title: Role of protein kinase C-epsilon (PKCepsilon) in isoflurane-induced cardioprotection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile anaesthetics precondition the heart against infarction, an effect partly mediated by activation of the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon). We investigated whether cardioprotection by activation of PKCepsilon depends on the isoflurane concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anaesthetized rats underwent 25 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion and were randomly assigned to the following groups (n=10 in each group): isoflurane preconditioning induced by 15 min administration of 0.4 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) (0.4MAC), 1 MAC (1MAC) or 1.75 MAC (1.75MAC) followed by 10 min washout before ischaemia. Each protocol was repeated in the presence of the PKC inhibitor staurosporine (10 microg kg(-1)): 0.4MAC+S, 1MAC+S and 1.75MAC+S. Controls were untreated (CON) and additional hearts received staurosporine without isoflurane (S). In a second set of experiments (n=6 in each group) hearts were excised before the infarct inducing ischaemia, and phosphorylation and translocation of PKCepsilon were determined by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane reduced infarct size from a mean of 61(SEM 2)% of the area at risk in controls to 20(1)% (0.4MAC), 26(3)% (1MAC) and 30(1)% (1.75MAC) (all P<0.01 vs CON or S). This protection was partially reversed by administration of staurosporine in the 0.4MAC+S group (30[2]%; P<0.05 vs 0.4MAC) group, but not after administration of 1 MAC or 1.75 MAC isoflurane (26[2]% and 31[2]%, respectively). Thus 0.4MAC increased PKCepsilon phosphorylation, and this effect was blocked by staurosporine. Higher concentrations of isoflurane did not change PKCepsilon phosphorylation. PKCepsilon was translocated to the membrane fraction after administration of 0.4 MAC isoflurane, but not after 1.0 or 1.75 MAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although isoflurane preconditioning resulted in a reduction in infarct size at all concentrations used, the protection was mediated by phosphorylation and translocation of PKCepsilon only at 0.4 MAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Obal
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zacharowski
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dettwiler
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müllenheim
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlack
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007530:Isoflurane; C497257:Prkce protein, rat; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D019311:Staurosporine