title: Adipose tissue at entheses: the rheumatological implications of its distribution. A potential site of pain and stress dissipation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the distribution of adipose tissue within and adjacent to entheses in order to assess its functional significance at attachment sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entheses were removed from 29 different sites in the limbs of formalin fixed, elderly, dissecting room cadavers and the samples prepared for paraffin and/or methylmethacrylate histology. Entheses from four young volunteers with no history of significant musculoskeletal injury were examined by magnetic resonance imaging using T(1) weighted sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adipose tissue was present at several different sites at numerous entheses. Many tendons/ligaments lay on a bed of well vascularised, highly innervated, "insertional angle fat". Endotenon fat was striking between fascicles, where entheses flared out at their attachments. It was also characteristic of the epitenon, where it occurred in conjunction with lamellated and Pacinian corpuscles. Fat filled, meniscoid folds often protruded into joint cavities, immediately adjacent to attachment sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipose tissue is a common feature of normal entheses and should not be regarded as a sign of degeneration. It contributes to the increase in surface area of attachment sites, promotes movement between tendon/ligament and bone, and forms part of an enthesis organ that dissipates stress. The presence of numerous nerve endings in fat at attachment sites suggests that it has a mechanosensory role and this could account for the rich innervation of many entheses. Because damage to fat is known to lead to considerable joint pain, our findings may be important for understanding the site of pain in enthesopathies.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff , Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK. benjamin@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moriggl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGonagle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology