title: Hirudin ameliorates intestinal radiation toxicity in the rat: support for thrombin inhibition as strategy to minimize side-effects after radiation therapy and as countermeasure against radiation exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The small bowel is a dose-limiting normal tissue in radiation therapy of malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis, as well as an important determinant of survival after non-therapeutic radiation exposure. Irradiation of normal tissues, including intestine, causes loss of vascular thromboresistance and upregulation of thrombin receptors. Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction is thought to be involved in both early and delayed radiation responses. Hence, thrombin may be a potential target for ameliorating normal tissue radiation toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess direct thrombin inhibition as a protective strategy against small bowel radiation toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat small intestine was exposed to localized orthovoltage X-radiation. Recombinant hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, or vehicle was infused from 2 days before irradiation to 14 days after irradiation. Structural, cellular, and molecular aspects of intestinal radiation injury were assessed at 2 weeks (early toxicity) and 26 weeks (chronic toxicity) after irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with unirradiated intestine, irradiated intestine showed increased expression of tissue factor, increased immunoreactivity for enzymatically active thrombin, and increased extravascular fibrin(ogen) deposition. Hirudin treatment significantly attenuated radiation-induced mucosal damage (P = 0.04), reactive intestinal wall thickening (P = 0.02), transforming growth factor-beta immunoreactivity levels (P = 0.0002), and collagen III deposition (P = 0.003). The differences between hirudin-treated and control rats were more pronounced at 2 weeks than at 26 weeks after irradiation. Hirudin treatment did not affect postradiation granulocyte infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term thrombin inhibition attenuates important aspects of intestinal radiation toxicity. Thrombin is a promising target for minimizing normal tissue injury after radiation therapy of cancer, as well as for protecting normal tissues from the adverse effects of non-therapeutic radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Albertson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005337:Fibrin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013917:Thrombin / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006629:Hirudins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D005337:Fibrin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013917:Thrombin