title: Numerical simulation of air temperature and airflow patterns in the human nose during expiration.
abstract: Recovery of heat and water during expiration is an important but not yet fully understood function of the nose. The presented study investigated cooling of the expiratory air for heat recovery within the human nose applying numerical simulation. A numerical simulation in a bilateral three-dimensional model of the human nose based on computed tomography was employed. Temperature distribution and airflow patterns during expiration were displayed. Cooling of the expiratory air primarily takes place in the areas of inferior and middle turbinate. Areas of the highest decrease in temperature are characterized by turbulent airflow with vortices of low velocity. Numerical results showed good concordance with experimental in vivo temperature measurements. Heating of inspired air not only depends on inspiration but also on expiration. Cooling the warm expiratory air may be regarded as an important factor for heat recovery. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the close relation between heat exchange and airflow patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. daniela.pless@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pless
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiesmiller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rettinger
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fleiter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemann
mesh_terms: D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014420:Turbinates / Q000502:physiology