title: Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4+ T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is widely recognized that the intake of so-called probiotic microorganisms is beneficial in chronic mucosal inflammation and topical allergic disease, the immunologic details explaining how such bacteria can exert these effects remain obscure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus can modulate T cell responses in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) matured in the presence of L. rhamnosus were used to instruct naive CD4+ T cells; subsequently, the T cell response was assessed with the use of CD3/CD28 and interleukin (IL) 2. Cytokine production by ex vivo-stimulated naive cells and memory T cells was measured before and after oral supplementation with L. rhamnosus in 6 healthy volunteers and 6 patients with Crohn disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decreased T cell proliferation and cytokine production, especially of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10, was observed in CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells derived from L. rhamnosus-matured DCs. This T cell hyporesponsiveness was associated with enhanced DC-T cell interaction and normal responsiveness of T cells for IL-2. In vivo oral supplementation of L. rhamnosus for 2 wk induced a similar T cell hyporesponsiveness, including impaired ex vivo T helper subsets 1 and 2 responses without up-regulation of immunoregulatory cytokines in cohorts of both healthy volunteers and patients with Crohn disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that L. rhamnosus modulates DC function to induce a novel form of T cell hyporesponsiveness; this mechanism might be an explanation for the observed beneficial effects of probiotic treatment in clinical disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine and the Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. h.braat@meandermc.nl
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Braat
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Brande
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hommes
authors.forename: Maikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peppelenbosch
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Deventer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4