title: Innate immune responses during infection.
abstract: The innate immune system senses bacteria in the environment and defends against infection. Here we will discuss two types of sensor protein families. The plasma membrane receptors that comprise the Toll-like receptor (TLRs) family and the intracellular proteins termed NOD1 and NOD2. These proteins directly bind bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan fragments, bacterial DNA, and receptor binding leads to intracellular signaling and gene expression. TLR signaling involves members of the MyD88 family of adaptor proteins. In contrast NOD1 or NOD2 utilize pathways that do not depend on the MyD88 family members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ulevitch
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mathison
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva Correia
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C119067:NOD1 protein, human; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors