title: Central nervous system decompression sickness and venous gas emboli in hypobaric conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altitude decompression sickness (DCS) that involves the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare but potentially serious condition. Identification of early symptoms and signs of this condition might improve treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied data from 26 protocols carried out in our laboratory over the period 1983-2003; all were designed to provoke DCS in a substantial proportion of subjects. The data set included 2843 cases. We classified subject-exposures that resulted in DCS as: 1) neurological DCS of peripheral and/or central origin (NEURO); 2) a subset of those that involved only the CNS (CNS); and 3) all other cases, i.e., DCS cases that did not have a neurological component (OTHER). For each case, echo imaging data were used to document whether venous gas emboli (VGE) were present, and their level was classified as: 1) any level, i.e., Grade 1 or higher (VGE-1); and 2) high level, Grade 4 (VGE-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1108 cases of altitude DCS in the database; 218 were classified as NEURO and 49 of those as CNS. VGE-1 were recorded in 83.8% of OTHER compared with 58.7% of NEURO and 55.1% of CNS (both p < 0.001 compared with OTHER). The corresponding values for VGE-4 were 48.8%, 37.0%, and 34.7% (p < 0.001, compared to OTHER). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) was used to treat about half of the CNS cases, while all other cases were treated with 2 h breathing 100% oxygen at ground level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since only about half of the rare cases of hypobaric CNS DCS cases were accompanied by any level of VGE, echo imaging for bubbles may have limited application for use as a predictor of such cases.
authors.affiliation: Wyle Laboratories, AFRL/HEP, 2485 Gillingham Dr., Brooks City-Base, TX 78235-5105, USA. ulf.balldin@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: Ulf I
authors.initials: UI
authors.lastname: Balldin
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pilmanis
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography