title: Reliability of visual measurement of forefoot alignment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of visual rating of forefoot frontal plane deformities among clinicians with different training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty individuals (16 men and 14 women) between the ages of 22 and 52 years of age participated in the study. None of the patients had a history of congenital deformity, pain, or trauma in the lower extremities during the 6 months before the study. Three clinicians of different educational backgrounds and experience visually evaluated each of the patients and rated forefoot alignment. None of the clinicians knew the rating assigned by either of the other two clinicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study showed that two of the clinical raters agreed 61.7% of the time, but neither of them agreed with the third clinician more than 15% of the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the commonplace method of visually rating forefoot frontal plane deformities is unreliable and of questionable clinical value.
authors.affiliation: Gait Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, P.O. Box 15105, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. mark.cornwall@nau.edu
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cornwall
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: McPoil
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fishco
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'donnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011032:Podiatry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results