title: Effectiveness of financial incentives in exchange for rural and underserviced area return-of-service commitments: systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of programs that provide financial incentives to physicians in exchange for a rural or underserviced area return-of-service (ROS) commitment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and Ovid HealthSTAR databases were searched from 1966 to 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial search yielded 516 results. Bibliography review yielded additional references. Articles were excluded if they involved financial incentives to change physician behaviours or enhance profit. Ten publications were selected as the highest level of evidence available. The quality of the evidence was low and of limited applicability (1 retrospective and 1 prospective cohort study, the remainder cross-sectional surveys). Three studies were from Canada, 1 from New Zealand, and the remaining 6 were from the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome measures included initial recruitment of physicians, buyout rates and long-term retention. The majority of studies reported effective recruitment despite high buyout rates in some US-based programs. Increasing Canadian tuition and debt among medical students may make these programs attractive. The 1 prospective cohort study on retention showed that physicians who chose voluntarily to go to a rural area were far more likely to stay long term than those who located there as an ROS commitment. Multidimensional programs appeared to be more successful than those relying on financial incentives alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROS programs to rural and underserviced areas have achieved their primary goal of short-term recruitment but have had less success with long-term retention. Additional research is needed to examine the cost effectiveness of existing ROS programs and the incorporation of other retention strategies, such as medical education initiatives, community and professional support, differential rural fees and alternate funding models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Sempowski
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002321:Career Choice; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D009520:New Zealand; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans / Q000191:economics; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011365:Professional Practice Location; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019035:Rural Health Services; D013997:Time Factors; D014146:Training Support / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce