title: Skin blood flow in the upper and lower extremities of diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microvascular blood flow in the human skin is subject to rhythmic variations reflecting the influence of heartbeat, respiration, intrinsic myogenic activity, neurogenic factors and endothelial activity. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that basal skin blood flow (BSBF) and its dynamic components differ (1) among diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy and with it and healthy control subjects, and (2) among the upper and lower extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  BSBF at four recording sites with predominantly nutritive capillary circulation (right and left caput ulnae, right and left medial malleolus) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry in 25 diabetic patients without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (D), 18 neuropathic diabetic patients (DAN) and 36 healthy controls (C). Wavelet transform was applied to the laser Doppler signal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In absolute terms, mean flow, mean amplitude of the total spectrum and mean amplitudes at all frequency intervals were highest in C, followed by DAN and lowest in D. However, these differences were statistically significant only in the left arm. Within all three groups, mean flow and spectral amplitudes were significantly higher in the arms than in the legs, besides there was a significant difference between the two arms in D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have confirmed the differences in BSBF among D, DAN and C, and demonstrated differences among the four recording sites which have not been previously described. The latter indicates an uneven progression of autonomic neuropathy and allows for speculation that the left arm is the latest to be affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Zaloska 7, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia. vilma.urbancic@kclj.si
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Urbancic-Rovan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stefanovska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernjak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azman-Juvan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kocijancic
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation