title: The spectrum of retinal phenotypes caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of studies on the retina-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA4) gene have focussed on molecular genetic analysis; comparatively few studies have described the clinical aspects of ABCA4-associated retinal disorders. In this study, we demonstrate the spectrum of retinal dystrophies associated with ABCA4 gene mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine well-documented patients representing distinct phenotypes in the continuum of ABCA4-related disorders were selected. All patients received an extensive ophthalmologic evaluation, including kinetic perimetry, fluorescein angiography, and electroretinography (ERG). Mutation analysis had been performed previously with the genotyping microarray (ABCR400 chip) and/or single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis in combination with direct DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, at least one pathologic ABCA4 mutation was identified. Patient 10034 represented the mild end of the phenotypic spectrum, demonstrating exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Patient 24481 received the diagnosis of late-onset fundus flavimaculatus (FFM), patient 15168 demonstrated the typical FFM phenotype, and patient 19504 had autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). Patients 11302 and 7608 exhibited progression from FFM/STGD1 to cone-rod dystrophy (CRD). A more typical CRD phenotype was found in patients 15680 and 12608. Finally, the most severe ABCA4-associated phenotype was retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in patient 11366. This phenotype was characterised by extensive atrophy with almost complete loss of peripheral and central retinal functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe nine patients during different stages of disease progression; together, these patients form a continuum of ABCA4-associated phenotypes. Besides characteristic disorders such as FFM/STGD1, CRD and RP, intermediate phenotypes may be encountered. Moreover, as the disease progresses, marked differences may be observed between initially comparable phenotypes. In contrast, distinctly different phenotypes may converge to a similar final stage, characterised by extensive chorioretinal atrophy and very low visual functions. The identified ABCA4 mutations in most, but not all, patients were compatible with the resulting phenotypes, as predicted by the genotype-phenotype model for ABCA4-associated disorders. With the advent of therapeutic options, recognition by the general ophthalmologist of the various retinal phenotypes associated with ABCA4 mutations is becoming increasingly important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. b.klevering@ohk.umcn.nl
authors.forename: B Jeroen
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Klevering
authors.forename: August F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Deutman
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maugeri
authors.forename: Frans P M
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.forename: Carel B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hoyng
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests
chemical_list: C056475:ABCA4 protein, human; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters