title: Effects of quenched randomness induced by car accidents on traffic flow in a cellular automata model.
abstract: In this paper we numerically study the impact of quenched disorder induced by car accidents on traffic flow in the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NS) model. Car accidents occur when the necessary conditions proposed by [J. Phys. A 30, 3329 (1997)]] are satisfied. Two realistic situations of cars involved in car accidents have been considered. Model A is presented to consider that the accident cars become temporarily stuck. Our studies exhibit the "inverse- lambda form" or the metastable state for traffic flow in the fundamental diagram and wide-moving waves of jams in the space-time pattern. Model B is proposed to take into account that the "wrecked" cars stay there forever and the cars behind will pass through the sites occupied by the "wrecked" cars with a transmission rate. Four-stage transitions from a maximum flow through a sharp decrease phase and a density-independent phase to a high-density jamming phase for traffic flow have been observed. The density profiles and the effects of transmission rate and probability of the occurrence of car accidents in model B are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. xianqyang@sina.com.cn
authors.forename: Xian-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yu-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yue-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhao