A GABAergic cortical deficit dominates schizophrenia pathophysiology.
Several lines of evidence support the role of an epigenetic-induced GABAergic cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia psychopathology, which is probably dependent on an increase in the expression of DNA-methyltransferase-1 occurring selectively in GABAergic neurons. The key enzyme regulating GABA synthesis, termed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and the important neurodevelopmental protein called reelin are coexpressed in GABAergic neurons. Upon release, GABA and reelin bind to postsynaptic receptors located in dendrites, somata, or the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons. Because GAD67 and reelin are downregulated in schizophrenia, it is suggested that schizophrenics may express GABAergic deficit-related alterations of pyramidal neuron function. A reduction of dendritic spines is a finding reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Because dendritic spines are innervated by glutamatergic axon terminals, very probably this reduction of dendritic spine expression is translated into a functional deficit of glutamatergic transmission. Plastic modifications of neuronal circuits are probably dependent on GABAergic transmitter tone, and it is likely that GABAergic dysfunction is at the root of synaptic plasticity deficits in schizophrenia. Thus, a possible avenue for the treatment of schizophrenia would be to address this GABAergic functional deficit using positive allosteric modulators of the action of GABA at GABAA receptors. Benzodiazepines (BZ) such as diazepam are effective in treating positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but because they positively modulate GABAA receptors expressing alpha1 subunits, these BZs cause sedation and tolerance. In contrast, imidazenil, a full allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors expressing alpha5 subunits may reduce psychotic symptomatology without producing sedation. Hence, imidazenil should be appropriately studied as a prospective candidate for a pharmacological intervention in schizophrenia.
Costa
E
E
The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL 60612, USA. costa@psych.uic.edu
Davis
J M
JM
Dong
E
E
Grayson
D R
DR
Guidotti
A
A
Tremolizzo
L
L
Veldic
M
M
D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000473:pathology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D006213:Hallucinogens; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C000717127:RELN protein, human; D010622:Phencyclidine