title: The influence of larger subcutaneous blood vessels on pulse oximetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have renewed interest in reflectance pulse oximetry, specifically for monitoring the patient's forehead. Blood circulation on the forehead immediately above the eyebrow is fed by arteries that branch from the internal carotid artery and lack the vasoconstrictor response present in more peripheral regions. Some investigators question, however, the reliability of monitoring SpO2 on the forehead due to prior reported inaccurate readings with reflectance sensors. The present study evaluates pulse oximetry accuracy when reflectance sensors are placed over potentially pulsing or moving larger arterial vessels, or over more homogeneous microvasculature devoid of larger subcutaneous vessels. METHODS. Ten healthy adult volunteers were fitted with reflectance pulse oximetry sensors and exposed to a controlled desaturation to 70%. Sensors were placed immediately above the left and right eyebrows as well as over the temple. Additionally, numerical modeling was used to simulate light signals and photon migration through a homogeneous tissue bed with an added static or dynamic artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensors placed above the eyebrows tracked one another with significantly better accuracy than when comparing temple with the brow placement (RMS of the Differences = 1.12% vs. 4.24%, respectively). Photon migration simulations indicate that the detected light bypasses the interior of larger vessels, while vessel presence affects the red and IR light pulse amplitudes independent of SaO2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of reflectance pulse oximetry sensors directly over larger cardio-synchronously pulsing or moving vasculature can significantly degrade SpO2 reading accuracy. Reflectance sensors placed low on the forehead directly over the eyebrow and slightly lateral to the iris appear to avoid such vasculature and provide consistent and accurate estimates of SaO2.
authors.affiliation: Technology Development Department, Nellcor Puritan Bennett,Tyco Healthcare, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA. paul.mannheimer@tycohealthcare.com
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mannheimer
authors.forename: Neil Michael P
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: O'
authors.forename: Ewald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konecny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005138:Eyebrows; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*