title: Endoscopic closure of fetal membrane defects: comparing iatrogenic versus spontaneous rupture cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, physicians manage preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) by expectant management or termination of the gestation. A therapy aimed at sealing membranes would be optimal to maintain the pregnancy and achieve a normal neonate. Our objective was to compare an endoscopic technique for intrauterine closure of fetal membrane defects after both iatrogenic and spontaneous rupture of membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our technique was performed on four patients experiencing PPROM spontaneously and four patients after genetic amniocentesis. Intrauterine endoscopy allowed direct visualization of membrane defects. Rapid sequential injections of platelets, fibrin glue and powdered collagen slurry were administered at the site of the defect and of trocar placement. Sonography for amniotic fluid index, nitrazine and fern testing and pad count were performed after each procedure at three intervals: immediately post-procedure, and after 24 and 48 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients underwent endoscopic intrauterine sealing of ruptured membranes between 16 and 24 weeks of gestation: four were spontaneous ruptures and four were ruptures post-amniocentesis. In the post-amniocentesis group, three patients delivered viable infants at 26, 32 and 34 weeks. In one patient, the membranes ruptured again 12 h after the sealing procedure and she decided to undergo termination of pregnancy. Of the four spontaneous rupture patients, two experienced preterm labor and delivery within 2 days of the procedure. One patient was diagnosed with fetal demise 12 h post-procedure, and one patient delivered a neonate at 31 weeks of gestation with severe respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique for sealing ruptured membranes is effective after amniocentesis, but may not be of benefit with spontaneous rupture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Minior
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebarber
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Timor-Tritsch
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D011247:Pregnancy; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*