title: Estrogen and risk of gastric cancer: a protective effect in a nationwide cohort study of patients with prostate cancer in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global pattern of male predominance in gastric cancer incidence remains unexplained. We tested the hypothesis that estrogen prevents gastric cancer in a cohort of men heavily exposed to estrogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nationwide cohort study of men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer recorded in the Swedish Cancer Register in 1961-2000. Because estrogen therapy was the treatment of choice for prostate cancer in Sweden between 1950 and 1980, cohort members diagnosed earlier than 1980 were considered exposed to estrogen. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) estimated relative risk. Complete follow-up was achieved through cross-linkages within the cancer register and the Swedish nationwide registers of emigration and causes of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 515,961 person-years of follow-up, we observed 304 gastric cancers as compared with 349 expected for the cohort members in the predefined "exposed" period 1961-1980, rendering a 13% decreased risk (SIR, 0.87; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.78-0.98). Among patients with a latency of > or =15 years after a prostate cancer diagnosis in 1961-1980, SIR was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.30-0.97), suggesting a dose-response relation. Similarly, reduced risks were found for cardia cancer and noncardia gastric cancer. No decreased risk was found for the cohort members in 1981-2000, when estrogen treatment was less common (SIR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates a reduced risk of gastric cancer in a male cohort exposed to estrogen. These results support the hypothesis that estrogen may prevent gastric cancer, but additional studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. mats.lindblad@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagergren
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002299:Cardia / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens