title: Variation in patterns of practice in diagnosing screen-detected prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the practice pattern of repeat prostate biopsies to detect prostate cancer, as there is growing evidence to support the recommendation that a repeat prostate biopsy should be taken after an initially negative prostate biopsy, the rate of cancer detection then being approximately 30%.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the practice patterns of taking a repeat prostate biopsy after an initial negative biopsy and the predictors for cancer at repeat biopsy among 1536 patients who had an initial prostate biopsy because of an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (>4.0 ng/mL) or abnormal digital rectal examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1536 men, 712 (46.4%) had cancer detected on the first biopsy; of the remaining 824 with no cancer detected, 268 (32.5%) had a repeat biopsy within a year, and 68 of these (25.4%) had cancer detected. Of the cancers detected at repeat biopsy, 31% were high-grade. Men with abnormal histology (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypia) had an odds ratio of 3.2 (P < 0.001) for having a repeat biopsy. For men with normal initial prostate histology, those with an initial PSA of 10.0-20.0 and >20.0 ng/mL had an odds ratio of 3.6 and 4.5 (both P < 0.001), respectively, for a repeat prostate biopsy, compared with patients with a PSA of <10.0 ng/mL. However, the PSA level was not predictive of prostate cancer at repeat biopsy, but age and prostate volume were.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A third of patients had a repeat biopsy after a negative biopsy. The most important factors influencing whether a patient was to have a repeat biopsy were initial biopsy histology and PSA level. However, the latter was not an important factor for predicting prostate cancer at repeat biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. robert.nam@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Ants
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.forename: Michael A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fleshner
authors.forename: P Scott
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bagnell
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011364:Professional Practice; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D019233:Retreatment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen