title: Community-based programs to promote car seat restraints in children 0-16 years -- a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Community-based models for injury prevention have become an accepted part of the overall injury control strategy. This systematic review of the scientific literature examines the evidence for their effectiveness in reducing injury due to inadequate car seat restraint use in children 0-16 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of the literature was performed using the following study selection criteria: community-based intervention study; target population was children aged 0-16 years of age; outcome measure was either injury rates due to motor vehicle crashes or observed changes in child restraint use; and use of community control or historical control in the study design. Quality assessment and data abstraction was guided by a standardized procedure and performed independently by two authors. Data synthesis was in tabular and text form with meta-analysis not being possible due to the discrepancy in methods and measures between the studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review found eight studies, that met all the inclusion criteria. In the studies that measured injury outcomes, significant reductions in risk of motor vehicle occupant injury (33-55%) were reported in the study communities. For those studies reporting observed car seat restraint use the community-based programs were successful in increasing toddler restraint use in 1-5 year aged children by up to 11%; child booster seat use in 4-8 year aged children by up to 13%; rear restraint use in children aged 0-15 years by 8%; a 50% increase in restraint use in pre-school aged children in a high-risk community; and a 44% increase in children aged 5-11 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While this review highlights that there is some evidence to support the effectiveness of community-based programs to promote car restraint use and/or motor vehicle occupant injury, limitations in the evaluation methodologies of the studies requires the results to be interpreted with caution. There is clearly a need for further high quality program evaluation research to develop an evidence base.
authors.affiliation: Injury Research Unit, School of Population Health, Mayne Medical School, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, Qld., Australia. C.Turner@sph.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: Anneliese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*