title: Shifts in global immunisation goals (1984-2004): unfinished agendas and mixed results.
abstract: The turn of the millennium has been marked by a large-scale mobilisation of resources for immunisation programmes in developing countries. The resources have been generated by public and private sector parties collaborating in the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). GAVI was formed in response to deteriorating immunisation coverage rates occurring in the late 1990s. GAVI is the latest in a line of vaccine initiatives, which have operated over the past 20 years. This article reviews the five most important global immunisation initiatives that have taken place over those past 20 years. It analyses their origins, shifts in global immunisation goals, identifies key actors, assesses the initiatives' capacity to mobilise resources and increase immunisation coverage, and points to possible unintended effects of the initiatives. The study argues that shifts in global immunisation goals lead to fragmentation in the implementation of vaccine programmes at the local level in developing countries. It also suggests that global actors involved in the formulation of these initiatives appear to miss opportunities to build on past experiences and fail to learn from previous mistakes. This raises questions about the initiatives' sustainability and relevance to the overall objective of preventing vaccine-preventable deaths.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavorial Studies, Medical Anthropology Unit, Amsterdam School for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.p.hardon@uva.nl
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hardon
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blume
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector; D040841:Resource Allocation; D014480:United Nations; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines