title: Trends and occupational associations in incidence of hospitalized pulmonary sarcoidosis and other lung diseases in Navy personnel: a 27-year historical prospective study, 1975-2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines long-term trends in incidence rates of hospitalized pulmonary sarcoidosis in a large cohort of Navy personnel, and evaluates the possible relationship of sarcoidosis with occupation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence rates of first hospitalizations were determined for black and white male Navy enlisted personnel on active duty from 1975 to 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Navy service includes a potential for exposure to a variety of substances, including nonskid coatings used on ship decks that may be aerosolized during removal. Particulate matter containing aluminum, titanium, and silicates has been identified in nonskid samples. Specific occupational groups may have had greater exposure potential than others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized cases included sarcoidosis (n = 674), asthma (n = 3,536), emphysema and chronic bronchitis (n = 1,103), respiratory conditions due to fumes and vapors (n = 61), and pneumoconiosis (n = 51) observed in 9,953,607 person-years of active-duty service.
  
  
  METHODS
  None. However, improvements were made in personal protective gear and other countermeasures to prevent or limit respiratory exposures during service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual overall hospitalized sarcoidosis incidence rates per 100,000 were 24.9 for black men and 3.5 for white men (black/white ratio of 7.1, p < 0.0001). Annual incidence rates in blacks declined markedly, particularly since 1989, but the black/white ratio remained high through 1999. Occupational associations were present in blacks and whites. Black ship's servicemen (23 cases) and aviation structural mechanics specializing in structures (12 cases) had more than twice the expected incidence rate compared to all blacks, and white mess management specialists (15 cases) had twice the overall white incidence rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a steep decline in incidence of hospitalized sarcoidosis in blacks in the Navy. Occupational associations suggest the possibility that a dust or moisture-related lung disease may have been erroneously classified as sarcoidosis, or, alternatively, that sarcoidosis had a previously unrecognized occupational component.
authors.affiliation: Naval Health Research Center, PO Box 85122, San Diego, CA 92186-5122, USA. gorham@nhrc.navy.mil
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gorham
authors.forename: Cedric F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Centeno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017565:Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American