title: Acute improvement of atrial mechanical stunning after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: comparison between biatrial and single atrial pacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the acute effects of atrial pacing at different pacing sites on mechanical stunning after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 patients with persistent AF were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), left atrial appendage emptying velocity (LAAEV), and left atrial appendage emptying fraction (LAAEF) were assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) during AF, after conversion to sinus rhythm, and during atrial pacing from the right atrial appendage, left lateral atrium, and both atria simultaneously. Transmitral inflow velocity of the atrial wave (TMIF-A) by TOE and the maximum P wave duration in 12 lead ECG were also measured during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of atrial mechanical function and P wave duration in 12 lead ECG during atrial pacing from different sites after cardioversion of AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with sinus rhythm, atrial pacing at 80 beats/min increased LAAEV from mean (SD) 14.6 (10.1) to 33.4 (19.8) cm/s (p = 0.001), LAAEF from 13.8 (8.5) to 32.1 (11.2)% (p < 0.001), and TMIF-A from 24.6 (11.9) to 45.6 (21.0) cm/s (p < 0.001) and reduced SEC grade from 2.6 (1.0) to 1.6 (0.9) (p < 0.001). These effects had a positive force-frequency relation. Biatrial pacing produced the shortest P wave duration and resulted in the most significant improvement in atrial function (LAAEV, 33.2 (19.3) v 53.7 (23.9) cm/s, p = 0.0001; LAAEF, 31.9 (11.1) v 46.2 (12.6)%, p < 0.0001; TMIF-A, 37.7 (18.3) v 54.1 (21.2) cm/s, p < 0.001; SEC grade, 1.4 (1.1) v 0.8 (0.9), p = 0.001, right atrial appendage versus biatrial pacing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial pacing at increased rates can improve atrial mechanical function after cardioversion of persistent AF. Biatrial pacing may be the most effective technique to reverse atrial mechanical stunning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan. m7424580@msic.med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*