title: Characterisation of cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase II-directed bisdioxopiperazine anti-cancer agent ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane) in yeast and mammalian cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisdioxopiperazine anti-cancer agents are inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II, sequestering this protein as a non-covalent protein clamp on DNA. It has been suggested that such complexes on DNA represents a novel form of DNA damage to cells. In this report, we characterise the cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by the bisdioxopiperazine ICRF-187 by a combination of genetic and molecular approaches. In addition, the well-established topoisomerase II poison m-AMSA is used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By utilizing a panel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-gene deletion strains, homologous recombination was identified as the most important DNA repair pathway determining the sensitivity towards ICRF-187. However, sensitivity towards m-AMSA depended much more on this pathway. In contrast, disrupting the post replication repair pathway only affected sensitivity towards m-AMSA. Homologous recombination (HR) defective irs1SF chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells showed increased sensitivity towards ICRF-187, while their sensitivity towards m-AMSA was increased even more. Furthermore, complementation of the XRCC3 deficiency in irs1SF cells fully abrogated hypersensitivity towards both drugs. DNA-PKcs deficient V3-3 CHO cells having reduced levels of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) showed slightly increased sensitivity to both drugs. While exposure of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) OC-NYH cells to m-AMSA strongly induced gammaH2AX, exposure to ICRF-187 resulted in much less induction, showing that ICRF-187 generates fewer DNA double strand breaks than m-AMSA. Accordingly, when yeast cells were exposed to equitoxic concentrations of ICRF-187 and m-AMSA, the expression of DNA damage-inducible genes showed higher levels of induction after exposure to m-AMSA as compared to ICRF-187. Most importantly, ICRF-187 stimulated homologous recombination in SPD8 hamster lung fibroblast cells to lower levels than m-AMSA at all cytotoxicity levels tested, showing that the mechanism of action of bisdioxopiperazines differs from that of classical topoisomerase II poisons in mammalian cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results point to important differences in the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by bisdioxopiperazines and topoisomerase II poisons, and suggest that bisdioxopiperazines kill cells by a combination of DNA break-related and DNA break-unrelated mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet 5444, Frederik V's Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. lhjensen@rh.dk
authors.forename: Lars H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dejligbjerg
authors.forename: Lasse T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grauslund
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Maxwell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sehested
mesh_terms: D000677:Amsacrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D011929:Razoxane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000677:Amsacrine; D011929:Razoxane; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II