title: Hypogammaglobulinemia after heart transplantation: use of intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy in relapsing CMV disease.
abstract: Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia after heart transplantation may follow immunosuppressive therapy with the resultant increased risk of infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. There is limited information on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG) in heart-transplanted patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and CMV disease. We present data on five consecutive heart-transplanted patients with relapsing CMV disease, four of whom developed gastrointestinal disease. The immunosuppressive regimen included prednisone, cyclosporine A, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Evaluation revealed CMV antigenemia. All the patients had been treated with intravenous ganciclovir. In addition, hyperimmune CMV immunoglobulin was administered in three patients. Significantly reduced levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) were observed in the patients as compared with 15 heart-transplanted individuals without CMV disease [mean IgG levels: 323+/-18 and 639+/-63 mg/dl, respectively (p=0.003)]. IVIG [FLEBOGAMMA], 200-400 mg/kg every 21 days with the goal of maintaining normal serum IgG levels, was added for the treatment of CMV disease. Selected batches with the highest anti-CMV titers were set apart for the treatment of the patients. IVIG treatment, in combination with antiviral therapy, proved able to control CMV disease. There was a favorable clinical response and the patients became free of gastrointestinal symptoms. Detection of CMV antigens was negative after treatment. During IVIG therapy no immediate or delayed adverse effects were observed. Even if our survey was limited to five cases, the results suggest that addition of IVIG to antiviral chemotherapy might improve outcome in heart-transplanted patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and CMV disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology Unit. Department of Immunology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernàndez-Yáñez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palomo
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Molina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouza
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Cruz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carbone
mesh_terms: D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine; D015774:Ganciclovir; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus