title: Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum after traumatic brain injury and multiple trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to determine whether glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is released after traumatic brain injury (TBI), whether GFAP is related to brain injury severity and outcome after TBI, and whether GFAP is released after multiple trauma without TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study enrolled 114 patients who had TBI with or without multiple trauma (n = 101) or multiple trauma without TBI (n = 13), as verified by computerized tomography. Daily GFAP measurement began at admission (<12 hours after trauma) and continued for the duration of intensive care (1-22 days). Documentation included categorization of computerized tomography according to Marshall classification, based on daily highest intracranial pressure (ICP), lowest cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), lowest mean arterial pressure (MAP), and 3-month Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GFAP concentration was lower for diffuse injury 2 than for diffuse injury 4 (p < 0.0005) or nonevacuated mass lesions larger than than 25 mL (p < 0.005), lower for a ICP less than 25 mm Hg than for a ICP of 25 mm Hg or more, lower for a CPP of 60 mm Hg or more than for a CPP of 60 mm Hg or less, lower for a MAP of 60 mm Hg or more than for a MAP less than 60 mm Hg (all p < 0.0005), and lower for a GOS of 1 or 2 than for a GOS of 3, 4 (p < 0.05), or 5 (p < 0.0005). After TBI, GFAP was higher in nonsurvivors (n = 39) than in survivors (n = 62) (p < 0.005). After multiple trauma without TBI, GFAP remained normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings showed that GFAP is released after TBI, that GFAP is related to brain injury severity and outcome after TBI, and that GFAP is not released after multiple trauma without brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology and Research Unit of the Austrian Worker's Compensation Board, Vienna, Austria. lindapel@via.at
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pelinka
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroepfl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidhammer
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krenn
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buchinger
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redl
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein