title: Specificity in the familial aggregation of overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms in a referred attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the familial associations of overt and covert antisocial behavior within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) in families ascertained by referred children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to test if these familial associations differed between male and female probands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were clinically-referred male and female ADHD children (n = 273) and their first-degree biological relatives (n = 807). Scores for overt and covert conduct problems were calculated by summing the DSM-III-R conduct disorder symptoms, as derived from structured diagnostic interviews. Familial aggregation analyses were conducted with multivariate regression modeling methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proband overt scores significantly predicted the overt scores of their relatives, and proband covert scores significantly predicted the covert scores of their relatives. There was no evidence of covert symptom scores predicting overt scores or vice versa. There was some evidence that the aggregation of covert symptoms was stronger in the families of female probands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide preliminary evidence that overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms are independently transmitted through families and may represent distinct familial syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mmonuteaux@partners.org
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blacker
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings; D013577:Syndrome