title: [Causal proceeding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
abstract: At present, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered as serious clinical, social and economic problem. Widespread habit of smoking together with air-pollutions is the basic etiologic factors, whereas inflammatory process, which involves bronchial tree and pulmonary tissues, is the core of COPD pathogenesis. Quality of life has much been improved by the introduction of pharmacological treatment including: long-acting beta2-mimetics, cholinolytics, mucolytics and in severe cases inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Prophylactic immunization against influenza and pneumococci also has been proved to be helpful. Continuous patient education together with efforts promoting smoking cessation constitute the mainstay of non-pharmacological management. Chronic oxygen therapy, respiratory rehabilitation and non-invasive ventilation proved to be a practical alternative in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Lung-volume-reduction surgery may sometimes be considered as an alternative to lung transplantation in very severe cases of COPD.
authors.affiliation: Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny, Klinika Chorób Wewnetrznych, Pneumonologii i Alergologii CSK MON w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chciałowski
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lubiński
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines