title: Quality of travel health advice in higher-education establishments in the United Kingdom and its relationship to the demographic background of the provider.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of international trips undertaken by residents of the United Kingdom has risen dramatically over the past 50 years. Likewise, the numbers studying in higher education have also shown a huge increase. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of advice given to traveling students by higher education-based health services and to relate this to the demography and experience of the professionals involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire describing three hypothetical groups of students traveling to different parts of the world was sent to 335 doctors and nurses. These clinicians belonged to the British Association of Health Services in Higher Education. They worked in 105 practices that serve higher-educational establishments in the United Kingdom. Main outcome measures included whether appropriate immunizations were advised and given correctly through the National Health Service (NHS) or privately, and whether appropriate advice was given regarding malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and miscellaneous risks. The sources of information used to advise travelers were also asked, and the effect of demographic characteristics of the respondents on the quality of advice was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifteen (64%) questionnaires were returned. The mean score for whether the correct immunizations were advised was 77%, and for whether these were given correctly through the NHS or privately was 79.6%. For malaria, HIV, and miscellaneous risks, the scores were lower at 65%, 38%, and 32%, respectively. The score for correct immunizations was significantly affected by sex, with females respondents scoring higher (p = .036). Previous training in travel medicine improved scores for immunizations (p = .034) and for the correct choice being given through the NHS or privately (p = .006). Age, hours worked, role, and size of practice had no influence on scores. Charts in the general practice free newspapers were the most popular source of information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practices serving higher-education establishments usually give appropriate advice to travelers in terms of the immunizations required, whether these are available through the NHS or privately, and about reducing risks of malaria. This is not the case regarding advice pertaining to HIV and miscellaneous risks. Previous training in travel medicine seems to correlate with the giving of more appropriate advice.
authors.affiliation: The University of Nottingham Health Service, Cripps Health Centre, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: J F Hugh
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Knill-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003710:Demography; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards; D013222:State Medicine; D013333:Student Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology