title: Moderate whisky consumption in combination with an evening meal reduces tryptophan availability to the brain but does not influence performance in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis is controlled by nutrients that influence the availability of plasma tryptophan (Trp) as compared with the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA; Trp:LNAA). Alcohol consumption is found to change mood and performance and this might well be due to alterations in the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and brain 5-HT. In the present study, we tested whether whisky consumption as part of a meal may alter the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and influence mood and performance in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male subjects participated in a within-subjects cross-over study. Subjects consumed whisky (125 ml; 40 g alcohol) or water (125 ml) as part of a standard evening meal. Effects of whisky consumption were tested on mood and choice reaction time and blood samples were taken to measure changes in plasma amino acids, glucose and insulin. The plasma Trp:LNAA ratio showed a significant decline 2 h after whisky consumption of alcohol (P<0.001). No effects were found on choice reaction time or mood as compared with the control condition. The present findings reveal that whisky consumption alters available plasma Trp for uptake into the brain, whereas there were no effects on mood and performance.
authors.affiliation: University of Maastricht, Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands. R.Markus@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: C Rob
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Aafje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sierksma
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: Jan J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: Hamina J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: A Nico
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Henk F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001682:Biological Availability; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D012701:Serotonin; D000431:Ethanol; D014364:Tryptophan