Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthetic protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Phenazines produced by Pseudomonas and Streptomyces spp. are heterocyclic nitrogen-containing metabolites with antibiotic, antitumor, and antiparasitic activity. The antibiotic properties of pyocyanin, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were recognized in the 1890s, although this blue phenazine is now known to be a virulence factor in human disease. Despite their biological significance, the biosynthesis of phenazines is not fully understood. Here we present structural and functional studies of PhzF, an enzyme essential for phenazine synthesis in Pseudomonas spp. PhzF shares topology with diaminopimelate epimerase DapF but lacks the same catalytic residues. The structure of PhzF in complex with its substrate, trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, suggests that it is an isomerase using the conserved glutamate E45 to abstract a proton from C3 of the substrate. The proton is returned to C1 of the substrate after rearrangement of the double-bond system, yielding an enol that converts to the corresponding ketone. PhzF is a dimer that may be bifunctional, providing a shielded cavity for ketone dimerization via double Schiff-base formation to produce the phenazine scaffold. Our proposed mechanism is supported by mass and NMR spectroscopy. The results are discussed in the context of related structures and protein sequences of unknown biochemical function.
Blankenfeldt
Wulf
W
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
Kuzin
Alexandre P
AP
Skarina
Tatiana
T
Korniyenko
Yuriy
Y
Tong
Liang
L
Bayer
Peter
P
Janning
Petra
P
Thomashow
Linda S
LS
Mavrodi
Dmitri V
DV
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D007535:Isomerases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010619:Phenazines; D007535:Isomerases