title: Homeopathic proving symptoms: result of a local, non-local, or placebo process? A blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeopathic pathogenetic trials (HPTs) (provings) are the pillar of homeopathy. Symptoms experienced by healthy volunteers are used to find the correct medicine for therapy. It is unclear whether these symptoms are specific or due to placebo noise. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether proving effects, if present at all, are due to a local or non-local process
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a test model which allows for testing if homeopathic proving symptoms are caused by placebo or causative mechanisms, and if these symptoms are due to local or non-local processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, with 1-week baseline and 2-weeks proving period.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 healthy volunteers from two different homeopathic schools. PROVING SUBSTANCE: An homeopathic medicine (Cantharis 30c), blindly chosen from 12 potential medicines, compared to placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of symptoms typical for the medicine in the experimental and control group during baseline and proving period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During baseline there was no difference in the number of typical or atypical symptoms in either group. During the proving period, both more typical symptoms for Cantharis (P= 0.03) and more atypical symptoms (P= 0.02) were observed compared to baseline. Between-group differences were not significant. Effect sizes for the difference between the proving and control group for typical symptoms was d=0.4, and for atypical symptoms d=0.6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proving model could be valuable in studying the validity of proving symptoms of homeopathic substances in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homeopathic proving symptoms appear to be specific to the medicine and do not seem to be due to a local process. Since this was a pilot study using a small number of provers, rival hypotheses cannot be ruled out and the study needs replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evaluation Research in Complementary Medicine, Samueli Institute--European Office, Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany. walach@ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sherr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shabi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rieberer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006705:Homeopathy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008419:Materia Medica / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008419:Materia Medica