title: Bilirubin as a cerebrospinal fluid marker of sentinel subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in pigs was developed to investigate bilirubin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a potential marker of sentinel SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven male Yorkshire pigs received a 250-microl injection of either whole autologous arterial blood (four animals) or isotonic saline (three animals) into the cisternae magna in an effort to produce volumetrically a model of sentinel SAH and a control injection model, respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid volumes of 100 microl were then collected from both the lumbar cistern and cisternae magna at 1 to 2-hour intervals for a total of 24 hours postinjection. The CSF was then tested for bilirubin. Mean concentrations of bilirubin (+/- standard deviation [SD]) obtained from the lumbar cistern 24 hours following the injection of blood or saline were 4.38 +/- 1.04 microM in the SAH animals and 1.02 +/- 0.05 microM in the controls. At 24 hours postinjection, mean concentrations (+/- SD) of cisternae magna bilirubin were 7.29 +/- 1.33 microM and 1.33 +/- 0.14 microM in the SAH animals and controls, respectively. In the SAH group, both the lumbar cistern and cisternae magna bilirubin concentrations differed significantly from baseline values 12 hours following SAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated concentrations of CSF bilirubin can be detected following a low-volume SAH, and the production of bilirubin occurred over a predictable time course. Twelve hours after hemorrhage, an elevated CSF bilirubin concentration was an indicator of hemolysis occurring in the subarachnoid spaces. The presence of bilirubin in CSF is a potential marker for differentiating SAHs from traumatic lumbar punctures in humans.
authors.affiliation: The Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Center for Biostatistical Services, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0536, USA.
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Gail J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pyne-Geithman
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jauch
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuccarello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001663:Bilirubin