title: Estrogen and insulin/IGF-1 cooperatively stimulate cell cycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells through differential regulation of c-Myc and cyclin D1.
abstract: Estrogen and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are major mitogens for breast epithelial cells and when co-administered, synergistically induce G(1)-S phase cell cycle progression. We investigated this cooperativity by evaluating if the key cell cycle regulators, c-Myc and cyclin D1, represent points of convergence in the action of these mitogens in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These studies demonstrated that estrogen significantly increased both c-Myc and cyclin D1 protein, while insulin predominantly increased cyclin D1 levels. This cumulative increase in c-Myc and cyclin D1 contributes to the cooperativity of these mitogens, since ectopic expression of c-Myc or cyclin D1 cooperates with either the estrogen or insulin signaling pathways to increase cell cycle progression. Inhibition of the MAPK or PI3-kinase pathways significantly reduced c-Myc and cyclin D1 protein levels and cell cycle progression. Ectopic expression of cyclin D1 partially overcame this inhibition, while ectopic expression of c-Myc partially overcame MAPK but not PI3-kinase inhibition. Therefore, estrogen and insulin/IGF-1 differentially regulate c-Myc and cyclin D1 to cooperatively stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mawson
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: C Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sergio
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarcevic
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019938:Cyclin D1; D004967:Estrogens; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc