title: Effectiveness of hospital staff mass-casualty incident training methods: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, mass-casualty incident (MCI) preparedness and training has received increasing attention at the hospital level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the existing evidence on the effectiveness of disaster drills, technology-based interventions and tabletop exercises in training hospital staff to respond to an MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic, evidence-based process was conducted incorporating expert panel input and a literature review with the key terms: "mass casualty", "disaster", "disaster planning", and "drill". Paired investigators reviewed citation abstracts to identify articles that included evaluation of disaster training for hospital staff. Data were abstracted from the studies (e.g., MCI type, training intervention, staff targeted, objectives, evaluation methods, and results). Study quality was reviewed using standardized criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 243 potentially relevant citations, 21 met the defined criteria. Studies varied in terms of targeted staff, learning objectives, outcomes, and evaluation methods. Most were characterized by significant limitations in design and evaluation methods. Seventeen addressed the effectiveness of disaster drills in training hospital staff in responding to an MCI, four addressed technology-based interventions, and none addressed tabletop exercises. The existing evidence suggests that hospital disaster drills are effective in allowing hospital employees to become familiar with disaster procedures, identify problems in different components of response (e.g., incident command, communications, triage, patient flow, materials and resources, and security) and provide the opportunity to apply lessons learned to disaster response. The strength of evidence on other training methods is insufficient to draw valid recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence on the effectiveness of MCI training for hospital staff is limited. A number of studies suggest that disaster drills can be effective in training hospital staff. However, more attention should be directed to evaluating the effectiveness of disaster training activities in a scientifically rigorous manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ehsu@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Edbert B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Mollie W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jenckes
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Catlett
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Gary B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bass
mesh_terms: D004189:Disaster Planning; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000193:education*; D015397:Program Evaluation