title: Outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a nationwide, population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies with the background population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This nationwide prospective multicenter study took place in eight Danish centers treating pregnant women with type 1 diabetes during 1993-1999. A total of 990 women with 1,218 pregnancies and delivery after 24 weeks (n=1,215) or early termination due to severe congenital malformations (n=3) were included. Data were collected prospectively by one to three caregivers in each center and reported to a central registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The perinatal mortality rate was 3.1% in type 1 diabetic pregnancies compared with 0.75% in the background population (RR 4.1 [95% CI 2.9-5.6]), and the stillbirth rate was 2.1% compared with 0.45 (4.7 [3.2-7.0]). The congenital malformation rate was 5.0% in the study population and 2.8% (1.7 [1.3-2.2]) in the background population. Six of the perinatal deaths (16%) were related to congenital malformations. Only 34% of women performed daily home monitoring of blood glucose at conception, and 58% received preconceptional guidance. Pregnancies with serious adverse outcomes (perinatal death and/or congenital malformations) were characterized by higher HbA1c values before and during pregnancy and a lesser degree of maternal self-care and preconceptional guidance. Women who performed daily self-monitoring of blood glucose at any time during pregnancy had lower HbA1c values than women who did not measure their daily profile. Likewise, daily self-monitoring was associated with a reduction in serious adverse outcomes. The caesarean section rate was 55.9 and 12.6%, respectively, and the risk of preterm delivery was 41.7 and 6.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 1 diabetic pregnancies are still complicated by considerably higher rates of severe perinatal complications compared with the background population, and women with poor self-care are at the highest risk. Adequate glycemic control using daily glucose monitoring before and during pregnancy is a crucial step toward reaching the goals of the St. Vincent declaration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervaenget 6 DK-5000, Odense, Denmark. dortemj@dadlnet.dk.
authors.forename: Dorte M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moelsted-Pedersen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.forename: Jes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Westergaard
authors.forename: Margrethe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beck-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007565:Jaundice / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology