title: Functional evaluation of the urinary tract by color-Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in 100 patients with renal colic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if the addition of a renal color-Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in the setting of acute renal colic improves the sensitivity of conventional sonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2002 and June 2003, 100 patients (median 49 years) with renal colic have been evaluated. Within 24 h of the admission, a CDU study of the urinary tract was performed using a sonograph GE Logiq 500 PRO with a multifrequency (3-5 MHz) convex probe. The following parameters were evaluated: ultrasonography (US) of both kidneys, ureters and bladder; resistive index (RI) of the arciform arteries of both kidneys in three different parenchymal areas; ureteric jets in response to hydration. A renal RI>0.70 and/or a 10% difference between the kidneys were considered as diagnostic of obstructive uropathy; an asymmetric and/or reduced ureteric jet from the ureteric orifices was an additional indicator of obstruction. All patients underwent a CT scan both with and without the administration of contrast medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhanced helical CT demonstrated an urinary stone in 90 out of the 100 patients (90%): 29 pyelic, 28 at the pyelo-ureteral junction, 23 lumbo-iliac and 10 juxtavesical stones. Among 90 patients with urolithiasis, the stone was undetectable with US in 11 cases (12.2%); in 8 cases (8.9%) pyelocalicectasis was absent, and in 6 patients (6.6%) a non-obstructive hydronephrosis was present. Median RI in obstructed and non-obstructed kidney was 0.73 (range 0.71-0.87) versus 0.62 (0.50-0.68), respectively; in two, obstructed kidneys RI was <0.70 but greater than 10% compared with normal side. Sensitivity and specificity of US, CDU (RI+ureteric jet), unenhanced helical CT and CDU in association with unenhanced helical CT were 94.8 and 55.5, 98.9 and 90.9, 100 and 100%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDU in patients with renal colic and/or pelvicalicectasis improves the diagnostic accuracy of US in distinguishing between obstructive and non-obstructive dilatation. Combined with unenhanced CT, CDU has a 100% sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, due to the absence of contraindications and side-effects, CDU is indicated for the follow-up of patients after ESWL, pregnant women and children.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Cannizzaro, via Messina, 829-95126 Catania, Italy. piepepe@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennisi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aragona
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003085:Colic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media