title: Cognitive status and analgesic provision in nursing home residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is becoming acknowledged that pain management is generally poor for older people, little is known about pain management for nursing home residents in the United Kingdom, and the specific problems for those with cognitive impairments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This section of a larger study of pain aimed to explore analgesic prescription and administration according to nursing home residents' cognitive status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of nursing home residents and their medication documentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 113 nursing home residents from 15 nursing homes in large city in the north of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents' cognitive status was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Pain was measured with a four-point verbal rating scale and a 10-point horizontal numeric rating scale. Residents' medications--including name, dose, and frequency of administration--were noted, as well as provision within the previous 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in pain scores according to level of cognitive impairment. The prescription and administration of opioid and non-opioid analgesics were highest for residents with low cognitive impairment; these decreased as impairment increased. Those who were prescribed neither opioid nor non-opioid analgesics had significantly lower MMSE scores than those who were. A low MMSE score indicates a high level of cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is not clear why those with greater cognitive impairment received fewer analgesics than others. More research is needed into the relationships between pain assessment, pain experience, cognitive impairment, and analgesic provision. It is likely that improvements in carers' knowledge of pain assessment and the risks and benefits of commonly used analgesics could improve analgesic provision.
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds. s.j.closs@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: S José
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Closs
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics