title: Vegetable, fruit, and cereal intake and risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been little interest in the role of nutrition in prevention of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of vegetables, fruit, cereals, antioxidants, and fiber and the risk of IPF in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were 104 cases aged 40 years or over who were within 2 years of the diagnosis in accordance with the most recent criteria. Controls aged 40 years or over comprised 56 hospitalized patients diagnosed as having acute bacterial pneumonia and 4 outpatients with common cold. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region, pack-years of smoking, employment status, occupational exposure, saturated fatty acid intake, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of fruit in the second and third quartiles was associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of IPF. Although not statistically significant, a beneficial association between soluble fiber intake and IPF was found. No statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, cereals, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, or insoluble fiber and the risk of IPF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that fruit intake may confer protection against the development of IPF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. miyake-y@cus.fukuoka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Kingo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chida
authors.forename: Arata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: Naomasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobashi
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Washio
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Heizo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012995:Solubility; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004043:Dietary Fiber