title: A randomized comparison of three methods of analgesia for chest drain removal in postcardiac surgical patients.
abstract: Sixty-six patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft and/or valve surgery were recruited in a prospective, randomized study designed to compare the effectiveness of three analgesic regimens for chest drain removal. Patients were randomized to receive 0.1 mg/kg IV morphine, 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine infiltrated subcutaneously, or inhaled 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen (Entonox) via a demand valve. We assessed pain by measuring visual analog scale pain scores before and during drain removal. Median (25th, 75th centile) visual analog scale pain scores associated with drain removal in the bupivacaine, Entonox, and morphine groups were 9.5 mm (3, 18 mm), 37.0 mm (13, 56 mm), and 15.0 mm (7, 27 mm), respectively. The pain scores were higher in the Entonox group compared with the bupivacaine group (P=0.005) and the morphine group (P=0.047). Differences between baseline and drain-removal scores were -0.5 mm (-13, 7 mm), +10 mm (1, 29 mm), and -3.0 mm (-11, 12 mm), respectively. There was no difference among groups in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, PaCO2, oxygenation, or sedation. Bupivacaine and morphine, unlike Entonox, produce lower pain scores associated with drain removal.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Centre National Health Service Trust, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akrofi
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colfar
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Corry
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fabri
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pullan
authors.forename: Glenn N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D002045:Bupivacaine