title: Concurrent low-dose cisplatin and thoracic radiotherapy in patients with inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II trial with special reference to the hemoglobin level as prognostic parameter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of concurrent radiochemotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to examine the effect of hemoglobin levels on survival of those patients. The negative impact of anemia on survival has been noticed for other cancer sites including the head and neck, and the uterine cervix, but it has been rarely described in NSCLC cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1995 through March 2002, 56 patients with inoperable stage III non-small lung cancer were treated with radiotherapy consisting of 60 Gy (50 Gy+10 Gy boost) given in 30 fractions of 2 Gy daily, 5 days a week, over a period of 6 weeks, and concurrent low-dose daily chemotherapy (CHT) consisting of 6 mg/m(2) of cisplatin given Mondays-Fridays during weeks 1-2 and 5-6. All patients had stage III disease and ages ranged from 39 to 81 years old (median 63.9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-year and 3-year survival rates were 34% and 16%, respectively. Patients with a pretreatment hemoglobin level superior or equal to 11.6 g/dl had a 2-year survival rate of 52% as compared to 15.5% for patients with a pretreatment hemoglobin level inferior to 11.6 g/dl (p=0.0075). Patients with higher KI (>70%) showed better survival rates than those with lower KI. Surprisingly, patients in stage IIIA did not survive significantly longer than those in stage IIIB. Hematological toxicity (grade > or =2) prevailed (25%), followed by esophageal (5.4%) and bronchopulmonary (2%) toxicity. Only three patients experienced acute grade 3 hematological toxicity. Because of acute toxic effects, irradiation was interrupted in 8 patients (14.3%) for 7-13 days (median 7.5 days). Late high-grade (> or =3) toxicity was not found. No grade 4 toxicity or treatment-related deaths were observed during this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that concurrent radiotherapy with daily low dose cisplatin is well tolerated, and shows survival rates comparable to more aggressive treatment regimens. A combination of this chemotherapy with accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy might improve the results in the future. Furthermore, we could show that the hemoglobin levels prior to therapy have an influence on the prognosis, where lower levels were associated with worse outcome. Further trials should consider supplementation with erythropoietin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. opradie@gwdg.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pradier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lederer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hille
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidberger
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002945:Cisplatin