title: Rat urothelium: improved techniques for serial cultivation, expansion, freezing and reconstitution onto acellular matrix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rat has been a cost-effective model for the evaluation of bladder development, cancer and stromal-epithelial interactions. Serial cultivation of rat urothelium has been difficult. We developed a reliable protocol for the harvest, serial cultivation and cryopreservation of rat urothelium. We investigated the differentiation markers of in vivo bladder urothelium compared with cells reconstituted onto an acellular bladder matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epithelial harvest techniques using trypsin and collagenase were compared. Medium and conditions were optimized for serial culture and growth characteristics were calculated. Cultured cells were cryopreserved, and then recovered and grown on acellular bladder matrices. Morphology and markers of differentiation were compared between normal bladder and engineered grafts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atraumatic enzymatic removal of urothelium with trypsin yielded more cells with greater viability than collagenase. Cells could be reliably grown beyond 10 passages using fibroblast conditioned medium and a 3T3 feeder layer during initial passages. Cryopreserved cells were successfully recovered and incorporated onto acellular matrices. Immunostaining and SEM of engineered grafts demonstrated early markers of differentiation, such as surface microvilli and cytokeratin 17, on polygonal cells with typical tight junctions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rat urothelium can be reliably grown using fibroblast conditioned medium and a 3T3 feeder layer during primary culture. Serially passaged cells can survive cryopreservation and they are able to reconstitute epithelium on an acellular bladder matrix. Cells that are incorporated into the matrix express markers of early differentiation and demonstrate typical morphological characteristics by SEM. These culture techniques and this in vitro organoid model should facilitate the use of rat urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
authors.forename: Deborah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.forename: Lea A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: deGraffenried
authors.forename: Roslyn R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Isseroff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D041701:Swiss 3T3 Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology*