title: Parasternal block and local anesthetic infiltration with levobupivacaine after cardiac surgery with desflurane: the effect on postoperative pain, pulmonary function, and tracheal extubation times.
abstract: Early tracheal extubation has become common after cardiac surgery. Anesthetic techniques designed to achieve this goal can make immediate postoperative analgesia challenging. We conducted this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the effect of a parasternal block on postoperative analgesia, respiratory function, and extubation times. We enrolled 20 patients having cardiac surgery via median sternotomy; 17 patients completed the study. A de-sflurane-based, small-dose opioid anesthetic was used. Before sternal wire placement, the surgeons performed the parasternal block and local anesthetic infiltration of sternotomy and tube sites with either 54 mL of saline placebo or 54 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine. Effects on pain and respiratory function were studied over 24 h. Patients in the levobupivacaine group used significantly less morphine in the first 4 h after surgery (20.8 +/- 6.2 mg versus 33.2 +/- 10.9 mg in the placebo group; P=0.013); they also had better oxygenation at the time of extubation. Four of nine in the placebo group needed rescue pain medication, versus none of eight in the levobupivacaine group (P=0.08). Peak serum levobupivacaine concentrations were below potentially toxic levels in all patients (0.64 +/- 0.43 microg/mL; range, 0.24-1.64 microg/mL). Parasternal block and local anesthetic infiltration of the sternotomy wound and mediastinal tube sites with levobupivacaine can be a useful analgesic adjunct for patients who are expected to undergo early tracheal extubation after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; †Departments of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ‡Department of Cardiac Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobsohn
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kopacz
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desphande
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Helman
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: R Alan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine