title: A novel circulating hormone of testis origin in humans.
abstract: Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a member of the relaxin-insulin family, and it is expressed in pre- and postnatal Leydig cells of the testis. This peptide affects testicular descent during embryonic development, and mutations in INSL3 gene or its receptor LGR8 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8)/GREAT (G protein-coupled receptor affecting testicular descent) cause cryptorchidism in humans. The expression of LGR8/GREAT in different tissues and the production of INSL3 also by adult-type Leydig cells suggest additional roles of this hormonal system in adulthood. In this preliminary report we performed the first analysis in humans of INSL3 using a novel RIA kit to measure INSL3 concentrations in serum of normal men and with different testicular pathologies. The results show that INSL3 is circulating in adult men, and it is almost exclusively of testicular origin. Subjects with severe testicular damage, such as men with severe infertility, produce low amount of INSL3, and the concentrations of this hormone seem to reflect the functional status of the Leydig cells. In particular, INSL3 concentrations may be an even more sensitive marker of Leydig cell function than testosterone itself. Analysis of men treated with different combinations of hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis suggests that the production of INSL3 is related to LH in a manner similar to that of the LH-testosterone axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy. carlo.foresta@unipd.it
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bettella
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vinanzi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dabrilli
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meriggiola
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garolla
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin; D016729:Leuprolide; D007985:Leydig Cells; D008297:Male; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D007328:Insulin; C084797:Leydig insulin-like protein; D011506:Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D016729:Leuprolide