title: Sex differences in the relative lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals in gorillas and chimpanzees.
abstract: Sex differences other than the simple dimorphism in size were documented for the metapodials of two primate species. Lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals were obtained from the skeletons of 64 gorillas and 42 chimpanzees. Length ratios were constructed for all possible pairings of the five bones in each individual hand and foot. For both species, several of these length ratios exhibited substantial differences between the sexes. Body size was not the basis for these sex differences; when specimens of similar size were compared, the sex differences remained. In humans, length ratios for the fingers and toes also have previously been demonstrated to exhibit sex differences, and the length ratio for the index and ring fingers (the 2D:4D ratio) has been shown to correlate with various medical conditions. Various facts suggest that length ratios in human digits are associated with androgen exposure, probably during prenatal development. For gorillas, the metacarpal length ratio showing the largest sex difference was 4Mc:5Mc in both hands, and the metatarsal length ratio showing the largest sex difference was 1Mt:2Mt in the left foot. Sex differences in length ratios also existed for chimpanzees, but they were generally smaller than for gorillas. Apparently, both gorillas and chimpanzees are affected by developmental mechanisms, possibly androgenic mechanisms, similar to those in humans. Analyses of previous measurements [Susman, R.L., 1979 Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50, 215-236] revealed that all components of the rays are not affected equally by whatever mechanisms are responsible for the sex differences in length ratios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712-0187, USA. mcfadden@psy.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bracht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008663:Metacarpus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009929:Organ Size; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics