title: Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards a nucleus pulposus-like phenotype in vitro: implications for cell-based transplantation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into chondrocyte-like cells, we ask the question, can mesenchymal stem cells commit to the nucleus pulposus phenotype?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Back pain, a significant source of morbidity in our society, is linked to degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc. Absence of suitable graft tissue limits therapeutic approaches for repair of disc tissue. For this reason, there is considerable interest in developing "tissue engineering" strategies for the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat mesenchymal stem cells were immobilized in 3-dimensional alginate hydrogels and cultured in a medium containing transforming growth factor-beta1 under hypoxia (2% O2) and normoxia (20% O2). Mesenchymal stem cells were examined by confocal microscopy to evaluate their viability and metabolic status after labeling with Celltracker green, a thiol sensitive dye, and Mitotracker red, a dye sensitive to the mitochondrial membrane potential. Flow cytometry, semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were carried out to evaluate phenotypic and biosynthetic activities and the signaling pathways involved in the differentiation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under hypoxic conditions, mesenchymal stem cells formed large aggregates and exhibited positive Celltracker and Mitotracker signals. Glucose transporter-3, matrix metalloproteinase-2, collagen type II and type XI, and aggrecan mRNA and protein expression was upregulated, whereas there was no change in the levels of decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican. Hypoxia maintained the expression of CD44 (hyaluronan receptor), ALCAM (CD166), and endoglin (transforming growth factor-beta receptor). Likewise, expression of beta3 and alpha2 integrin was upregulated. Transforming growth factor-beta treatment increased MAPK activity and Sox-9, aggrecan, and collagen type II gene expression. Basal levels of the phosphorylated MAPK isoform ERK1/2, but not p38, were higher under hypoxic conditions than normoxia, and its activation was further augmented by treatment of cells with transforming growth factor-beta. In hypoxia, transforming growth factor-beta sustained phosphorylated p38 expression for an extended time period. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 enzymatic activity resulted in a decrease in Sox-9, aggrecan, and collagen type II mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that hypoxia and transforming growth factor-beta drive mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards a phenotype consistent with that of the nucleus pulposus. Measurement of selected signaling molecules and response to specific inhibitors suggest involvement of MAPK signaling pathways. It is concluded that mesenchymal stem cells could be used to repopulate the damaged or degenerate intervertebral disc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. makarand.risbud@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Makarand V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Risbud
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guttapalli
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vresilovic
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hillibrand
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Irving M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C013786:A73025