title: Nonlinear analysis of electromyography time series as a diagnostic tool for low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies have evaluated lumbar spinal muscle fatigue using the electromyography (EMG) signal. However, back muscle fatigue studies do not consistently report endurance levels for patients with or without low back pain (LBP). In this case report, we investigated a nonlinear analysis of EMG time series that characterizes their complexity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 37-year-old male with chronic LBP and an age- and gender-matched volunteer were compared. The endurance of the erector spinae muscle was determined using a modified version of the isometric Sorensen fatigue test. Nonlinear time series analysis techniques reveal the presence of long-range, power-law correlations. After checking that the signal was stationary, the original time series of 60,000 entries was reduced to 6000 entries by averaging over 10 consecutive entries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a difference between the entropy time dependence exhibited by entropy time dependence exhibited by the healthy subject and the LBP subject. The entropy associated with the LBP subject saturates at very short-times--two orders of magnitude shorter than for the healthy subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characterization of the nonlinear time series in this case study provides a consistent measure of back muscle activities. It is important to understand the potential limitations before undertaking an EMG analysis in the field of ergonomics or biomechanics. Further studies are needed to investigate the characteristics of back muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA. p.sung@csuohio.edu
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zurcher
authors.forename: Miron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics