title: Akinetic myocardial infarcts must contain contracting myocytes: finite-element model study.
abstract: Infarcted segments of myocardium demonstrate functional impairment ranging in severity from hypokinesis to dyskinesis. We sought to better define the contributions of passive material properties (stiffness) and active properties (contracting myocytes) to infarct thickening. Using a finite-element (FE) model, we tested the hypothesis that infarcted myocardium must contain contracting myocytes to be akinetic and not dyskinetic. A three-dimensional FE mesh of the left ventricle was developed with echocardiographs from a reperfused ovine anteroapical infarct. The nonlinear stress-strain relationship for the diastolic myocardium was anisotropic with respect to the local muscle fiber direction, and an elastance model for active fiber stress was incorporated. The diastolic stiffness (C) and systolic material property (isometric tension at longest sarcomere length and peak intracellular calcium concentration, T(max)) of the uninfarcted remote myocardium were assumed to be normal (C = 0.876 kPa, T(max) = 135.7 kPa). Diastolic and systolic properties of the infarct necessary to produce akinesis, defined as an average radial strain between -0.01 and 0.01, were determined by assigning a range of diastolic stiffnesses and scaling infarct T(max) to represent the percentage of contracting myocytes between 0% and 100%. As C was increased to 11 times normal (C = 10 kPa) the percentage of T(max) necessary for akinesis increased from 20% to 50%. Without contracting myocytes, C = 250 kPa was necessary to achieve akinesis. If infarct stiffness is <285 times normal, contracting myocytes are required to prevent dyskinetic infarct wall motion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, and SF Dept. of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Alan B C
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Julius M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guccione
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mishell
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology