title: The properties of free polymer surfaces and their influence on the glass transition temperature of thin polystyrene films.
abstract: We present a detailed study of free polymer surfaces and their effects on the measured glass transition temperature (T(g)) of thin polystyrene (PS) films. Direct measurements of the near-surface properties of PS films are made by monitoring the embedding of 10 and 20 nm diameter gold spheres into the surface of spin-cast PS films. At a temperature T = 378 K( > T(g)), the embedding of the spheres is driven by geometrical considerations arising from the wetting of the gold spheres by the PS. At temperatures below T(g) (363 K < T < 370 K), both sets of spheres embed 3-4 nm into the PS films and stop. These studies suggest that a liquid-like surface layer exists in glassy PS films and also provide an estimate for the lower bound of the thickness of this layer of 3-4 nm. This qualitative idea is supported by a series of calculations based upon a previously developed theoretical model for the indentation of nanoscale spheres into linear viscoelastic materials. Comparing data with simulations shows that this surface layer has properties similar to those of a bulk sample of PS having a temperature of 374 K. Ellipsometric measurements of the T(g) are also performed on thin spin-cast PS films with thicknesses in the range 8 nm < h < 290 nm. Measurements are performed on thin PS films that have been capped by thermally evaporating 5 nm thick metal (Au and Al) capping layers on top of the polymer. The measured T(g) values (as well as polymer metal interface structure) in such samples depend on the metal used as the capping layer, and cast doubt on the general validity of using evaporative deposition to cover the free surface. We also prepared films that were capped by a new non-evaporative procedure. These films were shown to have a T(g) that is the same as that of bulk PS (370+/-1 K) for all film thicknesses measured (> 7 nm). The subsequent removal of the metal layer from these films was shown to restore a thickness-dependent T(g) in these samples that was essentially the same as that observed for uncapped PS films. An estimate of the thickness of the liquid-like surface layer was also extracted from the ellipsometry measurements and was found to be 5+/-1 nm. The combined ellipsometry and embedding studies provide strong evidence for the existence of a liquid-like surface layer in thin glassy PS films. They show that the presence of the free surface is an important parameter in determining the existence of T(g) reductions in thin PS films.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. james.sharp@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Teichroeb
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Forrest