title: Long-term features of norovirus gastroenteritis in the elderly.
abstract: Noroviruses are important pathogens in both sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses can affect individuals of all ages in a variety of settings, but are a particularly important cause of gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities. The relationship between clinical symptoms and norovirus excretion and the possible role of asymptomatic carriage of norovirus in the elderly are poorly understood. This study examined symptoms and norovirus excretion in elderly individuals associated with a norovirus outbreak in an aged-care facility. Ten individuals aged 79-94 years were recruited for the study. Nine were symptomatic and one was an asymptomatic contact who subsequently developed gastroenteritis. The 10 participants were interviewed regarding their clinical symptoms between two and six times over a three-week study period. One or more sequential faecal samples were collected from all participants over the same period and tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the presence of norovirus. Norovirus was detected in faecal samples from all 10 study participants and was commonly detected in formed stools. In the nine symptomatic participants, acute symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting had largely resolved by the third or fourth day of illness, but non-specific symptoms such as headache, thirst and vertigo could persist for as long as 19 days. Both acute and non-specific symptoms appeared to resolve and recur in some participants. The median excretion time for norovirus was 8.6 days (range 2-15 days) in symptomatic participants (N=5). There was no general relationship between the duration of norovirus excretion and the duration of either acute or non-specific symptoms. A faecal sample collected from the asymptomatic contact the day before gastroenteritis symptoms began was positive for norovirus, demonstrating prodromal excretion of norovirus. The results of this study indicate that infection control guidelines should consider both long-term excretion and prodromal excretion of norovirus, and the possibility that formed stools can contain norovirus. Furthermore, the care of elderly individuals recovering from a norovirus infection should take long-term non-specific clinical symptoms into account.
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Goller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D017735:Virus Latency; D017201:Virus Shedding