title: Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters? 18-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29-4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66-2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aveyard
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Croghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome