title: The feasibility of measuring three-dimensional facial morphology in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An investigation to determine the feasibility of measuring soft tissue morphology in children using a three-dimensional laser-scanning device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Wales, College of Medicine and one secondary school in the South Wales region. Sixty live subjects (30 adults, 30 children) were recruited in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser scanned images of the subjects were obtained under a reproducible and controlled environment with two Minolta Vivid 900 (Osaka, Japan) optical laser-scanning devices assembled as a stereo-pair. A set of left and right scanned images was taken for each subject and each scan took an average of 2.5 s. These scanned images were processed and merged to form a composite three-dimensional soft tissue reproduction of the subjects using commercially available reverse modelling software.
  
  
  METHODS
  The shell deviations between left and right scan of each patient were recorded and analysed for differences. These differences determined whether the subjects could remain still during the time of the scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the mean differences between shell deviations for the adult scans and children scans were 0.25 +/- 0.09 and 0.30 +/- 0.09 mm, respectively. Paired t-tests showed that the mean error between subject groups was 0.05 +/- 0.15 mm indicating that there was no difference between the two subject groups (p = 0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique as described is clinically reproducible for children and adults and can be used for studies assessing facial changes due to growth or clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Dental Health and Biological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. Kauc@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhurov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results