title: Haplotype frequency estimation error analysis in the presence of missing genotype data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasingly researchers are turning to the use of haplotype analysis as a tool in population studies, the investigation of linkage disequilibrium, and candidate gene analysis. When the phase of the data is unknown, computational methods, in particular those employing the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm, are frequently used for estimating the phase and frequency of the underlying haplotypes. These methods have proved very successful, predicting the phase-known frequencies from data for which the phase is unknown with a high degree of accuracy. Recently there has been much speculation as to the effect of unknown, or missing allelic data - a common phenomenon even with modern automated DNA analysis techniques - on the performance of EM-based methods. To this end an EM-based program, modified to accommodate missing data, has been developed, incorporating non-parametric bootstrapping for the calculation of accurate confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we present the results of the analyses of various data sets in which randomly selected known alleles have been relabelled as missing. Remarkably, we find that the absence of up to 30% of the data in both biallelic and multiallelic data sets with moderate to strong levels of linkage disequilibrium can be tolerated. Additionally, the frequencies of haplotypes which predominate in the complete data analysis remain essentially the same after the addition of the random noise caused by missing data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have important implications for the area of data gathering. It may be concluded that small levels of drop out in the data do not affect the overall accuracy of haplotype analysis perceptibly, and that, given recent findings on the effect of inaccurate data, ambiguous data points are best treated as unknown.
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Dublin Lab,, Hitachi Europe Ltd., O'Reilly Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. enda.kelly@hitachi-eu.com
authors.forename: Enda D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McManus
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D015982:Bias; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D018401:Sample Size; D012984:Software / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: C505032:CFTR protein, human; D005819:Genetic Markers; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator