title: Locally administered ketorolac and bupivacaine for control of postoperative pain in breast augmentation patients.
abstract: With recent developments in the field of analgesia, the question arises whether there is a role for placing local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or both into the breast implant pocket. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of locally administered intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine with epinephrine at reducing pain in the postoperative period. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. One hundred consecutive retropectoral breast augmentation patients were enrolled, and informed consent was obtained. A standard anesthetic protocol and surgical procedure were followed. Normal saline, ketorolac alone (30 mg), bupivacaine alone (150 mg), or ketorolac and bupivacaine (30 mg and 150 mg respectively) were placed into the implant pocket before implant insertion. All patients completed the study. The power of this study to detect a 20 percent difference with respect to the primary outcome was 0.90 and confidence intervals of 95 percent were used to determine significance. The primary outcome was pain as measured by the visual analogue pain scale. The secondary outcome was time spent in the recovery room. Intraoperative placement of ketorolac combined with bupivacaine reduced pain in the postoperative period. It did not appear that anesthesiologist, anesthesia time, surgeon, operating room time, difficulty of dissection, breast incision, or implant size had a significant effect on postoperative pain. There was a trend that the ketorolac and bupivacaine patients spent less time in the recovery room and used fewer analgesics postoperatively than the other patients. There were no hematomas requiring reoperation and no complications. Locally administered intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine with epinephrine significantly reduced pain in the postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: Okanagan Plastic Surgery Centre and Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. raman_chaos@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raman C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mahabir
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Stan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Valnicek
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: East
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine; D020910:Ketorolac