title: Control of Atm-/- thymic lymphoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by dexamethasone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disease in humans caused by mutations in the Atm (A-T mutated) gene. The disease involves multiple organ systems, and is associated with a high incidence of leukemias and lymphomas that develop in childhood. We have reported previously that thymic lymphoma development in Atm knockout (Atm-/-) mice is associated with elevated spontaneous DNA synthesis in thymocytes, and that dexamethasone (Dex) attenuates the elevated DNA synthesis and prevents thymic lymphoma development. The primary objectives of the present study were (1) to investigate possible mechanisms underlying the tumor-suppressing effect of Dex on Atm-/- thymic lymphoma cells, and (2) to determine whether Dex is an effective tumor-suppressing treatment in mice bearing transplanted Atm-/- thymic tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Establishment of a number of Atm-/- thymic lymphoma (ATL) cell lines from Atm-/- mice, cell proliferation assays, cell cycle analyses, Western blotting and Hoechst nuclear staining were used to analyze the effects of Dex on Atm-/- thymic lymphoma cells. Atm-/- tumor cells were transplanted into the right flanks of Atm+/+ mice prior to the initiation of Dex treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atm-/- tumor cells were highly sensitive to Dex, both in culture and in vivo as ectopic tumors in mice. In cultured ATL-1 cells, Dex induced apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase and downregulated NF-kappaB and multiple cell cycle regulators, while upregulating the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha. In Atm+/+ mice transplanted subcutaneously with ATL-1 cells, tumor growth was either prevented completely or significantly suppressed by Dex treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings identify potential mechanisms by which Dex affects the proliferation and survival of ATL-1 cells in culture, and provide evidence that Dex can suppress the proliferation of Atm-/- thymic lymphoma cells growing in the body. Together these results add to our earlier published data suggesting that the cellular pathways regulated by Dex may be promising therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of thymic lymphomas in A-T individuals.
authors.affiliation: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, The University of Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
authors.forename: Xianghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Mingshan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Scofield
authors.forename: Wenan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Williams S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Paul K Y
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D003907:Dexamethasone; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C576325:Atm protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases