title: Chemical immobilization of rhebok (Pelea capreolus) with carfentanil-xylazine or etorphine-xylazine.
abstract: Twelve adult rhebok (Pelea capreolus) were immobilized using a combination of 0.4 mg/kg xylazine and either 0.01 mg/kg of carfentanil (n = 6) or 0.01 mg/kg etorphine (n = 6), delivered i.m. using a remote injection system. Induction and recovery times, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), anesthetic depth, indirect blood pressure, and arterial blood gases were recorded. Rhebok were not intubated but nasal oxygen was administered. Forty minutes after induction, anesthesia was antagonized with naltrexone and yohimbine. Mean initial heart rate was significantly higher in the carfentanil group than in the etorphine group. Mean initial oxygen saturation was consistent with hypoxia in both the carfentanil group and the etorphine group. In both groups, arterial pH decreased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased during the first 15 min of anesthesia, and values were similar in both groups. These findings were consistent with respiratory acidosis and decreased ventilation. Values for respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, ETCO2, and blood pressure were similar for both groups at all time periods. During the first 5 min of anesthesia, rhebok in the carfentanil group were more responsive to stimuli than rhebok in the etorphine group. After administration of antagonists, time to first arousal was significantly shorter in the etorphine group than in the carfentanil group. Although cardiopulmonary values were similar for the two groups, rhebok in the carfentanil group were at a comparatively lighter plane of anesthesia, and some individuals in this group required additional manual and chemical restraint for medical procedures to be performed. In conclusion, for captive adult rhebok, 0.01 mg/kg of etorphine and 0.4 mg/kg of xylazine are recommended over 0.01 mg/kg carfentanil and 0.4 mg/kg xylazine because of qualitatively better anesthetic episodes and shorter recovery times.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 120551, San Diego, California 92112, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Clippinger
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology; D000866:Antelopes / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005048:Etorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014991:Xylazine; D005048:Etorphine; C017114:carfentanil; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl