title: Cytochrome P4502C9-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). CYP2C9-derived EETs elicit endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, but the signaling pathways involved are incompletely understood. Because cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in angiogenesis, we determined whether a link exists between CYP2C9 and COX-2 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were infected with CYP2C9 sense or antisense adenoviral constructs. Overexpression of CYP2C9 increased COX-2 promoter activity, an effect accompanied by a significant increase in COX-2 protein expression and elevated prostacyclin production. The CYP2C9-induced expression of COX-2 was inhibited by the CYP2C9 inhibitor, sulfaphenazole, whereas 11,12-EET increased COX-2 expression. Overexpression of CYP2C9 and stimulation with 11,12-EET increased intracellular cAMP levels and stimulated DNA-binding of the cAMP-response element-binding protein. The protein kinase A inhibitor, KT5720, attenuated the CYP2C9-induced increase in COX-2 promoter activity and protein expression. Overexpression of CYP2C9 stimulated endothelial tube formation, an effect that was attenuated by the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Identical responses were observed in cells preconditioned by cyclic strain to increase CYP2C expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that CYP2C9-derived EETs induce the expression of COX-2 in endothelial cells via a cAMP-dependent pathway and that this mechanism contributes to CYP2C9-induced angiogenesis. Overexpression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 in endothelial cells increased cAMP levels, stimulated the cAMP-response element-binding protein, and enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter activity, protein expression, and prostacyclin production. CYP2C9 overexpression stimulated endothelial tube formation, which was attenuated by the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Thus, COX-2 contributes to CYP2C9-induced angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: U Ruth
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Michaelis
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Falck
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013426:Sulfaphenazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D002227:Carbazoles; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D007211:Indoles; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013426:Sulfaphenazole; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; C057416:KT 5720; C046783:11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; D000068579:Celecoxib