title: Growth factors and treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the most recent findings of the effects of growth factors on the intervertebral disc and, further, to discuss trends in the biologic repair of the degenerated intervertebral disc.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Since early in 1990, advancements in molecular biology and cell culture technology have enabled researchers to accumulate knowledge about the in vitro actions of growth factors on intervertebral disc cells. More recently, the use of growth factors for the biologic regeneration of the intervertebral disc is of increasing interest to the orthopedic field, and indeed, some preliminary in vivo studies have proven their efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a literature search conducted using available databases, such as the National Library of Medicine, as well as data presented at scientific conferences held in the past 2 years, primarily in the United States, the current status of biologic therapy for disc degeneration using growth factors was summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing evidence to support the feasibility of biologically regenerating intervertebral disc tissues, the clinical application of growth factors has become more plausible. The effects of growth factors on the metabolism of intervertebral disc cells or tissues have been extensively studied using in vitro approaches. More recently, the efficacy of an injection of growth factor protein to reverse disc regeneration has been shown in vivo using a small animal disc degeneration model. The confirmation of those effects and a detailed dose-response study, as well as a long-term safety study, in a large animal model is highly anticipated. Hopefully, the expansion of the clinical use of improved imaging techniques for the early detection of disc degeneration and promising results about the effects of growth factors on intervertebral disc regeneration will benefit the human population in the near future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from these in vitro and in vivo studies reviewed here clearly suggest the potential usefulness of growth factor injections as a new approach to restore intervertebral disc degeneration at an early stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oegema
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances