title: Influence of norcantharidin on proliferation, proliferation-related gene proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallbladder carcinoma is a highly lethal and aggressive disease with early metastasis, strong invasion and poor prognosis. Most patients with this disease are at the advanced and un-resectable stage and should be considered for palliative treatment such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, reports of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for gallbladder carcinoma are disappointing. We investigated the influence of norcantharidin (NCTD) on proliferation, proliferation-related gene proteins PCNA and Ki-67 of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  GBC-SD cell lines of human gallbladder carcinoma were cultured by the cell culture technique. The experiment was divided into NCTD group and control group. The tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay was used to evaluate cell growth. The streptavidin-biotin complex method was used to determine the expressions of proliferation-related gene proteins PCNA and Ki-67 of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCTD inhibited the growth and proliferation of GBC-SD cells from 10 mg/L or after 6 hours in a dose-and time-dependent manner, with the IC50 value of 56.18 microg/ml at 48 hours. After treatment with NCTD, the expression of PCNA (0.932+/-0.031 vs. 0.318+/-0.023, P<0.001) and Ki-67 (0.964+/-0.092 vs. 0.297+/-0.018, P<0.001) proteins were decreased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCTD inhibits the proliferation of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells in vitro and the expression of their proliferation-related gene proteins PCNA and Ki-67.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China. fanyuezu_shtj@msn.com
authors.forename: Yue-Zu
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Jin-Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Ze-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Cun-Qiu
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C069741:norcantharidin