title: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 111 patients: a safe and effective therapy for difficult bile duct stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choledocholithiasis and intrahepatic bile duct stones pose a significant health hazard, especially in the elderly. The large stone not removable with conventional endoscopic techniques, can be effectively and safely managed with electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a retrospective review of consecutive patients at the Wellesley Central Hospital and St. Michael's Hospital, who underwent peroral endoscopic fragmentation of bile duct stones with EHL under direct cholangioscopic control using a "mother-baby" endoscopic system between October 1990 and March 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, 111 patients have been analyzed. Of the 111 patients reviewed, 94 patients have had complete records and were included in this study. Mean follow-up was 26.2 months (range 0-80). Prior to EHL, 93 of 94 patients (99%) had endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and failed standard stone extraction techniques (mean 1.9 ERCPs/patient, range 0-5). Indications for EHL were large stones (81 patients) or a narrow caliber bile duct below a stone of average size (13 patients). Successful fragmentation (61 complete, 28 partial) was achieved in 89 of 93 patients (96%) (1 patient was excluded from analysis due to a broken endoscope). Fragmentation failures were due to targeting problems (2 patients) and hard stones (2 patients). Seventy-six percent of patients required 1 EHL session, 14% required 2 sessions, and 10% required 3 or more. All patients with successful stone fragmentation required post-EHL balloon or basket extraction of fragments. Complications included: cholangitis and/or jaundice (13 patients); mild hemobilia (1 patient); mild post-ERCP pancreatitis (1 patient); biliary leak (1 patient); and bradycardia (1 patient). There were no deaths related to EHL. Final stone clearance was achieved in 85 of 94 patients (90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EHL via peroral endoscopic choledochoscopy is a highly successful and safe technique for use in the management of difficult choledocholithiasis and intrahepatic stones. This study has shown a stone fragmentation rate of 96% (89 of 93 patients), and a final stone clearance rate of 90% (85 of 94 patients).
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nelles
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Young-In
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kortan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome