title: Oral findings in coeliac disease and Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both coeliac disease (CD) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have an autoimmune background and increased risk of oral mucosal and dental abnormalities. Individuals suffering concomitantly from CD and SS could even be at a higher risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral mucosal and dental abnormalities were examined in 20 patients with CD + SS (mean age 61 years) and compared with age- and sex-matched controls with either CD or SS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral mucosal changes were most common in SS (80%), followed by CD + SS (65%) and CD (40%). Coeliac-type dental enamel defects were found in 89% in CD + SS and in 88% in CD compared with only 25% in SS (P < 0.001). The median number of teeth was six in the CD + SS, 24 in the CD and 22 in the SS group. The DMF index was higher (P < 0.005) in the CD + SS than in the CD group. CD + SS was characterized by higher salivary flow rate (P < 0.001) and lower inflammatory focus score in the salivary glands (P < 0.01) than SS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-occurrence of CD and SS should be recognized because of its effects on dental and oral mucosal health. A lower salivary gland inflammatory focus score and higher salivary flow rate in CD + SS than in SS suggests that a gluten-free diet treatment may alleviate autoimmune inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. pertti.patinen@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aine
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hietanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Enckell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reunala
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004245:DMF Index; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012472:Salivation; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology