title: An epidemiological investigation of off-label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of off-label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population and establish what percentage of this off-label use is evidence-based. The second objective was to investigate differences in the prevalence of off-label use among anticonvulsants marketed before and after 1993. The third objective was to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off-label use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a retrospective study utilizing pharmacy, inpatient, outpatient and long-term care claims linked with eligibility files for persons with Georgia Medicaid benefits in 1999 through 2000. An anticonvulsant recipient was considered an off-label anticonvulsant user if their anticonvulsant use did not match age or medical diagnoses in the product label. An evidence-based off-label use was defined as off-label anticonvulsant use supported by at least one randomized controlled clinical trial. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off-label use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  34 676 (71.3%) of 48 648 patients on one or more anticonvulsants received an off-label prescription for an anticonvulsant. Gabapentin was the anticonvulsant most widely used off-label (86%). After accounting for labeled and all evidence-based uses for the six most frequently prescribed anticonvulsants, there was a moderate to large percentage of anticonvulsant use not supported by any evidence from controlled trials (range: 19.09-57.07%). The most common comorbidities among patients prescribed the top six anticonvulsants were diabetes mellitus, depression, schizophrenia and pain. Anticonvulsants launched after 1993 had a higher prevalence of off-label use than anticonvulsants marketed before 1993. Off-label drug use varied by age with children and adolescents being the most likely to receive an off-label anticonvulsant. Compared with other practitioners, neurologists were more likely to prescribe anticonvulsants off-label.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anticonvulsant off-label use in the Georgia Medicaid population is very high (71%). Only a modest proportion of these off-label uses are supported by evidence from controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Care Administration Graduate Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Aparna D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants