title: In situ exposures using caged organisms: a multi-compartment approach to detect aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation.
abstract: An in situ toxicity and bioaccumulation assessment approach is described to assess stressor exposure and effects in surface waters (low and high flow), the sediment-water interface, surficial sediments and pore waters (including groundwater upwellings). This approach can be used for exposing species, representing major functional and taxonomic groups. Pimephales promelas, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Hyalella azteca, Hyalella sp., Chironomus tentans, Lumbriculus variegatus, Hydra attenuatta, Hexagenia sp. and Baetis tibialis were successfully used to measure effects on survival, growth, feeding, and/or uptake. Stressors identified included chemical toxicants, suspended solids, photo-induced toxicity, indigenous predators, and flow. Responses varied between laboratory and in situ exposures in many cases and were attributed to differing exposure dynamics and sample-processing artifacts. These in situ exposure approaches provide unique assessment information that is complementary to traditional laboratory-based toxicity and bioaccumulation testing and reduce the uncertainties of extrapolating from the laboratory to field responses.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Quality, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA. allen.burton@wright.edu
authors.forename: G Allen
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Carolyn D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Cameron A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brooker
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Delia F N
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Raymer
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McWilliam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D012106:Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical