title: Simultaneous analysis of cytoskeletal patterns and chromosome positioning in human fertilization failures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To sequentially and reliably apply both tubulin immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to human fertilization failures, thus providing a tool for a multiple analysis of arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of human fertilization failures at several stages of arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic and clinical institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consenting patients undergoing assisted reproduction technologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Failed fertilizations displaying signs of activation without pronuclear development, or with the absence of polar body emission or cleavage 48 hours after insemination or microinjection were analyzed. Fertilization failures were fixed and processed for ICC. After data was collected the same samples were then subjected to FISH analysis using probes for chromosomes X, Y, and 18.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous ICC and FISH data on the same sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential application of straightforward standard ICC and FISH techniques was not possible, as the morphologic features had been altered, microtubular patterns were not preserved, and many samples were rendered opaque. Only chromatin at the cell surface or outside the oocyte/zygote, such as metaphase II spindles or polar body nuclei, could be routinely probed for FISH after ICC. However, an increase in detergent-induced sample permeabilization as well as the removal of several steps usually performed for FISH made it possible to directly compare microtubular patterns and chromosome position, regardless of chromatin status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of specific proteins by immunocytochemistry and of chromosome status/positioning by FISH can be carried out sequentially in human fertilization failures, irrespective of the stage of arrest.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. jramalho@ci.uc.pt
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramalho-Santos
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almeida Santos
mesh_terms: D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002843:Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008677:Metaphase; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin