title: Stressors associated with dyspnea in childhood: patients' insights and a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the concept that stress can be associated with dyspnea in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review identified 22 patients (age range, 9-17 years) referred to a pediatric pulmonologist, who were offered instruction in self-hypnosis for treatment of dyspnea that persisted despite medical therapy. Patients were offered the opportunity to use hypnosis to gain insight into the causes of their dyspnea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dyspnea resolved in 18 of the 22 patients within 1 month of instruction in self-hypnosis for relaxation and symptom reduction. Eight of the 22 patients (age range, 11-16 years) chose to use hypnosis for insight. Using automatic word processing, they explained that their dyspnea was associated with stressful situations, or that it reduced the chances of having to experience an uncomfortable situation. For example, a girl with dyspnea resulting from vocal cord dysfunction realized during hypnosis that she developed her symptom in order to prevent herself from talking about information that might cause discomfort were it disclosed. As soon as the patient decided that she could trust herself to handle the information appropriately, her symptom resolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dyspnea may provide patients with a way of expressing their reactions to perceived or anticipated stress. Thus, stress reduction interventions may prove very helpful in resolving this symptom. However, in some cases gaining an insight into the potential cause of the dyspnea may increase the effectiveness of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA. anbarr@mail.upstate.edu
authors.forename: Ran D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Anbar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001326:Autogenic Training; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome