title: IL-18 accelerates atherosclerosis accompanied by elevation of IFN-gamma and CXCL16 expression independently of T cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proatherogenic effect of IL-18 is shown to be dependent on IFN-gamma production. It is believed that activated T cells play a proatherogenic role through secretion of IFN-gamma. However, recent studies in vitro have shown that macrophages, NK cells, and even vascular smooth muscle cells may also secrete IFN-gamma after stimulation by cytokines like IL-18. We therefore investigated whether cells other than activated T cells can play a proatherogenic role via IFN-gamma secretion under the stimulation of IL-18 in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCID/apoE knockout mice were injected intraperitoneally with either IL-18 or phosphate-buffered saline 3 times per week for 7 weeks. Our results show that administration of IL-18 leads to 3-fold larger lesions and 2-fold higher circulating IFN-gamma despite the absence of T cells. In addition, increased IFN-gamma, accompanied by elevation of the scavenger receptor/chemokine CXCL16, was observed in both lesions and spleens. Furthermore, our findings revealed that macrophages, NK cells, and vascular cells were the source of IFN-gamma under the stimulation of IL-18 in the absence of T cells in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current data suggest that the proatherogenic effect of IL-18 can occur in the absence of T cells and that IFN-gamma secreted by macrophages, NK cells, and vascular cells is sufficient for the disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tenger
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundborger
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jawien
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D054427:Chemokine CXCL6; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D054427:Chemokine CXCL6; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C498926:Cxcl16 protein, mouse; D020382:Interleukin-18; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma