title: Methanol, formaldehyde, and sodium formate exposure in rat and mouse conceptuses: a potential role of the visceral yolk sac in embryotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methanol (CH3OH) is believed to be teratogenic based on rodent studies. The mouse is more sensitive than the rat, but mechanisms of toxicity and identification of teratogenic metabolites are uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat and mouse whole embryo cultures are used to distinguish toxicity of CH3OH and its metabolites, formaldehyde (HCHO) and formate (HCOONa), which are produced following transit through the visceral yolk sac (VYS), via addition to culture medium, or by direct embryonic exposure through microinjection into the amnion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embryonic viability, increased dysmorphogenesis, and decreased growth parameters were altered in a dose-dependent fashion for each compound. Mouse embryos were more sensitive than rat, as indicated by significant decreases in viability at comparable, lower concentrations. HCHO produced dysmorphogenesis and caused embryolethality at nearly 1000-fold lower concentrations (0.004 mg/ml) than seen with either CH3OH or HCOONa. All agents produced incomplete axial rotation and delayed neural tube closure in mice, but only CH3OH elicited similar effects in the rat. Increased growth retardation, blood pooling in the head and VYS, enlarged pericardium, accumulation of necrotic matter in the amnion, and hypoplastic prosencephalon were observed in both species with all compounds. Microinjection of compounds into the amnion produced higher mortality in mouse and rat, compared to equimolar amounts added to the culture medium. CH3OH did not prevent neural tube closure in the rat when microinjected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCHO is the most embryotoxic CH3OH metabolite and elicits the entire spectrum of lesions produced by CH3OH. The VYS serves a general protective role against toxicity and inherent differences in the embryonic metabolism of CH3OH may determine species sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Kristi M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D005561:Formates / Q000633:toxicity; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D000432:Methanol / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005561:Formates; D013723:Teratogens; C030544:formic acid; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000432:Methanol