title: Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions with immunofluorescence technique for multiplex screening-an evaluation of the Chemicon assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antigen detection with immunofluorescence is an efficient method for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections, but has previously not allowed for simple screening of many respiratory viruses. Pools of monoclonal antibodies against various respiratory viruses are now available, and are potentially important tools for improvement of antigen detection in nasopharyngeal samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the commercially available Chemicon immunofluorescence assay (IFA; respiratory viruses panel and identification kit), an indirect IFA containing a pool of monoclonal antibodies for screening for influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and adenovirus, and the respective individual antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six frozen preparations from nasopharyngeal secretions or bronchoalveolar lavages were retrospectively examined with the assay, and the results compared with other IFAs for antigen detection and cell culture isolation obtained in the everyday routine. Nasopharyngeal preparations from 300 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Beijing Children's Hospital during the 1994-1995 winter season were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of the Chemicon assay compared to the combined results of routine IFA and isolation was 89% and specificity 92%. If five identifications of RSV made with the Chemicon assay alone were regarded to be truly positive, the specificity was 100%. A viral etiology was identified in 105/280 (38%) evaluable samples drawn from the Chinese children (influenza A 20%, RSV 14%, adenovirus 3% and parainfluenza 1, 2 or 3, 7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One problem with the Chemicon assay was that for around 4-13% of samples there was a non-specific staining in the screening assay, necessitating stainings for verification. Despite this, the assay is an excellent tool for identification of viral respiratory tract infections, giving an increased sensitivity compared to direct immunofluorescence assays.
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, 56 Nan Lishi Rd, Beijing 100045, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhaori
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zweygberg-Wirgart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grandien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wahren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linde