title: Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women.
abstract: Intake of fish or omega-3 fatty acids may decrease risk of total and coronary heart disease death, but evidence from low-risk populations is less convincing. The authors assessed intake by using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline in a cohort of Iowa women aged 55-69 years. Among women initially free of heart disease and cancer (4,653 deaths over 442,965 person-years), there was an inverse age- and energy-adjusted association between total mortality and fish intake, with a relative risk of 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.74, 0.91) for the highest versus lowest quintile. Age- and energy-adjusted associations also were inverse (p for trend < 0.05), although not entirely monotonic, for cardiovascular, coronary heart disease, and cancer mortality. Adjustment for multiple other risk factors attenuated all associations to statistically nonsignificant levels. Estimated marine omega-3 fatty acid intake also was not associated with total or cause-specific mortality. In comparison, plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid was inversely associated with mortality after multivariable adjustment. Intake of neither fish nor marine omega-3 fatty acids was associated with breast cancer incidence. These findings do not argue against recommending fish as part of a healthy diet, as other evidence suggests benefit. Nevertheless, the authors of this 1986-2000 study could not verify that fish and marine omega-3 fatty acid intake had independent health benefits in these postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015, USA. folsom@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Zewditu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Demissie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3