title: The hip trial: psychosocial consequences for mothers of using ultrasound to manage infants with developmental hip dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hip trial aimed to assess clinical effectiveness, economic and psychosocial costs, and benefits of ultrasound imaging (US) compared with conventional clinical assessment alone to guide the management of infants with neonatal hip instability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on psychosocial consequences for mothers and the developing mother-child relationship of US, and associations between abduction splinting and maternal psychosocial distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentre randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty three hospitals in the United Kingdom and Ireland. PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS: A total of 629 infants with neonatal hip instability randomised to US examination or clinical assessment alone before treatment decision. Questionnaires were completed by 561 (89%) mothers at 8 weeks and 494 (79%) at 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety, postnatal depression, parenting stress assessed by standardised questionnaires. Maternal concerns about hip problems were assessed using the Infant hip worries inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 8 weeks, there were no differences between US and non-US groups of the trial in maternal anxiety (mean difference (MD) -1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.2 to 0.8), depression (MD 0.0, 95% CI -0.7 to 0.8), parenting stress (MD -1.2, 95% CI -2.8 to 0.4), or other measures. The same pattern was evident at 1 year. In an explanatory analysis, early splinting was associated with increased anxiety at 8 weeks (MD 3.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 5.9) and increased level of hip worries at 8 weeks (MD 6.8, 95% CI 5.6 to 7.9) and 1 year (MD 1.3, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although early splinting is associated with maternal anxieties, US is not associated with any increase or reduction in psychosocial effects on mothers. Together with the clinical findings, this suggests that the use of US allows reduction in splinting rates without increased risk of adverse clinical or psychosocial outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Oxford, UK. frances.gardner@socres.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dezateux
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elbourne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D013165:Splints; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography