title: Acute effects of N-acetylcysteine on skeletal muscle microcirculation following closed soft tissue trauma in rats.
abstract: Trauma-induced microcirculatory dysfunction, formation of free radicals and decreased endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO) contribute to evolving tissue damage following skeletal muscle injury. Administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) known to scavenge free radicals and generate NO is considered a valuable therapeutic approach. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantitatively analyze the acute effects of NAC on skeletal muscle microcirculation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction following severe standardized closed soft tissue injury (CSTI). Severe CSTI was induced in the hindlimbs of 14 male anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats using the controlled impact injury technique. Rats were randomly assigned (n = 7) to high-dose intravenous infusion of NAC (400 mg/kg body weight) or isovolemic normal saline (NS). Non-injured, sham-operated animals (n = 7) were subjected to the same surgical procedures but did not receive any additional fluid. Creatin kinase (CK) activity was assessed at baseline, 1 h before and 2 h following posttraumatic NAC or NS infusion. Microcirculation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was analyzed using intravital microscopy and Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Edema index (EI) was calculated by measuring the EDL wet-to-dry weight ratio (EI=injured/contralateral limb). EDL-muscles were analyzed for desmin immunoreactivity and granulocyte infiltration. Microvascular deteriorations observed following NS-infusion were effectively reversed by NAC: Functional capillary density was restored to levels found in sham-operated animals and leukocyte adherence was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared to the NS group. NAC significantly (p < 0.05) increased erythrocyte flux determined by Laser-Doppler flowmetry. Posttraumatic serum CK levels and EI were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by NAC. During the posttraumatic acute phase, single infusion of NAC markedly reduced posttraumatic microvascular dysfunction, attenuated both leukocyte adherence and tissue infiltration. NAC also decreased CSTI-induced edema formation and myonecrosis as reflected by attenuated serum CK levels and attenuated loss of desmin immunoreactivity. NAC may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy by supporting microvascular blood supply and tissue viability in the early posttraumatic period. Additional studies aimed at long-term analysis and investigation of injury severity--or dosage dependency are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. klaus-dieter.schaser@charite.de
authors.forename: Klaus-D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Schaser
authors.forename: Herman J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bail
authors.forename: Lioba
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schewior
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melcher
authors.forename: Norbert P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mittlmeier
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000111:Acetylcysteine