title: Chronic functional somatic symptoms: a single syndrome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reliable longitudinal data of patients with functional somatic symptoms in general practice are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify distinctive features in patients with chronic functional somatic symptoms, and to determine whether these symptoms support the hypothesis of the existence of specific somatic syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study, with a comparison control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four primary care practices affiliated with the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-two patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2002 as having chronic functional somatic symptoms and 182 controls matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status, and practice were included. Data on comorbidity, referrals, diagnostic tests, and hospital admissions over a period of 10 years prior to the diagnosis were collected. Medication use and number of visits to the general practitioner (GP) were extracted from the moment computerised registration was started.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 10 years before the diagnosis of chronic functional somatic symptoms, significantly more patients than controls presented functional somatic symptoms in at least two body systems, and used more somatic and psychotropic drugs. They visited the GP twice as much, statistically had significantly more psychiatric morbidity, and were referred more often to mental health workers and somatic specialists. The number of patients undergoing diagnostic tests was higher for patients with chronic functional somatic symptoms than for controls, but hospital admissions rates were equal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic functional somatic symptoms have a great diversity of functional somatic symptoms. They use more somatic and psychotropic drugs than controls in the years before diagnosis. Moreover, they show high rates of referrals and psychiatric morbidity. The diversity of symptoms of patients with chronic functional somatic symptoms supports the concept that symptoms do not cluster in well defined distinct syndromes. Therefore, patients with chronic functional somatic symptoms should preferably not be classified into medical subspecialty syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands. t.oldehartman@hag.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: olde Hartman
authors.forename: Peter L B J
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Eloy H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: van de Lisdonk
authors.forename: Hans H J
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bor
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Weel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D013577:Syndrome