title: Modulation of ankle muscle postural reflexes in stroke: influence of weight-bearing load.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the known sensorimotor deficits and asymmetric weight-bearing posture in stroke, the aim of this study was to determine whether stroke affects the modulation of standing postural reflexes with varying weight-bearing load.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten individuals with chronic stroke and 10 healthy older adult controls were exposed to unexpected forward and backward platform translations while standing. Three different stance conditions were imposed: increased weight-bearing load, decreased weight-bearing load, and self-selected stance. Surface electromyography from bilateral ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) and extensors (gastrocnemius) were recorded and the magnitude of background muscle activity (prior to the platform translation) and postural reflex onset latency and magnitude (75 ms following reflex onset) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Load modulation of ankle extensors was found in controls and individuals with stroke. Although controls demonstrated modulation of ankle dorsiflexors to different loads, individuals with stroke did not show this modulation. Further, load did not change the onset latency of postural reflexes of the individuals with stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The delayed paretic muscle onset latencies in conjunction with impaired modulation of ankle dorsiflexor postural reflexes may contribute to the instability and frequent falls observed among individuals with stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide some insight into standing postural reflexes following stroke.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Marigold
authors.forename: Janice J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timothy Inglis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology