title: A mechanistic investigation of an amorphous pharmaceutical and its solid dispersions, part I: a comparative analysis by thermally stimulated depolarization current and differential scanning calorimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore using thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC), in comparison to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for the characterization of molecular mobility of an amorphous pharmaceutical new chemical entity (LAB687), an amorphous polymer (PVPK-30), and their combination as solid dispersions at different % drug loadings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amorphous drug was prepared by quenching from the melt. Solid dispersions containing 10-60% of drug in polymer were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were determined by DSC and TSDC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to a single T. obtained from DSC for the drug substance, TSDC shows two overlapping relaxations. Both peaks correspond to a-relaxations that are associated with the glass transition, with the second peak corresponding to the rigid fraction that is difficult to be detected by DSC because it is associated with only small changes in heat capacity. Two overlapping relaxations were also observed for the polymer vs. one Tg by DSC. The lower temperature relaxation is believed to be a beta-relaxation, whereas the higher temperature transition corresponds to an alpha-relaxation. For the solid dispersions, one single peak was obtained for each of the 20% and 30% dispersions in excellent agreement with the DSC results. However, at the 40% drug load, a small shoulder was observed by TSDC at the low temperature of the main peak. This shoulder becomes more pronounced and overlaps with the main peak as the drug load increases to 50% and 60%. Agreement between the Tg values calculated by the Gordon-Taylor equation and the DSC and TSDC experimental data, especially for the 20% and 30% drug loading, indicate ideal miscibility. At higher drug loads, only by TSDC was it possible to detect the saturation level of the drug in the polymer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSDC proved to be very sensitive in detecting small reorientational motions in solids and in separating overlapping events with only slight differences in molecular motion exhibited as broad events in DSC. This allowed for detection of the rigid fraction of the amorphous drug, the sub-glass transition beta- relaxation in the polymer, and the limit of miscibility between the drug and the polymer in the solid dispersions.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA. rshmeis@rdg.boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Rama A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shmeis
authors.forename: Zeren
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Krill
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D000431:Ethanol; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone; D012997:Solvents; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011108:Polymers; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D011205:Povidone