title: A cost comparison of management of chronic hepatitis B and its associated complications in Hong Kong and Singapore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate and compare the direct medical cost in the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection and its complications from the perspective of public health organizations in Hong Kong and Singapore.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hong Kong and Singapore are endemic hepatitis B virus areas with about 10% and 5%, respectively, of the population estimated as hepatitis B virus infected.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical histories of 660 patients with CHB who received medical services over 5 years from three major public hospitals in Hong Kong and Singapore were studied retrospectively. Costs were analyzed according to the five disease states and estimated in Hong Kong dollars (HKD) and Singapore dollars (SGD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both Hong Kong and Singapore, the per-patient total annual cost increased with the severity of the disease. CHB cost HKD 6318 (US 810 dollars) in Hong Kong and SGD 718.15 (US 410.37 dollars) in Singapore. Compensated cirrhosis cost HKD 10,304 (US 1321 dollars) in Hong Kong and SGD 1,175.34 (US 671.62 dollars) in Singapore. Decompensated cirrhosis cost HKD 58,428 (US 7490 dollars) in Hong Kong and SGD 15,389.84 (US 8794.19 dollars) in Singapore. Hepatocellular carcinoma cost HKD 121,822 (US 15,618 dollars) in Hong Kong and SGD 12314.04 (US 7036.59 dollars) in Singapore. Each case of liver transplant was estimated to cost HKD 514,498 (US 65,961 dollars) in Hong Kong and SGD 86,369.28 (US 49,353.87 dollars) in Singapore. CHB in Hong Kong accounted for about 4% of the healthcare expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that CHB and its liver disease complications are a significant economic burden to the healthcare budgets of Hong Kong and Singapore, and indicates that effective therapy that arrests or reverses the progression of liver disease would be highly cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Shu C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Siew C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Sien C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Seng G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Khay G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Kai S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Wai T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Henry L Y
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Francis K L
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Joseph J Y
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Kenneth K C
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore