title: Effects of gender difference and birth order on perceived parenting styles, measured by the EMBU scale, in Japanese two-sibling subjects.
abstract: The relationship between Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppforstran (EMBU) scaling and gender, birth order and parents' gender was previously investigated in a large volunteer sample; significant interactions among the variables were found. In the present study, 730 Japanese volunteers with one sibling were used as subjects in order to control the number of siblings: the effect of gender of subjects and siblings and birth order on the perceived parenting style was examined. Based on gender and birth orders, 730 subjects were grouped into the following categories: (i) male with a younger brother; (ii) male with a younger sister; (iii) male with an older brother; (iv) male with an older sister; (v) female with a younger brother; (vi) female with a younger sister; (vii) female with an older brother; and (viii) female with an older sister. One-way ANOVA was performed with each EMBU subscale used as a dependent variable and these eight groups as independent variables. The scores for rejection and emotional warmth of father were influenced significantly by the pattern of siblings (P<0.006 and P<0.0012, respectively), and scores for emotional warmth of mother were influenced significantly by the pattern of siblings (P<0.0012). The elder male children strongly experienced parenting style as more rejecting than others, and female children (elder sisters with brother, or younger sisters with sister) recognized parenting style as more caring and demonstrated more warmth than others. The results confirmed a significant interaction of gender of subjects and siblings and birth order of perceived parental rearing behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001722:Birth Order; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D012737:Sex Factors; D012924:Social Conditions