title: Microsensors and microbiosensors for retinal implants.
abstract: This paper concentrates on recent developments in microsensors and microbiosensors for the possible applications in visual prostheses, especially retinal prosthetic devices. A brief introduction on the developments of visual prosthesis will be presented. The importance for in-vivo pH measurements as well as the need for an implantable pH sensor will be demonstrated. Electrochemical biosensors developed for sensitive measurements of glucose and L-glutamate, a known neurotransmitter in the retina and brain will be reviewed. Novel electrode materials such as chemically modified thin-film diamond in applications for implantable biosensors will be shown. The challenges in the development of chronic implantable sensor systems, especially using MEMS technology for medical implants, will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Second Sight Medical Products, Inc., Sylmar Biomedical Park, 12744 San Fernando Road, Bldg.3, Sylmar, California 91342, USA. dmzhou@2-sight.com <dmzhou@2-sight.com>
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose