title: Prescribing for osteoporosis following the use of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids in general practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic absorption from inhaled glucocorticoids may lead to bone loss. We determined the extent to which their use alone and in addition to short courses of oral glucocorticoids was associated with increased prescribing for osteoporosis in a large general practice population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort study with follow-up of co-prescribing of antiosteoporotic drug therapy in the Irish national prescribing database (1.1 million people over 16 years), we identified 32 081 patients who received inhaled glucocorticoids alone during a 12-month period (following an identical lead-in period). We determined the odds ratio (OR), adjusting for age and gender for the co-prescription of bisphosphonates or other antiosteoporotic therapy with inhaled glucocorticoids by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) for co-prescribing of bisphosphonates and all inhaled glucocorticoids was 1.87 (1.71, 2.04); 1.58 (1.41, 1.78) for inhaled beclomethasone, 2.11 (1.75, 2.54) for inhaled budesonide and 3.29 (2.65, 4.1) for inhaled fluticasone. The ORs were significantly increased when patients who also received oral glucocorticoids were included and greater still in those under 45 years: 14.03 (10.6, 18.6). The results remained significant when the effects of comorbidity were adjusted for. The odds of receiving bisphosphonate therapy increased linearly with increasing exposure to inhaled glucocorticoids during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids in general practice is associated with an increased risk of co-prescribing for antiosteoporotic therapy in a potency- and a dose-related manner. Exposure to a course of oral glucocorticoids doubles this risk. These results suggest that the systemic effects on bone mineral density from using inhaled glucocorticoids may be clinically relevant but may also reflect prescribers' concerns for the development of osteoporosis in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. David.J.Williams@arh.grampian.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feely
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D005938:Glucocorticoids