title: Late effects of post-high-dose-rate brachytherapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma: are they severer than post-low-dose-rate?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  . Late effects by high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy have been believed severer than low-dose-rate (LDR) provided tumor control was constant. Local control of oropharyngeal carcinoma with HDR at Osaka Medical Center was comparable to LDR series from Centre Alexis Vautrin (82%, 79.5%, respectively). To assess the feasibility of HDR brachytherapy, the late effects were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  . The data of 29 HDR and 24 LDR patients (median follow-up of 27 and 29.5 months, respectively; p = 0.89) were collected. The HDR schedule was 21 Gy/3.5 fractions/2 days following 46 Gy/23 fractions external beam, while 25 Gy/3 days following 50 Gy/25 fractions external beam was for LDR. Late changes were evaluated using RTOG/EORTC late morbidity scoring scheme. For subclinical late changes, mucosa chapter of Dische score was modified for brachytherapy. Scores were discussed through photos and were agreed on by authors. Late sequelae were estimated, by reviewing charts, concerning frequency, severity, and duration of mucosal damages (erosion and ulcer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  . Late changes were of no difference (p = 0.12 for EORTC/RTOG, and p = 0.45, 0.47, 1.00, 0.12, 0.16, 0.95, 0.27, 0.21 for erythema, ulceration, edema, thinning, pallor, telangiectasia, mobility impairment of tongue/faucial pillars, respectively, of the modified Dische score). Late sequelae showed no differences (p = 0.90, 0.12, 0.40 for frequency, severity, duration, respectively, of mucosal damages).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  . The late effects by HDR were not severer than by LDR. HDR oropharyngeal brachytherapy is as safe as LDR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka Medical Center, Osaka, Japan. fwik3454@mb.infoweb.ne.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peiffert
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapeyre
authors.forename: Sylvette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffstetter
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Kinji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome