title: An ecological-transactional model of significant risk factors for child psychopathology in outer mongolia.
abstract: The present study examined significant risk factors, including child maltreatment, for child psychopathology in a cross-cultural setting. Ninety-nine Mongolian boys, ages 3-10 years, were assessed. Primary caregivers (PCG) completed structured interviews including the Emory Combined Rating Scale (ECRS) and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). Structural equation modeling identifies eight risk factors affecting child psychopathology: Three with direct effects (severity of physical punishment, PCG's MFQ score, and PCG's education), three with indirect effects (cultural acceptance of violence as discipline, presence of community violence, and contact with extended family), and two with direct and indirect effects (quality of marriage/presence of spousal abuse, and household size). Results support the ecological-transactional theory of developmental psychopathology in a cross-cultural setting. Structural equation modeling provides a useful technique to isolate specific sites for intervention, while maintaining a comprehensive perspective of risk factor interaction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC 5719, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kohrt@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Holbrook E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kohrt
authors.forename: Brandon A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kohrt
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: Kasey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Carrion
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D008986:Mongolia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires