title: Botulinum toxin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available literature on the application of botulinum toxin in the urinary tract, with particular reference to its use in treating detrusor overactivity (DO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Botulinum toxin, overactive bladder (OAB), detrusor instability, DO, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), and lower urinary tract dysfunction were used on Medline Services as a source of articles for the review process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DO poses a significant burden on patients and their quality of life. Traditionally patients have been treated with anti-cholinergic drugs if symptomatic, however, a significant number find this treatment either ineffective or intolerable due to side effects. Recent developments in this field have instigated new treatment options, including botulinum toxin, for patients' refractory to first line medication. Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous substances known to man, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin injections into the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor sphincter dyssynergia has been successfully used for some years but recently its use has expanded to include voiding dysfunction. Intradetrusal injections of botulinum toxin into patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms of the overactive bladder have resulted in significant increases in mean maximum cystometric capacity and detrusor compliance with a reduction in mean maximum detrusor pressures. Subjective and objective assessments in these patients has shown significant improvements that last for 9-12 months. Repeated injections have had the same sustained benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of botulinum toxin in the lower urinary tract has produced promising results in treating lower urinary tract dysfunction, which needs further evaluation with randomised, placebo-controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins