title: Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting.
abstract: The introduction into the BEAMnrc code of a new variance reduction technique, called directional bremsstrahlung splitting (DBS), is described. DBS uses a combination of interaction splitting for bremsstrahlung, annihilation, Compton scattering, pair production and photoabsorption, and Russian Roulette to achieve a much better efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations compared to the splitting techniques already available in BEAMnrc (selective bremsstrahlung splitting, SBS, and uniform bremsstrahlung splitting, UBS). In a simulated 6 MV photon beam (10 x 10 cm2 field) photon fluence efficiency in the beam using DBS is over 8 times higher than with optimized SBS and over 20 times higher than with UBS, with a similar improvement in electron fluence efficiency in the beam. Total dose efficiency in a central-axis depth-dose curve improves by a factor of 6.4 over SBS at all depths in the phantom. The performance of DBS depends on the details of the accelerator being simulated. At higher energies, the relative improvement in efficiency due to DBS decreases somewhat, but is still a factor of 3.5 improvement over SBS for total dose efficiency using DBS in a simulated 18 MV photon beam. Increasing the field size of the simulated 6 MV beam to 40 x 40 cm2 (broad beam) causes the relative efficiency improvement of DBS to decrease by a factor of approximately 1.7 but is still up to 7 times more efficient than with SBS.
authors.affiliation: Ionizing Radiation Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa K1A OR6, Canada.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawrakow
authors.forename: D W O
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: B R B
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001822:Body Burden; D004735:Energy Transfer; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons