title: Cross-cultural differences in psychosocial adaptation to isolated and confined environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in patterns of psychosocial adaptation under conditions of prolonged isolation and confinement in Antarctica were examined to determine the extent to which they were influenced by national culture in general and the individualist-collectivist orientation of national cultures in particular.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Profile of Mood States and measures of structural and functional social support were administered over an 8-mo period (March through October) to 13 winter-over crews from 5 nations operating research stations in the Antarctic: United States (3 crews, n = 77), Poland (3 crews, n = 40), Russia (3 crews, n = 34), China (3 crews, n = 40), and India (1 crew, n = 26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Americans at South Pole Station reported significant increases in fatigue and anxiety and a significant decrease in vigor over the winter. During the same period, Russians at Vostok Station reported significant decreases in depression, anxiety, and confusion, and Indians at Maitri Station reported a significant decrease in anger. A significant decrease in social interaction with fellow crewmembers occurred at South Pole Station, Vostok Station, and Poland's Arctowski Station. Several differences were also observed between the five stations in correlations between mood scores and measures of structural and functional social support. An individualistic cultural orientation was significantly associated with low social support and low negative mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultural background is associated with mood and social support as well as changes in these measures during the austral winter. Cultural differences in patterns of psychosocial adaptation must be considered in the formation and training of multinational crews for long duration missions in space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0807, USA. lpalinkas@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Boster
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakusa-Suszczewski
authors.forename: Valeri P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Klopov
authors.forename: Xue Quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003081:Cold Climate; D020378:Confined Spaces; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005101:Expeditions / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010560:Personnel Selection; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology; D012621:Seasons; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology