title: O-linked glycosylation and functional incompatibility of porcine von Willebrand factor for human platelet GPIb receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xenograft rejection is associated with vascular inflammation, thrombocytopenia and the accelerated consumption of coagulation factors. Primary biological incompatibilities of the xenograft in the regulation of clotting appear to amplify pathological processes associated with rejection. The functional incompatibility of porcine von Willebrand factor (vWF) expressed within the xenograft vasculature may heighten interactions with the primate platelet receptor GPIb, hence augmenting formation of platelet microthrombi and vascular injury. Here, we address the functional impact of O-linked glycosylation of the vWF A1 domain on primate platelet activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant human or porcine vWF A1-domains were transiently over-expressed in COS-7 cells as FLAG-tagged fusion protein, linked to plasma membranes via GPI anchors. O-linked glycosylation was blocked by the addition of phenyl-alpha-GalNAc2 to cultures. Expressed vWF-A1 domains were characterized utilizing cytofluometric- and Western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytofluometric analysis confirmed equivalent levels of human and porcine vWF A1-domain expression irrespective of the levels of O-linked glycosylation. Differential glycosylation patterns of vWF-A1 under these conditions were confirmed by Western blot analyses. Native porcine vWF A1-domains had enhanced human platelet activation potential when compared with human recombinant vWF A1. However, the loss of O-linked glycosylation abolished differences in aggregatory responses between human and porcine vWF A1 domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various degrees of O-linked glycosylation of vWF-A1-domains modulate levels of functional interaction with platelet receptor GPIb and consequent platelet aggregation responses in vitro. These data may have implications for outcomes of xenotransplantation. We speculate that alterations in glycosylation of vWF and other adhesion proteins associated with the targeting of the alpha1,3-Gal-epitope in mutant swine may have salutatory effects on the primate platelet activation observed in these xenografts.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany. jan.schulteamesch@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulte Am Esch
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Wolfram T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Knoefel
authors.forename: Stefan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hosch
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rogiers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D000939:Epitopes / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology*; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014841:von Willebrand Factor