title: Growth rate of human preimplantation embryos is sex dependent after ICSI but not after IVF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is concern that IVF and/or ICSI might have an adverse effect on embryonic development via epigenetic alterations. Such alterations might also be involved in the sex-related growth differences in preimplantation embryos found in some animal species. In the present study we analysed cell numbers of human male and female surplus embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage after either IVF or ICSI in order to investigate possible sex-dependent differential growth rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blastocysts resulting from surplus embryos obtained after either IVF or ICSI during a 5 year study period were analysed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of cells and sex could be determined in 330 blastocysts collected from 92 IVF cycles and in 322 blastocysts collected from 121 ICSI cycles. Whereas female and male embryos originating from IVF showed comparable mean log cell numbers per embryo +/- SEM (3.76+/-0.05 in 147 female and 3.72+/-0.04 in 183 male embryos), significant differences were observed in embryos originating from ICSI (3.57+/-0.05 in 162 female and 3.90+/-0.03 in 160 male embryos). The sex-related growth difference was significantly greater in ICSI than in IVF embryos. In a subset of 84 embryos, inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were analysed separately. A significantly higher mean log cell number of TE cells in ICSI male embryos was found as compared to their female counterparts (3.44+/-0.12 in 16 female and 3.90+/-0.11 in 29 male embryos), whereas this difference was not found in IVF embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear sex-related growth difference was found in human blastocysts originating from ICSI, but not in blastocysts originating from IVF. It is as yet unknown which mechanism is responsible for our findings. We hypothesize that the ICSI procedure might interfere with the process of imprinted X-inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. jdum@sgyn.azm.nl
authors.forename: John C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dumoulin
authors.forename: Josien G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Derhaag
authors.forename: Marijke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bras
authors.forename: Aafke P A
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Van Montfoort
authors.forename: Arnold D M
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: Johannes L H
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Joep P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Geraedts
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coonen
mesh_terms: D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic