title: Is the histomorphological concept of the female pelvic floor and its changes due to age and vaginal delivery correct?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the histomorphology of pelvic floor specimens of 94 female cadavers, ten male cadavers, and 24 female symptomatic patients who underwent pelvic floor surgery, and to evaluate the association of age, parity, and sex to myogenic and/or neurogenic changes to the levator ani muscle (LAM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The pelvic floor was biopsied at the pubococcygeus, the iliococcygeus and the coccygeus muscle. After staining, signs for myogenic/neurogenic changes to the muscle were evaluated (fibrosis, variation in fiber diameter, centralization of nuclei, small angulated fibers, and type grouping). To identify the intact neuromuscular junction stainings with NCAM (neuronal cell adhesion molecule) and acetylcholinesterase (ACE) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant influence of age and parity on the histomorphological criteria of myogenic cell-damage was shown in this study. Although these criteria were found even in young nulliparous women, there was a significant increase in older or parous women with at least one vaginal delivery. We failed to demonstrate significant changes between the nulliparous LAM, the male LAM, and the LAM from women with prolapse and incontinence. None of the specimen showed any obvious evidence of neuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have evaluated histological criteria adapted from the examination of limb muscles in the LAM of nulliparous young women. "Myogenic changes" seem to be a normal finding in the LAM. The increase of these changes with aging and parity points to mechanical stress to the LAM as the most plausible causative factor. We propose that further studies using histomorphological techniques of the pelvic floor muscle in nulliparous and parous women should clarify the potential role of our histological findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany. katharina.jundt@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jundt
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiening
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bergauer
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Janni
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peschers
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dimpfl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D010298:Parity; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*