title: A quantitative comparison of different methods to detect cardiorespiratory coordination during night-time sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The univariate approaches used to analyze heart rate variability have recently been extended by several bivariate approaches with respect to cardiorespiratory coordination. Some approaches are explicitly based on mathematical models which investigate the synchronization between weakly coupled complex systems. Others use an heuristic approach, i.e. characteristic features of both time series, to develop appropriate bivariate methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study six different methods used to analyze cardiorespiratory coordination have been quantitatively compared with respect to their performance (no. of sequences with cardiorespiratory coordination, no. of heart beats coordinated with respiration). Five of these approaches have been suggested in the recent literature whereas one method originates from older studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methods were applied to the simultaneous recordings of an electrocardiogram and a respiratory trace of 20 healthy subjects during night-time sleep from 0:00 to 6:00. The best temporal resolution and the highest number of coordinated heart beats were obtained with the analysis of 'Phase Recurrences'. Apart from the oldest method, all methods showed similar qualitative results although the quantities varied between the different approaches. In contrast, the oldest method detected considerably fewer coordinated heart beats since it only used part of the maximum amount of information available in each recording.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method of 'Phase Recurrences' should be the method of choice for the detection of cardiorespiratory coordination since it offers the best temporal resolution and the highest number of coordinated sequences and heart beats. Excluding the oldest method, the results of the heuristic approaches may also be interpreted in terms of the mathematical models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke D-58313 Herdecke, Germany. d.cysarz@rhythmen.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cysarz
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bettermann
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geue
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003624:Darkness; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012890:Sleep