title: Age-specific prevalence, transmission and phylogeny of TT virus in the Czech Republic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TT virus is prevalent worldwide, but its prevalence and genotype distribution in Central and East-Europe has not been determined. The high prevalence of TTV in multiply-transfused patients points to the importance of a parenteral mode of transmission, but since more than half of the general population is infected other possible routes of transmission must be considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, we investigated the epidemiology, transmission and phylogeny of TTV in the Czech Republic. The following groups were selected: a control group of 196 blood donors, 20 patients with hemophilia, 49 intravenous drug users, 100 sex workers, 50 penitentiary prisoners, 208 healthy children aged 1 to 14 years, 54 cord blood samples, 52 patients with non-A-E hepatitis, 74 patients with hepatitis C, and 51 blood donors with increased ALT levels. Primers specific for the non-coding region were used. The genotype distribution was studied in 70 TTV-positive samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of TTV among the Czech population was 52.6%. We have shown that TTV is not transmitted prenatally. Children were infected after birth with two peaks: one at the age of two years and the other after the beginning of primary school. Adults have shown a further increase in the TTV prevalence with age. The highest TTV prevalence was found in the group of patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. The TTV prevalence rate in subjects at an increased risk of sexual transmission was not significantly higher than in the general population. Genotypes G2 and G1 were most prevalent among the Czech population, followed by G8 and G3. The subjects positive for markers of HBV and/or HCV infection tested significantly more often TTV DNA positive, which is suggestive of a common route of transmission of these three infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study on TTV prevalence, mode of transmission and age-specific prevalence is the most extensive study performed in Central and Eastern Europe. It showed insights into the epidemiology of TTV infection, but failed to associate TTV infection with clinical manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic. martina.salakova@uhkt.cz
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saláková
authors.forename: Vratislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nemecek
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tachezy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral