title: Multiple abnormalities in glucose and energy metabolism and coordinated changes in levels of adiponectin, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed metabolic defects in glucose and energy metabolism and abnormalities in a variety of cardiovascular risk factors are largely unknown in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We characterized the metabolic syndrome in 119 nondiabetic offspring of diabetic probands. Cardiovascular risk factors, including cytokines and adhesion molecules, were measured. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and indirect calorimetry; intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat were assessed by CT; and maximal oxygen consumption was measured with a bicycle ergometer test. By applying factor analysis, we identified a single factor, the metabolic syndrome factor, from the following variables: 2-hour glucose, fasting insulin, body mass index, waist, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and mean blood pressure. Subjects with the highest factor score were defined as having the metabolic syndrome. During hyperinsulinemia, the highest factor score was associated with decreased rates of glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal, high rates of lipid oxidation, low energy expenditure, and impaired suppression of free fatty acids during hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, the metabolic syndrome was associated with a high amount of visceral fat, hypoadiponectinemia, a low maximum oxygen uptake, and high levels of C-reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic syndrome is characterized by an excess of intra-abdominal fat, hypoadiponectinemia, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, multiple defects in glucose and energy metabolism, and elevated levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Urpu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salmenniemi
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihlajamäki
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kainulainen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punnonen
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vanninen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008055:Lipids; D005947:Glucose