title: Serum antibody responses after intradermal vaccination against influenza.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  If found to be safe and immunogenic, reduced doses of influenza vaccine given by the intradermal route could increase the number of available doses of vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open-label study, we randomly assigned 119 subjects to receive an intradermal injection of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, containing 6 mug of hemagglutinin for each antigen (40 percent of the usual dose), and 119 to receive an intramuscular injection of the standard dose of 15 mug of hemagglutinin for each antigen. The two groups were subdivided according to age (18 to 60 years and older than 60 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among subjects who were 18 to 60 years of age, serum antibody responses were vigorous and did not differ significantly between the intradermal and intramuscular groups, and all subjects had hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers of at least 1:40. Although the subjects who were older than 60 years of age also had a vigorous antibody response, there was a trend toward a better response in the intramuscular route, but this finding was significant only for antigen to the H3N2 strain. Nevertheless, 100 percent of older subjects in the intramuscular group and 93 percent of such subjects in the intradermal group had an HAI antibody titer to the H3N2 strain of more than 1:40, and 100 percent in each group had a titer of this level for both the H1N1 and B strains. Local pain was significantly more common in the intramuscular group than in the intradermal group among subjects who were 18 to 60 years of age but not among subjects who were over 60 years old. Signs of local inflammation were significantly more common among subjects in the intradermal group than among those in the intramuscular group, in both age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As compared with an intramuscular injection of full-dose influenza vaccine, an intradermal injection of a reduced dose resulted in similarly vigorous antibody responses among persons 18 to 60 years of age but not among those over the age of 60 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. belsherb@slu.edu
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Belshe
authors.forename: Frances K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duane
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treanor
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Hoecke
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines