title: Whole-body vibration exposure and non-neutral neck postures during occupational use of all-terrain vehicles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure from various all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) like snowgroomers, snowmobiles and forwarders, and to investigate how frequently the drivers' cervical spine is positioned in a non-neutral rotational position during operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field measurements of WBV were measured according to the international standard ISO 2631-1 in 19 ATVs. Simultaneous recordings of frequency and duration of rotational neck movements exceeding 15 degrees were achieved through an observational method, PEOflex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sum of the vectors of frequency-weighted r.m.s. acceleration varied between 0.5 and 3.5 m s(-2), which meant that for most vehicles they exceeded the action value stated by the European Union (0.5 m s(r.m.s.)(-2)). In general, snowmobiles achieved the highest vibration total value. The dominant vibration direction for the snowmobile was the x-axis but the z-axis also had relatively high vibration dose values and maximal transient vibration values. The z-axis was the dominant vibration direction for the snowgroomer and the y-axis for the forwarder. Frequency and duration of non-neutral rotational neck postures were relatively low for all driver categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vibration magnitudes in ATVs are considerably high than the EU's action value and the health guidance caution zones in ISO 2631-1. The dominant vibration direction varies depending on the machine type. Duration and frequency of non-neutral rotational positions do not seem to constitute single ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck among professional drivers of ATVs. However, synergistic effects with other factors are conceivable.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. borje.rehn@physiother.umu.se
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rehn
authors.forename: Tohr
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lundström
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012399:Rotation; D014732:Vibration