title: Impact of a formulary switch from ticarcillin-clavulanate to piperacillin-tazobactam on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is increasing, despite infection control measures. Limited data link ticarcillin-clavulanate to higher VRE prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active surveillance for VRE was conducted before and after a formulary switch from ticarcillin-clavulanate to piperacillin-tazobactam. Rectal swabs were obtained serially in 863 adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) between November 1, 2000 and September 30, 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the postswitch period, 38 of 497 (7.6%) patients acquired VRE versus 42 of 366 (11.5%) patients in the preswitch period. Survival analysis showed an overall hazard ratio (HR) of .68 postswitch versus preswitch ( P = .07), with the greatest change in the surgical ICU (HR = .17, P = .006). Multivariate analysis showed an overall HR = .51 ( P = .004). Hospital-wide, nonstool VRE clinical cultures fell from 39 (.58/1000 patient days) in the 10-month preswitch period to 27 (.33/1000 patient days) in the 12-month postswitch period. Infection control practices and use of other antibiotics remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VRE acquisition appeared to decrease in association with a formulary change from ticarcillin-clavulanate to piperacillin-tazobactam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-San Francisco and SF General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. lisaw@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: Edwin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Charlebois
authors.forename: Szekim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perdreau-Remington
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000517:prevention & control; D002969:Clavulanic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005572:Formularies, Hospital as Topic; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010397:Penicillanic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013982:Ticarcillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002969:Clavulanic Acids; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; C043215:ticarcillin-clavulanic acid; D010397:Penicillanic Acid; D013982:Ticarcillin; D010878:Piperacillin