title: Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia in twin pregnancies and identification by VNTRs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis that is characterized by life-long severe hemolytic anemia, attacks of pain crisis, and chronic organ system damage. In this study, prenatal diagnosis was performed to three couples (families A, B, and C) with twin pregnancies who were at risk for SCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SCA carrier state of the couples were confirmed at molecular level. Chorionic villus samples (CVS) of twins were obtained at 10-12 weeks of gestation. Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques were applied to determine and confirm the presence of the sickle cell anemia of the fetuses. Identification of each twin, confirmation of parentage and elimination of maternal contamination of chorionic villus samples were ruled out by variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis of four different loci [D1S80 (pMCT118), ApoB, IgJH, D4S95].
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that one of the fetuses was heterozygous for SCA and the other was normal in family A; in family B both fetuses were heterozygous and in family C both fetuses were normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis is the major way of prevention of the genetic disorders including sickle cell anemia. Prenatal diagnosis of twins contains additional risks such as confusion in differentiation leading to false molecular diagnosis. VNTR loci analysis is a useful tool and can be safely used for the elimination of all problems mentioned above.
authors.affiliation: Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, 01330 Adana, Turkey. gattila@mail.cu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Gulen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Attila
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yalin
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuli
authors.forename: Erdinc
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yalin
authors.forename: Kiymet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*