title: Short-term benefit of smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: estimates based on self-reported smoking data and serum cotinine measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the short-term impact of smoking and smoking cessation measured by self-report and by serum cotinine on the risk of secondary cardiovascular disease events (CVD events).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohort study among participants of an in-patient 3-week rehabilitation programme following an acute coronary syndrome or coronary artery revascularization. Smoking status at baseline was assessed by self-report (beginning of the rehabilitation programme, rehab) and serum cotinine (end of rehab). Active follow-up was conducted one year later. Subsequent CVD events were observed in 139 of the 967 patients. Both self-reported smoking status (odds ratio (OR) compared to continued smokers: recent quitters 0.96, former smokers 0.83, never smokers 0.54, p for trend 0.04) and serum cotinine (OR 0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.97) for cotinine-negative compared to cotinine-positive subjects) were associated with the occurrence of a secondary CVD event. After reclassification of all cotinine-positive subjects to continued smokers and cotinine-negative self-reported smokers to recent quitters, this association became even stronger. The OR now reached 0.71 (95% CI interval 0.38-1.33) for recent quitters, 0.64 (0.36-1.11) for former smokers and 0.44 (0.24-0.81) for never smokers (p-value for trend=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of non-smoking and smoking cessation in cardiac patients are beyond controversy and might even be larger than suggested by previous studies which exclusively relied on self-reported smoking status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. twardella@dzfa.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Twardella
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Küpper-Nybelen
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenbacher
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hahmann
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wüsten
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003625:Data Collection; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine