title: Aberrant auditory processing and atypical planum temporale in developmental stuttering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To learn if people with persistent developmental stuttering and atypical anatomy of their auditory temporal cortex have, when compared to control subjects, changes in fluency induced with delayed auditory feedback (DAF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DAF improves fluency in many individuals who stutter, and induces dysfluency in some normal people. The planum temporale (PT), a portion of auditory temporal cortex, is anatomically atypical in some adults who stutter and atypical anatomy might induce aberrant function. Thus, the people who demonstrate the paradoxical response to DAF might be those who have atypical anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental subjects were adults with developmental stuttering (n = 14) and control subjects (n = 14) matched for age, sex, education, and handedness. Volumetric MRI scans of all subjects were obtained and the PT was measured in the right and left hemispheres. Based on these scans, subjects were classified as typical (leftward PT asymmetry) or atypical (rightward PT asymmetry). Prose passages were read at baseline, with non-altered feedback (NAF), and with DAF, and fluency was measured in these three conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline the adults with developmental stuttering were significantly more dysfluent than controls (p < 0.0005). Controls' fluency did not significantly change with DAF, but DAF improved fluency in adults with developmental stuttering (p < 0.0005). In the stutter group enhanced fluency was associated with atypical (rightward) PT asymmetry, and the presence of typical (leftward) PT asymmetry was not associated with any significant change in fluency. The individuals with atypical PT asymmetry also had more severe stuttering at baseline compared to the experimental subjects with typical PT anatomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adults with persistent developmental stuttering and atypical PT anatomy, fluency is improved with DAF. These experimental subjects who showed improvement had more severe stuttering at baseline. Anomalous PT anatomy may be a neural risk for developmental stuttering in some individuals. Although a number of explanations are tenable, it may be that atypical rightward PT asymmetry may alter speech feedback, and treatment with DAF might allow these people to compensate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1440 Canal Street TB52, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. foundas@tulane.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Foundas
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bollich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lemen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Heilman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011932:Reading; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*