title: [Axillary lymphadenectomy with muscular padding, without drainage].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axillary padding without drainage appeared to be a valuable alternative technique to vacuum drainage. The technique employs local muscles or the axillary aponeurosis for padding. We report here the clinical evaluation of muscular padding without drainage. The analysis of these results prompted us to also do a literature search for other alternatives aimed at reducing morbidity due to vacuum drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscular padding was prospectively performed by 8 different surgeons on a total of 152 patients at the Centre Rene-Huguenin (Saint-Cloud, France). Follow-up has attained 3.5 years. A comparative assessment of pain was conducted in 30 patients operated on with vacuum drainage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique is easy to learn and reproducible. It facilitates post-operative follow-up, always allowing discharge at the 2nd or 3rd post-operative day without any home nursing. The late sequels are not increased. In contrast, pain was twice more intense during the first post-operative weeks compared with vacuum drainage, and the seroma rate was also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite good efficacy, this worsening of pain is a major obstacle to the routine use of muscular padding. A technical improvement has been published very recently where the axillary aponeurosis was used to pad the axilla. It seems to be equally efficient but less painful than muscular padding. This technique is under clinical evaluation and could appear as a valuable option to vacuum drainage. Other alternatives are discussed. Most studies lack a direct comparison with vacuum drainage and a satisfactory evaluation of quality of life is also omitted. New studies with quality of life scales are ongoing. They should allow us to choose options that take this aspect into account in the future.
authors.affiliation: Département de chirurgie sénologique, Institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR), 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France. garbay@igr.fr
authors.forename: J-R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garbay
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Picone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baron-Merle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lasry
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Missana
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barreau-Pouhaer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fourchotte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thoury
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D013396:Suction; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome