title: Antiviral drugs that target cellular proteins may play major roles in combating HIV resistance.
abstract: Despite the significant progresses made in antiretroviral therapy, current drugs still cannot cure or prevent HIV infection. And all drugs continue to select for drug-resistant HIV strains. Consequently, new antiretroviral drugs are constantly being developed. To ensure safety, these drugs are usually designed to inhibit viral proteins. But cellular proteins are also emerging as potential targets for new antiretroviral drugs. Two drugs that target cellular proteins inhibit HIV replication in vitro, hydroxyurea (HU) and pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (PCIs). HU has been tested in clinical trials, commonly in combination therapies. PCIs, which are newer drugs, have just started to be tested in animal models of HIV-induced disease. Herein, we will review the HIV replication cycle and discuss the biological causes why strains resistant to antiviral drugs are so easily selected for. We will then discuss current antiretroviral drugs and HU before focusing on PCIs. PCIs have demonstrated to be effective against wild-type and drug-resistant strains of HIV in vitro, while selecting for no drug resistance. PCIs are additive with conventional antiviral drugs against herpes simplex virus, which suggests that they could also be additive with antiretroviral drugs. Since PCIs are proving surprisingly safe in human clinical trials (against cancer), they may be developed as clinical antiretroviral drugs in the near future. Recent and exciting studies indicate that PCIs ameliorate the pathogenesis of an animal model of HIV-induced nephropathy. We can expect that the full potential of PCIs as antiretroviral drugs will be explored in the coming years.
authors.affiliation: Heritage Medical Research Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2; Canada. luis.schang@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Véronic Marie Isabelle
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Provencher
authors.forename: Ersilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coccaro
authors.forename: Jonathan Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lacasse
authors.forename: Luis María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015394:Molecular Structure; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D006918:Hydroxyurea