title: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki aerial spray prescriptions for balsam fir stand protection against spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
abstract: Although commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are being widely used in forest protection against lepidopteran defoliators, optimal application prescriptions have often yet to be worked out in detail. We conducted field experiments over a 6-yr period (1996-2001) in southwestern Québec to determine application prescriptions for optimal protection of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), healthy stands against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). At moderate larval densities (<30 larvae per 45-cm branch tip), similar foliage protection was achieved with one or two Btk applications of 30 billion international units per hectare (BIU/ha). When larval densities exceeded 30 larvae per branch tip, two successive applications of 30 BIU/ha significantly increased foliage protection. Whether the second application took place 5 or 10 d after the first spray did not affect treatment efficacy. Increasing the application dosage from 30 to 50 BIU/ha did not lead to better foliage protection against high larval densities, but the current standard dosage of 30 BIU/ha saved more foliage than 15 BIU/ha against moderate populations. The recommended dosage of 30 BIU can be applied in lower application volumes (1.5 liters/ha) by using a high-potency product (20 BIU/liter), because we did not observe a reduction in efficacy compared with the application of a lower potency product (12.7 BIU/liter) in 2.37 liters/ha. We also demonstrated that Btk can be applied much earlier in the season without compromising spray efficacy: there was no difference in treatment efficacy of double applications at 30 BIU/ha when the first spray was timed for early third, peak third, or early fourth instars.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, CRBF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4. eric.bauce@sbf.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauce
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carisey
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Frankenhuyzen
mesh_terms: D028202:Abies / Q000469:parasitology*; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D007915:Lepidoptera; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols