title: Reduced grazing rates in Daphnia pulex caused by contaminants: implications for trophic cascades.
abstract: Ecotoxicological endpoints based on behavioral traits (e.g., predator avoidance, feeding, and locomotion) may be more sensitive and give more insights into patterns of sublethal toxicity than survivorship tests. In this study, the density-dependent grazing rate of Daphnia pulex pre-exposed to p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (insecticide metabolite) and glyphosate (herbicide), via water or a vector, Scenedesmus spp., was assayed in laboratory experiments. The phytoplankton biomass was estimated from the chlorophyll content, and the pesticide uptake and turnover pattern in Daphnia and Scenedesmus were determined from parallel experiments with a radiolabeled source. Scenedesmus spp. relative net growth rate was inversely and linearly related to the density of the grazer. Daphnia pulex exhibited significant reductions in grazing rate: 30% for those pre-exposed to p,p'-DDE via water and 40% for D. pulex pre-exposed to glyphosate via Scenedesmus spp. Through the process of trophic cascading, this impaired grazing allowed Scenedesmus spp. to grow at higher rates, 70 and 60%, respectively. The reduced grazing efficiencies were associated with the treatments that gave the highest body burden of p,p'-DDE (70 microg/g dry wt) and the lowest of glyphosate (13 mg/g dry wt). The pattern of results suggests a toxic effect of p,p'-DDE on D. pulex and a growth enhancement of Scenedesmus spp. in response to nitrogen and phosphorus in glyphosate excreted by D. pulex.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Department of Ecology, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. goran.bengtsson@ekol.lu.se
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: Lars-Anders
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montenegro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003621:Daphnia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D020387:Food Chain; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000254:growth & development*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate