title: Potential beneficial metabolic interactions between tamoxifen and isoflavones via cytochrome P450-mediated pathways in female rat liver microsomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate a cytochrome P450-based tamoxifen-isoflavone interaction and to determine the mechanisms responsible for inhibitory effects of isoflavones (e.g., genistein) on the formation of alpha-hydroxytamoxifen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolism studies were performed in vitro using female rat liver microsomes. The effects of genistein and an isoflavone mixture on tamoxifen metabolism and the inhibition mechanism were determined using standard kinetic analysis, preincubation, and selective chemical inhibitors of P450.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolism of tamoxifen was saturable with Km values of 4.9+/-0.6, 14.6+/-2.2, 25+/-5.9 microM and Vmax values of 34.7+/-1.4, 297.5+/-19.2, 1867+/-231 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) for a-hydroxylation, N-desmethylation, and N-oxidation, respectively. Genistein (25 microM) inhibited alpha-hydroxylation at 2.5 microM tamoxifen by 64% (p < 0.001) but did not affect the 4-hydroxylation, N-desmethylation, and N-oxidation. A combination of three (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) to five isoflavones (plus biochanin A and formononetin) inhibited tamoxifen alpha-hydroxylation to a greater extent but did not decrease the formation of identified metabolites. The inhibition on alpha-hydroxylation by genistein was mixed-typed with a Ki, value of 10.6 microM. Studies using selective chemical inhibitors showed that tamoxifen alpha-hydroxylation was mainly mediated by rat CYP1A2 and CYP3A1/2 and that genistein 3'-hydroxylation was mainly mediated by rat CYP1A2, CYP2C6 and CYP2D1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genistein and its isoflavone analogs have the potential to decrease side effects of tamoxifen through metabolic interactions that inhibit the formation of a-hydroxytamoxifen via inhibition of CYP1A2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Halls
authors.forename: Joshua F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007529:Isoflavones; D013629:Tamoxifen; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D019833:Genistein