title: Hypermethylation of the GATA genes in lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In lung cancer, DNA hypermethylation is known to be a common event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression and methylation status of GATA-4, GATA-5, and GATA-6 were analyzed with cell lines and primary human lung cancers. Methylation profiles of primary lung cancers were analyzed and correlated with clinical as well as histopathological data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete methylation was detected by methylation-specific PCR for both GATA-4 and GATA-5 in four cell lines (H358, DMS-53, A549, and H1299), all of which had no expression by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Demethylation with 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine restored expression in each case. GATA-6 was ubiquitously expressed in all of the six cell lines. GATA-4 bisulfite sequencing revealed complete methylation of the GATA-4 promoter in H358 cells, correlating well with its lack of expression at the mRNA level. Only a few CpG sites showed methylation by bisulfite sequencing within the GATA-4 promoter in a cell line that expressed the gene. In 63 cases of primary lung cancers, GATA-4 and GATA-5 promoter methylation was detected in (42 of 63) 67% and (26 of 63) 41%, respectively. GATA-6 remained unmethylated both in cell lines and primary tumors. Six autopsy specimens of normal lung tissue showed no aberrant promoter hypermethylation for the GATA genes. Correlation of concomitant GATA-4 and GATA-5 methylation with clinicopathological parameters only found a statistically significant increase in methylation frequency with increasing patient age (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These epigenetic changes in the GATA genes in lung cancer are tumor-specific, relate to the loss of GATA gene expression, and occur increasingly in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Mingzhou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hooker
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gabrielson
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Malcolm V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Brock
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D050992:GATA5 Transcription Factor; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; C484170:GATA4 protein, human; D050992:GATA5 Transcription Factor; C494755:GATA5 protein, human; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; C494759:GATA6 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors