title: Conditional ROCK activation in vivo induces tumor cell dissemination and angiogenesis.
abstract: Progression of tumors to invasive and metastatic forms requires that tumor cells undergo dramatic morphologic changes, a process regulated by Rho GTPases. Elevated expression of RhoA and RhoC, as well as the Rho effector proteins ROCK I and ROCK II, are commonly observed in human cancers and are often associated with more invasive and metastatic phenotypes. To examine how ROCK contributes to the progression of solid tumors, we established a conditionally activated form of ROCK II by fusing the kinase domain to the estrogen receptor hormone-binding domain (ROCK:ER). ROCK:ER-expressing colon carcinoma cells grown as tumors in immunocompromised nude mice organized into discrete clusters surrounding blood vessels. However, ROCK:ER activation resulted in the aggressive dissemination of tumor cells into the surrounding stroma, indicating that increased ROCK signaling is sufficient to promote invasion from solid tumors. In addition, tumors in which ROCK:ER was activated were more highly vascularized, indicating that ROCK contributes to tumor angiogenesis. ROCK:ER activation resulted in changes to epithelial morphology and organization that facilitated motility in vitro, likely by inducing the redistribution of proteins such as ezrin, as well as adherens junction and extracellular matrix-binding proteins. These results suggest that ROCK inhibitors would be useful antimetastatic and antiangiogenic chemotherapeutic agents in tumors associated with elevated RhoA, RhoC, ROCK I, or ROCK II expression.
authors.affiliation: Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sahai
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mavria
authors.forename: Shuixing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: William M F
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases