title: [Cerebral functions in brain-damaged patients. What is meant by coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, locked-in syndrome and brain death?].
abstract: Comatose, vegetative, minimally conscious or locked-in patients represent a problem in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and everyday management at the intensive care unit. The evaluation of possible cognitive functions in these patients is difficult because voluntary movements may be very small, inconsistent and easily exhausted. Functional neuroimaging cannot replace the clinical assessment of patients with altered states of consciousness. Nevertheless, it can describe objectively how deviant from normal the cerebral activity is and its regional distribution at rest and under various conditions of stimulation. The quantification of brain activity differentiates patients who sometimes only differ by a brief and incomplete blink of an eye. In the present paper, we will first try to define consciousness as it can be assessed at the patient's bedside. We then review the major clinical entities of altered states of consciousness encountered in the intensive care unit. Finally, we discuss the functional neuroanatomy of these conditions as assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Faymonville
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pantke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berré
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sadzot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferring
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: de Tiège
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mavroudakis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Bogaert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lambermont
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luxen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maquet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laureys
mesh_terms: D001926:Brain Death / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003128:Coma / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009626:Terminology as Topic