title: Seasonal variation in fluoride intake: the Iowa fluoride study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although patterns of fluid intake change seasonally, little is known about how fluoride intake varies by season. Since even short-term increases in fluoride intake could potentially lead to more dental fluorosis, it is valuable to assess the degree of seasonal variation to determine if it increases fluoride intake to levels that could be considered a concern in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were mailed periodically to participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study beginning at 6 weeks of age and continuing for a number of years. Parents recorded the date; child's weight; estimates of the amounts of water and other beverages that their child consumed per week; the type and amount of any fluoride supplements used; and the type, amount, and frequency of dentifrice used, with an estimate of the proportion of dentifrice that was swallowed. Documented water fluoride levels from municipal sources and assay of individual sources were linked to water intake amounts. Total fluoride intake per kg body weight was estimated from water, other beverages, fluoride supplements, and ingested dentifrice. Generalized linear models compared temperature-related and seasonal effects after adjusting for the child's age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Separate analyses for ages 0-12 months and 12-72 months showed different results. Children younger than 12 months of age did not exhibit significant seasonal or temperature-related variation in any of the components of fluoride intake. Children aged 12-72 months had higher fluoride intake (mg F/kg bw) from beverages in summer (P<.05), and fluoride intake from beverages increased with monthly temperature (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride intake from beverages for children aged 12-72 months is slightly higher in the summer and increases with mean monthly temperature. Fluoride intake from supplements and dentifrice did not change significantly with either season or temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. barbara-broffitt@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broffitt
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages; D001835:Body Weight; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007484:Iowa; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D014867:Water; D005459:Fluorides