title: Overexpression of urinary plasminogen activator (uPA) protein and mRNA in thyroid carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary plasminogen activator (uPA), a protease, is one of the critical components of tumor invasion and metastasis. Its expression in thyroid carcinoma and potential role in thyroid tumorigenesis are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether uPA is differentially expressed in benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  uPA expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 20 thyroid tumors (six classic papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) and three tall cell variants (TCV) and 11 adenomas). To validate IHC results, in situ hybridization was performed on both adenomas and cancer tissues to explore the expression of uPA at the mRNA level. The Fisher exact test was used to compare protein as well as mRNA expressions in adenomas and thyroid cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intense granular cytoplasmic staining for uPA was observed in five of nine (56%) of thyroid cancers: 2/6 classic PTC (33%) and all tall cell variant PTC. Furthermore, uPA mRNA expression was found in the malignant thyroid epithelium but not in adjacent normal thyroid follicles or the stromal elements. None of the adenomas expressed uPA (P = .008). uPA staining was absent in histologically normal follicles adjacent to malignant thyroid follicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  uPA is expressed in thyroid carcinoma but not in benign adenomas or normal adjacent follicles. The selective expression of uPA in thyroid carcinoma provides evidence that uPA is useful in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. More importantly, uPA may represent molecular target for therapeutic treatment of this malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Quyen D
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Thelma C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hurd
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Maisie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinick
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Dongfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Thom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loree
mesh_terms: D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator