title: Human hand moves proactively to the external stimulus: an evolutional strategy for minimizing transient error.
abstract: We investigated particularly the proactive nature of the visual-motor system by steady and transient experiments of a hand-tracking task, and confirmed that the hand motion precedes on the average the target motion in steady runs within a finite frequency range of the sinusoidal target motion. The question why and how much the hand motion should precede was answered by frequency-jump experiments. The results implied that the positive phase shift of the hand motion represents the proactive nature of the visual-motor control system which is adaptationally developed for each person to minimize the transient error of the hand motion when the target motion changes unexpectedly.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Systems, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585 Japan. ishida@is.uec.ac.jp
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Yasuji E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*