title: Convergence of circadian and sleep regulatory mechanisms on hypocretin-1.
abstract: Hypocretin is a potential regulator of sleep and wakefulness and its levels fluctuate with the day-night cycle with high levels during the animal's activity period. Whether the daily fluctuations are driven endogenously or by external light cycles is unknown. We investigated the circadian and homeostatic regulation of hypocretin in the absence of environmental light cycles. To this purpose we performed repetitive samplings of cerebrospinal fluid in rats through implanted microcannulas in the cisterna magna and determined hypocretin-1 levels by radioimmunoassay. These experiments were also performed in rats that received a lesion of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a major pacemaker for circadian rhythms in mammals. The results showed sustained rhythmicity of hypocretin in constant dim red light in control animals. SCN-lesioned animals showed no circadian rhythms in hypocretin and mean hypocretin levels were remarkably low. The results indicate that the SCN is indispensable for rhythmicity in hypocretin and induces a daily increase in hypocretin levels during the animal's active phase. Additional sleep deprivation experiments were carried out to investigate homeostatic regulation of hypocretin. Hypocretin levels increased in response to sleep deprivation in both control and SCN-lesioned animals, demonstrating that sleep homeostatic control of hypocretin occurs independently from the SCN. Our data indicate that the circadian pacemaker of the SCN and sleep homeostatic mechanisms converge on one single sleep regulatory substance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deboer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Overeem
authors.forename: N A H
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duindam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frölich
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000068797:Orexins; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000378:metabolism; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins