title: Tracheal anomalies in Pfeiffer syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the types and frequency of airway anomalies in patients with Pfeiffer syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic tertiary care pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with Pfeiffer syndrome, 6 of whom were severely affected, were identified. All were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of tracheal anomalies, need for tracheotomy, and length of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6 severely affected patients had mutations in genes that code for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (S351C [3 patients]; C342S [2 patients]; and W290C [1 patient]). Five of these patients were diagnosed during bronchoscopy or tracheotomy as having a congenital tracheal cartilaginous sleeve. In 1 patient, supportive care was withdrawn at 2 weeks of life, and the patient died. The remaining 5 patients required tracheotomy because of severe upper airway obstruction. Three of these patients died (at ages 9 months and 7 and 15 years). Two are still alive at ages 23 and 18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Pfeiffer syndrome manifest significant airway pathologic conditions. Upper airway obstruction is related to midface hypoplasia and secondary nasal obstruction. Tracheal anomalies have been infrequently reported.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Neil G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Hockstein
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDonald-McGinn
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zackai
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Dale S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014132:Trachea / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D014140:Tracheotomy