title: Probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orally ingested probiotic bacteria may modulate the immune response and increase antibody titers against enteric infections by bacteria or viruses. Even though positive effects of probiotics on respiratory tract infections have been reported, overall only few studies have examined effects on virus infections concerning organs other than the gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of the study to investigate whether and how probiotics affect the immune response to a standardized enterovirus challenge (polio) and infections not limited to the gastrointestinal tract in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, controlled and double-blind study 64 volunteers consumed for 5 weeks chemically acidified clotted milk without bacteria or with 10(10)/serving (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ) GG or Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL431 added. In the second week subjects were vaccinated orally against polio 1, 2 and 3. Polio virus neutralizing serum activity, the primary parameter, was determined by the standard neutralization test (WHO) before and three times after vaccination. Polio-specific IgA, IgG and IgM were detected by ELISAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Probiotics increased poliovirus neutralizing antibody titers (NT) and affected the formation of poliovirus-specific IgA and IgG in serum. The maximum increase after immunization was about 2, 2.2, or 4-fold higher, respectively, for NT, IgG or, IgA, in volunteers consuming probiotics instead of placebo. No consistent difference was noted between bacterial strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probiotics induce an immunologic response that may provide enhanced systemic protection of cells from virus infections by increasing production of virus neutralizing antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Food, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany. devrese@bafm.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Vrese
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rautenberg
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laue
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herremans
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrezenmeir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000276:immunology*; D019936:Probiotics; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D014765:Viral Vaccines