title: The Janus kinases (Jaks).
abstract: The Janus kinase (Jak) family is one of ten recognized families of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Mammals have four members of this family, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3 and Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). Birds, fish and insects also have Jaks. Each protein has a kinase domain and a catalytically inactive pseudo-kinase domain, and they each bind cytokine receptors through amino-terminal FERM (Band-4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domains. Upon binding of cytokines to their receptors, Jaks are activated and phosphorylate the receptors, creating docking sites for signaling molecules, especially members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) family. Mutations of the Drosophila Jak (Hopscotch) have revealed developmental defects, and constitutive activation of Jaks in flies and humans is associated with leukemia-like syndromes. Through the generation of Jak-deficient cell lines and gene-targeted mice, the essential, nonredundant functions of Jaks in cytokine signaling have been established. Importantly, deficiency of Jak3 is the basis of human autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); accordingly, a selective Jak3 inhibitor has been developed, forming a new class of immunosuppressive drugs.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
authors.forename: Pipsa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saharinen
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pesu
authors.forename: Vance E T
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Silvennoinen
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Shea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006801:Humans; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases