title: Do the effects of quality improvement for depression care differ for men and women? Results of a group-level randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine whether a quality improvement (QI) program for depression care is effective for both men and women and whether their responses differed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We instituted a group-level, randomized, controlled trial in 46 primary care practices within 6 managed care organizations. Clinics were randomized to usual care or to 1 of 2 QI programs that supported QI teams, provider training, nurse assessment and patient education, and resources to support medication management (QI-Meds) or psychotherapy (QI-Therapy).
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 1299 primary care patients who screened positive for depression and completed at least one questionnaire during the course of 24 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were probable depression, mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL), work status, use of any antidepressant or psychotherapy, and probable unmet need, which was defined as having probable depression but not receiving probable appropriate care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were more likely to receive depression care than men over time, regardless of intervention status. The effect of QI-Meds on probable unmet need was delayed for men, and the magnitude of the effect was significantly greater for men than for women; therefore, this intervention reduced differences in probable unmet need between men and women. QI reduced the likelihood of probable depression equally for men and women. QI-Therapy had a greater impact on mental HRQOL and work status for men than for women. QI-Meds improved these outcomes for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To affect both quality and outcomes of care for men and women while reducing gender differences, QI programs may need to facilitate access to both medication management and effective psychotherapy for depression.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Health Program, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138, USA. Cathy_Sherbourne@rand.org
authors.forename: Cathy Donald
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Sherbourne
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Naihua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Chloe E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008332:Management Quality Circles; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents