title: QT interval abnormalities are often present at diagnosis in diabetes and are better predictors of cardiac death than ankle brachial pressure index and autonomic function tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study serial measures of maximum QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) and QT dispersion (QTD) and their association with cardiac mortality patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and to compare QT abnormalities with other mortality predictors (ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) and autonomic function tests) in their ability to predict cardiac death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  QT interval analysis, heart rate (RR) variation in response to deep breathing and standing, and ABPI were analysed in 192 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Cardiac death was the primary end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) follow up was 12.7 (3.2) years (range 1.2-17.1 years). There were 48 deaths, of which 26 were cardiac. QTc and QTD were individually significant predictors of cardiac mortality throughout the follow up period (p < 0.001). The predictability of QT parameters was superior to the predictability of ABPI and RR interval analysis. Temporal changes in QT parameters showed that the mean absolute QT parameter was a significant predictor of cardiac death (p < 0.001), whereas an intraindividual change in QT parameter over time was not predictive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QT abnormalities seem to exist at the point of diagnosis of diabetes and do not appear to change between then and the subsequent cardiac death. Furthermore, the analysis of QT interval is superior to ABPI and the RR interval in identifying diabetic patients at high risk of cardiac death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. bushrasrana@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: A A O
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Naas
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ogston
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis