title: Application of gonadotropin releasing hormone in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Puberty is the result of reactivation of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator resulting in an increasing release of GnRH by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary to synthesize and secrete LH and FSH. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is often the result of GnRH deficiency. The clinical picture is characterized by the absence of pubertal development and infertility. It is difficult to differentiate HH from delayed puberty since low gonadotropin and low testosterone levels are found in both conditions. We hypothesized that long-term GnRH administration may differentiate between the two conditions by a difference in the increase of gonadotropins, the idea being that in normal delayed puberty the pituitary of the patient has been primed with GnRH during the fetal and early postnatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen adolescents suspected of having hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were treated with pulsatile GnRH for 7 days. At the present time, the diagnosis of these patients is known and the results of the long-term GnRH stimulation have been evaluated according to the present diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the increase in gonadotropins following GnRH treatment is similar in both conditions. Therefore, at a prepubertal age a normal delayed puberty cannot be distinguished from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using long-term GnRH stimulation. Long-term pulsatile GnRH treatment is a physiological therapy for the induction of puberty. Unlike testosterone it has the advantage of stimulation of testicular growth and fertility, as well as virilization, in males. We have treated 68 male patients with HH with pulsatile GnRH. The results show testicular growth and virilization in all the patients and spermatogenesis in 58 patients. Wearing a portable pump is cumbersome. However, the patients were very motivated and adapted very easily to this inconvenience. When spermatogenesis had developed, GnRH treatment was changed to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration 1-2 times per week intramuscularly or subcutaneously. During hCG therapy spermatogenesis was maintained or even improved. At least ten patients fathered children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsatile GnRH cannot distinguish between a normal delayed puberty and a hypothalamic defect in still prepubertal patients. Pulsatile GnRH offers an appropriate way to initiate testicular growth including virilization and fertility in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. H.Delmarre@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Delemarre-van de Waal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011628:Puberty, Delayed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D006062:Gonadotropins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone