title: Plastic brackets: hardness and associated clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the Vickers hardness of plastic brackets, after in vitro aging. The morphology and structure of corresponding retrieved brackets were also studied to assess the reliability of in vitro set-up in imposing effects comparable to intraoral aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four types of plastic brackets were selected. Specimens were immersed in a buffer solution to induce artificial aging; brackets of two groups were retrieved after orthodontic treatment. The wings of brackets were subjected to Knoop hardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the morphology and microstructure of retrieved brackets. The results were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences were identified between the brands of brackets, but not between the new and in vitro-aged appliances. The retrieved appliances showed significant reduction in hardness when compared with their as-received counterparts. Evidence of degradation was seen in the retrieved appliances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inability of ex vivo experimental configuration to simulate clinical conditions is stressed; several clinical implications related to torque control, friction, and tie-wing strength of brackets are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. teliades@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gioka
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makou
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D010969:Plastics