title: Update on advanced life support and resuscitation techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article is a review of the most recent findings in resuscitation techniques in advanced cardiac life support. The article focuses particularly on the period after July 1, 2003, but relevant new findings before this period are also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized clinical trial results suggest that the current cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support guidelines may need to be modified. Early defibrillation during the electrical phase of cardiac arrest remains the most crucial intervention, but performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation before defibrillation may be more effective, as compared with immediate defibrillation, during the circulatory phase of cardiac arrest. Biphasic waveforms are superior to monophasic damped sine waveforms in achieving defibrillation. Novel cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods that increase negative intrathoracic pressure promote an increase in blood flow return to the heart. These devices have been correlated with improved short-term survival rates during the circulatory phase of cardiac arrest. Vasopressin administration, given alone or in combination with epinephrine, should be considered during the circulatory phase of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, particularly in patients presenting with asystole as the initial rhythm. Induction of hypothermia during the metabolic phase in cardiac arrest survivors improves 6-month survival rates and neurologic outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies to improve the low survival outcomes of cardiac arrest victims are available. Clinical trials testing these strategies suggest benefit from certain interventions but are not definitive. These different therapeutic interventions should be performed in a phase-specific-oriented fashion according to the three-phase time-sensitive model of cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mauricio F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorian
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000639:trends*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000639:trends; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000639:trends*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D000638:Amiodarone; D004837:Epinephrine