title: Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in rats using a three-choice ethanol-midazolam-water discrimination.
abstract: Three-choice discrimination procedures are used to characterize how similar the discriminative stimulus effects of two drugs are in relation to each other. This procedure has suggested similarities between ethanol and ligands that positively modulate the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor complex. As an extension to these studies, male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate midazolam (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) from ethanol (1.0 g/kg, i.g.) from water (2.3 ml, i.g.) in a three-lever, food reinforced task. Substitution tests were conducted following administration of GABAA-positive modulators, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, 5-HT1B agonists and isopropanol. Among the GABAA-positive modulators, diazepam was the only drug that completely substituted for midazolam; both pentobarbital and the neurosteroid allopregnanolone showed partial midazolam substitution. The NMDA antagonist dizocilpine substituted for ethanol, while phencyclidine showed no substitution for either ethanol or midazolam. The serotonin agonists tested also showed no substitution for either ethanol or midazolam. Isopropanol was the only other drug that completely substituted for ethanol. These data extend previous findings from an ethanol-pentobarbital-water discrimination and further define training conditions that result in a conditional basis for the ethanol discrimination where only those drugs with pharmacological heterogeneous effects similar to ethanol produce a full ethanol-like effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Porcu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011280:Pregnanolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B / Q000187:drug effects; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007211:Indoles; D010879:Piperazines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; C052561:CGS 12066B; C018406:1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine; C025145:5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1H indole; D000431:Ethanol; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D011280:Pregnanolone; D010424:Pentobarbital; D010622:Phencyclidine; D008874:Midazolam