title: Acute and "chronic" phase reaction-a mother of disease.
abstract: The world is increasingly threatened by a global epidemic of chronic diseases. Almost half of the global morbidity and almost two thirds of global mortality is due to these diseases-approximately 35 million die each year from chronic diseases. And they continue to increase. Increasing evidence suggest that these diseases are associated with lifestyle, stress, lack of physical exercise, over-consumption of calorie-condensed foods rich in saturated fat, sugar and starch, but also under-consumption of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. As a result the function of the innate immune system is severe impaired. This review discusses the changes induced in response to mental and physical stress and their association with the subsequent development of metabolic syndrome, and its association with various chronic diseases. The endothelial cells and their function appears to be of great importance, and the function of their cellular membranes of special importance to the function of the underlying cells; their ability to obtain nutrients and antioxidants and to eliminate waste products. The abdominal adipocytes seen to play a key role, as they have the ability to in stressful situations release much of proinflammatory cytokines, PAI-1 and free fatty acids compared to elsewhere in the body. The load on the liver of these various substances in often of greater magnitude than the liver can handle. Some of the most common chronic diseases and their potential association with acute and "chronic" phase response, and with metabolic syndrome are discussed separately. The need for studies with lifestyle modifications is especially emphasized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Liver Institute, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bengmark
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D004032:Diet; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*