title: Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control: multinational cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of counterfeit antimalarial drugs in Southeast (SE) Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacies and shops selling antimalarial drugs in Myanmar (Burma), Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of artemisinin derivatives or mefloquine containing drugs of substandard quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 188 tablet packs purchased which were labelled as 'artesunate' 53% did not contain any artesunate. All counterfeit artesunate tablets were labelled as manufactured by 'Guilin Pharma', and refinements of the fake blisterpacks made them often hard to distinguish from their genuine counterparts. No other artemisinin derivatives were found to be counterfeited. Of the 44 mefloquine samples, 9% contained <10% of the expected amount of active ingredient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An alarmingly high proportion of antimalarial drugs bought in pharmacies and shops in mainland SE Asia are counterfeit, and the problem has increased significantly compared with our previous survey in 1999-2000. This is a serious threat to public health in the region.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. nickw@tropmedres.ac
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dondorp
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayxay
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Smithuis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lynam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGready
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Looareesuwan
authors.forename: N P J
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000077332:Artesunate; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards; D005607:Fraud / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D012651:Self Medication / Q000592:standards*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000077332:Artesunate; C031327:artemisinin; D015767:Mefloquine