title: Kinematics of the subaxial cervical spine in rotation in vivo three-dimensional analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  Three-dimensional intervertebral motions of the subaxial cervical spine during head rotation were investigated in healthy volunteers using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document intervertebral coupled motions of the subaxial cervical spine during rotation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In vivo three-dimensional kinematics of the subaxial cervical spine in rotation have not previously been well described, since they are too complicated to follow using conventional radiography or computed tomography techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers underwent three-dimensional MRI of the cervical spine in 11 positions with 15 degrees increments during head rotation using a 1.0-T imager. Relative motions of the subaxial cervical spine were calculated by automatically superimposing a segmented three-dimensional MRI of the vertebra in the neutral position over images of each position using volume registration. Three-dimensional motions of adjacent vertebrae were represented with 6 df (6 degrees of freedoms) by Euler angles and translations on the coordinate system defined by Panjabi, then visualized in animations using surface bone models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean axial rotation of the subaxial cervical spine in maximum head rotation (69.5 degrees ) was 2.2 degrees at C2-C3, 4.5 degrees at C3-C4, 4.6 degrees at C4-C5, 4.0 degrees at C5-C6, 1.6 degrees at C6-C7, and 1.5 degrees at C7-T1. Coupled lateral bending with axial rotation was observed in the same direction as axial rotation at all levels (C2-C3, 3.6 degrees ; C3-C4, 5.4 degrees; C4-C5, 5.0 degrees ; C5-C6, 5.3 degrees ; C6-C7, 4.9 degrees ; C7-T1, 1.2 degrees ). Coupled extension with axial rotation occurred in the middle cervical region (C2-C3, 1.4 degrees ; C3-C4, 2.3 degrees ; C4-C5, 1.5 degrees ), while in the lower cervical region, flexion was coupled with axial rotation (C5-C6, 0.9 degrees ; C6-C7, 2.4 degrees ; C7-T1, 3.0 degrees ).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We investigated intervertebral motions of the subaxial cervical spine during head rotation using a three-dimensional imaging system, and obtained the first accurate depictions of in vivo coupled motion. These findings will be helpful as the basis for understanding abnormal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. ishii-takahiro88@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakaura
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugamoto
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*