title: A multiple case design experiment to investigate the performance and neural effects of a programme for training hand function after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of task-specific practice on hand function in stroke subjects who were given computer-assisted training and to look for associated changes in corticospinal connectivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single case design experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven chronic stroke subjects with impaired hand function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily intensive practice of fast and accurate force changes in pinch grip and knob turning grip for four weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pinch and power grip strength and dexterity measured using the Ten-hole Peg Test and a timed nuts and bolts test were recorded twice a week throughout the study. Corticospinal connectivity was assessed by latency of electromyography (EMG) responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recorded during the baseline weeks before the training and again immediately after the training period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects completed between 5760 and 18560 force changes. Clinically relevant improvements in grip strength were evident in only two subjects. None of the subjects showed clinically significant improvement in dexterity measures. Statistical analysis showed that improved performance was related to the training phase in only two subjects. A reduction in latency of EMG responses to TMS was seen in two subjects but could not be attributed to the training phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intensive training did not improve hand function in most subjects. Latencies of EMG responses to TMS were also unable to detect any change.
authors.affiliation: Burden Neurological Institute, Bristol, UK. Ailie.Turton@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ailie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Turton
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000379:methods*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation