title: Risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: disparity between African Americans and other race/ethnic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African Americans have a higher incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared with non-Hispanic whites. Whether other clinical differences exist between these two groups is not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a population-based retrospective analysis of all patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in both a regional and a statewide database between 1988 and 1998. Their goal was to evaluate differences in incidence rates, clinical presentation, including age at diagnosis, gender, and tumor characteristics, and treatment among race/ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans had a higher age-adjusted incidence rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (8.78) compared with non-Hispanic whites (5.89), Hispanics (5.09), Asians (4.75), and all race/ethnicities combined (5.82). African Americans also presented at a later stage of disease and received less surgery than all other race/ethnicities, despite equal availability of medical insurance. The analyses also revealed gender differences. In general, males maintained a higher incidence rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma than females across all race/ethnicities. In all race/ethnic groups, females were diagnosed at an older age and an earlier stage of disease than males. The proportional hazard mortality ratio for females age < 60 was significantly less than that for males in the same age group (P < 0.02), even after accounting for stage and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African Americans in California had a higher incidence rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, had a slightly higher risk of presenting with advanced-stage disease and with nonresectable tumors (i.e., tumors located in the body or tail of the pancreas), and underwent less surgical treatment than all other race/ethnicities. Younger females in all race/ethnic groups had a survival advantage over males of the same age.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California 92868-3298, USA. KChang@uci.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Gulshan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parasher
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Largent
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anton-Culver
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data