title: Zebrafish gcm2 is required for gill filament budding from pharyngeal ectoderm.
abstract: The pharyngeal arches give rise to multiple organs critical for diverse processes, including the thymus, thyroid and parathyroids. Several molecular regulators of thymus and thyroid organogenesis are strikingly conserved between mammals and zebrafish. However, land animals have parathyroids whereas fish have gills. The murine transcription factor Glial cells missing 2 (Gcm2) is expressed specifically in the parathyroid primordium in the endodermal epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch, and in both mice and humans is required for normal development of parathyroid glands. The molecular regulation of fish gill organogenesis remains to be described. We report the expression of gcm2 in the zebrafish pharyngeal epithelium and a requirement for Hox group 3 paralogs for gcm2 expression. Strikingly, zebrafish gcm2 is expressed in the ectodermal portion of the pharyngeal epithelium and is required for the development of the gill filament buds, precursors of fish-specific gill filaments. This study identifies yet another role for a GCM gene in embryonic development and indicates a role for gcm2 during the evolution of divergent pharyngeal morphologies.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: Meredith O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Crowhurst
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Joan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lieschke
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000502:physiology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005880:Gills / Q000196:embryology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000196:embryology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000196:embryology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C501172:gcm2 protein, zebrafish