title: In vitro activity of bergamot natural essence and furocoumarin-free and distilled extracts, and their associations with boric acid, against clinical yeast isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is very little information, to date, on the antifungal activity of bergamot oil. In this study, we investigated the in vitro activity of three bergamot oils (natural essence, furocoumarin-free extract and distilled extract) against clinically relevant Candida species. We studied the two derivatives, components of Italian pharmaceutical products, that are supposed to be less toxic than the essential oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro susceptibility of 40 clinical isolates of Candida spp. (Candida albicans, n=20; Candida glabrata, n=13; Candida krusei, n=4; Candida tropicalis, n=2; Candida parapsilosis, n=1), associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis, was determined using a modification of the NCCLS M27-A2 broth microdilution method. MICs were evaluated for each of the oils alone and combined with sub-inhibitory concentrations of the well-known antiseptic, boric acid. To boric acid, all isolates had MIC values ranging from 0.094% to 0.187% (w/v).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 h readings, the MIC(90 )s (for all isolates) were (v/v): 5% for natural essence of bergamot, 2.5% for the furocoumarin-free extract, and 1.25% for the distilled extract. At the 48 h reading, these values increased to >10%, 5% and 2.5%, respectively. At both readings, MIC(90 )s for all oil+boric acid combinations were significantly lower than corresponding values for the oils alone (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that bergamot oils are active in vitro against Candida spp., suggesting their potential role for the topical treatment of Candida infections.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plotti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fadda
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001888:Boric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000382:microbiology*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000737:chemistry; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001888:Boric Acids; D003374:Coumarins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; C068336:bergamot oil; C030123:coumarin; C032688:boric acid