title: Ultrastructural changes of pneumocytes of rat exposed to Arabian incense (Bakhour).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impacts of air pollution on the human health have been recognized over the last decades. Smokes, in particular, have deleterious effects on the respiratory system. According to a local tradition, incense "Bakhour" is burnt and the resultant heavy smokes are inhaled. The objective of the present study is to investigate the ultrastructural pulmonary changes which can be induced by Arabian incense, Bakhour, exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from September through to December 2003, at the Animal House, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Two groups of Wister albino rats, Rattus norvegicus, were used. One group (n=16) was exposed to 420 grams of Bakhour for 14-weeks at the rate of 4 grams/day in the exposure chamber. Additional group of rats, of equal number, was used as non-exposed control. At the end of the exposure period, lung tissues were removed from all experimental animals and processed for electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alveolar pneumocytes of exposed animals revealed significant ultrastructural changes which involved the cell organelles and surfactant material of type II cells. Hyperplasia of alveolar cells was a feature in the affected lung tissue. Neutrophils were recognized infiltrating pulmonary alveoli and accompanied with degenerative and necrotic changes of the alveolar cells. Deposition of collagen fibrils in the alveolar walls was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Basing upon the results of electron microscopy, it was concluded that exposure to Bakhour can induce ultrastructural pulmonary changes which may imply compromised respiratory efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. alarifi66@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Saud A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alarifi
authors.forename: Mohammed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mubarak
authors.forename: Majed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alokail
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D029743:Boswellia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D012906:Smoke