title: Homocysteine is lower in the third trimester of pregnancy in women with enhanced folate status from continued folic acid supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many countries, current recommendations are that women take a daily 400-mug folic acid supplement from before conception until the end of the 12th week of gestation for the prevention of neural tube defects. Low folate status is associated with an increased concentration of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), a risk factor associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal study, we determined tHcy and corresponding folate status in 101 pregnant women at 12, 20, and 35 weeks of gestation, in 35 nonpregnant controls sampled concurrently, and in a subgroup (n = 21 pregnant women and 19 nonpregnant controls) at 3 days postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma tHcy was significantly lower throughout pregnancy compared with nonpregnant controls, with values lowest in the second trimester before increasing toward nonpregnant values in the third trimester. Importantly, mean tHcy concentrations were lower in pregnant women taking folic acid supplements than in those not, an effect that reached significance in the third trimester (5.45 vs 7.40 micromol/L; P <0.05). During the third trimester, tHcy concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women with a history of miscarriage than in women with no previous history (8.15 vs 6.38 micromol/L; P <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first longitudinal study to show that homocysteine concentrations increase in late pregnancy toward nonpregnant values; an increase that can be limited by enhancing folate status through continued folic acid supplementation. These results indicate a potential role for continued folic acid supplementation in reducing pregnancy complications associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Julie M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: H Denis
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McFaul
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McNulty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid