title: Melatonin inhibits the development of tolerance to U-50,488H analgesia via benzodiazepine-GABAAergic mechanisms.
abstract: Melatonin, a primary secretory product of pineal gland, is known to produce many of its pharmacological actions via benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA)ergic mechanisms. Recently, we showed that benzodiazepine-GABAAergic mechanisms play an important role in U-50,488H (U50) analgesia and its tolerance. Hence, in the present study, the effect of melatonin on U50 analgesia and its tolerance was investigated. Furthermore, the possible role of benzodiazepine-GABAAergic mechanisms in the actions of melatonin on U50 analgesia was investigated. All experiments were performed using the radiant tail-flick test for mice. Melatonin [0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] neither produced analgesia nor affected the acute U50 (40 mg/kg, i.p.) analgesia. Tolerance to U50 analgesia was induced by administering U50 (40 mg/kg, i.p.) twice daily over 6 days. Treatment with melatonin (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p) 15 min prior to each dose of U50 inhibited the development of tolerance, whereas a low dose of melatonin (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. The inhibition of U50 tolerance by melatonin was reversed by the chronic treatment with flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist and picrotoxin (1 mg/kg), a GABAA-gated chloride channel blocker. Flumazenil and picrotoxin neither affected tail-flick latencies nor altered acute U50 analgesia and its tolerance. Interestingly, chronic 6-day melatonin treatment in a vehicle (U50-naive) group did not alter U50 analgesia measured on day 7. Together, these findings suggest that melatonin interferes with the neural mechanisms involved in the development of tolerance to U50 analgesia. The inhibition of U50 tolerance by melatonin was reversed by flumazenil and picrotoxin treatment, suggesting that benzodiazepine-GABAAergic mechanisms play an important role in the development of tolerance to U50 analgesia and that melatonin inhibits the development of U50 tolerance via benzodiazepine-GABAAergic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase-X, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062 (Pb), India.
authors.forename: Ethiraj
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dhanaraj
authors.forename: Kumar Venkata Subrahmanya
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Nemmani
authors.forename: Poduri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramarao
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D008550:Melatonin