title: The caudal complex of Giardia lamblia and its relation to motility.
abstract: This paper presents a detailed study of the caudal complex of Giardia lamblia and its relation to movements observed in this region. The caudal complex of Giardia, composed of axonemes from the caudal flagella plus associated microtubular sheets, was investigated by light, electron microscopy, and 3D reconstruction tools. By the use of video-microscopy and digital image processing techniques, we were able to visualize in detail the caudal movements. A non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, was used to isolate the complex that was afterwards analyzed by video-microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We showed for the first time, using video-microscopy, that the intracellular portion of the caudal flagella axonemes presented motility, even after the disrupture of the cell membrane, contrasting with the caudal flagella themselves, that do not show active beating pattern. To check if actin filaments play a role in the above described movements, as previously supposed, we incubated the cells with jasplakinolide, a drug that induces the disruption of actin filaments in living cells. The experiments demonstrated that the drug did not affect the caudal motility. The analysis of the caudal complex by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that, even after the exposure to higher detergent concentrations, the connections between their components remained intact. The information obtained by TEM and 3D reconstruction tools showed that the region between both nuclei marks the intracellular end of the caudal complex, which proceeds toward the caudal portion of the cell following its longitudinal axis, where the axonemes emerge as the caudal flagella. The results obtained from video-microscopy assays of the isolated beating complex together with the 3D reconstruction data indicated that the internal portion of the caudal flagella is the force-generator of the movements in this region.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microscopia e Processamento de Imagens, Departemento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444-3 andar, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina Penedo
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Luiz Henrique
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Monteiro-Leal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005407:Flagella / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047630:Depsipeptides; C057531:jasplakinolide