title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen in the treatment of an acute muscle injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently used to treat muscle injuries in athletes. It is not known whether the anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs are important or whether their effectiveness is a result of their central analgesic effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are no different than the effects of an analgesic (acetaminophen) without anti-inflammatory action in an experimental, acute muscle contusion model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized, unilateral, nonpenetrating injury was created to the tibialis anterior muscle of 96 adult male mice. Four treatment groups were used: group 1, placebo treatment; group 2, treatment with rofecoxib, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity, and treatment after the injury; group 3, rofecoxib treatment starting 24 hours before the injury; and group 4, acetaminophen treatment after the injury. The muscle and the contralateral normal muscle were evaluated at 2, 5, and 7 days after injury by grading of gait, wet weight as a measure of edema, and histologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 had significantly more gait disturbances at day 2 than all other groups (P < .05). No differences were found at days 5 and 7. Wet weights showed an increase at day 2 in group 1 (P < .01). Again, no differences were found at days 5 and 7. Histology revealed similar inflammatory changes at day 2 in all groups, with regeneration of muscle fibers at days 5 and 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that rofecoxib as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and acetaminophen as a non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesic have similar effects. The lack of differences in wet weights and histology suggests that the anti-inflammatory effects of rofecoxib are not an important feature of its action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The routine use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in muscle injuries may need to be critically evaluated because low-cost and low-risk analgesics may be just as effective.
authors.affiliation: St Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank T G
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Rahusen
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Weinhold
authors.forename: Louis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Almekinders
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000208:Acute Disease; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003288:Contusions / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D000082:Acetaminophen