title: Local diagnostic reference levels in standard X-ray examinations.
abstract: The national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) form an efficient, concise and powerful standard for optimising radiation protection of a patient. However, in a large hospital, where many radiological departments are present, it is also possible to calculate and define lower dose values as local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs). In our hospital there are eight radiological departments; in each of these, the entrance skin dose (ESD) distributions were determined for 10 standard projections (AP Abdomen, PA and LAT Chest, AP and LAT Lumbar Spine, LAT Lumbo-Sacral Joint, AP Pelvis, PA and LAT Skull and AP Urinary tract) and then the ESDs were compared with data previously published and with Italian NDRLs. All ESD values were below the corresponding NDRLs. The maximum/minimum ratio of ESDs ranged from 3.9 (LAT Skull) to 34.3 (AP Abdomen) for individual adult patients and from 2.1 (PA Skull) to 6.5 (Urinary tract) across the mean values of the radiological departments. Finally, it is shown how LDRLs can be proposed to obtain a more fully optimised radiation protection of patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. gcompa@med.unibo.it
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Compagnone
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagan
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergamini
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy; D011786:Quality Control; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal / Q000592:standards*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D011874:Radiometry / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014965:X-Rays