title: Exercise restores immune cell function in energy-restricted rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of chronic moderate-intensity exercise upon the alterations of immune system cell function induced by energy restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary animals fed ad libitum (SF, N = 10) or submitted to energy restriction (SER, N = 10, receiving 50% of the mean amount of chow consumed by SF); and trained animals fed ad libitum (TF, N = 10) or submitted to energy restriction (TER, N = 10), who exercised on a treadmill (at 60-65%VO(2max) 5 d.wk(-1) for 10 wk(-1), after 30 d under the restriction protocol. The incorporation of [2-(14)C]-thymidine by lymphocytes obtained from the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, plasma glucose and glutamine concentration, and cytokine production by cells cultivated in the presence of glutamine were measured in all groups, 24 h after the last exercise session. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's posttest were employed for the statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training induced an increase in the proliferative response and in the production of gamma-interferon and interleukin-1 (P < 0.05) in cells from the spleen and lymph nodes of SER, in which these parameters were diminished when compared with SF (P < 0.05). SER spleen and lymph node cells produced more TNF (26 and 42%, respectively) and IL-2 (49 and 42%, respectively) than SF. The Th1-like diversion of the immune response observed in SER persisted after training. Partial recovery of the decreased SER plasma glutamine concentration and muscle glutamine synthase mRNA was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training induced the recovery of the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes from SER, probably due to the partial restoration of plasma glutamine levels, but did not interfere with the diversion towards a Th1-type immune response induced by food restriction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wilton Darleans
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Cunha
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Giampietro
authors.forename: Daniel Fernandes
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaisberg
authors.forename: Marília Cerqueira Leite
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seelaender
authors.forename: Luís Fernando Bicudo Pereira Costa
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Rosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000494:pharmacology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005973:Glutamine; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase