title: A role for agouti-related protein in appetite regulation in a species with continuous nutrient delivery.
abstract: Knowledge of specific neurotransmitters as well as the pathways and mechanisms regulating appetite in ruminants that continually graze, such as sheep, is incomplete. Although fundamentally agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a similar function across species to increase food intake, the regulation of AGRP may vary across grazing and intermittent feeders. To investigate the role of orexigenic peptides in the regulation of feed intake, we first extracted messenger RNA from sheep that were fasted for 3 days, which was then used for PCR followed by cloning and sequencing to demonstrate the presence of hypothalamic AGRP expression. Ovine AGRP was closely related to the bovine, but contained sequence differences with human and mouse AGRP. Analysis of genomic DNA also revealed a similar gene structure to other published species. Secondly, using dual-labeled immunohistochemistry, we determined that there was both increased AGRP immunoreactivity and increased abundance of c-Fos immunoreactivity in AGRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of fasted sheep. Because AGRP neurons are activated by fasting, we hypothesized that AGRP would stimulate feeding in this ruminant species. Sheep fed ad libitum were injected intracerebroventricularly with concentrations of AGRP at 0.2 and 2.0 nmol/kg. AGRP at 2.0 nmol/kg significantly increased food intake at 4, 6 and 12 h (p < 0.05). A 4th study was done to investigate the interactions of AGRP and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on food intake over a 24-hour period. Intracerebroventricular injections of either AGRP or NPY significantly increased cumulative food intake over saline controls. When AGRP and NPY were injected in combination, food intake was increased over saline controls; however, AGRP did not potentiate the effects of NPY. These results demonstrate that AGRP stimulates food intake in sheep and highlights the important differences between this species and rodent models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sartin
mesh_terms: D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002369:Castration / Q000379:methods; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005508:Food Deprivation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular / Q000379:methods; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000494:pharmacology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C515198:AGRP protein, human; C515197:AGRP protein, rat; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; C515199:Agrp protein, mouse; D004338:Drug Combinations; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger