title: Discomfort and factual recollection in intensive care unit patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), although potentially life-saving, may cause considerable discomfort to patients. However, retrospective assessment of discomfort is difficult because recollection of stressful events may be impaired by sedation and severe illness during the ICU stay. This study addresses the following questions. What is the incidence of discomfort reported by patients recently discharged from an ICU? What were the sources of discomfort reported? What was the degree of factual recollection during patients' stay in the ICU? Finally, was discomfort reported more often in patients with good factual recollection?
  
  
  METHODS
  All ICU patients older than 18 years who had needed prolonged (>24 hour) admission with tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were consecutively included. Within three days after discharge from the ICU, a structured, in-person interview was conducted with each individual patient. All patients were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions specifically concerning the environment of the ICU they had stayed in. Furthermore, they were asked whether they remembered any discomfort during their stay; if they did then they were asked to specify which sources of discomfort they could recall. A reference group of surgical ward patients, matched by sex and age to the ICU group, was studied to validate the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 125 patients discharged from the ICU were included in this study. Data for 123 ICU patients and 48 surgical ward patients were analyzed. The prevalence of recollection of any type of discomfort in the ICU patients was 54% (n = 66). These 66 patients were asked to identify the sources of discomfort, and presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were identified as such sources. The median (min-max) score for factual recollection in the ICU patients was 15 (0-28). The median (min-max) score for factual recollection in the reference group was 25 (19-28). Analysis revealed that discomfort was positively related to factual recollection (odds ratio 1.1; P < 0.001), especially discomfort caused by the presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Hallucinations were reported more often with increasing age. Pain as a source of discomfort was predominantly reported by younger patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among postdischarge ICU patients, 54% recalled discomfort. However, memory was often impaired: the median factual recollection score of ICU patients was significantly lower than that of matched control patients. The presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were most frequently reported as sources of discomfort. Patients with a higher factual recollection score were at greater risk for remembering the stressful presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Younger patients were more likely to report pain as a source of discomfort.
authors.affiliation: Center for Rehabilitation, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.p.van.de.leur@rev.azg.nl
authors.forename: Johannes P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van de Leur
authors.forename: Cees P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van der Schans
authors.forename: Bert G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loef
authors.forename: Betto G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Deelman
authors.forename: Jan H B
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Geertzen
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zwaveling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011997:Recovery Room; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid