title: Guanine-adenine DNA cross-linking by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane: potential basis for biological activity.
abstract: 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane (DEB) is a prominent carcinogenic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), an important industrial chemical and an environmental pollutant found in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. DEB is capable of inducing a variety of genotoxic effects, including point mutations, large deletions, and chromosomal aberrations. The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of DEB are thought to result from its ability to form bifunctional DNA-DNA adducts by sequentially alkylating two nucleobases within the DNA double helix. We recently reported that DEB-induced DNA-DNA cross-linking leads to the formation of 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) adducts [Park, S., and Tretyakova, N. (2004) Structural characterization of the major DNA-DNA cross-link of 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17 (2), 129-136]. However, guanine-guanine cross-linking by DEB cannot explain the development of A:T base pair mutations following exposure to DEB and 1,3-BD. In the present work, four asymmetrical DNA-DNA cross-links involving both adenine and guanine nucleobases were identified in double-stranded DNA treated with racemic DEB. These novel lesions were assigned the structures of 1-(aden-1-yl)-4-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N1A-N7G-BD), 1-(aden-3-yl)-4-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N3A-N7G-BD), 1-(aden-7-yl)-4-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N7A-N7G-BD), and 1-(aden-N6-yl)-4-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N6A-N7G-BD), based on the comparison of their MS/MS spectra, HPLC retention times, and UV spectra with those of the corresponding authentic standards prepared independently. Although guanine-adenine lesions are approximately 10 times less abundant in DEB-treated double-stranded DNA than the corresponding bis-N7G cross-links, N1A-N7G-BD and N6A-N7G-BD are more hydrolytically stable and, if formed in vivo, may accumulate in target tissues. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of guanine-adenine DEB cross-links induced in synthetic DNA duplexes 5'-(GGT)5, 5'-(GT)7G, and 5'-(GAA)5 (+-strand) demonstrate that G-A cross-linking by DEB produces primarily 1,3-interstrand N1A-N7G lesions. The formation of bifunctional guanine-adenine adducts is likely to contribute to AT base pair substitutions and deletion mutations following DEB exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, Room 760 E CCRB, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Soobong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tretyakova
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; D006147:Guanine; C007366:diepoxybutane; D000225:Adenine