title: Temporal and geographic patterns of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) production in Iquitos, Peru.
abstract: Large-scale longitudinal cohort studies are necessary to characterize temporal and geographic variation in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) production patterns and to develop targeted dengue control strategies that will reduce disease. We carried out pupal/demographic surveys in a circuit of approximately 6,000 houses, 10 separate times, between January 1999 and August 2002 in the Amazonian city of Iquitos, Peru. We quantified the number of containers positive for Ae. aegypti larvae and/or pupae, containers holding pupae, and the absolute number of pupae by 4-mo sampling circuits and spatially by geographic area by using a geographic information system developed for the city. A total of 289,941 water-holding containers were characterized, of which 7.3% were positive for Ae. aegypti. Temporal and geographic variations were detected for all variables examined, and the relative importance of different container types for production of Ae. aegypti was calculated. Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae were detected in 64 types of containers. Consistent production patterns were observed for the lid status (lids: 32% wet containers, 2% pupal production), container location (outdoor: 43% wet containers, 85% pupal production), and method by which the container was filled with water (rain filled: 15% wet containers, 88.3% pupal production); these patterns were consistent temporally and geographically. We describe a new container category (nontraditional) that includes transient puddles, which were rare but capable of producing large numbers of pupae. Because of high variable pupal counts, four container categories (large tank, medium storage, miscellaneous, and nontraditional) should be targeted in addition to outdoor rain-filled containers that are not covered by a lid. The utility of targeted Ae. aegypti control is discussed, as well as the ability to achieve control objectives based on published but untested threshold values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Getis
authors.forename: Helvio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Astete
authors.forename: Moises
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sihuincha
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Focks
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stancil
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D003710:Demography; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva; D010568:Peru; D011156:Population Density; D011679:Pupa; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health