title: Does pregnancy affect pelvic organ mobility?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is generally accepted that parity is a strong predictor of pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence. However, controversy persists as to whether this effect is due to pregnancy itself or parturition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the contribution of early and late pregnancy to bladder mobility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control series, using 88 non-pregnant control subjects recruited for a heritability study on urinary incontinence and prolapse, matched for age and ethnicity with 28 pregnant women seen at 10-17 weeks and again at 32-39 weeks' gestation. Main outcome parameters were ultrasound measures of anterior, central and posterior compartment descent as well as joint mobility measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in early pregnancy showed higher values for bladder mobility in comparison with non-pregnant controls, although this did not reach significance for all parameters. However, when late pregnancy data were tested against non-pregnant controls, this difference reached significance for all tested parameters. Uterine and rectal descent did not show any significant differences between groups. Results for joint mobility were inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the hypothesis that bladder and urethral mobility increase in pregnancy. This effect is already noticeable at 6-18 weeks. As similar changes are also seen in elbow hyperextension, a generalised effect on connective tissue biomechanics, likely hormonal, can be hypothesised.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. hpdietz@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldridge
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: Barton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology