title: Recording auditory steady-state responses in young infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the auditory steady-state responses evoked by amplitude-modulated (AM), mixed-modulated (MM), exponentially-modulated (AM2), and frequency-modulated (FM) tones in 50 newborn infants (within 3 days of birth) and in 20 older infants (within 3-15 wk of birth). Our hypothesis was that MM and AM2 tonal stimuli would evoke larger responses than either the AM or FM tones, and that this increased size would make the responses more readily detectable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple auditory steady-state responses were recorded to four tonal stimuli presented simultaneously to each ear at 50 dB SPL. The carrier frequencies of the stimuli were 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz and the modulation rates were between 78 and 95 Hz. Recordings lasting 12 minutes were obtained for each of the three types of modulation: 100% AM, MM (100% AM and 20% FM) and AM2. In six infants, responses to 20% FM were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In newborn infants, MM and AM2 stimuli produced responses that were on average 15% larger than AM stimuli. For AM, MM, and AM2 stimuli, the percentage of significant responses was 67%, 73%, 76%, respectively. Responses to FM stimuli were clearly evident in newborn infants and were about half the amplitude of the AM responses. Responses recorded in the older infants were 17% larger when evoked by MM and AM2 stimuli, rather than AM stimuli. Responses in the older infants were, on average, 32% larger and showed a higher incidence of significant responses than for infants in the first 3 days of life. For AM, MM, and AM2 stimuli, the percentage of significant responses was 82%, 82%, 84%, respectively. In both newborn and older infants, the overall percentage of significant responses was decreased by the 500 Hz results, which showed lower amplitudes and were less frequently detected than responses evoked by other frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The responses to MM and AM2 tones were larger than those evoked by AM tones. Using these stimuli will increase the reliability and efficiency of evoked potential audiometry in infancy. Responses at 50 dB SPL are more easily detected at 3-15 wk of age than in the first few days after birth. Comprehensive frequency-specific testing of hearing using steady-state responses will likely be more accurate if postponed until after the immediate neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. sjohn@rotmen-bayorest.on.ca
authors.forename: M Sasha
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Terence W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Picton
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods; D013018:Sound Spectrography