title: Ionomycin, but not physiologic doses of epinephrine, stimulates skeletal muscle interleukin-6 mRNA expression and protein release.
abstract: It has been hypothesized that epinephrine may stimulate interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of epinephrine on IL-6 gene expression within, and protein release from, skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that physiologic epinephrine would neither result in an increase in IL-6 mRNA nor protein release from skeletal muscle. Soleus muscle was excised from 4-week-old anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats and incubated in a Krebs buffer with the addition of either saline (CON), epinephrine, at concentrations of 1,000 nmol/L (EPI 1,000), 100 nmol/L (EPI 100), or 10 nmol/L (EPI 10), or the calcium ionophore, ionomycin (IONO), a positive control. After a 1-hour incubation, muscle was collected and extracted for RNA, reverse transcribed, and IL-6 gene expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An aliquot of incubation medium was also collected and analyzed for IL-6 protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA). EPI 1,000 and IONO increased (P < .05) IL-6 mRNA, whereas EPI 100 and EPI 10 were without effect. IL-6 protein release from skeletal muscle was increased in IONO (P < .05), but not in CON or EPI at any concentration. These data demonstrate that while pharmacologic concentrations of epinephrine activate IL-6 mRNA, supraphysiologic and high-physiologic doses appear to have little, if any, effect on IL-6 gene transcription in skeletal muscle. In addition, ionomycin can stimulate IL-6 gene expression and protein release after only 1 hour of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Research Laboratory, The School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3038, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Febbraio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015759:Ionomycin; D004837:Epinephrine