title: Effect on health-related outcomes of interventions to alter the interaction between patients and practitioners: a systematic review of trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to identify published randomized trials of interventions to alter the interaction between patients and practitioners, develop taxonomies of the interventions and outcomes, and assess the evidence that such interventions improve patients' health and well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undertaking a systematic review of randomized trials, we sought trials in primary and secondary care with health-related outcomes, which we found by searching MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and PsycINFO bibliographic databases through 1999. We also completed one round of manual citation searching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five trials were included. Most were set in primary care in North America. Trials were heterogeneous in populations, settings, interventions, and measures. Interventions frequently combined several poorly described elements. Explicit theoretical underpinning was rare, and only one study linked intervention through process to outcome measures. Health outcomes were rarely measured objectively (6 of 35), and only 4 trials with health outcomes met predefined quality criteria. Interventions frequently altered the process of interactions (significantly in 73%, 22 of 30 trials). Principal outcomes favored the intervention group in 74% of trials (26 of 35), reaching statistical significance in 14 (40%). Positive effects on health outcomes achieved statistical significance in 44% of trials (11 of 25); negative effects were uncommon (5 of 25, 20%). Simple approaches to increasing the participation of patients in the clinical encounter, such as providing practitioners with a note from patients about their concerns beforehand, showed promise, as did more complex programs providing specific information about disease and attention to emotion. Apparently similar interventions varied in effectiveness across studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful interactions between patients and their practitioners lie at the heart of medicine, yet there are few rigorous trials of well-specified interventions to inform best practice. Trial evidence suggests that a range of approaches can achieve changes in this interaction, and some show promise in improving patients' health. To advance knowledge further, we need to replicate promising studies using rigorous methods. These should include explicit theoretical frameworks designed to link effects on key communication and interaction characteristics through to effects on health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: General Practice and Primary Care Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2SR, UK. sjg49@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Ann-Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
authors.forename: Marijcke W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gillard
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic