title: Association of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene with type 1 diabetes: evidence for independent effects of two polymorphisms on the same haplotype block.
abstract: A recent study mapped the known association of type 1 diabetes with the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene to a polymorphism at the 3'end (+6230G>A), but could not rule out additional contribution from the 5' end of the gene. To examine this possibility, we analyzed four polymorphisms at the 5'-flanking region for effects independent of +6230G>A. We confirm, by the transmission disequilibrium test, in 496 family trios overtransmission of the susceptibility allele (G) at +6230 (217/168; P = 0.013). Of the four promoter polymorphisms, one (-319C>T) showed overtransmission of the C allele (97/58; P = 0.0017). Because the undertransmitted T at the promoter is in linkage disequilibrium with the overtransmitted G at +6230G>A, the effect observed at the promoter cannot be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with the +6230G>A. We confirm this by showing that parents heterozygous at the promoter but homozygous at +6230 overtransmit the C promoter allele even more significantly (53/24; P = 9 x 10(-4)). In vitro, the T promoter allele directs higher luciferase expression in Jurkat cells by 42% (P = 0.006), a difference also found in lymphocyte mRNA from eight individuals heterozygous at the promoter, but homozygous at +6230 (P = 1.3 x 10(-4)). Thus, the +6230G>A cannot be the sole functional variant. Either the two polymorphisms define a haplotype carrying the (yet unexamined) functional variant or the -319C>T contributes to the genetic association independently, a possibility suggested by the functional evidence we present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatrics Endocrinology, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Suzana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Anjos
authors.forename: Marie-Catherine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tessier
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polychronakos
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors