title: Activation of mitogen activated protein kinases via complement receptor type 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complement receptor type 2 (CR2) is the receptor for C3d and C3dg and for Epstein-Barr virus. The aim of our study was to explore whether CR2 can independently mediate the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, including ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK), and to highlight the molecular mechanism of CD4+ cell deletion in AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  HOS cells (HOS-CR2) and HOS-CD4 cells (HOS-CD4CR2) stably expressing CR2 were established and then identified by FACS and Western blotting. Activation and blocking tests of MAPKs were assessed by Western blot. Cell proliferation was determined using Cell Titer 96((R)) Aqueous One Solution Reagent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FACS results showed that the positive rates of HOS-CR2 and HOS-CD4CR2 cells were greater than 96%, and Western blot showed that the CR2 expression levels on HOS-CR2 and HOS-CD4CR2 cells were high. Activation and blocking tests of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK) were carried out in HOS-CR2, HOS-CD4, and HOS-CD4CR2 cells. The activation of MAPKs in HOS-CR2 cells stimulated with PMA (100 ng/ml) and NHS (10%) was identical. The activation of MAPKs increased at 5 minutes, reached a peak at 10 minutes, and decreased to baseline within 30 minutes, all in a time-dependent manner; the activation of MAPKs was blocked by anti-CR2 McAb, PD98059 (inhibitor of ERK), and Wortmanin (inhibitor of PI-3K), respectively. In HOS-CD4 cells, MAPKs were activated by HIV-gp160. In HOS-CD4CR2 cells, MAPK activation was induced by HIV-gp160, 10% NHS, and HIV-gp160 + 10% NHS; phosphorylation of p38MAPK was dramatically induced by HIV-gp160 + NHS, and lasted for 1 hour. The cell proliferation results showed that HIV-gp160 inhibited the proliferation of HOS-CD4 and HOS-CD4CR2 cells (P < 0.01) and that NHS enhanced the effect of HIV-gp160 (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of MAPKs is independently mediated by CR2 and that anti-CR2 McAb, PD98059, and Wortmanin block the activation of MAPKs, respectively. The results of the signal transduction and cell proliferation assays of HOS-CD4CR2 cells show that CR2 plays a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, especially in the inhibition of CD4+ cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene, Innsbruck Universität, Fritz-Pregl-Str.sse, A-6010 Innsbruck, Austria. luominhua@xysm.net
authors.forename: Min-hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ming-liang
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Heribert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoiber
authors.forename: Manfred P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dierich
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one