title: Applying standard therapies to new targets: the use of ACE inhibitors and B-blockers for heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease.
abstract: Increasingly, patients and clinicians are being confronted with congestive heart failure (CHF) as a late complication of congenital heart disease. However, medical management of heart failure in this patient group represents a challenge because of complex hemodynamics and a lack of evidence from large randomized controlled trials to guide therapy. This article will review the evidence of the use angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and beta-blockers (BBs) in left heart failure, discuss the mechanisms of heart failure as they pertain to congenital heart disease and review the limited literature of the use of neurohormonal antagonists in congenital heart disease. Some recommendations for use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in heart failure due various congenital heart lesions are offered. Well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed to extend the impressive reductions in morbidity and mortality achieved with neurohormonal blockade in left ventricular (LV) heart failure to adults with congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Joint Fellow in Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Royal Brompton Hospital/Toronto General Hospital, Canada. IsabelleVonderMuhll@cha.ab.ca
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vonder Muhll
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents