title: The correlation between plasma concentrations of protease inhibitors, medication adherence and virological outcome in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although adherence clearly influences response to antiretroviral therapy (ART), accurate assessment of adherence is problematic. The objective of this analysis was to assess the independent predictive value of protease inhibitor (PI) concentrations as a supplement to self-report as markers of medication adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective analysis was conducted from a prospective clinical trial designed to compare the outcomes of frequent versus infrequent HIV RNA measurement used to manage antiretroviral therapy. For 131 patients, self-reported medication adherence, HIV RNA levels, CD4 counts and PI concentrations (unannounced, random samples) were measured at baseline (when patients changed to a new regimen) and every 2 months thereafter. The change in HIV RNA from baseline to month 6 (area-based measure) was used to evaluate overall response. The proportion of measured PI concentrations below the detection limit was used as an alternative marker of adherence. An undetectable concentration would be expected after missing a single dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean baseline CD4 count was 125 cells/mm3 and the mean HIV RNA level was 4.7 log10 copies/ml. The mean change in log10 HIV RNA was -0.73 copies/ml. The mean percentage of self-reported adherence was 91% (range: 15-100%) and the mean proportion of undetectable PI concentrations was 27% (range: 0-100%, mean 2.5 samples/patient). The correlation between the two measures was -0.23 (P=0.009). In a multivariate model, percentage of visits with undetectable PI concentrations (P=0.02), percentage of medication adherence (P=0.02), baseline HIV RNA level (P=0.005), prior PI use (P=0.0004), prior lamivudine (3TC) use (P=0.0009) and randomization to the frequent HIV RNA measurement group (P<0.0001) were all related to change in HIV RNA. After accounting for adherence, patients who always had detectable PI concentrations had an average of 0.4 log10 additional HIV RNA reduction compared with those who had no detectable concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated, random PI concentration values are independently predictive of virological response and may add to self-report of adherence in understanding the response to ART.
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, San Diego, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Donald N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Forthal
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Gildon N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: Jeremiah G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tilles
authors.forename: Edmund V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Capparelli
authors.forename: J Allen
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Haubrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral