title: Opioid switching from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone in patients with cancer pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with cancer often are rotated from other opioids to methadone to improve the balance between analgesia and side effects. To the authors' knowledge, no clear guidelines currently exist for the safe and effective rotation from transdermal fentanyl to methadone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors evaluated a protocol for switching opioid from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone in 17 patients with cancer. Reasons for switching were uncontrolled pain (41.1% of patients) and neurotoxic side effects (58.9% of patients). Methadone was initiated 8-24 hours after fentanyl withdrawal, depending on the patient's previous opioid doses (from < 100 microg per hour to > 300 microg per hour). The starting methadone dose was calculated according to a 2-step conversion between transdermal fentanyl:oral morphine (1:100 ratio) and oral morphine:oral methadone (5:1 ratio or 10:1 ratio). The correlation between previous fentanyl dose and the final methadone dose or the fentanyl:methadone dose ratio was assessed by means of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (r), respectively. A Friedman test was used to compare pain intensity before and after the switch and the use of daily rescue doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opioid rotation was fully or partially effective in 80% and 20%, respectively, of patients with somatic pain. Neuropathic pain was not affected by opioid switching. Delirium and myoclonus were reverted in 80% and 100% of patients, respectively, after opioid switching. A positive linear correlation was obtained between the fentanyl and methadone doses (Pearson r, 0.851). Previous fentanyl doses were not correlated with the final fentanyl:methadone dose ratios (Spearman r, - 0.327).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protocol studied provided a safe approach for switching from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone, improving the balance between analgesia and side effects in patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care Unit and Research Unit, Hospital La Candelaria, Canary Health Service, Tenerife, Spain. mabenitez@comtf@es
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benítez-Rosario
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feria
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salinas-Martín
authors.forename: Luis Pedro
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Martínez-Castillo
authors.forename: José Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Martín-Ortega
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl