title: Clinical signs of infection during continuous postoperative epidural analgesia in children: the value of catheter tip culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection arising from the use of epidural catheters for postoperative analgesia is a major source of anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  The routine culture of epidural catheter tips were studied in 100 consecutive children aged 1 day to 15 years. Epidural catheters were inserted aseptically in accordance with an agreed protocol. The catheter site was inspected regularly and the tip sent for microbiological culture following removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local signs of inflammation at the epidural site were seen in 16% of children, and bacteria were isolated from catheter tip culture in 32%. Positive catheter tip culture was found in 43% of children with local signs of inflammation and of the remaining children with no local signs, organisms were isolated from the catheter tip in 30%. Culture of skin swabs and catheter tips in two patients with purulent discharge at the epidural site yielded the same organism. No correlation between the number of attempts at catheter insertion and either local signs of inflammation or positive catheter tip cultures were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minor local signs of inflammation and infection are common in pediatric patients during continuous epidural infusion. Epidural catheter tips are also frequently culture positive in patients with and without local signs and who may not go on to develop further signs or symptoms of infection. Routine culture of catheter tips is unnecessary as it is not a good predictor of epidural space infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Guys and St Thomas's Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macqueen
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011184:Postoperative Period