title: Pharmacogenetic interactions between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy and the angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion polymorphism in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy with the effect of the ACE D/I polymorphism on heart failure survival.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ACE deletion allele, ACE-D, is associated with increased ACE activity. The utilization of ACE genotyping to predict the impact of ACE inhibitor dose has not been previously evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 479 subjects with systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.25 +/- 0.08). Subjects were divided on the basis of ACE inhibitor therapy into low dose (<or=50% of target dose, n = 227), standard (high) dose (>50%, n = 201), or those receiving angiotensin receptor antagonists (n = 51). Patients were genotyped for the ACE D/I polymorphism, followed to the end point of death or cardiac transplantation, and transplant-free survival compared by genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACE-D allele was associated with an increased risk of events (p = 0.026). In analysis by ACE inhibitor dose, this effect was primarily in the low-dose group (1-year percent event-free survival: II/ID/DD = 86/77/71,2-year = 79/66/59, p = 0.032). In the standard-dose group, the impact was markedly diminished (1-year: II/ID/DD = 91/81/80, 2-year: 77/70/71, p = 0.64). The impact of beta-blockers and high dose ACE inhibitors was greatest in subjects with the ACE DD genotype (p = 0.001) and was less apparent with the II and ID genotypes (p = 0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher doses of ACE inhibitors diminished the impact of the ACE-D allele, and the benefits of beta-blockers and high-dose ACE inhibitors appeared maximal for DD patients. Determination of ACE genotype may help target therapy for patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. mcnamaradm@upmc.edu <mcnamaradm@upmc.edu>
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holubkov
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Postava
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janosko
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: MacGowan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathier
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: London
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers