title: Soft tissue and intra-articular injection of bupivacaine, epinephrine, and morphine has a beneficial effect after total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if an intraoperative intraarticular and soft-tissue injection of local anaesthetic, epinephrine, and morphine has a beneficial effect for total knee arthroplasty. A control group of 138 patients (181 knees) received no intraoperative injection. The study group of 171 patients (197 knees) received intraoperative injection of 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine and morphine with 2/3 injected into the soft tissues and 1/3 injected into the joint. Patients having bilateral simultaneous procedures received a divided dose. The pain treatment protocol otherwise was identical. Pain, sedation, rescue narcotic usage, narcotic reversal and blood loss were examined. Pain levels during the immediate postoperative period, blood loss, and bleeding indices were reduced with injection. Considerably more control patients required rescue doses of narcotics. Preemptive analgesia with soft tissue and intra-articular injection of long-acting local anesthetic with epinephrine and morphine provides better pain control in the immediate postoperative period, decreases blood loss, and decreases the need for rescue narcotics and reversal agents. This simple, inexpensive method provides an effective adjunct to a multimodal approach in improving the postoperative course of primary total knee arthroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Joint Implant Surgeons, Inc, Columbus, OH 43215, USA. LombardiAV@joint-surgeons.com
authors.forename: Adolph V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Berend
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mallory
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: Joanne B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine