title: Loss of cooperative function of transforming growth factor-beta signaling proteins, smad3 with embryonic liver fodrin, a beta-spectrin, in primary biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: Modulation of fibrogenesis, epithelial, and mesenchymal cell fates are prominent effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by Smad proteins. We have previously shown that Smad2 and Smad3 insufficiency leads to a loss of bile ducts. In addition, Smad3/4 activity is mediated by embryonic liver fodrin (ELF), a beta-Spectrin. In mouse elf(-/-) mutants and in liver explant cultures, loss of ELF function results in T lymphocytic proliferation and absent intrahepatic bile ducts. A similar phenotype is seen in a number of cholestatic diseases with progressive loss of intrahepatic bile ducts and fibrosis. However, the expression patterns of Smads or role of ELF in cholestatic and fibrotic liver diseases are not yet known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the role of ELF in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis C, chronic viral hepatitis and in livers from mice deficient in Smad2/Smad3. We generated elf(+/-) mutant mice and analyzed for chronic liver disease and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) from 6 to 12 months. Perturbations in ELF expression were consistently seen only in PBC tissues. ELF expression was similarly aberrant in tissues from Smad2(+/-)/Smad3(+/-) mutant mice. Further studies indicated that ELF mislocalization is correlated with aberrant localization of Smad3 in some PBC tissues. Thirteen of 17 elf(+/-) mutant mice developed steatosis, fibrosis, hepatic dysplasia, with HCC in two mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a compromised cytoarchitecture and polarized trafficking of TGF-beta signaling molecules, ELF and Smad3 are involved in the pathogenesis of PBC as well as HCC.
authors.affiliation: GI/Developmental Biology, Medicine, Surgical Sciences, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University & DVAMC, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Bibhuti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Varalakshmi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katuri
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.forename: Anan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jogunoori
authors.forename: Lopa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036383:Ephrin-A2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D013049:Spectrin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D036383:Ephrin-A2; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D013049:Spectrin; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse