title: The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what's the evidence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the evidence for physical therapy interventions aimed at improving functional outcome after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, PEDro, EMBASE and DocOnline were searched for controlled studies. Physical therapy was divided into 10 intervention categories, which were analysed separately. If statistical pooling (weighted summary effect sizes) was not possible due to lack of comparability between interventions, patient characteristics and measures of outcome, a best-research synthesis was performed. This best-research synthesis was based on methodological quality (PEDro score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 151 studies were included in this systematic review; 123 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 28 controlled clinical trials (CCTs). Methodological quality of all RCTs had a median of 5 points on the 10-point PEDro scale (range 2-8 points). Based on high-quality RCTs strong evidence was found in favour of task-oriented exercise training to restore balance and gait, and for strengthening the lower paretic limb. Summary effect sizes (SES) for functional outcomes ranged from 0.13 (95% Cl 0.03-0.23) for effects of high intensity of exercise training to 0.92 (95% Cl 0.54-1.29) for improving symmetry when moving from sitting to standing. Strong evidence was also found for therapies that were focused on functional training of the upper limb such as constraint-induced movement therapy (SES 0.46; 95% Cl 0.07-0.91), treadmill training with or without body weight support, respectively 0.70 (95% Cl 0.29-1.10) and 1.09 (95% Cl 0.56-1.61), aerobics (SES 0.39; 95% Cl 0.05-0.74), external auditory rhythms during gait (SES 0.91; 95% Cl 0.40-1.42) and neuromuscular stimulation for glenohumeral subluxation (SES 1.41; 95% Cl 0.76-2.06). No or insufficient evidence in terms of functional outcome was found for: traditional neurological treatment approaches; exercises for the upper limb; biofeedback; functional and neuromuscular electrical stimulation aimed at improving dexterity or gait performance; orthotics and assistive devices; and physical therapy interventions for reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain and hand oedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review showed small to large effect sizes for task-oriented exercise training, in particular when applied intensively and early after stroke onset. In almost all high-quality RCTs, effects were mainly restricted to tasks directly trained in the exercise programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P S
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Van Peppen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wood-Dauphinee
authors.forename: H J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Ph J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van der Wees
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004487:Edema / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation