title: Clinical and molecular characterization of the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: analysis of 232 families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify genetic and nongenetic factors contributing to the risk of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 285 families with BEEC were invited to participate in the study, and 232 of them were recruited. Epidemiological information was obtained from 151 of the consenting families, with a detailed clinical genetic examination of 94 probands. In all, 440 DNA samples were collected from 163 families for molecular analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the cases were sporadic and had no family history of BEEC. Among patients, 95% were Caucasian, and males were more common in both the epispadias group (M/F, 2.2, 29 patients) and the classic bladder-exstrophy group (M/F 1.8, 164), but in the cloacal exstrophy group the sex ratio was close to unity (1.1, 15). There was a statistically significant association with advanced parental age (P < 0.001). Birth weight, gestational age and maternal reproductive history did not appear to be significantly different from those in the general population. Information on exposures to tobacco, alcohol and drugs was collected but none appeared to act as a risk factor. Karyotype analysis on 37 cases detected two chromosomal abnormalities, i.e. 46XY t(8;9)(p11.2; q13) and 47XYY. Molecular analysis of the HLXB9 gene, which causes Currarino syndrome, did not detect mutations in the blood or bladder DNA of 10 patients with bladder or cloacal exstrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BEEC most commonly occurs as an isolated sporadic birth defect with a recurrence risk of << 1%. There was no evidence of a single-gene effect or common environmental factor in this study population. In addition to race and advanced parental age, birth order may be a risk factor for BEEC. We suggest somatic mutations in a gene(s) within the pathway regulating bladder development may be the cause of BEEC.
authors.affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MA, USA. sboyd@mail.jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Simeon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boyadjiev
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: Cristi L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: Gerald H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ashrafi
authors.forename: Terri H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Beaty
authors.forename: Ranjiv I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Karl W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Broman
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004842:Epispadias / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D010331:Paternal Age; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA