title: Evidence of macrophage receptors capable of direct recognition of xenogeneic epitopes without opsonization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously demonstrated that porcine livers perfused with human blood remove most of the erythrocytes from three units of human blood over the course of a 72-h extracorporeal perfusion. Red blood cell loss did not appear to involve classical complement pathway-mediated hemolysis, but instead resulted from porcine Kupffer cell phagocytosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a method incorporating collagenase digestion and metrizamide separation to isolate and maintain porcine Kupffer cells in primary culture. An in vitro rosetting assay was used to assess the binding of human and porcine erythrocytes to porcine Kupffer cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the presence of porcine macrophages. The rosetting assay was quantified using 51Cr-labeling of erythrocytes to assay for both rosette formation and phagocytosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Porcine Kupffer cells were successfully isolated and maintained in primary culture. The presence of porcine macrophages was confirmed using the monoclonal antibody 74-22-15A. Human, but not porcine, erythrocytes were bound in an in vitro rosetting assay as confirmed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and 51Cr-quantitation. Porcine Kupffer cells bound human erythrocytes regardless of the presence of opsonizing antibody. Approximately 70% of the isolated porcine Kupffer cells demonstrated the capacity to bind non-opsonized human erythrocytes. Phagocytosis was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using primary porcine Kupffer cell cultures, we have demonstrated that a subpopulation of porcine macrophages has the ability to recognize specifically xenogeneic human erythrocyte epitopes without the need for prior opsonization. The possibility is discussed that lectin-mediated carbohydrate binding plays a role in the cellular and humoral recognition and rejection of xenografts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mrees.mco.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: I Gabrielle M
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Brons
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Negus
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Skepper
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Friend
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037102:Lectins / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D000939:Epitopes; D037102:Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface