title: Dose response of CRM197 and tetanus toxoid-conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines.
abstract: High vaccine cost has limited use of conjugate vaccines in the developing world where the disease burden is greatest. Fixed fractional doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic, but dose responses of these vaccines in humans are needed to determine the lowest immunogenic dose as an option for lowering vaccine cost. We randomized children to receive one of five doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 microg) of either a diphtheria CRM197 or tetanus toxoid-conjugated Hib vaccine. The children received a primary three-dose series at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age and a booster dose at 9 months. Anti-PRP IgG antibodies were measured at each vaccination, at 18 weeks, and at one week following the booster dose. Concentrations of > or =1.25 microg of HibCRM197 vaccine produced mean anti-PRP responses at 18 weeks of > or =5.72 microg/ml and > or =0.15 microg/ml was achieved in >98% of the children with at least 79% reaching anti-PRP concentrations of > or =1.0 microg/ml. Concentrations of > or =1.25 microg of Hib-tetanus vaccine produced mean anti-PRP responses at 18 weeks of > or =8.63 microg/ml and > or =0.15 microg/ml was achieved in 100% of the children with at least 88.9% reaching anti-PRP concentrations of > or =1.0 microg/ml. While mean antibody concentrations after either vaccine decreased over time, the proportion of children with antibody levels of > or =0.15 microg/ml had not changed significantly at the 9 month measurement. Immunologic memory was demonstrated by significant increases in mean antibody concentrations one week after the booster dose for doses > or =1.25 microg of HibCRM197 and Hib-tetanus to mean concentrations > or =37.71 and 16.07 microg/ml, respectively. There were no differences in antibody responses for vaccine doses > or =1.25 microg of the same vaccine or between the same concentrations of the two different vaccines. Our data suggest that doses of these vaccines of > or =1.25 microg may be sufficient to stimulate an immune response that offers both short and longer term protection from invasive Hib disease.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit of the Medical Research Council, National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mothupi
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Käyhty
authors.forename: Nontombi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mbelle
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khomo
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Klugman
mesh_terms: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D013742:Tetanus / Q000517:prevention & control; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C055753:Haemophilus influenza type b polysaccharide vaccine-tetanus toxin conjugate; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D017778:Vaccines, Combined