title: Harmonization, regulation, and trade: interactions in the pharmaceutical field.
abstract: This article aims to draw attention to the process of harmonization of requirements for drug registration (the so-called ICH process) and to examine how it may affect access to medicines in developing countries. The ICH process, especially when seen in conjunction with the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, may create additional barriers to would-be entrants on the global pharmaceutical market, notably large generic manufacturers in developing countries-the very companies that can create credible price competition for the innovative industry and, thus, increase access to medicines. These barriers could help maintain the status quo by insulating well-established companies from competition, thereby forming a further obstacle to lower drug prices and to access to medicines, especially in developing countries. Developing countries should therefore carefully consider the implications of the positioning of ICH standards as global standards, and be vigilant with regard to their possible incorporation, whether explicitly or not, in international trade agreements.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Jakarta, Indonesia. timmermansk@who.or.id
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Timmermans
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic