title: Optimized parameters for microencapsulation of pancreatic islet cells: an in vitro study clueing on islet graft immunoprotection in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Alginate (AG)-based microcapsules may provide a selective permeable and biocompatible physical barrier to prevent islet graft (TX)-directed immune destruction. However, extent of the achieved immunoprotection will continue to be variable and unpredictable until the role of the individual mechanisms involved with TX-related inflammatory cell and immune reactivity are clarified. Macrophages (M) are believed to play a pivotal role in controlling the host/TX interaction and its consequences. We then have studied the effects of isolated rat M and their secretory products on allogeneic islets enveloped in variably sized and configured microcapsules, within in vitro mixed islet-M cocultures. In particular, we aimed to determine the sequence of immune or not immune specific cascade of early events that derive from such on interaction. One of the specific aims was to assess whether the membrane's physical intactness and conversely its even minimal rupture, along with the microcapsules' size (i.e., large vs. small) would significantly impact M reactivity and, thereby, the encapsulated islet viability and function. Special care was taken to evaluate extent of the elicited reactivity by meticulously monitoring cytokine, N2 derivative, and other proinflammatory protein curve profiles during the early M activation process. The study has preliminarily shown that, for equally formulated microcapsules, the capsular size and membrane's morphologic thoroughness are key to prevent M reactivity and possibly avoid the intracapsular islet cell damage. While elucidation of pathways involved with the encapsulated islet TX-directed host's responsiveness actually is in progress, it has clearly emerged that microcapsules should comply with well-defined physical properties and formulation specifications in order to obviate the primum movens of the inflammatory reaction process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarchielli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luca
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Racanicchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nastruzzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guido
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macchiarulo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calafiore
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D011920:Rats, Inbred WF
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002214:Capsules; D016207:Cytokines; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020723:Glucuronic Acid