title: Functional neuroanatomy of the human near/far response to blur cues: eye-lens accommodation/vergence to point targets varying in depth.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the networks involved in the regulation of visual accommodation/vergence by contrasting the cortical functions subservient to eye-lens accommodation with those evoked by foveal fixation. Neural activity was assessed in normal volunteers by changes in rCBF measured with PET. Thirteen right-handed subjects participated in three monocular tasks: (i) resting with eyes closed; (ii) sustained foveal fixation upon a LED at 1.2 m (0.83 D); and (iii) accommodating alternately on a near (24 cm, 4.16 D) vs. a far (3.0 m, 0.33 D) LED alternately illuminated in sequential 2 s epochs. The contrast between the conditions of near/far accommodation and of constant foveal fixation revealed activation in cerebellar hemispheres and vermis; middle and inferior temporal cortex (BA 20, 21, 37); striate cortex and associative visual areas (BA 17/18). Comparison of the condition of constant fixation with the condition of resting with closed eyes indicated activation of cerebellar hemispheres and vermis; visual cortices (BA 17/18); a right hemisphere dominant network encompassing prefrontal (BA 6, 9, 47), superior parietal (BA 7), and superior temporal (BA 40) cortices; and bilateral thalamus. The contrast between the conditions of near/far accommodation with closed-eye rest reflected an incremental summation of the activations found in the previous comparisons (i.e. activations associated with constant fixation). Neural circuits activated selectively during the near/far response to blur cues over those during constant visual fixation, occupy posterior structures that include occipital visual regions, cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, and temporal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden. hrr@hig.se
authors.forename: Hans O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sponheim
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: José V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Pardo
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*