title: Quality of sleep in individuals with spinal cord injury: a comparison between patients with and without pain.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional descriptive study of self-reported quality of sleep in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess and describe subjective quality of sleep in patients with SCI, with and without pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinalis SCI unit, Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 230 patients with an SCI were mailed a questionnaire containing queries about pain intensities, pain unpleasantness, mood, and sleep quality (Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire) to assess quality of sleep in patients with SCI with and without pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 192 questionnaires that were returned (response rate 83.4%), 191 were analysed. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) those who reported no pain (n=50), (2) those who reported intermittent pain (n=42), and (3) those who suffered from continuous pain (n=99). Patients suffering from continuous pain rated pain intensity and unpleasantness significantly higher than those who only suffered from intermittent pain. The group with continuous pain also reported the poorest quality of sleep and the highest ratings of anxiety and depression of the three groups. Anxiety, together with pain intensity and depression, were the main predictors for poor sleep quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor subjective sleep quality was associated with higher ratings of pain intensity, anxiety, and depression. It is possible that melatonin serves as a modulator of these different aspects.
authors.affiliation: Spinalis SCI unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norrbrink Budh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hultling
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lundeberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires