title: Increased angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory versus noninflammatory breast cancer by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR gene expression quantification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory breast cancer is a distinct and aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer with unique clinical and pathological features. Recently, histologic evidence of intense angiogenesis was found in inflammatory breast cancer specimens. The aim of this study was to confirm the angiogenic phenotype of inflammatory breast cancer and to investigate its potential to induce lymphangiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to measure levels of mRNA of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, Flt-1, KDR, Flt-4, Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie-1, Tie-2, cyclooxygenase-2, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), Egr-1, Prox-1, and LYVE-1] in tumor specimens of 16 inflammatory breast cancer and 20 noninflammatory breast cancer patients. Tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemistry were used to study differential protein expression of some of the angiogenic factors in inflammatory breast cancer and noninflammatory breast cancer. Active lymphangiogenesis was further assessed by measuring lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammatory breast cancer specimens had significantly higher mRNA expression levels than noninflammatory breast cancer specimens of the following genes: KDR (P = 0.033), Ang-1, (P = 0.0001), Tie-1 (P = 0.001), Tie-2 (P = 0.001), FGF-2 (P = 0.002), VEGF-C (P = 0.001), VEGF-D (P = 0.012), Flt-4 (P = 0.001), Prox-1 (P = 0.005), and LYVE-1 (P = 0.013). High mRNA levels of FGF-2 and cyclooxygenase-2 corresponded to increased protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory breast cancer specimens contained significantly higher fractions of proliferating lymphatic endothelial cells than noninflammatory breast cancer specimens (P = 0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed the intense angiogenic activity in inflammatory breast cancer and demonstrated the presence of active lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory breast cancer. This may help explain the high metastatic potential of inflammatory breast cancer by lymphatic and hematogenous route. Both pathways are potential targets for the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van der Auwera
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Van Laere
authors.forename: Gert G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Van den Eynden
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Benoy
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Cecile G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Colpaert
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turley
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Van Marck
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Luc Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Dirix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm