title: Atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry with a microchip heated nebulizer.
abstract: A novel, microfabricated heated nebulizer chip for atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) is presented. The chip consists of fluidic and gas inlets, a mixer, and a nozzle etched onto silicon wafer that is anodically bonded to a Pyrex glass wafer, on which an aluminum heater is sputtered. A krypton discharge lamp is used as the source for 10-eV photons to initiate the photoionization process. Dopant, delivered as part of the sample solution, is used to achieve efficient ionization. The use of the microfabricated heated nebulizer with APPI in the analysis of four analytes is demonstrated, and the spectra are compared to those obtained with a conventional APPI source. Ionization in positive and negative ion modes was successfully achieved and the spectra were mainly similar to those obtained with conventional APPI, indicating that the ionization in microfabricated and conventional APPI sources takes place by the same mechanisms. The flow rates with conventional APPI are approximately 100 muL/min, whereas the microchip heated nebulizer allows the use of flow rates 0.05-5 muL/min, thus being compatible with microfluidic separation systems or micro- and nano-LC. A stable signal was demonstrated throughout a 5-h measurement, which proved the excellent stability of the micro-APPI. The same heated nebulizer chip can be used for weeks.
authors.affiliation: Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kauppila
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostman
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marttila
authors.forename: Raimo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ketola
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotiaho
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franssila
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostiainen
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008904:Miniaturization; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010777:Photochemistry