title: beta-catenin (CTNNB1) gene amplification: a new mechanism of protein overexpression in cancer.
abstract: beta-Catenin nuclear translocation is frequently observed in different types of malignancies, including gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, however, the molecular mechanisms leading to accumulation of this protein in the nucleus remain unknown. In this setting, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations have been reported, but studies of mutation frequency have yielded conflicting results. Mutations or silencing of other partners of beta-catenin (i.e., APC and AXIN) are also considered rare genetic events in gastric tumorigenesis. Gene amplification is a common mechanism of activation and/or overexpression of oncogenes in gastric and other cancers. In this study, we investigated whether gene amplification is a possible mechanism of beta-catenin activation in gastric cancer by determining its presence in 49 patients with gastric cancer and two gastric-derived cell lines (KATO III and ST2957). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified beta-catenin amplification in one of the tumor samples as well as in KATO III cells. beta-Catenin immunostaining revealed nuclear translocation of the protein in both cases. In the KATO III cells, beta-catenin overexpression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses and beta-catenin gene amplification by Southern blot analysis and multiplex ligation probe amplification. In the KATO III cell line, no correlation was found between beta-catenin nuclear translocation and increased expression of the WNT1 target gene CCND1 (cyclin D1). Our data suggest that gene amplification is a possible mechanism of beta-catenin overexpression in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre of the Department of Pathology and Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suriano
authors.forename: Nikoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vrcelj
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senz
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masoudi
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nabais
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seruca
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Huntsman
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D021381:Protein Transport; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D019938:Cyclin D1