title: Neural bases of cognitive ERPs: more than phase reset.
abstract: Up to now, two conflicting theories have tried to explain the genesis of averaged event-related potentials (ERPs): Whereas one hypothesis claims that ERPs originate from an event-related activation of neural assemblies distinct from background dynamics, the other hypothesis states that ERPs are produced by phase resetting of ongoing oscillatory activity. So far, this question has only been addressed for early ERP components. Late ERP components, however, are generally thought to represent superimposed activities of several anatomically distinct brain areas. Thus, the question of which mechanism underlies the genesis of late ERP components cannot be easily answered based on scalp recordings. In contrast, two well-investigated late ERP components recorded invasively from within the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) in epilepsy patients, the so-called MTL-P300 and the anterior MTL-N400 (AMTL-N400), are based on single source activity. Hence, we investigated whether the MTL-P300 and the AMTL-N400 are based on an event-related activity increase, a phase reset of ongoing oscillatory activity or both. ERPs were recorded from the hippocampus and rhinal cortex in subjects performing a visual oddball paradigm and a visual word recognition paradigm. With wavelet techniques, stimulus-related phase-locking and power changes were analyzed in a frequency range covering 2 to 48 Hz. We found that the MTL-P300 is accompanied by both phase reset and power increase and that both effects overlap partly in time. In contrast, the AMTL-N400 is initially associated with phase locking without power increase and only later during the course of the AMTL-N400 we observed an additional power increase. In conclusion, both aspects, event-related activation of neural assemblies and phase resetting of ongoing activity seem to be involved in the generation of late ERP components as recorded in cognitive tasks. Therefore, separate analysis of event-related power and phase-locking changes might reveal specific insights into the mechanisms underlying different cognitive functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. juergen.fell@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fell
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dietl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grunwald
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurthen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klaver
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trautner
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Christian E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Elger
authors.forename: Guillén
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernández
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology