title: High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's syndrome according to 1999 WHO/ISH guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) cardiovascular complications determine a mortality rate four times higher than in an age- and gender-matched population. Therefore, we calculated the global cardiovascular risk in patients with CS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied the World Health Organization--International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) 1999 guidelines for the estimation of cardiovascular risk in 38 females and 11 males with CS; 27 pituitary adenomas, 15 adrenal adenomas, four adrenal carcinomas and three ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours. The risk of major cardiovascular events was estimated considering the combined effect of several risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, etc.), organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), proteinuria, etc.) and associated pathologies. Four categories of absolute cardiovascular disease risk were defined (low, medium, high, very high).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty per cent of patients presented a 'high' or 'very high' cardiovascular risk; 85.1% of the patients were hypertensive with a mild-moderate hypertension (68%). Forty-seven per cent of patients were diabetics and 41.3% were obese. Hyperlipidaemia was less frequent (37.5%). Fasting glycaemia was the only cardiovascular risk factor that correlated with a degree of hypercortisolism. Duration of disease correlated with the presence of obesity (P < 0.0008) and hypertension (P < 0.03) but not with the presence of diabetes or dyslipidaemia and seemed to be the only significant predictor of cardiovascular risk (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with active CS present a remarkably increased cardiovascular risk. Considering that the biochemical cure of hypercortisolism is often difficult to obtain, especially in Cushing's disease, and that cardiovascular risk could persist even after the 'cure', control of risk factors should be one of the primary goals of the therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Blerina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kola
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantero
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boscaro
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arnaldi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors