title: Fast and adaptive finite element approach for modeling brain shift.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper we introduce a finite element-based strategy for simulation of brain deformation occurring during neurosurgery. The phenomenon, known as brain shift, causes a decrease in the accuracy of neuronavigation systems that rely on preoperatively acquired data. This can be compensated for with a computational model of the brain deformation process. By applying model calculations to preoperative images, an update within the operating room can be performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  One of the crucial concerns in the context of developing a physical-based model is the choice of governing equations describing the physics of the phenomenon. In this work, deformation of brain tissue is expressed in terms of a 3D consolidation model for a linearly elastic and porous fluid. The next crucial issue is ensuring stable calculations within the chosen model. For this purpose, we developed a special technique for generating the underlying geometry for the simulation. With this technique an unstructured grid consisting of regular tetrahedra is created, whereupon time-dependent finite element simulation is performed in an adaptive manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We applied our algorithm to preoperative MR scans and investigated the value of the method. Due to the adaptivity of the method, only 5-10% of the computing time was needed as compared to traditional finite element approaches based on a uniformly subdivided grid. The results of the experiments were compared to the corresponding intraoperative MR scans. A close match between the computed deformation of the brain and the displacement resulting from the intraoperative data was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model-based approach for the simulation of brain shift is presented. In this computational model the brain tissue is described as an elastic and porous material using Biot consolidation theory. Validating experiments conducted with MR data provided promising results.
authors.affiliation: Computer Graphics Group, Erlangen, Germany. soza@cs.fau.de
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soza
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Labsik
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nimsky
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahlbusch
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hastreiter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods