title: Reduced joint pain after short-term duodenal administration of seal oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with soy oil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rheumatic joint pain is a common extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because the high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) of the Western diet might promote rheumatic disorders, we sought to compare the effects of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil and n-6-rich soy oil on IBD-related joint pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with IBD-related joint pain were included in the study; 9 had Crohn disease and 10 had ulcerative colitis. Ten millilitres seal oil (n = 10) or soy oil (n = 9) was self-administered through a nasoduodenal feeding tube 3 times daily for 10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with soy oil treatment, seal oil significantly reduced the duration of morning stiffness (P = 0.024), number of tender joints (P = 0.035), intensity of pain (P = 0.025) and the doctor's scoring of rheumatic disease activity (P = 0.025) at the end of the 10-day treatment period. Analysis of the effects as area under the curve (area between the curve and baseline, zero) for the entire period from start of treatment until 6 months' post-treatment suggested a long-lasting beneficial effect of seal oil administration on joint pain, whereas soy oil tended (not significantly) to aggravate the condition. Consistently, the serum ratios of n-6 to n-3 FAs (P < 0.01) and arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (P < 0.01) were reduced after treatment with seal oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest distinctive, differential prolonged effects on IBD-related joint pain of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil (significant improvement) and n-6-rich soy oil (tendency to exacerbation).
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway. tbj@nifes.no
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjørkkjaer
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brunborg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klementsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berstad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frøyland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004386:Duodenum; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D046069:Fur Seals; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D013024:Soybean Oil