title: The effect of esmolol on cerebral blood flow, cerebral vasoreactivity, and cognitive performance: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esmolol is often applied perioperatively to maintain stable hemodynamic conditions in neurosurgical patients. Little is known, however, about its effects on cerebral circulation. The authors employed functional magnetic resonance imaging based on blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast to explore the effect of esmolol on the human brain. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of esmolol on cerebral blood flow, cerebral vasoreactivity, and cognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were investigated in two separate experimental sessions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. During the first experimental session, a hyperventilation task and a cognitive task, subjects had to perform both tasks twice, once after administration of an esmolol bolus of 1 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 150 microg.kg.min and once without beta-blockade, in a random order. During the second experimental session subjects were scanned at resting state after administration of esmolol. Furthermore, the effect of the esmolol dose on hemodynamic changes caused by beta-adrenergic stimulation with orciprenaline was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Esmolol decreased heart rate and blood pressure during the various experimental conditions and blunted the increase in heart rate and blood pressure caused by orciprenaline. Infusion of esmolol affects neither the blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast during the functional challenges nor the reaction times during the cognitive task. However, the esmolol bolus caused a brief blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that effective beta-blockade with esmolol does not affect cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reactivity, or cognitive performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University of Leipzig, Germany. heiw@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heinke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zysset
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hund-Georgiadis
authors.forename: Derk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olthoff
authors.forename: D Yves
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: von Cramon
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009921:Metaproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011412:Propanolamines; D009921:Metaproterenol; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; C036604:esmolol; D010100:Oxygen