title: Feasibility of breast duct lavage performed by a physician extender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety and feasibility of ductal lavage (DL), a risk-assessment tool utilizing a minimally invasive technique that permits sampling of breast duct epithelium, performed primarily by a nurse practitioner (NP), was studied prospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women at high risk for breast cancer with a normal clinical breast exam and mammogram were enrolled. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF)-yielding ducts were identified, cannulated, and lavaged primarily by an NP in collaboration with a breast surgeon. Samples with sufficient cellularity were categorized as benign, mild atypia, marked atypia, or malignant. Pain and adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven women, with a mean age of 51.7 years, were enrolled. Thirty-one (83.8%) women yielded NAF and, of those, 28 (90.3%) had one or more ducts successfully cannulated. Of 65 lavaged ducts in these 28 women, cellularity was adequate for diagnosis in 44 (67.7%) samples. Cytologic findings were as follows: 24 benign, 15 mild atypia, 4 marked atypia, and 1 malignant. The procedure was well tolerated with a mean pain score of 3.2 (SD +/- 1.81). The most frequent adverse event was breast fullness, reported by 44.8% of the women. Two women with marked atypia were evaluated further and found to have intraductal papillomata. The woman with malignant cytology had ductal carcinoma in situ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DL is a safe, generally well-tolerated procedure that can be performed successfully by a trained NP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Redlich
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Purdy
authors.forename: Vinod B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Shidham
authors.forename: Hyun J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Alonzo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ota
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods*