title: Sp3 proteins negatively regulate beta myosin heavy chain gene expression during skeletal muscle inactivity.
abstract: In adult skeletal muscle, beta myosin heavy chain (betaMyHC) gene expression is primarily restricted to slow type I fibers; however, its expression is down-regulated in response to muscle inactivity. Little is known about the signaling pathways and transcription factors that mediate this important functional response. This study demonstrates that increased binding of Sp3 to GC-rich elements in the betaMyHC promoter is a critical event in down-regulation of betaMyHC gene expression under non-weight-bearing conditions. Conversely, binding of Sp3 to these elements decreased while Sp1 binding increased with nuclear extracts from plantaris muscle exposed to mechanical overload, a stimulus that increases betaMyHC gene expression. In addition, these experiments revealed the existence of an Sp4-DNA binding complex when using adult skeletal muscle nuclear extract was used but not when nuclear extracts from cultured myotubes were used. Sp3 proteins are competitive inhibitors of Sp1-mediated betaMyHC reporter gene transactivation in both Drosophila SL-2 and mouse C2C12 myotubes. Sp4 is a weak activator of betaMyHC gene expression in SL-2 cells, which lack endogenous Sp1 activity, but does not activate betaMyHC gene expression in C2C12 myotubes, which have high levels of Sp1. These results suggest that competitive binding of Sp family proteins regulate betaMyHC gene transcription in response to altered neuromuscular activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Biochemistry E102 Vet Med Bldg., 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. tsikar@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsika
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsika
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D020862:GC Rich Sequence; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C497122:Sp3 protein, mouse; C497123:Sp3 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D008156:Luciferases; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains