title: Heterogeneity in phenotypes based on smoking status in the Great Lakes Smoker Sibling Registry.
abstract: We investigated whether 52 same-sex sibling pairs discordant for ever-smoking differed on psychiatric cofactors, alcohol and caffeine use, and responses to initial exposure to smoking. Ever-smokers scored significantly higher on measures of novelty seeking, depression, and childhood ADHD, and on alcohol dependence, alcohol intake, and caffeine intake. They reported significantly more pleasurable experiences, dizziness, "buzz," and relaxation upon initial exposure to smoking and significantly fewer displeasurable sensations, nausea, and cough than did nicotine-exposed, never-smoking siblings. Ever-smokers had significantly fewer years of education than their never-smoking siblings, suggesting that the concentration of smokers in lower socioeconomic strata may be partly due to downward mobility among smokers, possibly because of the observed elevation in psychiatric cofactors, which may interfere with academic performance. These findings are consistent with differences previously identified in unrelated ever- and never-smokers. Because same-sex siblings typically share a large set of common environments during childhood, our findings could be due either to genetic differences among siblings and/or (excepting educational level and responses to early exposure) to differences in adult environments.
authors.affiliation: Nicotine Research Laboratory, Behavioral Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 475 Market Place, Suite L, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA. cspom@umich.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.forename: Ovide F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.forename: Sandy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Snedecor
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaulrapp
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kardia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012042:Registries; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine