title: Serum response factor, an enriched cardiac mesoderm obligatory factor, is a downstream gene target for Tbx genes.
abstract: We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ "knock-in" mice showed highly restricted expression in early embryonic cardiac and skeletal muscle mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Examination of the SRF gene for regulatory regions by linking the promoter and 5'-flanking sequences, up to 5.5 kb, failed to target LacZ transgene activity to the heart and the tail pre-somitic mesenchyme. However, linkage of a minimal SRF promoter with the SRF 3'-untranslated region (UTR), inundated with multimeric T-box binding sites (TBEs), restored robust reporter gene activity to embryonic heart and tail. Finer dissection of the 3'-UTR to a small cluster of TBEs also stimulated transgene activity in the cardiac forming region and the tail, however, when the TBEs contained within these DNA sequences were mutated, preventing Tbx binding, transgene activity was lost. Tbx2, Tbx5, and the cardiac-enriched MYST family histone acetyltransferase TIP60, were observed to be mutual interactive cofactors through the TIP60 zinc finger and the T-box of the Tbx factors. In SRF-null ES cells, TIP60, Tbx2, and Tbx5 were sufficient to stimulate co-transfected SRF reporter activity, however this activity required the presence of the SRF 3'-UTR. SRF gene transactivation was blocked by two distinct TIP60 mutants, in which either the histone acetyltransferase domain was inactivated or the Zn finger-protein binding domain was excised. Our study supports the idea that SRF embryonic cardiac gene expression is dependent upon the SRF 3'-UTR enhancer, Tbx2, Tbx5, and TIP60 histone acetyltransferase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Narasimhaswamy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Belaguli
authors.forename: Shu Xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Dinaker
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Xanthi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lough
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Parmacek
authors.forename: Benoit G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bruneau
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D024506:5' Flanking Region; D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D026362:Serum Response Factor; C097348:T-Box Domain Protein 2; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C496555:Kat6b protein, mouse