title: Random mutagenesis of the gene encoding a viral ligand for multiple cell entry receptors to obtain viral mutants altered for receptor usage.
abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can enter cells expressing any one of multiple entry receptors, including the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1, and sites in heparan sulfate generated by specific 3-O-sulfotransferases. The viral ligand for these receptors is glycoprotein D (gD). To define structural requirements for functional interactions of gD with its receptors and to obtain viral mutants altered for receptor usage, we generated a library of HSV-1 mutants with random mutations in the gD gene. Viral isolates selected on a monkey cell line (Vero) were screened for the loss of ability to infect cells expressing each of the HSV-1 receptors. The 10 HSV-1 mutants obtained had 12 mutations in gD, affecting 11 amino acids. All mutations reduced or abrogated viral entry through HVEM and 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate, indicating that similar features of gD are critical for functional interactions with both these receptors. None of the mutations reduced viral entry through nectin-1, whereas a subset of the mutations conferred ability to use nectin-2 as an entry receptor. These and other results show that features of gD, including conformation of the N terminus, critical for functional interactions with HVEM/3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate, differ from those critical for interactions with nectin-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Patricia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Spear
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006493:Heparin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016296:Mutagenesis; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D019151:Peptide Library; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000737:chemistry; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000737:chemistry*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019151:Peptide Library; D011509:Proteoglycans; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C506028:TNFRSF14 protein, human; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C039447:glycoprotein D, Human herpesvirus 1; C036090:heparin proteoglycan; D006493:Heparin