title: Protease inhibitors in spontaneous cervical artery dissections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observations in patients with arterial aneurysms, fibromuscular dysplasia, and spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD) indicate that protease inhibitor deficiency might boost the enzymatic destruction of arterial tissue and increase the risk of these arterial wall diseases. Here we present the first large investigation of the protease inhibitor hypothesis in patients with sCAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients with sCAD were compared with 80 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-MG) levels, and alpha1-AT genotypes were assessed and compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  alpha1-AT and alpha2-MG levels as well as alpha1-AT genotypes did not differ significantly between patients and controls. The frequency of Z alleles in the patient group was higher than in the control group and than in other cohorts from Europe; however, the difference remained nonsignificant. All patients with Z alleles had internal carotid artery dissections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this data does not support the hypothesis that protease inhibitor levels or alpha1-AT genotypes play an important role in the etiology of sCAD. The present data does not exclude that the Pi-Z allele might have an influence on subgroups of sCAD, such as internal carotid artery dissections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. konradc@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dziewas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stögbauer
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ringelstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuhlenbäumer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D020215:Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020217:Vertebral Artery Dissection / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins