title: Diabetes induced decrease in detrusor smooth muscle force is associated with oxidative stress and overactivity of aldose reductase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder dysfunction is one of the complications of diabetes. We determined whether diabetic induced bladder dysfunction is associated with decreased detrusor smooth muscle contractility, hyperglycemia induced over expression of aldose reductase (AR) and increased sorbitol production. In addition, we compared oxidative stress in the detrusor smooth muscle in diabetic rabbits with that in normal rabbits by estimating lipid peroxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in New Zealand White, age matched male rabbits by intravenous injection of alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight). Normal and sucrose drinking rabbits served as controls. Six months after the induction of diabetes rabbits with a blood glucose level of 400 mg/dl or higher were sacrificed and detrusor smooth muscle tissue was isolated. Detrusor was analyzed for force generation, lipid peroxidation products using malondialdehyde as a biomarker, and AR expression and function by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sorbitol levels, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maximum force +/- SE produced by detrusor muscle strips in response to 125 mM KCl was 17.50 +/- 1.66, 17.56 +/- 1.23 and 7.51 +/- 2.56 gm/100 mg tissue in normal, sucrose drinking and diabetic rabbits, respectively, representing a 57% force decrease in diabetic subjects. Bethanechol elicited force decreased 40% (26.52 +/- 3.21, 27.3 +/- 2.87 and 16.32 +/- 1.67 gm/100 mg tissue, respectively, in normal, sucrose drinking and diabetic rabbits) in diabetic vs control subjects. Concomitant with the force decrease, the expression of AR, sorbitol content and lipid peroxidation products were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes induced a decrease in detrusor smooth muscle force. This was associated with an increase in lipid peroxides and sorbitol concomitant with over expression of AR and polyol pathway activation. Our data suggest that these changes might contribute to oxidative stress and decreased contractility of detrusor smooth muscle, leading to bladder dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Changolkar
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hypolite
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Disanto
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wein
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chacko
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000496:Alloxan; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase