title: Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer with a special reference to activator protein-2, HER2, and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer as well as their relation to transcription factor activator protein (AP)-2 and HER2 oncogene. The role of invasion and metastasis-promoting MMPs and their potential regulators, AP-2 and HER2, is currently still unclear in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were analyzed immunohistochemically in a large prospective series of 421 breast cancer patients diagnosed and treated between 1990 and 1995 at Kuopio University Hospital (Kuopio, Finland). The relation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions to AP-2, HER2, clinicopathological data, and survival was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 were expressed in the cytoplasm of malignant and stromal cells. High expression of MMPs in carcinoma cells was related to small tumors (T1, stage I), whereas positive stromal expression of MMPs was associated with aggressive factors. High expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in carcinoma cells, but not in stromal cells, was related to high AP-2 expression. Positive stromal MMP-2 expression was associated with HER2 overexpression in the whole patient group and in the node-negative patient subgroup. Positive stromal MMP-9 expression was related to HER2 overexpression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease. In the univariate survival analysis, positive stromal MMP-9 predicted shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS; P=0.0389) and breast cancer-related survival (BCRS; P=0.0081) in ER+ disease, especially in the subgroup of ER+ tumors of < or =2 cm in diameter (T1; P=0.0031 for RFS, and P=0.0089 for BCRS). High MMP-9 expression in cancer cells predicted longer RFS (P=0.0351) in the whole patient group. In the multivariate analysis of the whole patient group, the independent predictors of shorter RFS were reduced MMP-9 expression in carcinoma cells (P=0.0248), HER2 overexpression (P=0.0001), and advanced-stage disease (P=0.0002). Shorter BCRS was predicted by advanced-stage disease (P <0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer seems to be partly related to expression of AP-2 and HER2. Positive stromal MMP-9 expression predicts poor survival in the hormone-responsive small tumors, whereas MMP-9 expression in carcinoma cells favors survival. Evaluation of MMP-9 expression seems to add valuable information on breast cancer prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pellikainen
authors.forename: Kirsi M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ropponen
authors.forename: Vesa V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Kataja
authors.forename: Jari K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kellokoski
authors.forename: Matti J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eskelinen
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018093:Gelatinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors