title: Prospective study on cranioplasty with individual carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) implants produced by means of stereolithography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cranial implants produced by means of 3-dimensional (3D) stereolithography (SL) and template modeling for reconstructions of complex or extensive cranial defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 41 cranioplasties with individual CFRP implants was performed in 37 patients between April 1996 and November 2002. Only patients with complex and/or large cranial defects were included, most of them having extended scarring or dural calcification and poor quality of the overlying soft-tissue cover after infection or multiple preceding operations. Involvement of frontal sinus, a known risk factor for complications after cranioplasty, was the case in 21 patients (51.2%).
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based 3D model of the skull with the bony defect was generated by means of stereolithography after acquisition, evaluation and transfer of the patient's helical computed tomography (CT) data. A wax template of the defect that was used to design the individual prosthesis-shape was invested in dental stone. Then, the cranial implant was fabricated out of CFRP by loosen mold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reconstruction of defects measuring up to 17 x 9 cm was performed. The intra-operative fit of the implants was excellent in 36 (87.8%), good in 1 (2.4%), and fair in 4 (9.8%) of the cases. Problems of implant fit occurred because of extended scarring and poor quality of soft-tissue cover. Adverse reactions were observed in 5 patients (1 subdural, 1 subcutaneous hematoma, 2 infections, 1 allergic reaction). Excellent contours and a solid stable reconstruction have been maintained in 30 out of 35 remaining plates (mean follow-up 3.6 years). No adverse effects concerning postoperative imaging, the accuracy of electroencephalograms and radiation therapy have been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe that this relatively new technique represents an advance in the management of complex and large cranial defects, but seems less suitable for simple defects because of cost-intensive techniques. Because of the high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, innovative design, and especially radiolucency, CFRP implants should, however, be considered in smaller defects if further imaging investigations or irradiation therapies are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Landesnervenklinik Wagner Jauregg, Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wurm
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomancok
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trenkler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects; D002244:Carbon / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D017076:Computer-Aided Design / Q000295:instrumentation; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010969:Plastics / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D010969:Plastics; C037808:plastic, carbon fiber reinforced; D002244:Carbon