title: Pregnancy in patients with rheumatic disease: anti-inflammatory cytokines increase in pregnancy and decrease post partum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in the levels of circulating cytokines with a focus on the Th1/Th2 balance during and after pregnancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and serum samples of 34 pregnant patients, 19 with RA, 6 with JIA, and 9 with AS, and of 30 healthy pregnant women, 20 non-pregnant patients, and 10 non-pregnant healthy women were analysed for levels of interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL10, IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra), soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR), and soluble CD30 (sCD30) by ELISA. Clinical assessment and blood sampling in pregnant women was done once in each trimester and 6, 12, and 24 weeks post partum. Disease activity in the patients was evaluated by validated clinical instruments and correlated with circulating levels of cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low levels of IL10 were found sporadically, whereas IFNgamma and IL1beta were below detection level in the samples tested. Significantly higher concentrations of sTNFR and IL1Ra were measured in pregnant than in non-pregnant subjects. An increase of IL1Ra from the second to the third trimester correlated with improvement of disease activity in patients with RA and AS. Compared with non-pregnant patients and the other pregnant women, patients with RA showed markedly raised levels of sCD30 during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFNgamma and IL10, markers of a Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were either low or undetectable in the cohorts analysed. The increase of cytokine inhibitors IL1Ra and sTNFR was related to pregnancy and was independent of an underlying disease. These anti-inflammatory mediators seem to affect disease activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. monika.oestensen@insel.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Østensen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Förger
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuhmacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hebisch
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Villiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001168:Arthritis / Q000276:immunology*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017730:Ki-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000097:blood; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017730:Ki-1 Antigen; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor