title: Potential anticancer effect of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) extract.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the anti cancer effects of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus Linn) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro study, microtitration cytotoxic assay was done using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenil tetrazolium bromide (MTT) kit assay. Results showed that aqueous extract of A gangeticus inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The IC(50) values were 93.8 mu g/ml and 98.8 mu g/ml for HepG2 and MCF-7, respectively. The inhibitory effect was also observed in colon cancer cell line (Caco-2), but a lower percentage compared to HepG2 and MCF-7. For normal cell line (Chang Liver), there was no inhibitory effect. In the in vivo study, hepatocarcinogenesis was monitored in rats according to Solt and Farber (1976) without partial hepatectomy. Assay of tumour marker enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), uridyl diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were carried out to determine the severity of hepatocarcinogenesis. The result found that supplementation of 5%, 7.5% and 10% of A. gangeticus aqueous extract to normal rats did not show any significant difference towards normal control (P <0.05). The exposure of the rats to chemical carcinogens diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) showed a significant increase in specific enzyme activity of GGT, GST, UDPGT and ALP compared to normal control (P <0.05). However, it was found that the supplementation of A. gangeticus aqueous extract in 5%, 7.5% and 10% to cancer-induced rats could inhibit the activity of all tumour marker enzymes especially at 10% (P <0.05). Supplementation of anti cancer drug glycyrrhizin at suggested dose (0.005%) did not show any suppressive effect towards cancer control (P <0.05). In conclusion, A. gangeticus showed anticancer potential in in vitro and in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Huzaimah Abdullah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: Asmah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmat
authors.forename: Maznah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosli
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endrini
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D027721:Amaranthus; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018724:Spinacia oleracea; D006599:UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D006599:UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase