title: A comparison of radiographic and scintigraphic techniques to assess aseptic loosening of the acetabular component in a total hip replacement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of a loose total hip prosthesis is often established with use of radiographic and nuclear medicine techniques, but there is controversy about the relative utility of plain radiography, subtraction arthrography, nuclear arthrography, and bone scintigraphy. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver reliability of these imaging modalities in patients suspected of having aseptic loosening of the acetabular component.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1994 to 1999, eighty-six consecutive patients with pain after a total hip arthroplasty were evaluated for possible loosening of the components. The imaging evaluation included plain radiography followed by a one-day protocol that included bone scintigraphy, subtraction arthrography, and nuclear arthrography. For this study, two experienced nuclear medicine physicians and two experienced radiologists, all of whom were blinded with respect to the clinical pretest data and the clinical outcome, retrospectively interpreted the diagnostic images. The sensitivity and the specificity of each imaging modality were established by comparing the findings obtained with each technique with those found at surgery or during the subsequent clinical course of the patient. Interobserver variability was determined with the intraclass correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plain radiography had a sensitivity of 85% (95% confidence interval, 71 to 94) and a specificity of 85% (95% confidence interval, 66 to 96) in detecting aseptic loosening of the acetabular component, but it had only fair interobserver variability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.37). For subtraction arthrography, the sensitivity was 72% (95% confidence interval, 57 to 84), the specificity was 70% (95% confidence interval, 50 to 86), and there was good interobserver variability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.71). For nuclear arthrography, the sensitivity was 57% (95% confidence interval, 41 to 71), the specificity was 67% (95% confidence interval, 46 to 84), and there was fair interobserver variability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.24). For bone scintigraphy, the sensitivity was 83% (95% confidence interval, 69 to 92), the specificity was 67% (95% confidence interval, 46 to 84), and there was moderate interobserver variability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plain radiography had the highest diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of aseptic loosening of the acetabular component. The diagnostic accuracy was increased when plain radiography was combined with bone scintigraphy or subtraction arthrography. However, we found considerable interobserver variability in image interpretation, even with experienced radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. opp.temmerman@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Olivier P P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Temmerman
authors.forename: Pieter G H M
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Raijmakers
authors.forename: Erik F L
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pijpers
authors.forename: Marinus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Molenaar
authors.forename: Otto S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berkhof
authors.forename: Rado A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Manoliu
authors.forename: Gerrit J J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Teule
authors.forename: Ide C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Heyligers
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D002484:Cementation; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique