title: Transformed migraine is a cause of chronic daily headaches.
abstract: Chronic daily headaches (CDH) consist of episodes of head pain occurring daily; more than 15 days each month; often associated with a history of migraine, with or without aura; or with a history of tension-type headaches occurring alone or both occurring together. Chronic daily headaches are frequently associated with rebound headaches after ergotamine, barbiturate, caffeine, and analgesic abuse. We previously reported that migraineurs with typical intermittent headaches exhibited excessive cerebral cortical vasodilation after oral acetazolamide which usually precipitated and reproduced their typical headaches. In the present study, cerebral vasodilator responses were tested by measuring changes in local cerebral blood flow (Delta LCBF) utilizing xenon-contrasted CT scanning, before and after oral administration of 14.3 mg/kg of acetazolamide, in 11 patients with CDH. The results were compared with 12 age-matched typical migraineurs, with and without aura, who had a history of migraine attacks occurring at intervals of 1 month or longer. Global and subcortical gray and white matter Delta LCBFs were quantitated and compared between both groups. After acetazolamide, Delta LCBF increased in cortical gray matter by 11.8% among patients with CDH and by 16.7% among migraineurs, with no significant differences between groups. Typical migraine attacks were provoked by acetazolamide in 9 patients (82%) with CDH and in 11 (92%) migraineurs with intermittent headaches. These observations are taken as evidence that at least 82% of patients with CDH have transformed migraine as judged by the provocation by acetazolamide of typical migraine attacks associated with excessive Delta LCBF increases. Serotonin agonists should be considered in the treatment of CDH to avoid ergotamine, caffeine, barbiturate, and analgesic abuse.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Margishvili
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haque
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D000086:Acetazolamide