title: Effect of formulary policy decisions on antimicrobial drug utilization in British Columbia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formularies are used routinely for management of drug expenditures yet evaluations of their impact remain rare. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of addition or deletion of antimicrobials from the provincial formulary on drug utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained data from the British Columbia PharmaNet database on all outpatient oral antimicrobial prescriptions from 1996 to 2000 and converted them to their defined daily dose (DDD) equivalents according to the ATC system. Trends in utilization associated with a changing formulary status of new antimicrobial agents were analysed. Maximum likelihood estimation was used to determine the rate of increase in utilization resulting from addition to the formulary. Models were adjusted for seasonal and temporal trends as well as serial correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this time period, clarithromycin was on formulary, later delisted, and then relisted again. Valaciclovir and famciclovir were also added to the formulary. During the time clarithromycin was off the formulary, the rate of change in its monthly consumption was 0.0061 DDD/1000 population/day; following its relisting, the rate of change increased by 818% to 0.0560 DDD/1000 population/day (P=0.002). After the listing of valaciclovir on the formulary, the rate of change in its monthly consumption increased 57% from a baseline of 0.0014 to 0.0022 DDD/1000 population/day (P=0.07). A similar effect was seen with the addition of famciclovir to the formulary whereby the rate of change in monthly consumption increased from 0.0008 (before addition to the formulary) to 0.0018 (after addition to the formulary) (P </= 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Listing of antimicrobials on provincial or countrywide formularies is followed temporally with increased utilization. However, before governmental agencies can institute reference-based pricing or co-payment programmes, the effect of such a programme on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and on patient outcomes needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Care and Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. fawziah.marra@bccdc.ca
authors.forename: Fawziah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bowie
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001955:British Columbia; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011634:Public Health
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D017291:Clarithromycin