title: Short-term efficacy of methylphenidate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among survivors of childhood cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children surviving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and malignant brain tumors (BTs) have a higher incidence of attention and learning problems in school than do their healthy peers. The present study tests the hypothesis that the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) improves cognitive and social functioning among these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on 83 long-term survivors of ALL and BT identified as having attentional deficits on behavioral testing and parent or teacher report, and problems with academic achievement. The 47 male and 36 female patients ranged from 0.6 to 14.3 years (median, 5.4 years) of age at diagnosis and 6.7 to 17.9 years (median, 11.9 years) of age at participation. The patients (40 ALL, 43 BT) participated in a randomized, double-blind, 3-week home cross-over trial of placebo (bid), low-dose MPH (0.3 mg/kg; maximum dose, 10 mg bid), and moderate-dose MPH (0.6 mg/kg; maximum dose, 20 mg bid). The primary end points were weekly teacher and parent reports on the Conners' Rating Scales and Social Skills Rating System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to placebo, significant improvement with MPH was reported by teachers and parents on the Conners' Rating Scales and by teachers on the Social Skills Rating System. However, no consistent advantage of moderate dose over low dose was observed. Of those participating, 66 (79.5%) of the 83 patients continued on best clinical management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with MPH can at least temporarily reduce some attentional and social deficits among survivors of childhood ALL and BT. Long-term follow-up will reveal those subsets of patients who are more likely to benefit from MPH.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA. raymond.mulhern@stjude.org
authors.forename: Raymond K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mulhern
authors.forename: Raja B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helton
authors.forename: Robbin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Sengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sridharan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gururangan
authors.forename: Wilburn E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Reddick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017741:Survivors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate