title: Identification of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase as a target of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha in von Hippel-Lindau renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) resulting from the hereditary loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is the leading cause of death in VHL patients due to the deleterious effects of the metastatic tumor(s). VHL functions in the destruction of the alpha subunits of the heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha), in normoxic conditions. When VHL function is lost, HIF-alpha protein is stabilized, and target hypoxia-inducible genes are transcribed. The process of tumor invasion and metastasis involves the destruction of the extracellular matrix, which is accomplished primarily by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes. Here, we describe a connection between the loss of VHL tumor suppressor function and the upregulation of membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP) gene expression and protein. Specifically, MT1-MMP is upregulated in VHL-/- RCC cells through an increase in gene transcription, which is mediated by the cooperative effects of the transcription factors, HIF-2 and Sp1. Further, we identify a functional HIF-binding site in the proximal promoter of MT1-MMP. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show direct regulation of MT1-MMP by HIF-2 and to provide a direct link between the loss of VHL tumor suppressor function and an increase in MMP gene and protein expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Petrella
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lohi
authors.forename: Constance E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brinckerhoff
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D006623:von Hippel-Lindau Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D015534:Trans-Activators; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497446:VHL protein, human