title: Renal transplantation in children with severe bladder dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal transplantation in children with bladder dysfunction carries a risk for the renal graft. We report our experience with transplantation in 15 patients 6 to 18 years old with severe abnormalities of the lower urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18 renal transplants were performed in 15 children with bladder dysfunction secondary to myelomeningocele (3), occult spina bifida (1), malformation/agenesis of the sacrum (5), posterior urethral valves (4), female hypospadias (1) and bladder exstrophy (1) between 1979 and 2003. Urological surgery was performed before transplantation in 14 cases-7 bladder augmentations, 5 incontinent urinary conduits/reservoirs and 2 vesicostomies. Voiding was maintained by intermittent catheterization in 9 cases and incontinent ostomies in 6. Graft implantation was performed by extraperitoneal route with ureteral anastomosis to the native bladder in cases of bladder augmentation. Immunosuppression consisted of triple therapy with polyclonal/monoclonal antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urological complications consisted of urethral obstruction due to mucus hypersecretion (1), urinary fistula (1), ureterovesical obstruction (1), stone formation (3), urinary tract incrustation by Corynebacterium urealyticum (1) and pyelonephritis (2). Graft survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 77% and 62%, respectively, with a median of 79 months (95% CI 51 to 107). Three graft losses were related to urological disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal transplantation in children with severe bladder dysfunction can achieve similar results to those obtained in the general population. Meticulous selection of patients and surgical reparative techniques ensuring voiding and adequate control of urinary infections are mandatory. Augmentation cystoplasty and intermittent catheterization are appropriate techniques currently used for achieving this outcome.
authors.affiliation: Service Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital La Fe of Valencia, Avda. Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain. mendizabal_san@gva.es
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendizábal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Estornell
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabater
authors.forename: F García
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery