Genetic analysis of innate immunity: TIR adapter proteins in innate and adaptive immune responses.
The innate immune system senses pathogens largely through signals initiated by a collection of phylogenetically related proteins known as "Toll-like receptors" (TLRs), of which 10 representatives are encoded in the human genome. Our understanding of the sensing role played by the TLRs began with the positional cloning of a spontaneous mutation (Lps(d)) in the gene encoding the mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor. Other key innate immunity proteins have been disclosed by germline mutagenesis, and are discussed in the present review.
Beutler
Bruce
B
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-31, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. bruce@scripps.edu
Hoebe
Kasper
K
Georgel
Philippe
P
Tabeta
Koichi
K
Du
Xin
X
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors