title: Retrograde plastid redox signals in the expression of nuclear genes for chloroplast proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Excitation imbalances between photosystem I and II generate redox signals in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants which induce acclimatory changes in the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus. They affect the accumulation of reaction center and light-harvesting proteins as well as chlorophylls a and b. In Arabidopsis thaliana the re-adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry is mainly mediated by changes in the number of photosystem I complexes, which are accompanied by corresponding changes in transcripts for plastid reaction center genes. Because chloroplast protein complexes contain also many nuclear encoded components we analyzed the impact of such photosynthetic redox signals on nuclear genes. Light shift experiments combined with application of the electron transport inhibitor 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1'-dimethyl urea have been performed to induce defined redox signals in the thylakoid membrane. Using DNA macroarrays we assessed the impact of such redox signals on the expression of nuclear genes for chloroplast proteins. In addition, studies on mutants with lesions in cytosolic photoreceptors or in chloroplast-to-nucleus communication indicate that the defective components in the mutants are not essential for the perception and/or transduction of light-induced redox signals. A stable redox state of glutathione suggest that neither glutathione itself nor reactive oxygen species are involved in the observed regulation events pointing to the thylakoid membrane as the main origin of the regulatory pathways. Our data indicate a distinct role of photosynthetic redox signals in the cellular network regulating plant gene expression. These redox signals appear to act independently and/or above of cytosolic photoreceptor or known chloroplast-to-nucleus communication avenues.
authors.affiliation: Department for Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Vidal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: Raik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Braütigam
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hell
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietzmann
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leister
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oelmüller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfannschmidt
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000528:radiation effects; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D008027:Light; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000528:radiation effects; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D010940:Plant Proteins; C422369:photosystem II, psbA subunit; D002734:Chlorophyll