title: Cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy: epidemiological and microbiological aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The assessment of the association of cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy with preterm (pPROM) and term (PROM) premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, mid-trimester miscarriage and intrauterine death, and the definition of the risk factors that identify pregnant women who should have a cervicovaginal culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied the relationship between pregnancy outcomes and cervicovaginal infections in 3217 pregnant women between January 1998 and December 1999. Microbiological assessment included Gram staining and specific cultures; bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by Amsel's criteria. We also studied the medical, obstetric, sexual, demographic and social history of 11,212 pregnant women who underwent cervicovaginal culture between January 1992 and December 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1425 of the 3217 cultures (44.3%) were positive. The micro-organisms most frequently found were: yeasts (44%), Ureaplasma urealiticum (29%); group B streptococcus (15%); and bacterial vaginosis (11%). Cervicovaginal cultures were found positive in 84.6% of pPROM, 55.0% of PROM, 50.8% of preterm deliveries, 43.8% of mid-trimester miscarriages, 31.4% of intrauterine deaths and in 33.5% of controls. Among the 11 212 cervicovaginal cultures considered in the second study, an overall 6301 (56.2%) were positive, 2711 (43%) in asymptomatic women. Cervicovaginal infections were associated with country of origin, age under 25 years, age at first intercourse under 15 years, more than ten partners, more than one partner in the past 6 months, prior abortions, past sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervicovaginal infections were significantly associated with PROM (p<0.0001), pPROM (p<0.0001) and preterm delivery (p<0.0001), but not with intrauterine death. The association with mid-trimester miscarriage approached statistical significance (p=0.06). The main risk factors for cervicovaginal infections were country of origin, age under 25 years, age at first intercourse under 15 years, more than ten partners, more than one partner in the past 6 months, prior abortions, past STDs and HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, S. Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy. chbened@tin.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benedetto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tibaldi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marozio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masuelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelissetto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sozzani
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016990:Ureaplasma urealyticum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology