title: Identification of indigoid dyes in natural organic pigments used in historical art objects by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
abstract: Pigments are among the most important components of historical paintings and textiles and their nature provides the unique character of color. They can be divided into two main groups: inorganic and organic, extracted from plants or animals. Their identification is a necessary stage in the conservation of art objects. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV/visible spectrophotometric methods were elaborated for the identification of indigoid (indigo, indirubin, isoindigo, isoindirubin) color components of natural dyestuffs and their natural or synthetic precursors (indican, isatin, indoxyl, 2-indolinone). ES-MS offers detection limits in the range 0.03-5.00 microg ml(-1) for the color compounds examined. The method developed made it possible to identify indigo and its isomers in genuine Indian indigo, indigo from woad and Tyrian Purple. It was applied to the identification of natural dyes on fiber from a 19th century Japanese tapestry, 'Cranes in the landscape'. A procedure based on freezing and grinding of a sample before the extraction of dyes from the textile was developed. The components of the extract obtained were identified after acidic hydrolysis as indigotin and methylene blue.
authors.affiliation: Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puchalska
authors.forename: Kasia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Połeć-Pawlak
authors.forename: Irmina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zadrozna
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hryszko
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarosz
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007211:Indoles; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D007203:Indigo Carmine