title: Risk of non-fatal suicide ideation and behaviour in recent onset schizophrenia--the influence of clinical, social, self-esteem and demographic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide rates amongst schizophrenic patients are high. There are disadvantages in investigating successfully completed suicides which make suicidal ideation and previous attempts important proxy measures of suicidal risk. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with these risk measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine patients suffering recent onset schizophrenia were assessed for suicidal ideation and history, and a range of demographic, clinical, social (including relatives' Expressed Emotion) and self-esteem measures. Univariate comparisons were made between those with and without suicide ideation and previous attempts. Path analysis was conducted to identify factors directly or indirectly associated with a composite scale of risk (low, medium or high).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 25% of the sample reported a current desire to kill themselves and 47% had made one or more previous attempts. There were numerous significant univariate differences between those with or without ideation or history. Path analysis indicated that greater hopelessness (OR 1.22) and longer duration of illness (OR 1.13) increased risk. Hopelessness was associated with higher negative self-evaluation and social isolation. Negative self-evaluation was associated with more relatives' criticism which was associated with more negative symptoms. Being a male, unmarried and unemployed were all significantly associated with an increase in negative symptoms. Social isolation was associated with being unemployed, older, more positive symptoms and longer illness duration. Duration of illness was not itself predicted by any other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-fatal suicide ideation and behaviour are significantly associated with an array of demographic, clinical, interpersonal and psychological factors. To reduce risk of suicide, these factors need to be assessed and methods developed to reduce their influence.
authors.affiliation: Academic Division of Clinical Psychology, Education and Research Building (2nd Floor), Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK. nicholas.tarrier@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarrier
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barrowclough
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Lynsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gregg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires