title: Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diseases such as macular degeneration, certain types of cancer, and Alzheimer's disease has received much attention. Thus, there is considerable interest in the potential contribution of antioxidants to the prevention of these diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether use of supplemental antioxidants (vitamins A, C, or E, plus selenium or zinc) was associated with a reduced risk of development of cognitive impairment or cognitive decline in a representative sample of the community-dwelling elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 2082 nonproxy subjects from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly who were not cognitively impaired at the 1989-1990 interview (baseline for the present analysis). Medication use was determined during in-home interviews. Cognitive function was assessed 3 and 7 years from baseline in terms of incident cognitive impairment, as measured on the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) using specific cut points (number of errors) based on race and education, and cognitive decline, defined as an increase of > or = 2 errors on the SPMSQ. Multivariate analyses were performed using weighted data adjusted for sampling design and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 224 (10.8%) subjects were currently taking a supplement containing an antioxidant. During the follow-up period, 24.0% of subjects developed cognitive impairment and 34.5% experienced cognitive decline. Current antioxidant users had a 34.0% lower risk of developing cognitive impairment compared with non-antioxidant users (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-1.00) and a 29.0% lower risk of experiencing cognitive decline (adjusted RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.49-1.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this analysis suggest a possible beneficial effect of antioxidant use in terms of reducing cognitive decline among the community-dwelling elderly.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. slgray@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Shelly L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Landerman
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schmader
authors.forename: Gerda G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fillenbaum
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid