title: Measurement characteristics of anal cytology, histopathology, and high-resolution anoscopic visual impression in an anal dysplasia screening program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study aims were (1) to estimate agreement between consecutive anal cytologic examinations, between concurrent cytologic examination and histopathology, and between high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) visual impression and histopathology and (2) to estimate the prevalence of severe dysplasia by concurrent cytologic category.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of HIV-infected patients receiving anal dysplasia screening as part of routine care. Agreement between measures was estimated by weighted kappa-statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 2000 and September 2003, 1864 patients underwent 2947 anal cytology tests. Excluding unsatisfactory tests (6%), 642 patients had repeat cytologic evaluation and 154 had concurrent cytology tests and biopsy. Using 4-category cytology grading, kappa-agreement between the first 2 cytologic measurements was 0.36. Comparing concurrent cytology tests and biopsy, kappa-agreement was 0.36. Comparing the most severe HRA visual impression and biopsy, kappa-agreement was 0.32. The prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia 3 at biopsy by concurrent cytology category was 0 (cytology normal), 21% (atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance), 27% (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), and 54% (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the reproducibility of key screening measures is moderate at best but of similar magnitude to that of other studies of anal and cervical dysplasia screening. As candidate interventions to treat or prevent precursor lesions enter clinical development, standardization and improvement of measurement methods are essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: William Christopher
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitapati
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Caperna
authors.forename: R Edward
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tugend
authors.forename: Unyeong
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000473:pathology*; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015995:Prevalence