title: Prescription of statins to dyslipidemic patients affected by liver diseases: a subtle balance between risks and benefits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population with an excellent risk-benefit profile. The most frequent adverse events are myopathy and increase in hepatic aminotransferases. In this review, we consider the role of liver in metabolism of statins, their potential hepatic toxicity and the guidelines for their prescription in patients affected by different liver diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statin-induced hepatic toxicity: i) occurs in 1-3% of patients; ii) is characterized by increased aminotransferase levels; iii) is dose-related; iv) is frequently asymptomatic; v) usually reverts after dosage reduction or treatment withdrawal. Finally, after recovery, a rechallenge with the same or other statins may not result in increased aminotranferases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caution is needed when prescribing statins to patients with liver disease, and liver toxicity should always be monitored during statin treatment. In particular, i) the potential hepatic toxicity requires frequent control of biochemical parameters related to hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis in all patients on statins; ii) administration of statins is counterindicated in patients with advanced or end-stage parenchymal liver disease due to the relevant impairment of their metabolism; iii) cholestatic disorders with secondary dyslipidemia do not require statin treatment even if relevant alterations of the lipid pattern are detected; iv) patients with acute liver disease of viral or alcoholic etiology should not receive statins until normalization of cytolysis enzymes; v) chronic hepatitis patients may be treated by statins if their cardiovascular risk is elevated and provided that careful follow-up is carried out to rapidly recognize the onset of further liver damage; vi) liver transplantation recipients affected by dyslipidemia induced by immunosuppressive therapy can be treated with statins under careful clinical control; vii) the benefits of statins should likely overcome the risks in the large majority of dyslipidemic patients affected by non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis, a disease frequently diagnosed in insulin-resistant subjects.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anfossi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massucco
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bonomo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovati
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000410:Alanine Transaminase