title: [The topographical anatomy of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and its importance in thyroid surgery: a cadaver study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated topographical anatomic features of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in relation to the superior thyroid artery (STA) and its vulnerability to injury in individuals with a normal thyroid size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty fresh cadavers (18 females, 12 males; age range 20 to 50 years) with a normal thyroid size and no signs of abnormality in the neck were studied. The external branch of the SLN was identified and classified according to the system proposed by Cernea et al.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The topographical relationship between the external branch of the SLN, the STA, and the upper pole of the thyroid gland was identified in 54 thyroid lobes (90%). Identification was not possible in six lobes because of bleeding or injury. The location of the external branch of the SLN was consistent with type 1 in 28 lobes (51.8%) and type 2 in 26 lobes (48.2%; type 2a in 37.1% and type 2b in 11.1%). No significant relationships existed between the type of the nerve, gender, and age, nor was there any symmetry with regard to the location of the external branch of the SLN in the same subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly half of the Turkish population with a normal thyroid gland size present high surgical risks during thyroid surgery because of the course of the external branch of the SLN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Sişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seven
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: Burak Omür
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: Berna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uslu
authors.forename: Suat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turgut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061224:Laryngeal Nerve Injuries; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery