title: Truncal fat mass as a contributor to inflammation in end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An activated inflammatory response is a common feature of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and predicts outcome. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that may contribute to an inflammatory burden by secreting adipocytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to relate plasma concentrations of IL-6 in ESRD patients to body composition, regional fat mass distribution, and blood lipid profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-seven ESRD patients (123 men; +/- SE age: 52 +/- 1 y) were evaluated shortly before dialysis started. Lean body mass and truncal and nontruncal fat mass were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Nutritional status was evaluated on the basis of subjective global assessment and handgrip strength. Inflammatory biomarker and blood lipid concentrations were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median IL-6 (8.5 compared with 4.5 pg/mL; P < 0.001) concentrations were significantly greater in malnourished than in well-nourished patients. Moreover, negative correlations were observed between IL-6 and serum creatinine (rho = -0.19, P < 0.01), handgrip strength (rho = -0.24, P < 0.001), and serum albumin (rho = -0.34, P < 0.001). A significantly higher truncal fat mass (12.8 +/- 0.7 compared with 10.5 +/- 0.4 kg; P < 0.005) was observed in ESRD patients with inflammation (C-reactive protein >/= 10 mg/L). Inverse correlations were observed between plasma IL-6 and HDL cholesterol (rho = -0.16, P < 0.05) and apolipoprotein A (rho = -0.23, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plausible relations exist between inflammatory biomarkers, such as IL-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and regional fat distribution in ESRD patients. Moreover, the strong inverse relations between HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A and biomarkers of inflammation suggest that the chronic inflammatory response observed in ESRD patients is an important contributor to the atherogenic lipoprotein profile in uremia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid Qureshi
authors.forename: Mohammed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecoits-Filho
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heimbürger
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids