HIV-1 and the hijacking of dendritic cells: a tug of war.
Dendritic cells are critical for host immunity and are involved both in the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are among the first cells targeted by HIV-1 in vivo at mucosal sites. Dendritic cells can sequester HIV-1 in endosomal compartments for several days and transmit infectious HIV-1 to interacting T cells in the lymph node, which is the most important site for viral replication and spread. Initially, the cellular immune response developed against HIV-1 is strong, but eventually it fails to control and resolve the infection. The most dramatic effect seen on the immune system during untreated HIV-1 infection is the destruction of helper CD4(+) T cells, which leads to subsequent immune deficiency. However, the immunomodulatory effects of HIV-1 on different dendritic cell subpopulations may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. This review discusses the effects HIV-1 exerts on dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, including the binding and uptake of HIV by dendritic cells, the formation of infectious synapses, infection, and the role of dendritic cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Larsson
Marie
M
New York University, School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA. larssm01@med.nyu.edu
D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018448:Models, Immunological; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000502:physiology
D015488:HIV Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D015728:Receptors, HIV