title: A conceptual framework to study medication adherence in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adults aged > or =50 years often have multiple chronic diseases requiring multiple medications. However, even drugs with well-documented benefits are often not taken as prescribed, for a variety of reasons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article was to provide background information about medication adherence and its measurement, the development of the conceptual model for use in adherence research, and supportive intervention strategies such as pharmaceutical care by pharmacists to improve chronic medication use in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language literature published from 1990 to 2000 was searched on MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and AARP Ageline using the terms aged, heart failure, CHF, adherence, chronic heart failure, compliance, and related terms. The authors used their personal files and libraries to obtain seminal literature and textbooks published before 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the cognitive processes needed to manage and take medications decline with aging, the number of prescription and nonprescription medications consumed increases. Other factors such as vision, hearing, health literacy, disability, and social and financial resources may all complicate the ability of older adults to adhere to the pharmacologic prescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many factors are associated with medication adherence and related health outcomes in older adults. Therefore, strategies to improve adherence will need to be multidimensional, including improvements in pharmacy services that consider age-related factors (eg, declining cognitive and physical functions) as well as a variety of environmental and social factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University School of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. mmurray@regenstrief.org
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Wanzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Deer
authors.forename: D Craig
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brater
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004358:Drug Therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs