title: Regulation of mTOR function in response to hypoxia by REDD1 and the TSC1/TSC2 tumor suppressor complex.
abstract: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of protein synthesis whose activity is modulated by a variety of signals. Energy depletion and hypoxia result in mTOR inhibition. While energy depletion inhibits mTOR through a process involving the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by LKB1 and subsequent phosphorylation of TSC2, the mechanism of mTOR inhibition by hypoxia is not known. Here we show that mTOR inhibition by hypoxia requires the TSC1/TSC2 tumor suppressor complex and the hypoxia-inducible gene REDD1/RTP801. Disruption of the TSC1/TSC2 complex through loss of TSC1 or TSC2 blocks the effects of hypoxia on mTOR, as measured by changes in the mTOR targets S6K and 4E-BP1, and results in abnormal accumulation of Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In contrast to energy depletion, mTOR inhibition by hypoxia does not require AMPK or LKB1. Down-regulation of mTOR activity by hypoxia requires de novo mRNA synthesis and correlates with increased expression of the hypoxia-inducible REDD1 gene. Disruption of REDD1 abrogates the hypoxia-induced inhibition of mTOR, and REDD1 overexpression is sufficient to down-regulate S6K phosphorylation in a TSC1/TSC2-dependent manner. Inhibition of mTOR function by hypoxia is likely to be important for tumor suppression as TSC2-deficient cells maintain abnormally high levels of cell proliferation under hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brugarolas
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Brendan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Reiling
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hafen
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Witters
authors.forename: Leif W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ellisen
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kaelin
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C469992:Ddit4 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C000624651:Tsc1 protein, mouse; C000624654:Tsc2 protein, mouse; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases