title: Metyrapone as additive treatment in major depression: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibitors of steroid synthesis have been reported to exert antidepressive effects, according to preliminary findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether the addition of metyrapone to standard antidepressants induces a more rapid, more efficacious, and sustained treatment response in patients with major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression and a baseline score 18 points or higher on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random allocation to 2 treatment groups receiving either placebo or metyrapone (1 g/d) for the first 3 weeks during a 5-week treatment with standard serotonergic antidepressants (nefazodone or fluvoxamine).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome criteria were the number of responders and the time to onset of action. Responder rates were considered twice after 3 and 5 weeks with a definition of treatment response as 30% and 50% reduction, respectively, of baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores. Onset of action was defined as the time point at which at least a 20% reduction of baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using intention-to-treat analysis, we found that a higher proportion of patients receiving metyrapone showed a positive treatment response at day 21 (23 of 33 patients) and at day 35 (19 of 33 patients) compared with placebo patients (day 21: 13 of 30 patients; Fisher exact P = .031; day 35: 10 of 30 patients; Fisher exact P = .047). The clinical course of patients treated with metyrapone showed an earlier onset of action (Kaplan-Meier analysis; log-rank test P<.006) beginning in the first week. The plasma concentrations of corticotropin and deoxycortisol were significantly higher during metyrapone treatment (multivariate analysis of covariance, P<.05), whereas cortisol remained largely unchanged. Metyrapone treatment was well tolerated without serious adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metyrapone is an effective adjunct in the treatment of major depression, accelerating the onset of antidepressant action. A better treatment outcome compared with standard treatment and a sustained antidepressive effect were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. jahn@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jahn
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassouridis
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003350:Cortodoxone / Q000097:blood; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008797:Metyrapone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D010919:Placebos; D014230:Triazoles; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; C051752:nefazodone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D016666:Fluvoxamine; D003350:Cortodoxone; D008797:Metyrapone