title: Transesophageal echocardiography as a guide for patient positioning before neurosurgical procedures in semi-sitting position.
abstract: With an incidence of a patent foramen ovale in nearly one fourth of the normal population, neurosurgical procedures in the semi-sitting position are associated with the risk of paradoxical air embolism. The present study was undertaken to evaluate an anesthetic concept to detect a patent foramen ovale with the help of transesophageal echocardiography in anesthetized patients before neurosurgical procedures in the semi-sitting position. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed after induction of anesthesia before surgery to avoid additional physical and psychologic stress for the patients. Thirty-five neurosurgical patients scheduled for elective surgery in the semi-sitting position were examined with help of contrast transesophageal echocardiography. The data of the examined patients were analyzed with respect to efficiency, logistic efforts, and adverse events. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography was combined with a ventilation maneuver to increase right atrial pressure. A patent foramen ovale was detected in 3 of 35 patients. These patients were operated on in a supine position. Oral insertion of the echoprobe was possible in all patients without difficulties. A short-lasting hypertension was observed in 5 patients despite adequate analgesia and sedation. The average time of examination was 25 minutes. None of the patients showed paradoxical air embolism as judged by postoperative neurologic assessment. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography combined with a ventilation maneuver is an effective method in detecting a patent foramen ovale. Moreover, transesophageal echocardiography is a clinical guide to patient positioning. The method of anesthetic management presented to examine anesthetized patients immediately before surgery means less physical and psychologic stress for the patients and causes approximately a 30-minute delay of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Myron M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kwapisz
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deinsberger
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nopens
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuhäuser
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology