title: Residual beta-cell function more than glycemic control determines abnormalities of the insulin-like growth factor system in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The GH-IGF-I axis is disturbed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether abnormalities are found in patients in very good glycemic control and, if so, to estimate the role of residual beta-cell function. Patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) less than 6% (reference range, 3.6-5.4%) were selected for the study. Twenty-two men and 24 women, aged 41.3 +/- 13.8 yr (mean +/- SD), with a diabetes duration of 17.8 +/- 14.6 yr participated. Healthy controls (15 women and nine men), aged 41.3 +/- 13.0 yr, were also studied. Overnight fasting serum samples were analyzed for HbA1c, C peptide, free and total IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), GH-binding protein, and IGFBP-3 proteolysis. HbA1c was 5.6 +/- 0.5% in patients and 4.4 +/- 0.3% in controls. Total IGF-I was 148 +/- 7 microg/liter in patients and 178 +/- 9 microg/liter in controls (P < 0.001). Free IGF-I, total IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and GH-binding protein were lower, whereas IGFBP-1, IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I, and IGFBP-2 were elevated compared with control values. Patients with detectable C peptide (> or =100 pmol/liter) had higher levels of total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and total IGF-II and lower levels of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 than those with an undetectable C peptide level despite having identical average HbA1c. IGFBP-3 proteolysis did not differ between patients and controls. Despite very good glycemic control, patients with type 1 diabetes and no endogenous insulin production have low free and total IGF-I. Residual beta-cell function, therefore, seems more important for the disturbances in the IGF system than good metabolic control per se, suggesting that portal insulin delivery is needed to normalize the IGF system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden. christina.hedman@lio.se
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frystyk
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Jian-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flyvbjerg
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ørskov
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Arnqvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D013002:Somatomedins