title: Chorioretinal involvement in patients with West Nile virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize and analyze the chorioretinal manifestations of West Nile virus (WNV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, noncomparative case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine consecutive patients with serologically confirmed WNV infection in the setting of an outbreak of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The average duration of systemic symptoms before ophthalmic examination was 10 days (range, 2-30 days). All participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination at presentation and regularly throughout follow-up, including dilated biomicroscopic fundus examination, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A typical multifocal chorioretinitis was observed in 20 of 29 patients (69%) bilaterally at presentation and developed later during follow-up in 3 patients (10.3%), bilaterally (n = 1) or unilaterally (n = 2). Multifocal chorioretinitis was associated with mild vitreous inflammatory reaction in all cases. Other findings included intraretinal hemorrhages (21 patients [72.4%]), white-centered retinal hemorrhages (7 patients [24.1%]), focal retinal vascular sheathing (3 patients [10.4%]), marked diffuse retinal arterial sheathing (1 patient [3.4%]), retinal vascular leakage (5 patients [17.2%]), optic disc swelling (2 patients [6.9%]), optic disc staining (6 patients [20.7%]), segmental zones of retinal pigment epithelium changes (1 patient [3.4%]), and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (7 patients [24.1%]). The posterior segment findings related to WNV disease had a self-limited course in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chorioretinal involvement, frequently asymptomatic and self-limited, is common in patients with acute WNV infection. The unique pattern of multifocal chorioretinitis in patients with systemic symptoms suggestive of WNV can help to establish the diagnosis while serologic testing is pending. Therefore, a systematic ocular evaluation, including dilated fundus examination and fluorescein angiography in selected cases, is recommended in patients with clinically suspected WNV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia. moncef.khairallah@rns.tn
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khairallah
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben Yahia
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ladjimi
authors.forename: Hatem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeghidi
authors.forename: Foued
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ben Romdhane
authors.forename: Lamia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Besbes
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaouali
authors.forename: Riadh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Messaoud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012254:Ribavirin