title: Prostate depiction at endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging: investigation of a standardized evaluation system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the accuracy and interobserver variability of a standardized evaluation system for endorectal three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human research committee approved the study, and all patients provided written informed consent. Endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging were performed in 37 patients before they underwent radical prostatectomy. For the 22 patients with good or excellent MR spectroscopic imaging data, step-section histopathologic tumor maps were used to identify spectroscopic voxels of unequivocally benign (n = 306) or malignant (n = 81) peripheral zone tissue. Two independent spectroscopists, unaware of all other findings, scored the spectra of the selected voxels by using a scale of 1 (benign) to 5 (malignant) that was based on standardized metabolic criteria. Descriptive statistical, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and kappa statistical analyses of the data obtained by both readers were performed by using two definitions of cancer: one based on a voxel score of 3-5 and the other based on a score of 4 or 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scoring system had good accuracy (74.2%-85.0%) in the differentiation between benign and malignant tissue voxels, with areas under the ROC curve of 0.89 for reader 1 and 0.87 for reader 2. Specificities of 84.6% and 89.3% were achieved when a voxel score of 4 or 5 was used to identify cancer, and sensitivities of 90% and 93% were achieved when a score of 3-5 was used to identify cancer. Readers demonstrated excellent interobserver agreement (kappa values, 0.79 and 0.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The good accuracy and excellent interobserver agreement achieved by using the standardized five-point scale to interpret peripheral zone metabolism demonstrate the potential effectiveness of using metabolic information to identify prostate cancer, and the clinical usefulness of this system warrants testing in prospective clinical trials of MR imaging combined with MR spectroscopic imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Juyoung A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Fergus V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Coakley
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Aliya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qayyum
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Kirk D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurhanewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity