title: Male infertility: risk factors in Mongolian men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the most common risk factors of male infertility in Mongolian men attending an infertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, case-control study was conducted in which 430 men were enrolled. All the men had sought their first infertility evaluation between 1998-2002 in the State Research Center on Maternal Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They were divided into two groups depending on the results of their semen analysis: 191 with abnormal semen and 239 with normal semen profile. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine any association between risk factors and semen abnormality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the testicular volume, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STI), epididymitis and testicular damage all have statistically significant associations with semen abnormality, when controlled for multiple risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios of 3.4 for mumps orchitis, 2.3 for other orchitis and 3.9 for testicular injury were found. Gonorrhoea, the most commonly reported STIs in this study, gave an adjusted odds ratio of 1.0 for having one or more sperm abnormality. An adjusted odds ratio for subjects with a history of other STIs was 2.7. However, as a predictor of azoospermia, STIs had very high odds ratio, being 5.6 in patients with gonorrhoea and 7.6 in patients with other STIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of pathology involving testicular damage appeared to have the strongest impact on male infertility in Mongolia. STIs have less impact on semen quality except when complicated by orchitis, epididymitis and vasal obstruction.
authors.affiliation: State Research Center on Maternal Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. gendaram@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bayasgalan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naranbat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radnaabazar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lhagvasuren
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008986:Mongolia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009920:Orchitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013737:Testis / Q000293:injuries; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology