title: Mesenchymal stem cells: potential precursors for tumor stroma and targeted-delivery vehicles for anticancer agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High concentrations of interferon beta (IFN-beta) inhibit malignant cell growth in vitro. However, the therapeutic utility of IFN-beta in vivo is limited by its excessive toxicity when administered systemically at high doses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be used to target delivery of agents to tumor cells. We tested whether MSC can deliver IFN-beta to tumors, reducing toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human MSC were transduced with an adenoviral expression vector carrying the human IFN-beta gene (MSC-IFN-beta cells). Flow cytometry was used to measure tumor cell proliferation among in vitro co-cultures of MSC-IFN-beta cells and human MDA 231 breast carcinoma cells or A375SM melanoma cells. We used a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse xenograft model (4-10 mice per group) to examine the effects of injected MSC-IFN-beta cells and human recombinant IFN-beta on the growth of MDA 231- and A375SM-derived pulmonary metastases in vivo and on survival. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-culture of MSC-IFN-beta cells with A375SM cells or MDA 231 cells inhibited tumor cell growth as compared with growth of the tumor cells cultured alone (differences in mean percentage of control cell growth: -94.0% [95% confidence interval [CI] = -81.2% to -106.8%; P<.001] and -104.8% [95% CI = -82.1% to -127.5%; P<.001], respectively). Intravenous injection of MSC-IFN-beta cells into mice with established MDA 231 or A375SM pulmonary metastases led to incorporation of MSC in the tumor architecture and, compared with untreated control mice, to prolonged mouse survival (median survival for MDA 231-injected mice: 60 and 37 days for MSC-injected and control mice, respectively [difference = 23.0 days (95% CI = 14.5 to 34.0 days; P<.001]; median survival for A375SM-injected mice: 73.5 and 30.0 days for MSC-injected and control mice, respectively [difference = 43.5 days (95% CI = 37.0 to 57.5 days; P<.001]). By contrast, intravenous injection of recombinant IFN-beta did not prolong survival in the same models (median survival for MDA 231-injected mice: 41.0 and 37.0 days for IFN-beta-injected and control mice, respectively [difference = 4 days, 95% CI = -5 to 10 days; P = .308]; median survival for A375SM-injected mice: 32.0 and 30.0 days for IFN-beta-injected and control mice, respectively [difference = 2 days, 95% CI = 0 to 4.5 days; P = .059]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injected MSC-IFN-beta cells suppressed the growth of pulmonary metastases, presumably through the local production of IFN-beta in the tumor microenvironment. MSC may be an effective platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic proteins to cancer sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 448, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Matus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Studeny
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dembinski
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zompetta
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabreira-Hansen
authors.forename: Benjamin Nebiyou
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Champlin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreeff
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016899:Interferon-beta