title: How does Fgf signaling from the isthmic organizer induce midbrain and cerebellum development?
abstract: The mesencephalic/rhombomere 1 border (isthmus) is an organizing center for early development of midbrain and cerebellum. In this review, we summarize recent progress in studies of Fgf signaling in the isthmus and discuss how the isthmus instructs the differentiation of the midbrain versus cerebellum. Fgf8 is shown to play a pivotal role in isthmic organizer activity. Only a strong Fgf signal mediated by Fgf8b activates the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and this is sufficient to induce cerebellar development. A lower level of signaling transduced by Fgf8a, Fgf17 and Fgf18 induce midbrain development. Numerous feedback loops then maintain appropriate mesencephalon/rhombomere1 and organizer gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. sato@saturn.med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins