title: A novel intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer in an orthotopic model: oncolytic reovirus therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge this is the first report of intravesical oncolytic reovirus for therapy of superficial bladder cancer in an orthotopic bladder tumor model. Superficial bladder carcinomas are often multifocal and have high recurrences after surgical resection. In 20% of cases intravesical immunotherapy fails to prevent recurrence and complications from bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are common. Human reovirus is an oncolytic virus that selectively destroys cancer cells with an activated Ras pathway. We examined the ability of this virus to kill bladder cancer cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following cytotoxicity assays in vitro dose escalation of intravesical reovirus was tested for tumor control and toxicity in a rat model. Treatments were done twice weekly for 3 weeks. In parallel intravesical BCG was studied. Animals were monitored on a daily basis for health status and by routine urine cytology. Animals underwent necropsy at study end point and appropriate tissues were taken for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Side effects in reovirus groups were minor compared with BCG complications. Tumor response (animal survival) was 90% 100 days after tumor implantation in reovirus treated animals, whereas the highest survival in BCG treated groups was 50%. Animals treated with reovirus had significantly higher tumor-free survival than those treated with immunotherapy or normal saline (log rank test p = 0.0002 and 0.04, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravesical reovirus is safe and effective in this animal model and it may have clinical applications for bladder cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Erich G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hanel
authors.forename: Zhengwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Patrick W K
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Britten
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D030102:Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*