title: Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between panic attack and the onset of specific mental disorders and severe psychopathology across the diagnostic spectrum among adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (N=3,021), a 5-year prospective longitudinal study of psychopathology among youths ages 14-24 years at baseline in the community. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between panic attacks at baseline, comorbid mental disorders in adolescence, and the risk of mental disorders across the diagnostic spectrum at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The large majority of subjects with panic attacks at baseline developed at least one DSM-IV mental disorder at baseline (89.4% versus 52.8% of subjects without panic attacks). Subjects with panic attacks at baseline had significantly higher baseline levels of any anxiety disorder (54.6% versus 25.0%), any mood disorder (42.7% versus 15.5%), and any substance use disorder (60.4% versus 27.5%), compared to subjects without panic attacks at baseline. Preexisting panic attacks significantly increased the risk of onset of any anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, any substance use disorder, and any alcohol use disorder at follow-up in young adulthood, and these associations persisted after adjustment for all comorbid mental disorders assessed at baseline. More than one-third (37.6% versus 9.8%) of the subjects with panic attack at baseline met the criteria for at least three mental disorders at follow-up during young adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Panic attacks are associated with significantly increased odds of mental disorders across the diagnostic spectrum among young persons and appear to be a risk factor for the onset of specific anxiety and substance use disorders. Investigation of key family, environmental, and individual factors associated with the onset of panic attacks, especially in youth, may be an important direction for future research.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Roselind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoefler
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beesdo
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology