The coevolution of ritual and society: new 14C dates from ancient Mexico.
New (14)C dates from Oaxaca, Mexico, document changes in religious ritual that accompanied the evolution of society from hunting and gathering to the archaic state. Before 4000 B.P. in conventional radiocarbon years, a nomadic egalitarian lifeway selected for unscheduled (ad hoc) ritual from which no one was excluded. With the establishment of permanent villages (4000-3000 B.P.), certain rituals were scheduled by solar or astral events and restricted to initiates/social achievers. After state formation (2050 B.P.), many important rituals were performed only by trained full-time priests using religious calendars and occupying temples built by corvee labor. Only 1,300-1,400 years seem to have elapsed between the oldest known ritual building and the first standardized state temple.
Marcus
Joyce
J
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA. joymar@umich.edu
Flannery
Kent V
KV
D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001519:Behavior; D003469:Culture; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D011153:Population; D012067:Religion; D012919:Social Behavior; D012942:Social Sciences; D012952:Societies; D013995:Time