title: In vitro analysis of partial loss-of-function ZIC2 mutations in holoprosencephaly: alanine tract expansion modulates DNA binding and transactivation.
abstract: Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ZIC2 result in the severe brain malformation known as holoprosencephaly (HPE), indicating that forebrain development is exquisitely sensitive to the activity of this poorly understood transcription factor. To identify the regions of ZIC2 that are essential for activity, we have assessed the ability of a variety of ZIC2 mutant proteins to function in in vitro assays. Two sources of information were used to design relevant mutations. First, phenotype producing mutations in human and in mouse ZIC2 were mimicked and secondly, a comparative sequence analysis of the C-terminal was carried out. Analysis of these mutations suggests that either a decrease or an increase in ZIC2 mediated transcriptional activity can produce a forebrain phenotype. In addition, the analysis reveals that the C-terminal of ZIC2 contains both activation and repression domains. This region of ZIC2 contains an alanine-tract, and expansion of this domain is associated with HPE. In vitro analysis of proteins with alterations in alanine-tract length illustrates that the C-terminal alanine-tract of ZIC2 influences the strength of DNA binding and alters transcriptional activity in a promoter-specific manner. This finding provides a possible mechanism by which alanine-tract expansion mutations could alter the function of other transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paraso
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arkell
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C491812:ZIC2 protein, human; C491811:Zic2 protein, mouse; D004247:DNA; D000409:Alanine