title: Peroxidase catalysed formation of cytotoxic prooxidant phenothiazine free radicals at physiological pH.
abstract: The antipsychotic phenothiazines may have other therapeutic applications because of their ability to kill bacteria, plasmids and tumor cells. They are also known to undergo a peroxidase-catalysed oxidation to form cation radicals that are stable at acid pH, but are not detected at a neutral pH. The objective of this project was to determine whether phenothiazine cation radical metabolites could cause oxidative stress at a neutral pH resulting in cytotoxicity. At a neutral pH, catalytic amounts of phenothiazines were found to be oxidised by a peroxidase/H2O2 system and also caused ascorbate, GSH and NADH cooxidation. NADH and GSH co-oxidation was accompanied by oxygen uptake and was increased by the addition of catalytic amounts of superoxide dismutase, indicating that the superoxide radical was formed. The phenothazines were different from other peroxidase substrates in that the NADH, ascorbate or GSH cooxidation was faster at pH 6.0 than pH 7.4, thereby partly reflecting the cation radical stability. The order of catalytic effectiveness found was promazine > chlorpromazine > trifluoperazine. Peroxidase/H2O2 also markedly increased phenothiazine cytotoxicity towards isolated rat hepatocytes at nontoxic phenothiazine concentrations. At both pH 6.0 and 7.4, the same order of phenothiazine catalytic effectiveness was observed as seen in the co-oxidation experiments. Cytotoxicity to hepatocytes could be attributed to oxidative stress as most hepatocyte glutathione oxidation and lipid peroxidation preceded phenothiazine induced cytotoxicity and that cytotoxicity was prevented by the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. This hepatocyte/peroxidase/H2O2 system could be a useful model for studying drug induced idiosyncratic hepatic injury enhanced by inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eghbal
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tafazoli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pennefather
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002384:Catalysis; D005609:Free Radicals; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005609:Free Radicals; D010640:Phenothiazines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009243:NAD; D010544:Peroxidases; C031637:phenothiazine