title: Iontophoretic enhancement of leuprolide acetate by fatty acids, limonene, and depilatory lotions through porcine epidermis.
abstract: The effect of chemical enhancers (e.g., fatty acids, limonene, depilatory lotions) and iontophoresis was investigated on the in vitro permeability of leuprolide acetate through porcine epidermis. Franz diffusion cells and Scepter iontophoretic power source were used for the percutaneous absorption studies. Anodal iontophoresis was performed at 0.2 mA/cm2 current density. Fatty acids used were palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. The passive and iontophoretic flux were significantly (p < 0.05) greater through fatty acids-treated porcine epidermis in comparison to the control (untreated epidermis) for leuprolide acetate. The passive and iontophoretic permeability of leuprolide acetate increased with increasing number of cis double bonds. Among the fatty acids tested, linolenic acid (C18:3) exhibited the maximum permeability of leuprolide acetate during passive (51.42 x 10(-4) cm/hr) and iontophoretic (318.98 x 10(-4) cm/hr) transport. The passive and iontophoretic flux of leuprolide acetate were significantly (p < 0.05) greater through the limonene and depilatory lotion treated epidermis in comparison to their respective control. In conclusion, iontophoresis in combination with chemical enhancers synergistically increased (p < 0.05) the in vitro permeability of leuprolide acetate through porcine epidermis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
authors.forename: Sumeet K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004423:Ear / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006204:Hair Removal; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077222:Limonene; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D003358:Cosmetics; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012996:Solutions; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene; D016729:Leuprolide