title: Dendritic cell based vaccines: progress in immunotherapy studies for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No effective treatment is currently available for metastatic prostate cancer. Dendritic cell (DC) based cancer vaccine research has emerged from the laboratories to human clinical trials. We describe progress in the development of DC based prostate cancer vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was reviewed for major contributions to a growing number of studies that demonstrate the potential of DC based immunotherapeutics for prostate cancer. Background topics relating to DC based immunotherapy theory and practice are also addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DCs have been recognized as the most efficient antigen presenting cells that have the capacity to initiate naive T cell response in vitro and in vivo. During their differentiation and maturation pathways, dendritic cells can efficiently capture, process and present antigens for T cell activation. These characteristics make DC an attractive choice as the cellular adjuvant for cancer vaccines. Advances in DC generation, loading, and maturation methodologies have made it possible to generate clinical grade vaccines for various human trials. More than 100 DC vaccine trials, including 7 studies of patients with advanced prostate cancer have been reported to date. These vaccines were generally well tolerated with no significant adverse toxicity reported. Clinical responders have been identified in these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new prospects opened by DC based vaccines for prostate cancer are fascinating. When compared to conventional treatments, DC vaccinations have few side effects. Improvements in patient selection, vaccine delivery strategies, immune monitoring and vaccine manufacturing will be crucial in moving DC based prostate cancer vaccines closer to the clinics.
authors.affiliation: Haakon Ragde Foundation for Advanced Cancer Studies, Seattle, Washington, USA. HR@HaakonRadgeFoundation.org
authors.forename: Haakon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ragde
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Tjoa
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000502:physiology; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I / Q000502:physiology; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000502:physiology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000502:physiology; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D019098:Telomerase