title: Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale using contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of patent foramen ovale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with and five patients without patent foramen ovale underwent transesophageal echocardiography and MRI, which were performed during the Valsalva maneuver. Grading results (grade 0, no patent foramen ovale and grades 1-3, minor to major enhancement due to intracardiac shunt) were assessed visually. Signal-intensity curves in the left atrium and in a pulmonary vein served to underline the diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnoses of all patients with (15/15) and without patent foramen ovale (5/5) were correct compared with the findings of the reference transesophageal echocardiography. In 12 (60%) of 20 patients, the grading scores were identical, and in four (20%) of 20 patients, the scores differed by more than one grade. Overall, there was a good correlation of grading scores (r = 0.7, p < 0.05). Using signal-intensity curves, we found that the patients with patent foramen ovale showed an additional signal peak in the left atrium before the enhancement of the pulmonary vein because of an intracardiac shunt. In three of 15 patients with patent foramen ovale, an atrial septal aneurysm was correctly diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study shows that MRI is a new noninvasive method to detect patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm. A grading is possible but warrants further investigation regarding its predictive value and impact on treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular MRI, Cardiovascular Center Bethanien, Im Pruefling 17, D-60389 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. o.mohrs@ccb.de
authors.forename: Oliver K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Mohrs
authors.forename: Steffen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erkapic
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubel
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schräder
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: W Andreas
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Fach
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voigtlaender
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA