title: The degrees to which transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy moves the region of osteonecrotic femoral head out of the weight-bearing area as evaluated by computer simulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy is a technical demanding procedure. Currently, the pre-operative planning of the transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy is mostly based on X-ray images. The surgeons would need to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of the femoral head and the necrosis in their mind. This study develops a simulation platform using computer models based on the computed tomography images of the femoral head to evaluate the degree to which transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy moves the region of osteonecrotic femoral head out of the weight-bearing area in stance and gait cycle conditions. Based on this simulation procedure, the surgeons would be better informed before the surgery and the indication can be carefully assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case with osteonecrosis involving 15% of the femoral head was recruited. Virtual models with the same size lesion but at different locations were devised. Computer models were created using SolidWorks 2000 CAD software. The area ratio of weight-bearing zone occupied by the necrotic lesion on two conditions, stance and gait cycle, were measured after surgery simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the specific case and virtual models devised in this study, computer simulation showed the following two findings: (1) The degrees needed to move the necrosis out of the weight-bearing zone in stance were less by anterior rotational osteotomy as compared to that of posterior rotational osteotomy. However, the necrotic region would still overlap with the weight-bearing area during gait cycle. (2) Because the degrees allowed for posterior rotation were less restricted than anterior rotation, posterior rotational osteotomies were often more effective to move the necrotic region out of the weight-bearing area during gait cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The computer simulation platform by registering actual CT images is a useful tool to assess the direction and degrees needed for transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy. Although the results indicated that anterior rotational osteotomy was more effective to move the necrosis out of the weight-bearing zone in stance for models devised in this study, in circumstances where the necrotic region located at various locale, considering the limitation of anterior rotation inherited with the risk of vascular compromise, it might be more beneficial to perform posterior rotation osteotomy in taking account of gait cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Weng-Pin
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ching-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Chih-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Chun-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Shun-Hsin
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Mel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D011379:Prognosis; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing