title: Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The chewing stick, the miswak, is used in many developing countries as the traditional means for oral hygiene. It is prepared from the roots, twigs and stem of Salvadora persica or other alternative local plants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of the chewing stick miswak (from S. persica) and toothbrush on subgingival plaque microflora among Saudi Arabian individuals. Further, to investigate whether components extracted from S. persica may interfere with the subgingival plaque micro-organisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen healthy Saudi Arabian male volunteers aged 21-36 years were included in a single-blind, randomized cross-over study. The participants were taught how to use each device properly. Plaque sampling for DNA test was performed at the baseline, 1 week after professional tooth cleaning, and after 3 weeks of either miswak or toothbrush use. Identification and quantification of microbial species were performed by the checkerboard method, using whole genomic, digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes. Inhibition zones around miswak were examined on agar plates with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the leukotoxicity of this bacterium was analyzed in a bioassay with macrophages+/-extracts of miswak.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Miswak and toothbrushing had a similar influence on the levels of the subgingival microbiota. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly more reduced by miswak (p<0.05) than by toothbrushing. These results were supported by our in vitro results which, indicated that extracts from S. persica might interfere with the growth and leukotoxicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to toothbrush use, miswak use significantly reduced the amount of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Moshari.Alotaibi@ofa.ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Otaibi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Harthy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Claesson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Angmar-Månsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015342:DNA Probes; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018547:Plant Stems; D032121:Salvadoraceae; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes