title: Development of miniaturized competitive immunoassays on a protein chip as a screening tool for drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doping in sports has become a serious problem. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) serves as an effective reference method, but it is limited by low throughput and is therefore not suitable for large-scale screening. Use of protein chips for high-throughput screening of all athletes for prohibited substances could become an important complementary tool to GC-MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a protein chip based on an aldehyde-activated glass slide containing 10 physically isolated arrays. The chip was used to screen urine from 1347 athletes for prohibited substances and to screen a negative control group consisting of 200 females and 120 males. Urine samples from 66 individuals known to be abusers, provided by the China Doping Control Center (CDCC), and 129 standard prohibited substances were tested as positive controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 1347 urine samples screened by means of the protein chips were also subjected to reference analysis by GC-MS at the CDCC. There was no qualitative difference between the results obtained with the two methods. The correlation coefficient (r(2)) for the quantitative results obtained with the protein chip and GC-MS was 0.991.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protein chip could be used to screen for a series of 16 prohibited drugs in urine samples. This system has the potential to become an effective screening method to test substances prohibited by the International Olympic Committee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongwu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Moutian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Qingyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mangen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D004300:Doping in Sports; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000652:urine; D008904:Miniaturization; D009020:Morphine / Q000652:urine; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine; D009020:Morphine