title: Strength of integration of transmembrane alpha-helical peptides in lipid bilayers as determined by atomic force spectroscopy.
abstract: In this study we address the stability of integration of proteins in membranes. Using dynamic atomic force spectroscopy, we measured the strength of incorporation of peptides in lipid bilayers. The peptides model the transmembrane parts of alpha-helical proteins and were studied in both ordered peptide-rich and unordered peptide-poor bilayers. Using gold-coated AFM tips and thiolated peptides, we were able to observe force events which are related to the removal of single peptide molecules out of the bilayer. The data demonstrate that the peptides are very stably integrated into the bilayer and that single barriers within the investigated region of loading rates resist their removal. The distance between the ground state and the barrier for peptide removal was found to be 0.75 +/- 0.15 nm in different systems. This distance falls within the thickness of the interfacial layer of the bilayer. We conclude that the bilayer interface region plays an important role in stably anchoring transmembrane proteins into membranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dragomir N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ganchev
authors.forename: Dirk T S
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Rijkers
authors.forename: Margot M E
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Snel
authors.forename: J Antoinette
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Killian
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Kruijff
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry; D007930:Leucine / Q000737:chemistry; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D014867:Water; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D014364:Tryptophan; C017251:1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine; D007930:Leucine; D000409:Alanine