title: The GABA uptake inhibitor beta-alanine reduces pilocarpine-induced tremor and increases extracellular GABA in substantia nigra pars reticulata as measured by microdialysis.
abstract: Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia that receives GABAergic projections from neostriatum and globus pallidus. Previous research has shown that local pharmacological manipulations of GABA in SNr can influence tremulous jaw movements in rats. Tremulous jaw movements are defined as rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at a particular stimulus, and evidence indicates that these movements share many characteristics with parkinsonian tremor in humans. In order to investigate the role of GABA in motor functions related to tremor, the present study tested the GABA uptake blocker beta-alanine for its ability to reduce pilocarpine-induced tremulous jaw movements. In a parallel experiment, the effect of an active dose of beta-alanine on dialysate levels of GABA in SNr was assessed using microdialysis methods. GABA levels in dialysis samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. beta-Alanine (250-500 mg/kg) significantly reduced tremulous jaw movements induced by pilocarpine (4.0 mg/kg). Moreover, systemic administration of beta-alanine at a dose that reduced tremulous jaw movements (500 mg/kg) resulted in a substantial increase in extracellular levels of GABA in SNr compared to the pre-injection baseline. Thus, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABAergic tone in SNr plays a role in the regulation of tremulous jaw movements. This research may lead to a better understanding of how parkinsonian symptoms are modulated by SNr GABA mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwari
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mingote
authors.forename: Merce
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Jennifer T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Trevitt
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Salamone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017551:Microdialysis; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D010862:Pilocarpine; D015091:beta-Alanine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid