title: Visiting less than every day: a marker for later behavioral problems in Finnish preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of parental visits during neonatal intensive care on the behavioral and emotional development of the child at school age.
  
  
  METHODS
  All premature infants born in Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland, in 1989 who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and who lived in the Tampere region (N = 67; 31 boys and 36 girls) formed the study group. Data on parental visits were collected from the hospital records. Child behavior was evaluated according to the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist at the age of 7 to 8 years. A total of 48 (72%) of the mothers returned the questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median number of visiting days per week was 6.2 for the mothers and 4.7 for the fathers. The children whose mothers visited daily had fewer behavioral and emotional problems at school age than those who had had fewer visits from their mothers (P = .04). The visiting frequency of the fathers was not significantly associated with later behavioral and emotional problems of the child. In this study, infrequent visits by the mother were a stronger risk factor for later psychological development than the medical risks of the preterm infant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infrequent visits by mothers to the neonatal intensive care unit seem to be a marker for their children's later behavioral and emotional problems. This emphasizes the significance of early parent-infant contact and the vulnerability in early interaction. Less frequent visits may also indicate factors influencing the parent-child relationship in a way that leads to subsequent behavioral problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. reija.latva@uta.fi
authors.forename: Reija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latva
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Raili K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Salmelin
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamminen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012923:Social Class; D014789:Visitors to Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*