title: Increased peptidylarginine deiminase type II in hypoxic astrocytes.
abstract: Peptidylarginine deiminase type II (PAD 2) is the primary enzyme responsible for conversion of protein bound arginine to citrulline in the central nervous system. Evidence suggests that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the main intermediate filament in astrocytes, is deiminated, but not much is known regarding factors that control this enzymatic reaction. The present study demonstrated that PAD 2 activity (as determined by Western blot analysis of citrullinated GFAP isoforms) was increased in human cultured astrocytes by hypoxic conditions. PAD 2 mRNA increased markedly during the first 2h of hypoxia, but using a single chain antibody against human PAD 2 produced from the ETH-2 phage library, it took approximately 8h of hypoxia to see marked increases in PAD 2 protein. Thus, this is the first report to demonstrate a measurable response in the amounts of PAD 2 mRNA, protein and activity in human astrocytes by prolonged hypoxic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Thiagarajan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sambandam
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belousova
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Accaviti-Loper
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanquicett
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guercello
authors.forename: Reinout
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raijmakers
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nicholas
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D006867:Hydrolases; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases; D010100:Oxygen