title: Alcohol consumption and coronary calcification in a general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A U- or J-shaped association exists between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease. One of the proposed mechanisms for this association involves atherogenesis, but there are no data on the association between alcohol consumption and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects. Coronary calcification, a measure of coronary atherosclerosis, allows for the study of the association.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was performed using data from the population-based Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Data on alcohol consumption were available for 1795 individuals without coronary heart disease. Mean +/- SD age of the participants was 71 +/- 5.7 years. Coronary calcification was detected on electron beam computed tomographic scans and quantified as a calcium score by the Agatston method. Extensive coronary calcification was defined as a calcium score above 400.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this population, 15.8% of individuals consumed no alcohol; 46.5% consumed 1 alcoholic drink or less per day; 16.9% consumed 1 to 2 drinks per day; and 20.9% consumed more than 2 drinks per day. A U-shaped association was found between alcohol consumption and coronary calcification. Compared with nondrinkers, the odds ratio of extensive coronary calcification was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.82) for those who consumed 1 drink or less daily; 0.51 (95% CI, 0.35-0.76) for those who consumed 1 to 2 drinks daily; and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.62-1.29) for those who consumed more than 2 drinks. The association remained after multivariate adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consumption of 2 alcoholic drinks or fewer per day was inversely associated with extensive coronary calcification. The risk of extensive coronary calcification was 50% lower in individuals who consumed 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks per day than in nondrinkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rozemarijn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vliegenthart
authors.forename: Hok-Hay S
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.forename: Annette P M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van den Elzen
authors.forename: Frank J A
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors