title: Effects of root extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides on the in vitro growth and stage distribution of Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: The development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum to conventional drugs poses a threat to malaria control. There is therefore a need to find new, effective, and affordable remedies for malaria, including those derived from plants. This study demonstrates that crude, reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)-semipurified, and RP-HPLC-purified root extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides inhibit the growth of P. falciparum in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) of 4.90, 1.00, and 0.13 microg/ml, respectively. Roots of F. zanthoxyloides, known as chewing sticks, are widely used for tooth cleaning in West Africa. Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained slides showed a virtual absence of schizonts in ring-stage synchronized cultures treated with crude extracts at concentrations of 30 to 60 microg/ml during 36 to 48 h of incubation. These observations suggest that the active constituent in the extract may be cytotoxic for P. falciparum trophozoites, thereby inhibiting their development to the schizont stage. A pure bioreactive fraction was subsequently obtained from the chromatographic separations. When this fraction was mixed with pure fagaronine, the mixture coeluted as a single peak on the analytical RP-HPLC column, suggesting that fagaronine may be the active antimalarial constituent of Fagara root extracts. Additional experiments showed that fagaronine also inhibited P. falciparum growth, with an IC(50) of 0.018 microg/ml. The results of this study suggest that the antimalarial activity of fagaronine deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St., NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA. kkassim@howard.edu
authors.forename: Olakunle O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Kassim
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loyevsky
authors.forename: Biaffra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geall
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amonoo
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Gordeuk
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D006801:Humans; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D027821:Rutaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000962:Antimalarials; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D010617:Phenanthridines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C002066:fagaronine