title: Effect of higher-order wavefront aberrations on binocular summation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of individual Zernike wavefront aberrations on binocular summation and binocular visual acuity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 0.25-microm wavefront aberration of second, third and fourth order Zernike modes were introduced into a set of log minimum angle of resolution unit (logMAR) visual acuity charts convolved by CTView. Subjects were dilated and fitted with an artificial pupil of 3 mm. For each set of charts, right eye, left eye, and binocular acuity was measured. The gain in binocular visual acuity over monocular visual acuity was defined as binocular summation. The visual acuity lost binocularly reading aberrated charts was normalized for each subject and defined as the aberration induced loss in acuity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Binocular summation was 10.0% (95% limits of agreement 8.8 to 11.1%) in the unaberrated state and ranged from 17.3 to 3.4% in the Zernike modes studied. Binocular summation was greatest in defocus followed by coma and astigmatism. The aberration induced loss in monocular and binocular acuity was higher for Zernike modes with low angular frequency compared to those with high angular frequency. Linear regression showed a significant relationship between aberration-induced loss of visual acuity and binocular summation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fixed amount of root mean square (RMS) aberration has a varied effect on binocular vision depending on the angular frequency and radial order of Zernike mode. Binocular vision has a positive effect in reducing the visual impact of aberrations as Zernike modes that suffer from the most loss of visual acuity also experience the greatest amounts of binocular summation.
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. han_bor_fam@ttsh.com.sg
authors.forename: Han-Bor
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Fam
authors.forename: Kooi-Ling
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019781:Corneal Topography; D006801:Humans; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D015349:Vision, Monocular; D014792:Visual Acuity