title: Anticoagulant action of melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran, in umbilical cord and adult plasma: an in vitro examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to compare the anticoagulant activity of melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran, in umbilical cord plasma with that in adult plasma. In contrast with the most frequently administered anticoagulants, the heparins, melagatran acts independently of antithrombin (AT). As a consequence, administration of melagatran is of special interest in neonates, who have physiologically low levels of AT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma samples were activated under high (as used in standard clotting assays) and low (more comparable with the physiological milieu) coagulant challenge. In the absence of melagatran, adult plasma clotted significantly faster than umbilical cord plasma under high coagulant challenge. Conversely, under low coagulant challenge, clotting of adult plasma was significantly delayed compared with umbilical cord plasma. For both high and low coagulant challenges, clotting times increased and prothrombin fragment 1.2 and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) formation decreased with melagatran in a concentration-dependent fashion in umbilical cord and adult plasma. With increasing melagatran concentrations, the quotient between prothrombin fragment 1.2 and TAT formation increased in adult and umbilical cord plasma under both high and low coagulant challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vitro results cannot be directly extrapolated to clinical efficacy, but assessing the degree of inhibition of thrombin generation may be a useful surrogate for selecting effective doses of ximelagatran for in vivo studies in neonates with thromboembolic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Karl Franzens University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, A-8036 Graz, Austria. koestenbergerm@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koestenberger
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallistl
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cvirn
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leschnik
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muntean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis*; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood; D011516:Prothrombin; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; C109573:melagatran; C426686:ximelagatran; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D013917:Thrombin; D005998:Glycine