title: Fate of donor kidney: laparoscopic versus open technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) is an increasingly accepted modality for procuring donor kidneys for transplantation. We analyzed and compared the short and long-term outcomes of living transplant allografts from kidneys procured by laparoscopic or open donor (ODN) technique and managed with a single immunosuppression regimen in each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of recipients who underwent living (laparoscopic or open) donor nephrectomy were reviewed from August 1999 to July 2001 for LDN and from January 1994 to December 1999 for ODN. Patients included were on a single immunosuppression regimen particular to each group. Sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone were given to the LDN group, and calcineurin inhibitor (FK-506 or cyclosporine), mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone were given to the ODN group. Excluded from study were patients with prior kidney transplant or patients not receiving immunosuppression as previously described. Also excluded from study were patients lost to followup before 1 year. Data were retrieved retrospectively from case notes or from the transplant database and analyzed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71 patients from the LDN group and 60 patients from the ODN group qualified for the study. Demographic data are comparable in both groups except for the significantly longer followup in the ODN group. Serum creatinine was 2.2 and 1.8 mg/dl at postoperative day 4, 1.3 and 1.3 mg/dl at day 10, and 1.3 and 1.4 mg/dl at 1 month in the LDN and ODN groups, respectively. Time to achieve nadir serum creatinine was 8.7 versus 6.6 days for LDN and ODN groups, respectively (p = not significant). Delayed graft function was noted in 5 of 71 (7%) in the LDN group and 3 of 60 (5%) in the ODN group (p = 0.5). In the LDN group 13 (18%) patients had a serum creatinine of greater than 1.5 mg/dl at postoperative day 30 compared to 6 (10%) in the ODN group (p = 0.06). Mean serum creatinine at 1 year was lower for LDN recipients (p = not significant). But at last followup this difference became statistically significant in favor of LDN. Mean followup was 939 versus 2,046 days for LDN versus ODN, respectively (p <0.0001). Recipient mean hospital stay was 5.2 versus 6.7 days for LDN versus ODN, respectively (p = 0.08). There were 8 of 78 (10.2%) episodes of acute rejection in the LDN group compared to 22% in the ODN group (p = 0.08). The complication rate (ureteral vascular, lymphocele, acute rejection and wound) was 11% in LDN compared to 15% in the ODN group. Long-term graft function, graft survival and patient survival in the LDN group were comparable to the ODN group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early graft recovery is slower in LDN allografts, although not statistically significant, but long-term function in the LDN group is significantly better compared to the ODN group. Laparoscopic donor kidneys take longer to achieve nadir serum creatinine, but this does not influence long-term outcome and results.
authors.affiliation: Section of Renal Transplant and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Mahesh C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Modlin
authors.forename: Araki M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mottoo
authors.forename: Ithaar H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Derweesh
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Flechner
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Streem
authors.forename: Inderbir
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Novick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D011241:Prednisone; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus