title: Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by two colour melting curve analysis using the MGB Eclipse Probe System in challenging sequence environment.
abstract: Probe and primer design for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection can be very challenging for A-T DNA-rich targets, requiring long sequences with lower specificity and stability, while G-C-rich DNA targets present limited design options to lower GC-content sequences only. We have developed the MGB Eclipse Probe System, which is composed of the following elements: MGB Eclipse probes and primers, specially developed software for the design of probes and primers, a unique set of modified bases and a Microsoft Excel macro for automated genotyping, which ably solves, in large part, this challenge. Fluorogenic MGB Eclipse probes are modified oligonucleotides containing covalently attached duplex-stabilising dihydrocyclopyrroloindole tripeptide (DPI3), the MGB ligand (MGB is a trademark of Epoch Biosciences, Bothell, WA), which has the combined properties of allowing the use of short sequences and providing great mismatch discrimination. The MGB moiety prevents probe degradation during polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowing the researcher to use real time data; alternatively, hybridisation can be accurately measured by a post-PCR two-colour melt curve analysis. Using MGB Eclipse probes and primers containing modified bases further enhances the analysis of difficult SNP targets. G- or C-rich sequences can be refractory to analysis due to Hoogsteen base pairing. Substitution of normal G with Epoch's modified G prevents Hoogsteen base pairing, allowing both superior PCR and probe-based analysis of GC-rich targets. The use of modified A and T bases allows better stabilisation by significantly increasing the Tm of the oligonucleotides. Modified A creates A-T base pairs that have a stability slightly lower than a G-C base pair, and modified T creates T-A base pairs that have a stability about 30 per cent higher than the unmodified base pair. Together, the modified bases permit the use of short probes, providing good mismatch discrimination and primers that allow PCR of refractory targets. The combination of MGB Eclipse probes and primers enriched with the MGB ligand and modified bases has allowed the analysis of refractory SNPs, where other methods have failed.
authors.affiliation: Epoch Biosciences, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
authors.forename: Yevgeniy S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Belousov
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulchenko
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dempcy
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Afonina
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Walburger
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadavalli
authors.forename: Nicolaas M J
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Walt
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D015342:DNA Probes; D020862:GC Rich Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004247:DNA