title: Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis decreases phosphorylated ERK2 in LLC-PK1 cells.
abstract: Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is a fungal toxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides that inhibits ceramide synthase (CS), a key enzyme in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. In LLC-PK(1) cells, FB(1) inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, which can be prevented by inhibitors of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Inhibition of SPT prevents the FB(1)-induced accumulation of free sphinganine, a precursor of ceramide biosynthesis. However, not all of the effects of FB(1) in LLC-PK(1) cells can be explained solely by the increase in free sphingoid bases. The downstream signaling pathways that are affected by FB(1)-induced disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis are not well understood. This study determined, in LLC-PK(1) cells, changes in p42 MAP kinase (phosphorylated ERK2 [pERK2]) phosphorylation in response to various inhibitors of key enzymes of the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway (CS, SPT, and glucosylceramide synthase [GlcCer synthase]). The results show that inhibition of any of the three enzymes caused a similar decrease in the extent of phosphorylation of ERK2 with no reduction in total ERK2. The co-treatment of FB(1) (CS inhibitor) with SPT inhibitors or the GlcCer synthase inhibitor had no effect on the FB(1)-induced reduction in pERK2 phosphorylation, indicating that FB(1)-mediated changes in phosphorylation of pERK2 was independent of increases in free sphinganine or its metabolites or a reduction in ceramide. Nonetheless, the decrease in pERK2 phosphorylation was dependent on inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Decreased pERK2 activity could contribute to the physiological effects of FB(1) in LLC-PK(1) cells that are not due to alteration in pathways modulated by free sphingoid bases and their metabolites but are sensitive to inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rentz
authors.forename: Jency L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Showker
authors.forename: Filmore I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003523:Cycloserine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051102:Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D037341:Fumonisins; D009025:Morpholines; D013107:Sphingolipids; C056933:fumonisin B1; C033110:RV 538; D003523:Cycloserine; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C108138:dihydroceramide desaturase; D000217:Acyltransferases; D051102:Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; C001996:thermozymocidin