title: Does oral contraceptive use affect maximum force production in women?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of oral contraceptive use on maximum force production in young women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, 21 female subjects (14 pill users and seven eumenorrheic controls) took part. All pill using subjects had been taking a combined, monophasic oral contraceptive pill for at least 6 months. Maximum dynamic and isometric leg strength, maximum isometric strength of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle, and plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were measured on days 7 and 14 of pill consumption and day 5 of pill withdrawal. The eumenorrheic group was tested (FDI strength and hormone concentrations) on days 2 and 21 of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant changes in the concentration of endogenous oestradiol or progesterone or any measure of muscle strength between pill phases (p<0.05). The pill group did not significantly differ from the eumenorrheic group (p<0.05), despite a significant increase in the concentration of progesterone and oestradiol on day 21 of the menstrual cycle compared with day 2 of the menstrual cycle and pill consumption and withdrawal (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that oral contraceptive use does not significantly affect muscle strength. Moreover, oral contraceptive users were not stronger or weaker than their eumenorrheic counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biomedical Sciences Research Group, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, Shepherds House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL. kirsty.elliot@kcl.ac.uk [corrected]
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol