title: Effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: In this study, the immune reactions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined, after exposure to 10, 30 and 70% of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for 27 days. Exposures were conducted concurrently with and without an immune challenge using intraperitoneal injections of inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. Due to the time required to prepare and analyse samples, fish sampling was conducted over two consecutive days. There was no trout mortality for any of the experimental treatments. The exposure to effluent increased in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, decreased circulating lymphocytes and increased degrading erythrocytes in peripheral blood samples. Circulating lymphocytes were only decreased in the sham-injected, but not in the A. salmonicida-injected group. In addition to effluent effects, circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation were decreased on day 2 of sampling as compared to day 1. Concentration-dependent degradation of erythrocytes was only observed on day 2 of sampling. Capture and removal of trout on day 1 of sampling presumably caused low-level stress that affected some results on day 2. Oxidative burst, phagocytosis, lysozyme, leucocyte populations other than lymphocytes and A. salmonicida-specific IgM production were not affected by exposure to effluent, and of these parameters, only oxidative burst and total leucocytes showed sampling day effects. From these results it can be observed, that with the exception of oxidative burst, those variables affected by effluent exposure were also significantly changed by the low-level sampling stress imposed by staggered sampling. Elevated liver mixed-function oxygenase activity as measured by 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, and increased bile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were observed in response to sewage effluent exposure. As both PAHs and stress are known immune suppressors, it is difficult to conclude whether or not changes in immune parameters due to effluent exposure were caused by the direct action of chemicals, or were due to a general stress response.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box X918, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoeger
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Bettina C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hitzfeld
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida / Q000276:immunology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D012722:Sewage; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D009113:Muramidase