title: A novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant protects against MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicities.
abstract: Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Animal models of PD or HD, produced by administration of the mitochondrial toxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), respectively, show increased free radical generation. Free radicals generated in biological systems can react with spin-trapping compounds, such as nitrones, to form stable adducts. In recent years, the utility of nitrones has moved beyond analytical applications and into the realm of neuroprotection as antioxidants in both brain ischemia and models of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we administered a new nitrone antioxidant, stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN), with either MPTP or 3NP. STAZN attenuated MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion by 40% and showed a tendency to dose-dependent neuroprotection. STAZN dose-dependently protected against loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. STAZN reduced the striatal lesion volume caused by systemic 3NP administration from 44 +/- 9 to 20 +/- 6 mm(3). The lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde(MDA), was significantly increased in the striatum, cortex, and cerebellum of rats after administration of 3NP. These increases were blocked by co-injection of STAZN. Our data provide further evidence that STAZN is a neuroprotective free radical spin trap, and suggest that the development of new antioxidants will broaden our therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Lichuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Noel Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Calingasan
authors.forename: Junyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M Flint
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Beal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052176:Azulenes; D020267:MPTP Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011422:Propionates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052176:Azulenes; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D011422:Propionates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C113630:azulenyl nitrone; C015392:3-nitropropionic acid