title: A clinicobiological model predicting survival in medulloblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contributions of biological and clinical predictors of survival in patients with medulloblastoma (MB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical presentation and survival information were obtained for 119 patients who had undergone surgery for MB at the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) between 1985 and 2001. A tissue microarray was constructed from the tumor samples. The arrays were assayed for immunohistochemical expression of MYC, p53, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha, ErbB2, MIB-1, and TrkC and for apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling). Both univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to characterize the association between survival and both clinical and biological markers. For the strongest predictors of survival, a weighted predictive score was calculated based on their hazard ratios (HRs). The sum of these scores was then used to give an overall prediction of survival using a nomogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four strongest predictors of survival in the final multivariable model were the presence of metastatic disease at presentation (HR, 2.02; P=0.01) and p53 (HR, 2.29; P=0.02), TrkC (HR, 0.65; P=0.14), and ErbB2 (HR, 1.51; P=0.21) immunopositivity. A linear prognostic index was derived, with coefficients equal to the logarithm of these HRs. The 5-year survival rate for patients at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the score distribution was 80.0%, 71.0%, and 35.7%, respectively, with radiation therapy and 70.5%, 58.5%, and 20.0%, respectively, without radiation therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrate an approach to combining both clinical and biological markers to quantify risk in MB patients. This provides further prognostic information than can be obtained when either clinical factors or biological markers are studied separately and establishes a framework for comparing prognostic markers in future clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Parkes
authors.forename: Todd G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Mainprize
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouffet
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: Cynthia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017209:Apoptosis; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007223:Infant; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020812:Receptor, trkC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D020812:Receptor, trkC; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A