title: Multi-frequency harmonic arrays: initial experience with a novel transducer concept for nonlinear contrast imaging.
abstract: Nonlinear contrast imaging modes such as second harmonic imaging (HI) and subharmonic imaging (SHI) are increasingly important for clinical applications. However, the performance of currently available transducers for HI and SHI is significantly constrained by their limited bandwidth. To bypass this constraint, a novel transducer concept termed multi-frequency harmonic transducer arrays (MFHA's) has been designed and a preliminary evaluation has been conducted. The MFHA may ultimately be used for broadband contrast enhanced HI and SHI with high dynamic range and consists of three multi-element piezo-composite sub-arrays (A-C) constructed so the center frequencies are 4f(A) = 2f(B) = f(C) (specifically 2.5/5.0/10.0 MHz and 1.75/3.5/7.0 MHz). In principle this enables SHI by transmitting on sub-array C receiving on B and, similarly, from B to A as well as HI by transmitting on A receiving on B and, likewise, from B to C. Initially transmit and receive pressure levels of the arrays were measured with the elements of each sub-array wired in parallel. Following contrast administration, preliminary in vitro HI and SHI signal-to-noise ratios of up to 40 dB were obtained. In conclusion, initial design and in vitro characterization of two MFHA's have been performed. They have an overall broad frequency bandwidth of at least two octaves. Due to the special design of the array assembly, the SNR for HI and SHI was comparable to that of regular B-mode and better than commercially available HI systems. However, further research on multi-element MFHA's is required before their potential for in vivo nonlinear contrast imaging can be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Ultrasound, Thomas Jefferson University, Suite 763J, Main Building, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. flemming.forsberg@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jadidian
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Winder
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003287:Contrast Media; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D014159:Transducers; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media