title: Social cognitive theory in an after-school nutrition intervention for urban Native American youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve dietary self-efficacy through a 7-month nutrition intervention for Native American children (5 to 10 years) and adolescents (11 to 18 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-group pretest, posttest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  An after-school program in a local community center for urban Native American youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  104 urban Native American youth (65 children and 39 adolescents).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 9-month project with pre-post evaluation and a 7-month intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary self-efficacy and 24-hour recalls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were computed for comparability analysis of dietary self-efficacy and diet at baseline. For the normally distributed data, independent t tests were used for gender comparisons, whereas 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey adjustment was used to compare responses among body mass index (BMI) categories. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis tests with post hoc pairwise Mann-Whitney analyses. For non-normally distributed data, the Bonferroni correction was used, and the P values were set at .025 for gender comparisons and .016 for BMI comparisons. Wilcoxon signed rank tests determined whether fat and sugar intake changed significantly between pre- and postintervention time points among adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both children and adolescents exhibited moderate levels of dietary self-efficacy at baseline, with no variation by BMI. The nutrition intervention significantly improved the self-efficacy of children. Overweight children significantly improved their dietary self-efficacy. The intervention was not successful among adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social Cognitive Theory is an effective model from which to explore influential constructs of health behavior. This project demonstrates that a nutrition intervention provided at monthly intervals is an effective way to significantly improve dietary self-efficacy among urban Native American children. The lack of intervention effect among adolescents reiterates the need for greater comprehension of personal, environmental, and behavioral constraints, influencing dietary self-efficacy and behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6099, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rinderknecht
authors.forename: Chery
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014505:Urban Population