title: A prospective cohort study to investigate risk factors for horse falls in UK hurdle and steeplechase racing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equine fatalities during racing continue to be a major welfare concern and falls at fences are responsible for a proportion of all equine fatalities recorded on racecourses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and quantify risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt (NH) racing and to report the frequency of falling and falling-associated fatalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted on 2879 horse starts in hurdle and steeplechase races on 6 UK racecourses. Any horse that suffered a fall at a steeplechase or hurdle fence during the race was defined as a case. Data were obtained by interview and observations in the parade ring and from commercial databases. Multivariable logistic regression models, allowing for clustering at the level of the track, were used to identify the relationship between variables and the risk of falling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 124 falling cases (32 in hurdling and 92 in steeplechasing) identified. The injury risk of fallers was 8.9% and fatality risk 6.5%. Duration of journey to the racecourse, behaviour in the parade ring and weather at the time of the race were associated with falling in both hurdle and steeplechase racing. Age, amount of rainfall and going were also associated with falling in steeplechase racing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Falls at fences are significant contributors to equine fatalities during NH racing. Potentially modifiable risk factors identified were the condition of track surfaces and journey time to the racecourse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that information from this study may be used in future interventions to improve horse and jockey safety in racing. The study has also identified areas requiring further research, such as equine behaviour and its effect on racing performance, and the effect of light conditions on jumping ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Pinchbeck
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Proudman
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011891:Rain; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D013177:Sports; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom