title: Fatal voluntary salt intake resulting in the highest ever documented sodium plasma level in adults (255 mmol L-1): a disorder linked to female gender and psychiatric disorders.
abstract: Excessive ingestion of salt is a well-recognized cause of hypernatraemia in children, is uncommonly recognized in debilitated elderly persons, but is rarely diagnosed in healthy, independent adults. We report a case of fatal salt poisoning in a 20-year-old lady who suffered of post-natal depression and ingested large quantities of salt as part of exorcism ritual. She presented with the highest ever documented serum sodium level of 255 mmol L(-1), associated with severe neurological impairment that was unresponsive to aggressive hypotonic fluid replacement. Post-mortem examination ruled out any other possible probable cause of death. The medical literature was reviewed, and 16 previous cases of severe hypernatraemia in adults secondary to excessive salt ingestion were retrieved. Common features of all reported cases included female gender (95% of cases) and evidence of underlying cognitive or psychiatric disorders (all reported cases). We conclude that women with documented cognitive or psychiatric disorders, in particular depression, are susceptible for psychogenic salt poisoning. Awareness should be raised to the potentially life-risking use of salty beverages as emetics or as part of 'exorcism' rituals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ofran
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lavi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Opher
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elinav
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000139:chemically induced; D012737:Sex Factors; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000506:poisoning*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride