title: Genomic abnormalities in patients with migraine and chronic migraine: preliminary blood gene expression suggests platelet abnormalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine has strong genetic and environmental components and may also be a significant contributor to chronic migraine (CM). It is hypothesized that gene expression changes in peripheral blood cells can be used to detect the interaction of these influences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Distinct genomic expression patterns for migraine and CM will be present. These genomic profiles will help clarify the interactions of inheritance and environment. This initial study begins to examine the feasibility of peripheral blood cell genomic analysis to assist in the understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine and CM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from patients were obtained either during an acute migraine or CM. Genomic expression patterns were analyzed using Affymetrix U95A microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression patterns of 7 migraine and 15 CM patients were compared to four distinct control groups (total patients, n=56) including healthy subjects. A group of platelet genes were upregulated in both migraine and CM samples. Different gene expression patterns were also seen between migraine and CM. A group of immediate early genes including c-fos and cox-2 were expressed at higher levels in migraine, whereas specific mitochondrial genes were expressed at higher levels in CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased expression of platelet genes in patients with migraine and CM suggests similar underlying pathophysiology. The differences seen between migraine and CM in other genes suggest an overlapping but not identical pathophysiology. Further genomic profiling studies will help define these relationships and provide further insights into headache pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hershey
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Marielle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kabbouche
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Glauser
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001791:Blood Platelet Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases