title: Early reactions to frustration: developmental trends in anger, individual response styles, and caregiving risk implications in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an effort to examine early negative emotional response patterns, infant responses to frustration were studied with specific regard to anger.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty infants, 7-9 months (n = 20) and 12-14 months (n = 20) old, were observed in laboratory play situations. Infant affective response as well as maternal behavior were observed. Maternal interviews assessed maternal impressions of infant behavior and affect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed increased displays of anger in older infants, evidence of cognitive-affective linkages in response, and individual differences in emotional response style and maternal-infant processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings relate to the emergence and interplay of negative emotional response, maternal-infant patterns, and socioemotional risk.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services, The Hospital of St Raphael, New Haven, CT, USA. JK3500@aol.com
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors