title: Structures and mechanisms of Nudix hydrolases.
abstract: Nudix hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphates linked to other moieties, X, and contain the sequence motif or Nudix box, GX(5)EX(7)REUXEEXGU. The mechanisms of Nudix hydrolases are highly diverse in the position on the substrate at which nucleophilic substitution occurs, and in the number of required divalent cations. While most proceed by associative nucleophilic substitutions by water at specific internal phosphorus atoms of a diphosphate or polyphosphate chain, members of the GDP-mannose hydrolase sub-family catalyze dissociative nucleophilic substitutions, by water, at carbon. The site of substitution is likely determined by the positions of the general base and the entering water. The rate accelerations or catalytic powers of Nudix hydrolases range from 10(9)- to 10(12)-fold. The reactions are accelerated 10(3)-10(5)-fold by general base catalysis by a glutamate residue within, or beyond the Nudix box, or by a histidine beyond the Nudix box. Lewis acid catalysis, which contributes 10(3)-10(5)-fold to the rate acceleration, is provided by one, two, or three divalent cations. One divalent cation is coordinated by two or three conserved residues of the Nudix box, the initial glycine and one or two glutamate residues, together with a remote glutamate or glutamine ligand from beyond the Nudix box. Some Nudix enzymes require one (MutT) or two additional divalent cations (Ap(4)AP), to neutralize the charge of the polyphosphate chain, to help orient the attacking hydroxide or oxide nucleophile, and/or to facilitate the departure of the anionic leaving group. Additional catalysis (10-10(3)-fold) is provided by the cationic side chains of lysine and arginine residues and by H-bond donation by tyrosine residues, to orient the general base, or to promote the departure of the leaving group. The overall rate accelerations can be explained by both independent and cooperative effects of these catalytic components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA. mildvan@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mildvan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Azurmendi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saraswat
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Legler
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Massiah
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gabelli
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bianchet
authors.forename: L-W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Amzel
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008961:Models, Structural; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D000096964:Nudix Hydrolases
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005998:Glycine; D008024:Ligands; D008239:Lysine; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D014867:Water; D000096964:Nudix Hydrolases