title: In vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current knowledge of posterior cruciate ligament function is mainly based on in vitro cadaveric studies. There are few studies on the in vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament. The objective of the study was to quantify the multidimensional deformation of the posterior cruciate ligament.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  During in vivo weightbearing flexion, the posterior cruciate ligament undergoes complex 3-dimensional deformations, including elongation, twist, and changes in orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images of 5 human knees were used to create 3-dimensional computer models of each subject's knee, including the insertion areas of the posterior cruciate ligament. Orthogonal fluoroscopic images of each subject's knee were acquired as a quasi-static lunge was performed. The images and computer models were used to reproduce the in vivo motion of the knee. The relative motion of the femoral and tibial insertions was described in terms of elongation, twist, elevation (the angle between the tibial plateau and posterior cruciate ligament, measured in the sagittal plane), and deviation (mediolateral orientation, measured in plane of tibial plateau).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The length of the posterior cruciate ligament increased significantly with increasing flexion. It twisted almost 80 degrees as the knee flexed from 0 degrees to 90 degrees . The elevation angle remained relatively constant at 50 degrees . The deviation angle was medially oriented by 20 degrees at full extension, then decreased to approximately 10 degrees at 30 degrees through 90 degrees of flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The posterior cruciate ligament undergoes a complex twisting motion as it elongates with flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During reconstruction, the tunnels and graft may need to be placed such that the multidimensional deformation of the intact posterior cruciate ligament is reproduced.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Louis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeFrate
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*