title: Triple arthrodesis in adults with non-paralytic disease. A minimum ten-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The triple arthrodesis was developed to treat sequelae of neurologic disorders affecting the hindfoot. Today, the typical adult patient undergoing this procedure has degenerative disease, usually not related to a neurologic disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term outcome of triple arthrodesis in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven adult patients (thirty-one feet) who had undergone triple arthrodesis for the treatment of chronic hindfoot pain and had been followed for a minimum of ten years completed an outcomes questionnaire, and twenty-two patients (twenty-six feet) were available for physical examination, radiographs, and functional testing. The mean age of the patients who were examined was forty-five years at the time of the surgery, and the mean duration of follow-up of those patients was fourteen years (range, eleven to eighteen years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five (93%) of the patients were satisfied with the result of the treatment. However, only eleven (41%) reported that they could perform moderate activity with mild or no pain in the foot and ankle. Twenty patients (74%) reported moderate-to-severe difficulty with, or an inability to negotiate, uneven surfaces. The mean Short Form-36 (SF-36) physical component outcomes score was 35.2 points, well below the mean of 50 points for the United States population. The SF-36 score was significantly lower for patients with systemic inflammatory disease (primarily rheumatoid arthritis). There was an average 12 degrees (27%) loss of plantar flexion but no significant loss of dorsiflexion compared with the untreated foot. Severe arthrosis developed in seven of the twenty-six ankles, in seven naviculocuneiform joints, and in six tarsometatarsal joints. Some patients had severe arthrosis at more than one level, and three patients later required an ankle arthrodesis. There were no nonunions or revisions of the triple arthrodeses. The average patient performances on the six-minute walk and the 3-m up-and-go functional tests were well below the age-controlled means.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triple arthrodesis may provide patients with substantial long-term relief of preoperative symptoms. However, there may also be adverse consequences, particularly degenerative changes in adjacent joints, that may be reasons for orthopaedic surgeons to consider alternatives to triple arthrodesis when feasible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series [no, or historical, control group]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Balance Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, 2651 Elm Avenue, Suite 205, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA. rsmith@memnet.org
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewitt
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Reischl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001168:Arthritis / Q000601:surgery; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000601:surgery*; D016138:Walking