title: Experimental validation of hyperthermia SAR treatment planning using MR B1+ imaging.
abstract: In this paper the concept of using B1+ imaging as a means to validate SAR models for radiofrequency hyperthermia is presented. As in radiofrequency hyperthermia, in common clinical MR imaging which applies RF frequencies between 64 and 128 MHz, the RF field distribution inside a patient is largely determined by the dielectric distribution of the anatomy. Modern MR imaging techniques allow measurement of the RF magnetic field component B1+ making it possible to measure at high resolution the dielectric interaction of the RF field with the patient. Given these considerations, we propose to use MR imaging to verify the validity of our dielectric patient model used for SAR models of radiofrequency hyperthermia. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of this concept by performing B1+ measurements and simulations on cylindrical split phantoms consisting of materials with dielectric properties similar to human tissue types. Important topics of investigation were the accuracy and sensitivity of B1+ measurements and the validity of the electric model of the MR body coil. The measurements were performed on a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner with its quadrature body coil operating at 64 MHz. It was shown that even small B1+ variations of 2 to 5% could be measured reliably in the phantom experiments. An electrical model of the transmit coil was implemented on our FDTD-based hyperthermia treatment planning platform and the RF field distributions were calculated assuming an idealized quadrature current distribution in the coil. A quantitatively good correlation between measurements and simulations was found for phantoms consisting of water and oil, while highly conductive phantoms show considerable deviations. However, assuming linear excitation for these conductive phantoms resulted in good correspondence. As an explanation it is suggested that the coil is being detuned due to the inductive nature of the conductive phantoms, breaking up the phase difference of pi/2 between the two quadrature modes. It is concluded that B1+ imaging is an accurate and sensitive method for obtaining quantitative information about the RF field in phantoms. The electrical model of the body coil is inadequate for highly conductive phantoms. It is expected that for experiments on human bodies the inductive coupling is also significant, demonstrating the need for a full resonant FDTD model of the transmit coil. This will be pursued in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis A T
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Van den Berg
authors.forename: Lambertus W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Astrid A C
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.forename: Jan J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lagendijk
authors.forename: Jeroen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Van de Kamer
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011846:Radio Waves; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature