title: Subjective and physiological responses among racemic-methadone maintenance patients in relation to relative (S)- vs. (R)-methadone exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility that (S)-methadone influences therapeutic and adverse responses to rac-methadone maintenance treatment, by examining how subjective and physiological responses among rac-methadone maintenance patients vary in relation to relative exposure to (S)- vs. (R)-methadone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mood states (Profile of Mood States), opioid withdrawal (Methadone Symptoms Checklist), physiological responses (pupil diameter, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure), and plasma concentrations (CP) of (R)- and (S)-methadone were measured concurrently 11-12 times over a 24-h interdosing interval in 55 methadone maintenance patients. Average steady-state plasma concentrations (C(av)) and pharmacodynamic responses were calculated using area under the curve (AUC). Linear regression was used to determine whether variability in pharmacodynamic responses was accounted for by (S)-methadone C(av) controlling for (R)-methadone C(av) and rac-methadone dose. Ratios of (S)-:(R)-methadone using AUC(CP) and trough values were correlated with pharmacodynamic responses for all subjects and separately for those with daily rac-methadone doses > or = 100 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (S)-methadone C(av) accounted for significant variability in pharmacodynamic responses beyond that accounted for by (R)-methadone C(av) and rac-methadone dose, showing positive associations (partial r) with the intensity of negative mood states such as Tension (0.28), Fatigue (0.31), Confusion (0.32), and opioid withdrawal scores (0.30); an opposite pattern of relationships was evident for (R)-methadone. The plasma (S)-:(R)-methadone AUC(CP) ratio (mean +/- SD 1.05 +/- 0.21, range 0.65-1.51) was not significantly related to pharmacodynamic responses for the subjects as a whole but showed significant positive associations (r) with the intensity of negative mood states such as Total Mood Disturbance (0.61), Tension (0.69), Fatigue (0.65), Confusion (0.64), Depression (0.49) and heart rate (0.59) for the > or = 100-mg dose range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings agree with previous evidence that (S)-methadone is associated with a significant and potentially adverse profile of responses distinct from that of (R)-methadone. Individual variability in relative (S)- vs. (R)-methadone exposure may be associated with variability in response to rac-methadone maintenance treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. t.mitchell@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Kyle R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Somogyi
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bochner
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D009294:Narcotics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone