title: Novel retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents endowed with multiple biological activities are efficient growth inhibitors of human breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro and a human breast tumor xenograft in nude mice.
abstract: Novel retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) have been synthesized and characterized. The synthetic features include introduction of nucleophilic ligands at C-4 of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid, and modification of terminal carboxylic acid group. Most of our compounds are powerful inhibitors of hamster liver microsomal ATRA metabolism enzyme(s). The most potent compound is methyl (2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(3-imidazolyl-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate (5) with an IC(50) value of 0.009 nM, which is 666,667 times more potent than the well-known RAMBA, liarozole (Liazal, IC(50) = 6000 nM). Quite unexpectedly, there was essentially no difference between the enzyme inhibitory activities of the two enantiomers of compound 5. In MCF-7 cell proliferation assays, the RAMBAs also enhance the ATRA-mediated antiproliferative activity in a concentration dependent manner. The novel atypical RAMBAs, in addition to being highly potent inhibitors of ATRA metabolism in microsomal preparations and in intact human cancer cells (MCF-7, T47D, and LNCaP), also exhibit multiple biological activities, including induction of apoptosis and differentiation, retinoic acid receptor binding, and potent antiproliferative activity on a number of human cancer cells. Following subcutaneous administration to mice bearing human breast MCF-7 tumor xenografts, 6 (VN/14-1, the free carboxylic acid of 5) was well-tolerated and caused significant tumor growth suppression ( approximately 85.2% vs control, p = 0.022). Our RAMBAs represent novel anticancer agents with unique multiple mechanisms of action. The most potent compounds are strong candidates for development as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Carlic K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Venkatesh D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Handratta
authors.forename: Lalji K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Gediya
authors.forename: Angela M H
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Olga G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Goloubeva
authors.forename: Omoshile O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Ivo P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Nanne
authors.forename: Dianne Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Soprano
authors.forename: Vincent C O
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Njar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006224:Cricetinae; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000072516:Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014212:Tretinoin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000072516:Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase