title: Treatment of 72 newly diagnosed Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cases with oral melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone: results and cost analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current treatment regimens for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) are based on the use of oral alkylating agents. Recently, however, other more costly agents have been proposed for the treatment of WM. In the current study, the authors report on results obtained using oral melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (MCP) to treat 72 patients with WM, and they compare these results (and the associated costs) with those observed using more aggressive protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1973 and April 2002, the authors documented overexpression of the immunoglobulin M paraprotein in 317 consecutive patients. Of these, 100 had newly diagnosed WM, and the 72 who were symptomatic were treated using the MCP protocol. Response rate, overall survival (OS), response duration, freedom from progression (FFP), event-free survival (EFS) duration, toxicity, and cost per course in Euro and U.S. dollars were evaluated for patients receiving this regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one of 72 patients (99%) were evaluable. Of these patients, 55 (77%) achieved a response; 7 others (10%) experienced disease stabilization, and the remaining 9 (13%) experienced disease progression. After a median follow-up of 72 months (range, 3-195 months), the median durations of EFS, FFP, response, and OS were 47, 55, 64, and 66 months, respectively. No World Health Organization Grade III or IV toxicities were observed, and side effects were limited to transient nausea, emesis, and mild neutropenia. The cost per course of the MCP regimen was $16, similar to that of standard protocols involving chlorambucil and much less than that of more aggressive protocols (price range, $91-11091) proposed for the treatment of WM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like chlorambucil-based protocols, the MCP regimen is a cost-effective and safe option for the treatment of patients with WM. Furthermore, the results obtained do not appear to be inferior to those yielded by more expensive, aggressive, and toxic intravenous protocols.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ombretta
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Annibali
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Petrucci
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tirindelli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fossati
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Bianco
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mandelli
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foa
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avvisati
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002699:Chlorambucil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D008258:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D002699:Chlorambucil; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008558:Melphalan; D011241:Prednisone