title: Resolving complexity in the interactions of redox enzymes and their inhibitors: contrasting mechanisms for the inhibition of a cytochrome c nitrite reductase revealed by protein film voltammetry.
abstract: Cytochrome c nitrite reductase is a dimeric decaheme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonium. The contrasting effects of two inhibitors on the activity of this enzyme have been revealed, and defined, by protein film voltammetry (PFV). Azide inhibition is rapid and reversible. Variation of the catalytic current magnitude describes mixed inhibition in which azide binds to the Michaelis complex (approximately 40 mM) with a lower affinity than to the enzyme alone (approximately 15 mM) and leads to complete inhibition of enzyme activity. The position of the catalytic wave reports tighter binding of azide when the active site is oxidized (approximately 39 microM) than when it is reduced. By contrast, binding and release of cyanide are sluggish. The higher affinity of cyanide for reduced versus oxidized forms of nitrite reductase is immediately revealed, as is the presence of two sites for cyanide binding and inhibition of the enzyme. Formation of the monocyano complex by reduction of the enzyme followed by a "rapid" scan to high potentials captures the activity-potential profile of this enzyme form and shows it to be distinct from that of the uninhibited enzyme. The biscyano complex is inactive. These studies demonstrate the complexity that can be associated with inhibitor binding to redox enzymes and illustrate how PFV readily captures and deconvolves this complexity through its impact on the catalytic properties of the enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gwyer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Julea N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Butt
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001386:Azides / Q000737:chemistry; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis; D003486:Cyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism*; D045263:Cytochromes a1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003575:Cytochromes c1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009565:Nitrate Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011199:Potentiometry; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D001386:Azides; D003486:Cyanides; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites; D006418:Heme; D045263:Cytochromes a1; D003575:Cytochromes c1; D009565:Nitrate Reductases; C054690:nitrate reductase (cytochrome)