title: Use of intravenous flecainide in horses with naturally-occurring atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that i.v. flecainide has a high efficacy for the treatment of experimentally-induced acute atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses and that its use is associated with minimal toxic side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to study the efficacy of i.v. flecainide as a treatment for atrial fibrillation in horses with naturally-occurring AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten horses with naturally-occurring AF were treated with 2 mg/kg bwt flecainide i.v. at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg bwt/min. In 3 horses, the infusion was continued at 0.05-0.10 mg/kg bwt/min until a total dose of 3.0 mg/kg bwt had been administered. Heart rate, QRS duration and average interval between fibrillation waves were measured before, during and following flecainide infusion. If conversion to normal sinus rhythm was not achieved, horses were treated with quinidine sulphate per os at a dose of 22 mg/kg bwt given every 2 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the horses with chronic AF (n = 9) converted to sinus rhythm with flecainide i.v. The only horse treated successfully had acute AF of 12 days' duration. The QRS duration and fibrillation cycle length increased significantly (P = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively) during and following flecainide infusion. Heart rate did not increase significantly over time however, 3 horses developed heart rates in excess of 100 beats/min. Two horses developed a potentially dangerous ventricular dysrhythmia during the first 15 mins of treatment. Quinidine sulphate given per os restored sinus rhythm in 8 out of 9 horses, with minimal adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although flecainide might be efficacious in cases of acute AF, it was not possible to restore sinus rhythm in horses with naturally-occurring chronic AF at the dosages used in this study. In 2 horses, 2.0 mg/kg bwt flecainide was associated with potentially dangerous dysrhythmias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg bwt flecainide is unlikely to convert chronic AF in horses and could induce dangerous dysrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Blissitt
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Keen
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005424:Flecainide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D005424:Flecainide