title: Chronically elevated glucose-induced apoptosis is mediated by inactivation of Akt in cultured Müller cells.
abstract: Hyperglycemia induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types in diabetes, and the mechanism remains unclear. We report here that culture of rat retinal glial Müller cells in 25 mM glucose for 72 h significantly inactivated Akt and induced apoptosis. Likewise, hyperglycemia caused a significant dephosphorylation of Akt at serine-473 in Müller cells in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Inactivation of Akt was associated with dephosphorylation of BAD, increased cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Upregulation of Akt activity by overexpression of constitutively active Akt inhibited elevated glucose-induced apoptosis, whereas downregulation of Akt activity by overexpression of dominant negative Akt exacerbated elevated glucose-induced apoptosis, as assessed by caspase activity and nucleic acid staining. These data suggest that apoptosis induced by chronically elevated glucose is at least in part mediated by downregulation of Akt survival pathway in cultured Müller cells. It has been reported that antiapoptotic effect of Akt requires glucose in growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that although acutely elevated glucose may be beneficial to the cell survival, chronically elevated glucose can cause apoptosis via downregulation of Akt survival signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hatala
authors.forename: Dawn G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Codispoti
authors.forename: Bendi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Jin-Zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
chemical_list: C494821:Bad protein, rat; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020169:Caspases; D005947:Glucose