title: Variation in crown light utilization characteristics among tropical canopy trees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Light extinction through crowns of canopy trees determines light availability at lower levels within forests. The goal of this paper is the exploration of foliage distribution and light extinction in crowns of five canopy tree species in relation to their shoot architecture, leaf traits (mean leaf angle, life span, photosynthetic characteristics) and successional status (from pioneers to persistent).
  
  
  METHODS
  Light extinction was examined at three hierarchical levels of foliage organization, the whole crown, the outermost canopy and the individual shoots, in a tropical moist forest with direct canopy access with a tower crane. Photon flux density and cumulative leaf area index (LAI) were measured at intervals of 0.25-1 m along multiple vertical transects through three to five mature tree crowns of each species to estimate light extinction coefficients (K).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cecropia longipes, a pioneer species with the shortest leaf life span, had crown LAI <0.5. Among the remaining four species, crown LAI ranged from 2 to 8, and species with orthotropic terminal shoots exhibited lower light extinction coefficients (0.35) than those with plagiotropic shoots (0.53-0.80). Within each type, later successional species exhibited greater maximum LAI and total light extinction. A dense layer of leaves at the outermost crown of a late successional species resulted in an average light extinction of 61% within 0.5 m from the surface. In late successional species, leaf position within individual shoots does not predict the light availability at the individual leaf surface, which may explain their slow decline of photosynthetic capacity with leaf age and weak differentiation of sun and shade leaves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Later-successional tree crowns, especially those with orthotropic branches, exhibit lower light extinction coefficients, but greater total LAI and total light extinction, which contribute to their efficient use of light and competitive dominance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. kitajima@botany.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mulkey
authors.forename: S Joseph
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D010176:Panama; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013472:Sunlight; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014329:Tropical Climate