title: Low birth weight and longitudinal trends of cardiovascular risk factor variables from childhood to adolescence: the bogalusa heart study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have linked low birth weight to adverse levels of cardiovascular risk factors and related diseases. However, information is sparse at a community level in the U.S. general population regarding the effects of low birth weight on the longitudinal trends in cardiovascular risk factor variables measured concurrently from childhood to adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal analysis was performed retrospectively on data collected from the Bogalusa Heart Study cohort (n = 1141; 57% white, 43% black) followed from childhood to adolescence by repeated surveys between 1973 and 1996. Subjects were categorized into low birth weight (below the race-specific 10th percentile; n = 123) and control (between race-specific 50-75th percentile; n = 296) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low birth weight group vs control group had lower mean HDL cholesterol (p = 0.05) and higher LDL cholesterol (p = 0.05) during childhood (ages 4-11 years); higher glucose (p = 0.02) during adolescence. Yearly rates of change from childhood to adolescence in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.05), and glucose (p = 0.07) were faster, and body mass index (p = 0.03) slower among the low birth weight group. In a multivariate analysis, low birth weight was related independently and adversely to longitudinal trends in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.004), triglycerides (p = 0.03), and glucose (p = 0.07), regardless of race or gender. These adverse associations became amplified with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low birth weight is characterized by adverse developmental trends in metabolic and hemodynamic variables during childhood and adolescence; and thus, it may be an early risk factor in this regard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, PO Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23507-1980, USA. frontini@tulane.edu <frontini@tulane.edu>
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Frontini
authors.forename: Sathanur R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins