title: Partial contribution of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL receptor pathway to antitumor effects of interferon-alpha/5-fluorouracil against Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to explore the contribution of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL receptor pathway to antitumor effects of IFNalpha and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility of HCC cell lines to TRAIL and/or 5-FU was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effects of 5-FU, IFNalpha, or both on the expression of TRAIL receptors (R1, R2, R3, and R4) on HCC cells or TRAIL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined by flow cytometry. IFNalpha-induced cytotoxic effects of PBMC on HCC cell lines were examined by (51)Cr release assay. TRAIL expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and liver tissue from patients was examined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR or immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HLE and HepG2 were sensitive to TRAIL, but HuH7, PLC/PRF/5, and HLF were resistant. 5-FU had synergistic effect on TRAIL in HLF and additive effect in four other HCC cell lines. TRAIL receptors on HCC cells were up-regulated by 5-FU, and IFNalpha induced TRAIL on CD4(+) T cells, CD14(+) monocytes, and CD56(+) NK cells. Treatment of effector cells by IFNalpha and target HCC cells by 5-FU enhanced the cytotoxicity of CD14(+) monocytes and CD56(+) NK cells against HCC cells via a TRAIL-mediated pathway. TRAIL mRNA overexpression was noted in PBMC of HCC patients who clinically responded to IFNalpha/5-FU combination therapy, and TRAIL(+) mononuclear cells were found in cancer tissue of a responder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that modulation of TRAIL/TRAIL receptor-mediated cytotoxic pathway might partially contribute to the anti-HCC effect of IFNalpha and 5-FU combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Tameyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakon
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Motoi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Bazarragchaa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damdinsuren
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marubashi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dono
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umeshita
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamori
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagita
authors.forename: Morito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural; D008024:Ligands; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C105190:TNFRSF10A protein, human; C505639:TNFRSF10B protein, human; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005472:Fluorouracil