title: Psychiatric morbidity and cognitive representations of illness in chronic daily headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied patients with chronic daily headache (CDH) attending a headache clinic. Our hypothesis was that patients with anxiety or depression would have poorer functional status and differing cognitive representations of illness than would those without psychiatric morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 144 consecutive new patients. Patients underwent a semistructured interview and completed a prospective headache diary, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and other health-related questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients (42%) were probable cases of anxiety or depression on the basis of their HADS score. These HADS-positive cases had longer, more severe headaches, were more worried about them, were more functionally impaired and believed that their illness would last longer. Principal components analysis revealed that the HADS-positive cases believed that psychological factors play a role in their headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological morbidity is high amongst CDH patients who attend specialist clinics. In addition to identifying those with high levels of psychological distress, the HADS can be used to predict those likely to have worse headaches and poorer functional ability.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, P.O. Box 50, London SE5 8AF, UK. l.page@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dowson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinman
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wessely
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales