Peroxide-mediated desulfurization of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and its prevention.
Desulfurization at the internucleotide phosphorothioate linkage of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in dermatological formulations has been investigated using strong ion exchange chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The formation of phosphate diester linkages appeared to arise from a reaction between the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide and a potent oxidizing agent. Screening of excipients used in the formulation indicated that the cause of desulfurization was related to the presence of polyethylene glycol-derived nonionic surfactants MYRJ 52 or BRIJ 58. Autoxidation of the polyethylene glycol chain is suggested as the probable origin for the observed incompatibility. The ability of various antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation of ASO-1 in simple test systems and in oil-in-water emulsions is described. It is found that in test systems both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants are effective. However, in cream formulation (oil-in-water emulsions) of ASO-1 the addition of hydrophilic antioxidants L-cysteine or DL-alpha-lipoic acid has been shown to be superior in protecting the oligonucleotide from desulfurization upon storage.
Krotz
Achim H
AH
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Ave., Carlsbad, California 92008, USA. akrotz@isisph.com
Mehta
Rahul C
RC
Hardee
Gregory E
GE
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D002592:Cetomacrogol / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*
D000975:Antioxidants; D005079:Excipients; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D010545:Peroxides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013873:Thionucleotides; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013455:Sulfur; D002592:Cetomacrogol