title: Incident hypertension associated with depression in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment area follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluates the role of depression as a specific risk factor for hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analyzed the prospective data in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Follow-up Study (n=1920), a longitudinal population-based study of mental illness in East Baltimore. Incident cases of hypertension as assessed by self-report (n=148) in 1993 were compared to the remaining cohort without hypertension (n=901) across three waves of ECA interviews (1981, 1982, 1993). Depression and related symptoms were measured at baseline (1981) by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and categorized as dysphoria, dysthymia, or major depressive episode (MDE) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) III criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with a major depressive episode compared to those who reported never having dysphoria had a marginally significant increased risk for hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.16; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.94,4.98)) after adjustment for age, gender, race, body mass index, Nam-Powers socioeconomic score, alcohol usage, smoking, exercise, diabetes status, and number of general medical visits. MDE reported to have begun more than a year before the baseline measurement was associated with an increased risk for incident hypertension (Adjusted OR=3.67, 95% CI (1.25,10.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential misclassification of self-reported hypertension outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the data are based on self-report of hypertension, these findings suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for hypertension particularly for those with recurrent episodes or a long term history of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Haroutune K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Armenian
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*