title: Prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease among subjects with the metabolic syndrome with or without diabetes mellitus: the METS-GREECE Multicentre Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of vascular disease (coronary heart disease/stroke/peripheral arterial disease) in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) when compared with subjects without the MetSyn.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of a representative sample of Greek adults (n = 4153), men and women (49% and 51%, respectively), living in urban, semi-urban and rural areas (54%, 25% and 21%, respectively). The National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III definition of the MetSyn was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-adjusted prevalence of the MetSyn was 23.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.4%-25.1%]; this was similar in men and women. The fully adjusted prevalence of vascular disease in those with the MetSyn (n = 984) was 29.4%, significantly higher than in those without (n = 3169, 9.6%, p < 0.0001), while subjects without both the MetSyn and DM had the lowest vascular disease prevalence (n = 3035, 8.9%). Subjects with the MetSyn but no DM (n = 674) had a vascular disease prevalence of 24.1% (p < 0.0001 vs. those without the MetSyn), which was similar to that in subjects with DM without the MetSyn (n = 134, 25.4%), but lower than in those with both the MetSyn and DM (n = 310, 40.7%, p < 0.0001 vs. all). In comparison to those without the MetSyn [odds ratio (OR) = 1], the ORs of prevalent vascular disease, after multivariate analysis for age, sex and components of the MetSyn, and antiatherosclerotic drugs were: all MetSyn = 1.94 (95% CI = 1.35-2.47), with both MetSyn and DM = 3.04 (95% CI = 1.98-4.11) and with MetSyn but no DM = 1.48 (95% CI = 1.12-1.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of vascular disease was markedly increased in the presence of the MetSyn. Those with both the MetSyn and DM had the highest prevalence of vascular disease, followed by those with the MetSyn without DM. Probably MetSyn without DM should be considered as a coronary heart disease-risk equivalent in future guidelines. This initiative would reset treatment targets and potentially provide additional benefit in patients with the MetSyn.
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Unit, Aristotelian University, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. athyros@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: Vasilios G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Athyros
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.forename: Athanasios A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Triandafillos P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Didangelos
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ganotakis
authors.forename: Athanasios N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Symeonidis
authors.forename: Stella S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Daskalopoulou
authors.forename: Anna I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kakafika
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elisaf
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids