title: Prenatal ultrasound findings of lissencephaly associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome and comparison with pre- and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the prenatal ultrasound findings in fetuses with lissencephaly associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) and to compare these findings with those of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of MDS confirmed by postnatal chromosome microdeletion analysis were identified through review of patient records. Prenatal ultrasound scans were reviewed retrospectively by two radiologists. For cerebral cortical development, the Sylvian, parieto-occipital and calcarine fissures, and the cingulate sulcus and sulci over the cerebral convexity were evaluated. If one or more of these fissures or sulci were not visualized at the expected gestational age or their appearance was abnormal for gestational age, cortical development was considered delayed. Prenatal and postnatal MRI examinations were reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were seven cases of MDS. In three cases, the prenatal diagnosis of agyria/lissencephaly was prospectively suspected by ultrasound at 23, 26 and 30 weeks, and subsequently confirmed by prenatal MRI. When we retrospectively reviewed the prenatal ultrasound scans of all fetuses, all had delayed cortical development identified on ultrasound performed after 23 weeks' gestation. In all cases the Sylvian fissure was abnormal on both ultrasound and MRI. In one fetus, a normal cortical appearance for gestational age was seen at the initial 20-week ultrasound examination, but delayed cortical development was identified at a 24-week scan. Mild ventriculomegaly was seen in six fetuses and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum in one. Extracranial abnormalities were detected in five fetuses. Delayed cortical development was seen in two fetuses with mild ventriculomegaly, but no other fetal anomalies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In fetuses with MDS, delayed cortical development can be suspected on ultrasound as early as 23 weeks' gestation. This finding warrants further investigations including MRI and FISH analysis for chromosome 17p13.3 deletion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. katherine.fong@sympatico.ca
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.forename: E J T
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Winsor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chitayat
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal