title: Both estrogen and raloxifene protect against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in estrogen receptor alpha-transfected PC12 cells by activation of telomerase activity via Akt cascade.
abstract: Although estrogen is known to protect against beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neurotoxicity, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are only beginning to be elucidated. In addition, the effect of raloxifene on Abeta-induced neuro-toxicity remains unknown. Here we investigated whether raloxifene exhibits similar neuro-protective effects to estrogen against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity and the mechanism of the effects of these agents in PC12 cells transfected with the full-length human estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene (PCER). Raloxifene, like 17beta-estradiol (E2), significantly inhibited Abeta-induced apoptosis in PCER cells, but not in a control line of cells transfected with vector DNA alone (PCCON). Since telomerase activity, the level of which is modulated by regulation of telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT) at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, is known to be involved in suppressing apoptosis in neurons, we examined the effect of E2 and raloxifene on telomerase activity. Although both E2 and raloxifene induced telomerase activity in PCER cells, but not in PCCON cells, treated with Abeta, they had no effect on the level of TERT expression. These results suggest that neither E2 nor raloxifene affects the telomerase activity at the transcriptional level. We therefore studied the mechanism by which E2 and raloxifene induce the telomerase activity at the post-transcriptional level. Both E2 and raloxifene induced the phosphorylation of Akt, and pre-treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated both E2- and raloxifene-induced activation of the telomerase activity. Moreover, both E2 and raloxifene induced both the phosphorylation of TERT at a putative Akt phosphorylation site and the association of nuclear factor kappaB with TERT. Our findings suggest that and raloxifene exert neuroprotective effects by E2 telomerase activation via a post-transcriptional cascade in an experimental model relevant to Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
authors.forename: Botao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohmichi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawagoe
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mori-Abe
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohishi
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doshida
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tezuka
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurachi
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010673:Pheochromocytoma; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D004967:Estrogens; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019098:Telomerase