title: Fractalkine reduces N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced calcium flux and apoptosis in human neurons through extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation.
abstract: Our purpose was to investigate in human neurons the neuroprotective pathways induced by Fractalkine (FKN) against glutamate receptor-induced excitotoxicity. CX(3)CR1 and FKN are expressed constitutively in the tested human embryonic primary neurons and SK-N-SH, a human neuroblastoma cell line. Microfluorometry assay demonstrated that CX(3)CR1 was functional in 44% of primary neurons and in 70% of SK-N-SH. Fractalkine induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation within 1 min and Akt phosphorylation after 10 min, and both phosphorylation decreased after 20 min. No p38 and SAPK/JNK activation was observed after FKN treatment. Application of FKN triggered a 53% reduction of the NMDA-induced neuronal calcium influx, which was insensitive to pertussis toxin and LY294002 an inhibitor of Akt pathway, but abolished by PD98059, an ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor. Moreover, FKN significantly reduced neuronal NMDA-induced apoptosis, which was pertussis toxin insensitive and abolished in presence of PD98059 and LY294002. In conclusion, FKN protected human neurons from NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in at least two ways with different kinetics: (i) an early ERK1/2 activation which reduced NMDA-mediated calcium flux; and (ii), a late Akt activation associated with the previously induced ERK1/2 activation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire 'Immunité antivirale systémique et cérébrale' INSERM EMI 0109, Faculté de médecine Paris-Sud., 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex France.
authors.forename: Kumaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deiva
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geeraerts
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Héry
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hugel
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Freyssinet
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tardieu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: C515538:CX3CL1 protein, human; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D002118:Calcium