title: Nutrients released by gastric epithelial cells enhance Helicobacter pylori growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori survives and proliferates in the human gastric mucosa. In this niche, H. pylori adheres to the gastric epithelial cells near the tight junctions. In vitro, H. pylori proliferated well in tissue-culture medium near gastric epithelial cells. However, in the absence of epithelial cells, growth of H. pylori could only be established in tissue-culture medium when, prior to the experiment, it was preincubated near gastric epithelial cells. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether diffusion of nutrients derived from epithelial cells was required for H. pylori growth in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium (DMEM) cell culture medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell culture conditions essential for H. pylori growth in vitro were determined with gastric epithelial HM02 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deprivation of iron in cell-culture-conditioned DMEM resulted in a growth arrest of H. pylori. However, near gastric epithelial cells, growth of H. pylori was resistant to iron deprivation. Evidently, when residing close to epithelial cells, H. pylori was able to fulfil its iron requirements, even when the DMEM was deprived of iron. Nevertheless, supplementation with iron alone did not restore H. pylori growth in DMEM, hence other nutrients were deficient as well in the absence of epithelial cells. Growth of H. pylori in DMEM was restored when hypoxanthine, L-alanine and L-proline were added to the DMEM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diffusion of (precursors of) these nutrients from the gastric epithelial cells is essential for H. pylori growth in vitro. We hypothesize that in vivo, H. pylori favors colonization near the tight junctions, to gain maximal access to the nutrient(s) released by gastric epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Amsterdam
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Ende
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D011392:Proline; D007501:Iron; D000409:Alanine