title: Selective arterial calcium stimulation and hepatic venous sampling in the evaluation of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: potential and limitations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the potential and limitations of selective arterial calcium stimulation and hepatic venous sampling (ASVS) in the evaluation of patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven consecutive adult patients with documented hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia undergoing an ASVS test and histologically confirmed diagnosis were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By histology, 24 patients were found to have an insulinoma, two had islet cell hyperplasia, and one had insulin-secreting neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver. ASVS correctly predicted the source of excessive insulin secretion in 26 of 27 (sensitivity, 96%) patients. In two patients with an insulinoma, ASVS had to be repeated for correct diagnosis; in one patient with a glucose-sensitive insulinoma, ASVS was falsely negative. In one patient, a falsely negative ASVS test was caused by diazoxide treatment; in another patient a falsely negative ASVS test occurred because of extraordinarily high baseline insulin levels when the calcium stimulation was performed. CT and/or MR imaging correctly predicted the source of excessive insulin secretion in 59% of patients, the sensitivity of the intraoperative exploration was 88%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the authors' experience, the ASVS test is superior to CT/MR imaging and even the intraoperative exploration in identifying the source of excessive insulin secretion in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. To prevent false negative ASVS tests, medications with an influence on insulin secretion have to be discontinued prior to ASVS and two baseline blood samples should be obtained before the calcium stimulation is performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. peter.wiesli@usz.ch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiesli
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brändle
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krähenbühl
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Giatgen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spinas
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002125:Calcium Gluconate; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007340:Insulinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D002125:Calcium Gluconate