title: Between-year changes in functional gender expression of Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae), a distylous, hummingbird-pollinated shrub.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because distylous species have two hermaphroditic style-length floral morphs, they face two sex allocation problems: the equilibrium morph ratio and the optimal allocation to pollen and seed production in each floral morph. Gender specialization is expected among distylous species when floral morphs differ in reproductive output. However, spatio-temporal variability in female reproductive output between morphs needs to be investigated to fully understand patterns of sexual expression and gender specialization in distylous plants. Between-year variation in flower and fruit production of hummingbird-pollinated Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae) was examined, focusing on functional gender expression of long- and short-styled morphs and comparing their reproductive performance in five consecutive years (1998-2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-year variation in inflorescence, floral bud and fruit production was monitored and quantified. These traits were then used as parameters to determine functional gender differences between floral morphs through time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflorescence production varied among years but no significant differences were found between floral morphs. Long-styled plants initiated more floral buds per inflorescence every year than short-styled plants, suggesting higher allocation to pollinator attraction and, potentially, an increase in male fitness through pollen donation. Although fruit production was similar between morphs, their functional gender shifted across years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gender expression inconsistency across years is surprising because a number of floral characters and attributes that contribute to differently attracting and rewarding effective pollinators in P. padifolia suggest gender specialization. The evidence that morphs of distylous species might specialize in functional gender mostly comes from differences among populations in seed production and non-equilibrium morph ratios based on 1-year field population surveys. The results suggest that more sampling through time is needed to detect gender specialization among distylous species with a perennial habit.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Congregación El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, México.
authors.forename: Clementina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Juan Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ornelas
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D019666:Rubiaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors