title: Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience.
abstract: The promotion of crude shark cartilage extracts as a cure for cancer has contributed to at least two significant negative outcomes: a dramatic decline in shark populations and a diversion of patients from effective cancer treatments. An alleged lack of cancer in sharks constitutes a key justification for its use. Herein, both malignant and benign neoplasms of sharks and their relatives are described, including previously unreported cases from the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, and two sharks with two cancers each. Additional justifications for using shark cartilage are illogical extensions of the finding of antiangiogenic and anti-invasive substances in cartilage. Scientific evidence to date supports neither the efficacy of crude cartilage extracts nor the ability of effective components to reach and eradicate cancer cells. The fact that people think shark cartilage consumption can cure cancer illustrates the serious potential impacts of pseudoscience. Although components of shark cartilage may work as a cancer retardant, crude extracts are ineffective. Efficiencies of technology (e.g., fish harvesting), the power of mass media to reach the lay public, and the susceptibility of the public to pseudoscience amplifies the negative impacts of shark cartilage use. To facilitate the use of reason as the basis of public and private decision-making, the evidence-based mechanisms of evaluation used daily by the scientific community should be added to the training of media and governmental professionals. Increased use of logical, collaborative discussion will be necessary to ensure a sustainable future for man and the biosphere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. gofish@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Ostrander
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012754:Sharks; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014020:Tissue Extracts