title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidities in 18 Paisa Colombian multigenerational families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eighteen extended multigenerational families were recruited from the genetically isolated Paisa community in Colombia to conduct genetic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This report describes the inclusion strategy and clinical features of participants to facilitate comparisons with other data sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Families were selected through a fixed-sampling scheme beginning with child probands referred for clinical evaluation for ADHD. Direct structured psychiatric interviews were conducted with 433 informative individuals, including 92 children aged 4 to 11, 57 adolescents aged 12 to 17, and 284 adults. Best estimate ADHD diagnoses were established for each informative pedigree member.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These families contained a high proportion of individuals affected with ADHD (32.8%), which was highly comorbid with conduct disorder (50%; odds ratio 11.5, 95% confidence interval = 6.4-20.9), oppositional defiant disorder (25.4%; odds ratio 2.7, confidence interval = 1.5-4.8), and associated conditions including nicotine dependence and alcohol abuse and/or dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD in these extended Paisa families is highly comorbid with conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. This pattern of comorbidity, as well as the large dense pedigrees of the sample, suggests that it will be particularly useful for molecular genetic studies that are currently under way.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopera
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arcos-Burgos
authors.forename: Yakeel T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Quiroz
authors.forename: Gloria C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Henao
authors.forename: Isabel C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Puerta
authors.forename: Dora L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailey-Wilson
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muenke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics