title: Factors associated with depressive symptoms among 18-year-old boys: a prospective 10-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim is to study associative and predictive factors for self-reported depressive symptoms among 18-year-old boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants in this community-based 10-year follow-up study consisted of 2348 boys born during 1981. At baseline, three informant sources were used: parents, teachers, and the children themselves. At follow-up, self-report questionnaires were used to study boys' family factors, life events, adaptive functioning, and substance use. Depressive symptoms at age 18 were established using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor adaptive functioning within family and in education, having fewer than two close friends, somatic health problems, and using illicit drugs were all independently associated with a high level of depressive symptoms in the cross-sectional data at age 18. Self-reported depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory, CDI) at age 8 independently predicted an increased number of depressive symptoms 10 years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only self-reported questionnaires were used at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high association between depressive symptoms at age 8 and at age 18 gives grounds for paying special attention to children's own intimations of distress already in the early school years. Using self-report screening questionnaires in school health care may help identify children's depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Child Welfare and School Health Care Clinic, Joint Authority of Health Work in Rauma Region, PO Box 283, 26101 Rauma, Finland. antti.haavisto@raumankttky.fi
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haavisto
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Multimäki
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parkkola
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santalahti
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikolakaros
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikalakaros
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumpulainen
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piha
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aronen
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puura
authors.forename: Sirkka-Liisa
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Linna
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Almqvist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005195:Family Relations; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012951:Socialization; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs