title: Evolution of DNA amounts across land plants (embryophyta).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DNA C-values in land plants (comprising bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) vary approximately 1000-fold from approx. 0.11 to 127.4 pg. To understand the evolutionary significance of this huge variation it is essential to evaluate the phylogenetic component. Recent increases in C-value data (e.g. Plant DNA C-values database; release 2.0, January 2003; http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html) together with improved consensus of relationships between and within land plant groups makes such an analysis timely.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insights into the distribution of C-values in each group of land plants were gained by superimposing available C-value data (4119 angiosperms, 181 gymnosperms, 63 monilophytes, 4 lycophytes and 171 bryophytes) onto phylogenetic trees. To enable ancestral C-values to be reconstructed for clades within land plants, character-state mapping with parsimony and MacClade was also applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different land plant groups are characterized by different C-value profiles, distribution of C-values and ancestral C-values. For example, the large ( approximately 1000-fold) range yet strongly skewed distribution of C-values in angiosperms contrasts with the very narrow 12-fold range in bryophytes. Further, character-state mapping showed that the ancestral genome sizes of both angiosperms and bryophytes were reconstructed as very small (i.e. < or =1.4 pg) whereas gymnosperms and most branches of monilophytes were reconstructed with intermediate C-values (i.e. >3.5, <14.0 pg). More in-depth analyses provided evidence for several independent increases and decreases in C-values; for example, decreases in Gnetaceae (Gymnosperms) and heterosperous water ferns (monilophytes); increases in Santalales and some monocots (both angiosperms), Pinaceae, Sciadopityaceae and Cephalotaxaceae (Gymnosperms) and possibly in the Psilotaceae + Ophioglossaceae clade (monilophytes). Thus, in agreement with several focused studies within angiosperm families and genera showing that C-values may both increase and decrease, it is apparent that this dynamic pattern of genome size evolution is repeated on a broad scale across land plants.
authors.affiliation: Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK. i.leitch@kew.org
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Soltis
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Soltis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D044002:Bryophyta / Q000235:genetics; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D032462:Cycadopsida / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant