title: Concepts in nuclear replacement.
abstract: This article describes the pathogenesis of early nuclear failure and current philosophical approaches to artificial, biological, and bioartificial nucleus replacement. Necessary in this review is an overview of current approaches to nucleus replacement with prosthetics and various gel materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Spinal Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-0882, USA. asieber@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Ann N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Sieber
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kostuik
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000379:methods*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005782:Gels / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005782:Gels