title: Development and validation of a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of physical activity during pregnancy on maternal and fetal health remains controversial and studies have yet to identify the optimal dose of physical activity associated with favorable pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  To ascertain the type, duration, and frequency of physical activities performed by pregnant women, three 24-h physical activity recalls were administered to 235 ethnically diverse prenatal care patients at a large tertiary care facility in western Massachusetts. The relative contribution of each activity to between-person variance in energy expenditure was used to establish the list of activities for the PPAQ. The PPAQ is self-administered and asks respondents to report the time spent participating in 32 activities including household/caregiving, occupational, sports/exercise, transportation, and inactivity. To validate the PPAQ, 54 pregnant women completed the PPAQ and then wore a Manufacturing Technology, Inc. actigraph for the following 7 d. At the end of the 7-d period, the PPAQ was repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraclass correlation coefficients used to measure reproducibility of the PPAQ were 0.78 for total activity, 0.82 for moderate activity, 0.81 for vigorous activity, and ranged from 0.83 for sports/exercise to 0.93 for occupational activity. Spearman correlations between the PPAQ and three published cut points used to classify actigraph data ranged from 0.08 to 0.43 for total activity, 0.25 to 0.34 for vigorous activity, 0.20 to 0.49 for moderate activity, and -0.08 to 0.22 for light-intensity activity. Correlations were higher for sports/exercise and occupational activities as compared to household/caregiving activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  household/caregiving activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPAQ is a reliable instrument of physical activities during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, 405 Arnold House, University of Massachusetts, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9304, USA. LCT.schoolph.umass.edu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chasan-Taber
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hosmer
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markenson
authors.forename: Patty S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Freedson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006796:Household Work; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires