title: Matrix metalloproteinase-specific inhibition of Ca2+ entry mechanisms of vascular contraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease with as yet unclear cause. Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels in the plasma and aorta are a consistent finding in AAA. Although the role of MMPs in AAA has largely been attributed to degradation of the extracellular matrix proteins, the effects of MMPs on the mechanisms of aortic contraction are unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that MMPs promote aortic dilation by inhibiting the Ca2+ mobilization mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric contraction and 45Ca2+ influx were measured in aortic strips isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats treated or not treated with MMP-2 and MMP-9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal Krebs solution (2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ ) phenylephrine (10-5 mol/L) caused contraction of the aortic strips, which was significantly inhibited (P < .05) by MMP-2 (maximum, 48.9% +/- 5.0%) and to a greater extent by MMP-9 (maximum, 69.8% +/- 6.2%). The MMP-induced inhibition of phenylephrine contraction depended on concentration and time. The inhibitory effects of MMPs on phenylephrine contraction were reversible. In Ca2+ -free (2 mmol/L ethylene glycol bis[beta-aminoethyl ether]-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) Krebs solution phenylephrine caused a small contraction that was not inhibited by MMP-2 or MMP-9, which suggests that MMPs do not inhibit Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. Membrane depolarization with 96 mmol/L of potassium chloride, which stimulates Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, caused a time-dependent and reversible contraction, which was inhibited by MMP-2 and MMP-9. Histologic studies of MMP-treated tissues stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Verhoeff stain for elastin confirmed the absence of degradation of the extracellular matrix. MMP-2 and MMP-9 also caused significant inhibition of 45Ca2+ influx induced by phenylephrine and potassium chloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-9 promote aortic dilation by inhibiting the Ca2+ entry mechanism of vascular smooth muscle contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a slow and progressive disease. The late stages of AAA are characterized by degenerative changes in the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle components of the aortic wall. The present study describes novel inhibitory effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) on the Ca2+ entry mechanisms of aortic smooth muscle contraction, even in the absence of extracellular matrix degradation. The MMP-induced inhibition of aortic contraction may further explain the role of increased MMP activity particularly during the early development of AAA. Chronic exposure to MMPs may lead to protracted inhibition of aortic contraction, progressive aortic dilation, and aneurysm formation. MMP-9 is a more potent inhibitor of aortic contraction than MMP-2, consistent with a more dominant role in AAA. Restoration and preservation of smooth muscle contractile function by specific inhibitors of MMPs may represent a new strategy in preventing the progression of small AAA.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare Systems, USA.
authors.forename: David K W
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Raouf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Khalil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011336:Probability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D002118:Calcium