title: Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk for atrial fibrillation-associated stroke increases at low anticoagulation intensities. However, higher intensities increase hemorrhage risk. Optimal use of warfarin for atrial fibrillation requires precise information on the risk for intracranial hemorrhage as a function of patient age and anticoagulation intensity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  170 case-patients who developed intracranial hemorrhage during warfarin therapy and 1020 matched controls who did not; both case-patients and controls were taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed multivariable conditional logistic regression to determine the odds of intracranial hemorrhage with regard to age and international normalized ratio (INR), controlling for comorbid conditions and aspirin use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case-patients were older than controls (median age, 78 years vs. 75 years; P < 0.001) and had higher median INRs (2.7 vs. 2.3; P < 0.001). The risk for intracranial hemorrhage increased at 85 years of age or older (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.3 to 4.7]; referent age, 70 to 74 years) and at an INR range of 3.5 to 3.9 (adjusted odds ratio, 4.6 [CI, 2.3 to 9.4]; referent INR, 2.0 to 3.0). The risk for intracranial hemorrhage at INRs less than 2.0 did not differ statistically from the risk at INRs of 2.0 to 3.0 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3 [CI, 0.8 to 2.2]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although duration of anticoagulation has been associated with hemorrhage in other studies, the current study could not control for this potential confounder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for intracranial hemorrhage increases at age 85 years. International normalized ratios less than 2.0 were not associated with lower risk for intracranial hemorrhage compared with INRs between 2.0 and 3.0. Therefore, anticoagulation management should focus on maintaining INRs in the 2.0 to 3.0 range, even in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation, rather than targeting INRs less than 2.0. Similarly, INRs of 3.5 or greater should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Hospitalist Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA. mfang@medicine.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Yuchiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hylek
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin