title: Disturbed morphogenesis of cardiac outflow tract and increased rate of aortic arch anomalies in the offspring of diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal diabetes (MD) is a risk factor for offspring to develop cardiovascular anomalies; this is of growing clinical concern since the number of women in childbearing age with compromised glucose homeostasis is increasing. Hyperglycemia abrogates cardiovascular development in vitro; however, a link to cardiovascular defects in diabetic offspring remains to be investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied cardiovascular development in offspring of MD rats by examining serial histological sections of GD 12.0-18.0 offspring. Development of pharyngeal arch artery malformations was analyzed and related to intracardiac anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharyngeal arch artery and intracardiac defects were present in 27 of 37 MD GD 13.0-18.0 offspring. Early sixth arch arteries showed abrogated arteriogenesis, whereas fourth arch artery defects developed as a result of abnormal remodeling. Morphometrical analysis showed increased apoptosis in regressing artery segments and reduced apoptosis in persisting artery segments. Double outlet right ventricle with infundibular stenosis (tetralogy of Fallot) was predominantly found in combination with sixth artery defects and pulmonary atresia. As confirmed by morphometric analysis and three-dimensional (3D)-reconstructions, outflow tract defects coincided with endocardial cushion hypoplasia. Cases with teratology of Fallot additionally showed a shorter outflow tract. No relation with apoptosis or disturbed neural crest cell migration was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data uniquely demonstrate mechanistic differences involved in the development of sixth and fourth artery anomalies. Whereas increased apoptosis induces fourth artery anomalies, pulmonary outflow obstruction abrogates sixth artery differentiation independent of apoptosis. The model presented allows analysis of diabetic conditions on cardiovascular development in vivo, essential for elucidating this teratology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniël G M
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.forename: Pauline A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Roest
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordstrand
authors.forename: Lambertus J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wisse
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poelmann
authors.forename: Ulf J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-De Groot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000196:embryology* / Q000662:veterinary; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012307:Risk Factors; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000209:etiology*