title: [New biomarkers of exposure].
abstract: In this paper we have defined the new biomarkers of exposure (NBE) as those biomarkers discovered in the last five years and, among previously validated biomarkers, also those applied in different ranges of doses or those determined in biological matrices which differ from matrices originally considered. We examined the results from the surveys carried out by the main Italian research units involved in biological monitoring, i.e. those from the Universities of Brescia, Milan, Naples, Padua, Parma, Pavia, Turin and Verona. The data were collected using a standardized model and included the following: type of element or organic compound, type of biomarker, analytical technique and method, their relationship with environmental monitoring data, their relationship with effect indicators or effects in general, improvement with respect to old biomarkers, reference values. Twenty two NBEs were identified: 14 elements and chemical compounds as such or as metabolites, 4 examples of mixtures, 3 of new matrices, one of speciation. Among the others, aspects such as interest in requiring NBE, quality assurance, availability, cost-benefit ratio were discussed. We conclude that development of this specific field of research appears to be a crucial point for future improvement in risk assessment and health surveillance procedures.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale ed Applicata, Medicina del Lavoro ed Igiene Industriale Università degli Studi di Brescia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergonzi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Catalani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarnico
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Foà
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fustinoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buratti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scibetta
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sannolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bartolucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Scapellato
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imbriani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghittori
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pira
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Discalzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perbellini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D009790:Occupations; D051381:Rats; D012016:Reference Values; D012106:Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers