title: Tumor budding as an indicator of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with node-negative colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Isolated tumor cells are often found in the regional lymph nodes of colorectal cancer, although their prognostic significance has not been established yet. This study was performed to investigate the correlation between the presence of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes and the histopathologic characteristics of colorectal cancers and, thus, to determine which factors are associated with isolated tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used immunohistochemistry with anticytokeratin antibody to examine 2,784 lymph nodes in 109 patients with node-negative colorectal cancers. The clinicopathologic features of the tumors with isolated tumor cells were compared with those without isolated tumor cells. The frequency, number, and level of the isolated tumor cells also were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated tumor cells were detected in 335 lymph nodes (12 percent) from 71 patients (65.1 percent). Those tumors having isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes, compared with those not having isolated tumor cells, were characterized by large tumor size, high T stage (pT3 and pT4), angiolymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, absence of peritumoral lymphocytic response, microsatellite instability-negative phenotype, and tumor budding. Multivariate analysis showed that those factors independently associated with the presence of isolated tumor cells were high T stage, tumor budding, and microsatellite instability-negative phenotype. Among the 71 patients with high T stage and microsatellite instability-negative phenotype, tumors with isolated tumor cells were characterized by a high frequency of tumor budding compared with tumors without isolated tumor cells (85 vs. 36.4 percent). In a further study, the degree of budding, which was assessed by an immunohistochemical study of gamma2 chain of laminin-5, was closely related to the number and location of isolated tumor cells. Moreover, we found that most of the isolated tumor cells in the regional lymph nodes also expressed gamma2 chain of laminin-5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested that isolated tumor cells are derived from undifferentiated cancer cells or small clusters ("budding") at the invasive front. Thus, tumor budding may be used as an indicator of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes with node-negative colorectal cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bandang-gu, Seongnam-si, 463-707 Gyeonggi-do, Korea. sypmd@snubh.org
authors.forename: So Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Gheeyoung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Hye Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jae-Gahb
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Woo Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins; D016015:Logistic Models; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins