title: Cytogenetics and etiology of ambiguous genitalia in 120 pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A newborn with ambiguous genitalia needs prompt evaluation to detect life-threatening conditions (e.g., salt-losing crisis in congenital adrenal hyperplasia [CAH]) and gender assignment. Sex assignment in these children continues to be a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problem. We studied the causes and characteristics of ambiguous genitalia in children who were referred to a cytogenetic laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed a total of 120 medical records of patients with a primary indication of ambiguous genitalia that were referred to the cytogenetic lab for karyotyping during the period of 1989 to 1999. Diagnosis was based on a clinical impression from the primary physician, who was primarily a staff pediatrician, endocrinologist and/or pediatric urologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAH was the underlying cause of ambiguous genitalia in 41 of 63 patients with ambiguity due to endocrine causes; 39 of these patients showed a 46,XX karyotype and 2 cases were 46,XY (both the 46,XY patients had 3 beta-hydroxylase deficiency). In 57 patients, ambiguous genitalia were due to congenital developmental defects. The most common endocrine case of ambiguous genitalia was 21-OH deficiency. Seven patients were classified as idiopathic with six showing the 46,XY and one the 46,XX karyotype. Gender was reassigned at birth or at diagnosis in 15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology of ambiguous genitalia is variable. The physician managing these families could minimize the trauma of having a child with unidentified sex by providing appropriate genetic counseling so that the parents can make an early decision. Prenatal DNA testing in at-risk families should be considered and appropriate therapy offered to minimize or prevent genital ambiguity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Angham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Mutair
authors.forename: M Anwar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakati
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashwal
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013734:Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D042944:Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase / Q000172:deficiency; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003241:Consanguinity; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities; D006059:Gonadal Dysgenesis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D042944:Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase