title: Male microchimerism in women with systemic sclerosis and healthy women who have never given birth to a son.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male DNA or cells are often used to measure microchimerism in a woman. In studies of autoimmune diseases male microchimerism is most often attributed to the previous birth of a son.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of male microchimerism in healthy women or women with systemic sclerosis who had never given birth to a son.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the Y chromosome specific sequence DYS14 was employed to test DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 26 women with systemic sclerosis and 23 healthy women who had never given birth to a son.
  
  
  RESULTS
  are expressed as the genome equivalent number of male cells per million host cells (gEq/mil).Results: Male DNA was found in 15% of women with systemic sclerosis (range 0 to 23.7 gEq/mil) and in 13% of healthy women (range 0 to 5.1 gEq/mil). Although two women with male DNA had an induced abortion, most had no history of spontaneous or induced abortion (either systemic sclerosis or healthy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microchimerism with male DNA can be found in the circulation of women who have never given birth to a son. Thus sources other than a male birth must be considered when male DNA is used to measure microchimerism. Although other studies are needed, there was no apparent difference in women with systemic sclerosis and healthy women. Possible sources of male DNA include unrecognised male pregnancy or unrecognised male twin, an older male sibling with transfer through the maternal circulation, or sexual intercourse alone.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U639, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, 13005 Marseille, France. nathalie.lambert@medecine.univ-mrs.fr
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Furst
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D046528:Chimerism; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA