title: Large infiltrative hepatocellular carcinomas: treatment with percutaneous intraarterial ethanol injection alone or in combination with conventional percutaneous ethanol injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate patients' tolerance and the effectiveness of percutaneous intraarterial ethanol injection (PIAEI), alone or combined with conventional percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Neither institutional review board approval nor informed consent was required for this retrospective study; however, all patients had given their consent to be treated with PIAEI. Fourteen men and four women with cirrhosis and HCC who were ineligible for conventional curative treatment (largest tumor diameter, 35-90 mm; mean, 52 mm +/- 16 [standard deviation]) and whose supplying arteries were visible on computed tomographic (CT) and color Doppler ultrasonographic (US) images were treated with US-guided PIAEI-either alone or combined with PEI. Twelve patients had infiltrative tumors, and six had nodular tumors. Four patients had portal venous tumor involvement. Tumor necrosis and recurrence were evaluated with CT, and 1- and 2-year survival rates were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four patients, the main tumor was treated with PIAEI only, and in 14 patients, the main tumor was treated with combined PIAEI and PEI. One patient died of myocardial infarction before CT evaluation. Tumor necrosis was complete in 15 (88%) and incomplete in two (12%) of 17 patients. Results of subsequent surgery performed in three patients confirmed the radiologic findings: complete tumor necrosis in two patients and incomplete necrosis in one patient. Two severe PIAEI-related complications occurred: liver abscess, which resolved, and fatal acute pancreatitis. During the follow-up period (mean, 15 months +/- 6.7), six patients died owing to recurrent HCC, and 10 patients were alive with no detectable tumor after a mean follow-up period of 18 months +/- 11. One- and 2-year survival rates were 76.6% and 44.5%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with advanced HCC who are ineligible for other curative options, PIAEI could be an effective treatment, despite the associated risk of severe complications.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Hepatogastroenterology, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14 Juillet, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France. olivier.seror@jvr.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Seror
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: N'Kontchou
authors.forename: Djamel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haddar
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dordea
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ajavon
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ganne
authors.forename: Jean Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Trinchet
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaugrand
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sellier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol