title: Chemotherapy use, outcomes, and costs for older persons with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: evidence from surveillance, epidemiology and end results-Medicare.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is limited published documentation regarding US community patterns of care for older patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, we examined community treatment patterns for advanced NSCLC, focusing on chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with locally advanced or metastatic (TNM system stages IIIb and IV) NSCLC diagnosed between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1999, were stratified based on chemotherapy agents received during the first 3 months following diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare survival, controlling for age, sex, race, noncancer comorbidity, stage at diagnosis, SEER region, and receipt of cancer-related surgery or radiation therapy in the first 3 months following diagnosis. Lifetime medical costs were calculated for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14,875 patients met inclusion criteria: 7,411 (49.8%) stage III and 7,464 (50.2%) stage IV at diagnosis. Thirty-one percent received chemotherapy, 8% received surgery, and 53% received radiation therapy either as initial or adjuvant treatment. Persons > or = 75 years of age, females, African Americans, and those with more than one comorbidity were significantly less likely to receive chemotherapy (P < .01). Survival was inferior for those who did not receive a platinum-containing agent (P < .01). Lifetime costs were highest for those receiving platinum + taxane combinations, exceeding other regimens by more than $10,000 USD per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemotherapy prolongs survival in community settings, but is underutilized for persons with advanced NSCLC. Reasons for lower use in minorities and variation across regions deserve further study.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, M2-B230, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. sramsey@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howlader
authors.forename: Ruth D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Etzioni
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Donato
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome