title: Biological foundation for periodontitis as a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Links between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases have been well documented by epidemiological studies. Recently, research has shifted to elucidating the biologic mechanism for a causal relationship. One focus of interest is atherosclerosis, the underlying event of cardiovascular diseases due to its serious health impact. However, it is still not clear whether periodontopathic pathogens are truly etiologic agents or ubiquitous bystanders. This article reviews the current understanding about the molecular biological interactions between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis and the biological plausibility of periodontitis as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current literature regarding periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis and coronary vascular disease was searched using the Medline and PubMed databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro experiments and animal models are appropriate tools to investigate the biological interactions between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis at the cell molecular level. The concepts linking both pathologies refer to inflammatory response, immune responses, and hemostasis. In particular, Porphyromonas gingivalis appears to have unique, versatile pathogenic properties. Whether or not these findings from isolated cells or animal models are applicable in humans with genetic and environmental variations is yet to be determined. Likewise, the benefit from periodontal therapy on the development of atherosclerosis is unclear. Approaches targeting inflammatory and immune responses of periodontitis and atherosclerosis simultaneously are very intriguing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An emerging concept suggests that a pathogenic burden from different sources might overcome an individual threshold culminating in clinical sequela. P. gingivalis contributes directly and indirectly to atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics/Prevention/Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA.
authors.forename: Yong-Hee P
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Kyoung-Ryul J
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: De'Avlin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olguin
authors.forename: Hom-Lay
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D012307:Risk Factors