title: Assessment of fracture risk.
abstract: The diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). There are a number of clinical risk factors that provide information on fracture risk over and above that given by BMD. The assessment of fracture risk thus needs to be distinguished from diagnosis to take account of the independent value of the clinical risk factors. These include age, a prior fragility fracture, a parental history of hip fracture, smoking, use of systemic corticosteroids, excess alcohol intake and rheumatoid arthritis. The independent contribution of these risk factors can be integrated by the calculation of fracture probability with or without the use of BMD. Treatment can then be offered to those identified to have a fracture probability greater than an intervention threshold.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK. w.j.pontefract@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borgstrom
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Laet
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johnell
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oden
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zethraeus
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pfleger
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khaltaev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids