title: Statistical presentation and analysis of ordinal data in nursing research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to review the presentation and analysis of ordinal data in three international nursing journals in 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 166 full-length articles from the 2003 editions of Cancer Nursing, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences and Nursing Research were reviewed for their use of ordinal data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review showed that ordinal scales were used in about a third of the articles. However, only about half of the articles that used ordinal data had appropriate data presentation and only about half of the analyses of the ordinal data were performed properly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ordinal data are rather common in nursing research, but a large share of the studies do not present/analyse the result properly. Incorrect presentation and analysis of the data may lead to bias and reduced ability to detect statistical differences or effects, resulting in misleading information. This highlights the importance of knowledge about data level, and underlying assumptions for the statistical tests must be considered to ensure correct presentation and analyses of data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. ulf.jakobsson@omv.lu.se
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jakobsson
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods