title: Cell cycle regulators in bladder cancer: relationship to schistosomiasis.
abstract: Dysregulation of cell cycle control may lead to genomic instability, neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. In terms of the particular roles in regulation of the cell-cycle, p21(WAF1) causes growth arrest through inhibition of cyclin-dependant kinases required for G1/S transition. P16 (INK4A) and p15 (INK4B) are thought to act as tumor suppressors, since their inactivation and/or deletion are observable in various types of malignancies. Cyclin D1 is hypothesized to control cell cycle progression through the G1-S check point. The present study evaluated p21 expression, p16 and p15 gene deletion and cylin D1 expression in bladder carcinoma among Egyptian patients, in relation to different clinicopathological features of the tumors and presence or absence of bilharziasis. Tissue specimens were obtained from 132 patients with bladder carcinoma and 50 normal tissue samples from the same patients served as control. P21 was determined by Western blot (WB) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), p16 and p15 gene deletions were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Cyclin D1 was detected by WB. Levels of p21 were lower in malignant tumors than in normal tissues. Lower expression of p21 was evident in lymph node positive, well differentiated tumors and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in lymph node negative, poorly differentiated tumors and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In all normal samples, p15 and p16 genes were detected while cyclin D1 was not detected. P16 and p15 genes were deleted in 38.7% (41/106) and 30.2% (32/106) of bladder tumors respectively. The deletion of both genes was associated with poor differentiation grade and presence of bilharziasis. P16 deletion was also correlated to advancing tumor stage. Cyclin D1 was expressed in 57.5% of bladder tumors (69/120), where its expression was correlated to early stage, well differentiation grade, schistomiasis, and low levels of p21. Cell cycle is dysregulated in bladder carcinoma. This was evident from the increased expression of cyclin D1, the decreased levels of p21 and the deletion of p15 and p16 genes. Moreover, p16 and p15 gene deletion was related to tumor progression and might have a role in bilharzial bladder carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1 over-expression appears to be an early event in bladder cancer and might explain bilharzial associated bladder carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. Sanaa_eissa@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sanaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Maha Imam
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Heba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaghlool
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Ahmady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1