title: The role of thyroid hormone in trophoblast function, early pregnancy maintenance, and fetal neurodevelopment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on the roles of thyroid hormone in trophoblast function, early pregnancy maintenance, and fetal neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for English-language papers published from 1971 to 2003, using the key words "brain," "hypothyroidism," "placenta," "pregnancy," "threatened abortion," "thyroid hormone," "thyroid hormone receptor," "thyroid hormone replacement therapy," "thyroid hormone-responsive gene," and "trophoblast."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transplacental transfer of thyroid hormone occurs before the onset of fetal thyroid hormone secretion. Thyroid hormone receptors and iodothyronine deiodinases are present in the placenta and the fetal central nervous system early in pregnancy, and thyroid hormone plays a crucial role both in trophoblast function and fetal neurodevelopment. Maternal hypothyroxinemia is associated with a high rate of spontaneous abortion and long-term neuropsychological deficits in children born of hypothyroid mothers. Maternal iodine deficiency also causes a wide spectrum of neuropsychological disorders in children, ranging from subclinical deficits in cognitive motor and auditory functions to hypothyroid-induced cognitive impairment in infants. However, these conditions are preventable when iodine supplementation is initiated before the second trimester. Although thyroid hormone replacement therapy is effective for reducing the adverse effects complicated by maternal hypothyroidism, the appropriate dose of thyroid hormone is mandatory in protecting the early stage of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close monitoring of maternal thyroid hormone status and ensuring adequate maternal thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy are of great importance to prevent miscarriage and neuropsychological deficits in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujino
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007455:Iodine