title: [New effect biomarkers].
abstract: The major research goals for researchers developing biomarkers of effect are the development and validation of biomarkers that permit the prediction of the risk of disease in individuals and groups. One important objective is to prevent human cancer. This article reviews the most recent analytical methodologies, validation studies and field trials together with auditing and quality assessment of the necessary data based on scientific grounds. Consideration is given to new developments in the relatively young field of toxicogenomics, possibly leading to the identification of early changes that may lead to both cancer and non-cancer end points. Although the creation and development of reliable databases integrating information from genomic and proteomic research programmes should offer a contribution to the prediction of risks and prevention of diseases related to chemical exposure, the most promising future application of these technologies lies in the molecular diagnosis of diseases whose nosography will probably be redefined.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Clinica Medica, Nefrologia e Scienze della Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Parma.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Palma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baccarelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D040901:Proteomics; D012106:Research; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers