title: PEMF as treatment for delayed healing of foot and ankle arthrodesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arthrodesis is the most common surgical treatment for foot and ankle arthritis. In adults, these procedures are associated with a 5% to 10% rate of nonunion. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of delayed unions after long-bone fractures and joint arthrodesis. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of PEMF treatment for delayed healing after foot and ankle arthrodesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and thirty-four foot and ankle arthrodeses were done. Nineteen resulted in delayed unions that were treated with a protocol of immobilization, limited weightbearing, and PEMF stimulation for a median of 7 (range 5 to 27) months. All patients were followed clinically and radiographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of PEMF, immobilization, and limited weightbearing to treat delayed union after foot and ankle arthrodesis was successful in 5 of 19 (26%) patients. Of the other 14 patients with nonunions, nine had revision surgery with autogenous grafting, continued immobilization, and PEMF stimulation. Seven of these eventually healed at a median of 5.5 (range 2 to 26) months and two did not heal. One patient had a below-knee amputation, and four refused further treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protocol of PEMF, immobilization, and limited weightbearing had a relatively low success rate in this group of patients. We no longer use this protocol alone to treat delayed union after foot and ankle arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. charles-saltzman@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: Annunziato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amendola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D033023:Foot Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing