title: Comparative sensitivity of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis as test species for the FETAX model.
abstract: The use of Xenopus tropicalis as an alternative test species for the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) model was evaluated. Five test substances with varying developmental toxicity potential were evaluated using the traditional FETAX (X. laevis) and a modified assay to accommodate the use of X. tropicalis. Two separate definitive concentration-response tests were performed with ethanol, semicarbazide, copper, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) and atrazine. In order to evaluate the impact of culture temperature on species sensitivity, tests with X. tropicalis were performed concurrently at 27 degrees C (optimum temperature) and 23 degrees C (traditional FETAX temperature). Tests with X. laevis were performed only at 23 degrees C (optimal for X. laevis). Regardless of culture temperature, tests with X. laevis and X. tropicalis indicated that each of the compounds possessed teratogenic potential: semicarbazide>6-AN>atrazine approximately copper>ethanol. Results from these studies indicated that these two species responded similarly to the test compounds. Xenopus tropicalis was somewhat less sensitive to 6-AN, semicarbizide and atrazine when tested at 27 degrees C than at 23 degrees C. Ethanol, copper and atrazine were reasonably equipotent in X. tropicalis and X. laevis in terms of teratogenic response (EC50 for malformation), whereas 6-AN and semicarbizide were less potent in X. tropicalis than in X. laevis. No substantial differences (order of magnitude) in potency were observed between X. laevis and X. tropicalis with any of the test materials evaluated. Malformation syndromes induced in both species were similar in X. tropicalis and X. laevis. These results suggested that X. tropicalis could be used effectively as a test organism for the FETAX model.
authors.affiliation: Fort Environmental Laboratories, 1414 South Sangre, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA. djfort@fortlabs.com
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Brody O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Buzzard
authors.forename: Andra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Clinton D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Spaulding
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002965:Classification; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity; D014981:Xenopus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens