title: Prediction of survival in patients with metastases in the spinal column: results based on a randomized trial of radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate prediction of survival is important in deciding on treatment for patients with symptomatic spinal metastases. The authors reviewed 342 patients with painful spinal metastases without neurologic impairment who were treated conservatively within a large, prospectively randomized radiotherapy trial. Response to radiotherapy and prognostic factors for survival were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data base of the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study was used. Response to treatment and prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) were studied using a Cox regression model. A scoring system was developed to predict OS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses were noted in 73% of patients. In 3% of patients, spinal cord compression was reported a mean of 3.5 months after randomization. The median OS was 7 months, and significant predictors for survival were Karnofsky performance score, primary tumor (multivariate analysis; both P < 0.001), and the absence of visceral metastases (multivariate analysis; P = 0.02). A scoring system based on these predictors was developed, and 34% of patients were in Group A (median OS = 3.0 months), 48% of patients were in Group B (median OS = 9.0 months), and 18% of patients were in Group C (median OS = 18.7 months). Group C was comprised of patients with breast carcinoma, a good performance, and no visceral metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with spinal metastases have a limited life expectancy and should be treated with caution regarding surgical procedures. Radiotherapy is a safe and effective, noninvasive treatment modality for pain. The new scoring system will enable physicians to select patients who may survive long enough to benefit from more radical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. y.m.linden@skf-rif.nl
authors.forename: Yvette M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: Sander P D S
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Ernest J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.forename: Corrie A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marijnen
authors.forename: Jan Willem H
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome