempted to test emodin and several other kinds of anthraquinone derivatives on EC/CUHK1, a cell line derived from esophageal carcinoma, and on a nude mouse model, with regard to their effects and mechanisms. Results showed that anthraquinones could produce ROS and sensitize tumor cells to arsenic both in vivo and in vitro. The combination of emodin and arsenic promoted the major apoptotic signaling events, i.e., the collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the activation of caspases 9 and 3. Meanwhile a combination of emodin and arsenic suppressed the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB and downregulated the expression of a NF-kappaB-specific antiapoptotic protein, survivin. These two aspects could be antagonized by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Therefore anthraquinones exert their effects via a ROS-mediated dual regulation, i.e., the enhancement of proapoptosis and the simultaneous inhibition of antiapoptosis. In vivo study showed that emodin made the EC/CUHK1 cell-derived tumors more sensitive to arsenic trioxide with no additional systemic toxicity and side effects. Taken together, these results suggest an innovative and safe chemotherapeutic strategy that uses natural anthraquinone derivatives as ROS generators to increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to cytotoxic therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Shanghai Second Medical University, 280 Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China. yijing@shsmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Gui-Ying
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Qing-Shen
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xun-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xue-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Qiang-Su
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004642:Emodin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000975:Antioxidants; D001152:Arsenicals; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010087:Oxides; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D045304:Cytochromes c; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D004642:Emodin; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide