title: [Monitoring the important mycotoxin biomarkers (ochratoxin A, aflatoxin M1) in the Czech population].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In among mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of toxinogenic moulds, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins occupy a prominent place. These mycotoxins have been--as etiologic agents-- associated with a wide numbers of acute and chronic human diseases including mycotoxicoses like Balkan endemic nephropathy or liver cancer. While the risk of acute toxic effects of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 is usually considered to be minimal in the Czech Republic, the situation is different as far as the risk of the late toxic effects (particularly carcinogenic), which result from a single or repeated intake of low doses of these mycotoxins from foodstuffs is concerned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in human environment has been monitored within the program "Monitoring the health state of the population". As for ochratoxin A, 2206 samples of blood serum were investigated, 2077 (94 %) of them turned out to be positive (with levels > or = 0.1 microg x l(-1)), the average was 0.28 microg x l(-1), the median was 0.2 microg x (l(-1), and the percentile (90%) was 0.5 microg x l(-1). The ochratoxin A levels ranged from 0.1 to 13.7 microg x l(-1) of sera. The presence of ochratoxin A was also analyzed in 30 samples of human kidneys; 12 samples were positive (with levels > or = 0.1 microg l(-2), the average was 0.07 microg x kg(-1), the median was 0,05 microg x kg(-1). As for aflatoxins, in 1997-1998 the presence of aflatoxin M1 was investigated in 205 samples of human urine; 118 samples (58%) were positive (with levels >125 pg x l(-1) of urine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When calculated to a concentration of creatinine in urine, the average was 391 pg x g(-1), the median was 127 pg x g(-1), and the percentile (90%) was 585 pg x g(-1). The aflatoxin M1 levels ranged from 19 to 19 219 pg x g(-1) of creatinine.
authors.affiliation: Zdravotní ustav Centrum hygienických laboratorí - oddĕlení xenobiochemie, NRL pro biomarkery mykotoxinů a mykotoxiny v potravinách, Hradec Králové. xeno@zulahk.cz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malír
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ostrý
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerná
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kacerovský
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roubal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skarková
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brndiar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fixa
mesh_terms: D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000032:analysis*; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D018153:Czech Republic; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D016607:Aflatoxin M1