title: Emergency department crowding and thrombolysis delays in acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimate the effect of emergency department (ED) crowding on door-to-needle time for patients given intravenous thrombolysis for suspected acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective observational study of patients thrombolyzed in the ED for suspected acute myocardial infarction in 1998 to 2000 in 25 community and teaching hospital EDs in Ontario. EDs located close together and sharing a common ambulance diversion system were grouped into networks consisting of 2 to 5 hospitals each. At patient registration in an ED, the ambulance diversion status of all EDs in the network was determined. Network crowding was calculated as the percentage of EDs that were diverting ambulances on patient registration, categorized as none (0%), moderate (<60%), and high (> or =60%). Door-to-needle time was defined as time from ED registration to drug administration. Multivariable quantile regression and logistic regression were carried out; covariates included age, sex, ECG characteristics, previous acute myocardial infarction, vital signs, time of presentation, and hospital type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3,452 thrombolysis patients were included: mean age was 62.9 years, and 73% were male patients. Overall median door-to-needle time was 43 minutes (interquartile ratio 27 to 80). Median door-to-needle time was 40, 45, and 47 minutes in conditions of none, moderate, and high network crowding, respectively ( P <.001). The adjusted odds ratios for door-to-needle time delay (>30 minutes) and major delay (>60 minutes) were 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98 to 1.79) and 1.40 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.75), respectively, for high network crowding compared with none, and 1.21 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.63) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.29), respectively, for moderate crowding compared with none. In multivariate analyses, moderate and high crowding conditions were associated with increased median door-to-needle time (3.0 minutes [95% CI 0.1 to 6.0] and 5.8 minutes [95% CI 2.7 to 9.0], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ED crowding is associated with increased door-to-needle times for patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction and may represent a barrier to improving cardiac care in EDs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. mjs@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schull
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D003441:Crowding; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009864:Ontario; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D012041:Regional Medical Programs; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000458:organization & administration