title: Factors influencing recurrence after surgical treatment for T2 gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The overall outcome of T2 gallbladder carcinoma has not been favorable, although there is a modest hope for long-term survival after radical resection. The aim of this study was to examine factors influencing postoperative disease-free survival of patients with T2 gallbladder carcinoma to clarify optimal treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 53 patients with gallbladder carcinoma who had undergone surgical resection from 1985 to 2000, 22 had T2 carcinoma histologically proved. The significance of variables for disease-free survival was examined retrospectively by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 16 patients with stage II (T2N0M0), 6 with stage III (T2N1M0) disease. Eleven patients were treated by extended cholecystectomy with resection of the extrahepatic bile duct, 10 patients underwent extended cholecystectomy without resection of the extrahepatic bile duct, and 1 patient underwent cholecystectomy. All patients underwent lymph node dissection in the hepatoduodenal ligament, below the pancreatic head, and along the common hepatic artery. Lymph node metastasis was present in 6 patients. Lymphatic, venous, and perineural invasions were found in 9, 4, and 4 patients, respectively. The absence of lymphatic invasion was a significant factor related to good postoperative disease-free survival (5-year disease-free survival rate, 88.9% vs. 31.3% in the presence of lymphatic invasion). Lymph node, venous, or perineural invasion, and surgical procedure were not significant factors to good postoperative disease-free survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with T2 gallbladder carcinoma, the presence of lymphatic invasion is an unfavorable prognostic indicator that calls for additional treatment after radical surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aramaki
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Himeno
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yada
authors.forename: Seitaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome