title: Characteristics of alcohol-related fatal general aviation crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of alcohol on piloting performance have been studied extensively. Information describing alcohol-related aviation crashes, however, is scant.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a data system for fatally injured pilots in Maryland, New Mexico, and North Carolina by linking autopsy data from the state medical examiner offices and crash investigation reports from the National Transportation Safety Board. Alcohol-related crashes are defined as those in which the pilot had a blood alcohol concentration of 20 mg/dL or greater. Differences between alcohol- and non-alcohol-related crashes were assessed with regard to pilot characteristics, crash circumstances, and human factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The National Transportation Safety Board recorded 313 general aviation crashes fatal to the pilot in the three states between 1985 and 2000. Of these crashes, 255 (81%) were matched successfully with medical examiner records. Alcohol testing results were available for 233 of the fatally injured pilots. Of those tested for alcohol, 25 (11%) had blood alcohol concentrations > or =20 mg/dL (mean=75 +/- 64 mg/dL). The majority of alcohol-related crashes (52%) occurred at night (7p.m. to 6a.m.), compared with 28% of other crashes (P < 0.01). Alcohol-related crashes were significantly more likely than other crashes to have involved continued flight under visual flight rules (VFR) into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) (32% versus 12%, P < 0.01), and flawed decisions (64% versus 41%, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinctive epidemiological patterns are exhibited in alcohol-related fatal general aviation crashes. Alcohol appears to play a particularly important role in crashes involving flight under VFR into IMC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 6-100, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ghli@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Yandong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008875:Middle Aged; D009516:New Mexico; D009657:North Carolina; D011825:Radar; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol