title: Advances that are changing the diagnosis and treatment of malignant bone tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several neoplastic conditions may affect bone. These include primary bone tumors as well as metastatic disease from distant primary sites. Often, these entities produce symptoms that may be difficult to distinguish from those of various rheumatologic entities. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent developments in orthopedic oncology, with special attention given to advances that are changing the diagnosis and treatment of bone sarcomas and carcinomas metastatic to bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Much effort in the field of musculoskeletal oncology has been dedicated to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying bone sarcomas, especially in the case of osteogenic sarcoma and Ewing family tumor. Telomere maintenance mechanisms are emerging as potential targets for anticancer therapy. The most exciting advances have been in the development of novel treatments for cancers affecting bone. The anticancer effects of bisphosphonates, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and statins may expand their indications to the treatment of primary bone tumors. Finally, new expandable implants have been developed for the treatment of bone tumors in growing children. These devices may help solve some of the problems encountered with reconstruction of the growing skeleton.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent discoveries in the molecular mechanisms of bone sarcomas may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of these rare diseases. This, combined with the recent findings of the anticancer effects of bisphosphonates, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and statins, may lead to the development of novel treatments for sarcomas of bone and of carcinomas metastatic to bone.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, affiliated with Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casas-Ganem
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Healey
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology; D009985:Orthopedics; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents