title: Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for volatile fractions of gasoline using chemical lumping analysis.
abstract: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have often been used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals in animals but have been limited to single chemicals and simple mixtures due to the numerous parameters required in the models. To overcome the barrier to modeling more complex mixtures, we used a chemical lumping approach, used in the past in chemical engineering but not in pharmacokinetic modeling, in a rat PBPK model for gasoline hydrocarbons. Our previous gasoline model consisted of five individual components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and hexane) and a lumped chemical that included all remaining components of whole gasoline. Despite being comprised of hundreds of components, the lumped component could be described using a single set of chemical parameters that depended on the blend of gasoline. In the present study, we extend this approach to evaporative fractions of gasoline. The PBPK model described the pharmacokinetics of all of the volatility-weighted fractions of gasoline when differences in partitioning and metabolism between fractions were taken into account. Adjusting the ventilation rate parameter to account for respiratory depression at high exposures also allowed a much improved description of the data. At high exposure levels, gasoline components competitively inhibit each other's metabolism, and the model successfully accounted for binary interactions of this type, including between the lumped component and the five other chemicals. The model serves as a first example of how the engineering concept of chemical lumping can be used in pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Quantitative and Computational Toxicology Group, Center for Environmental Toxicology & Technology, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, Colorado 80523-1860, USA. dennison@colostate.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: Melvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Harvey J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Clewell
authors.forename: Raymond S H
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D006586:Hexanes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014050:Toluene / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014835:Volatilization; D014992:Xylenes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D005742:Gasoline; D006586:Hexanes; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene