title: Therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or autoimmune hepatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thiopurine drugs are commonly used immunosuppressants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as well as in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), rheumatic diseases and in transplantation medicine. The relatively narrow therapeutic range requires useful therapy control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further investigate the rationale and usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring in the surveillance of thiopurine drug therapy in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and autoimmune hepatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  6-Thioguanine nucleotide (TGN) and 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotide (MMPN) levels were measured in 182 IBD patients and 18 AIH patients using HPLC-UV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our cohort of IBD patients, 18% had TGN levels < 235 pmol/8 x 10 red blood cells (RBC) (recommended range, 235-450 pmol/8 x 10 RBC), 41% of these patients were sent for drug failure. Twenty-four per cent of the IBD patients had TGN levels > 450 pmol/8 x 10 RBC, but only 27% of these experienced adverse effects. Fifty-nine per cent of the patients having drug failure had TGN levels in the recommended range and could therefore be classified as non-responders. In the AIH cohort 33% of the patients had TGN levels below the recommended range but showed clinical response to therapy. MMPN levels increased with the duration of treatment and could be useful for controlling compliance. There was 8.8% of IBD patients who were heterozygous for non-functional TPMT alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGN monitoring did not identify significant differences between patient groups but allowed the identification of non-responders from non-compliant patients and allowed the differentiation of mild side effects, such as malaise, from genuine toxicity caused by highly increased TGN levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wusk
authors.forename: Gerd A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kullak-Ublick
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rammert
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Eckardstein
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Katharina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rentsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000097:blood; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D011687:Purines / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013866:Thioguanine / Q000097:blood; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011687:Purines; D013873:Thionucleotides; C003964:6-thioguanylic acid; C010240:6-methylthiopurine; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D013866:Thioguanine