title: Chlorella dichloromethane extract ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NF kappa B activity mediated by suppressed oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that chlorella extracts have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line was preincubated with various concentrations (0-100 mug/ml) of chlorella dichloromethane extract (CDE) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce oxidative stress and inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatments of CDE reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) accumulation, enhancing glutathione level and activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and glutathione reductase in LPS-stimulated macrophages than LPS-only treated cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) with an IC(50) of 30.5 microg/ml. Treatment of CDE at 50 microg/ml suppressed NO production to 6% of LPS-control. Treatment with CDE suppressed the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA expressions. The specific DNA binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) on nuclear extracts from CDE treatments were significantly suppressed with an IC(50) of 62.7 mug/ml in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDE ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NF kappa B activity, which may be mediated by attenuated oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Life Science, Biohealth Product Research Center and Food Science Institute, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hye-Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jong-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Jeong-Rye
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jeong-Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Mi-Ok
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002708:Chlorella / Q000737:chemistry*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012997:Solvents; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012997:Solvents; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C020667:glutathione oxidase