title: Effect of nickel and chromium on gingival tissues during orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of chromium and nickel concentrations in saliva and their effects on gingival tissues during orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty orthodontic patients (10 males and 10 females), 17 to 20 years of age, were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances in the maxillary arch. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the concentration of both metals was recorded during pretreatment, at 3 and 12 months into treatment, and 1 month after debonding. The depth of gingival crevice was recorded as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 months, 20% of females and 10% of males in this study showed allergic reaction in a form of gingivitis. This had disappeared by 1 month after appliance removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While allergy to either nickel or chromium is not a serious medical problem, oral hygiene measures in at-risk patients should be optimal, with use of fluoride-free toothpaste and mouthrinse.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt. ahmadfattah@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ahmed Abdel-Fattah
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ramadan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D017005:Dental Debonding; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol; D009532:Nickel