title: Perioperative lower limb venous haemodynamics in patients under general anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study prospectively determined the haemodynamic changes in the lower limb venous circulation during and shortly after elective abdominal surgery, performed under general anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten females, aged 36-65 yr, ASA I or II, undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy had their peak, mean and minimum velocities, diameter, volume flow and venous pulsatility (peak-minimum/mean velocity) measured in the left popliteal vein on recumbency with duplex at: (i) baseline, (ii) 15 min after induction, (iii) during surgery, and (iv) in recovery 30 min after extubation. Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl and propofol, paralysis with vecuronium, maintenance with isoflurane in nitrous oxide 66%, and analgesia with morphine. Results are presented as percentage difference from baseline mean value. The Friedman and Wilcoxon([corrected(*)]) tests were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean velocity decreased by 23.6% during surgery and by 34.6% in recovery (P<0.05(*)). Minimum velocity was decreased by 56% during surgery and by 78% in recovery (P<0.05). The volume flow decreased by 26% during surgery, and by 54.4% in recovery (P<0.001). Diameter and peak velocity changed little at surgery and recovery (P>0.2). In contrast, the pulsatility increased by 30% on induction, 83% on surgery and 109% in recovery (P<0.05). Compared with baseline, haemodynamic changes on induction were small (P>0.1(*)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant decrease in the volume flow, mean and minimum velocities was noted during and immediately after elective total abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia in ASA I and II patients. Flow changes in early recovery mirrored or enhanced those noted intraoperatively. Despite venous flow attenuation, haemodynamic readjustments produced a significant and progressive enhancement of venous flow pulsatility during the course of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK. akotow@aol.com
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Knaggs
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macleod
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General