title: Incidence and time course of intimal plaque formation in the right coronary artery after radiofrequency current application detected by intracoronary ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the current clinical use of radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in infants and children, the late effects of RF current application at immature myocardium remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence and time course of coronary lesions after RF current application at developing myocardium in an animal model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 10 pigs, 6 weeks of age (13+/-2 kg), RF current (500 kHz) was delivered by temperature guidance (75 degrees C) using a steerable electrode catheter (4 mm tip electrode) over 30-second periods. RF lesions were created at the lateral right atrial wall at the tricuspid valve annulus and the lateral left atrial and ventricular wall at the mitral valve annulus. Subsequent coronary angiography and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) of the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left circumflex artery (CX) were performed 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after RF current application. Quantitative coronary angiography did not exhibit any significant stenosis of the vessels during the study period. Intimal lesions of the RCA were documented for the first time at the 6-month study in 3 animals by ICUS (mean plaque area 2.2+/-0.2 mm(2), mean area stenosis 30.4+/-4.0%). There was no significant change in lesion length, area stenosis and plaque area at the 9- and 12-month studies. All 3 coronary artery lesions were confirmed in close proximity to myocardial RF lesions by histological examination 12 months after RF delivery. No intimal plaque formation of the CX was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affection of the RCA as a late sequel after RF current application at the lateral right atrial wall occurred in 3 out of 8 long-term surviving pigs. Three to six months seem to be the time frame for the development of intimal lesions after RF delivery. In this experimental setting, angiography failed to detect these intimal changes. The potential risk of coronary affection may be important for catheter ablation procedures at the right atrial myocardium in infants and small children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hausmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bökenkamp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wibbelt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D015994:Incidence; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional