LPS, TLR4 and infectious disease diversity.
Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor-ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2-CD14 complex and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent research indicates that there is significant phylogenetic and individual diversity in TLR4-mediated responses. In addition, the diversity of LPS structures and the differential recognition of these structures by TLR4 have been associated with several bacterial diseases. This review will examine the hypothesis that the variability of bacterial ligands such as LPS and their innate immune receptors is an important factor in determining the outcome of infectious disease.
Miller
Samuel I
SI
Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. millersi@u.washington.edu
Ernst
Robert K
RK
Bader
Martin W
MW
D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008050:Lipid A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
D000954:Antigens, Surface; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C495377:LY96 protein, human; D008050:Lipid A; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors