title: Health and psychosocial effects of flexible working hours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether any impairments in health and social lives can be found under different kinds of flexible working hours, and whether such effects are related to specific characteristics of these working hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies -- a company based survey (N=660) and an internet survey (N=528) -- have been conducted. The first one was a questionnaire study (paper and pencil) on employees working under some 'typical' kinds of different flexible working time arrangements in different companies and different occupational fields (health care, manufacturing, retail, administration, call centres). The second study was an internet-based survey, using an adaptation of the questionnaire from the first study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of both studies consistently show that high variability of working hours is associated with increased impairments in health and well-being and this is especially true if this variability is company controlled. These effects are less pronounced if variability is self-controlled; however, autonomy does not compensate the effects of variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for an appropriate design of flexible working hours should be developed in order to minimize any impairing effects on health and psychosocial well-being; these recommendations should include -- besides allowing for discretion in controlling one's (flexible) working hours -- that variability in flexible working hours should be kept low (or at least moderate), even if this variability is self-controlled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. daniela.janssen@uni-oldenburg.de
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nachreiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration*