title: Fate of Ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management.
authors.affiliation: Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Department of Natural Science, University of Orebro, S-70182 Orebro, Sweden. Lillemor.Gustavsson@nat.oru.se
authors.forename: Lillemor K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klee
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olsman
authors.forename: Henner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollert
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engwall
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000502:physiology; D001681:Biological Assay; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000032:analysis; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005285:Fermentation; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000819:agonists* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D007220:Industrial Waste; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1