title: Evaluation of the performance and concordance of clinical questionnaires for the diagnosis of heart failure in primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate and estimate the performance statistics and concordance of seven clinical questionnaires for the diagnosis of chronic heart failure (HF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based epidemiological survey of patients aged >25 years attending a random sample of primary health care centers in Portugal. Heart failure was identified according to the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5434 subjects evaluated by 365 investigators were eligible for analysis, 551 of which had criteria for heart failure. Overall, the questionnaires had high specificity, usually above 90%, but low sensitivity, providing an increase in the likelihood of heart failure from 4.3% pre-test to 25-35% post-test in most cases. The Göteborg questionnaire was the most balanced regarding sensitivity (84%) and specificity (81%) but this may reflect its use of prescription of digoxin or diuretics as diagnostic criteria for diagnosis. The Walma, Framingham and NHANES-I questionnaires performed similarly (Sensitivity: 63%, Specificity: 93%), while the Boston and the Gheorghiade questionnaires had a somewhat lower sensitivity (55%). Concordance was good between the Boston, Framingham, Gheorghiade, NHANES-I and Walma questionnaires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluated seven clinical questionnaires for the diagnosis of heart failure in the community. Their low sensitivity impairs their usefulness as diagnostic instruments, but their high specificity makes them useful for the identification of patients with fluid retention and/or exercise intolerance from non-cardiac causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Sciences School, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. candidafonseca@netc.pt
authors.forename: Cândida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: António G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Fátima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis