title: Effect of application variables on emissions and distribution of fumigants applied via subsurface drip irrigation.
abstract: Soil fumigation is useful for controlling soil-borne pests and diseases in high-cash-value crops. Fumigants are highly volatile, and approaches to reduce atmospheric emissions are required to protect human and environmental health. Application of fumigants through drip irrigation has been proposed as a means to decrease fumigant emissions, improve fumigant distribution in soil, and minimize worker exposure. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the configuration of the drip system on the volatilization and distribution of the fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), propargyl bromide (PrBr), and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in bedded systems. Results indicated that changing the drip emitter spacing and using multiple drip lines in each bed had little effect on the emissions and distribution of any fumigant. Increasing the depth of application from 15 to 30 cm reduced volatilization of MITC by approximately 20 to >90%; emissions were reduced due to a decrease in the flux from the bed top, and deeper injection did not change the amount of fumigant volatilized from the bed side slope and furrow. Increasing the application depth resulted in a slight decrease in the rate of fumigant dissipation in soil, indicating the potential for some improvement in pest-control efficacy with deeper application.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, George E Brown Jr Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California 92507, USA. papiernik@morris.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Papiernik
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dungan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004782:Environmental Health; D005651:Fumigation; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000032:analysis; D010293:Pargyline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; D010293:Pargyline; C458239:propargyl bromide; C005227:methyl isothiocyanate