title: A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The likelihood of distant recurrence in patients with breast cancer who have no involved lymph nodes and estrogen-receptor-positive tumors is poorly defined by clinical and histopathological measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested whether the results of a reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of 21 prospectively selected genes in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue would correlate with the likelihood of distant recurrence in patients with node-negative, tamoxifen-treated breast cancer who were enrolled in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project clinical trial B-14. The levels of expression of 16 cancer-related genes and 5 reference genes were used in a prospectively defined algorithm to calculate a recurrence score and to determine a risk group (low, intermediate, or high) for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate RT-PCR profiles were obtained in 668 of 675 tumor blocks. The proportions of patients categorized as having a low, intermediate, or high risk by the RT-PCR assay were 51, 22, and 27 percent, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the rates of distant recurrence at 10 years in the low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups were 6.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 4.0 to 9.6), 14.3 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 8.3 to 20.3), and 30.5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 23.6 to 37.4). The rate in the low-risk group was significantly lower than that in the high-risk group (P<0.001). In a multivariate Cox model, the recurrence score provided significant predictive power that was independent of age and tumor size (P<0.001). The recurrence score was also predictive of overall survival (P<0.001) and could be used as a continuous function to predict distant recurrence in individual patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recurrence score has been validated as quantifying the likelihood of distant recurrence in tamoxifen-treated patients with node-negative, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Operation Center, and the Biostatistics Center, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh 15212, USA. spaik.nejm@nsabp.org <spaik.nejm@nsabp.org>
authors.forename: Soonmyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shak
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chungyeul
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joffre
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Baehner
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Taesung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: Edwin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: D Lawrence
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wickerham
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolmark
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015870:Gene Expression; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D012008:Recurrence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen