title: Intraoperative infrared imaging of brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although clinical imaging defines the anatomical relationship between a brain tumor and the surrounding brain and neurological deficits indicate the neurophysiological consequences of the tumor, the effect of a brain tumor on vascular physiology is less clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  An infrared camera was used to measure the temperature of the cortical surface before, during, and after removal of a mass in 34 patients (primary brain tumor in 21 patients, brain metastases in 10 and falx meningioma, cavernous angioma, and radiation necrosis-astrocytosis in one patient each). To establish the magnitude of the effect on blood flow induced by the tumor, the images were compared with those from a group of six patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. In four cases a cerebral artery was temporarily occluded during the course of the surgery and infrared emissions from the cortex before and after occlusion were compared to establish the relationship of local temperature to regional blood flow. Discrete temperature gradients were associated with surgically verified lesions in all cases. Depending on the type of tumor, the cortex overlying the tumor was either colder or warmer than the surrounding cortex. Spatial reorganization of thermal gradients was observed after tumor resection. Temperature gradients of the cortex in patients with tumors exceeded those measured in the cortex of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain tumors induce changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the cortex, which can be made visible by performing infrared imaging during cranial surgery. A reduction in CBF beyond the tumor margin improves after removal of the lesion.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bioengineering and Physical Science, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5766, USA. gorbach@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gorbach
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kopylev
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Oldfield
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D001831:Body Temperature; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004388:Dura Mater; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009837:Oligodendroglioma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*