title: Intradermal injections: traditional bevel up versus bevel down.
abstract: This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine differences regarding correct placement of injectate, leaking or bleeding, time to administer injection, and comfort of person administering, and receiving an intradermal injection. Each (N = 98) administered and received two injections. Subjects evaluated their comfort on a Likert scale. After second injection, each reported which was better. Most of the time (82%), a wheal was produced. Leaking or bleeding occurred a fourth of the time. Subjects rated the first injection better (p < 0.05) with no preference regarding technique. Subjects administering injections reported bevel up more comfortable (p < 0.01). Bevel up was significantly faster.
authors.affiliation: The University of Kansas School of Nursing, Kansas City 66160, USA. ktarnow@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D015146:Midwestern United States; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors