title: Long-term improvement in unsafe injection practices following community intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study in 1994 identified frequent unsafe injections as the cause of widespread hepatitis C virus infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. A simple low cost community education program was assessed to see if it improved injection safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  A local health organization developed educational materials on hepatitis C including advice on how to avoid unnecessary injections and, when injections were necessary, to use a new syringe and needle. Beginning in 1995, this advice was communicated through multiple channels including health education meetings, announcements in mosques, and via pamphlets. In 1998 study workers revisited controls from the 1994 case-control study (along with three of their neighbors of a similar age) to collect information on injection practices in the previous 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three percent of the study's participants in 1998 received >or=5 injections in the preceding 12 months compared to 40% of the hepatitis C virus negative controls reported in the year prior to the 1994 study (p=0.85). In 1998 52 persons (34%) brought their own syringe for their most recent injection, a practice that was unreported in 1994. Overall, in 1998 59% of patients received their most recent injection with a new syringe and needle compared to 24% in 1994 (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following this low cost health communication effort, community members took steps to protect themselves from unsafe injections.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. sluby@icddrb.org
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: Fawzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoodbhoy
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.forename: Aly
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hutin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects