title: Pelvic actinomycosis. Urologic perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by the gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, Actinomyces israelli. This paper reviews the etiology and clinical presentation associated with Actinomycosis that often presents as a pelvic mass that mimics a pelvic malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of patients treated by the authors in the recent past and a literature review of patients with pelvic Actinomycosis were assessed for demographic, clinical and predisposing co-factors. An analysis is made of age distribution, gender, diagnostic methods and treatment concepts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients were included in the study that included 2 current patients and 31 obtained from literature review. There were 27 females (age range 16 - 69 years, mean 38 years) and 6 males (16 - 55 years, mean 36 years). Presenting signs and symptoms were lower abdominal mass in 28 (85%); lower abdominal pain in 21 (63%); vaginal discharge or hematuria in 7 (22%). Two patients developed fistulae (entero-vesico 1; vesico-cutaneous 1). Nineteen (70%) of the 27 female patients had intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUD). Four patients (12.5%) (3 males and 1 female) had urachus or urachal remnants. Cystoscopy in 12 patients noted an extrinsic mass effect, bullous edema and in one patient " vegetative proliferation " proven to be a chronic inflammatory change. Exploratory laparotomy was performed in 32 of the 33 patients who had excision of mass and involved organs. Diagnosis was established by histologic examination of removed tissue. Penicillin (6 weeks) therapy was utilized to control infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pelvic actinomycosis mimics pelvic malignancy and may be associated with the long-term use of intra-uterine contraceptive devices, and persistent urachal remnants. Removal of infected mass and antibiotic therapy will eradicate the inflammatory process.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11219, USA. vkmarella@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Venkata K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Marella
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hakimian
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D000196:Actinomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*