title: External imaging of CCND1 cancer gene activity in experimental human breast cancer xenografts with 99mTc-peptide-peptide nucleic acid-peptide chimeras.
abstract: Detection of a new or recurrent breast cancer lesion relies on physical examination and imaging studies, primarily mammography, followed by histopathologic evaluation of biopsy tissue for morphologic confirmation. Approximately 66%-85% of detected lesions are not malignant. Therefore, biopsies are unnecessary for at least two thirds of patients. Human estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells typically display an elevated level of cyclin D1 protein because of the overexpression of CCND1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and an elevated level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) because of the overexpression of IGF1R mRNA. We hypothesized that scintigraphic detection of CCND1 peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization probes with a (99m)Tc-chelating peptide on the N terminus and an IGF1 peptide loop on the C terminus could detect CCND1 mRNA in human MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice from outside the body.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prepared the CCND1 probes as well as mismatched controls by solid-phase synthesis. We used fluorescence microscopy to detect the cellular uptake of fluoresceinyl probes and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect the hybridization of probes to mRNA. We imaged (99m)Tc-probes in MCF7 xenografts scintigraphically and measured distribution by scintillation counting of dissected tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IGF1R-overexpressing MCF7 cells internalized the fluorescein-chelator-CCND1 PNA-IGF1 peptide but not the mismatched control peptide. The chelator-CCND1 PNA-IGF1 peptide but not the control peptide lowered the level of cyclin D1 protein in IGF1R-overexpressing MCF7 xenografts in nude mice after intratumoral injection. IGF1R-overexpressing MCF7 xenografts in nude mice were visualized at 4, 12, and 24 h after tail vein administration of the (99m)Tc-CCND1 antisense probe but not the control probe. (99m)Tc-chimeras were distributed normally in the kidneys, liver, tumors, and other tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer gene activity can be detected from outside the body by probing with radionuclide-chelator-PNA-peptide chimeras.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaobing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Mohan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aruva
authors.forename: Wenyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Weizhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Mathew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D056742:Cyclin D2; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C080336:CCND2 protein, human; D056742:Cyclin D2; D016213:Cyclins; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I