title: The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia in Saudi children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical, ophthalmological, endocrinological and radiological features of 10 Saudi children with the syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia and hypothalamic hypopituitarism.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent complete ophthalmological and endocrinological evaluation at the Pediatric Endocrine Clinics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center and King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from October 1999 through to May 2004. The hormonal evaluation included growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropin and anti diuretic hormone testing, and the neuroradiological assessment included brain magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomogram scanning, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current age of patients ranged from 18- months to 5-years. The mean age of initial presentation for endocrine evaluation was 14-months. Hormonal studies indicated that all children had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (2 or more of the pituitary hormones were deficient). Ten children had growth hormone deficiency, 8 had thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency, 8 had adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency, 2 children were suspected to have gonadotropin deficiency and central diabetes insipidus was present in one patient. Pendular nystagmus and impaired vision were common initial signs. All children had bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Neuroradiologic findings were variable. Eight children had absent septum pellucidum, 3 had pituitary gland hypoplasia, 2 had pituitary stalk dysplasia (pituitary stalk was either attenuated or not visualized), 2 had absent corpus callosum and one had absent posterior pituitary high intensity signal. All patients were replaced with appropriate hormonal replacement therapy. Two male children had micropenis which responded to testosterone therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia is commonly associated with hypothalamic hypopituitarism including anterior and posterior pituitary hormonal deficiencies. Early diagnosis of this syndrome is critical as the hormonal deficiencies can be life threatening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MBC 58, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. benabbas@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: Bassam S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bin-Abbas
authors.forename: Abdullah A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Ashwal
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Al-Alwan
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Qahtani
authors.forename: Angham N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Al-Mutair
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sakati
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000097:blood; D025962:Septo-Optic Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012688:Septum Pellucidum / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D010907:Pituitary Hormones