title: B1-phytoprostanes trigger plant defense and detoxification responses.
abstract: Phytoprostanes are prostaglandin/jasmonate-like products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation that not only occur ubiquitously in healthy plants but also increase in response to oxidative stress. In this work, we show that the two naturally occurring B(1)-phytoprostanes (PPB(1)) regioisomers I and II (each comprising two enantiomers) are short-lived stress metabolites that display a broad spectrum of biological activities. Gene expression analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell cultures treated with PPB(1)-I or -II revealed that both regioisomers triggered a massive detoxification and defense response. Interestingly, expression of several glutathione S-transferases, glycosyl transferases, and putative ATP-binding cassette transporters was found to be increased by one or both PPB(1) regioisomers, and hence, may enhance the plant's capacity to inactivate and sequester reactive products of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, pretreatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension cells with PPB(1) considerably prevented cell death caused by severe CuSO(4) poisoning. Several Arabidopsis genes induced by PPB(1), such as those coding for adenylylsulfate reductase, tryptophan synthase beta-chain, and PAD3 pointed to an activation of the camalexin biosynthesis pathway that indeed led to the accumulation of camalexin in PPB(1) treated leaves of Arabidopsis. Stimulation of secondary metabolism appears to be a common plant reaction in response to PPB(1). In three different plant species, PPB(1)-II induced a concentration dependent accumulation of phytoalexins that was comparable to that induced by methyl jasmonate. PPB(1)-I was much weaker active or almost inactive. No differences were found between the enantiomers of each regioisomer. Thus, results suggest that PPB(1) represent stress signals that improve plants capacity to cope better with a variety of stresses.
authors.affiliation: Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bringmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Rad
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durner
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012603:Scopoletin / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D003300:Copper; D012603:Scopoletin