title: The impact of unrecognized bipolar disorders for patients treated for depression with antidepressants in the fee-for-services California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compares hospital use, suicide risk and health care costs of antidepressant patients with recognized bipolar disorders (recognized-BP) and unrecognized bipolar disorders (unrecognized-BP) with non-bipolar (non-BP) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program were used to identify 25,460 adults with a new episode of antidepressant therapy. Recognized-BP patients received either a bipolar (BP) diagnosis or a mood stabilizer (MS) on or before the initiation of antidepressant therapy. Unrecognized-BP patients received a BP diagnosis or MS therapy after antidepressant initiation. Non-BP patients had no BP diagnosis and no MS use. Multivariate models were used to estimate marginal risks and costs across groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recognized-BP and unrecognized-BP represented 14.9% and 6.2% of all antidepressant users, respectively. Less than half of recognized-BP patients used a MS medication in conjunction with their antidepressant. Unrecognized-BP patients were nearly four times more likely to attempt suicide and 50% more likely to be hospitalized than non-BP patients. Recognized-BP patients were at lower risk for attempted suicide and hospitalization relative to unrecognized-BP patients. Unrecognized-BP patients experienced higher 1-year total costs relative to non-BP patients (USD 995, p<0.01) and recognized-BP patients (USD 682, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically relevant medical records data were not available making the classification of patients as unrecognized-BP, recognized-BP and non-BP imprecise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unrecognized-BP is both common and costly. More than half of all recognized-BP patients do not use an MS at the time they initiated antidepressant therapy. More effort is needed to provide early and correct diagnosis and effectively treat both recognized-BP and unrecognized-BP patients.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Lizheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thiebaud
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McCombs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D002140:California; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents