title: Evaluation of causes of increased incidence of cervical cancer in Slovenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Slovenia the opportunistic cervical cancer (CC) screening programme has been performed within the regular gynaecological practice since 1960. The incidence rate 28.8/10(5) decreased to 16.1/10(5) in 1982, and increased to 23/10(5) in 1996. To explain the increased CC incidence the patients' screening histories, occurrence of symptoms, and details of preventive measures were studied on the basis of medical records and questionnaire. Errors of cytological screening were analysed by reviewing previous smears.
  
  
  METHODS
  The answers obtained from 324 women, treated for CC in the period 1995-2000, were analysed in relation to age, stage and histology. The mean women's age was 46.76 +/- 13.07 (S.D.) years (range 23-85 years). After therapy, 271 patients were followed-up by the end of January 2004, (mean follow-up time 80.3 +/- 20 S.D. months, range 29.7-110.3 months). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 208 (80%) cases, CC was detected in stage 1, in 43 (17%) in stages 2A to 3B. Squamous-cell carcinoma (192, 74.1%) was followed by adenocarcinoma (61, 23.5%) and (5, 1.9%) other malignancies. The screening interval ranged from 6 months to 4 years. Statistically significant differences existed between clinical and screening variables. CC was diagnosed in higher stages in women who were ignorant of the Pap test. Re-screened smears (n = 126) showed 27.8% of false negative results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reasons for high incidence of CC are poor performance of cytological screening, failures in gynecological examinations and diagnostic procedures, and the patients' negligence of attending regular screening.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Spela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smrkolj
authors.forename: Stelio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakar
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mozina
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erzen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*