title: An empirical analysis of training protocols for probabilistic gene finders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generalized hidden Markov models (GHMMs) appear to be approaching acceptance as a de facto standard for state-of-the-art ab initio gene finding, as evidenced by the recent proliferation of GHMM implementations. While prevailing methods for modeling and parsing genes using GHMMs have been described in the literature, little attention has been paid as of yet to their proper training. The few hints available in the literature together with anecdotal observations suggest that most practitioners perform maximum likelihood parameter estimation only at the local submodel level, and then attend to the optimization of global parameter structure using some form of ad hoc manual tuning of individual parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We decided to investigate the utility of applying a more systematic optimization approach to the tuning of global parameter structure by implementing a global discriminative training procedure for our GHMM-based gene finder. Our results show that significant improvement in prediction accuracy can be achieved by this method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that training of GHMM-based gene finders is best performed using some form of discriminative training rather than simple maximum likelihood estimation at the submodel level, and that generalized gradient ascent methods are suitable for this task. We also conclude that partitioning of training data for the twin purposes of maximum likelihood initialization and gradient ascent optimization appears to be unnecessary, but that strict segregation of test data must be enforced during final gene finder evaluation to avoid artificially inflated accuracy measurements.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. bmajoros@tigr.org
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Majoros
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Salzberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008390:Markov Chains; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011336:Probability; D011381:Programming Languages; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software