title: Emergence of new strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically distinct strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of community rather than hospital origin have emerged in many areas of the United States. We determined if MRSA strains causing bacteremia in infants treated from birth in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) demonstrated the genetic traits of community-associated MRSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted among NICU infants with bacteremia due to MRSA during 2003 in a large tertiary care center NICU in Houston. MRSA isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing by polymerase chain reaction. All MRSA cases were reviewed for clinical severity of infection and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2003, a total of 8 (47%) of 17 infants with bacteremia due to S. aureus had MRSA infection. Isolates from 6 (75%) of these 8 infants carried the SCCmec genes (class B mec and ccr2) that are characteristic of community MRSA; 4 isolates were type IVa. All 6 isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and erythromycin; 1 was also resistant to clindamycin. One isolate was nontypeable, and another carried the SCCmec type II gene (typical of hospital-associated strains) and was susceptible only to vancomycin. Seven (88%) of 8 infants presented in septic shock. Despite initial treatment with vancomycin, 3 (38%) died, and 3 survivors had complications requiring prolonged antimicrobial therapy; these 6 infants had MRSA isolates with genetic characteristics of isolates of community origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-associated MRSA strains have emerged as a significant cause of sepsis in neonates hospitalized in NICU since birth and have caused disseminated infection with substantial morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. chealy@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: C Mary
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Kristina G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hulten
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*