title: Hierarchical messages for introducing multiple HIV prevention options: promise and pitfalls.
abstract: In battling HIV, many interventionists advocate the use of hierarchical messages that present multiple prevention options in order of decreasing effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to determine if hierarchical messages provide women with additional prevention options without reducing the perceived efficacy of and willingness to use the primary method mentioned (in this case, male condoms). African American and Mexican American women between 18 and 32 years of age (n=112) at risk for HIV were randomly assigned to receive either a male-condom-only message (use male condoms) or a hierarchical message (use male condoms; if not, use female condoms; if not, use spermicide). Compared with women in the male-condom-only condition, a significantly smaller percentage of women who received the hierarchical message perceived male condoms as highly effective against HIV. Women currently not using male condoms who received the hierarchical, rather than the male-condom-only, message were less likely to consider using male condoms in the future. Among current male condom users, however, the hierarchical message did not influence intent to use male condoms. These data point to the need for examining both the intended and unintended effects of hierarchical health care messages.
authors.affiliation: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0281, USA. lmiller@rcf.usc.edu
authors.forename: Lynn Carol
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sheila T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Leslie F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Merle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017058:Mexican Americans; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013089:Spermatocidal Agents