title: A signalling role for muscle glycogen in the regulation of pace during prolonged exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we examined the pacing strategy and the end muscle glycogen contents in eight cyclists, once when they were carbohydrate loaded and once when they were non-loaded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclists completed 2 hours of cycling at approximately 73% of maximum oxygen consumption, which included five sprints at 100% of peak sustained power output every 20 minutes, followed immediately by a 1 hour time trial. Muscle biopsies were performed before and immediately after exercise, while blood samples were taken during the 2 hour steady state rides and immediately after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbohydrate loading improved mean power output during the 1 hour time trial (mean (SEM) 219 (17) v 233 (15) W; p<0.05) and enabled subjects to use significantly more muscle glycogen than during the trial following their normal diet. Significantly, the subjects, kept blind to all feedback except for time, started both time trials at similar workloads ( approximately 30 W), but after 1 minute of cycling, the workload average 14 W higher throughout the loaded compared with the non-loaded time trial. There were no differences in subjects' plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and heart rates in the carbohydrate loaded versus the non-loaded trial. Of the eight subjects, seven improved their time trial performance after carbohydrate loading. Finishing muscle glycogen concentrations in these seven subjects were remarkably similar in both trials (18 (3) v 20 (3) mmol/kg w/w), despite significantly different starting values and time trial performances (36.55 (1.47) v 38.14 (1.27) km/h; p<0.05). The intra-subject coefficient of variation (CV) for end glycogen content in these seven subjects was 10%, compared with an inter-subject CV of 43%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As seven subjects completed the time trials with the same end exercise muscle glycogen concentrations, diet induced changes in pacing strategies during the time trials in these subjects may have resulted from integrated feedback from the periphery, perhaps from glycogen content in exercising muscles.
authors.affiliation: UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sports Science Institute, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa. lrauch@sports.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: H G L
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: St Clair Gibson
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Noakes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D006003:Glycogen