title: Human Rif1 protein binds aberrant telomeres and aligns along anaphase midzone microtubules.
abstract: We identified and characterized a human orthologue of Rif1 protein, which in budding yeast interacts in vivo with the major duplex telomeric DNA binding protein Rap1p and negatively regulates telomere length. Depletion of hRif1 by RNA interference in human cancer cells impaired cell growth but had no detectable effect on telomere length, although hRif1 overexpression in S. cerevisiae interfered with telomere length control, in a manner specifically dependent on the presence of yeast Rif1p. No localization of hRif1 on normal human telomeres, or interaction with the human telomeric proteins TRF1, TRF2, or hRap1, was detectable. However, hRif1 efficiently translocated to telomerically located DNA damage foci in response to the synthesis of aberrant telomeres directed by mutant-template telomerase RNA. The hRif1 level rose during late S/G2 but hRif1 was not visible on chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase; however, notably, specifically during early anaphase, hRif1 aligned along a subset of the midzone microtubules between the separating chromosomes. In telophase, hRif1 localized to chromosomes, and in interphase, it was intranuclear. These results define a novel subcellular localization behavior for hRif1 during the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackburn
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000705:Anaphase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D002451:Cell Compartmentation / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism*; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C492743:Rif1 protein, human; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2; C422952:telomerase RNA; D012313:RNA; D019098:Telomerase; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins