title: Cardiac xenotransplantation: progress toward the clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal organs could satisfy the demand for solid organ transplants, which currently exceeds the limited human donor supply. Hyperacute rejection, the initial immune barrier to successful xenotransplantation, has been overcome with pig donors transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins. Delayed xenograft rejection, thought to be mediated by anti-pig antibodies predominantly to Gal antigens, is currently regarded as the major barrier to successful xenotransplantation. A median graft survival of 90 days in the life-supporting position is considered a reasonable initial standard for consideration of entry to the clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 10 heterotopic heart transplants from CD46 transgenic pigs to baboons was completed. Immunosuppression consisted of splenectomy, Rituximab (Anti-CD20), tacrolimus, sirolimus, corticosteroids, and TPC. Thymoglobulin (Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin) was used to treat putative rejection episodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median graft survival was 76 days (range 56-113 days, n = 9). Only three grafts were lost to rejection. The remaining grafts lost were due to recipient mortality with baboon cytomegalovirus (BCMV) being the major cause (n = 4). No cellular infiltrates were present as a manifestation of rejection. Three hearts showed chronic graft vasculopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median survival of 76 days in this group of heterotopic porcine-to-baboon cardiac xenografts represents a major advance over the median 27-day survival reported in the literature. Cellular rejection may not constitute a direct major barrier to xenotransplantation. A median survival of 90 days may be achievable with better control of BCMV infection. If further studies in the orthotopic position replicate these outcomes, criteria considered appropriate for clinical application of cardiac xenotransplantation would be approached.
authors.affiliation: The Mayo Clinic William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, 220 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. mcgregor.christopher@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Christopher G A
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: Sumeet S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Teotia
authors.forename: Guerard W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Marian G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Risdahl
authors.forename: Johannes M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000209:etiology; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D006085:Graft Survival; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010215:Papio; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose