title: The characteristics and the prognosis for patients presenting with actively bleeding esophageal varices at endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unresolved whether the prognosis is worse for patients who present with actively bleeding varices at endoscopy compared with those in whom variceal bleeding has stopped.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups: an active bleeding group and an inactive bleeding group. All patients had band ligation shortly after endoscopic examination and underwent elective ligation procedures until the varices were obliterated. Patients were followed for 1 year or until death. Short- and long-term prognoses were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The active bleeding group included 54 patients and the inactive bleeding included 251 patients. Initial hemostasis was achieved in 93% in the active group and 99% in the inactive group ( p = not significant). The rate of recurrent variceal bleeding within 30 days was 24% in the active bleeding group vs. 12% in the inactive bleeding group ( p = 0.01); the mortality rates were 18% and 8%, respectively ( p = 0.03 in a single statistical test; however, Bonferroni correction for the multiple testing of data removed this significance). The rate of recurrent variceal bleeding within 1 year was 37% in the active bleeding group and 27% in the inactive bleeding group ( p = 0.06); the mortality rates were 22% and 21%, respectively ( p = not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether variceal bleeding is active or inactive at endoscopy, variceal ligation is equally effective for control of bleeding. The rates of recurrent bleeding and mortality at 1 month were significantly higher among patients with active bleeding. However, the mortality rate was similar for both groups at 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Gin-Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mei-Hsiu
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Hoi-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Lung-Chih
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ping-I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome