title: Abscisic acid and 14-3-3 proteins control K channel activity in barley embryonic root.
abstract: Germination of seeds proceeds in general in two phases, an initial imbibition phase and a subsequent growth phase. In grasses like barley, the latter phase is evident as the emergence of the embryonic root (radicle). The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits germination because it prevents the embryo from entering and completing the growth phase. Genetic and physiological studies have identified many steps in the ABA signal transduction cascade, but how it prevents radicle elongation is still not clear. For elongation growth to proceed, uptake of osmotically active substances (mainly K(+)) is essential. Therefore, we have addressed the question of how the activity of K(+) permeable ion channels in the plasma membrane of radicle cells is regulated under conditions of slow (+ABA) and rapid germination (+fusicoccin). We found that ABA arrests radicle growth, inhibits net K(+) uptake and reduces the activity of K(+) (in) channels as measured with the patch-clamp technique. In contrast, fusicoccin (FC), a well-known stimulator of germination, stimulates radicle growth, net K(+) uptake and reduces the activity of K(+) (out) channels. Both types of channels are under the control of 14-3-3 proteins, known as integral components of signal transduction pathways and instrumental in FC action. Intriguingly, 14-3-3 affected both channels in an opposite fashion: whereas K(+) (in) channel activity was fully dependent upon 14-3-3 proteins, K(+) (out) channel activity was reduced by 14-3-3 proteins by 60%. Together with previous data showing that 14-3-3 proteins control the activity of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, this makes 14-3-3 a prime candidate for molecular master regulator of the cellular osmo-pump. Regulation of the osmo-pump activity by ABA and FC is an important mechanism in controlling the growth of the embryonic root during seed germination.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul W J
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: van den Wijngaard
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sinnige
authors.forename: Ilja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roobeek
authors.forename: Annet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reumer
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schoonheim
authors.forename: Jos N M
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Albertus H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: De Boer
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018525:Germination; D001467:Hordeum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D015221:Potassium Channels; D000040:Abscisic Acid