title: Changes in physical fitness parameters during a competitive field hockey season.
abstract: Competitive field hockey requires a substantial amount of muscular strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance. It is unknown how these parameters of physical fitness change between preseason conditioning to postseason recovery. Therefore, Division III female field hockey athletes (n = 13) completed tests of muscular strength, body composition, and maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2)max) during each phase of their season. Muscular strength was assessed using 1 repetition maximum (RM) leg and bench press tests. Body composition was assessed by anthropometry (skinfolds [SKF]), circumferences ([CC]), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Incremental treadmill testing was administered to assess Vo(2)max. Vo(2)max was unchanged during the season, although a trend (p > 0.05) was shown for a higher Vo(2)max during and after the season vs. before the season. Upper- (10%) and lower-body strength (14%) decreased (p > 0.05) during the season. Percent body fat (%BF) from BIA, fat mass (FM) from CC, and body mass index (BMI) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in-season and postseason vs. preseason. In conclusion, preseason training was effective in decreasing %BF and increasing Vo(2)max, yet muscular strength was lost. Coaches should incorporate more rigorous in-season resistance training to prevent strength decrements. Moreover, these data support the superior levels of muscular strength and leanness in these athletes compared with age-matched peers.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science Program, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA. astorino@csusm.edu
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Astorino
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006688:Hockey / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance; D010809:Physical Fitness; D013997:Time Factors