title: The induction of prostaglandin E synthase and upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by 9-cis retinoic acid.
abstract: 9-cis Retinoic acid (9cRA) is a promising lead compound to design the retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands with the ability to simultaneously activate RXR heterodimers with the selectivity to their nuclear receptor partners. In this study, we investigated the effects of 9cRA on the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production. 9cRA increased the PGE2 and TXA2 productions in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All-trans retinoic acid, the retinoic acid receptor ligand, also increased their production. We revealed that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 was clearly induced by 9cRA in the presence of LPS. The induction was not suppressed by indomethacin, which completely inhibited the increase in the LPS-stimulated prostanoid production by 9cRA. The expression levels of the toll-like receptor 4 and CD14, which were components of the LPS receptor complex, were increased by 9cRA in the presence and absence of LPS. PGE synthase was also clearly increased by 9cRA in the presence and absence of LPS. In this study, we noted that 9cRA increased the production of PGE2 and TXA2 by the induction of COX-2 and PGE synthase in the presence of LPS. The induction of the LPS receptor complex by 9cRA is able to upregulate the induction of COX-2 by LPS.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hishinuma
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tayama
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narahara
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomioka
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020298:U937 Cells; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate