title: Future directions for incontinence research with frail elders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most vulnerable older adults are often referred to as the frail elderly. There is a high prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in this population, yet there is little research to guide nurses in providing effective continence care to this vulnerable group of elders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize current knowledge on UI in frail older adults and suggest future areas for research in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing literature about UI in the frail elderly was analyzed to generate a plan for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gaps exist in the knowledge base needed to guide the nursing care of incontinent frail elders in the following areas: effectiveness of interventions, caregiver characteristics and management models, prevalence, risk factors, and reliability and validity of outcome measures. There are barriers to conducting research in long-term care settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the challenges inherent in doing research with incontinent frail elders, there is an urgent need for research to guide the nursing care of this population in all healthcare settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. sje1@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kincade
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003152:Community Health Nursing / Q000379:methods; D005544:Forecasting; D016330:Frail Elderly; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000379:methods; D016294:Models, Nursing; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*