Sex, MHC and complement C4 in autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune diseases are estimated to affect 10-50 million people in the United States, and untold millions worldwide. Nearly 80% of all people with autoimmune diseases are women, and a strong association of these diseases with MHC genes has been known for some time. However, very little is known about what causes autoimmune diseases or the factors that lead to disease recurrence. The sex-associated differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are associated with MHC genetic background, sex hormone levels and cytokine production. The implication of these factors has aided the identification of new autosomal genetic susceptibility loci. Complete deficiencies of early complement components are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but the role of complement proteins in SLE is not yet clear. Recent data suggest that quantitative and qualitative diversities of the MHC-linked complement C4 among different ethnic groups can be important in the susceptibility and disease severity of SLE.
Yu
C Yung
CY
Columbus Children's Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43205, USA. cyu@chi.osu.edu
Whitacre
Caroline C
CC
D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017945:Theilovirus
D003181:Complement C4; D016207:Cytokines