title: Review article: oesophageal complications and consequences of persistent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: The major oesophageal complications associated with persistent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include erosive oesophagitis, ulceration, strictures and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Although the causes of these complications are uncertain, studies indicate that erosive oesophagitis may progress to the development of ulcers, strictures and GI bleeding. Pharmacological treatment with proton pump inhibitors is favoured over that with H(2)-receptor antagonists for the treatment of strictures. The treatment of strictures is accomplished with dilation and many favour the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors. Most gastroenterologists are seeing far fewer oesophageal strictures these days since the introduction of proton pump inhibitors. In addition, research has shown that oesophageal complications have a greater impact on patients suffering from night-time GERD than on those suffering from daytime GERD. Barrett's oesophagus is a significant complication associated with persistent GERD and those at risk generally experience a longer duration of symptoms, especially those with a high degree of severity. In addition, there is a strong relationship between Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This is in part due to the association of obesity and the development of hiatal hernias. Furthermore, endoscopic screening is being used to detect Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma in persons suffering from chronic GERD, even though screening may not have an impact on outcomes (Sharma P, McQuaid K, Dent J, et al. A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: The AGA Chicago Workshop. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 310-30.).
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. jpisegna@ucla.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pisegna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Howden
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Katelaris
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spechler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triadafilopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tytgat
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000209:etiology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors