title: Improved immune responses to influenza vaccination in the elderly using an immunostimulant patch.
abstract: The elderly have greater morbidity and mortality due to influenza, and respond poorly to influenza vaccination compared to younger adults. This study was designed to determine if the adjuvant heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli (LT), administered as an immunostimulant (IS) patch on the skin with influenza vaccination, improves influenza immune responses in the elderly. Three weeks following vaccination, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) responses in LT IS patch recipients showed improvement over those of elderly receiving vaccine alone, as demonstrated by significance or trends in fold rise [A/Panama (P = 0.004), A/New Caledonia (P = 0.09)], seroconversion [A/New Caledonia (63% versus 40%, P = 0.01), A/Panama (54% versus 36%, P = 0.08)] and seroprotection [26%, 20% and 16% greater for the patch group for A/New Caledonia, A/Panama and B/Shandong strains, respectively]. The data suggest that an LT IS patch may further enhance influenza vaccine immune responses in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: IOMAI Corporation, 20 Firstfield Road, Suite 250, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Frech
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spyr
authors.forename: Hedvika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Viret
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glück
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Glenn
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli