title: Randomised controlled trial evaluating effects of morphine on plasma adrenaline/noradrenaline concentrations in newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of continuous morphine infusion in ventilated newborns on plasma concentrations of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and their relation to clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, randomised, placebo controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III neonatal intensive care units in two centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 126 ventilated neonates (inclusion criteria: postnatal age <3 days, duration of ventilation <8 hours, indwelling arterial catheter for clinical purposes; exclusion criteria: severe asphyxia, severe intraventricular haemorrhage, major congenital anomalies, neuromuscular blockers).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were determined in patients during blinded morphine (n = 60) and placebo (n = 66) infusion (100 microg/kg plus 10 microg/kg/h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations at baseline (nmol/l with interquartile range in parentheses) were comparable in infants treated with morphine (adrenaline, 0.22 (0.31); noradrenaline, 2.52 (2.99)) or placebo (adrenaline, 0.29 (0.46); noradrenaline, 2.44 (3.14)). During infusion, median adrenaline concentrations were 0.12 (0.28) and 0.18 (0.35) and median noradrenaline concentrations were 2.8 (3.7) and 3.8 (4.0) for the morphine and placebo treated infants respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that noradrenaline (p = 0.029), but not adrenaline (p = 0.18), concentrations were significantly lower in the morphine group than the placebo group. Furthermore, noradrenaline concentrations were related to the length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous morphine infusion significantly decreased plasma noradrenaline concentrations in ventilated newborns compared with placebo treatment. The results of this study support the idea that routine morphine administration decreases stress responses in ventilated neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Dr Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: S H P
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: van Lingen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roofthooft
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: van den Anker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine