title: Reduced glucocorticoid and estrogen receptor alpha messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the amygdala of patients with major mental illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amygdala is a limbic structure involved in the stress response and the regulation of emotional behaviors, both of which are disrupted in patients with neuropsychiatric illnesses. Because glucocorticoids are mediators of the stress response, we hypothesized that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels might be altered in the amygdala. We also hypothesized that estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) mRNA expression might be altered in the amygdala, on the basis of observed gender differences in mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using quantitative film autoradiography after in situ hybridization with human GR and ERalpha probes, we measured mRNA levels on adjacent amygdala sections in four groups (n = 15 each of subjects with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder, and unaffected control subjects) provided by the Stanley Consortium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected main effects of diagnosis and exposure to antidepressant medication on the levels of both mRNAs but no main effect of gender. Compared with control subjects, GR mRNA expression was reduced in the basolateral/lateral nuclei in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA levels were reduced in the basomedial nucleus in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support and extend previous findings describing a pattern of steroid hormone mRNA alterations that differs depending on which brain region is being examined in a given mental illness.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Maree J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Cynthia Shannon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weickert
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001345:Autoradiography / Q000379:methods; D001714:Bipolar Disorder; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase