title: Evaluation of 38 years of radiological environmental data for the nuclear research facility in South Africa.
abstract: Environmental monitoring has been conducted at the South African National Nuclear Research Facility (Necsa site) for the past 38 years. Included in this monitoring programme was the assessment of water, fish and sediment samples. The objective of this project was to review the data of these assessments to establish if the Necsa activities had any impact on the environment. An assessment of the management of discharge limits was included in the review. Fluctuations in the data reviewed can partly be ascribed to errors in sampling techniques and analysis methods, but mostly to external factors. Two main external factors identified during the review were: dilution effects based on the flowrate in the Crocodile River and the percentage of full capacity of the Hartbeespoort Dam, and the atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing. In this project, the impact of these factors were investigated with the help of correlation coefficient calculations and graphs. It was concluded that the flowrate of the Crocodile River and percentage full capacity of the Hartbeespoort Dam did have an impact on the beta activity measured in water and fish samples, and the (nat)U activities measured in water samples. The measured fallout from nuclear weapons testing in the southern hemisphere also had an impact on the beta activity in water. The assessment of the environmental monitoring data also showed that accidental releases were measurable in the environment. The added routine impact to a member of the public downstream from Necsa was on average an annual dose of 0.54 microSv more than that to a person living upstream from Necsa, which is considered insignificant in international radiation protection norms. The conclusion can be made that the monitoring programme is successful in satisfying its main objective, which is to determine the effects of the discharges on the environment and the immediate population.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cawood
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friend
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000266:history*; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011210:Power Plants; D011634:Public Health; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000266:history*; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D013019:South Africa; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive