title: Hepatic vein transit times using a microbubble agent can predict disease severity non-invasively in patients with hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A reliable non-invasive assessment of the severity of diffuse liver disease is much needed. We investigated the utility of hepatic vein transit times (HVTT) for grading and staging diffuse liver disease in a cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using an ultrasound microbubble contrast agent as a tracer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty five untreated patients with biopsy proven HCV induced liver disease were studied prospectively. All were HCV RNA positive on polymerase chain reaction testing. Based on their histological fibrosis (F) and necroinflammatory (NI) scores, untreated patients were divided into mild hepatitis (F < or =2/6, NI < or =3/18), moderate/severe hepatitis (3 < or =F <6 or NI > or =4), and cirrhosis (F=6/6) groups. In addition, 20 age matched healthy volunteers were studied. After an overnight fast, a bolus of contrast agent (Levovist) was injected into an antecubital vein and spectral Doppler signals were recorded from both the right and middle hepatic veins for analysis. HVTTs were calculated as the time from injection to a sustained rise in Doppler signal >10% above baseline. The Doppler signals from the carotid artery were also measured in 60 patients and carotid delay times (CDT) calculated as the difference between carotid and hepatic vein arrival times. The earliest HVTT in each patient was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SEM) HVTT for the control, mild hepatitis, moderate/severe hepatitis, and cirrhosis groups showed a monotonic decrease of 38.1 (2.8), 38.8 (2.4), 26.0 (2.4), and 15.8 (0.8) seconds, respectively. Mean (SEM) CDT for the control, mild hepatitis, moderate/severe hepatitis, and cirrhosis patients again showed progressive shortening of 30.3 (2.6), 25.9 (2.6), 14.8 (2.1), and 5.6 (1.2) seconds, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups for HVTT (ANOVA, p<0.001) and CDT (ANOVA, p<0.001). There was 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for diagnosing cirrhosis and 95% sensitivity and 86% specificity for differentiating mild hepatitis from more severe liver disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown, for the first time, that HVTT using an ultrasound microbubble contrast agent can assess HCV related liver disease with clear differentiation between mild hepatitis and cirrhosis. There were significant differences between these two groups and the moderate/severe hepatitis group. CDT offers no additional benefit or greater differentiation than HVTT and can be omitted, thus simplifying this technique. HVTT may complement liver biopsy and may also be a useful alternative for assessment of liver disease in patients who have contraindications to biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Services Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, The Robert Steiner MR Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. a.lim@ic.co.uk
authors.forename: A K P
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eckersley
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: M J K
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blomley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003287:Contrast Media; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008875:Middle Aged; D011134:Polysaccharides; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508