title: Percutaneous regional compared with local anaesthesia for facial lacerations: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Facial lacerations are usually repaired after local infiltration of an anaesthetic agent. Regional nerve blocks of the face offer several theoretical advantages over local infiltration. This study compared the pain of injection and anaesthetic efficacy of percutaneous regional and local anaesthesia for facial lacerations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of emergency department patients with facial lacerations requiring suturing in anatomical areas innervated by a regional nerve (supraorbital, infraorbital, or mental).
  
  
  METHODS
  Facial lacerations treated using standard wound care. Lacerations were randomised to local or regional infiltration of lidocaine (lignocaine) 1% with adrenaline (epinephrine) 1:100 000 using a number 27 needle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain of injection on 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and need for rescue anaesthetic infiltration before suturing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group comparisons were with Student's t test and chi(2) test. This study had 80% power to detect a 20 mm difference in pain of injection (two tailed, alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 patients were randomised to local (18) and regional (18) anaesthesia. Mean (SD) age was 20 (14); 19% were female. Groups were similar in baseline characteristics. Patients in the regional anaesthesia group experienced more pain during infiltration than patients in the local anaesthesia group (42.4 mm v 24.8 mm, mean difference 17.6 mm (95% CI 0.3 to 35.6 mm) and were more likely to require additional infiltration of a local anaesthetic (28% v 0%, (95% CI 6% to 50%)) than patients in the local anaesthetic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local infiltration of anaesthetics for facial lacerations is less painful and results in more effective anaesthesia than percutaneous regional infiltration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8350, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tarsia
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cassara
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D004630:Emergencies; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology