title: Update on drug-related problems in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pharmacotherapy for the elderly can treat diseases and improve well-being, its benefits can be compromised by drug-related problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recent publications concerning drug-related problems in the elderly, as well as articles describing the development of 3 sets of quality indicators for medication use in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (2002-March 2003) for articles on drug-related problems, inappropriate prescribing, and adverse drug events in the elderly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review included 7 articles published in 2002 and 2003. A study in ambulatory elderly persons reported that approximately 5.0% of patients had > or =1 adverse drug event within the previous year. Another study found that approximately 20.0% of ambulatory elderly persons used > or =1 inappropriate drug, as defined by drug utilization review (DUR) criteria, with drug-disease interactions and duration of use being the most common drug-related problems. A third study involving elderly individuals in assisted living facilities found that 16.0% used > or =1 inappropriate drug, as defined by the Beers criteria. Another study examined whether inappropriate drug use, as defined by the Beers or DUR criteria, was associated with death or a decline in functional status; it found that only use of drugs defined as inappropriate by DUR criteria (particularly those drugs associated with drug-drug or drug-disease interactions) was associated with a decline in the ability to perform basic self-care. Three studies, 1 from the United States, 1 from the United Kingdom, and 1 from Canada, described consensus development of quality indicators for drug use in the elderly, including drugs to avoid, maximum daily dose, drug duplication, limits on duration of use, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, need for drug monitoring, underuse of necessary drugs to treat or prevent common problems, and inappropriate drug-administration technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-related problems are common in elderly patients. Data from recently published studies provide guidance to practitioners and directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. hanlo004@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Catherine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hajjar
authors.forename: Teresa C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans