title: Pessimism and optimism as early warning signs for compromised health for caregivers of patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pessimism and optimism are associated with health-related outcomes, the long-term effects of pessimism and optimism in the caregiving process are understudied, and little is known about their role in health changes over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pessimism and optimism can be used as early warning signs for negative changes in caregiver depressive symptoms and physical health over a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel modeling was used to examine longitudinal data from 311 spouse caregivers of individuals with Parkinson's disease, with data points at baseline, Year 2, and Year 10. Measures included the Life Orientation Test, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and the SF-36 Health Survey physical functioning scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregiver pessimism early in the caregiver role was found to be a warning sign for poor current and future caregiver health. High baseline pessimism signaled high levels of baseline depressive symptoms and poor physical health, as well as a faster decline in health over the 10-year study. Optimism played a role in predicting baseline depressive symptoms, although the magnitude of its beneficial contribution was not as great as the deleterious effects of pessimism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses and clinicians have a unique opportunity to detect and intervene with caregivers who show high levels of pessimism early in the caregiving trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. lyonsk@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Patricia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Archbold
authors.forename: Julie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009341:Negativism; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors