title: Serine 332 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 attenuates insulin signaling.
abstract: The ability of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) to phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is a potential inhibitory mechanism for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, the serine site(s) phosphorylated by GSK-3 within IRS-1 had not been yet identified. Using an N-terminal deleted IRS-1 mutant and two IRS-1 fragments, PTB-1 1-320 and PTB-2 1-350, we localized GSK-3 phosphorylation site(s) within amino acid sequence 320-350. Mutations of serine 332 or 336, which lie in the GSK-3 consensus motif (SXXXS) within PTB-2 or IRS-1, to alanine abolished their phosphorylation by GSK-3. This suggested that Ser332 is a GSK-3 phosphorylation site and that Ser336 serves as the "priming" site typically required for GSK-3 action. Indeed, dephosphorylation of IRS-1 prevented GSK-3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the phosphorylated peptide derived from the IRS-1 sequence was readily phosphorylated by GSK-3, in contrast to the nonphosphorylated peptide, which was not phosphorylated by the enzyme. When IRS-1 mutants S332A(IRS-1), S336A(IRS-1), or S332A/336A(IRS-1) were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing insulin receptors, their insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation levels increased compared with that of wild-type (WT) IRS-1. This effect was stronger in the double mutant S332A/336A(IRS-1) and led to enhanced insulin-mediated activation of protein kinase B. Finally, immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibody directed against IRS-1 phosphorylated at Ser332 confirmed IRS-1 phosphorylation in cultured cells. Moreover, treatment with the GSK-3 inhibitor lithium reduced Ser332 phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of GSK-3 enhanced this phosphorylation. In summary, our studies identify Ser332 as the GSK-3 phosphorylation target in IRS-1, indicating its physiological relevance and demonstrating its novel inhibitory role in insulin signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Ziva
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Hagit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eldar-Finkelman
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; D010455:Peptides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D012694:Serine; D008094:Lithium; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3