title: Comparison of inpatient and outpatient upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inpatients developing upper gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage are at increased risk of death. This study was performed to elucidate differences in inpatients and outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and sixty-two patients who needed esophagogastroduodenoscopy for upper GI bleeding were identified from endoscopy charts. Patients' characteristics, bleeding parameters, clinical presentation, pre-existing medication, and laboratory data were compared between patients who were admitted because of upper GI bleeding and patients who developed bleeding while in hospital for other reasons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality was 39.0% in inpatients vs. 11.1% in outpatients (p<0.01). Death due to bleeding was observed in 9.5% of inpatients vs. 2.5% of outpatients (p<0.01). Whereas peptic ulcer was the most common source of bleeding in both, variceal bleeding was the most common cause of death because of haemorrhage in both. Recurrent bleeding was associated with mortality in outpatients (p<0.001), but not in inpatients (p=0.11). Rates of bleeding recurrence and need for surgery was similar in both groups. Inpatients suffered more often from renal disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, coagulopathy, or immunosuppression, and were treated more frequently with acetylsalicylic acid, glucocorticoids and heparin. The frequency of pre-existing disease was higher in inpatients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher mortality after GI bleeding in inpatients than in outpatients is due to a generally higher prevalence of co-morbidity rather than a single or a few risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany. frank.klebl@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Klebl
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bregenzer
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schöfer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tamme
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langgartner
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schölmerich
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Messmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors