title: An evaluation of the use of passive shimming to improve frontal sensitivity in fMRI.
abstract: The presence of the head in an MRI scanner leads to inhomogeneities in the magnetic field. These cause the 'susceptibility artifacts' of image distortion and signal dropout. In this paper, we evaluate a technique called passive shimming, which has the potential to reduce field inhomogeneities and the resultant artifacts. A piece of a magnetically active material (pyrolytic graphite) is held on the roof of the participant's mouth by a plastic mouth mould. We evaluate the effects in several different ways. We show that the presence of a shim reduces field inhomogeneity across much of the brain. From field maps, we generate simulations of EPI image intensity and BOLD sensitivity. Both of these are mainly improved by the presence of shim, although there were small reductions in some regions. Measured EPI image intensity also mostly increased. Finally, we ran a reward-punishment task in our subjects, and found that the presence of a shim increased functional sensitivity in the orbitofrontal cortex. Using the BOLD sensitivity measure, we provide estimates of the improvement to be expected in functional studies for a range of neural structures. Passive shims are quick to make and reasonably comfortable to wear, and have substantial potential for researchers investigating inferior frontal brain regions using MRI.
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK. rhodri.cusack@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rhodri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Sylvia M L
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Panfilis
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwarzbauer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ansorge
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002244:Carbon; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006108:Graphite; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009064:Mouth Protectors; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010159:Palate; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C009139:pyrolytic carbon; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D010100:Oxygen