title: Adiponectin in chronic kidney disease is related more to metabolic disturbances than to decline in renal function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin, a newly discovered collagen-like protein of the collectin family exclusively produced by adipocytes, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Plasma adiponectin is associated with a decreased cardiovascular risk in non-renal patients, and is reduced in obesity and insulin-resistant states. Although reports show an increase in the adiponectin level in maintenance haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and end-stage renal disease, there is no documentation of adiponectin levels and regulation in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 48 patients with CKD using inulin clearance. Fasting blood was drawn to determine insulin, leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Body fat mass was calculated using skinfold thickness measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' mean GFR was 53.5+/-24.9 (SD) ml/min/1.73 m2. Adiponectin was in the normal range in men (9.8+/-2.9 mg/l) and women (16.6+/-5.0 mg/l) with CKD, being significantly higher in women than men (P<0.001). Serum leptin was above normal (10.4+/-10.7 microg/l), whereas serum insulin and CRP were within their normal ranges (3.5+/-3.3 microU/ml and 2.6+/-5.0 mg/l, respectively). In linear regression analysis, adiponectin was negatively correlated with GFR (P = 0.02), fat mass (P = 0.03) and body mass index (P = 0.002), and strongly positively correlated with serum leptin (P = 0.003). A positive relationship was also found between plasma adiponectin and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.007). No relationship was found between adiponectin and insulin or adiponectin and CRP. In multiple regression analysis, adiponectin was significantly positively correlated with leptin (P<0.0001), negatively with body mass index (P<0.0001) and only weakly with GFR (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite an adverse metabolic environment in chronic renal insufficiency, serum adiponectin increases in non-obese patients when renal function deteriorates. Adiponectin is only weakly affected by renal function per se, but appears influenced by proteinuria, and more significantly by body mass index and the change in serum leptin that accompanies decline in renal function.
authors.affiliation: Département de Néphrologie, Hôpital E. Herriot and Research Unit JE 2411, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Fitsum
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guebre-Egziabher
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funahashi
authors.forename: Aoumeur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadj-Aissa
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fouque
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins