title: Model study of AREDS antioxidant supplementation of AMD compared to Visudyne: a dominant strategy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Ontario, Canada, in a cohort of all people initially aged 50-54 years, modeling whether the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) antioxidant supplementation for stage 3 and 4 AMD would decrease the costs of photodynamic treatment with Visudyne.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third party payer, the Ontario Health Insurance Plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using reported risk reductions, prevalence data by age and sex from the Beaver Dam studies, and yearly costs: AREDS 182.50 Canadian dollars, potential savings were calculated as the difference or incremental cost between the estimated medical costs for the untreated cohort of 17,000 Canadian dollars for Visudyne treatment of individuals with neovascularization and the same cohort if stage 3 and 4 AMD patients were treated with antioxidants, decreasing progression to neovascularization. Different scenarios were explored for sensitivity analysis of direct cost savings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the Ontario cohort of approximately 788,000 aged 51-55 years in 2001, for photodynamic therapy of the untreated cohort, modeled costs were 1.7 billion Canadian dollars. AREDS treatment costs would be 513 million Canadian dollars. AREDS would reduce photodynamic therapy costs, a net saving of 431 million Canadian dollars, a saving of 547 Canadian dollars per person in the total cohort, or 6,753 Canadian dollars per stage 3 and 4 patient treated. To explore the sensitivity of this model to AMD incidence rather than prevalence data, Framingham incidence data were incorporated in the model: net savings of 70.3 million Canadian dollars were modeled using Framingham incidence data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under reasonable assumptions, if the case progresses to wet AMD (1) AREDS with Visudyne is less expensive than Visudyne alone in every five-year time period for the cohort that is age 50-54 right now until they become 75-79; thus, the lifetime cost is lower; (2) AREDS with Visudyne yields more QALYs than Visudyne alone in every five-year interval; (3) under all but the most extreme assumptions, the conclusions reached are robust. Even when AREDS costs a little more, it yields more QALYs at a reasonable cost per QALY. Thus, AREDS antioxidant supplementation appears to be a dominant strategy for macular degeneration. Applied to the whole Canadian population, the potential medical cost savings for Visudyne treatment of neovascular AMD are 5.6 billion Canadian dollars in direct costs. These values would be tenfold higher for the USA, because of the currency and population size differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. trevjohn@uwo.ca
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trevithick
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massel
authors.forename: James McD
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomany
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000077362:Verteporfin
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D000077362:Verteporfin