title: Exposure to hypoxia rapidly induces mitochondrial channel activity within a living synapse.
abstract: One of the earliest effects of hypoxia on neuronal function is to produce a run-down of synaptic transmission, and more prolonged hypoxia results in neuronal death. An increase in the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane, controlled by BCL-2 family proteins, occurs in response to stimuli that trigger cell death. By patch clamping mitochondrial membranes inside the presynaptic terminal of a squid giant synapse, we have now found that several minutes of hypoxia trigger the opening of large multiconductance channels. The channel activity is induced concurrently with the attenuation of synaptic responses that occurs under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia-induced channels are inhibited by NADH, an agent that inhibits large conductance channels produced by a pro-apoptotic fragment of BCL-xL in these synaptic mitochondria. The appearance of hypoxia-induced channels was also prevented by the caspase/cysteine protease inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-fmk), which inhibits proteolysis of BCL-xL during hypoxia. Both NADH and Z-VAD-fmk reduced significantly the rate of decline of synaptic responses during hypoxia. Our results indicate that an increase in outer mitochondrial channel activity is a very early event in the response of neurons to hypoxia and suggest that this increase in activity may contribute to the decline in synaptic function during hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. elizabeth.jonas@yale.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: J Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hardwick
authors.forename: Leonard K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008974:Mollusca; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011485:Protein Binding; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D009243:NAD