"The world's most hostile environment": how the tobacco industry circumvented Singapore's advertising ban.
OBJECTIVE
To review how tobacco transnational companies conducted their business in the hostile environment of Singapore, attempting to counter some of the government's tobacco control measures; to compare the Malaysian and the Singaporean governments' stance on tobacco control and the direct bearing of this on the way the tobacco companies conduct their business.


METHODS
Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private internal industry documents.


RESULTS
The comprehensive prohibition on advertising did not prevent the companies from advertising cigarettes to Singaporeans. Both British American Tobacco and Philip Morris used Malaysian television to advertise into Singapore. To launch a new brand of cigarettes, Alpine, Philip Morris used a non-tobacco product, the Alpine wine cooler. Other creative strategies such as innovative packaging and display units at retailers were explored to overcome the restrictions. Philip Morris experimented with developing a prototype cigarette using aroma and sweetened tipping paper to target the young and health conscious. The industry sought to weaken the strong pack warnings. The industry distributed anti-smoking posters for youth to retailers but privately salivated over their market potential.
Assunta
M
M
School of Public Health, Room 129A, Edward Ford Building (A27), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia. marya@health.usyd.edu.au
Chapman
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006076:Government; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008119:Lobbying; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000379:methods; D012846:Singapore; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*