title: The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes.
abstract: The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes has risen over the past 50 years. We compared the frequency of HLA class II haplotypes in 194 patients diagnosed more than 50 years ago and 582 age-matched and sex-matched individuals diagnosed between 1985 and 2002. The proportion of high-risk susceptibility genotypes was increased in the earlier cohort (p=0.003), especially in those diagnosed at age 5 years or younger, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the rise of type 1 diabetes is due to a major environmental effect.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Polly J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bingley
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Geoffrey V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Edwin A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006239:Haplotypes; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069050:HLA-DQA1 antigen; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II