title: Palaeomicrobiology: current issues and perspectives.
abstract: Palaeomicrobiology is an emerging field that is devoted to the detection, identification and characterization of microorganisms in ancient remains. Data indicate that host-associated microbial DNA can survive for almost 20,000 years, and environmental bacterial DNA preserved in permafrost samples has been dated to 400,000-600,000 years. In addition to frozen and mummified soft tissues, bone and dental pulp can also be used to search for microbial pathogens. Various techniques, including microscopy and immunodetection, can be used in palaeomicrobiology, but most data have been obtained using PCR-based molecular techniques. Infections caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites have all been diagnosed using palaeomicrobiological techniques. Additionally, molecular typing of ancient pathogens could help to reconstruct the epidemiology of past epidemics and could feed into current models of emerging infections, therefore contributing to the development of appropriate preventative measures.
authors.affiliation: Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drancourt
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000854:Anoplura / Q000235:genetics; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D040481:Genome Components; D005838:Genotype; D006376:Helminths / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D008829:Microbiology / Q000639:trends*; D008967:Molecular Biology; D010161:Paleodontology; D010163:Paleontology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*