title: Umbilical cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells for tissue engineering of vascular grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial limitation regarding present pediatric cardiac surgery is the lack of appropriate materials for the repair of congenital defects. To address this shortcoming, tissue engineering is a scientific field that aims at in vitro fabrication of living autologous grafts with the capacity of growth, repair, and regeneration. Here we focused on tissue engineered vascular grafts using human umbilical cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), as a noninvasive cell source for pediatric applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  EPCs were isolated from 20 ml fresh human umbilical cord blood by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and cultured in endothelial basal medium containing growth factors. After proliferation and differentiation cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and seeded onto three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable vascular scaffolds (porosity > 95%, n = 22). Twenty-four hours after seeding the vascular grafts were positioned into a pulse-duplicator-in vitro system and grown for 48 hours under biomimetic conditions. A second group was grown 6 days statically and an additional 6 days biomimetically. Controls were cultured statically. Analysis of the grafts included immunohistochemistry, histology, and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preseeding differentiated EPCs indicated constant endothelial phenotypes including acetylated low-density lipoprotein, cluster of differentiation 31, von Willebrand factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase. Seeded EPCs established favorable cell-to-polymer attachment and proliferation into the 3D tubular scaffolds. Both conditioned and static cellular constructs demonstrated positive staining for cluster of differentiation 31, von Willebrand factor, and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human umbilical cord derived EPCs indicated exceptional growth characteristics used for tissue engineering of vascular grafts. These cells demonstrated a constant endothelial phenotype and related functional features. Based on these results EPCs seem to be a promising autologous cell source with regard to cardiovascular tissue engineering, particularly for the repair of congenital defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Research and Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dörthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breymann
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Christina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Guenter
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuenschwander
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zund
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turina
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hoerstrup
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering