title: Stinging and biting insect allergy: an Australian experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stings and bites from various insects are responsible for many anaphylactic events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the clinical features of specific forms of anaphylaxis and investigate clinical concerns regarding stinging and biting insect allergy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients presenting for evaluation of adverse reactions to insect stings or bites between December 1980 and December 1997 had the clinical details of their reactions recorded and their reactions classified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectrum of clinical symptoms and signs is similar to that seen in anaphylaxis from other sources; stings on the head or neck are not more likely to cause life-threatening reactions than stings elsewhere on the body; a lesser reaction will not necessarily lead to a more serious reaction from a future sting; asthmatic patients do appear to have an increased risk of asthma as a feature of their anaphylactic response; anaphylaxis is usually confined to a particular insect species for the individual patient; patients who have had multiple stings at one time may have experienced true anaphylaxis and not a "toxic" response; and patients who have had anaphylaxis from other sources are at no greater risk than that of the general population of reacting similarly to insect stings or bites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anaphylactic events from insect stings show the same clinical features as those from other sources. Systemic reactions seem confined to a specific insect species. Patients who experience RXN3 reactions from multiple stings at one time should undergo specific venom testing, because many have experienced true anaphylaxis and not a toxic response. Future consideration should be given to the role of beta-adrenergic antagonists and ACE inhibitors in patients with systemic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Watkins Medical Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. solleybg@futureweb.com.au
authors.forename: Graham O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Solley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged