title: Integrated actions of transforming growth factor-beta1 and connective tissue growth factor in renal fibrosis.
abstract: Matrix accumulation in the renal tubulointerstitium is predictive of a progressive decline in renal function. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and, more recently, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are recognized to play key roles in mediating the fibrogenic response, independently of the primary renal insult. Further definition of the independent and interrelated effects of CTGF and TGF-beta(1) is critical for the development of effective antifibrotic strategies. CTGF (20 ng/ml) induced fibronectin and collagen IV secretion in primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells (PTC) and cortical fibroblasts (CF) compared with control values (P < 0.005 in all cases). This effect was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to either TGF-beta or to the TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII). TGF-beta(1) induced a greater increase in fibronectin and collagen IV secretion in both PTC (P < 0.01) and CF (P < 0.01) compared with that observed with CTGF alone. The combination of TGF-beta(1) and CTGF was additive in their effects on both PTC and CF fibronectin and collagen IV secretion. TGF-beta(1) (2 ng/ml) stimulated CTGF mRNA expression within 30 min, which was sustained for up to 24 h, with a consequent increase in CTGF protein (P < 0.05), whereas CTGF had no effect on TGF-beta(1) mRNA or protein expression. TGF-beta(1) (2 ng/ml) induced phosphorylated (p)Smad-2 within 15 min, which was sustained for up to 24 h. CTGF had a delayed effect on increasing pSmad-2 expression, which was evident at 24 h. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the key dependence of the fibrogenic actions of CTGF on TGF-beta. It has further uniquely demonstrated that CTGF requires TGF-beta, signaling through the TbetaRII in both PTCs and CFs, to exert its fibrogenic response in this in vitro model.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, Level 3, Wallace Freeborn Professorial Block, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia 2065, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Polhill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poronnik
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000378:metabolism; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor