title: Ultrastructure and cell death of in vivo derived and vitrified porcine blastocysts.
abstract: Morphological and molecular signs of injury and cell death and subsequent regeneration following vitrification of porcine blastocysts were evaluated by light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as TUNEL/propidium iodide (PI) nuclear staining followed by confocal microscopy (CSM). In vivo derived blastocysts were assigned to one of the following four groups: Controls-(1) fixed immediately after collection (C0h) and (2) after 24 hr culture in vitro (C24h) and vitrified embryos-(3) fixed immediately after vitrification and warming (V0h), and (4) after 24 hr of culture upon warming after vitrification (V24h). Observation by LM and TEM showed that the V0h embryos displayed collapse of the blastocoele cavity (BC) and cell swelling, a general distension or shrinkage of mitochondria and massive increase in the amount of vesicles, vacuoles, and secondary lysosomes (SLs). Approximately 2/3 of the V24h embryos had recovered, whereas the remaining 1/3 were degenerated. Recovered embryos displayed almost normal blastocyst morphology, except for a widening of the perivitelline space, accumulation of debris and partial distension of mitochondria, whereas degenerated embryos were disintegrated into a poorly defined mass of cells and debris including cells with abundant degeneration of mitochondria and other organelles. Both recovered and degenerated embryos displayed a persistent abundance of presence of small membrane bounded vesicles, vacuoles, and SLs. Evaluation of TUNEL/PI stained embryos showed only occasional appearance of TUNEL positive nuclei with typical apoptotic morphology in controls (C0h 0.67%, C24h 1.22%) and in the V0h embryos (0.93%). The percentage of apoptotic nuclei in embryos at V24h was significantly higher than in all other groups (2.64%). Vitrified embryos showed significantly increased appearance of DNA fragmented nuclei without typical morphological features of apoptosis (V0h 1.43%, V24h 4.30%) compared with controls (C0h 0.26%, C24h 0.45%). The observed morphological changes and increased DNA fragmentation observed immediately after vitrification and warming probably reflects a direct damaging effect of vitrification. During 24 hr of culture a portion of the embryos was able to regenerate and along with the regenerative process, apoptosis--a possible pathway for elimination of damaged cells--became evident.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: Jakob O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Gjørret
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthelot
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinat-Botté
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maddox-Hyttel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016923:Cell Death; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*