title: Percutaneous transluminal septal artery ablation using polyvinyl alcohol foam particles for septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: acute and 3-year outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of septal artery occlusion with transluminally delivered polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam particles for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous septal artery ablation was performed in 18 symptomatic patients (13 men; mean age 60+/-17 years, range 28-89) with drug-resistant HOCM. PVA foam particles were mixed with contrast medium and injected through an angiographic catheter under fluoroscopic control until complete stasis in the septal branch was achieved. Patients were monitored with echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The septal artery was successfully occluded in all patients; no embolization of other coronary branches occurred after infusion of 3 to 8 mL (5.2+/-0.8) of PVA foam particles. The resting pressure gradient was diminished from 83+/-32 to 31+/-35 mmHg (p<0.05). Over a mean follow-up of 44+/-4 months, all patients had symptomatic improvement of their dyspnea and workload without the need for intensified drug therapy. The average NYHA functional class decreased from 3.3+/-0.5 to 1.3+/-0.7 (p<0.0001), with a significant increase in the area of the left ventricular outflow tract (1.3+/-0.2 to 2.6+/-0.2 cm2, p<0.0001). Three instances of transient atrioventricular block occurred, but no complete heart block was produced by the embolization procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embolization of the septal artery with PVA foam particles appears effective and safe in this series of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The pure ischemic infarction produced by PVA ablation might be the responsible for the lack of complete heart block and the need for permanent pacing.
authors.affiliation: Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Klinikum, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. gross@fvk-berlin.de
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz-Menger
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waigand
authors.forename: Matthias G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uhlich
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol