title: Renal involvement in leptospirosis at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and Persahabatan Hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical pattern of ARF caused by leptospirosis and its related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using medical record data of all leptospirosis cases admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo and Persahabatan General Hospitals between January 1993 and December 1996. Patient identification included age, sex, and occupation. Clinical symptoms were described in details and followed by laboratory testing i.e. peripheral blood count, urinalysis, blood urea and creatinine, liver function test, and pancreatic enzymes assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five percent were men and the mean age was 38.3 years old. Sixty out of 68 (88.2%) patients had ARF as defined by an increase of plasma creatinine level of >1.5 mg/mL. The most common presenting symptoms in patients with ARF were fever (100%), nausea and vomiting (95.0%), muscle pain (88.1%) and jaundice (71.3%). The mean duration of fever 7.2 days. The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (100%), leukocytosis (90%) and increase total bilirubin level (87.5%). Only leukocytosis showed a significant difference between ARF and non-ARF patients (p=0,014). Leptospira bataviae was found in 95.6% of patients and 96.7% of ARF patients. Penicillin was given to 80.9% of patients with only 2 (2.9%) deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant correlation cannot be established, we concluded that nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, jaundice, increased ESR and total bilirubin level should alert the physician about the possibility of renal involvement in leptospirosis patients with prolonged fever. Leptospira bataviae was an important virulent pathogen. Treatment with penicillin may significantly improve organ failure and was considered the drug of choice in managing leptospiral infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Markum
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007919:Leptospira / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome