title: Aseptic technology of vitrification of human pronuclear oocytes using open-pulled straws.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare the viability of human pronuclear oocytes subjected to vitrification using cooling by direct submerging of open-pulled straws in liquid nitrogen versus vitrification by cooling of open-pulled straws located inside a closed 0.5 ml straw (aseptic system).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two- and three-pronuclei stage oocytes (n=114) were cryopreserved in super-open-pulled straws by vitrification in 20% ethylene glycol +20% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) + osmotic active and neutral non-permeable cryoprotectants with a four-step exposure in 20, 33, 50 and 100% vitrification solution for 2, 1 and 1 min, and 30-50 s, respectively at room temperature, and plunging into liquid nitrogen. Oocytes of group 1 (n=42) were rapidly cooled at a speed of 20,000 degrees C/min by direct plunging of open-pulled straws into liquid nitrogen. Oocytes of group 2 (n=44) were first located in 0.5 ml straws, which were closed at both sides by metal balls, and then plunged into liquid nitrogen. This method resulted in a cooling speed of 200 degrees C/min. For both groups, oocytes were thawed rapidly at a speed of 20 000 degrees C/min using an identical protocol. Oocytes subsequently were expelled into a graded series of sucrose solutions (1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.12 mol/l) at 2.5 min intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oocyte development up to expanded blastocyst stage after in vitro culture was 15% in group 1, 14% in group 2 and 29% in an untreated control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deposition of human pronuclear oocytes in open-pulled straws which are placed inside a hermetically closed container guarantees a complete isolation of oocytes from liquid nitrogen and avoids potential contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. The combination of direct plunging of this container into liquid nitrogen and rapid warming makes this process as efficient as conventional vitrification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. vovaisachenko@yahoo.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Isachenko
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isachenko
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zaeva
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krivokharchenko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shafei
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Ven
mesh_terms: D001207:Asepsis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D009584:Nitrogen; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen