title: The association between upper trapezius activity and thorax movement in classical singing.
abstract: This study aimed to examine in classical singing the phasing of the activity in upper trapezius (TR) to upper and lower thorax movement and to the phasing of activity in the intercostals (INT) and in the lateral abdominal (OBL) muscles. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the TR, INT, and OBL muscles on the right side. Thorax movement (TX) was traced with two strain gauge sensors placed around the upper and lower thorax. Four professional opera singers (soprano, mezzo, tenor, and baritone) and four advanced student classical singers (three sopranos and one mezzo) participated. Three of the professional singers were 33 years, and one was 40 years. The students were between 23 and 30 years. Different arias, freely chosen by the singers from their professional repertoire, served as the singing task for the opera singers. All students sang "Summertime" from Porgy and Bess. All subjects performed their task three times with variation in vocal loudness (normal, forte, piano). Thereafter, for all subjects, a biofeedback (BF) procedure was performed on TR to lower TR activity and a repeat performance of the singing tasks was carried out. EMG activity from the three recording sites and upper and lower TX circumference were compared before and after BF. A phasing of upper TR activity to INT and OBL activity was discovered, all muscles supporting the expiration phase. During phonation, the upper TR contributes in the compression of upper TX, thus serving as an accessory muscle of expiration. Group results from both opera singers and student singers showed that EMG activity was significantly lowered after BF. The lowered TR activity resulted in an expanded upper TX circumference and less TX respiratory movement after BF.
authors.affiliation: School of Art Education, Stavanger University College, Stavanger, Norway. viggo.pettersen@kf.his.no
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westgaard
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality