title: Characterization of a linear streak artifact with pulse inversion tissue harmonics in musculoskeletal sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand a linear artifact that projects deep to reflective structures that move rapidly while using tissue harmonic imaging with pulse inversion (PI) sonography. We hypothesize that this artifact is due to a cancellation error between firings in PI imaging, and it is, therefore, similar in generation to the twinkling artifact in color Doppler sonography. This artifact could be studied with the use of surfaces of different roughness to represent different rates of motion, in which roughness corresponds to spatial fluctuations in surface height. Given very slight variations in beam focusing as occurs with sonographic imaging arrays, these spatial fluctuations translate into temporal fluctuations in the received signal as would occur with tissue motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We scanned 4 different sandpaper grits and a smooth surface through a water path using fundamental and PI mode, 1- and 2-pulse techniques, respectively. The sandpaper and the smooth surface were scanned through a water path at mechanical indices of 0.1 to 0.7. Four independent images were subtracted pairwise to remove nonfluctuating signals. These noise pixels were counted and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance showed that the noise generated behind the different surfaces was highly significantly different. Two-tailed t tests generally showed significant differences in the quantity of noise between fundamental and harmonic imaging behind the roughest 3 grades of sandpaper. A multiple regression model showed significantly greater slopes for harmonic imaging for all grades of sandpaper and the smooth surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The noise and, by extension, the linear streak artifact in musculoskeletal imaging are dependent on the mechanical index and are functions of sandpaper roughness. This would be equivalent to a subtraction error between 2 firings due to soft tissue motion, and the artifact may be a way to identify rapid soft tissue motion in PI images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamaya
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abate
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Inderpreet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jamadar
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D016477:Artifacts; D016014:Linear Models; D009038:Motion; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014463:Ultrasonography