title: Effect of high plant sterol-enriched diet and cholesterol absorption inhibitor, SCH 58235, on plant sterol absorption and plasma concentrations in hypercholesterolemic wild-type Kyoto rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plant sterols are widely distributed in human diet but are poorly absorbed so that their plasma levels are very low. However, when fed in large amounts, they lower plasma cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption. We have studied the effect of 4 weeks of feeding a chow diet supplemented with 1% plant sterols [brassicasterol (6.3%), campesterol (28.5%), stigmasterol (15.6%) and sitosterol (49.6%)], with or without SCH 58235 (a derivative of ezetimibe), 30 mg/kg per day, known to suppress intestinal cholesterol absorption, on plasma, tissue, biliary, and fecal sterols in Wistar and wild-type Kyoto (WKY) rats, and their metabolism by intestinal bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 2 weeks of feeding control or experimental diet, rats were given [3alpha-(3)H]sitosterol intravenously and [4-(14)C]sitosterol by mouth, and blood was collected after 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after labeling to determine sitosterol absorption. Feces were collected during the last 3 days and freeze dried. At the end of feeding, bile fistulas were created in 3 rats of each strain and bile was collected for 1 hour. All rats were then sacrificed and plasma and liver were collected for sterol measurements and activities of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type Kyoto rats were hypercholesterolemic compared to Wistar rats and had increased plant sterols in the plasma. Plasma cholesterol tended to be lower in WKY rats after feeding with plant sterol-enriched diet whereas plant sterol levels rose to approximately 31% of plasma sterols in WKY and 14% in Wistar rats. However, brassicasterol and stigmasterol, with a double bond at C-22, constituted less than 3.5% of total plasma plant sterols. After feeding, biliary plant sterols increased 2.25-fold in Wistar and 1.5-fold in WKY rats, suggesting less hepatic clearance in WKY rats. SCH 58235 feeding significantly increased plasma as well as biliary cholesterol levels in both the untreated and plant sterol-fed WKY rats, and the plasma plant sterols showed a tendency to increase but did not reach significant level. Intestinal bacteria in both rat strains metabolized all plant sterols to mainly the 5beta-H-stanols. However, the C-22 double bond was stable to bacterial degradation. Intestinal absorption of sitosterol and cholesterol was increased 1.5- and 1.3-fold, respectively, in the WKY rats as compared to the Wistar rats, and plant sterol feeding lowered absorption of these sterols in both strains. Absorption of both these sterols was also lowered in SCH 58235-treated rats in both strains and was further lowered when SCH 58235 and plant sterols were simultaneously fed. The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase, was increased 1.57-fold in Wistar rats and 1.27-fold in WKY rats that were fed plant sterols as compared to untreated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Plant sterol absorption was increased whereas hepatic elimination of all sterols was diminished in WKY rats accounting for elevated cholesterol and plant sterol levels. (2) The 1% plant sterol-enriched diet tended to lower plasma cholesterol levels whereas SCH 58235 feeding significantly increased plasma cholesterol levels in the WKY rats. (3) Intestinal absorption of sterols with C-22 double bond is diminished and the side-chain double bond is resistant to intestinal bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. ashkbatta@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Batta
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jaya S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bollineni
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shefer
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000378:metabolism; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D001384:Azetidines; D010840:Phytosterols; D002784:Cholesterol; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D000069438:Ezetimibe