title: Paradoxical parasellar high signals resembling shunt diseases on routine 3D time-of-flight MR angiography of the brain: mechanism for the signals and differential diagnosis from shunt diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We occasionally encounter phenomena in which venous flow signals of the cavernous sinus (CS) and/or inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) are visualized paradoxically in patients without arteriovenous shunt in 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF MRA) of the brain. The aims of this study are to examine the frequency and cause of this phenomenon ("pseudo-shunt" image) and to determine points of differentiation from definite arteriovenous shunt images ("real shunt").
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively examined 85 maximum intensity projection images obtained by MRA in the absence of arteriovenous shunts to detect pseudo-shunt images, and evaluated source images of pseudo-shunt studies for venous structures. Four real-shunt MRA studies were compared with pseudo-shunt studies on three points: (1) extension of sinuses, (2) extension of cortical veins, and (3) signal intensity of sinuses as assessed by the scoring method (1 point when these findings exist, 0 when they do not).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected five CS (3%) and six IPS (4%) signals in 9 (11%) of the 85 cases. In the source images of four pseudo-shunt images in the CS, we detected signals from the sphenoparietal sinus (SPS). The average score was significantly lower in the pseudo-shunt (0.22) than the real-shunt (2.75) images (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cerebral 3D-TOF MRA, pseudo-shunt images were seen in 11% (9/85) of the study population, with antegrade upward blood flow of the SPS considered as one of the causes. Real-shunt signals can be distinguished from pseudo-shunt signals by evaluation of source images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan. qve01557@nifty.com
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taoka
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukusumi
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kichikawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies