title: Modulation of central hypersensitivity by nociceptive input in chronic pain after whiplash injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pain after whiplash injury is associated with hypersensitivity of the central nervous system to peripheral stimulation. It is unclear whether central hypersensitivity is modulated by peripheral nociceptive input. We hypothesized that changes in nociceptive input would correlate with changes in magnitude of central hypersensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with chronic pain after whiplash injury were investigated. Changes in nociceptive input were induced by infiltration of painful and tender muscles with bupivacaine (0.25%). Such infiltrations produce either pain reduction or pain enhancement, the latter effect probably resulting from transient injection-induced trauma. We used this individual variability in correlation analyses. Changes in intensity of neck pain, as assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS), after infiltration were assumed to reflect changes in nociceptive input. Changes in pressure pain thresholds recorded at healthy tissues (nonpainful point of the neck and the second toe) were used to measure changes in central hypersensitivity. The correlations between the change in VAS score and changes in pressure pain thresholds 15 minutes after infiltration were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant negative correlations were found between change in VAS score and changes in threshold measurements performed at the neck, but not at the toe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different mechanisms underlie hyperalgesia localized at areas surrounding the site of pain and hyperalgesia generalized to distant body areas. Central hypersensitivity as a determinant of neck pain is probably a dynamic condition that is influenced by the presence and activity of a nociceptive focus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herren-Gerber
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersen-Felix
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: Bogdan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Radanov
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curatolo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000293:injuries / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine