title: Modulation of vertebral and tibial growth by compression loading: diurnal versus full-time loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine whether the amount of endochondral growth response to mechanical compression and the underlying growth mechanism differed with night-time or day-time loading, relative to full-time loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical compression (nominally 0.1 MPa stress) was applied across tibial and tail vertebral growth plates of growing Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of animals (five per group) were used: 24/24 h (full-time loading); 12/24 h (day-loading); 12/24 h (night-loading); and 0/24 h (sham instrumented). Contralateral tibiae and adjacent vertebrae served as within-animal controls. The animals were euthanized after eight days. Growth plates were processed for quantitative histology to measure 24-h growth, total and BrdU-positive proliferative zone chondrocyte counts, and hypertrophic chondrocytic enlargement in the growth direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth as a percentage of within-animal control averaged 82% (full-time); 93% (day-loading); 90% (night-loading); 100% (sham) for vertebrae. For proximal tibiae it averaged 70% (full-time); 84% (day-loading); 86% (night-loading); 89% (sham). Reduced amount of hypertrophic chondrocytic enlargement explained about half of this effect in full-time loaded growth plates, but was not significantly altered in half-time loaded growth plates. The remaining variation in growth was apparently explained by reduced total numbers of proliferative zone chondrocytes. These findings indicate that sustained compression loading suppressed growth more than intermittent loading at both anatomical locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Robert T. Stafford Hall, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0084, USA. ian.stokes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Jodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gwadera
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimock
authors.forename: Cornelia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Farnum
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Aronsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000254:growth & development; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013131:Spine / Q000254:growth & development*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013977:Tibia / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors