title: Retention characteristics of attachment systems for implant overdentures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the retention characteristics of various overdenture attachment systems commonly used to retain overdentures to dental implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  An edentulous mandibular model was constructed incorporating 2 parallel 4.0 mm x 13 mm Branemark implants placed in the canine regions. Attachments were embedded in a metal-reinforced experimental overdenture designed to be dislodged from the model by a universal testing machine. Tensile dislodging force was applied to the overdenture at a cross-head speed of 50 mm/min. Five overdentures were constructed for each of the attachment systems. The attachments evaluated were the Hader bar & metal clip, Locator LR pink, Locator LR white, Spheroflex ball, Shiner magnet, Maxi magnet, Magnedisc magnet, ERA white, and ERA gray. Each apparatus was tested with 5 specimens per attachment system. Peak load-to-dislodgement was measured. Analysis of variance and Scheffe multiple comparison tests were applied to the data with alpha< or = 0.05 level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak load-to-dislodgement for all attachment systems ranged from 3.68 +/- 1.32 N to 35.24 +/- 1.99 N. Strain-at-dislodgement, calculated from stress-strain curves, ranged from 0.78 +/- 0.20% to 2.78 +/- 0.5%. The ERA gray attachment demonstrated the greatest retention, with a peak load-to-dislodgement of 35.24 +/- 1.99 N, and a relatively low strain-at-dislodgement of 1.64 +/- 0.09%. Less retention was recorded for the Locator LR white, Spheroflex ball, Hader bar & metal clip, and ERA white systems. The Locator LR pink attachment demonstrated still less retention with a load-to-dislodgement of 12.33 +/- 1.28 N. Significantly high strain-at-dislodgement was recorded for the Hader bar & metal clip and Locator nylon attachment systems. The lowest dislodging loads and strains were recorded for the Shiner magnet, Maxi magnet, and Magnedisc magnet attachments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the attachment systems evaluated may be grouped into high (ERA gray), medium (Locator LR white, Spheroflex ball, Hader bar & metal clip, ERA white), low (Locator LR pink), and very low (Shiner magnet, Maxi magnet, Magnedisc magnet) retention characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. chungk@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Cho-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cagna
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cronin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003781:Denture Retention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003828:Denture, Overlay; D003765:Models, Dental; D013718:Tensile Strength