title: Population based study on the outcome of small for gestational age newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether and how population based data from a regional quality control programme can be used to investigate the hypothesis that small for gestational age (SGA) very low birthweight infants (VLBW, <1500 g) are at increased risk of death, severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), and periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), but at decreased risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of population based perinatal/neonatal data (1991-96) from a quality control programme in Lower Saxony, Germany. After assessment of data validity and representativeness, exclusion criteria were defined: birth weight >90th centile, severe malformations, siblings of multiple births, and gestational age (GA) <25 or >29 weeks. Outcomes of interest were death, severe IVH, PVL, and RDS. Multivariable analyses were performed by Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the data validation procedure, an increase in proportions of both VLBW (from 0.95% in 1991 to 1.11% in 1996; +17%) and SGA (from 22.7% to 27.4%; +21%) infants became apparent (p<0.05). The study population consisted of 1623 infants (173 SGA). Mortality was 12.1% (n = 196), with an adjusted hazard ratio for SGA infants of 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70 to 3.79. Both groups were at similar risk of severe IVH (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.65) and PVL (1.54, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.87), but SGA infants had less RDS (0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93). Male sex, multiple birth, hypothermia (<35.5 degrees C), and sepsis were associated with IVH and RDS. Infants admitted to hospitals with <36 VLBW admissions/year had increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGA VLBW infants are at increased risk of death, but not of IVH and PVL, and at decreased risk of RDS. That mortality is higher in smaller hospitals needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kreienbrock
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dammann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wenzlaff
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Poets
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011379:Prognosis; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis