title: Acceptability of ankle tourniquet use in midfoot and forefoot surgery: audit of 1000 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While use of a thigh tourniquet with general anesthesia is widely accepted, use of an ankle tourniquet in the awake patient is more controversial. In particular, it is not clear how long patients tolerate this device or what the consequences are of intraoperative tourniquet pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective audit was done of 1000 patients undergoing midfoot and forefoot surgery using an ankle block. We examined the intraoperative problems associated with the use of an ankle tourniquet, particularly the role and consequences of intraoperative tourniquet pain. Risk factors for tourniquet pain were statistically examined, and patient acceptance was gauged through followup questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With correct application and the option of sedation, 3.1% of patients complained of tourniquet pain. In 0.4% of patients tourniquet pain necessitated a conversion to general anesthesia. A significant association was found between tourniquet pain and both age and tourniquet time. We found that for patients younger than 70 years of age, the tourniquet can be applied comfortably for up to 30 minutes in over 97%. For each 11 minutes beyond this, another 1% of patients reported tourniquet pain. However, patients 70 years or older had an average 3.5 times increase in tourniquet pain. In this age group the tourniquet can be applied comfortably for up to 30 min in 91%. For each 3.2 minutes beyond this, another 1% reported tourniquet pain. When questioned, 97.2% of our patients reported that they would have surgery again with an ankle tourniquet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our audit shows that with correct application and the option of sedation the ankle tourniquet is well tolerated by most patients. However, clinicians need to be mindful that patients 70 years of age or older are at greater risk of tourniquet pain and that in all patients the risk of tourniquet pain gradually increases when application times exceed 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Flinders University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 373, Unley, SA 5061, Australia. AdamRudkin@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Adam K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rudkin
authors.forename: Glenda E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rudkin
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Dracopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000842:Ankle; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards