title: Cyclooxygenase 1 is required for pH control at the mouse gastric surface.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endogenous cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is required to maintain a relatively alkaline surface pH at the gastric luminal surface.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine which COX isoform, COX-1 or COX-2, is responsible for regulating the protective surface pH gradient and to test if COX inhibitors also had non-COX mediated effects in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed constitutive expression of both COX isoforms in the normal mouse stomach. We used in vivo confocal microscopy to measure pH near the mucosal surface of anaesthetised COX-1 (-/-), COX-2 (-/-), or wild-type mice of the same genetic background.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the gastric mucosal surface was exposed and superfused (0.2 ml/min) with a weakly buffered saline solution (pH 3) containing the pH indicator Cl-NERF, the pH directly at the gastric surface and thickness of the pH gradient were similar in wild-type and COX-2 (-/-) mice, but COX-1 (-/-) mice had a significantly thinner pH gradient. Addition of indomethacin had minimal effects on the residual surface pH gradient in COX-1 (-/-) mice, suggesting no role for COX-2 in surface pH regulation. Whole stomach perfusion studies demonstrated diminished net alkali secretion in COX-1 (-/-) mice, and application of SC-560 or rofecoxib to wild-type mice and mutant mice confirmed that only COX-1 inhibition reduced alkali secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-1 is the dominant isoform regulating the normal thickness of the protective surface pH gradient in mouse stomach.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Starodub
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Joehl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tackett
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Montrose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse