title: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries.
abstract: Over a period of almost 10 yr, we carried out a prospective study of the neuropsychological development of the offspring of 16 women from a moderately iodine-deficient area (area A) and of 11 control women from a marginally iodine-sufficient area (area B) whose thyroid function had been monitored during early gestation. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was diagnosed in 11 of 16 area A children (68.7%) but in none from area B. Total intelligence quotient score was lower in area A than in area B children (92.1 +/- 7.8 vs. 110 +/- 10) and in ADHD children when compared with both non-ADHD children from the same area and control children (88.0 +/- 6.9 vs. 99.0 +/- 2.0 and 110 +/- 10, respectively). Seven of 11 ADHD children (63.6%) were born to the seven of eight area A mothers who became hypothyroxinemic at early gestation, whereas only one of five non-ADHD children was born to a woman who was hypothyroxinemic at 20 wk of gestation. So far, a similar prevalence of ADHD has been reported only in children with generalized resistance to thyroid hormones. This might suggest a common ADHD pathogenetic mechanism consisting either of reduced sensitivity of the nuclear receptors to thyroid hormone (generalized resistance to thyroid hormones) or reduced availability of intracellular T3 for nuclear receptor binding. The latter would be the ultimate consequence of maternal hypothyroxinemia (due to iodine deficiency), resulting in a critical reduction of the source of the intracellular T3 available to the developing fetal brain.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimeno Clinico-Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia-Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. francesco.vermiglio@unime.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vermiglio
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Lo Presti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moleti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidoti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortorella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scaffidi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Castagna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattina
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Violi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crisà
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Artemisia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trimarchi
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D019049:Developed Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency*; D007558:Italy; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine