title: Skeletal hormones and the C/EBP and Runx transcription factors: interactions that integrate and redefine gene expression.
abstract: Systemic hormones and local growth factors have significant and often complex roles in normal tissue development, growth, remodeling, and repair. Early efforts in skeletal tissue attempted to define active panels of these agents and their direct effects on cell proliferation, matrix production, and secretion of other soluble mediators of differentiated cell function. Initial results resolved many of these questions and began to unveil functional interactions between specific hormones and growth factors. More recent evidence suggests that interactions between individual hormone systems also occur in less anticipated but probably not less meaningful ways. In some cases, these interactions may help to define a spectrum of effects on gene expression by focusing, refocusing, or integrating the activity of previously recognized transcription regulators. Other studies in isolated osteoblasts predict that certain steroid hormones have distinctive effects on specific transcription factors with important roles in bone growth and repair. In this review, we focus on studies that define functional and physical interactions between molecular mediators of hormone activity that could directly effect skeletal growth factor biology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA. michael.centrella@yale.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Centrella
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christakos
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006728:Hormones; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014807:Vitamin D