title: Genetic analysis of innate immunity: TIR adapter proteins in innate and adaptive immune responses.
abstract: The innate immune system senses pathogens largely through signals initiated by a collection of phylogenetically related proteins known as "Toll-like receptors" (TLRs), of which 10 representatives are encoded in the human genome. Our understanding of the sensing role played by the TLRs began with the positional cloning of a spontaneous mutation (Lps(d)) in the gene encoding the mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor. Other key innate immunity proteins have been disclosed by germline mutagenesis, and are discussed in the present review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-31, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. bruce@scripps.edu
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beutler
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoebe
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgel
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabeta
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors