title: Adaptations to mass perturbations in transtibial amputees: kinetic or kinematic invariance?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the adaptation strategy transtibial amputees use after mass perturbation of their prosthetic lower leg.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated whether the measured adaptations to mass perturbation of the lower leg in transtibial amputees can better be described as (1) a kinetic invariance strategy in which kinetics (joint torques) remain the same while kinematics (joint angles) change or (2) a kinematic invariance strategy in which kinematics remain the same while kinetics change.
  
  
  METHODS
  A gait laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten transtibial amputees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five different mass conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measured joint torques and angles during the swing phase in the different mass conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mass perturbation induced more significant changes and larger effect sizes in joint torques than in joint angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transtibial amputees adapt to mass perturbation primarily by maintaining the same kinematic pattern and adjusting their joint torques, that is, they use a kinematic invariance strategy. This implies that manipulating prosthetic inertial properties does not directly influence gait kinematics and that inertial properties should be evaluated in terms of the energetic cost of the swing phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.selles@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Ruud W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Selles
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bussmann
authors.forename: Lisette M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Klip
authors.forename: Bregje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Speet
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Van Soest
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stam
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design