title: Laparoscopic skills training using a webcam trainer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many sophisticated and expensive trainers have been developed to assist surgeons in learning basic laparoscopic skills. We developed an inexpensive trainer and evaluated its effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The webcam laparoscopic training device is composed of a webcam, cardboard box, desk lamp and home computer. This homemade trainer was evaluated against 2 commercially available systems, namely the video Pelvitrainer (Karl Storz Endoscopy, Culver City, California) and the dual mirror Simuview (Simulab Corp., Seattle, Washington). The Pelvitrainer consists of a fiberglass box, single lens optic laparoscope, fiberoptic light source, endoscopic camera and video monitor, while the Simuview trainer uses 2 offset, facing mirrors and an uncovered plastic box. A total of 42 participants without prior laparoscopic training were enrolled in the study and asked to execute 2 tasks, that is peg transfer and pattern cutting. Participants were randomly assigned to 6 groups with each group representing a different permutation of trainers to be used. The time required for participants to complete each task was recorded and differences in performance were calculated. Paired t tests, the Wilcoxon signed rank test and ANOVA were performed to analyze the statistical difference in performance times for all conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analyses of the 2 tasks showed no significant difference for the video and webcam trainers. However, the mirror trainer gave significantly higher outcome values for tasks 1 and 2 compared to the video (p = 0.01 and <0.01) and webcam (p = 0.04 and <0.01, respectively) methods. ANOVA indicated no overall difference for tasks 1 and 2 across the orderings (p = 0.36 and 0.99, respectively). However, by attempt 3 the time required to complete the skill tests decreased significantly for all 3 trainers (each p <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our homemade webcam system is comparable in function to the more elaborate video trainer but superior to the dual mirror trainer. For novice laparoscopists we believe that the webcam system is an inexpensive and effective laparoscopic training device. Furthermore, the webcam system also allows instant recording and review of techniques.
authors.affiliation: Endourology Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. chungsy@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Steve Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Landsittel
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Gerhard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis