title: Identification and categorization of technical errors by Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment (OCHRA) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical operative performance benefits from analysis of the mechanisms underlying technical errors committed during surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study using the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment (OCHRA) system and complete unedited videotapes of the operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three National Health Service hospitals within the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease by surgeons, who were blind to the nature and objectives of the study, using their usual operative technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical consequential and inconsequential operative errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of 38 062 steps of the 200 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by 26 surgeons identified 2242 errors. The mean +/- SD total, inconsequential, and consequential errors per surgical procedure were 11.0 +/- 8.0, 8.0 +/- 6.0, and 4.0 +/- 3.0, respectively. Dissection of the Calot triangle (second task zone of the operation) incurred more total errors (6.5 +/- 5.4) compared with the first (2.9 +/- 2.8, P<.001) and third (5.1 +/- 3.9, P<.05) task zones. This translated to a higher error probability (6.9% vs 3.5% for the first and 5.5% for third task zones). The combined sharp and blunt dissection method had fewer errors than the blunt/teasing dissection technique (9.45 +/- 7.6 vs 13.9 +/- 7.3, P<.001) although different surgeons were involved. The most serious consequences were encountered during dissection with the electrosurgical hook knife.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has confirmed that the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment system provides a comprehensive objective assessment of the quality of surgical operative performance by documenting the errors, the stage of the operation in which errors are enacted most frequently, and where these errors have serious consequences (hazard zones).
authors.affiliation: Surgical Skills Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joice
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013222:State Medicine; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014743:Videotape Recording