title: Snakebite mortality at Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea, 1992-2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fatal snakebites at Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH), Papua New Guinea (PNG), were examined to identify interventions that may improve patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatients at PMGH who presented with snakebite, had evidence of envenomation, and died as inpatients between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number and cause of fatalities; ventilation bed-days; antivenom timing, dose and price.
  
  
  RESULTS
  87 deaths occurred among 722 snakebite admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU). Of these 722 patients, 82.5% were ventilated, representing 45% of all ventilated ICU patients and 60% (3430/5717) of all ICU ventilator bed-days. The median duration of ventilation in fatal snakebite cases was significantly less than in non-fatal cases for children (3.0 v. 4.5 days) and adults (3.0 v. 5.0 days). The case-fatality rate for children (14.6%) was significantly greater than that for adults (8.2%). Sixty fatalities were examined in detail: 75% received blood products; 53% received antivenom (mostly a single ampoule of polyvalent), but only 5% received antivenom < or = 4 hours post-bite. Major causes of death included respiratory complications (50%), probable intracerebral haemorrhage (17%), and renal failure (10%). Antivenom unit costs increased significantly over the decade; in 2000 an ampoule of polyvalent antivenom was 40-fold more expensive in PNG than in Australia on a gross domestic product (A dollars) per capita basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of severe snakebite is a major challenge for PMGH. Improved antivenom procurement and use policies (including increased use of appropriate monovalent antivenoms), combined with targeted snakebite education interventions (community- and hospital-based), are key interventions to reduce the ongoing toll from snakebite.
authors.affiliation: Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.
authors.forename: Forbes
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McGain
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Limbo
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Gertrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Didei
authors.forename: Ken D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Winkel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins