title: What is the best management strategy for high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus? A cost effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple treatment strategies for subjects with high grade dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's oesophagus (BO) have been suggested. However, it is unclear which of these strategies provides the greatest life expectancy, and the costs associated with the management strategies are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and cost effectiveness of competing management strategies for BO with HGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created a decision analysis model in Data 4.0 to assess possible treatment strategies for BO with HGD. The strategies included: (1) no preventative strategy, (2) elective surgical oesophagectomy, (3) endoscopic ablation, and (4) surveillance endoscopy. The base case was a healthy 50 year old White male with an initial diagnosis of BO with HGD. The model allowed for complications of surgery, including death. Ablative therapy could cause stricture or perforation. Pathological misinterpretation was allowed, and modelled after reported rates. Estimates were derived from the literature for the rate of progression of HGD to cancer and for complication rates for the various treatment modalities. The endoscopic ablation arm was modelled as photodynamic therapy. Sensitivity analyses were performed over a wide range of cancer incidences, complication rates, and procedure costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic ablation was the most effective strategy, yielding 15.5 discounted quality adjusted life years (dQALY), compared with 15.0 for endoscopic surveillance and 14.9 for oesophagectomy. No preventative strategy was the most inexpensive option, yielding an average cost per quality adjusted life year of US dollars 54 (44) per dQALY, but resulted in high rates of cancer. Endoscopic surveillance dominated oesophagectomy, being both less costly and more effective. The condition of extended dominance occurred when comparing endoscopic ablation to endoscopic surveillance because, although the total costs of ablation were greater than those of surveillance, it was less expensive to buy an additional life year using endoscopic ablation than endoscopic surveillance. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio when moving from no therapy to ablative therapy was a reasonable US dollars 25 621/dQALY (21 009/dQALY). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that when yearly rates of progression to cancer from HGD exceeded 30%, oesophagectomy became the most cost effective option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strategy of endoscopic ablation provided the longest quality adjusted life expectancy for BO with HGD. Although endoscopic surveillance was less expensive than endoscopic ablation, it was associated with shorter survival. Optimal utilisation of healthcare resources may be achieved with endoscopic ablative therapy for BO with HGD.
authors.affiliation: CB#7080, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA. nshaheen@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Inadomi
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Overholt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D018450:Disease Progression; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000191:economics; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000191:economics; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States