title: The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial: incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping beta-carotene and retinol supplements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) tested the effect of daily beta-carotene (30 mg) and retinyl palmitate (25,000 IU) on the incidence of lung cancer, other cancers, and death in 18,314 participants who were at high risk for lung cancer because of a history of smoking or asbestos exposure. CARET was stopped ahead of schedule in January 1996 because participants who were randomly assigned to receive the active intervention were found to have a 28% increase in incidence of lung cancer, a 17% increase in incidence of death and a higher rate of cardiovascular disease mortality compared with participants in the placebo group.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the intervention ended, CARET participants returned the study vitamins to their study center and provided a final blood sample. They continue to be followed annually by telephone and mail self-report. Self-reported cancer endpoints were confirmed by review of pathology reports, and death endpoints were confirmed by review of death certificates. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With follow-up through December 31, 2001, the post-intervention relative risks of lung cancer and all-cause mortality for the active intervention group compared with the placebo group were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97 to 1.31) and 1.08 (95% CI = 0.99 to 1.17), respectively. Smoothed relative risk curves for lung cancer incidence and all-cause mortality indicated that relative risks remained above 1.0 throughout the post-intervention follow-up. By contrast, the relative risk of cardiovascular disease mortality decreased rapidly to 1.0 after the intervention was stopped. During the post-intervention phase, females had larger relative risks of lung cancer mortality (1.33 versus 1.14; P = .36), cardiovascular disease mortality (1.44 versus 0.93; P = .03), and all-cause mortality (1.37 versus 0.98; P = .001) than males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The previously reported adverse effects of beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate on lung cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in cigarette smokers and individuals with occupational exposure to asbestos persisted after drug administration was stopped although they are no longer statistically significant. Planned subgroup analyses suggest that the excess risks of lung cancer were restricted primarily to females, and cardiovascular disease mortality primarily to females and to former smokers.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Bldg. M, M1-B514, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. gary.goodman@swedish.org
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thornquist
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balmes
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Meyskens
authors.forename: Gilbert S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Omenn
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valanis
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D019207:beta Carotene