title: Vaccination for atherosclerosis: a novel therapeutic paradigm.
abstract: Numerous studies have identified a role for the innate and adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis; both pro- and antiatherogenic roles for the immune responses have been demonstrated. Common autoantigens against which an immune response has been identified in experimental and human models of atherosclerosis include oxidized low-density lipopoteins, beta2 glycoprotein 1 and heat shock protein 60. Activation of atheroprotective adaptive immune responses have been demonstrated for oxidized low-density lipoprotein-related antigens. Conversely, atheroprotection has been demonstrated with the induction of immune tolerance through activation of mucosal immunity to heat shock protein 65/60 and beta2 glycoprotein 1. Recent identification of specific immunoreactive antigenic epitopes in the apolipoprotein B-100 component of low density lipoproetin and early experimental observations have provided proof of concept that active vaccination using specific apolipoprotein B-100-related antigens may emerge as a novel immunomodulating atheroprotective strategy.
authors.affiliation: Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Cardiology Division, Suite 5347, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Shahp@cshs.org
authors.forename: Prediman K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Kuang-Yuh
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chyu
authors.forename: Gunilla N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000276:immunology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000276:immunology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001323:Autoantibodies; C506642:CETP protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein