title: Polymorphic segmental duplications at 8p23.1 challenge the determination of individual defensin gene repertoires and the assembly of a contiguous human reference sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Defensins are important components of innate immunity to combat bacterial and viral infections, and can even elicit antitumor responses. Clusters of defensin (DEF) genes are located in a 2 Mb range of the human chromosome 8p23.1. This DEF locus, however, represents one of the regions in the euchromatic part of the final human genome sequence which contains segmental duplications, and recalcitrant gaps indicating high structural dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that inter- and intraindividual genetic variations within this locus prevent a correct automatic assembly of the human reference genome (NCBI Build 34) which currently even contains misassemblies. Manual clone-by-clone alignment and gene annotation as well as repeat and SNP/haplotype analyses result in an alternative alignment significantly improving the DEF locus representation. Our assembly better reflects the experimentally verified variability of DEF gene and DEF cluster copy numbers. It contains an additional DEF cluster which we propose to reside between two already known clusters. Furthermore, manual annotation revealed a novel DEF gene and several pseudogenes expanding the hitherto known DEF repertoire. Analyses of BAC and working draft sequences of the chimpanzee indicates that its DEF region is also complex as in humans and DEF genes and a cluster are multiplied. Comparative analysis of human and chimpanzee DEF genes identified differences affecting the protein structure. Whether this might contribute to differences in disease susceptibility between man and ape remains to be solved. For the determination of individual DEF gene repertoires we provide a molecular approach based on DEF haplotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complexity and variability seem to be essential genomic features of the human DEF locus at 8p23.1 and provides an ongoing challenge for the best possible representation in the human reference sequence. Dissection of paralogous sequence variations, duplicon SNPs ans multisite variations as well as haplotypes by sequencing based methods is the way for future studies of interindividual DEF locus variability and its disease association.
authors.affiliation: Genomanalyse, Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Jena, Germany. stau@imb-jena.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taudien
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galgoczy
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huse
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reichwald
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilhabel
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szafranski
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frankish
authors.forename: Ivan F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Loncarevic
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Platzer
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D023082:Defensins / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D023082:Defensins