title: Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deficits in timing and sequencing behaviour in children with dyslexia and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have already been identified. However many studies have not controlled for comorbidity between dyslexia and ADHD. This study investigated timing performance of children with either dyslexia or ADHD, or ADHD + dyslexia or unaffected children using a finger tapping paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of children (ADHD x Dyslexia) with a total of 68 children were compared using a four factorial design with two between-subject factors (ADHD (yes/no), dyslexia (yes/no)) and two within-subject factors, inter-stimulus interval (263, 500, 625, 750, 875 and 1000 ms) and tapping condition (free tapping, synchronous tapping, and unpaced tapping). In addition the complexity of rhythm reproduction pattern (unpaced tapping) was varied (simple/complex).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found either in the ability of the ADHD or the dyslexia groups to sustain a self-chosen free tapping rate or to generate a stable inter-response interval either by synchronising to a signal or in reproducing a given interval without the previous pacing signal. Response averages showed the expected asynchrony and variability. In rhythm pattern reproduction the groups did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce rhythms. However, a significant two way interaction effect between dyslexia and complexity was apparent indicating that the difference in levels of performance for simple versus complex rhythms was more pronounced for dyslexia than for the two other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that motor timing ability in the millisecond range below 1000 ms in children with ADHD and/or dyslexia is intact. The performance of the comorbid group was revealed to be similar to the performance of the single disorder groups, but both the dyslexic groups were relatively worse than either the ADHD-only or the unimpaired group at reproducing complex versus simple rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universitaet, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany. mtiffin@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tiffin-Richards
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasselhorn
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013998:Time Perception