title: Diversity and recognition efficiency of T cell responses to cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanoma patients vaccinated with tumor-associated antigens frequently develop measurable peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses; however, such responses often do not confer clinical benefit. Understanding why vaccine-elicited responses are beneficial in some patients but not in others will be important to improve targeted cancer immunotherapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses in detail, by generating and characterizing over 200 cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones derived from T cell responses to heteroclitic peptide vaccination, and compared these responses to endogenous anti-tumor T cell responses elicited naturally (a heteroclitic peptide is a modification of a native peptide sequence involving substitution of an amino acid at an anchor residue to enhance the immunogenicity of the peptide). We found that vaccine-elicited T cells are diverse in T cell receptor variable chain beta expression and exhibit a different recognition profile for heteroclitic versus native peptide. In particular, vaccine-elicited T cells respond to native peptide with predominantly low recognition efficiency--a measure of the sensitivity of a T cell to different cognate peptide concentrations for stimulation--and, as a result, are inefficient in tumor lysis. In contrast, endogenous tumor-associated-antigen-specific T cells show a predominantly high recognition efficiency for native peptide and efficiently lyse tumor targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that factors that shape the peptide-specific T cell repertoire after vaccination may be different from those that affect the endogenous response. Furthermore, our findings suggest that current heteroclitic peptide vaccination protocols drive expansion of peptide-specific T cells with a diverse range of recognition efficiencies, a significant proportion of which are unable to respond to melanoma cells. Therefore, it is critical that the recognition efficiency of vaccine-elicited T cells be measured, with the goal of advancing those modalities that elicit T cells with the greatest potential of tumor reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tor B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stuge
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Sahdev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saharan
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuettenberg
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roederer
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm