title: Biowaivers for oral immediate-release products: implications of linear pharmacokinetics.
abstract: Bioequivalence of drug formulations plays an important role in drug development. Recently, the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) has been implemented for the purpose of waiving bioequivalence studies on the basis of the solubility and gastrointestinal permeability of drug substance. Using the rationale of the BCS, it can be argued that biowaivers can, however, also be granted on the basis of standard pharmacokinetic data. If a drug exhibits dose-linear pharmacokinetics and a sufficiently fast dissolution profile, it can be concluded that this drug appears to pose no problem with respect to absorption. It should be noted that a change of an immediate-release tablet formulation can only lead to a deviating rate and/or extent of absorption when release of the drug from the formulation is altered. Logically, the dissolution profiles of the different formulations should be equal to guarantee bioequivalency. Thus, both BCS and the alternative linear pharmacokinetics approach require an evaluation of dissolution profiles. The justification of BCS is found in the permeability classification of the compound, while those of the linear pharmacokinetics lie in the apparent lack of a permeability problem. For example, in this context P-glycoprotein-transported drugs form an interesting class of compounds, which may be treated likewise when complying to the aforementioned requirements. Furthermore, poorly soluble compounds may be less troublesome than expected. It is shown that linear kinetics can be explained by the solubilising activity of, for example, bile salts. In this instance, linear pharmacokinetics shows that elevated doses do not appear to exhibit a limiting role on the dissolution. Hence, a change in formulation without any effect on the dissolution profile is not expected to cause a change in availability. It is clear that the formulations to be compared should not contain excipients that display an effect on (presystemic) drug metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands. fried.faassen@organon.com
authors.forename: Fried
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faassen
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vromans
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004963:Estrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005663:Furans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D004963:Estrenes; D005663:Furans; C464591:Org 4060; C076196:Org 31710; D009288:Naproxen; D007660:Ketoprofen; D009640:Norethindrone