title: A Xenopus DNA microarray approach to identify novel direct BMP target genes involved in early embryonic development.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, were originally isolated from bone on the basis of their ability to induce ectopic bone development. Although BMPs are involved in a wide range of developmental and physiological functions, very few vertebrate target genes in this pathway have been identified. To identify target genes regulated by the BMP growth factor family in Xenopus, large-scale microarray analyses were conducted to discover genes directly activated by this factor in dissociated animal cap tissues treated with a combination of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and BMP2. Consequent expression patterns and behaviors of the most highly induced genes were analyzed by in situ and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Here, we describe two sets of the most highly induced direct BMP target genes identified using microarrays prepared from two different stages of early Xenopus development. A wide variety of genes are induced by BMP2, ranging from cell cycle controllers, enzymes, signal transduction cascade components, and components of the blood and vascular system. The finding reinforces the notion that BMP signals play important roles in a variety of biological processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Peiffer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Von Bubnoff
authors.forename: Yongchol
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochii
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Ken W Y
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D014157:Transcription Factors