title: Ontogeny of vascular growth factors in perinatal sheep myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine developmental changes in myocardial gene expression of previously identified regulators of vascular growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovine left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) samples were obtained at four time points: 95 days' and 140 days' gestation (term = 145 days) and 7 days and 8 weeks postnatally. mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its respective receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured at these different time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RV but not LV VEGF mRNA levels decreased postnatally, although VEGF protein expression remained unchanged after birth. Flt-1 mRNA expression was divergent between ventricles, although the protein expression pattern was similar in RV and LV, decreasing with maturation. RV and LV Flk-1 mRNA decreased between 95 days and 140 days, remaining stable thereafter, while protein levels only decreased after birth. bFGF protein levels were highest in the LV at 140 days, and decreased after birth but remained unchanged in the RV throughout the period examined. TGF-beta1 and eNOS levels were highest early in gestation, decreasing with maturation in both ventricles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developmentally regulated ventricle-specific expression of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, TGF-beta1, bFGF, and eNOS was demonstrated in the ovine myocardium. These findings suggest these proteins may participate in coronary vascular remodeling during the perinatal period and underscore the importance of studying the relationships among transcription factors, target genes, and anatomic/physiologic changes in the whole animal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: van Natta
authors.forename: J Carter
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ralphe
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mascio
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bedell
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Segar
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012756:Sheep; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2