title: Restoration of flow following haemodialysis catheter thrombus. Analysis of rt-PA infusion in tunnelled dialysis catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urokinase and streptokinase are commonly used thrombolytic agents for obstructed central venous catheters. Although proven to be efficacious, these agents have the potential to induce fibrin breakdown and streptokinase cannot be used repeatedly because of its allergenic nature. Published evidence suggests that Urokinase is safe and effective (>70% efficacy for catheter installation) and that Tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) can achieve as much as 98% success.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe our experience with and our protocol for the use of rt-PA as an alternative agent for catheter thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigation of a cohort of haemodialysis patients with tunnelled central venous catheter (SPCVC) placed between December 2001 to August 2003 and who developed catheter thrombus (female, n = 8: male, n = 12). Each patient was given an infusion of between 1 and 2 mg rt-PA/h for 4 h. The dose was dependent on partial or total line obstruction. The technical success of rt-PA is defined as returning catheter blood flow to >250 mL/min for a 4-h period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients required 57 infusions in 38 lumens between 01/01/02 to 01/09/03. For completely blocked lines rt-PA was infused at 2 mg/h for 4 h achieving 85% success rate. For inadequate flow (<250 mL/min) rt-PA was infused at 1 mg/h for 4 h achieving an 88% success rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rt-PA administered at 2 mg/h for blocked lines effectively restores haemodialysis catheter patency, and at 1 mg/h for sluggish lines is also effective in restoring blood flow through catheters.
authors.affiliation: Wirral Hospital NHS Trust, Arrowe Park Hospital, Upton, Wirral, Merseyside, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McClelland
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator