title: Anxiety and depression in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the first study that investigates the prevalence and actual treatment of anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). The prevalence of mental disorders in patients with PH was compared with parallel groups of primary care patients and patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, and the relationship between functional status and prevalence of mental disorders was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient group with PH (70.1% female; mean age, 47.8 +/- 12.7 years) and the two comparison groups, which were matched by age and sex, consisted of 164 patients each. Patients completed self-administered instruments, including the Patient Health Questionnaire for the diagnosis of mental disorders. New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was assessed in all patients with PH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five percent of the patients with PH suffered from mental disorders, with the most common being major depressive disorder (15.9%) and panic disorder (10.4%). Both panic disorder and panic attacks were significantly more prevalent in patients with PH than in either patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases or primary care patients. The prevalence of mental disorders in patients with PH increased significantly with functional impairment, from 17.7% (NYHA class I) to 61.9% (NYHA class IV). Only 24.1% of the patients with PH with mental disorders were receiving psychopharmacological or psychotherapeutic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety and depression are frequent in patients with PH and increase as the severity of disease progresses. Given the fact that safe and efficacious treatments of mental disorders are available, greater importance should be attached to the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions in patients with PH.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Medical Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bernd.loewe@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Löwe
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gräfe
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ufer
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grünig
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Mathias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Borst
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs