title: Effect of smoking on endothelial function and wall thickness of brachial artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and increased wall thickness (WT) of the brachial artery have been associated with atherosclerosis and its risk factors. In this study we sought to determine brachial artery wall thickness in chronic smokers and the instantaneous effect of smoking on brachial artery endothelium dependent vasodilator function in smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a high-resolution ultrasound, WT of posterior brachial artery wall, the diameter of brachial artery at rest and during reactive hyperemia (FMD %), as well as after sublingual administration of nitroglycerine (nitroglycerine mediated dilatation (NMD) %) was measured in 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers. Wall thickness (WT) of the posterior brachial artery wall and the wall index (WI) were greater in smokers than non-smokers. The baseline brachial artery diameter was comparable in smokers and non-smokers. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) was found to be less in smokers than non-smokers. The NMD in smokers also did not differ significantly from that in non-smokers. Flow mediated dilation significantly reduced after smoking compared to baseline in both groups. However, NMD remained unchanged after smoking in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased WT and impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation of brachial artery suggests that cigarette smoking disrupts vessel wall morphology long before atherosclerosis is manifest.
authors.affiliation: Kosuyolu Heart Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Metin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barutcu
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Bumin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Degirmenci
authors.forename: Dayimi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Muhsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turkmen
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melek
authors.forename: Ersel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onrat
authors.forename: Ozlem Batukan
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: Cevat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirma
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin