title: The management of rectal cancer in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of patients with rectal cancer are elderly. Due to the increasingly aging population the number of people with colorectal cancer is increasing. As medical advances in the areas of local therapy, radiation therapy, and surgical technique, such as, laparoscopy are made more elderly patients are offered various types of treatment for rectal cancer. As the number of treatment options increase, the debate on how to treat elderly patients' with rectal cancer intensifies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search using "rectal cancer," "elderly," "local therapy," "radical surgery," and "radiation therapy" as key words was performed for English-language articles. Further references were obtained through cross-referencing the bibliography cited in each work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous treatment options exists for elderly patients with rectal cancer. These range from transanal local excision to radical surgery. The best treatment option for a certain elderly patient is multifactorial and includes tumor stage, operative curability, preoperative functioning of the patient, patient comorbidities, quality of life goals, and patient preference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, taken as an independent variable, is not a contraindication to any specific type of therapy, including radical surgery with primary anastomsis. Patients' who meet the criteria for local resection should undergo this procedure. However, for tumors which are not amenable to local resection, these patients should be considered for radical surgery if this provides the best chance for cure. Elderly patients who can tolerate a major operation, and have good preoperative sphincter function should undergo a resection with primary anastomosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA.
authors.forename: Farshad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abir
authors.forename: Suraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Longo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003082:Colectomy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011788:Quality of Life; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*