title: Human hepatic stellate cell lines, LX-1 and LX-2: new tools for analysis of hepatic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major fibrogenic cell type that contributes to collagen accumulation during chronic liver disease. With increasing interest in developing antifibrotic therapies, there is a need for cell lines that preserve the in vivo phenotype of human HSCs to elucidate pathways of human hepatic fibrosis. We established and characterised two human HSC cell lines termed LX-1 and LX-2, and compared their features with those of primary human stellate cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LX-1 and LX-2 were generated by either SV40 T antigen immortalisation (LX-1) or spontaneous immortalisation in low serum conditions (LX-2). Both lines express alpha smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acid protein, as visualised by immunocytochemistry. Similar to primary HSCs, both lines express key receptors regulating hepatic fibrosis, including platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (betaPDGF-R), obese receptor long form (Ob-RL), and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and also proteins involved in matrix remodelling; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, and MT1-MMP, as determined by western analyses. LX-2 have reduced expression of TIMP-1. LX-2, but not LX-1, proliferate in response to PDGF. Both lines express mRNAs for alpha1(I) procollagen and HSP47. Transforming growth factor beta1 stimulation increased their alpha1(I) procollagen mRNA expression, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. LX-2, but not LX-1, cells are highly transfectable. Both lines had a retinoid phenotype typical of stellate cells. Microarray analyses showed strong similarity in gene expression between primary HSCs and either LX-1 (98.4%) or LX-2 (98.7%), with expression of multiple neuronal genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LX-1 and LX-2 human HSC lines provide valuable new tools in the study of liver disease. Both lines retain key features of HSCs. Two unique advantages of LX-2 are their viability in serum free media and high transfectability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Box 1123, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70C, New York, NY10029, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albanis
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: O'Byrne
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Blaner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Eng
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D002460:Cell Line / Q000378:metabolism*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D003470:Culture Media; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D014801:Vitamin A; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases