title: A possible model of benzimidazole binding to beta-tubulin disclosed by invoking an inter-domain movement.
abstract: Although it is well established that benzimidazole (BZMs) compounds exert their therapeutic effects through binding to helminth beta-tubulin and thus disrupting microtubule-based processes in the parasites, the precise location of the benzimidazole-binding site on the beta-tubulin molecule has yet to be determined. In the present study, we have used previous experimental data as cues to help identify this site. Firstly, benzimidazole resistance has been correlated with a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 200 of Haemonchus contortus beta-tubulin isotype-I. Secondly, site-directed mutagenesis studies, using fungi, have shown that other residues in this region of the protein can influence the interaction of benzimidazoles with beta-tubulin. However, the atomic structure of the alphabeta-tubulin dimer shows that residue 200 and the other implicated residues are buried within the protein. This poses the question: how might benzimidazoles interact with these apparently inaccessible residues? In the present study, we present a mechanism by which those residues generally believed to interact with benzimidazoles may become accessible to the drugs. Furthermore, by docking albendazole-sulphoxide into a modelled H. contortus beta-tubulin molecule we offer a structural explanation for how the mutation conferring benzimidazole resistance in nematodes may act, as well as a possible explanation for the species-specificity of benzimidazole anthelmintics.
authors.affiliation: The School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McFerran
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trudgett
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fairweather
mesh_terms: D015766:Albendazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014404:Tubulin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; C031000:benzimidazole; D015766:Albendazole; C027186:albendazole sulfoxide