title: Deaths after intravenous misuse of transdermal fentanyl.
abstract: Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used as a general anesthetic and analgetic. Fatal outcome from intravenous misuse of transdermal fentanyl is rare, and there are few such reports in literature. Here we report two cases of fatal intravenous injection of the content from fentanyl patches. Both were male drug addicts, found dead within a one week interval in the same apartment. Post-mortem femoral blood was screened for amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, and opioids with immunological methods (EMIT II) and further with headspace gas chromatography for alcohol and with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for different drugs, including fentanyl. Confirmatory analysis of fentanyl and morphine was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the first case, the toxicological analysis revealed fentanyl (2.7 ng/mL), morphine (31.4 ng/mL), and ethanol (1.1 g/L) in postmortem blood and amphetamine, cannabinoids, morphine, and ethanol (1.4 g/L) in postmortem urine. In the second case, the analysis revealed fentanyl (13.8 ng/mL), 7-aminoclonazepam (57.1 ng/mL), and sertralin (91.9 ng/mL) in postmortem blood and a small amount of ethanol (0.1 g/L) in postmortem urine. Police investigation revealed that both the deceased had bought the patches from the same source. The present cases demonstrate the possibility of intravenous misuse of transdermal patches and the risk of fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, The Gade Institute, The University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. peer.lilleng@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Peer K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lilleng
authors.forename: Lars Ivar
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Mehlum
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bachs
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morild
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl