title: Gastric flow and mixing studied using computer simulation.
abstract: The fed human stomach displays regular peristaltic contraction waves that originate in the proximal antrum and propagate to the pylorus. High-resolution concurrent manometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the stomach suggest a primary function of antral contraction wave (ACW) activity unrelated to gastric emptying. Detailed evaluation is difficult, however, in vivo. Here we analyse the role of ACW activity on intragastric fluid motions, pressure, and mixing with computer simulation. A two-dimensional computer model of the stomach was developed with the 'lattice-Boltzmann' numerical method from the laws of physics, and stomach geometry modelled from MRI. Time changes in gastric volume were specified to match global physiological rates of nutrient liquid emptying. The simulations predicted two basic fluid motions: retrograde 'jets' through ACWs, and circulatory flow between ACWs, both of which contribute to mixing. A well-defined 'zone of mixing', confined to the antrum, was created by the ACWs, with mixing motions enhanced by multiple and narrower ACWs. The simulations also predicted contraction-induced peristaltic pressure waves in the distal antrum consistent with manometric measurements, but with a much lower pressure amplitude than manometric data, indicating that manometric pressure amplitudes reflect direct contact of the catheter with the gastric wall. We conclude that the ACWs are central to gastric mixing, and may also play an indirect role in gastric emptying through local alterations in common cavity pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, 205 Reber Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Keshavamurthy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Indireshkumar
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwizer
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brasseur
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000502:physiology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors