title: Monte carlo simulation of x-ray spectra in diagnostic radiology and mammography using MCNP4C.
abstract: The general purpose Monte Carlo N-particle radiation transport computer code (MCNP4C) was used for the simulation of x-ray spectra in diagnostic radiology and mammography. The electrons were transported until they slow down and stop in the target. Both bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production were considered in this work. We focus on the simulation of various target/filter combinations to investigate the effect of tube voltage, target material and filter thickness on x-ray spectra in the diagnostic radiology and mammography energy ranges. The simulated x-ray spectra were compared with experimental measurements and spectra calculated by IPEM report number 78. In addition, the anode heel effect and off-axis x-ray spectra were assessed for different anode angles and target materials and the results were compared with EGS4-based Monte Carlo simulations and measured data. Quantitative evaluation of the differences between our Monte Carlo simulated and comparison spectra was performed using student's t-test statistical analysis. Generally, there is a good agreement between the simulated x-ray and comparison spectra, although there are systematic differences between the simulated and reference spectra especially in the K-characteristic x-rays intensity. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences have been observed between IPEM spectra and the simulated spectra. It has been shown that the difference between MCNP simulated spectra and IPEM spectra in the low energy range is the result of the overestimation of characteristic photons following the normalization procedure. The transmission curves produced by MCNP4C have good agreement with the IPEM report especially for tube voltages of 50 kV and 80 kV. The systematic discrepancy for higher tube voltages is the result of systematic differences between the corresponding spectra.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Nuclear Sciences, AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. farshid.ay@tppgems.com
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahriari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adib
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zaidi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods; D014965:X-Rays