title: Immune modulation of HIV replication: relevance to HIV immuno- and neuro-pathogenesis.
abstract: Much attention has been focused on CD4+ memory/primed T cells and monocytes/macrophages as the predominant targets of HIV infection. Considerable evidence, however, indicates that cell types that are classically not permissive to HIV infection, can be a potent source of productive virus replication in response to immune modulation. This immune modulation can be in the form of cytokine stimulation pre- or post-infection or by activating these "non-conventional" targets. In this review, we will provide evidence for immune modulation of HIV infection with special emphasis on immune modulation of HIV replication in classically non-HIV permissive primary cells of both lymphoid and non-lymphoid origins. We will also examine the impact of HIV infection of these non-conventional targets as they pertain to both HIV immuno- and neuro-pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Managlia
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zloza
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Harthi
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines