title: Dose dependent effects of cardiac beta2 adrenoceptor gene therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) achieves efficient myocardial transgene expression. The optimal vector dose required to produce not only increased beta adrenoceptor (betaAR) density but, more importantly, enhanced left ventricular (LV) function is unknown. In addition, it is unclear if absent extracardiac expression in preliminary studies represented cardiac specific, as opposed to selective gene delivery, as a consequence of low vector doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenoviral vector encoding the human beta(2) adrenoceptor (Adeno-beta(2)AR) was delivered to cardioplegic arrested hearts of neonatal piglets during CPB in three doses ranging from 5 x 10(11) total viral particles (tvp) to 2 x 10(12) tvp. Control animals received adenoviral vector encoding beta galactosidase (Adeno-betagal) or PBS (PBS). LV and liver betaAR density and in vivo LV function were assessed 5 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated LV betaAR density was present after delivery of Adeno-beta(2)AR at all doses. Piglets which received 5 x 10(11) tvp and 1 x 10(12) tvp Adeno-beta(2)AR demonstrated enhanced LV dP/dt(max) but in those receiving 2 x 10(12) tvp LV dP/dt(max) was unchanged. Moreover, at this higher dose of adenoviral vector the detrimental effects of cardiac inflammation and extracardiac gene overexpression became apparent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the highest increase in cardiac betaAR density occurred after high-dose Adeno-beta(2)AR, LV dP/dt(max) was not enhanced. Moreover, significant extracardiac gene expression was present at this dose, emphasizing the need for careful dose response studies in gene therapy. However, cardiac selective beta(2)AR overexpression does occur following adenoviral vector delivery during CPB and cardioplegic arrest resulting in enhanced LV dP/dt(max).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Katrina H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Carmelo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Milano
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2