title: Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to dopaminergic neurons in serum-free suspension culture.
abstract: The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a source of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease cell therapy will require the development of simple and reliable cell differentiation protocols. The use of cell cocultures, added extracellular signaling factors, or transgenic approaches to drive hESC differentiation could lead to additional regulatory as well as cell production delays for these therapies. Because the neuronal cell lineage seems to require limited or no signaling for its formation, we tested the ability of hESCs to differentiate to form dopamine-producing neurons in a simple serum-free suspension culture system. BG01 and BG03 hESCs were differentiated as suspension aggregates, and neural progenitors and neurons were detectable after 2-4 weeks. Plated neurons responded appropriately to electrophysiological cues. This differentiation was inhibited by early exposure to bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-4, but a pulse of BMP-4 from days 5 to 9 caused induction of peripheral neuronal differentiation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-mount immunocytochemistry demonstrated the expression of multiple markers of the midbrain dopaminergic phenotype in serum-free differentiations. Neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were killed by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxic catecholamine. Upon plating, these cells released dopamine and other catecholamines in response to K+ depolarization. Surviving TH+ neurons, derived from the cells differentiated in serum-free suspension cultures, were detected 8 weeks after transplantation into 6-OHDA-lesioned rat brains. This work suggests that hESCs can differentiate in simple serum-free suspension cultures to produce the large number of cells required for transplantation studies.
authors.affiliation: BresaGen Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, Georgia, 30605, USA. tschulz@novocell.com
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Noggle
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Palmarini
authors.forename: Deb A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Kate A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pensa
authors.forename: Adrian C B
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Meedeniya
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Nevin A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Condie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014357:Trypsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525811:Bmp4 protein, rat; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002395:Catecholamines; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016627:Oxidopamine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D014357:Trypsin; D017364:Collagenases; D011188:Potassium; D004298:Dopamine