title: Defining the effect of cervical manipulation on vertebral artery integrity: establishment of an animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical spine manipulation is most often performed to affect relief of musculoskeletal complaints of the head and neck. Performed typically without complication, this modality is thought to be a potential cause of cerebrovascular injury, although a cause-effect relation has yet to be established. To explore this relation, an experimental platform is needed that is accessible and biologically responsive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish an animal model capable of accommodating (1) direct study of its vertebral arteries and (2) creation of controlled interventions simulating arterial injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under fluoroscopic guidance, an ultrasonic catheter was inserted into the left vertebral artery of 3 anesthetized dogs. The ultrasonic probe was then drawn proximally through the artery at a specific rate, and cross-sectional images of the vessel were collected. These images were then reconstructed to provide a variety of 2- and 3-dimensional representations of the vessel. This procedure was repeated after the overinflation and/or displacement of an angiographic balloon within the vertebral artery itself.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting ultrasonic images were able to delineate the structural layers that constitute the vertebral artery. Analysis of 2- and 3-dimensional reconstructions before and after angiographic intervention revealed the creation of discrete vascular injuries (aneurysm or dissection).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, an animal model has been established that permits direct interrogation of the internal structures of the vertebral artery. This model can also be manipulated to create "preexisting" vascular injuries that are thought to be possible prerequisites for cerebrovascular injury associated with manipulation. As a result, an experimental platform has been established that is capable of providing investigators of all backgrounds with the ability to quantify biologic and mechanical outcomes of cervical manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. greg.kawchuk@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Gregory N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Kawchuk
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wynd
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D026882:Manipulation, Chiropractic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*