title: Results of intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator and expansile gas injection for submacular haemorrhage in Thais.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the results of intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and expansile gas injection for submacular haemorrhage in Thai patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of Thai patients who presented with submacular haemorrhage between January 1998 and December 2002 were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were acute onset of bleeding (<1 month), treatment with intravitreal injection of tPA solution (50-100 mug in 0.1 ml) and expansile gas (0.3-0.4 ml of 100% perfluoropropane or sulphur hexafluoride), and at least 6 months of follow-up. Our main outcome measures were best final postoperative visual acuity and surgical complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 eyes of 19 patients completed the inclusion criteria with a mean duration of 13.1 days. The causes of haemorrhage were age-related macular degeneration in 15 eyes (78.9%), idiopathic choroidal neovascularization in two eyes (10.5%), and traumatic, and valsalva retinopathy in one eye each (5.2%). After a mean follow-up of 13 months (range 6-39 months), postoperative visual acuity improved two lines or greater in 12 eyes (63.2%), stabilized in six eyes (31.6%) and worsened in one (5.2%). The final visual acuity measured 20/63 or better in 10 eyes (52.6%). The surgical complications were breakthrough vitreous haemorrhage (three eyes) and cataracts (three eyes), and two had retinal detachments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of submacular haemorrhage with intravitreal injection of tPA and expansile gas improved visual acuity in more than half of the patients. In all, 10 in 19 eyes demonstrated final visual acuity at a functional level.
authors.affiliation: Retina Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Hat yai, Thailand. mratanasukon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ratanasukon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kittantong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000150:complications; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005740:Gases / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013785:Thailand; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005740:Gases; C042852:perflutren; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride