title: Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity.
abstract: Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with a diode array and/or fluorescent detector in seven cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) and Ribes rubrum (red currant, Red Lake), six cultivars of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa(chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry). Thirty-one different anthocyanins were detected in these berries, but not every anthocyanin was observed in each berry. A number of minor anthocyanins were identified from these berries for the first time. The concentrations of individual anthocyanins in all of the berries were quantified using relevant anthocyanidin 3-glucoside standards. Among the berries studied in this paper and in berries in general, chokeberry has the highest total anthocyanin concentrations [1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)], whereas the lowest total anthocyanin concentration in the berries studied was found in the gooseberry cv. Careless, which contained only 0.07 mg/100 g of FW. Two cultivars of gooseberries (Marigold and Leveller) did not contain any anthocyanins. Total proanthocyanidin concentrations in the berries studied ranged from 23 to 664 mg/100 g of FW in elderberry and chokeberry, respectively. Procyanidin or prodelphinidin polymers were the predominant components (>65% w/w) in most of the berries. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. The total antioxidant capacity varied from 21 micromol of TE/g of FW in Careless gooseberry to 161 micromol of TE/g of FW in chokeberry. Total phenolics in the berries in general paralleled hydrophilic antioxidant capacity.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA.
authors.forename: Xianli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D046936:Photinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D031965:Ribes / Q000737:chemistry*; D027923:Sambucus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D044945:Proanthocyanidins