title: Influence of different gases used for laparoscopy (helium, carbon dioxide, room air, and xenon) on tumor volume, histomorphology, and leukocyte-tumor-endothelium interaction in intravital microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicate that helium pneumoperitoneum used for laparoscopic surgery suppresses whereas carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum increases postoperative tumor growth. The pathomechanisms of decreased tumor growth by helium are unknown. This study was designed to examine the effect of the gases helium, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and air, and xenon, which can be used to induce pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopy on tumor volume, histomorphology, and leukocyte-endothelium interaction measured by intravital microscopy in rats with implanted liver malignoma (Morris hepatoma 3924A).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 46 rats, Morris hepatoma 3294A cells were implanted intrahepatically. After implantation, rats were randomized into two main groups. In the first main group, 10 animals were prepared for examination of leukocyte-endothelium interaction by intravital video microscopy and were randomized into two groups. Five days after implantation they underwent laparoscopy using either helium (n = 5) or CO(2) (n = 5). Ten days after implantation the rats underwent intravital video microscopy to assess leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the tumor and liver vessels. In the second main group 36 rats were prepared for examination of tumor volume arid histomorphology. They were randomized into five groups. Five days after implantation they underwent laparoscopy using helium (n = 7), carbon dioxide (n = 7), room air (n = 7), or xenon (n = 8). The control group (n = 7) received anesthesia only. Rats were killed 10 days after tumor implantation to assess tumor volume and histomorphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group or groups that received CO(2), room air, or xenon for pneumoperitoneum, the establishment of helium pneumoperitoneum caused a significantly smaller tumor volume (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001; median tumor-volume: control group, 44 mm(3); helium 19 mm(3)). There was no significant difference in histomorphology between the groups. There was only a statistically significant difference in the development of central tumor necrosis in accordance to tumor volume (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.03). In the tumor samples, roller counts were statistically significantly higher in the helium group compared to the CO(2) group (p = 0.04). For sticker counts, no statistically significant effects due to liver/tumor (p = 0.13) or treatment (p = 0.48) were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant decrease in tumor volume using helium pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy compared to the other gases. Here, we demonstrate that suppression of tumor growth is not due to variation of histomorphology. It seems that helium pneumoperitoneum effects a higher leukocyte-endothelium interaction and thereby a higher immune activation. This could be one explanation for the statistically significantly smaller tumor volume after laparoscopy with helium compared to laparoscopy with CO(2).
authors.affiliation: Surgical Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dähn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwalbach
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maksan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wöhleke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuntz
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006371:Helium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006371:Helium; D014978:Xenon