title: PROTEKT 1999-2000: a multicentre study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in Japan.
abstract: METHODS
  A six-centre study in Japan during the winter of 1999-2000 assessed the in vitro activity of >20 antimicrobial agents against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of each antimicrobial was determined against these isolates using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 44.5% were penicillin resistant. The macrolide resistance rate was 77.9% with 90.5% of penicillin-resistant strains also being macrolide resistant. Resistance mechanisms in macrolide-resistant isolates were identified as mef(A) or erm(B) in 42.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (1.3%), most were also penicillin and macrolide resistant. All strains were inhibited by telithromycin at <or=1mg/L. Among S. pyogenes isolates, erythromycin resistance was 17.5% overall but showed considerable variation among the six centres. For H. influenzae, 8.5% produced beta-lactamase and a single beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant isolate (0.36%) was obtained, and there was no fluoroquinolone resistance. All isolates were susceptible to telithromycin. Most antimicrobials showed good activity against M. catarrhalis, although 96.7% were beta-lactamase positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to macrolides, penicillin and the fluoroquinolones among the common respiratory pathogens is high in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. matsu@kitasato-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Matsuhisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Igari
authors.forename: Kiyoharu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases