title: Generation and functional significance of CXC chemokines for neutrophil-induced liver injury during endotoxemia.
abstract: The hypothesis that the neutrophil chemoattractant CXC chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) are involved in neutrophil transmigration and liver injury was tested in C3Heb/FeJ mice treated with galactosamine (Gal, 700 mg/kg), endotoxin (ET, 100 microg/kg), or Gal + ET (Gal/ET). Hepatic KC and MIP-2 mRNA levels and plasma CXC chemokine concentrations were dramatically increased 1.5 h after Gal/ET or ET alone and gradually declined up to 7 h. Murine recombinant cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta), but not Gal/ET, induced CXC chemokine formation in the ET-resistant C3H/HeJ strain. To assess the functional importance of KC and MIP-2, C3Heb/FeJ mice were treated with Gal/ET and control IgG or a combination of anti-KC and anti-MIP-2 antibodies. Anti-CXC chemokine antibodies did not attenuate hepatocellular apoptosis, sinusoidal neutrophil sequestration and extravasation, or liver injury at 7 h. Furthermore, there was no difference in liver injury between BALB/cJ wild-type and CXC receptor-2 gene knockout (CXCR2-/-) mice treated with Gal/ET. The higher neutrophil count in livers of CXCR2-/- than in wild-type mice after Gal/ET was caused by the elevated number of neutrophils located in sinusoids of untreated CXCR2-/- animals. The pancaspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone eliminated Gal/ET-induced apoptosis and neutrophil extravasation and injury but not CXC chemokine formation. Thus Gal/ET induced massive, cytokine-dependent CXC chemokine formation in the liver. However, neutrophil extravasation and injury occurred in response to apoptotic cell injury at 6-7 h and was independent of CXC chemokine formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: Jaspreet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gujral
authors.forename: Mary Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bajt
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farhood
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaeschke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines / Q000502:physiology; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000502:physiology; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000502:physiology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005688:Galactosamine