title: Regional risks and seasonality in travel-associated campylobacteriosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology of travel-associated campylobacteriosis is still largely unclear, and various known risk factors could only explain limited proportions of the recorded cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from 28,704 notifications of travel-associated campylobacteriosis in Sweden 1997 to 2003 and travel patterns of 16,255 Swedish residents with overnight travel abroad in the same years, we analysed risks for travel-associated campylobacteriosis in 19 regions of the world, and looked into the seasonality of the disease in each of these regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest risk was seen in returning travellers from the Indian subcontinent (1,253/100,000 travellers), and the lowest in travellers from the other Nordic countries (3/100,000 travellers). In Africa, large differences in risk between regions were noted, with 502 /100,000 in travellers from East Africa, compared to 76/100,00 from West Africa and 50/100,000 from Central Africa. A distinct seasonal pattern was seen in all temperate regions with peaks in the summer, while no or less distinct seasonality was seen in tropical regions. In travellers to the tropics, the highest risk was seen in children below the age of six.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data on infections in returning travellers together with good denominator data could provide comparable data on travel risks in various regions of the world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), SE-17182 Solna, Sweden. karl.ekdahl@smi.ki.se
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekdahl
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000635:transmission*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel