title: Ocular manifestations of head injury: a clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study aimed to clinically correlate the various ocular findings with the neurological status in cases of closed head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 200 consecutive cases of closed head injury admitted to a major teaching hospital underwent a thorough ophthalmic assessment. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and the Revised trauma score (RTS) were applied to grade the severity of injury and assess the prognosis. Kendall's tau-b and Fisher's exact test were used in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main causes of head injury were road traffic accidents 52.5% followed by assaults in 34%. Ocular involvement was found in 167(83.5%) cases. These included corneal and scleral tears in 2%, subconjunctival haemorrhage or ecchymosis in 46%, orbital fractures 12%, pupillary involvement 6.5%, papilloedema 5.5%, intraocular trauma 5.5%, proptosis 3%, lateral rectus palsy 2%, lacrimal gland prolapse 1%, and optic nerve trauma 0.5%. All 21 patients (10.5%) who died had eye involvement. In all, 150 cases (75%) with a RTS of 12 had a good prognosis. Of these 124 (82.6%) had ocular involvement of no neurological significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although sophisticated imaging techniques are available to localize lesions, early ophthalmic assessment in correlation with the GCS aids in prognosticating outcomes. Pupillary involvement, papilloedema, and ocular motor paresis pointed to a more severe head injury. To our knowledge, this is the only prospective study recording ocular findings in the first few hours and attempting a correlation with the final outcome.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Ophthalmology, The Guest Hospital, Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Trust, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Walimbe
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Labhsetwar
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014754:Violence