title: Kugel's artery: an anatomical and angiographic study using a new technique.
abstract: In this study, we tried to resolve the confusion in the literature regarding the existence and course of Kugel's artery. With the aid of a new technique, we studied 100 human hearts ex vivo by radiography and by direct observation through dissection, to demonstrate anatomical and postmortem angiographic findings of Kugel's artery. Kugel's artery was found in only 6 hearts out of 100 (6%). It originated from the proximal left circumflex artery and ended in the right coronary artery in 2 cases; from the right coronary artery and ended in the same artery in 2 cases; from the left circumflex artery and ended in the same artery in 1 case; and from the right coronary artery through the sinus node artery, ending in the left circumflex artery, in 1 case. In all 100 hearts, an anastomotic network of small atrial branches was found in the same area (lower portion of the interatrial septum), connecting the large vessels indirectly. Branches of the sinus node artery in all hearts, and of the atrioventricular node artery in 66 hearts, participated in this network. Our procedure showed the detailed course of Kugel's artery and its course independent from the atrioventricular node artery and from the anastomotic network. In conclusion, in all cases an anastomotic network of small atrial branches courses through the lower interatrial septum and connects indirectly the proximal and distal ends of the larger coronary arteries. Kugel's artery provides an additional direct arterial anastomosis in the same area in 6% of the hearts.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medical Services of Athens, Greece. theano9@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Christos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nerantzis
authors.forename: Soultana K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Marianou
authors.forename: Spyridon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Koulouris
authors.forename: Emmanouil B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Agapitos
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Lampros J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Vlahos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male