Complicity in contraband: British American Tobacco and cigarette smuggling in Asia.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the complicity of British American Tobacco (BAT) in cigarette smuggling in Asia, and to assess the centrality of illicit trade to regional corporate strategy.


METHODS
Analysis of previously confidential documents from BAT's Guildford depository. An iterative strategy combined searches based on geography, organisational structure, and key personnel, while corporate euphemisms for contraband were identified by triangulation.


RESULTS
BAT documents demonstrate the strategic importance of smuggling across global, regional, national, and local levels. Particularly important in Asia, contraband enabled access to closed markets, created pressure for market opening, and was highly profitable. Documents demonstrate BAT's detailed oversight of illicit trade, seeking to reconcile the conflicting demands of control and deniability.


CONCLUSIONS
BAT documents demonstrate that smuggling has been driven by corporate objectives, indicate national measures by which the problem can be addressed, and highlight the importance of a coordinated global response via WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Collin
J
J
Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. jeff.collin@lshtm.ac.uk
Legresley
E
E
MacKenzie
R
R
Lawrence
S
S
Lee
K
K
D001208:Asia; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D012309:Risk-Taking; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration