title: Torsional strains in the proximal fifth metatarsal: implications for Jones and stress fracture management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of nonunion of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures treated by internal fixation indicate that current fixation methods do not always adequately address the stresses to which the bone is subjected during ambulation. In particular, the insertion sites of the peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius tendons on the fifth metatarsal suggest that their actions can impose torsional stresses on the areas of the bone in which Jones fractures and stress fractures occur. Intramedullary screw fixation, however, offers little resistance to rotation of the proximal and distal fragments relative to one another.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the potential for the existence of torsional stresses in the fifth metatarsal during post-operative ambulation, a simplified cadaver model of single-limb stance was used in which cadaver feet were subjected to concurrent axial and tendon forces while monitoring the outputs of stacked rosette strain gauges placed at the typical sites of Jones and stress fractures. Principal strain and shear strain magnitudes and directions were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shear strain magnitudes and strain axis directions indicated the presence of torsional stresses in the underlying bone potentially capable of causing internal rotation of the proximal fragment relative to the distal end of the bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding has implications for the treatment of both Jones fractures and stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal. An internal fixation device that has the capability to resist torsion as well as tension and bending would appear optimal to treat these fractures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vertullo
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Glisson
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nunley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013314:Stress, Mechanical