title: Child and family safety device affordability by country income level: an 18 country comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare availability, urban price, and affordability of child/family safety devices between 18 economically diverse countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive: urban price surveys by local safety organisations or shoppers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retail stores and internet vendors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prices expressed in US dollars, and affordability measured by hours of factory work needed to buy a child safety seat, a belt-positioning booster seat, a child bicycle helmet, and a smoke alarm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prices of child and family safety devices varied widely between countries but the variation for child safety seats and bicycle helmets did not relate strongly to country income. Safety devices were expensive, often prohibitively so, in lower income countries. Far more hours of factory work were required to earn a child safety device in lower income than middle income, and middle income than higher income, countries. A bicycle helmet, for example, cost 10 hours of factory work in lower income countries but less than an hour in higher income countries. Smoke alarms and booster seats were not available in many lower income countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bicycles and two-axle motor vehicles were numerous in lower and middle income countries, but corresponding child safety devices were often unaffordable and sometimes not readily available. The apparent market distortions and their causes merit investigation. Advocacy, social marketing, local device production, lowering of tariffs, and mandatory use legislation might stimulate market growth. Arguably, a moral obligation exists to offer subsidies that give all children a fair chance of surviving to adulthood.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hendrie
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taft
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Consunji
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaloshnja
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012906:Smoke; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke