title: Oral implant surfaces: Part 1--review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the topographic and chemical properties of different oral implant surfaces and in vivo responses to them.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article considers detailed mechanical, topographic, and physical characteristics of implant surfaces. Anchorage mechanisms such as biomechanical and biochemical bonding are examined. Osteoattraction and doped surfaces are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface quality of an oral implant may be subdivided into mechanical, topographic, and physicochemical properties. Topographic properties are evaluated at the micrometer level of resolution. Moderately rough surfaces (Sa between 1.0 and 2.0 microm) show stronger bone responses than smoother or rougher surfaces. The majority of currently marketed implants are moderately rough. Oral implants permit bone ingrowth into minor surface irregularities-biomechanical bonding or osseointegration. Additional biochemical bonding seems possible with certain surfaces. Osteoattraction is a commercial term without precise biologic correspondence. Surfaces doped with biochemical agents such as bone growth factors have been developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderately roughened surfaces seem to have some clinical advantages over smoother or rougher surfaces, but the differences are small and often not statistically significant. Bioactive implants may offer some promise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, Institute for Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Sweden. tomas.albrektsson@biomaterials.gu.se
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albrektsson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D045662:Dental Etching; D015921:Dental Implants; D003775:Dental Polishing; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005459:Fluorides; D006133:Growth Substances; D006801:Humans; D016348:Osseointegration; D013499:Surface Properties; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D006133:Growth Substances; C020243:calcium phosphate; D005459:Fluorides