title: [Study of patients referred for elevated ferritin levels and/or transferrin saturation: significance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the etiology of increased ferritin concentrations and/or transferrin saturation in patients in whom classical causes were ruled out.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 43 patients (35 males and 8 females) who were referred for ferritinemia greater than 300 ng/ml and or a transferrin saturation index (TSI) greater than 40%. In all patients, glycemia, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, total and fractionated bilirubin, transaminase, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase, sideremia, TSI, ferritin, HFE gene mutations, ceruloplasmin and total 24-hour urine porphyrin were evaluated and abdominal ultrasonography was performed. In 14 patients liver biopsy was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three percent was overweight and 19% was obese. Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism were detected in 33%, hypercholesterolemia was found in 14%, hypertriglyceridemia in 35%, and hyperlipemia type IIb in 16%. Thirty-two percent showed isolated elevated ferritin, 12% had elevated TSI and 56% showed elevation of both. Transaminase levels were normal in 61%. No mutation in the HFE gene was found in 10 patients, the H63D/wt mutation was found in 18, C262Y/wt in 1, C282Y/H63D in 5, C282Y/C282Y in 4, H63D/H63D in 3 and Ser65cys/wt in 1. Ultrasonography revealed steatosis in 19 patients (44%). Definitive diagnoses were HFE-linked hemochromatosis (4 patients), juvenile hemochromatosis (1 patient), hepaticocutaneous porphyria (1 patient), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (22 patients; 51%). Most of the remaining patients could be included under insulin resistance syndrome. Phlebotomy was performed in 25 patients, with improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-alcoholic fatty acid disease is frequently detected in patients with iron metabolism disorders. These patients should undergo investigations for metabolic alterations and liver ultrasonography and, if necessary, biopsy. Phlebotomy can be useful in the treatment of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain. fperezaguilar@terra.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez-Aguilar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benlloch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berenguer
mesh_terms: D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018962:Phlebotomy; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins