title: Upstream and coding region CYP2C9 polymorphisms: correlation with warfarin dose and metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether CYP2C9 alleles other than CYP2C9*2 and *3 are associated with a low-warfarin dose requirement and the relevance of upstream CYP2C9 polymorphisms to dose requirement and metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  CYP2C9 exons, intron-exon boundaries and 3 kb of upstream sequence in 20 patients requiring <or= 1.5 mg warfarin per day and with apparently homozygous wild-type or heterozygous CYP2C9*2 genotypes were screened for novel polymorphisms by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. PCR-based genotyping assays for novel upstream and other known polymorphisms were used to screen a larger patient population of known CYP2C9*2 and *3 genotype requiring a range of warfarin doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymorphisms at eight different upstream sites were found, five of which were already described. We found that the majority of the upstream polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium with previously described coding region polymorphisms. However, two polymorphisms, T-1188C and the novel DeltaG-2664DeltaT-2665, occurred both in individuals who were otherwise wild-type and in individuals positive for coding region polymorphisms. Evidence for 11 haplotypes, including 8 with frequencies >or= 0.01, was obtained. In individuals negative for coding region polymorphisms, neither individual genotypes for T-1188C or DeltaG-2664DeltaT-2665 or particular combinations of haplotype pairs were predictive of dose requirement or S-warfarin total clearance, suggesting neither upstream polymorphism was functionally significant. Dose requirements in CYP2C9*11 heterozygotes were not statistically significantly different from homozygous wild-type individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The coding region non-synonymous polymorphisms associated with the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles are the major CYP2C9-related factor affecting warfarin dose in UK Caucasians. Upstream CYP2C9 polymorphisms do not appear to be important independent determinants of dose requirement.
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Tayyaba I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Guruprasad P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Aithal
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: Ann K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D006113:United Kingdom; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases