title: On the way to assess emotions in animals: do lambs (Ovis aries) evaluate an event through its suddenness, novelty, or unpredictability?
abstract: Appraisal theories provide a framework that gives insight into emotions and could allow comparisons across species. According to these theories, events are first evaluated on their suddenness, novelty, and unpredictability. The authors examined the ability of lambs (Ovis aries) to evaluate an event according to these 3 criteria through 3 tests. The lambs responded to suddenness with a startle response coupled with an increase in heart rate and to novelty with an orientation response coupled with an increase of vagal activity. There was no clear evidence that lambs can detect the predictability of an event. Those results support the usefulness of appraisal theories to assess emotion in animals.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique--Clermont-Ferrand Theix, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France. ldesire@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Désiré
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Veissier
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Després
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boissy
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004777:Environment; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D011582:Psychological Theory; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013997:Time Factors; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology