title: fMRI biomarker of early neuronal dysfunction in presymptomatic Huntington's Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional MR imaging (fMRI) has been used to probe basal ganglia function in people with presymptomatic Huntington's disease (pre-HD). A previous fMRI study in healthy individuals demonstrated activation of the basal ganglia during a time-discrimination task. The current study was designed to examine the relative sensitivity of fMRI compared with that of behavioral testing and morphometric measurements in detecting early neurodegenerative changes related to Huntington's disease (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-HD participants were assigned to two groups based on estimated years to diagnosis of manifest disease: close <12 years and far >or=12 years. Age at disease onset was estimated using a regression equation based on the number of trinucleotide CAG repeats. The time-discrimination task required participants to determine whether a specified interval was shorter or longer than a standard interval of 1200 milliseconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the close group performed more poorly on the time-task discrimination than did control subjects; however, no differences were observed between far participants and control subjects. Similarly, close participants had reduced bilateral caudate volume relative to that of control subjects, whereas far participants did not. On functional imaging, close participants had significantly less activation in subcortical regions (caudate, thalamus) than control subjects; far participants had an intermediate degree of activation. In contrast, far participants had hyperactivation in medial hemispheric structures (anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area) relative to close and control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperactivation of medial prefrontal regions compensated for reduced subcortical participation during time discrimination in pre-HD. This pattern of brain activation may represent an early neurobiologic marker of neuronal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zimbelman
authors.forename: Sean C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Langbehn
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Leveroni
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Norman C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001524:Behavioral Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013998:Time Perception