title: Hypoxic postconditioning reduces cardiomyocyte loss by inhibiting ROS generation and intracellular Ca2+ overload.
abstract: We have shown that intermittent interruption of immediate reflow at reperfusion (i.e., postconditioning) reduces infarct size in in vivo models after ischemia. Cardioprotection of postconditioning has been associated with attenuation of neutrophil-related events. However, it is unknown whether postconditioning before reoxygenation after hypoxia in cultured cardiomyocytes in the absence of neutrophils confers protection. This study tested the hypothesis that prevention of cardiomyocyte damage by hypoxic postconditioning (Postcon) is associated with a reduction in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular Ca(2+) overload. Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to 3 h of hypoxia followed by 6 h of reoxygenation. Cardiomyocytes were postconditioned after the 3-h index hypoxia by three cycles of 5 min of reoxygenation and 5 min of rehypoxia applied before 6 h of reoxygenation. Relative to sham control and hypoxia alone, the generation of ROS (increased lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, SOD-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction, and generation of hydrogen peroxide) was significantly augmented after immediate reoxygenation as was the production of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. Concomitant with these changes, intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations, which were detected by fluorescent fluo-4 AM and X-rhod-1 AM staining, respectively, were elevated. Cell viability assessed by propidium iodide staining was decreased consistent with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase after reoxygenation. Postcon treatment at the onset of reoxygenation reduced ROS generation and malondialdehyde concentration in media and attenuated cardiomyocyte death assessed by propidium iodide and lactate dehydrogenase. Postcon treatment was associated with a decrease in intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations. These data suggest that Postcon treatment reduces reoxygenation-induced injury in cardiomyocytes and is potentially mediated by attenuation of ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St. NE, Atlanta, GA 30308-2225, USA.
authors.forename: He-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ning-Ping
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Faraz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kerendi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halkos
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kin
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Guyton
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinten-Johansen
authors.forename: Zhi-Qing
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002118:Calcium