title: Measurement equivalence of the German Job Satisfaction Survey used in a multinational organization: implications of Schwartz's culture model.
abstract: The authors tested measurement equivalence of the German Job Satisfaction Survey (GJSS) using structural equation modeling methodology. Employees from 18 countries and areas provided data on 5 job satisfaction facets. The effects of language and culture on measurement equivalence were examined. A cultural distance hypothesis, based on S. H. Schwartz's (1999) theory, was tested with 4 cultural groups: West Europe, English speaking, Latin America, and Far East. Findings indicated the robustness of the GJSS in terms of measurement equivalence across countries. The survey maintained high transportability across countries speaking the same language and countries sharing similar cultural backgrounds. Consistent with Schwartz's model, a cultural distance effect on scale transportability among scales used in maximally dissimilar cultures was detected. Scales used in the West Europe group showed greater equivalence to scales used in the English-speaking and Latin America groups than scales used in the Far East group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA. cliu@ilstu.edu
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ingwer
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007802:Language; D017146:Models, Organizational; D015279:Organizational Culture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires