title: Multiparametric and multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging of human breast cancer: current applications.
abstract: The exploration of novel imaging methods that have the potential to improve specificity for the identification of malignancy is still critically needed in breast imaging. Changes in physiologic alterations of soft tissue water associated with breast cancer can be visualized by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. However, it is unlikely that a single MR parameter can characterize the complexity of breast tissue. Techniques such as multiparametric MR imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRSI) imaging, and 23Na sodium MR imaging when used in combination provide a comprehensive data set with potentially more power to diagnose breast disease than any single measure alone. A combination of MR, MRSI, and 23Na sodium MR parameters may be examined in a single MR imaging examination, potentially resulting in improved specificity for radiologic evaluation of malignancy.
authors.affiliation: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mikej@mri.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Argani
authors.forename: Nagi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khouri
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Zaver M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Bhujwalla
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium