title: Double-blind randomized controlled trial to determine extent of amnesia with midazolam given immediately before general anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterograde, but not retrograde, amnesia has been demonstrated following midazolam administration. However, there have been no studies investigating whether or not immediate retrograde amnesia can be produced with midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethics committee approval and consent, 40 adult patients undergoing surgery and general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of four groups: midazolam 2 mg, midazolam 5 mg, midazolam 10 mg or control (normal saline). Measurements were made from 12 min prior to induction of anaesthesia, and the study drug was administered 8 min prior to induction of anaesthesia. Midazolam effects were measured using visual recognition of posters, recall of specific events, bispectral index (BIS) and sedation visual analogue score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recognition and recall rates were similar between groups up until the time of study drug administration, with no evidence of retrograde amnesia (all P>0.3). There was a dose-dependent deterioration in visual recall (P=0.002), event recollection (P<0.001), BIS (P<0.001) and sedation score (P<0.001) following i.v. midazolam when compared with control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that i.v. midazolam 2-10 mg produces immediate retrograde amnesia. Midazolam causes anterograde amnesia in a dose-responsive manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bulach
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russnak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000648:Amnesia, Retrograde / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam