title: Extract of Reishi polysaccharides induces cytokine expression via TLR4-modulated protein kinase signaling pathways.
abstract: We have demonstrated that an extract of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling-Zhi) polysaccharides (EORP) exerts immunomodulating activities by stimulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines from mouse spleen cells. Interestingly, via responding to LPS in genetic variation of murine macrophage HeNC2 and GG2EE cell lines, and using TLR4 Ab blockage in human blood-derived monocytic macrophages, we have found that the TLR4, but not complement receptor type 3, is a putative receptor of EORP, mediating the consequent immunomodulating events associated with IL-1 gene expression. Based on our studies of reactive oxygen species production, polymyxin B inhibition, and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity, we ruled out the possibility of LPS contamination in EORP. We have found that EORP differentially modulates the protein kinase (PK)-mediated signal transduction pathways associated with inflammatory cytokine IL-1. In human macrophages and murine macrophage J774A.1 cells, EORP was found to up-regulate IL-1 secretion and pro-IL-1 (precursor of IL-1) as well as IL-1-converting enzyme expression. Specifically, EORP rapidly stimulates PTK-mediated phosphorylation, followed by induction of PKs and activation of MAPKs: ERK, JNK, and p38. Using PK inhibitors in the kinase activity assays, Western blot analyses and IL-1 ELISA, we have extensively examined and dissected the role of individual PK in the regulation of pro-IL-1/IL-1. Our findings establish that EORP-mediated signaling pathways are involved in the pro-IL-1/IL-1 regulation: PTK/protein kinase C/MEK1/ERK and PTK/Rac1/p21-activated kinase/p38.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Technology, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan. hyhsu@ym.edu.tw
authors.forename: Hsien-Yeh
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Kuo-Feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Chun-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chun-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chi-Huey
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020940:Reishi / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020170:Caspase 1; D002867:Chromones; D016207:Cytokines; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011112:Polymyxin B; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014443:Tyrosine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one