title: Combining stepped-care approaches with behavioral reinforcement to motivate employment in opioid-dependent outpatients.
abstract: Employment is associated with improved treatment outcome for opioid-dependent outpatients receiving methadone (e.g., Platt, 1995). Opioid-dependent individuals typically enter treatment unemployed and many remain unemployed despite reductions in heroin use. Additional interventions are needed to motivate employment seeking behaviors and outcome. This article reports on a promising approach to reduce the chronic unemployment commonplace in treatment-seeking, opioid-dependent patients--a "stepped care" service delivery intervention that incorporates multiple behavioral reinforcements to motivate patient participation in and adherence to the treatment plan. This therapeutic approach (Motivated Stepped Care--MSC; Brooner and Kidorf (2002) was refined and modified to motivate and support a range of positive treatment behaviors and outcomes in patients with opioid-dependence (Kidorf et al. 1999), including job-seeking and acquisition. Patients who are unemployed after one year of treatment are systematically advanced to more intensive steps of weekly counseling and remain there until employment is attained. Those who remain unemployed despite exposure to at least 4 weeks of counseling at the highest step of care (Step 3, which is 9 h weekly of counseling) are started on a methadone taper in preparation for discharge, which is reversible upon attaining a job. This article describes the MSC approach and presents rates of employment for patients who were judged capable of working (n = 228). A review of medical and billing records during August--September 2002 revealed that the great majority of these patients were employed (93%), usually in full-time positions. Employment was associated with less frequent advancement to higher intensities of weekly counseling because of drug use. Further, multiple indices of improved employment stability and functioning, including months of work, hours of work, and annualized salary, were associated with better drug use outcomes. These data suggest that the MSC intervention is an effective platform for motivating and supporting both job seeking and employment in patients with chronic and severe substance use disorder.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. mkidorf@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kidorf
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Brooner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014830:Vocational Guidance