title: Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has begun to elucidate the optimal pharmacological treatments for pediatric-onset bipolar patients, but few studies have examined the role of psychosocial interventions as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy in maintenance treatment. This article describes an adjunctive family-focused psychoeducational treatment for bipolar adolescents (FFT-A). The adult version of FFT has been shown to be effective in forestalling relapses in two randomized clinical trials involving bipolar adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  FFT-A is administered to adolescents who have had an exacerbation of manic, depressed, or mixed symptoms within the last 3 months. It is given in 21 outpatient sessions of psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem solving skills training. We describe modifications to the adult FFT model to address the developmental issues and unique clinical presentations of pediatric-onset patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An open treatment trial involving 20 bipolar adolescents (11 boys, 9 girls; mean age 14.8+/-1.6) found that the combination of FFT-A and mood stabilizing medications was associated with improvements in depression symptoms, mania symptoms, and behavior problems over 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These early results are based on a small-scale open trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from an ongoing randomized controlled trial will clarify whether combining FFT-A with pharmacotherapy improves the 2-year course of adolescent bipolar disorder. If the results are positive, then a structured manual-based psychosocial approach will be available for clinicians who treat adolescent bipolar patients in the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. miklow@psych.colorado.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Eunice Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: W Edward
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005195:Family Relations; D005196:Family Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents