title: Clinical features and molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus outbreak in a child care center in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a result of declining hepatitis A endemicity in Thailand, an increasing number of children and adolescents have become susceptible to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed at both investigating the clinical features and determining molecular characterization of HAV during an outbreak, which occurred in a childcare center located in a suburban area of Bangkok between November 2002 and February 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples obtained from all children in the center were tested for anti-HAV IgG and anti-HAV IgM. Testing for HAV-RNA was performed in sera, saliva and stool samples by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers located at the VP1-2A region. To further characterize the HAV genotype serum derived HAV-RNA-positive PCR products were sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-HAV IgG and anti-HAV IgM were detected in 74 and 70 of 112 children in the center, respectively. Among those positive for anti-HAV IgM, 65 cases were asymptomatic, while five children had acute clinical hepatitis. The ratio between symptomatic and asymptomatic children was 1:13. Among the asymptomatic cases, 31 (47.7%) displayed biochemical hepatitis with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. All the isolates from this outbreak were found to be of subgenotype IA, which showed a high level of sequence homology with previous Thai isolates. HAV-RNA could not be detected in saliva, but was found in stool for at least 3 weeks after initial diagnosis of clinical or biochemical hepatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the infection's characteristically asymptomatic spread, hepatitis A poses an increased risk to childcare centers. The presence of a single sub-genotype indicates that this HAV strain has been predominantly circulating in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Viral Hepatitis Research Unit, Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. yong.p@chula.ac.th
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poovorawan
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theamboonlers
authors.forename: Voranush
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chongsrisawat
authors.forename: Pojchanad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jantaradsamee
authors.forename: Soontaree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chutsirimongkol
authors.forename: Pisit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tangkijvanich
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012367:RNA, Viral