title: Differential methylation of genes that regulate cytokine signaling in lymphoid and hematopoietic tumors.
abstract: The perturbations of the cytokine signaling pathway play an important role in lymphoid/hematopoietic tumors. Aberrant promoter methylation is the major mechanism of gene silencing in tumors. We examined 150 lymphoid/hematopoietic tumors or potential premalignant specimens, 55 control specimens and 12 EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cultures and 10 lymphoma/leukemia (L/L) or multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines for the methylation (and, in cell lines, of the expression status) of three genes involved in the cytokine signaling pathway. The genes were: SHP1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase; SYK, a protein kinase; and SOCS1, a suppressor of cytokine signaling. Our major findings were: (1) one or more of the three genes was frequently methylated in L/L and MM cell lines and there was good concordance (90-100%) between methylation and loss of gene expression; (2) treatment of L/L cell lines with a demethylating agent resulted in re-expression of SHP1 protein and downregulation of phosphorylated STAT3 in L/L cell lines; (3) all 55 control specimens and the lymphoblastoid cultures were negative for methylation of the three genes; (4) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (100%), and leukemias (94%) had almost universal methylation of SHP1 and relatively less frequent (<30%) methylation of SOCS1 and SYK; (5) MM and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) had infrequent methylation of SHP1 (<20%), and occasional methylation of SOCS1 and SYK; and (6) comparable methylation frequencies for SOCS1 were observed in MM and MGUS, suggesting that SOCS1 methylation is an early event in MM pathogenesis. At least one gene was methylated in 119 of 130 (93%) of the malignant and 12 of 20 (60%) of the MGUS samples. Our findings demonstrate that the perturbations of cytokine signaling via silencing of these three genes are almost universal in lymphoid/hematopoietic tumors but the patterns of gene methylated for L/L and plasma cell dyscrasias are different.
authors.affiliation: Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Jyotsna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivapurkar
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Gunjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stastny
authors.forename: Chinyere
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Echebiri
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crumrine
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zöchbauer-Müller
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drach
authors.forename: Yingye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Ziding
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kroft
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Adi F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; C509249:PTPN6 protein, human; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases