title: Cytosine arabinoside substitution decreases transcription factor-DNA binding element complex formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pyrimidine nucleoside analog, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), is an effective therapeutic agent for acute leukemia. The phosphorylated triphosphate, cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, competes with deoxycytosine triphosphate as a substrate for incorporation into DNA. Once incorporated into DNA, it inhibits DNA polymerase and topoisomerase I and modifies the tertiary structure of DNA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the substitution of Ara-C for cytosine in double-stranded oligonucleotides that contain 4 specific transcription factor binding sites (TATA, GATA, C/EBP, and AP-2alpha) alters transcription factor binding to their respective DNA binding elements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcription factors were obtained from nuclear extracts from human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. [32P]-end-labeled double-stranded oligonucleotides that contained 1 or 2 specific transcription factor binding sites with or without Ara-C substitution for cytosine were used to assess transcription factor binding by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The substitution of Ara-C for cytosine within and outside the transcription factor binding element (AP-2alpha, C/EBP), outside the binding element only (GATA, TATA), or within the binding element only (AP-2alpha) all result in a reduction in transcription factor binding to their respective DNA binding element.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction of the binding capacity of transcription factors with their respective DNA binding elements may depend on structural changes within oligonucleotides induced by Ara-C incorporation. This altered binding capacity of transcription factors to their DNA binding elements may represent one mechanism for Ara-C cytotoxicity secondary to inhibition of transcription of new messenger RNAs and, subsequently, translation of new proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Ximbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Kiechle
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003596:Cytosine / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D035181:TATA-Box Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D035181:TATA-Box Binding Protein; C493673:TFAP2A protein, human; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003561:Cytarabine; D003596:Cytosine