title: Real-time synchronization of kinematic and video data for the comprehensive assessment of surgical skills.
abstract: Surgical dexterity in operating theatres has traditionally been assessed subjectively. Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems such as the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD) have been shown to produce valid and accurate objective measures of surgical skill. To allow for video integration we have modified the data acquisition and built it within the ROVIMAS analysis software. We then used ActiveX 9.0 DirectShow video capturing and the system clock as a time stamp for the synchronized concurrent acquisition of kinematic data and video frames. Interactive video/motion data browsing was implemented to allow the user to concentrate on frames exhibiting certain kinematic properties that could result in operative errors. We exploited video-data synchronization to calculate the camera visual hull by identifying all 3D vertices using the ICSAD electromagnetic sensors. We also concentrated on high velocity peaks as a means of identifying potential erroneous movements to be confirmed by studying the corresponding video frames. The outcome of the study clearly shows that the kinematic data are precisely synchronized with the video frames and that the velocity peaks correspond to large and sudden excursions of the instrument tip. We validated the camera visual hull by both video and geometrical kinematic analysis and we observed that graphs containing fewer sudden velocity peaks are less likely to have erroneous movements. This work presented further developments to the well-established ICSAD dexterity analysis system. Synchronized real-time motion and video acquisition provides a comprehensive assessment solution by combining quantitative motion analysis tools and qualitative targeted video scoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology & Technology, Academic Surgical Unit, 10th floor St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, W2 1NY, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aristotelis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dosis
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moorthy
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Munz
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D010535:Laparoscopy; D012984:Software